රූපවාහිනිය

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="si">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>විකිපීඩියා</sitename>
    <dbname>siwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.8</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">මාධ්‍යය</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">විශේෂ</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">සාකච්ඡාව</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">පරිශීලක</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">පරිශීලක සාකච්ඡාව</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">විකිපීඩියා</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">විකිපීඩියා සාකච්ඡාව</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">ගොනුව</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">ගොනුව සාකච්ඡාව</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">මාධ්‍යවිකි</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">මාධ්‍යවිකි සාකච්ඡාව</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">සැකිල්ල</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">උදවු</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">උදවු සාකච්ඡාව</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">ප්‍රවර්ගය</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">ද්වාරය</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">ද්වාරය සාකච්ඡාව</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>රූපවාහිනිය</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2303</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754240</id>
      <parentid>651410</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T15:28:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>175.157.119.83</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754240</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25504" sha1="m9ass8wheft0tl78upizoi02faskn6w" xml:space="preserve">{{දියුණු කරන්න}} &lt;!--redirect|TV--&gt;
[[ගොනුව:Braun HF 1.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Braun HF 1 වර්ගයේ රූපවාහිනියක්,ජර්මනිය,1958.]]
{{portal|රූපවාහිනිය}}
'ප්‍රථම වරට රූපවාහිනිය නිපදවන ලද්දේ ජෝන් ලොගී බෙයාර්ඩ්(jon logi beard) විසිනි. ''රූපවාහිනී''' (කෙටියෙන් ටීවී හෝ ටෙලි) යනු යම්කිසි දුර ප්‍රමාණයක් හරහා චලනය වන රූප සහ ශබ්ද ලබා ගැනීම හා විකාශනය සඳහා බහුලව භාවිතා කරන විදුලි සංදේශ පද්ධතියකි. මෙම වදන සමහරක් විට විශේෂයෙන් රූපවාහිනියක්, වැඩසටහන්ගත කිරීම හෝ රූපවාහිනී සම්ප්‍රේශණය හැඳින්වීමට ද යොදා ගනී. මෙම වදන දුර දැක්ම යන තේරුම දෙන ග්‍රීක වදන මත පදනම්ව ගෙතුනු එකකි. 

1930 සිට වාණිජමය වශයෙන් මිළට ගත හැකි වූ රූපවාහිනී නිවාස හා ආයතනවල විශේෂයෙන් විනෝදාස්වාද හා ප්‍රවෘත්ති ප්‍රභවයක් ලෙස බහුලව භාවිතා වන ගෘහස්ථ සන්නිවේදන උපකරණයක් බවට පත්විය. 1970 VCR පටි මත වීඩියෝ පටිගත කිරීමේ සිට DVD වැනි සංඛ්‍යාංක ධාවන පද්ධති රූපවාහිනී මඟින් පටිගත කළ චිත්‍රපටි හා අනෙකුත් වැඩසටහන් නැරඹීමට ඉඩ ප්‍රස්ථාව ලබා දී ඇත. 

රූපවාහිනී පද්ධතියක් බහු ඒකක රාශියකින් සෑදී තිබිය හැක. එමනිසා විකාශන සංඥා ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා අභ්‍යන්තර ටියුනරයක් නොමැති තිරයක් රූපවාහිනියක් ලෙස නොව මොනිටරයක් ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. රූපවාහිනියක් HDTV වැනි විවිධ විකාශන හෝ දෘශ්‍ය ආකෘති ලබා ගැනීමට සාදා තිබිය හැක. HDTV සාමාන්‍ය ටීවී එකකට වඩා මිළෙන් වැඩි නමුත් එය වඩාත් සුලභ වෙමින් පවතී.

== රූපවාහිනියේ ඉතිහාසය ==
රූපවාහිනි තාක්ෂණයේ ඉතිහාසය ආකාර දෙකකට බෙදිය හැක. ඒවා නම් යාන්ත්‍රික සහ ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝගත මුලධර්මය මත පදනම් වු ඒවා යන සම්පුර්ණයෙන් ‍ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනික ඒවා වේ. සියලු නවික රූපවාහිනි සදහා ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනික මුලධර්ම උරුම වේ. නමුත් යාන්ත්‍රික පද්ධති සොයා ගැනිම් සහ ප්‍රතිවේදයක් තොරව එය සිදු කල නොහැක.

== රූපවාහිනී සාහිත්‍ය නිර්මාණ ==
රූපවාහනී සාහිත්‍ය නිර්මාණ පුළුල් පරාසයක් තුළ දිවයයි. ඒ අතර රසවින්දනාත්මක, තොරතුරු පදනම් වූ හා අධ්‍යාපනික අංගයන් මේ අතර විශේෂ වේ. නිෂ්පාදනයේදී වැඩිම වියදමක් දැරිමට සිදුවන්නේ රස වින්දනාත්මක නාට්‍ය හා නාට්‍යමය කෙටි වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමේදීය.කෙසේ වුවත් ඓතිහාසික හා බටහිර නිර්මාණ සඳහා වැය වන වියදමද ඉහළ අගයක පවතී. රසවින්දනාත්මක නිර්මාණ අතර පොලිස් කටයුතු,අපරාධ, රහස් පරීක්ෂක නාට්‍ය ,අත්භූත වින්දනාත්මක නිර්මාණ ආදියද වේ.එසේම නාට්‍යමය නිර්මාණ අතර වෛද්‍යමය නාට්‍යයද ,හුදෙක් පහත් ආශ්වාදයක් ඇති නිර්මාණද වේ.විද්‍යා ප්‍රබන්ධයන් එහි ඇති දාර්ශනික බව හා වීරත්වය අනුව නාට්‍ය හා රංග සහායට ඇතුලත් වන අතර අවස්ථානුකූලව ප්‍රහසන (Comedy) නිර්මාණ හා වැඩිහිටි පරපුර සඳහා සජීවී ප්‍රසංගයන් නිර්මාණය ද බහුලව වේ. උදා- South Park වියදම ඉතා අවමයෙන් කළ හැකි නිර්මාණ වන්නේ විනෝද [[ගොනුව:Family_watching_television_1958.jpg |thumb|ඇමෙරිකන් පවුලක් රූපවාහිනිය නරඹමින්,1958]]
ක්‍රීඩා,කථික, විවිධ ප්‍රසංග හා සත්‍ය කථා ආදියයි.විනෝද අංශ අතර නරඹන්නන්ගෙන් ප්‍රශ්න විචාරිම සහ ජයග්‍රාහකයින්ට ත්‍යාග ප්‍රදානයද ඇතුළත් වේ. කථික ප්‍රසංගයන් අතර චිත්‍රපට රූපවාහිනී හා සංගීත ධරයන් සමඟ කෙරෙන සාකච්ඡා ගත නොහැකිය. විවිධ ප්‍රසංගයන් අතර රසවින්දනාත්මක සංගීත නිර්මාණ,විකට රුගුම් හා මැජික් සංන්දර්ශන දැකගත හැකිය. සමහර වැඩසටහන් එකිනෙක මිශ්‍රව පවතින අවස්ථාද ඇත. එනම් විශේෂිත කථික වැඩසටහන් සංගීතය ගායන හැකියාව මත මිශ්‍රව තිබෙන අතර සාමාන්‍ය ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නන් සම්මුඛ සාකච්ඡා ස්වරූපයෙන් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. Reality TV shows තුල විග්‍රහ කරනු ලබන්නේ එදිනෙදා ජීවිතයේ ආසාමාන්‍ය අභියෝගයන්ට මුහුණ දුන් පුද්ගලයන්ගේ අත්දැකීම්ය.එම අවස්ථා පොලිසිය මගින් අත් අඩංගුවට ගත් පුද්ගලයන්ගේ සිට කම්කරුවා දක්වා විහිදී යයි.

== වැඩසටහන් පටිගත කිරීම ==

රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන් පටිගත කිරීම හා ඒවා මහජනයාට පෙන්වීම බොහෝමයක් ආකාරවලින් සිදු විය හැකිය. නිෂ්පාදනයෙන් පසු ඊළඟ පියවර වන්නේ වෙළෙඳ පොළ වන අතර එමඟින් වෙළෙඳ පොළ විවෘත ඕනෑම තැනකට නිෂ්පාදනය බෙදා හරී. මෙය සිදු වන්නේ මට්ටම් 2 ක් මතය.
{|
|1. පළමු ධාවනය - නිෂ්පාදකයෙක් ඒක හෝ බහු කථාංගවලින් යුත් වැඩසටහනක් නිර්මාණය කරන අතර එය නිෂ්පාදනය සඳහා ගාස්තු ගෙවා ඇති හෝ නිෂ්පාදකයා මඟින් අවසර ලබා දී ඇති ජාලයක් මත ප්‍රදර්ශනය කරයි. 
|-
|2. ව්‍යාපාරගත කිරීම - මෙය ද්විතීක වැඩසටහන්කරන භාවිතය විස්තර කිරීම සඳහා පුළුල්ව යොදා ගැනෙන වදනකි. මෙයට ප්‍රථම නිකුත් කිරීම සිදු කළ රටෙහි ද්විතීක ධාවන මෙන්ම නිෂ්පාදකයා විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන හෝ නොකර හෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර භාවිත ද ඇතුළත් වේ. බොහොමයක් අවස්ථාවලදී වෙනත් සමාගම් හෝ රූපවාහිනී නාලිකා හෝ පුද්ගලයන් හෝ ව්‍යාපාර කිරීමේ කාර්යයේ යෙදී ඇත. වෙනත් වචනවලින් පවසතොත් ප්‍රකාශන හිමිකම් ධාරකයන් ගෙන් හෝ බොහෝමයක් අවස්ථාවල නිෂ්පාදකයන්ගෙන් අවසර ලැබී ඇති වෙළෙඳපොළ සඳහා නිෂ්පාදන විකිණීම ලෙස ද මෙය හැඳින්විය හැකිය.
|-
|}

එක්සත් ජනපදයෙන් පිට ප්‍රථම ධාවන වැඩසටහන්ගතකරණය ග්‍රාහක සේවා මත වැඩියෙන් පවතින නමුත් සමහරක් ගෘහස්තව නිෂ්පාදනය කෙරුණු වැඩ සටහන් ගෘහස්ථ FTA මත ව්‍යාපාරගත වේ. කෙසේ නමුත් මෙම ක්‍රියා පිළිවෙල digital only FTA නාලිකාවල හෝ subscriber – only ප්‍රථම ධාවන ද්‍රව්‍ය මත වර්ධනය වේ.

එක්සත් ජනපදය මෙන් නොව FTAජාල වැඩසටහන්වල නැවත FTA තිරගත කිරීම සිදු වන්නේ එම ජාලයේ පමණි. තවද අනුබන්ධකයින් දේශීය අවස්ථා මත පදනම් නොවූ ජාලගත නොවූ වැඩසටහන්ගත කිරීම් මිළ දී ගැනීම හෝ නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සිදු කරන්නේ ඉතා කලාතුරකිනි.

== රූපවාහිනිය නිසා සැලසෙන අධ්‍යාපනික වාසි ==

ඩේවිඩ් ගවුන්ට් ලෙඩ්ගේ “Ten things wrong with the media effects model” ලිපියට අනුව 
දිමිත්‍රි ක්‍රිස්ටේකිස් හඳුන්වා සිටින්නේ “SESAME STREET” හා වෙනත් අධ්‍යාපනික වැඩසටහන් නැරඹූ පෙර පාසල් දරුවන් ඉහළ සාමාර්ථ ලබා ගත් අතර ජයග්‍රහණය මත වැඩි වටිනාකමක් රඳවන හා වඩා නිර්මාණශීලී පොත් වැඩි වශයෙන් කියවූ බවයි. සමානවම ඍණාත්මක ආකෘතිවලට නිරාවරණය වූ අය එහි ප්‍රතිඵල අත්විඳි අතර ධනාත්මක ආකෘතිවලට නිරාවරණය වූ අය යහපත්ව හැසිරිණි. නූතන ලෝකයේ දරුවන් හට සොයා යෑමට පොත්, පත්තර, රූපවාහිනි අන්තර්ජාලය ආදි නොයෙක් සන්නිවේදන මාධ්‍ය රැසක් පවතියි. එබැවින් පෙර පරම්පරාවල දරුවන්ට වඩා පහසුවෙන් නූතන පරම්පරාවල දරුවන් ඉතිහාසයට, ප්‍රවෘත්ති හා විද්‍යාවට නිරාවරණය කළ හැකිය.

== රූපවාහිනී බදු හෝ රූපවාහිනී බලපත්‍ර ==
සමහර රටවල රූපවාහිනි සේවයන්ගේ මූල්‍ය ශක්තිය වන්නේ බලපත්‍ර සඳහා අය කරනු බන බදු මඟිනි. ඉන් අදහස් වනනේ වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් මඟින් ලැබෙන ආදායම ඉතා අඩු කාර්යක් කරන බව සමහර විට වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් භාවිතය කෙ‍ෙස්වත් නොකරන බව ද පැහැදිලි වේ. සමහර රූපවාහිනී සේවයන් වෙළඳ දැන්වීම ප්‍රචාරය කිරීම ඉතා අඩුවෙන්ම හෝ ප්‍රචාරය නොකරන තත්වයේම ඇත. ඉන් කිහිපයකි.

එක්සත් රාජධානියේ BBC සේවය
හා ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ ABC සේවය

BBC සේවය කිසිම වෙළඳ දැන්වීමක ප්‍රචාරය නොකරන අතර එහි මුල්‍යමය අවශ්‍යතා සපුරා ගනුයේ රූපාවාහිනී පාවිච්චි කරන්නන්ගෙන් අයකර ගන්නා බලපත්‍ර රජය මඟින් නියම කරනු ලැබූ ද BBC ආයතනයේ ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර රජයට නොදක්වන අතර එය ස්වාධීන ආයතනයක් ලෙස සිය තීරණ ගනු ලබයි. මෙසෙ අය කරන ගන්නා බදු මුදල් රේඩියෝ සේවයන්, විකාශන මධ්‍යස්තාන හා BBC වෙබ් අඩවි සඳහා මූල්‍ය ශක්තිය ලබා දේ. 

ජනගහනයෙන් 90% සෑම සතියකම BBC සේවය නරඹනු ලබන අතර 27%ක කොටසක් දායකත්වයක් නරඹන්නන්ගෙන් ලැබේ. මෙම දායකත්වය විවිධ චැනලයන් නැරඹීමේ 85% ක හැකියාවක් ඇති ජන කොටසක් සිටිනා අතර වන අතර ඉන් 42% සේවයන් චන්ද්‍රිකා තාක්ෂණ මඟින් චැනලයන් 200ක පහසුකම් ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාවන් තිබිය දීය. එසේම තවත් 43%ක ප්‍රමාණයකට නිදහස් දර්ශකයන් 30ක් සමග ලබා ගැනීමේ පහසුකම ද ඇතළත් වේ. මෙම බදු ආදායම්වලින් මූල්‍ය ශක්තිය ලබා දෙන BBC රූපවාහිනී සේවයනට එනම් වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් භාවිතා නොකරන ආයතනයනට වැයවන මුදල වාර්ෂිකව පවුම් 136 ක මුදලක් වන අතර එය තම ආයතනය සතුව ඇති රූපවාහිනී ප්‍රමාණය සැලකිල්ලට නොගෙනය. BBC චැනලය හා වාණිජමය චැනලයන්‍යන දෙකේ ක්‍රීඩා පිළිබඳ අවස්ථාවන් ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමේ දී BBC නිතරම නිතරඟයෙන් නරඹන්නගේ වැඩිම ආකර්ශනයක් ලබා ගන්නා අතර එයට හේතුව නරඹන්නන් නැරඹීමේ දී බාධාවක් නොවී නැරඹීමට වඩා රුචි කරන බැවිනි. 

ABC ඕස‍්ට්‍රේලියානු ප්‍රචාරක සංස්ථාව වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් ප්‍රචාරණය නොකරන අතර ‍එසේ ප්‍රචාරය කිරීම 1983 පනවනු ලැබූ ව්‍යවස්ථාවකට අනුව තහනම් කිරීමට ලක් කර ඇත. සිය මූල්‍ය අවශ්‍යතා ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු රජය මඟින් සෑම අවුරුදු තුනකට සැරයක් ලබා දීම සිදු කෙරේ. 2006/2007 අයවැයෙන් ABC ආයතනය ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 822.67 ලැබූ අතර එය සිය වියදම් හා වගකීම් පියවීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් විය. එසේම ABC සාප්පු සංකීර්ණයන්ගෙන් ද සිය අරමුදල තර කර ගැනීම අවශ්‍ය තරම් මුදල් උපයා ගනී

== ධනාත්මක බලපෑම ==
රූපවාහිනිය වටා කෙරෙන බොහෝ සාකච්ඡා වලදි එහි සමාජිය බලපෑම සහ බව සාකච්ඡා වුවක් මාධ්‍ය කෘතවරයෙකු වු ජොෂුවා රූපවාහිනිය පැමිණිමට පෙර තොරතුරු සහ දැනුම ලබා ගැනිමේ ප්‍රධාන මාර්ගය මුදුණය බව සලකන ලදි. එම දිනවල මිනිසුන් තොරතුරු ලබා ගත් ආකාරය විවිධ ආකාරයෙන් සිමිත වේ. 

==සාමාජයීය බලපෑම==
නීති සම්පාදකයින්, විද්‍යාඥයින් හා දෙමාපියන් විසින් රූපවාහිණිය මගින් එහි නරඹන්නන් මත වන රූපවාහිණි ප්‍රචණ්ඩතාව (විශේෂයෙන් යෞවනයන්) පිළිබදව වු ආචරණය ගැන වාද විවාද පවත්වයි. රූපවාහිණිය මගින් ළමුන්ගේ චෛතසික හා සමාජීය සංවර්ධනයට වන බලපෑම් පිලිබද වන වසර 50 ක පර්යේෂණ තවමත් එම විවාදය අවසාන කර නොමැත. (See Bushman &amp; Anderson 2001 ; Savage, 2008) 

අනෙක් අය මෙන්ම බුෂ්මන් හා ඇන්ඩර්සන් (2001) පවසා සිටින්නේ මාධ්‍ය ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය හා සමාජීය ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය අතර සම්බන්ධයකට සාක්ෂි පැහැදිලිවම සහය දක්වන බවයි. කෙසේ නමුත් අනෙක් නිර්මාණ කරුවන් (ඔල්සන්, 2004, සැවේජ්, 2008) විසින් සාහිත්‍ය හා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ වැඩිවන මාධ්‍ය ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය හා අඩුවන අපරාධ සීඝ්‍රතාවය අතර නොගැළපීම සමග සැලකිල්ලට ගත යුතු ක්‍රමානුරූපි ප්‍රශ්න අවධානයට බදුන් කරයි.

සයින්ටිෆික් ඇමරිකන්හි 2002 ලිපියක් යෝජනා කර සිටින්නේ අඛණ්ඩ TV නැරඹීම, රූපවාහිණි ඇබ්බැහි වීම අනෙකුත් ඇබ්බැහි වීමකට වඩා එතරම් වෙනසක් නොවන බවයි. කෙසේ නමුත් මෙම දර්ශනය තවමත් බොහෝමයක් ප්‍රඥයින් අතර පුළුල් ඒක මතිකත්වයට පත්වී නොමැති අතර රෝග විනිෂ්චය කිරීමේ  හා සංඛ්‍යාත්මක මැනුවලය - IV – TR ට අනුව රූපවාහිණී ඇබ්බැහි වීම විනිෂ්චය කළ නොහැකි තත්ත්වයකි. 

එක් අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමකට උදාහරණයක් ලෙස, මිනිසුන් 1000 ක් (ළමා වයසේ සිට වයස 26 දක්වා) ඇතුළත් නවසීන්තයේ පැවැත්වු ආයත අධ්‍යයනය නිරූපණය කර සිටියේ ළමා කාලයේ දී හා වැඩිහිටි අවධියේදී රූපවාහිණිය නැරඹීම වය‍ෙස් අවුරුදු 12 කදී වන දුර්වල අධ්‍යාපනික ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීම් සමග සම්බන්ධ වන බවයි. Sexuality Research And Social Policy ජ’නලයේ ප්‍රකාශයට පත් වු අධ්‍යනයන් කියා සිටින්නේ මව්පියන් පිළිබදව වු රූපවාහිණි වැඩ සටහන් වැඩිවියට පත්වු ගැහැණු දරුවන් අතර වැඩි ශරීර තෘප්තිමත් කිරීමක්, ගැහැණු හා පිරිමි යන දෙපක්ෂයේම වැඩිවියට පත් වූවන් අතර අඩු ලිංගික අත්දැකීම් සමග සම්බන්ධ වන බවත් මෙම රූපවාහිණි වැඩ සටහන් වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ආත්ම ගරුත්වයට හා තම ප්‍රතිරූපයට බලපෑමක් එල්ල විය හැකි බවත්ය. රූපවාහිණිය නැරඹීම හා පාසැල් ශ්‍රේණි අතර වන සම්බන්ධතාවය මත බොහෝමයක් අධ්‍යයන සිදු කර ඇත. කෙසේ නමුත් අනෙකුත් අධ්‍යයන බොහෝමයක් ද රූපවාහිණි නැරඹීම නරඹන්නන් මත කිසිදු බලපෑමක් ඇති නොකරන බව (හෝ ඉතා සුළු බලපෑමක්) සොයා ගෙන ඇත. (Freedman , 2002 බලන්න)

==පාරිසරික බලපෑම==
CRT හි අධි ඊයම් අන්තර්ගතය හා පැතලි තිර සංදර්ශක තාක්ෂණවල වේගවත් ව්යාප්තිය, රසදිය ඇතුළත් ලාම්පු භාවිතා කරන සමහරක් ඒවා (LCD) සමඟ ඉවත දමන ලද රූපවාහිනීවලින් වන ඉලෙක්ට්රෝනික අපද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබඳ වැඩි දියුණු වන සැලකිල්ලක් දක්නට ලැබේ. කොටස්කරන්නන් විසින්  CRT වලින් තඹ රැහැන් හා අනෙක් ද්රව්ය ඉවත් කිරීම සඳහා ද අදාල සෞඛ්යමය සැලකිලි දක්නට ලැබේ. තවදුරටත් රූපවාහිනියේ සැලසුම් කිරීමට සම්බන්ධ පාරිසරික සැලකිලි දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර භාවිත කිරීම සම්බන්ධව උපකරණවල වැඩිවන විද්යුත් ශක්ති වුවමනාවන් පිළබඳ සැලකිලි ද වේ.

== රූපවාහිනීය යනු ==
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:රූපවාහිනිය]]</text>
      <sha1>m9ass8wheft0tl78upizoi02faskn6w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754241</id>
      <parentid>754240</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T15:40:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shwetha</username>
        <id>6574</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Special:Contributions/175.157.119.83|175.157.119.83]] ([[User talk:175.157.119.83|සාකච්ඡාව]]) ගේ සංස්කරණයන්  [[User:Lee|Lee]] ගේ අවසන් අනුවාදය වෙත ප්‍රතිවර්තනය කෙරිණි</comment>
      <origin>599757</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25479" sha1="0cqlefed1wfgeakrb4dymavq5a40dz0" xml:space="preserve">{{දියුණු කරන්න}} &lt;!--redirect|TV--&gt;
[[ගොනුව:Braun HF 1.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Braun HF 1 වර්ගයේ රූපවාහිනියක්,ජර්මනිය,1958.]]
{{portal|රූපවාහිනිය}}
'ප්‍රථම වරට රූපවාහිනිය නිපදවන ලද්දේ ජෝන් ලොගී බෙයාර්ඩ්(jon logi beard) විසිනි. ''රූපවාහිනී''' (කෙටියෙන් ටීවී හෝ ටෙලි) යනු යම්කිසි දුර ප්‍රමාණයක් හරහා චලනය වන රූප සහ ශබ්ද ලබා ගැනීම හා විකාශනය සඳහා බහුලව භාවිතා කරන විදුලි සංදේශ පද්ධතියකි. මෙම වදන සමහරක් විට විශේෂයෙන් රූපවාහිනියක්, වැඩසටහන්ගත කිරීම හෝ රූපවාහිනී සම්ප්‍රේශණය හැඳින්වීමට ද යොදා ගනී. මෙම වදන දුර දැක්ම යන තේරුම දෙන ග්‍රීක වදන මත පදනම්ව ගෙතුනු එකකි. 

1930 සිට වාණිජමය වශයෙන් මිළට ගත හැකි වූ රූපවාහිනී නිවාස හා ආයතනවල විශේෂයෙන් විනෝදාස්වාද හා ප්‍රවෘත්ති ප්‍රභවයක් ලෙස බහුලව භාවිතා වන ගෘහස්ථ සන්නිවේදන උපකරණයක් බවට පත්විය. 1970 VCR පටි මත වීඩියෝ පටිගත කිරීමේ සිට DVD වැනි සංඛ්‍යාංක ධාවන පද්ධති රූපවාහිනී මඟින් පටිගත කළ චිත්‍රපටි හා අනෙකුත් වැඩසටහන් නැරඹීමට ඉඩ ප්‍රස්ථාව ලබා දී ඇත. 

රූපවාහිනී පද්ධතියක් බහු ඒකක රාශියකින් සෑදී තිබිය හැක. එමනිසා විකාශන සංඥා ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා අභ්‍යන්තර ටියුනරයක් නොමැති තිරයක් රූපවාහිනියක් ලෙස නොව මොනිටරයක් ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. රූපවාහිනියක් HDTV වැනි විවිධ විකාශන හෝ දෘශ්‍ය ආකෘති ලබා ගැනීමට සාදා තිබිය හැක. HDTV සාමාන්‍ය ටීවී එකකට වඩා මිළෙන් වැඩි නමුත් එය වඩාත් සුලභ වෙමින් පවතී.

== රූපවාහිනියේ ඉතිහාසය ==
රූපවාහිනි තාක්ෂණයේ ඉතිහාසය ආකාර දෙකකට බෙදිය හැක. ඒවා නම් යාන්ත්‍රික සහ ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝගත මුලධර්මය මත පදනම් වු ඒවා යන සම්පුර්ණයෙන් ‍ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනික ඒවා වේ. සියලු නවික රූපවාහිනි සදහා ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනික මුලධර්ම උරුම වේ. නමුත් යාන්ත්‍රික පද්ධති සොයා ගැනිම් සහ ප්‍රතිවේදයක් තොරව එය සිදු කල නොහැක.

== රූපවාහිනී සාහිත්‍ය නිර්මාණ ==
රූපවාහනී සාහිත්‍ය නිර්මාණ පුළුල් පරාසයක් තුළ දිවයයි. ඒ අතර රසවින්දනාත්මක, තොරතුරු පදනම් වූ හා අධ්‍යාපනික අංගයන් මේ අතර විශේෂ වේ. නිෂ්පාදනයේදී වැඩිම වියදමක් දැරිමට සිදුවන්නේ රස වින්දනාත්මක නාට්‍ය හා නාට්‍යමය කෙටි වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමේදීය.කෙසේ වුවත් ඓතිහාසික හා බටහිර නිර්මාණ සඳහා වැය වන වියදමද ඉහළ අගයක පවතී. රසවින්දනාත්මක නිර්මාණ අතර පොලිස් කටයුතු,අපරාධ, රහස් පරීක්ෂක නාට්‍ය ,අත්භූත වින්දනාත්මක නිර්මාණ ආදියද වේ.එසේම නාට්‍යමය නිර්මාණ අතර වෛද්‍යමය නාට්‍යයද ,හුදෙක් පහත් ආශ්වාදයක් ඇති නිර්මාණද වේ.විද්‍යා ප්‍රබන්ධයන් එහි ඇති දාර්ශනික බව හා වීරත්වය අනුව නාට්‍ය හා රංග සහායට ඇතුලත් වන අතර අවස්ථානුකූලව ප්‍රහසන (Comedy) නිර්මාණ හා වැඩිහිටි පරපුර සඳහා සජීවී ප්‍රසංගයන් නිර්මාණය ද බහුලව වේ. උදා- South Park වියදම ඉතා අවමයෙන් කළ හැකි නිර්මාණ වන්නේ විනෝද [[ගොනුව:Family_watching_television_1958.jpg |thumb|ඇමෙරිකන් පවුලක් රූපවාහිනිය නරඹමින්,1958]]
ක්‍රීඩා,කථික, විවිධ ප්‍රසංග හා සත්‍ය කථා ආදියයි.විනෝද අංශ අතර නරඹන්නන්ගෙන් ප්‍රශ්න විචාරිම සහ ජයග්‍රාහකයින්ට ත්‍යාග ප්‍රදානයද ඇතුළත් වේ. කථික ප්‍රසංගයන් අතර චිත්‍රපට රූපවාහිනී හා සංගීත ධරයන් සමඟ කෙරෙන සාකච්ඡා ගත නොහැකිය. විවිධ ප්‍රසංගයන් අතර රසවින්දනාත්මක සංගීත නිර්මාණ,විකට රුගුම් හා මැජික් සංන්දර්ශන දැකගත හැකිය. සමහර වැඩසටහන් එකිනෙක මිශ්‍රව පවතින අවස්ථාද ඇත. එනම් විශේෂිත කථික වැඩසටහන් සංගීතය ගායන හැකියාව මත මිශ්‍රව තිබෙන අතර සාමාන්‍ය ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නන් සම්මුඛ සාකච්ඡා ස්වරූපයෙන් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. Reality TV shows තුල විග්‍රහ කරනු ලබන්නේ එදිනෙදා ජීවිතයේ ආසාමාන්‍ය අභියෝගයන්ට මුහුණ දුන් පුද්ගලයන්ගේ අත්දැකීම්ය.එම අවස්ථා පොලිසිය මගින් අත් අඩංගුවට ගත් පුද්ගලයන්ගේ සිට කම්කරුවා දක්වා විහිදී යයි.

== වැඩසටහන් පටිගත කිරීම ==

රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන් පටිගත කිරීම හා ඒවා මහජනයාට පෙන්වීම බොහෝමයක් ආකාරවලින් සිදු විය හැකිය. නිෂ්පාදනයෙන් පසු ඊළඟ පියවර වන්නේ වෙළෙඳ පොළ වන අතර එමඟින් වෙළෙඳ පොළ විවෘත ඕනෑම තැනකට නිෂ්පාදනය බෙදා හරී. මෙය සිදු වන්නේ මට්ටම් 2 ක් මතය.
{|
|1. පළමු ධාවනය - නිෂ්පාදකයෙක් ඒක හෝ බහු කථාංගවලින් යුත් වැඩසටහනක් නිර්මාණය කරන අතර එය නිෂ්පාදනය සඳහා ගාස්තු ගෙවා ඇති හෝ නිෂ්පාදකයා මඟින් අවසර ලබා දී ඇති ජාලයක් මත ප්‍රදර්ශනය කරයි. 
|-
|2. ව්‍යාපාරගත කිරීම - මෙය ද්විතීක වැඩසටහන්කරන භාවිතය විස්තර කිරීම සඳහා පුළුල්ව යොදා ගැනෙන වදනකි. මෙයට ප්‍රථම නිකුත් කිරීම සිදු කළ රටෙහි ද්විතීක ධාවන මෙන්ම නිෂ්පාදකයා විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන හෝ නොකර හෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර භාවිත ද ඇතුළත් වේ. බොහොමයක් අවස්ථාවලදී වෙනත් සමාගම් හෝ රූපවාහිනී නාලිකා හෝ පුද්ගලයන් හෝ ව්‍යාපාර කිරීමේ කාර්යයේ යෙදී ඇත. වෙනත් වචනවලින් පවසතොත් ප්‍රකාශන හිමිකම් ධාරකයන් ගෙන් හෝ බොහෝමයක් අවස්ථාවල නිෂ්පාදකයන්ගෙන් අවසර ලැබී ඇති වෙළෙඳපොළ සඳහා නිෂ්පාදන විකිණීම ලෙස ද මෙය හැඳින්විය හැකිය.
|-
|}

එක්සත් ජනපදයෙන් පිට ප්‍රථම ධාවන වැඩසටහන්ගතකරණය ග්‍රාහක සේවා මත වැඩියෙන් පවතින නමුත් සමහරක් ගෘහස්තව නිෂ්පාදනය කෙරුණු වැඩ සටහන් ගෘහස්ථ FTA මත ව්‍යාපාරගත වේ. කෙසේ නමුත් මෙම ක්‍රියා පිළිවෙල digital only FTA නාලිකාවල හෝ subscriber – only ප්‍රථම ධාවන ද්‍රව්‍ය මත වර්ධනය වේ.

එක්සත් ජනපදය මෙන් නොව FTAජාල වැඩසටහන්වල නැවත FTA තිරගත කිරීම සිදු වන්නේ එම ජාලයේ පමණි. තවද අනුබන්ධකයින් දේශීය අවස්ථා මත පදනම් නොවූ ජාලගත නොවූ වැඩසටහන්ගත කිරීම් මිළ දී ගැනීම හෝ නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සිදු කරන්නේ ඉතා කලාතුරකිනි.

== රූපවාහිනිය නිසා සැලසෙන අධ්‍යාපනික වාසි ==

ඩේවිඩ් ගවුන්ට් ලෙඩ්ගේ “Ten things wrong with the media effects model” ලිපියට අනුව 
දිමිත්‍රි ක්‍රිස්ටේකිස් හඳුන්වා සිටින්නේ “SESAME STREET” හා වෙනත් අධ්‍යාපනික වැඩසටහන් නැරඹූ පෙර පාසල් දරුවන් ඉහළ සාමාර්ථ ලබා ගත් අතර ජයග්‍රහණය මත වැඩි වටිනාකමක් රඳවන හා වඩා නිර්මාණශීලී පොත් වැඩි වශයෙන් කියවූ බවයි. සමානවම ඍණාත්මක ආකෘතිවලට නිරාවරණය වූ අය එහි ප්‍රතිඵල අත්විඳි අතර ධනාත්මක ආකෘතිවලට නිරාවරණය වූ අය යහපත්ව හැසිරිණි. නූතන ලෝකයේ දරුවන් හට සොයා යෑමට පොත්, පත්තර, රූපවාහිනි අන්තර්ජාලය ආදි නොයෙක් සන්නිවේදන මාධ්‍ය රැසක් පවතියි. එබැවින් පෙර පරම්පරාවල දරුවන්ට වඩා පහසුවෙන් නූතන පරම්පරාවල දරුවන් ඉතිහාසයට, ප්‍රවෘත්ති හා විද්‍යාවට නිරාවරණය කළ හැකිය.

== රූපවාහිනී බදු හෝ රූපවාහිනී බලපත්‍ර ==
සමහර රටවල රූපවාහිනි සේවයන්ගේ මූල්‍ය ශක්තිය වන්නේ බලපත්‍ර සඳහා අය කරනු බන බදු මඟිනි. ඉන් අදහස් වනනේ වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් මඟින් ලැබෙන ආදායම ඉතා අඩු කාර්යක් කරන බව සමහර විට වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් භාවිතය කෙ‍ෙස්වත් නොකරන බව ද පැහැදිලි වේ. සමහර රූපවාහිනී සේවයන් වෙළඳ දැන්වීම ප්‍රචාරය කිරීම ඉතා අඩුවෙන්ම හෝ ප්‍රචාරය නොකරන තත්වයේම ඇත. ඉන් කිහිපයකි.

එක්සත් රාජධානියේ BBC සේවය
හා ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ ABC සේවය

BBC සේවය කිසිම වෙළඳ දැන්වීමක ප්‍රචාරය නොකරන අතර එහි මුල්‍යමය අවශ්‍යතා සපුරා ගනුයේ රූපාවාහිනී පාවිච්චි කරන්නන්ගෙන් අයකර ගන්නා බලපත්‍ර රජය මඟින් නියම කරනු ලැබූ ද BBC ආයතනයේ ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර රජයට නොදක්වන අතර එය ස්වාධීන ආයතනයක් ලෙස සිය තීරණ ගනු ලබයි. මෙසෙ අය කරන ගන්නා බදු මුදල් රේඩියෝ සේවයන්, විකාශන මධ්‍යස්තාන හා BBC වෙබ් අඩවි සඳහා මූල්‍ය ශක්තිය ලබා දේ. 

ජනගහනයෙන් 90% සෑම සතියකම BBC සේවය නරඹනු ලබන අතර 27%ක කොටසක් දායකත්වයක් නරඹන්නන්ගෙන් ලැබේ. මෙම දායකත්වය විවිධ චැනලයන් නැරඹීමේ 85% ක හැකියාවක් ඇති ජන කොටසක් සිටිනා අතර වන අතර ඉන් 42% සේවයන් චන්ද්‍රිකා තාක්ෂණ මඟින් චැනලයන් 200ක පහසුකම් ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාවන් තිබිය දීය. එසේම තවත් 43%ක ප්‍රමාණයකට නිදහස් දර්ශකයන් 30ක් සමග ලබා ගැනීමේ පහසුකම ද ඇතළත් වේ. මෙම බදු ආදායම්වලින් මූල්‍ය ශක්තිය ලබා දෙන BBC රූපවාහිනී සේවයනට එනම් වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් භාවිතා නොකරන ආයතනයනට වැයවන මුදල වාර්ෂිකව පවුම් 136 ක මුදලක් වන අතර එය තම ආයතනය සතුව ඇති රූපවාහිනී ප්‍රමාණය සැලකිල්ලට නොගෙනය. BBC චැනලය හා වාණිජමය චැනලයන්‍යන දෙකේ ක්‍රීඩා පිළිබඳ අවස්ථාවන් ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමේ දී BBC නිතරම නිතරඟයෙන් නරඹන්නගේ වැඩිම ආකර්ශනයක් ලබා ගන්නා අතර එයට හේතුව නරඹන්නන් නැරඹීමේ දී බාධාවක් නොවී නැරඹීමට වඩා රුචි කරන බැවිනි. 

ABC ඕස‍්ට්‍රේලියානු ප්‍රචාරක සංස්ථාව වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් ප්‍රචාරණය නොකරන අතර ‍එසේ ප්‍රචාරය කිරීම 1983 පනවනු ලැබූ ව්‍යවස්ථාවකට අනුව තහනම් කිරීමට ලක් කර ඇත. සිය මූල්‍ය අවශ්‍යතා ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු රජය මඟින් සෑම අවුරුදු තුනකට සැරයක් ලබා දීම සිදු කෙරේ. 2006/2007 අයවැයෙන් ABC ආයතනය ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 822.67 ලැබූ අතර එය සිය වියදම් හා වගකීම් පියවීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් විය. එසේම ABC සාප්පු සංකීර්ණයන්ගෙන් ද සිය අරමුදල තර කර ගැනීම අවශ්‍ය තරම් මුදල් උපයා ගනී

== ධනාත්මක බලපෑම ==
රූපවාහිනිය වටා කෙරෙන බොහෝ සාකච්ඡා වලදි එහි සමාජිය බලපෑම සහ බව සාකච්ඡා වුවක් මාධ්‍ය කෘතවරයෙකු වු ජොෂුවා රූපවාහිනිය පැමිණිමට පෙර තොරතුරු සහ දැනුම ලබා ගැනිමේ ප්‍රධාන මාර්ගය මුදුණය බව සලකන ලදි. එම දිනවල මිනිසුන් තොරතුරු ලබා ගත් ආකාරය විවිධ ආකාරයෙන් සිමිත වේ. 

==සාමාජයීය බලපෑම==
නීති සම්පාදකයින්, විද්‍යාඥයින් හා දෙමාපියන් විසින් රූපවාහිණිය මගින් එහි නරඹන්නන් මත වන රූපවාහිණි ප්‍රචණ්ඩතාව (විශේෂයෙන් යෞවනයන්) පිළිබදව වු ආචරණය ගැන වාද විවාද පවත්වයි. රූපවාහිණිය මගින් ළමුන්ගේ චෛතසික හා සමාජීය සංවර්ධනයට වන බලපෑම් පිලිබද වන වසර 50 ක පර්යේෂණ තවමත් එම විවාදය අවසාන කර නොමැත. (See Bushman &amp; Anderson 2001 ; Savage, 2008) 

අනෙක් අය මෙන්ම බුෂ්මන් හා ඇන්ඩර්සන් (2001) පවසා සිටින්නේ මාධ්‍ය ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය හා සමාජීය ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය අතර සම්බන්ධයකට සාක්ෂි පැහැදිලිවම සහය දක්වන බවයි. කෙසේ නමුත් අනෙක් නිර්මාණ කරුවන් (ඔල්සන්, 2004, සැවේජ්, 2008) විසින් සාහිත්‍ය හා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ වැඩිවන මාධ්‍ය ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය හා අඩුවන අපරාධ සීඝ්‍රතාවය අතර නොගැළපීම සමග සැලකිල්ලට ගත යුතු ක්‍රමානුරූපි ප්‍රශ්න අවධානයට බදුන් කරයි.

සයින්ටිෆික් ඇමරිකන්හි 2002 ලිපියක් යෝජනා කර සිටින්නේ අඛණ්ඩ TV නැරඹීම, රූපවාහිණි ඇබ්බැහි වීම අනෙකුත් ඇබ්බැහි වීමකට වඩා එතරම් වෙනසක් නොවන බවයි. කෙසේ නමුත් මෙම දර්ශනය තවමත් බොහෝමයක් ප්‍රඥයින් අතර පුළුල් ඒක මතිකත්වයට පත්වී නොමැති අතර රෝග විනිෂ්චය කිරීමේ  හා සංඛ්‍යාත්මක මැනුවලය - IV – TR ට අනුව රූපවාහිණී ඇබ්බැහි වීම විනිෂ්චය කළ නොහැකි තත්ත්වයකි. 

එක් අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමකට උදාහරණයක් ලෙස, මිනිසුන් 1000 ක් (ළමා වයසේ සිට වයස 26 දක්වා) ඇතුළත් නවසීන්තයේ පැවැත්වු ආයත අධ්‍යයනය නිරූපණය කර සිටියේ ළමා කාලයේ දී හා වැඩිහිටි අවධියේදී රූපවාහිණිය නැරඹීම වය‍ෙස් අවුරුදු 12 කදී වන දුර්වල අධ්‍යාපනික ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීම් සමග සම්බන්ධ වන බවයි. Sexuality Research And Social Policy ජ’නලයේ ප්‍රකාශයට පත් වු අධ්‍යනයන් කියා සිටින්නේ මව්පියන් පිළිබදව වු රූපවාහිණි වැඩ සටහන් වැඩිවියට පත්වු ගැහැණු දරුවන් අතර වැඩි ශරීර තෘප්තිමත් කිරීමක්, ගැහැණු හා පිරිමි යන දෙපක්ෂයේම වැඩිවියට පත් වූවන් අතර අඩු ලිංගික අත්දැකීම් සමග සම්බන්ධ වන බවත් මෙම රූපවාහිණි වැඩ සටහන් වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ආත්ම ගරුත්වයට හා තම ප්‍රතිරූපයට බලපෑමක් එල්ල විය හැකි බවත්ය. රූපවාහිණිය නැරඹීම හා පාසැල් ශ්‍රේණි අතර වන සම්බන්ධතාවය මත බොහෝමයක් අධ්‍යයන සිදු කර ඇත. කෙසේ නමුත් අනෙකුත් අධ්‍යයන බොහෝමයක් ද රූපවාහිණි නැරඹීම නරඹන්නන් මත කිසිදු බලපෑමක් ඇති නොකරන බව (හෝ ඉතා සුළු බලපෑමක්) සොයා ගෙන ඇත. (Freedman , 2002 බලන්න)

==පාරිසරික බලපෑම==
CRT හි අධි ඊයම් අන්තර්ගතය හා පැතලි තිර සංදර්ශක තාක්ෂණවල වේගවත් ව්යාප්තිය, රසදිය ඇතුළත් ලාම්පු භාවිතා කරන සමහරක් ඒවා (LCD) සමඟ ඉවත දමන ලද රූපවාහිනීවලින් වන ඉලෙක්ට්රෝනික අපද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබඳ වැඩි දියුණු වන සැලකිල්ලක් දක්නට ලැබේ. කොටස්කරන්නන් විසින්  CRT වලින් තඹ රැහැන් හා අනෙක් ද්රව්ය ඉවත් කිරීම සඳහා ද අදාල සෞඛ්යමය සැලකිලි දක්නට ලැබේ. තවදුරටත් රූපවාහිනියේ සැලසුම් කිරීමට සම්බන්ධ පාරිසරික සැලකිලි දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර භාවිත කිරීම සම්බන්ධව උපකරණවල වැඩිවන විද්යුත් ශක්ති වුවමනාවන් පිළබඳ සැලකිලි ද වේ.

== සටහන් ==
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:රූපවාහිනිය]]</text>
      <sha1>0cqlefed1wfgeakrb4dymavq5a40dz0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ආවේණික මසුන්</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754410</id>
      <parentid>751604</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:47:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2407:C00:6003:64D:1:0:CF57:7230</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754410</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28553" sha1="st5ykek8mxn46fe16ad7l10en9knc5u" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikify}}

==සිංහල නාමය හා විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය==


{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!අංකය
!දේශීය නාමය
!විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය
|-
|2
|Orange chromide   අසෝක පෙතියා
|Etroplus maculatus
|-
|3
|Black ruby barb බුලත් හපයා
|Puntius nigrofasciatus
|-
|4
|Two spot barb දෙපුල්ලියා
|Barbus ticto
|-
|5
|Cherry barb ලේ තිත්තයා
|Puntius titteya
|-
|6
|Lanka stone sucker ගල් පාඬියා
|Garra ceylonensiS
|-
|7
|Sidestriped barb  හික මස්සා 
|Puntius pleurctaenia
|-
|8
|Barred danio පතිරණ සාලයා
|Danio pathirana
|-
|9
|Green labeo ගඩයා
|Labeo fisheri
|-
|10
|spotted loach පුල්ලි ගිරවා
|Lepidocephlichtys jonklaasi
|-
|11
|Bandula barb බන්ධුල පෝතයා
|Puntius bandula
|-
|12
|Wilpita rasbora විල්පිට දණ්ඩියා
|Rasbora wilpita
|-
|13
|Vateria flwoer rasbora හාල්මල් දණ්ඩියා
|Rasboraides vaterifloris
|-
|14
|Tic tac toe barb තිත් පෙතියා
|Puntius ticto
|-
|15
|Martenstyn's barb දුම්බර පෙතියා
|Puntius martenstyni
|-
|16
|Asoka barb අසෝක පෙතියා
|Puntius asoka
|-
|17
|Silver barb පොඩි පෙතියා
|Puntius gonionotus
|-
|18
|Sri Lanka barb මල් පෙතියා
|Puntius srilankensis
|}

==කහ කොරලියා==

[[ගොනුව:Orange fish 2.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Orange chromide   කහ කොරලියා]]

දේශීය නාමය-Orange chromide කහ කොරලියා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Etroplus maculatus


===හඳුනා ගැනීම===

ආකආකර්ෂණීය පෙනුමක් ඇත.උදරීයව කහ පැහැවන අතර ගුද වරලට ඉහළින් කළු පැහැය දක්නට ලැබේ.දේහය පුරාම පාහේ රතුපැහැ තිත් කුඩාවට පැතිරී ඇත.කළු පැහැ ගැන්වුණු මදක් විශාල තිත් පහක් පමණ දක්නට ඇත.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු 7cm පමණ දිගින් යුක්ත වේ.ගැහැණු මත්ස්‍යයාට සාපේක්ෂව පිරිමි මත්ස්‍යයා කුඩාය.ගැහැණු මත්ස්‍යයාගේ පෞව්ච වරලෙහි සුදු පාට හෝ ලා නිල් පාට තිත් දක්නට ලැබේ.


===පරිසරය===

කලපු වැව් හා කුඩා ඇළ දොළ වල දක්නට ලැබේ. (ලංකාවට විදේශිකයින්  හඳුන්වා දුන් මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂයකි.


===ආහාර===

ස්වභාවික පරිසරයේදී මාළු පැටවුන් සත්ව ප්ලවාංග හා ඇල්ගී වර්ග ආහාරයට ගන්නා අතර කෘතීම පරිසරය තුළ සාමාන්‍ය මත්ස්‍ය කැම වර්ග ආහාර ලෙස ගනී.


===අභිජනනය===


බිත්තර දමනුයේ නොගැඹුරැ ජලය සහිත ස්ථාන වල සාදාගත් 3cm ක් පමණ ගැඹුරැ හා විශ්කම්භය 5cm ක් පමණ වන අවපාතනයකය.මෙය ගැහැණු හා පිරිමි මත්ස්‍යයින් දෙදෙනා විසින් සාදනු ලැබේ.වරකට බිත්තර 200ක් පමණ දමනු ලැබේ.මත්ස්‍ය ටැංකියක් තුළදී මෙය සිදු කිරීම සඳහා ටැංකි පතුලේ කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයේ මල් පෝච්චියක් වැලි වලින් පුරවා තැබිය යුතුය.බිත්තර දමා දින පහකට පමණ පසු ඵ්වා පිපීරී පැටවුන් බිහිවේ.ඵම කාලය අතරතුර ඵක් මත්ස්‍යයෙක් ඩිම්බ වලට අවශ්‍ය වාතනය සපයන අතර අනෙක් මත්ස්‍යයා භෝජනය සඳහා පිට වී යයි.පැටවුන් ලිංගිකව පරිනත වන තෙක්ම පාහේ මව්පියන් විසින් රැක බලාගනු ලැබේ.පාරිසරික විචලන තාවයට ඔරොත්තතු දිය හැකි වර්ගයක් වන මුත් සමහර විටෙක ඉක්මනින් ජලයේ සිදුවන වෙනස්කම් මොවුන්ට දරාගත නොහැකි වේ.

==මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න.[http://www.aquahobby.com/orange.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327100956/http://www.aquahobby.com/orange.html |date=2008-03-27 }}==


==බුලත් හපයා==

[[ගොනුව:Black fish 19.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Black ruby barb බුලත් හපයා]]

දේශීය නාමය-Black ruby barb බුලත් හපයා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Puntius nigrofasciatus


===හඳුනා ගැනීම===

ශරීරයේ කළු පාට ඉරි තුනක් ඇත.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකුගේ දිග 5.8 cm පමණ දිගින් යුක්ත වේ.ප්‍රජනන අවධිය එළඹෙත්ම පරිමි සතුන්ගේ දේහය අධික ලෙස රතු පැහැයට හැරේ. සාමාන්‍ය වර්ණය කහ රන්වන් පාට වේ.දේහයේ සිරස් අතට වැටුණු කළු රේකාවන් තුනකි.මේවා තරමක පළලින් යුක්ත වේ.පිරිමි මත්ස්‍යයින්ගේ වරල් වල පැහැය විනිවිද පෙනෙන සුළුය.මත්ස්‍යයින්ට ඉතා ඉක්මනින් වැළඳෙන රෝගයක් වන සුදු තිත් රෝගයට ඉතා පහසුවෙන් ගොදුරැ වේ.සුදුසු ප්‍රතිකාර කිරීමෙන් මෙම රෝගයට සතුන් ගොදුරැවීම වලක්වා ගත හැකිය.ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙන් බහුල ලෙස සුරතල් මත්ස්‍යයන් ලෙස පිටරට යවනු ලැබේ.මොවුන් මත්ස්‍ය ටැංකි වල පරිසරයට ඉතා ඉක්මනින් හුරැවන බැවින් පහසුවෙන් ඇති කළ හැකිය.

ගල් සහිත දියපහර වලත් වැලි සහිත පතුලක් ඇති දිය පහරවලත් දක්නට ලැබේ.

Jeevathvana pradeshaya 
===ආහාර===

ස්වභාවික පරිසරයේදී සුත්‍රිකාමය [[ඇල්ගී]] වර්ග ආහාරයට ගන්නා අතර කෘතිම පරිසරය තුළ සාමාන්‍ය මත්ස්‍ය කැම වර්ග ආහාර ලෙස ගනී.

==මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න.[http://www.centralpets.com/animals/fish/freshwater_fish/fwf4655.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516012250/http://centralpets.com/animals/fish/freshwater_fish/fwf4655.html |date=2008-05-16 }}==


==දෙපුල්ලියා==
[[ගොනුව:Two fish 4.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Two spot barb දෙපුල්ලියා]]

දේශීය නාමය-Two spot barb දෙපුල්ලියා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Barbus ticto


===හඳුනා ගැනීම===

ඉතාමත් අලංකාර වරල් සහිතය.වරල් කහ පාට වන අතර දේහය රිදී පාටය.පිරිමි මත්ස්‍යයාගේ වරල් රතු පාටය.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු 5cm පමණ දිගින් යුක්ත වේ.ගැහැණු මත්ස්‍යයාට වඩා පිරිමි මත්ස්‍යයා කුඩාය.පිරිමි මත්ස්‍යයාගේ දේහය ප්‍රජනන සමයේදී තරමක් රෝස පාටට හැරේ.පෘෂ්ඨීය වරල පිරිමි මතස්‍යයින්ගේ එම කාලයේදී රතු පාට වේ.


7.2පරිසරය

ගලායන ජලයේ පතුලේ දක්නට ලැබේ.


7.3ආහාර

ස්වභාවික පරිසරයේදී හරිත ඇල්ගී වර්ග හා ශාඛ ප්ලවාංගත් කෘතිම පරිසරය තුළ සාමාන්‍ය මත්ස්‍ය කැම වර්ගත් ආහාර ලෙස ගනී.


7.4අභිජනනය

වරකට බිත්තර 20 බැගින් බිත්තර 150ක් පමණ දමනු ලැබේ.දිනකින් පමණ බිත්තර පිපිරී පැටවුන් බිහිවේ.ඊළඟ දිනයේ දී පැටවුන් පිහිනා යනු ලැබේ.

==මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න.[http://www.fishbase.com/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6143]==


==9.ලේ තිත්තයා==
[[ගොනුව:Cherry fish 18.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Cherry barb ලේ තිත්තයා]]


දේශීය නාමය-Cherry barb ලේ තිත්තයා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Puntius titteya


9.1හඳුනා ගැනීම

පැහැය චෙරි රතු පාටය.ශරීරය මැදින් දිග අතට ඉරක් ඇත.කුඩා අංකුට යුගලක් ඇත.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙක් 2-3cm පමණ දිගින් යුක්ත වේ.ගැහැණු මත්ස්‍යයාගේ වර්ණ රටා පිරිමි මසුන් තරම් අලංකාර නොවන අතර පිරිමි මසුන් ප්‍රජනන කාලයේදි තවත් අලංකාර වේ.


9.2පරිසරය

කුඩා දියපහර වල පමණක් ජීවත් වේ.


9.3ආහාර

ස්වභාවික පරිසරයේදී  ශාඛ ප්ලවාංග හා මදුරු කීටයන් ආහාරයට ගන්නා අතර කෘතිම පරිසරය තුළදී Pellets හා Tubifex යන පනුවන් ආහාර ලෙස ගනී.


9.4අභිජනනය

වරකට බිත්තර 200ක් පමණ දමනු ලැබේ.ඒවා ශාක අතර විසිරැවනු ලැබේ.බිත්තර පිපිරීම දින 1ත් 2ත් අතර කාලය තුළ සිදු වේ.බිත්තර පිපීරී  දින දෙකකට පමණ පසු පැටවුන් පිහිනා යයි.මින් මැදුරැ පරිසර වලට අනුවර්ථනය කළ හැකිය.

==මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න.[http://www.aquahobby.com/gallery/e_cherry.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405122829/http://www.aquahobby.com/gallery/e_cherry.php |date=2008-04-05 }}==


==11.ගල් පාඬියා==
[[ගොනුව:Stone fish 20.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Lanka stone sucker ගල් පාඬියා]]

දේශීය නාමය-Lanka stone sucker ගල් පාඬියා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Garra ceylonensis


11.1හඳුනා ගැනීම

ශරීරයේ යට පැත්ත කෙළින් පිහිටා ඇත.කුඩා අංකුට යුගල 2ක් ඇත.මුඛය යට පැත්තට හැරී ඇත.මුඛයට පහළින් චුෂතරයක් පිහිටා ඇත.ලය වරල් පහළට වන්නට රවුම්ව පිහිටයි.ශ්‍රෝණි වරල් දෙපැත්තට විසිරී පිහිටයි.ශරීරය අඳුරු පැහැයක් ගනී.වරල් අඳුරු තැඹිලි  පාටය.කළු මහත ඉරක් ශරීයේ හරස් අතට ඇත.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු දිගින් අඟල් 6ක් පමණ වේ.


11.2පරිසරය

වේගයෙන් ගලායන ගල්සහිත දිය පහරවල සිටී.කඳු හා අර්ධ කඳු පිහිටි ප්‍රදේශ වල ජීවත් වේ.


11.3ආහාර

ස්වභාවික පරිසරයේදී ගල් මතුපිට සිටින කුඩා ජීවීන් ආහාරයට ගන්නා අතර කෘතිම පරිසරය තුළදී සාමාන්‍ය මත්ස්‍ය කැම වර්ග ආහාර ලෙස ගනී.

==මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න.[http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.cfm?Country=Sri%20Lanka&amp;Genus=Garra&amp;Species=ceylonensis]==


==13.හික මස්සා==
[[ගොනුව:Sidestriped fish 6.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Sidestriped barb  හික මස්සා ]]

දේශීය නාමය-Sidestriped barb  හික මස්සා 
         
විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Puntius pleurctaenia


13.1හඳුනා ගැනීම

ශරීරය මැදින් කළු ඉරක් දිග අතට වැටී ඇත.අංකුට යුගල 2ක් ඇත.වරල් කහ පැහැයෙන් යුක්තය.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු දිගින් අඟල් 6ක් පමණ වේ.


13.2පරිසරය
                       
වේගයෙන් ගලායන ගල් සහිත තරමක් පළල දිය පහරවල පමණක් ජීවත් වේ.

                        
==14.පතිරණ සාලයා==
[[ගොනුව:Danio fish 6.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Barred danio පතිරණ සාලයා]]

දේශීය නාමය-Barred danio පතිරණ සාලයා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Danio pathirana


14.1හඳුනා ගැනීම

ශරීරය දෙපැත්තෙන් පැතලිය.මුඛය තරමක් උඩට හැරී ඇත.ශරීරය නිල් හා කොළ පැහැයෙන් යුක්තය.ශරීරයේ කහ පාට  වෛරම් කෙළින් අතට පිහිටා ඇත.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු දිගින් අඟල් 2-
3ක් අතර පමණ වේ.


14.2පරිසරය

ජල පෘෂ්ඨයට ආසන්නයේ ජීවත් ව්.මාතර වල්පිට ප්‍රදේශයේ දිය පහර වලින් හමුවේ.

==මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න.[http://64.95.130.5/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=9783]{{භින්න වූ සබැඳි|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}==
 

==16.ගඩයා==
[[ගොනුව:Green fish 8.png|200px|right|thumb|Green labeo ගඩයා]]

දේශීය නාමය-Green labeo ගඩයා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Labeo fisheri


16.1හඳුනා ගැනීම

මුඛය හිසේ යට පැත්තේ පිහිටා ඇත.ඉතා කුඩා අංකුට යුගල 2ක් ඇත.මුඛයේ ඉදිරි ප්‍රදේශයේ කුඩා බිබිලි පිහිටා ඇත.වලිගයට ඉදිරියෙන් කළු ලපයක් ඇත.ශරීර වර්ණය අඳුරු කොළ පාටය.


16.2පරිසරය

ගලායන ජලය සහිත දිය පහරවල් වල පතුලට වන්නට සිටී.මහවැලි ගඟේ සමහර ප්‍රදේශ වල සිටී.

==මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න.[http://www.fishbase.gr/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6123]{{භින්න වූ සබැඳි|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}==


==18.රැවුල් දන්ඩියා
==
[[ගොනුව:Spotted fish 9.jpg|200px|right|thumb|spotted loach පුල්ලි ගිරවා]] 

දේශීය නාමය-spotted loach පුල්ලි ගිරවා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-lepidocephlichtys jonklaasi


18.1හඳුනා ගැනීම

තරමක් සිලින්ඩරාකාර දිගටි ශරීරයක් ඇත.අංකුට යුගල 3ක් ඇත. ශරීරයේ තද දුඹුරැ පාට පුල්ලි වැටී ඇත.වලිගය මුල කළු දිගටි තිතක් ඇත.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු දිගින් අඟල් 2 1/2ක් පමණ වේ.


18.2පරිසරය

වැලි සහිත තරමක් ගලා යන දිය පහරවල ජීවත් වේ.

==19.බන්ධුල පෙතියා ==
[[ගොනුව:Bandula fish 10.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Bandula barb බන්ධුල පෙතියා ]]

දේශීය නාමය-Bandula barb බන්ධුල පෙතියා 


විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Puntius bandula


19.1හඳුනා ගැනීම

ශරීරයේ කෙලින් අතට ඉරි 2ක් ඇත.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු දිගින් අඟල් 2ක් පමණ වේ.වරල,ගුද වරල හා යෝනි වරල් කළු පාටය.ගැහැණු සතාගේ මෙම වරල් වලින් බාගයක් පමණ කළු පාටය.


19.2පරිසරය

වැලි සහිත පතුලක් ඇති සෙවන සහිත දිය පහරවල පතුලට කිට්ටුව ජීවත් වේ.

==මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න.[http://uinen.nrm.se/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=25193]==


==21.විල්පිට දණ්ඩියා==
[[ගොනුව:Wilpita fish 11.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Wilpita rasbora විල්පිට දණ්ඩියා]]

දේශීය නාමය- Wilpita rasbora විල්පිට දණ්ඩියා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Rasbora wilpita


21.1හඳුනා ගැනීම

වරල් රන් තැඹිලි පාටය.ශරීරයේ පිටුපස යට කොටස රන් පැහැයක් ගනී.ශරීරය මැදින් කළු නිල් ඉරක් ඇත.එම ඉරට උඩින් රෝස පාට ඉරක් ද ඇත.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු දිගින් අඟල් 4ක් පමණ වේ.


21.2පරිසරය

වැලි හා කුඩා ගල් සහිත ගලා යන සෙවන සහිත දිය පහරවල  ජීවත් වේ.විල්පිට හා ලබුගම ප්‍රදේශ වලින් වාර්තා වේ.


==මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න.[http://64.95.130.5/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=25197]{{භින්න වූ සබැඳි|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}==


==23.හාල්මල් දණ්ඩියා==
[[ගොනුව:Vateria fish 12.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Vateria flwoer rasbora හාල්මල් දණ්ඩියා]]

දේශීය නාමය-Vateria flwoer rasbora හාල්මල් දණ්ඩියා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Rasboraides vaterifloris


23.1හඳුනා ගැනීම

ශරීර වර්ණය හා වරල් තැඹිලි පාටය.මෙම වර්ණයට අමතරව කහ,අළු,නිල්,කොළ යන ශරීර වර්ණ සහිත උන් ද සිටී.පිරිමි සතා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් විශාලය.වරල් ද විශාලව වැඩී. ඇත.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු දිගින් අඟල් 2ක් පමණ වේ.


23.2පරිසරය

ගලා යන ජලයේ සෙවන සහිත ස්ථාන වල  ජීවත් වේ.තෙත් කලාපයේ කළුතර,රත්නපුර,ගාල්ල යන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක වලින් හමු වේ.


==24.තිත් පෙතියා==
දේශීය නාමය-Tic tac toe barb තිත් පෙතියා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Puntius ticto


24.1හඳුනා ගැනීම

දේහය ඔලිව් පැහැයක් ගනී.ඉහළ ඇති වරලෙහි හා පැතිවල කුඩා තිත් දැකිය හැකිය.දේහයේ පැතිවල කළු පැහැ ලප දෙක බැගින් ඇත.අභිජනනයට සුදානම් පිරිමි සතුන්ගේ දේහයේ පැති රෝස පැහැයක් ගනී.ඔවුන්ගේ ඉහළ ඇති වරල මත රෝස පාට පටියක් දැකිය හැකිය.තවද දේහයේ රතු පැහැ ලප මෙම කාලයේදී මතු වේ.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු දිගින්  5cm පමණ වේ.


24.2පරිසරය

ජලාශ හා ගංගා වල ජීවත් වේ.


24.3ආහාර

ස්වභාවික පරිසරයේදී ක්‍රිස්ටේෂියාවන්,කෘමීන් හා ප්ලවාංග ආහාරයට ගන්නා අතර කෘතිම පරිසරය තුළදී සාමාන්‍ය මත්ස්‍ය කැම වර්ග ආහාර ලෙස ගනී.


==25.දුම්බර පෙතියා==

දේශීය නාමය-Martenstyn's barb දුම්බර පෙතියා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Puntius martenstyni


25.1හඳුනා ගැනීම

වරල් අඳුරු රතු පැහැතිය.අංකුට යුගල 2ක් ඇත.කොරපොතු වල කුඩා කළු ඉරි පේළියට පිහිටා ඇත.වලිගයට කිට්ටුවෙන් කළු ලපයක් ඇත.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු දිගින් අඟල් 8-10ක්  පමණ වේ.


25.2පරිසරය

ගල් සහිත ගලා යන දිය පහරවල  ජීවත් වේ.


==26.අසෝක පෙතියා==
[[ගොනුව:Asoka fish 15.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Asoka barb අසෝක පෙතියා]]

දේශීය නාමය-Asoka barb අසෝක පෙතියා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Puntius asoka 

[[*.අශෝක පෙතියන් වද වීමේ තර්ජනයට ලක්ව ඇත.!!!]]


26.1හඳුනා ගැනීම

කුඩා අංකුට යුගල 2ක් ඇත.කොරපොතු වල පේළියට කුඩා තිත් පිහිටා ඇත.වරල් කහ පැහැතිය.වලිගයට කිට්ටුවෙන් කළු ලපයක් ඇත.වලිගයේ උඩු හා යටි දාර වල රතු පාට ඉරි 2ක් දක්නට ලැබේ.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු දිගින් අඟල් 4-4 1/2ක්  පමණ වේ.


26.2පරිසරය

ගල් සහිත ගලා යන දිය පහරවල  ජීවත් වේ.කිතුල්ගල සිට අවිස්සාවේල්ල දක්වා සීතාවක ඔයේ හමු වේ.

==මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න.[http://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6141]==


==28.පොඩි පෙතියා==
[[ගොනුව:Silver fish 16.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Silver barb පොඩි පෙතියා
]]

දේශීය නාමය-Silver barb පොඩි පෙතියා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Puntius gonionotus


28.1හඳුනා ගැනීම

දේහය ලා ඔලිව් පැහැයක් ගනී.වලිග වරලට ඉදිරියෙන් හා ගුදය ආසන්නයේ කුඩා කළු ලපයක් ඇත. ‍දේහයේ ඉහළින් ඇති වරලෙහි කළු ඇල ඉරක් ඇත.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු දිගින් 4cm පමණ වේ.


28.2පරිසරය

සෙමින් ගලා යන දිය පහරවල යටට වන්නට ජීවත් වේ.


28.3ආහාර

ස්වභාවික පරිසරයේදී නීල හරිත ඇල්ගී වර්ග ආහාර ලෙස ගන්නා අතර කෘතිම පරිසරය තුළ දී සාමාන්‍ය මත්ස්‍ය කැම වර්ග ආහාර ලෙස ගනී.


==මල් පෙතියා==

දේශීය නාමය-Sri Lanka barb මල් පෙතියා

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය-Puntius srilankensis


===හඳුනා ගැනීම===

කුඩා අංකුට යුගලක් ඇත.ශරීරයේ කළු පාට ලප 3ක් කෙළින් අතට ඇත.පිරිමි සතාගේ පෘෂ්ඨීය වරලේ කිරණ කිහිපයක් දිස් වේ.ප්‍රජනන කාලයට පිරිමි සතා දම් පාටක් ගනී.වැඩුණු මත්ස්‍යයෙකු දිගින් අඟල් 41/2 පමණ වේ.

==30.පින්තූර එකතුව==
&lt;gallery&gt;
ගොනුව:Black fish 19.jpg|Black ruby barb බුලත් හපයා
ගොනුව:Two fish 4.jpg|Two spot barb දෙපුල්ලියා
ගොනුව:Cherry fish 5.jpg|Cherry barb ලේ තිත්තයා
ගොනුව:Stone fish 20.jpg|Lanka stone sucker ගල් පාඬියා
ගොනුව:Sidestriped fish 6.jpg|Sidestriped barb  හික මස්සා
ගොනුව:Danio fish 6.jpg|Barred danio පතිරණ සාලයා
ගොනුව:Green fish 8.png|Green labeo ගඩයා
ගොනුව:Spotted fish 9.jpg|spotted loach පුල්ලි ගිරවා
ගොනුව:Bandula fish 10.jpg|Bandula barb බන්ධුල පෝතයා
ගොනුව:Wilpita fish 11.jpg|Wilpita rasbora විල්පිට දණ්ඩියා
ගොනුව:Vateria fish 12.jpg|Vateria flwoer rasbora හාල්මල් දණ්ඩියා
ගොනුව:Asoka fish 15.jpg|Asoka barb අසෝක පෙතියා
ගොනුව:Silver fish 16.jpg|Silver barb පොඩි පෙතියා
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==ආශ්‍රිත ග්‍රන්ථ==

* &quot;විසිතුරු මසුන් ඇති කරමු.&quot;වී.සෙනරත්&quot;.වාසනා ප්‍රකාශකයෝ,කටුකෙන්ද-දංකොටුව.

*  දෙහිවල ජාතික සත්ව උද්‍යානයේ ලිපි.

* සිරිකත පුවත්පත් වල ලිපි.

[[Category:සුරතල් මසුන්]]</text>
      <sha1>st5ykek8mxn46fe16ad7l10en9knc5u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>රුහුණු කතරගම දේවාලය</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26543</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754219</id>
      <parentid>754218</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T13:44:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IDB.S</username>
        <id>52205</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Special:Contributions/2407:C00:E002:62FB:CB15:EE6E:55F6:48DC|2407:C00:E002:62FB:CB15:EE6E:55F6:48DC]] ([[User talk:2407:C00:E002:62FB:CB15:EE6E:55F6:48DC|සාකච්ඡාව]]) ගේ සංස්කරණයන්  [[User:112.134.154.81|112.134.154.81]] ගේ අවසන් අනුවාදය වෙත ප්‍රතිවර්තනය කෙරිණි</comment>
      <origin>730175</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47914" sha1="11iwxmdrp8vi5bxzb0zk3mfoa5c9jxb" xml:space="preserve">{{වෙනත් භාවිතා|කරට්ගත්ම (වක්‍රෝත්තිහරණය)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = කතරගම දේවාලය 
| native_name = Katharagama Maha Devale
| settlement_type = කතරගම මහා දේවාලය
| motto =
| image_skyline =Kataragama Maha Devale.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = කතරගම  දේවාලය 
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| image_shield =
| shield_size =
| city_logo =
| citylogo_size =
| pushpin_map = Sri Lanka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption =ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුල පිහිටීම
| pushpin_mapsize =
| coordinates_region = LK
| coordinates_display= title

| subdivision_type = රට
| subdivision_name = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව]]
| subdivision_type2 = පළාත
| subdivision_name2 = [[ඌව පළාත]]
| subdivision_type3 = නගරය
| subdivision_name3 = [[කතරගම]]
| subdivision_type4 = ප්‍රසිද්ධ නාම ([[සිංහල]])
| subdivision_name4 = රුහුණු මහ කතරගම දේවාලය 
| subdivision_type5 = ප්‍රසිද්ධ නාම ([[දෙමළ]])
| subdivision_name5 = කතිරිකම්ම මුරුකන් කෝවිල 

| area_footnotes =
| latd=6 | latm=25 | lats=0 | latNS=N
| longd=81 | longm=20 | longs=0 | longEW=E

| website            = 
}}

[[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ]], [[කතරගම]] පිහිටි, '''කතරගම දේවාලය''' ({{බස-en|Kataragama temple}}, {{බස-ta|கதிர்காமம்}} ''කතිරකාමම්'')  යනු [[කතරගම දෙවියෝ]] [[මහසෙන්]] ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන [[මුරුගන්|ස්කන්ධ-මුරුගන්]] වෙනුවෙන් පූජා කෙරුණු,  [[හින්දු]] සහ [[බෞද්ධ]] සිද්ධස්ථාන සංකීර්ණයකි.  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පවතින පූජා නගර කීපය අතරින් එකක් වන එයට ශ්‍රී ලංකීය බෞද්ධයන් බහුතරයක් , දෙමළ ,හින්දු සහ මුස්ලිම් භක්තිකයන් සුලු ප්‍රමාණයක් සහ ස්වදේශීය වැදි ජනතාව පුද පූජා පවත්වනු ලබනවා. පූජස්ථාන කීපයක එකතුවක් වන එහි කතරගම දෙවියන් නමින් හදුන්වන ස්කන්ද මුරුකන්ට පවත්වන පුද පූජා ඉතාම වැදගත් වේ. පසුගිය අවුරුදු දහසක කාලය ඇතුලත එයට ලගා වීමට ඉතා අපහසු වූ ආරණය පූජා බිමක් වූ අතර වර්තමානයේදී සෑම දේශගුණික මාර්ගයක් හරහාම එයට ලගා වීමට හැකියාව පවතී.සෑම බෞද්ධ පුද බිමක්ම සහ අසල පිහිටි කිරිවෙහෙර ,බෞද්ධයන් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබූ අතර බෞද්ධ පූජා භූමි වලට අමතරව විශ්ණු දෙවියන්ට ශිව දෙවියන්ට  සහ මුස්ලිම් දේවස්ථානයටද පුද පූජා පවත්වන ලදී.1940 න් පසු වන්දනා කරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් වන්නේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙන් සහ දකුනු ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිනි දෙමළ හින්දු ජනතාවයි.ඔවුන් අසීරු ලෙස පයින් වන්දනාවේ පැමිණීම සිදු කරන ලදී.පසුව බොහෝ වන්දනා කරුවන් සිංහල බෞද්ධයන් බවට පත්වූ අතර සිංහල ජනතාව අතර කතරගම දෙවියන් වන්දනාව බොහෝ ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.
දෙවියන් සහ භූමිය සම්බන්ධව බොහෝ ජනප්‍රරවද සහ පුරවෘත පවතින අතර ඒවා ආගමික, ජනවාර්ගික අනුබැදිය සහ කාලය අනුව වෙනස් වේ.බෞද්ධ පූජකයන් සහ භික්ශූන් දෙවියන්ට, දේවවාදී නොවන බෞද්ධ පරමාදර්ශය තුල ඉඩ සලසා දීමට උත්සහ කරන බැවින්, මෙම පුරාවෘත, බෞද්ධයන් අතර සීඝ්‍රරයෙන් වර්ධනය වන, දේව ජනප්‍රසාදය නිසා වෙනස් වේ.බැතිමතුන්ගේ වෙනස් වීමත් සමග වන්දනා කරනු ලබන ආකාරය වෙනස් වන අතර, බෞද්ධ පූජා විදි සහ දේව ධර්මයට ඉඩ සැලැස්වීමට හින්දු භක්තිකයන්ගේ ඇති හඩගැසීම නිසා, පාවත්වනු ලබන සැණකෙලිද වෙනස් වේ. පුරා විද්‍යත්මක සහ සාහිත්‍යමය සාධක වලට අනුව, මෙම ස්ථානයට ඉපැරණි ඉතිහාසයක් අති බව පෙනුනත් , මෙම ස්ථානය පිලිබද සාහිත්‍ය ඉතිහාසය සහ ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයන් හා ඉන්දියානුවන් අතර ජනප්‍රියතාවයට පත්වීමට හේතූන්, පුරාවෘත පදනම් කොටගෙන නැවත සංස්කරනය කිරීම ඉතා අපහසුය.අපහැදිලි සාහිත්‍යමය  ලේඛන, පුරාවෘත සහ මිත්‍යා ප්‍රබන්ධ නිසා උරුමය පිළිබදව සහ වන්දනා කරන ආකාරය පිළිබද බෞද්ධයන් සහ හින්දු භක්තිකයන් අතර ඝට්ටනයක් පවතී.

මෙම පූජස්ථානයේ පූජකයන් &quot;කපුරාල&quot; නමින් හැදින් වෙන අතර ස්වදේශීය වැදිජනතාවගේ පරපුරෙන් පැවත එන්නන් යැයි විශ්වස කරනු ලබයි.අසල පිහිටි කදු මුදුන සහිත් ප්‍රදේශය පිලිබදව පවතින පුරාවෘත නිසා වැදි ජනතාවටද මෙම පූජස්ථානයට උරුමයක් පවතීයැයි විශ්වාස කරයි.මුස්ලිම් පල්ලියක් සහ මුස්ලිම් ජනතාවගේ සුසාන ඝර කීපයක් ඒ අසල පවතී.උතුරේ පිහිටි, යාපනයේ සිට දකුණේ පිහිටි, කතරගම දක්වා පවතින වන්දනා මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නැගෙනහිර පළාතේ පවතින මුරුක්කන්ට පුද පූජා පවත්වන, ඒහා සමාන පූජස්ථාන සමග මෙම විහාර සංකීරනය සම්බන්ද වේ.1400 දී අරුනගිරිනාත, මෙම වන්දනා මාර්ගය විස්තර කර ඇත.විහාර සංකීරනය අසල ප්‍රදේශය යන්ත්‍ර මන්ත්‍ර වැනි ගුප්ත ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වලට යොදා ගනු ලබන අතර 1950 දී ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය මගින් සම්පූර්න විහාර සංකීරණයම පූජා භූමියක් බවට ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී.එතැන් සිට දේශපාලණ නායකයින් එහි නඩත්තුව සදසා යන වියදම් වලට දායකත්වය සපයනු ලබයි.

==ඉතිහාසය==

===මුල් වාදය===
සිද්ධස්ථානයේ ආරම්භය පිළිබද බොහෝ වාද පවතී.හයින්ස් වෙචර්ට් සහ පෝල් යන්ගර්ට අනුව කතරගම දෙවියන් උදෙසා පූජා පවත්වන හා භක්තිය දක්වන ආකාරය ස්වදේශීය වැදි ජනතාවගේ පූජා විධි වලින් නොනැසී ඉතිරිව පවතින්නක් වේ.ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව අග භාගයේ දී ලංකාවට පැමිණි දකුණු ඉන්දියාවේ සංස්කෘතික බලපෑම ඇති  ඉන්දිය-ආර්ය ජනතාව සහ බෞද්ධයන් සමග  මේ පූජා විදි තවදුරටත් ඉදිරියට ගමන් කරයි.කරුණු එසේ වුවත්  බෞද්ධ,හිංදු සහ මුස්ලිම්වරු පවා දේව පූජා විදි සහ සිද්ධස්ථාන තෝරා ගනීමට උත්සහ දරනවා.එස්.පත්මනාතන්ට අනුව ආරම්භයේදී කතරගම සිද්ධස්ථානය ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් උදෙසා පවතින දේවාරක්ෂක සිද්ධස්ථානයක් ලෙස බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන සංකීරණයකට අනුබද්ධ කර පිහිටා ඇත.ඉන්පසුව දේශීය සිංහල සහ දෙමල ජනතාව විසින් මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය වල්ලි සහ මුරුකන් මුණගසුනු ස්ථානය ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ අතර කතරගම දෙවියන් සහ ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් එකම දෙවි කෙනෙක් ලෙස සලකන ලදී.එස්.පත්මනාත්න්ට අනුව දෙමල ජනතාව අතර ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් ජනප්‍රියව පැවති 13 වන සියවස අග භාගයේදී මෙය සිදු විය.15 වන සියවසට ප්‍රථම අරුණගිරිනාත නම් කවියෙක් මෙම ස්ථානය පූජනීය ස්ථානයක් ලෙස හදුනා ගන්නා ලදී.

===සාහිත්‍යමය සාධක===

මුල් ඉතිහාසයේ දෙමළ කතිරකම්ම නම් වූ කතරගම ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් උදෙසා පැවති පූජනීය ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සදහන් වේ.මේ බව අරුණගිරිනාතර් විසින් රචිත ඇදහිලි පිළිබද කවියේ සදහන් වේ.ජනශුති වල සදහන් ආකාරයට කවිය රචනා කරන අවස්ථාවේ ඔහු වනගත ආරණ්‍ය සිද්ධස්ථානයට ගමන් කර ඇත.මෙම කවියේ සදහන් පරිදි දේව සිද්ධස්ථානය කදු මුදුනක පිහිටා ඇත.මුල් කාලයේ කතුගම නමින් හැදින්වු කතරගම දෙවියන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ හා බෞද්ධ ආගමේ ආරක්ෂක දේවතාවක් ලෙස සලකා ඇත.16 වන ශතවර්ෂයේදී පමණ අද තායිලන්තය ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලබන සියම් දේශයේ ලියවුනු &quot;ජන්කල්මලී&quot; නම් වූ පාලි ග්‍රන්ථයේ ද මෙය සදහන් වේ.(බලන්න කතරගම පිලිබදවූ  ජතුකහම් රම්මාතෙප් නම් වූ ප්‍රසිද්ධ තායි සූත්‍රය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දෙවියෙක්) කතරගම ගම්මානය පිළිබද සදහන් වන පැරණිතම ලේඛනය වන්නේ 5 වන සියවසේ දී ලියවුණු මහාවංශයයි.එහි සදහන් වන ආකාරයට &quot;කජිරගාම&quot; නම් වූ ජනපදයෙන් පැමිණි පූජ්ය වරයා ක්‍රි.පූ. 288 දී අශෝක අධිරාජ්යයා විසින් ලංකාවට පූජා කරන ලද ශ්‍රී මහා බෝධීන් වහන්සේගේ අංකුර බෝධීන් වහන්සේගේ කතරගමට ගෙන එනු ලැබ ඇත. (පොන්නම්බලම් අරුණාචලම් ට අනුව කජිරගාම පැවත එන්නේ කාර්තිකය ග්‍රාමයෙන්(&quot;කාර්තිකය&quot; නගරය)එය කෙටි කර දක්වා තිබෙනවා කජරග්රාම ලෙස)

===පුරාවිද්‍යත්මක සාධක===
පූජස්ථානය අවට බොහෝ පුරාණ නටබුන් ශිලා ලිපි ලේඛන පවතී.දැනට හමුවී ඇති ශිලා ලිපි ලේඛන වලට අනුව &quot;කිරිවෙහෙර&quot; ක්‍රි.පු.පළවන සියවසේදී පමණ ඉදිකර ඇති අතර පහුව දැනට පවතින තත්වයට ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කර ඇති බව විශ්වාස කරයි.තිරිතාර රජු ගේ පුත් මහාදානික මහානාගගේ නියෝගයෙන් පුරාණයේ මංගල මහාසෑය නමින් හැදින්වූ කිරිවෙහෙරට බාර ඔප්පු කල බව ශිලා ලිපියක සදහන් වේ.තවත්  ශිලා ලිපියක සදහන් වනුයේ 7 වන ශතවර්ෂයට අයත් වන 1 වන දපුල භික්ෂූන්ට සිද්ධස්ථානයක් ඉදිකල බව.නමුත් එහි කතරගම නම සදහන් කොට නැත.කැනීම් වලදී හමුවූ වලං කැබලි වල සහ කාසි වල පාර්ක්රිට් සහ දෙමළ බ්‍රාහ්මීය වලින් ලියූ පුරාවෘත වල,අසල පිහිටි [[තිස්සමහාරාමය]] ක්‍රි.පු. 2 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ සිට පැවති පුරාණ වෙළද නගරයක් බව සදහන්ව ඇත.ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලණ ඉතිහාසයේ වැදගත් සංධිස්ථානයක් වූ රුහුණු රාජධානියට මෙම ප්‍රදේශය අයත්ව පවතී.
===කල්‍යාණගිරි ස්වාමිගේ කාර්යභාරය===
සිද්ධස්ථාන පිළිබද මධ්‍යකාලීන ඉතිහාසය 16 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ සිට 17 වන ශතවර්ෂය දක්වා කාලසීමාව තුල උතුරු ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිණි කල්‍යාණගිරි ස්වාමිගේ පැමිණිමත් සමග ආරම්භ විය.ස්කන්ධ පූරාණයේ සදහන් පරිදි ඔහු සිද්ධස්ථානය පිහිටි ස්ථානය සහ ඒ සම්බන්ධව ඇති පුරාවෘත හදුනාගනු ලබ ඇත.ඉන්පසුව ආරණ්‍ය සිද්ධස්ථානය ඔහු විසින් නැවත ඉදිකරන ලදී.පසු එය ඉන්දියානු සහ ශ්‍රී ලාංකික හිංදු භක්තිකයන්ගේ වන්දනාවට පාත්‍ර විය.මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය බෞද්ධ සැදැහැවතුන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගැනීමටද සමත් විය.සිද්ධස්ථානයේ භාරකරුවන් වූයේ ස්වදේශී වැදි ජනතාවයි.යටත් විජිතයක්ව පැවතීමට පෙර පැවති අවසාන ස්වදේශීය රාජධානිය වූ උඩරට රාජධානියේ රජ වරුන්ගෙන් ලබූ අනුග්‍රහය යටතේ සිද්ධස්ථානයේ ප්‍රසිද්ධිය වැඩි විය.1815 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතයක්ව පැවති සමයේ ඉන්දියාවෙන් ගෙන එනු ලබූ යටත් වාසීන්ද මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය වන්දනා කරන ලදී.එම නිසා සෑම පුද්ගලයෙක් අතරම මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

==පුරාවෘත්ත==
{{double image|right|MahasenaHuvishka.jpg|180|Karttikeya With Spear And Cock in a coin of Yaudheyas.jpg|180|වම:ක්‍රි.පු.140 සිට 180 දක්වා හුවිශ්ක කාසිය මහසෙන් සිටින.&lt;/br&gt; දකුණ: ක්‍රි.පු.200 දී යෞදෙයස් කාසිය, කුකුළා සහ හෙල්ල සමග කර්ත්තිකය.}}  

===හින්දු පුරාවෘත්තය===
හින්දු සහ සමහර බෞද්ධ ලේඛණ වලට අනුව ප්‍රධාන සිද්ධස්ථානය භාර වූයේ කර්තිකයා(දෙමළින් මුරක්කන් නමින් හැදින්වූ) ටය.එමෙන්ම ඔහු කුමර,ස්කන්ධ සුවනාභාම ,විසාක හෝ මහසෙන් යනුවෙන් හදුන්වනු ලබනවා.කුෂානස් සහ යාව්දාස් වැනි පාලකයන් දෙවියන්ට ඇති භක්තිය නිසා ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව අවසාන ශතවර්ශ වල නිකුත් කල කාසිවල දේව රූපය කටයම් කරන ලදී.උතුරු ඉන්දියාවේ දෙවියන්ට ඇති ජනප්‍රසාධය පිරිහී ගියත් එය දකුණු ඉන්දියාව තුල ආරක්ෂා වූ අතර ඉන්දියාව තුල ඔහු &quot;සුබ්‍රහමනය&quot; නමින් හදුන්වන ලදී.අවසානයේදී ද්‍රවිඩයන් අතර මුරුක්කන් නමින් හැදින්වූ දේශීය දෙවි කෙනෙකුගේ නමින්ද හදුන්වනු ලැබීය.චන්කම් ඉතිහාසයේදී ක්‍රි.පූ.2 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ සිට 6 වන ශතවර්ෂය දක්වා කාලය තුල මුරුකන් වෙනත් දෙවියෙකු හා සම්බන්ධ නොකොට තනිව හදුන්වන ලදී.දෙවියන්ගේ ඉපදීම,නැතිවීම සහ සිංහල හා දෙමළ මූලාශ්‍ර වල වල්ලි නමින් හදින් වූ ග්‍රෝත්‍රික කුමාරිකාව සමග සිදුවූ විවාහය සම්බන්ධව පුරාවෘත බොහෝ ප්‍රමාණයක් පවතී.ක්‍රි.පූ.7 වන සියවසේදී හෝ 8 වන  සියවසේදී සංස්කෘත වලින් ලියන ලද ස්කන්ධ පූර්ණයේ ඔහු පිළිබද සියලු විස්තර ඇතුලත්ව ඇත.ස්කන්ධ පූර්ණයේ ද්‍රවිඩ පරිවර්ථනය කන්ද පූර්ණම් නම් වූ අතර එය 14 වන සියවසේදී ලියවී ඇත.කන්ධ පූර්නම් ,ඒ පිළිබද හොදින් දන්නා ඉන්දීය ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාව අතරට වඩා ,ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාව අතර වැදගත් භූමිකවක් උසුලනවා.

4 වන සියවසේ සිට ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය බෞද්ධ පවා කාර්තිකය කටහ්රගම දෙවියන් හෝ ස්කන්ධ කුමාර ලෙස සලකා වන්දනා කරනු ලබනවා.14 වන සියවසේදී මෙරට ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සිටින දෙවි කෙනෙකු ලෙස ස්කන්ධ කුමාර සලකා ඇත.ඔහුට දේවවාදී නොවන බුදු දහම තුලත් පිළිගැනීමක් ලැබී ඇත.11 වන සහ 12 වන ශතවර්ෂ වලදී රාජකීය පවුල් වල උදවිය පවා ස්කන්ධ කුමාර ඇදහීම සිදුකර තිබෙනවා.ඉතිහාසයේ එක්තරා ස්ථානයකදී ස්කන්ධ කුමාර කතරගම සිද්ධස්ථානයේ දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුනාගෙන තිබේ.ඉන් පසු ඔහු කතරගම දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුන්වා ඇති අතර කතරගම දෙවියන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ආරක්ෂක දෙවි කෙනෙකු ලෙස හදුන්වා තිබේ.කතරගම දෙවියන් හා සබැදි බොහෝ පුරාවෘත පවතී.ඉන් සමහරක් හින්දු ආගමේ එන ස්කන්ධ කුමාරගේ සම්බන්ධයෙන් තොරව කතරගම දෙවියන් ඇතිවීම සොයනු ලබයි.

===බෞද්ධ පුරාවෘතය===

එක් සිංහල පුරාවෘතකයක සදහන් පරිදි ස්කන්ධ කුමාර ලංකාවට පැමිණි පසු දෙමළ ජනතාවගෙන් රුකවරණය ඉල්ලා ඇත.ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාවගේ ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කිරීමෙන් පසු ඔහු කතරගම සිටි සිංහල ජනතාව සමග වාසයට පැමිණ ඇත.ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දෙවියන් විසින් වාර්ෂික පූජෝත්සවයේදී ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාවට ශරීරය විදීම සහ ගිනි පෑගීම සදහා ඉඩ සලසා තිබේ.මෙම පුරාවෘතයේ සිද්ධස්ථානය පිහිටි ස්ථානය සහ ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාවගේ පුරාණ වැදුම් පිළිවෙත් පිළිබද විස්තර සදහන් වේ.ක්‍රි.පූ. 1 වන සියවසේ එළාර යුද්ධයට ප්‍රථම දු‍ටුගැමුණු රජු ඇදහූ දෙවියන් කතරගම දෙවියන් බවට සිංහල පුරාවෘත සාක්ෂි දරයි.යුධ ජයග්‍රහනයෙන් පසුව දු‍ටුගැමුණු රජු ස්කන්ධ කුමාර දෙවියන් උදෙසා සිද්ධස්ථානයක් ඉදි කරවා ඇත.මේ පිළිබදව දු‍ටුගැමුණු  රජතුමා පිළිබද සදහන්ව ඇති මහාවංශයේ සදහන්ව නැත.තවත් සිංහල පුරාවෘතයක කතරගම දෙවියන්,සිංහලයන් අතර වාසය කිරීමට එළාර විසින් එවන ලද ඔත්තුකරුවෙක් හෝ මරණයෙන් පසු මිනිසුන් දේවත්වයෙන් සලකන විජ්ජාකරුවෙකු ලෙස සදහන් වේ.එසේ උවත් තවත් පුරාවෘතයක කතරගම දෙවියන් බෝධිසත්වයෙකු ලෙස උපත ලද මහසෙන් රජුගේ දේවතාරෝපණය ලෙස සදහන් වේ.1970 න් පසුව මෙම සිද්ධථානයට බෞද්ධයන් තුල ශීඝ්‍රයෙන් වැඩිවෙන ජන ප්‍රසාධයත් සමග,රිචඩ් ගෙම්බ්‍රිම් සහ ඝනනාත ඔබේසේකර මෙම පුරාවෘත වල නව ඉසව්වක් සහ එවායේ හටගැනීම හදුනා ගැනීමට උත්සහ කරයි.

සිංහල බෞද්ධයන් තුල ඇති යන්ත්‍ර මන්ත්‍ර ගුරුකම් වලට අති පුරුද්ද ගැටබේ සහ කඩවර නමින් හදුන් වන කතරගම දෙවියන්ගේ අප්‍රකට පැත්ත විදහා දක්වයි.ගැටබේ දේවාලය මොරවක අසල පිහිටි හුදකලා ස්ථානයක පිහිටා අතර කඩවර දේවාලය කතරගම පිහිටා ඇත.ප්‍රධාන කතරගම සිද්ධස්ථානයට පිටතින් ගුප්ත ස්ථානයක බිලි පූජා පවත්වමින් පිළිගැනීම සිදු කරයි.හූනියම් කොඩිවිණ කිරීම් වලදී ද කතරගම දෙවියන් ඝෘජු ලෙසසම්බන්ධ වේ.

===මුස්ලිම් පුරාවෘතය===
[[File: Muttur padayatra.jpg|thumb|right|People of [[Coast Vedda]] descent taking a pilgrimage on foot (Pada Yatra) from the town of [[Muttur (Sri Lanka)|Muttur]] in the east of Sri Lanka to the temple|164x164පික්]]
කතරගම පිලිබද මුස්ලිම් හෝ ඉස්ලාම් පුරාවෘතය සාපේක්ෂව මෑතකදී සිදුවූවක් වේ.මුස්ලිම් වරුන්ට අනුව කතරගම අල් කදීර්ට හෝ අල් කදීර්ගේ බිමට සම්බන්ධ වේ.ඉන්දියාවේ සිට සංක්‍රමන්ණය වන බොහෝ ඉස්ලාම් බැතිමතුන් ඒ අවට නැවතී සිටී.කරීම් නබි නම් පුද්ගලයා පාලනය කල විට අමරණීයත්වය ලැබෙන ජල නිධියක් සොයාගත් බව සදහන් වේ.ඉතිහාස ගත සාධක වලට අනුව ජබීර් අලි ෂා (1872 මිය ගිය) සහ මියර් ෂඩ් මොහොමඩ් අලිෂ බාව(1945 දී මිය ගිය) වෙනුවෙන් ඉදිකල සුසානඝරද පවතී.

===වැදි පුරාවෘතය===

ඉතිහාසයේ සදහන් වන ශ්‍රී ලංකා වැදි ජනතාව කාතරගම දෙවියන් දෙවි කෙනෙකු ලෙස සලකා නැත.එ වෙනුවට ඔවුන් කන්දෙ යකා හෝ ගලේ යකා (ගලට අධිපති) යැයි සලකා දඩයම් කිරීමට ප්‍රථම දෙවියන් සතු‍ටු කරනු ලබයි.ඔවුන් දෙවියන් සතු‍ටු කරනු ලබන්නේ ,අතු සෙවිලි කර පූජාසනයක් සාදා එහි මධ්‍යයේ හෙල්ලක් හෝ ඊතලයක් රදවා ඒ වටා නැටීම බගිනි.යකදුරා දඩයම් කරන පිරිසට මග පෙන්වන මිය ගිය මුතුන් මිත්තන්ගේ ආත්ම වලින් ආවේෂ වේ.

මානවවේදී චාල්ස් ගාබරිල් සෙල්මන්ට සිතූ පරිදි කතරගම දෙවියන් වෙනුවෙන් පවත්වන පූජාවිධි වල කන්දෙ යකා වෙනුවෙන් පැවති පූජා විධි සහ සම්ප්‍රධා වල ලක්ෂණ අඩංගුව පවතී.පූජස්ථානය අසල පිහිටි වැදි ගෝත්‍රිය කෝවිල් &quot;වන්නම්&quot; නමින් හදුන්වනු ලබයි.ඉන්පසු ගෝත්‍රයක් ලෙස ඔවුන් හමු නොවුනත් 19 වන සියවසේදී නැගෙනහිර පළාතේදී ඔවුන් හමුවී ඇත.අසල පිහිටි වැඩිහිටි කන්දේ කදු මුදුන දෙවියන්ගේ වාසස්ථානය ලෙස ජනතාව විශ්වාස කරනු ලබයි.දෙවියන් මෙරටට පැමිණීමෙන් පහුව දේශීය වැදි නායකයාගේ දියණිය වන වල්ලි නම් කාන්තාව සමග විවාහ වූ අතර ඉන්පසුව එම ස්ථානයේ ලැගුම් ගන්නා ලදී.

==සිද්ධස්ථානයේ සැලස්ම==

සෑම විවිධ පූජාසනයක්ම අලංකාර කුඩා සමචතුරස්‍රකාර ගොඩනගිලි වේ.ගොඩනැගිල්ලෙන් පිටත දෙවියන් වෙනුවෙන් කිසිදු සැරසිල්ලක් සිදු කරනු ලබන්නේ නැත.එම නිසා මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ හා ඉන්දියාවේ පවතින අනෙකුත් හින්දු සිද්ධස්ථාන වලට වඩා වෙනස් කම් දක්වයි.සෑම පූජාසනයක්ම ගලින් නිම කර ඇති අතර වල්ලි සදහා ඇති පූජාසනය පමණක් දැවයෙන් නිමකර ඇත.ඒවා ආරම්භයේදී ඉදිකල ආකාරයටම ඉතිරිව පවතින අතර ඒවා වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමට කිසිදු සැකැස්මක් සකසා නැත.එයට හේතුව වී ඇත්තේ ආරම්භක පූජාසන සංකීරණය කැඩීමට මිනිසුන් අකමැති වීමය.

ඉතාම වැදගත් පූජාසනය මහාදේවාලය හෝ මහා කෝවිල නමින් හදුන්වයි.එහි පුද පූජා පවත්වනුයේ සිංහලයන් කතරගම දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුන්වන ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් සදහායි.එහි දේව ප්‍රතිමා ඉදිකර නැති අතර ඒ වෙනුවට ආධ්‍යත්මික සිත්තම් සහ යන්ත්‍ර අන්තර්ගතවේ.පූජාසන සංකීරණයේ පිහිටි විශාලම පූජස්තානය එය වන අතර පළමුව බැතිමතුන්ගේ වන්දනාවට පාත්‍ර වනුයේ එයයි.එහි දේව ප්‍රතිමාවක් නොමැති වුවද යාබද කුටියේ සිංහලයින් කරඩුව නමින් හදුන්වන ශිව දේව ප්‍රතිමාවක් පවතී.කල්‍යණගිරි ස්වාමිගේ යැයි සිතා සිටින කොටි සමකින් ආවරණය කරන ලද &quot;කලන මඩම&quot; නමින් හැදින්වෙන මැටි පු‍ටුවක් එහි පවතින අතර උත්වාකාර උපකරණ සියල්ල එහි අන්ත්ර්ගත්වේ.ප්‍රධාන පූජාසනයේ වම්පසින් ගණපති දෙවි නමින් සිංහලයේ හඩුන්වන ගනේෂ් නම් හිංදු දෙවියන්ට අයත්වූ කුඩා පූජාසනයක් පවතී.දෙමළින් ඔහු හදුන්වනු ලබුවේ මරණික පිල්ලයාර් ලෙසයි.එයද සැරසිල්ලෙන් තොර කුඩා සමච්තුරස්‍රාකාර ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් වේ.ගනේෂ් පූජාසනයාට වම්පසින් විශ්ණු දෙවියන් සදහා වූ විශ්ණු  දේවාලය පිහිටා ඇත.එහි බුදු රජාණන් වහන්සේගේ පිළිතුරක්ද පවතී.මෙයට පි‍ටුපසින් අනුරාධපුරයේ පිහිටි ශ්‍රී මහා බෝධීන් වහන්සේගේ අංකුරයක් ලෙස සැලකෙන විශාල බෝ ගසක් පවතී.මෙම නිසා බෞද්ධයන්ගේ මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානයට යොමුව ඇත.  සැලකිල්ල වැඩි වී ඇත.බටහිර පූජාසන සංකීරණය කාලි,පත්තිනි,මානගර දෙවියන් ,දැඩිමුන්ඩ සහ සූනියම් දෙවියන් උදෙසා වෙන්කර ඇත.සිද්ධස්ථානය අංගනයෙන් පිටත උතුරු පිවිසුම් මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ තේවයානි සිද්ධස්ථානය පිහිටා ඇත.එය පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ඉන්දියාවේ කර්නාතක පිහිටි ශ්‍රී නගර් සිට පැමිණි සන්කර මුත් විසිනි.එයද ප්‍රධාන දෙවියන්ගේ වල්ලභ වන වල්ලි උදෙසා පවතින අතර ඇය මුස්ලිම් පල්ලිය ඉදිරිපිට වැතිර සිටී.වල්ලි පූජාසනය අසල මුරුකන්ට පූජාකල කද්ම්බ ගසක්ද පවතී.මුස්ලිම් පල්ලිය තුල මුස්ලිම් භක්තිකයන්ට අයත් වූ සුසානඝර කිහිපයක්ම පවතී.කල්‍යණගිරි ස්වාමිගේ සුසානඝරය සමග සාදන ලද පූජාසනයක්ද පවතී.එය ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාව මුතුලිගස්වාමි කෝවිල නමින් හදුන්වනු ලබන අතර එය ශිව දේවාලය නමින්ද හදුන්වයි.

==මුරුකන් සහ කතරගම දෙවියන් ඇදහීම==
[[File:Kataragama interior.jpg|thumb|right|මහ දේවාලය ඇතුලත තිරය පිටුපස මුරුක්කන් සහ ඔහුගේ භාර්‍යාවන් දෙදෙනා පෙන්නුම් කෙරෙන යන්ත්‍රය තබා ඇත.]]

බුදු දහමේ දෙවියන් ඇදහීම සදහා අනුබල නොදුන්නත් ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය බෞද්ධයන් මෙම දෙවියන් දේශීය දෙවියෙකු මෙන් ඇදහීම කරනු ලැබේ.මෙ සමාන ස්ථානයක් මුරුකන්ට දෙමළ ජනතාව අතර හිමිවේ.

===මුරුකන් ඇදහීම===
සන්ගම් දෙමළ සාහිත්‍යයේ මුරුකන් පිලිබද සදහන් වේ.මුරුකන්ට ලබුණු ප්‍රථම නිර්දේශය වූයේ සරු දඩයමකට උපකාර කරන දෙවියෙකු ලෙසයි.ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වැදි ජනතාවට බොහෝ සමාන ,දකුණු තමිල්නාඩුව නම් කදු ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පැවත එන දඩයක් කරුවන්ගේ පළමු දෙවියන් ලෙස ඔහු දක්විය හැක.කෘෂිකර්මාන්තයේ සැලකිය යුතු දියුණුවත් සමග ගෝත්‍රික නායකයින් විසින් මුරුකන් ඔවුන්ගේ දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුනා ගන්නා ලදී.ඉන්පසු ඔහු සමාජයේ සෑම කොටසකම ප්‍රචලිත විය.ඔහු සංකේතාත්මකව අදහනු ලබන්නේ හෙල්ල සහ කදම්බ වැනි ගස් මගිනි.මයුරා සහ කුකුළාද දෙවියන් සමග සබැදව පවතී.කාර්තිකය හා සම්බන්ධ සෑම පුරාවෘතයක්ම මුරුකන් හා ද සම්බන්ධවේ.දෙවියන් උදෙසා තමිල්ණාඩුවේ ප්‍රධාන සිද්ධස්ථාන 6ක් ද කුඩා සිද්ධස්ථාන තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රමාණයක්ද පවතී.ද්‍රවිගයන්ගේ දෙවියන් ලෙස ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් ඈදහීම පළිබද  පුරාවෘත බොහෝ ප්‍රමාණයක් පවතින අතර ඒවායේ ‍තෝන්දියිමානදලම් සිට පැමිණි වල්ලි සමග ඔහුගේ විවාහයද සදහන්ව ඇත.

===කතරගම දෙවියන් ඇදහීම===

සිංහල පුරාවෘත වල සදහන් පරිදි ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දකුණේ පිහිටි කතරගම සිටි වැදි නායකයාගේ දියණිය වල්ලි නම් වේ.වේලපුර නමින් හදින් වෙන කලුතර ද මුරුකන්ගේ ඇදහිලි හා සම්බන්දව පවතී.මුරුකන් ඇදහීම ලංකාවේ පිලිගත් ස්කන්ධ දෙවියන් ඇදහීමත් සමග බැදී පවතී.සිංහලයන් අතර ඔහු කතරගම ජනපදයේ දෙවියන් ලෙස නැතහොත් කතරගම දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලැබ ඇත.බොහෝ සිංහල නගර සහ ග්‍රාම වල කතරගම දෙවියන් උදෙසා පවතින පූජස්ථාන දැකගත හැකි වේ. ඔහු එක ආරකෂක දෙවි කෙනෙකු යැයි සලකා ඇත.වන්දනාකරුවන් ඉතා අසීරු ලෙස කැලය තුලින් පයින් ගමන් කර ඔවුන් දෙවියන්ට වූ බාර ඔප්පු කර ඇත.වන්දනා කරුවන් ලෙස ලංකාවේ සහ ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිණි ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාව මෙන්ම සිංහලයන්ද් දැක්විය හැක.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බොහෝ සිද්ධස්තාන ,වැඩි වශයෙන්ම නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටි සිද්ධස්ථාන කතරගම දේවාලය හා සම්බන්ධතා පවත්වන අතර ,ඔවුන්ගේ පූජෝත්සව සදහා උතුරේ සිට වන්දනාකරුවන් ගෙන්වා ගැනීමට එය එකට එක්වී සිදුකරණු ලැබේ.වෙරුගල්,මන්ඩුර් තිරුකෝවිල් සහ ඕකන්ද ප්‍රදේශවල පවතින සිද්ධස්තාන වේ.15 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ සිට 17 වන ශතවර්ෂය දක්වා කාලය තුල ඉදිවූ ඇම්බක්කේ වැනි රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ පිහිටි සිද්ධස්ථානද සිංහලයන් කතරගම දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුන්වන මුරුකන්ට අනුග්‍රහ දක්වනු ලැබීය.1950 සිට කතරගම දෙවියන් ඇදහීම සිංහල ජනතාවට දේශාභිමානී හැගීමක් එක්කරන ලදී.ජනතාව සිද්ධස්ථානය වාර්ෂිකව වන්දනාකරනු ලබන අතර  වාර්ෂික සැණකෙලිද පවත්වයි.මෙහිදී මිනිසුන් ආවේෂ වීමද හිංදු දහම හා සැබැදි ගිනි පෑගීම ,කාවඩි හා පිටේ ගසාගෙන කොකු වලින් ඇදගෙන යාම වැනි පූජාවිධිද සිදු කරණු ලැබේ.ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක සහ රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස වැනි සිංහල දේශපාලකයින් සිද්ධස්ථානය නඩත්තු කර ඇත.

==පූජෝත්සවය==

පූජෝත්සවය සහ දිනපතා පවත්වන පූජාවිධි හිංදු ආගමික හෝ බෞද්ධ පූජාවිධි වලට අනුරූප නොවේ.එහි භාවිතා කරන්නේ පුරාණ වැදි සංස්කෘතියේ වන්දනා ක්‍රමයි.ප්‍රධාන පූජෝත්සවය සිංහලයින් ඇසළ පෙරහැර ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලබයි.එය ජූලි සහ අගෝස්තූ මාස තුල සමරනු ලබයි.

==හිංදු බෞද්ධ අරගලය==
[[File: Kiri Vehera.jpg |thumb|right|කිරි වෙහෙර]]
1948 බ්‍රිතාන්‍යන්ගෙන් නිදහස ලබාගැනීමෙන් පසුව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ද්‍රවිඩ හිංදු ජනතාව අතරත් බහුතර බෞද්ධ ජනතාව අතරත් ගැ‍ටුම් පැවති ඉතිහාසයක් පවතුනි.1930 දී පෝල් පීරිස් රචිත අයුරින් හිංදු හා බෞද්ධ ජනතාව අතර කතරගමට සහ පවතින පූජාවිධි වලට උරුමය ලබා ගැනීම සදහා ගැටලු අතිවී ඇත.පසුගිය සහස්‍රවර්ෂය තුල බහුතරයක් වන්දනා කරුවන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිටින සහ දකුණු ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිණ ඉතා අසීරු ලෙස පයින් වන්දනා කල හිංදු බැතිමතුන් වේ.1940 දී මාර්ග ඉදි කරන ලදී.  ඉන්පසු බෞද්ධ ජනතාව මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය වන්දනා කරන ලදී.මේ නිස ඇතිවූ ග‍ටුම් කාරී තත්වය නිසා රජය මදිහත් වී බෞද්ධයන්ට සිද්ධස්ථානයේ සම්පූර්ණ අයිතිය ලබා දෙන ලදී.ඉන්පසු මෙය කිරිවෙහෙරත් සමග අනුබද්ධවිය.මේ සදහා 1940 දී ඇතිවූ විරෝධයෙන් පසු ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාවට සිද්ධස්ථානය වන්දනා කිරීම තහනම් විය. &lt;ref name=Y33&gt;{{Harvnb|Younger|2001|page=33}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Y40&gt;{{Harvnb|Younger|2001|page=40}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==සටහන්==
{{Reflist}}

==සියල්ල බලන්න==
*[[කර්තිකය්]]
*[[කර්තික්කය]]
==බාහිර සබැඳි==
{{විකිචාරිකා}}

[[Category:කතරගම]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දේවාල]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:මොණරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:මොණරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ හින්දු සිද්ධස්ථාන]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:මොණරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක]]</text>
      <sha1>11iwxmdrp8vi5bxzb0zk3mfoa5c9jxb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754220</id>
      <parentid>754219</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T13:45:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IDB.S</username>
        <id>52205</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Special:Contributions/112.134.154.81|112.134.154.81]] මගින් සිදුකල  [[Special:Diff/730175|730175]] සංශෝධනය අහෝසි කරන්න ([[User talk:112.134.154.81|සාකච්ඡා]])</comment>
      <origin>754220</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47898" sha1="g9ndkdhphhwop1y4ka7fgcp1crexwuz" xml:space="preserve">{{වෙනත් භාවිතා|කතරගම (වක්‍රෝත්තිහරණය)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = කතරගම දේවාලය 
| native_name = Katharagama Maha Devale
| settlement_type = කතරගම මහා දේවාලය
| motto =
| image_skyline =Kataragama Maha Devale.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = මහා දේවාලය 
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| image_shield =
| shield_size =
| city_logo =
| citylogo_size =
| pushpin_map = Sri Lanka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption =ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුල පිහිටීම
| pushpin_mapsize =
| coordinates_region = LK
| coordinates_display= title

| subdivision_type = රට
| subdivision_name = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව]]
| subdivision_type2 = පළාත
| subdivision_name2 = [[ඌව පළාත]]
| subdivision_type3 = නගරය
| subdivision_name3 = [[කතරගම]]
| subdivision_type4 = ප්‍රසිද්ධ නාම ([[සිංහල]])
| subdivision_name4 = රුහුණු මහ කතරගම දේවාලය 
| subdivision_type5 = ප්‍රසිද්ධ නාම ([[දෙමළ]])
| subdivision_name5 = කතිරිකම්ම මුරුකන් කෝවිල 

| area_footnotes =
| latd=6 | latm=25 | lats=0 | latNS=N
| longd=81 | longm=20 | longs=0 | longEW=E

| website            = 
}}

[[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ]], [[කතරගම]] පිහිටි, '''කතරගම දේවාලය''' ({{බස-en|Kataragama temple}}, {{බස-ta|கதிர்காமம்}} ''කතිරකාමම්'')  යනු [[කතරගම දෙවියෝ]] [[මහසෙන්]] ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන [[මුරුගන්|ස්කන්ධ-මුරුගන්]] වෙනුවෙන් පූජා කෙරුණු,  [[හින්දු]] සහ [[බෞද්ධ]] සිද්ධස්ථාන සංකීර්ණයකි.  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පවතින පූජා නගර කීපය අතරින් එකක් වන එයට ශ්‍රී ලංකීය බෞද්ධයන් බහුතරයක් , දෙමළ ,හින්දු සහ මුස්ලිම් භක්තිකයන් සුලු ප්‍රමාණයක් සහ ස්වදේශීය වැදි ජනතාව පුද පූජා පවත්වනු ලබනවා. පූජස්ථාන කීපයක එකතුවක් වන එහි කතරගම දෙවියන් නමින් හදුන්වන ස්කන්ද මුරුකන්ට පවත්වන පුද පූජා ඉතාම වැදගත් වේ. පසුගිය අවුරුදු දහසක කාලය ඇතුලත එයට ලගා වීමට ඉතා අපහසු වූ ආරණය පූජා බිමක් වූ අතර වර්තමානයේදී සෑම දේශගුණික මාර්ගයක් හරහාම එයට ලගා වීමට හැකියාව පවතී.සෑම බෞද්ධ පුද බිමක්ම සහ අසල පිහිටි කිරිවෙහෙර ,බෞද්ධයන් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබූ අතර බෞද්ධ පූජා භූමි වලට අමතරව විශ්ණු දෙවියන්ට ශිව දෙවියන්ට  සහ මුස්ලිම් දේවස්ථානයටද පුද පූජා පවත්වන ලදී.1940 න් පසු වන්දනා කරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් වන්නේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙන් සහ දකුනු ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිනි දෙමළ හින්දු ජනතාවයි.ඔවුන් අසීරු ලෙස පයින් වන්දනාවේ පැමිණීම සිදු කරන ලදී.පසුව බොහෝ වන්දනා කරුවන් සිංහල බෞද්ධයන් බවට පත්වූ අතර සිංහල ජනතාව අතර කතරගම දෙවියන් වන්දනාව බොහෝ ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.
දෙවියන් සහ භූමිය සම්බන්ධව බොහෝ ජනප්‍රරවද සහ පුරවෘත පවතින අතර ඒවා ආගමික, ජනවාර්ගික අනුබැදිය සහ කාලය අනුව වෙනස් වේ.බෞද්ධ පූජකයන් සහ භික්ශූන් දෙවියන්ට, දේවවාදී නොවන බෞද්ධ පරමාදර්ශය තුල ඉඩ සලසා දීමට උත්සහ කරන බැවින්, මෙම පුරාවෘත, බෞද්ධයන් අතර සීඝ්‍රරයෙන් වර්ධනය වන, දේව ජනප්‍රසාදය නිසා වෙනස් වේ.බැතිමතුන්ගේ වෙනස් වීමත් සමග වන්දනා කරනු ලබන ආකාරය වෙනස් වන අතර, බෞද්ධ පූජා විදි සහ දේව ධර්මයට ඉඩ සැලැස්වීමට හින්දු භක්තිකයන්ගේ ඇති හඩගැසීම නිසා, පාවත්වනු ලබන සැණකෙලිද වෙනස් වේ. පුරා විද්‍යත්මක සහ සාහිත්‍යමය සාධක වලට අනුව, මෙම ස්ථානයට ඉපැරණි ඉතිහාසයක් අති බව පෙනුනත් , මෙම ස්ථානය පිලිබද සාහිත්‍ය ඉතිහාසය සහ ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයන් හා ඉන්දියානුවන් අතර ජනප්‍රියතාවයට පත්වීමට හේතූන්, පුරාවෘත පදනම් කොටගෙන නැවත සංස්කරනය කිරීම ඉතා අපහසුය.අපහැදිලි සාහිත්‍යමය  ලේඛන, පුරාවෘත සහ මිත්‍යා ප්‍රබන්ධ නිසා උරුමය පිළිබදව සහ වන්දනා කරන ආකාරය පිළිබද බෞද්ධයන් සහ හින්දු භක්තිකයන් අතර ඝට්ටනයක් පවතී.

මෙම පූජස්ථානයේ පූජකයන් &quot;කපුරාල&quot; නමින් හැදින් වෙන අතර ස්වදේශීය වැදිජනතාවගේ පරපුරෙන් පැවත එන්නන් යැයි විශ්වස කරනු ලබයි.අසල පිහිටි කදු මුදුන සහිත් ප්‍රදේශය පිලිබදව පවතින පුරාවෘත නිසා වැදි ජනතාවටද මෙම පූජස්ථානයට උරුමයක් පවතීයැයි විශ්වාස කරයි.මුස්ලිම් පල්ලියක් සහ මුස්ලිම් ජනතාවගේ සුසාන ඝර කීපයක් ඒ අසල පවතී.උතුරේ පිහිටි, යාපනයේ සිට දකුණේ පිහිටි, කතරගම දක්වා පවතින වන්දනා මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නැගෙනහිර පළාතේ පවතින මුරුක්කන්ට පුද පූජා පවත්වන, ඒහා සමාන පූජස්ථාන සමග මෙම විහාර සංකීරනය සම්බන්ද වේ.1400 දී අරුනගිරිනාත, මෙම වන්දනා මාර්ගය විස්තර කර ඇත.විහාර සංකීරනය අසල ප්‍රදේශය යන්ත්‍ර මන්ත්‍ර වැනි ගුප්ත ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වලට යොදා ගනු ලබන අතර 1950 දී ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය මගින් සම්පූර්න විහාර සංකීරණයම පූජා භූමියක් බවට ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී.එතැන් සිට දේශපාලණ නායකයින් එහි නඩත්තුව සදසා යන වියදම් වලට දායකත්වය සපයනු ලබයි.

==ඉතිහාසය==

===මුල් වාදය===
සිද්ධස්ථානයේ ආරම්භය පිළිබද බොහෝ වාද පවතී.හයින්ස් වෙචර්ට් සහ පෝල් යන්ගර්ට අනුව කතරගම දෙවියන් උදෙසා පූජා පවත්වන හා භක්තිය දක්වන ආකාරය ස්වදේශීය වැදි ජනතාවගේ පූජා විධි වලින් නොනැසී ඉතිරිව පවතින්නක් වේ.ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව අග භාගයේ දී ලංකාවට පැමිණි දකුණු ඉන්දියාවේ සංස්කෘතික බලපෑම ඇති  ඉන්දිය-ආර්ය ජනතාව සහ බෞද්ධයන් සමග  මේ පූජා විදි තවදුරටත් ඉදිරියට ගමන් කරයි.කරුණු එසේ වුවත්  බෞද්ධ,හිංදු සහ මුස්ලිම්වරු පවා දේව පූජා විදි සහ සිද්ධස්ථාන තෝරා ගනීමට උත්සහ දරනවා.එස්.පත්මනාතන්ට අනුව ආරම්භයේදී කතරගම සිද්ධස්ථානය ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් උදෙසා පවතින දේවාරක්ෂක සිද්ධස්ථානයක් ලෙස බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන සංකීරණයකට අනුබද්ධ කර පිහිටා ඇත.ඉන්පසුව දේශීය සිංහල සහ දෙමල ජනතාව විසින් මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය වල්ලි සහ මුරුකන් මුණගසුනු ස්ථානය ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ අතර කතරගම දෙවියන් සහ ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් එකම දෙවි කෙනෙක් ලෙස සලකන ලදී.එස්.පත්මනාත්න්ට අනුව දෙමල ජනතාව අතර ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් ජනප්‍රියව පැවති 13 වන සියවස අග භාගයේදී මෙය සිදු විය.15 වන සියවසට ප්‍රථම අරුණගිරිනාත නම් කවියෙක් මෙම ස්ථානය පූජනීය ස්ථානයක් ලෙස හදුනා ගන්නා ලදී.

===සාහිත්‍යමය සාධක===

මුල් ඉතිහාසයේ දෙමළ කතිරකම්ම නම් වූ කතරගම ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් උදෙසා පැවති පූජනීය ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සදහන් වේ.මේ බව අරුණගිරිනාතර් විසින් රචිත ඇදහිලි පිළිබද කවියේ සදහන් වේ.ජනශුති වල සදහන් ආකාරයට කවිය රචනා කරන අවස්ථාවේ ඔහු වනගත ආරණ්‍ය සිද්ධස්ථානයට ගමන් කර ඇත.මෙම කවියේ සදහන් පරිදි දේව සිද්ධස්ථානය කදු මුදුනක පිහිටා ඇත.මුල් කාලයේ කතුගම නමින් හැදින්වු කතරගම දෙවියන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ හා බෞද්ධ ආගමේ ආරක්ෂක දේවතාවක් ලෙස සලකා ඇත.16 වන ශතවර්ෂයේදී පමණ අද තායිලන්තය ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලබන සියම් දේශයේ ලියවුනු &quot;ජන්කල්මලී&quot; නම් වූ පාලි ග්‍රන්ථයේ ද මෙය සදහන් වේ.(බලන්න කතරගම පිලිබදවූ  ජතුකහම් රම්මාතෙප් නම් වූ ප්‍රසිද්ධ තායි සූත්‍රය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දෙවියෙක්) කතරගම ගම්මානය පිළිබද සදහන් වන පැරණිතම ලේඛනය වන්නේ 5 වන සියවසේ දී ලියවුණු මහාවංශයයි.එහි සදහන් වන ආකාරයට &quot;කජිරගාම&quot; නම් වූ ජනපදයෙන් පැමිණි පූජ්ය වරයා ක්‍රි.පූ. 288 දී අශෝක අධිරාජ්යයා විසින් ලංකාවට පූජා කරන ලද ශ්‍රී මහා බෝධීන් වහන්සේගේ අංකුර බෝධීන් වහන්සේගේ කතරගමට ගෙන එනු ලැබ ඇත. (පොන්නම්බලම් අරුණාචලම් ට අනුව කජිරගාම පැවත එන්නේ කාර්තිකය ග්‍රාමයෙන්(&quot;කාර්තිකය&quot; නගරය)එය කෙටි කර දක්වා තිබෙනවා කජරග්රාම ලෙස)

===පුරාවිද්‍යත්මක සාධක===
පූජස්ථානය අවට බොහෝ පුරාණ නටබුන් ශිලා ලිපි ලේඛන පවතී.දැනට හමුවී ඇති ශිලා ලිපි ලේඛන වලට අනුව &quot;කිරිවෙහෙර&quot; ක්‍රි.පු.පළවන සියවසේදී පමණ ඉදිකර ඇති අතර පහුව දැනට පවතින තත්වයට ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කර ඇති බව විශ්වාස කරයි.තිරිතාර රජු ගේ පුත් මහාදානික මහානාගගේ නියෝගයෙන් පුරාණයේ මංගල මහාසෑය නමින් හැදින්වූ කිරිවෙහෙරට බාර ඔප්පු කල බව ශිලා ලිපියක සදහන් වේ.තවත්  ශිලා ලිපියක සදහන් වනුයේ 7 වන ශතවර්ෂයට අයත් වන 1 වන දපුල භික්ෂූන්ට සිද්ධස්ථානයක් ඉදිකල බව.නමුත් එහි කතරගම නම සදහන් කොට නැත.කැනීම් වලදී හමුවූ වලං කැබලි වල සහ කාසි වල පාර්ක්රිට් සහ දෙමළ බ්‍රාහ්මීය වලින් ලියූ පුරාවෘත වල,අසල පිහිටි [[තිස්සමහාරාමය]] ක්‍රි.පු. 2 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ සිට පැවති පුරාණ වෙළද නගරයක් බව සදහන්ව ඇත.ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලණ ඉතිහාසයේ වැදගත් සංධිස්ථානයක් වූ රුහුණු රාජධානියට මෙම ප්‍රදේශය අයත්ව පවතී.
===කල්‍යාණගිරි ස්වාමිගේ කාර්යභාරය===
සිද්ධස්ථාන පිළිබද මධ්‍යකාලීන ඉතිහාසය 16 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ සිට 17 වන ශතවර්ෂය දක්වා කාලසීමාව තුල උතුරු ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිණි කල්‍යාණගිරි ස්වාමිගේ පැමිණිමත් සමග ආරම්භ විය.ස්කන්ධ පූරාණයේ සදහන් පරිදි ඔහු සිද්ධස්ථානය පිහිටි ස්ථානය සහ ඒ සම්බන්ධව ඇති පුරාවෘත හදුනාගනු ලබ ඇත.ඉන්පසුව ආරණ්‍ය සිද්ධස්ථානය ඔහු විසින් නැවත ඉදිකරන ලදී.පසු එය ඉන්දියානු සහ ශ්‍රී ලාංකික හිංදු භක්තිකයන්ගේ වන්දනාවට පාත්‍ර විය.මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය බෞද්ධ සැදැහැවතුන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගැනීමටද සමත් විය.සිද්ධස්ථානයේ භාරකරුවන් වූයේ ස්වදේශී වැදි ජනතාවයි.යටත් විජිතයක්ව පැවතීමට පෙර පැවති අවසාන ස්වදේශීය රාජධානිය වූ උඩරට රාජධානියේ රජ වරුන්ගෙන් ලබූ අනුග්‍රහය යටතේ සිද්ධස්ථානයේ ප්‍රසිද්ධිය වැඩි විය.1815 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතයක්ව පැවති සමයේ ඉන්දියාවෙන් ගෙන එනු ලබූ යටත් වාසීන්ද මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය වන්දනා කරන ලදී.එම නිසා සෑම පුද්ගලයෙක් අතරම මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

==පුරාවෘත්ත==
{{double image|right|MahasenaHuvishka.jpg|180|Karttikeya With Spear And Cock in a coin of Yaudheyas.jpg|180|වම:ක්‍රි.පු.140 සිට 180 දක්වා හුවිශ්ක කාසිය මහසෙන් සිටින.&lt;/br&gt; දකුණ: ක්‍රි.පු.200 දී යෞදෙයස් කාසිය, කුකුළා සහ හෙල්ල සමග කර්ත්තිකය.}}  

===හින්දු පුරාවෘත්තය===
හින්දු සහ සමහර බෞද්ධ ලේඛණ වලට අනුව ප්‍රධාන සිද්ධස්ථානය භාර වූයේ කර්තිකයා(දෙමළින් මුරක්කන් නමින් හැදින්වූ) ටය.එමෙන්ම ඔහු කුමර,ස්කන්ධ සුවනාභාම ,විසාක හෝ මහසෙන් යනුවෙන් හදුන්වනු ලබනවා.කුෂානස් සහ යාව්දාස් වැනි පාලකයන් දෙවියන්ට ඇති භක්තිය නිසා ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව අවසාන ශතවර්ශ වල නිකුත් කල කාසිවල දේව රූපය කටයම් කරන ලදී.උතුරු ඉන්දියාවේ දෙවියන්ට ඇති ජනප්‍රසාධය පිරිහී ගියත් එය දකුණු ඉන්දියාව තුල ආරක්ෂා වූ අතර ඉන්දියාව තුල ඔහු &quot;සුබ්‍රහමනය&quot; නමින් හදුන්වන ලදී.අවසානයේදී ද්‍රවිඩයන් අතර මුරුක්කන් නමින් හැදින්වූ දේශීය දෙවි කෙනෙකුගේ නමින්ද හදුන්වනු ලැබීය.චන්කම් ඉතිහාසයේදී ක්‍රි.පූ.2 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ සිට 6 වන ශතවර්ෂය දක්වා කාලය තුල මුරුකන් වෙනත් දෙවියෙකු හා සම්බන්ධ නොකොට තනිව හදුන්වන ලදී.දෙවියන්ගේ ඉපදීම,නැතිවීම සහ සිංහල හා දෙමළ මූලාශ්‍ර වල වල්ලි නමින් හදින් වූ ග්‍රෝත්‍රික කුමාරිකාව සමග සිදුවූ විවාහය සම්බන්ධව පුරාවෘත බොහෝ ප්‍රමාණයක් පවතී.ක්‍රි.පූ.7 වන සියවසේදී හෝ 8 වන  සියවසේදී සංස්කෘත වලින් ලියන ලද ස්කන්ධ පූර්ණයේ ඔහු පිළිබද සියලු විස්තර ඇතුලත්ව ඇත.ස්කන්ධ පූර්ණයේ ද්‍රවිඩ පරිවර්ථනය කන්ද පූර්ණම් නම් වූ අතර එය 14 වන සියවසේදී ලියවී ඇත.කන්ධ පූර්නම් ,ඒ පිළිබද හොදින් දන්නා ඉන්දීය ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාව අතරට වඩා ,ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාව අතර වැදගත් භූමිකවක් උසුලනවා.

4 වන සියවසේ සිට ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය බෞද්ධ පවා කාර්තිකය කටහ්රගම දෙවියන් හෝ ස්කන්ධ කුමාර ලෙස සලකා වන්දනා කරනු ලබනවා.14 වන සියවසේදී මෙරට ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සිටින දෙවි කෙනෙකු ලෙස ස්කන්ධ කුමාර සලකා ඇත.ඔහුට දේවවාදී නොවන බුදු දහම තුලත් පිළිගැනීමක් ලැබී ඇත.11 වන සහ 12 වන ශතවර්ෂ වලදී රාජකීය පවුල් වල උදවිය පවා ස්කන්ධ කුමාර ඇදහීම සිදුකර තිබෙනවා.ඉතිහාසයේ එක්තරා ස්ථානයකදී ස්කන්ධ කුමාර කතරගම සිද්ධස්ථානයේ දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුනාගෙන තිබේ.ඉන් පසු ඔහු කතරගම දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුන්වා ඇති අතර කතරගම දෙවියන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ආරක්ෂක දෙවි කෙනෙකු ලෙස හදුන්වා තිබේ.කතරගම දෙවියන් හා සබැදි බොහෝ පුරාවෘත පවතී.ඉන් සමහරක් හින්දු ආගමේ එන ස්කන්ධ කුමාරගේ සම්බන්ධයෙන් තොරව කතරගම දෙවියන් ඇතිවීම සොයනු ලබයි.

===බෞද්ධ පුරාවෘතය===

එක් සිංහල පුරාවෘතකයක සදහන් පරිදි ස්කන්ධ කුමාර ලංකාවට පැමිණි පසු දෙමළ ජනතාවගෙන් රුකවරණය ඉල්ලා ඇත.ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාවගේ ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කිරීමෙන් පසු ඔහු කතරගම සිටි සිංහල ජනතාව සමග වාසයට පැමිණ ඇත.ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දෙවියන් විසින් වාර්ෂික පූජෝත්සවයේදී ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාවට ශරීරය විදීම සහ ගිනි පෑගීම සදහා ඉඩ සලසා තිබේ.මෙම පුරාවෘතයේ සිද්ධස්ථානය පිහිටි ස්ථානය සහ ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාවගේ පුරාණ වැදුම් පිළිවෙත් පිළිබද විස්තර සදහන් වේ.ක්‍රි.පූ. 1 වන සියවසේ එළාර යුද්ධයට ප්‍රථම දු‍ටුගැමුණු රජු ඇදහූ දෙවියන් කතරගම දෙවියන් බවට සිංහල පුරාවෘත සාක්ෂි දරයි.යුධ ජයග්‍රහනයෙන් පසුව දු‍ටුගැමුණු රජු ස්කන්ධ කුමාර දෙවියන් උදෙසා සිද්ධස්ථානයක් ඉදි කරවා ඇත.මේ පිළිබදව දු‍ටුගැමුණු  රජතුමා පිළිබද සදහන්ව ඇති මහාවංශයේ සදහන්ව නැත.තවත් සිංහල පුරාවෘතයක කතරගම දෙවියන්,සිංහලයන් අතර වාසය කිරීමට එළාර විසින් එවන ලද ඔත්තුකරුවෙක් හෝ මරණයෙන් පසු මිනිසුන් දේවත්වයෙන් සලකන විජ්ජාකරුවෙකු ලෙස සදහන් වේ.එසේ උවත් තවත් පුරාවෘතයක කතරගම දෙවියන් බෝධිසත්වයෙකු ලෙස උපත ලද මහසෙන් රජුගේ දේවතාරෝපණය ලෙස සදහන් වේ.1970 න් පසුව මෙම සිද්ධථානයට බෞද්ධයන් තුල ශීඝ්‍රයෙන් වැඩිවෙන ජන ප්‍රසාධයත් සමග,රිචඩ් ගෙම්බ්‍රිම් සහ ඝනනාත ඔබේසේකර මෙම පුරාවෘත වල නව ඉසව්වක් සහ එවායේ හටගැනීම හදුනා ගැනීමට උත්සහ කරයි.

සිංහල බෞද්ධයන් තුල ඇති යන්ත්‍ර මන්ත්‍ර ගුරුකම් වලට අති පුරුද්ද ගැටබේ සහ කඩවර නමින් හදුන් වන කතරගම දෙවියන්ගේ අප්‍රකට පැත්ත විදහා දක්වයි.ගැටබේ දේවාලය මොරවක අසල පිහිටි හුදකලා ස්ථානයක පිහිටා අතර කඩවර දේවාලය කතරගම පිහිටා ඇත.ප්‍රධාන කතරගම සිද්ධස්ථානයට පිටතින් ගුප්ත ස්ථානයක බිලි පූජා පවත්වමින් පිළිගැනීම සිදු කරයි.හූනියම් කොඩිවිණ කිරීම් වලදී ද කතරගම දෙවියන් ඝෘජු ලෙසසම්බන්ධ වේ.

===මුස්ලිම් පුරාවෘතය===
[[File: Muttur padayatra.jpg|thumb|right|People of [[Coast Vedda]] descent taking a pilgrimage on foot (Pada Yatra) from the town of [[Muttur (Sri Lanka)|Muttur]] in the east of Sri Lanka to the temple|164x164පික්]]
කතරගම පිලිබද මුස්ලිම් හෝ ඉස්ලාම් පුරාවෘතය සාපේක්ෂව මෑතකදී සිදුවූවක් වේ.මුස්ලිම් වරුන්ට අනුව කතරගම අල් කදීර්ට හෝ අල් කදීර්ගේ බිමට සම්බන්ධ වේ.ඉන්දියාවේ සිට සංක්‍රමන්ණය වන බොහෝ ඉස්ලාම් බැතිමතුන් ඒ අවට නැවතී සිටී.කරීම් නබි නම් පුද්ගලයා පාලනය කල විට අමරණීයත්වය ලැබෙන ජල නිධියක් සොයාගත් බව සදහන් වේ.ඉතිහාස ගත සාධක වලට අනුව ජබීර් අලි ෂා (1872 මිය ගිය) සහ මියර් ෂඩ් මොහොමඩ් අලිෂ බාව(1945 දී මිය ගිය) වෙනුවෙන් ඉදිකල සුසානඝරද පවතී.

===වැදි පුරාවෘතය===

ඉතිහාසයේ සදහන් වන ශ්‍රී ලංකා වැදි ජනතාව කාතරගම දෙවියන් දෙවි කෙනෙකු ලෙස සලකා නැත.එ වෙනුවට ඔවුන් කන්දෙ යකා හෝ ගලේ යකා (ගලට අධිපති) යැයි සලකා දඩයම් කිරීමට ප්‍රථම දෙවියන් සතු‍ටු කරනු ලබයි.ඔවුන් දෙවියන් සතු‍ටු කරනු ලබන්නේ ,අතු සෙවිලි කර පූජාසනයක් සාදා එහි මධ්‍යයේ හෙල්ලක් හෝ ඊතලයක් රදවා ඒ වටා නැටීම බගිනි.යකදුරා දඩයම් කරන පිරිසට මග පෙන්වන මිය ගිය මුතුන් මිත්තන්ගේ ආත්ම වලින් ආවේෂ වේ.

මානවවේදී චාල්ස් ගාබරිල් සෙල්මන්ට සිතූ පරිදි කතරගම දෙවියන් වෙනුවෙන් පවත්වන පූජාවිධි වල කන්දෙ යකා වෙනුවෙන් පැවති පූජා විධි සහ සම්ප්‍රධා වල ලක්ෂණ අඩංගුව පවතී.පූජස්ථානය අසල පිහිටි වැදි ගෝත්‍රිය කෝවිල් &quot;වන්නම්&quot; නමින් හදුන්වනු ලබයි.ඉන්පසු ගෝත්‍රයක් ලෙස ඔවුන් හමු නොවුනත් 19 වන සියවසේදී නැගෙනහිර පළාතේදී ඔවුන් හමුවී ඇත.අසල පිහිටි වැඩිහිටි කන්දේ කදු මුදුන දෙවියන්ගේ වාසස්ථානය ලෙස ජනතාව විශ්වාස කරනු ලබයි.දෙවියන් මෙරටට පැමිණීමෙන් පහුව දේශීය වැදි නායකයාගේ දියණිය වන වල්ලි නම් කාන්තාව සමග විවාහ වූ අතර ඉන්පසුව එම ස්ථානයේ ලැගුම් ගන්නා ලදී.

==සිද්ධස්ථානයේ සැලස්ම==

සෑම විවිධ පූජාසනයක්ම අලංකාර කුඩා සමචතුරස්‍රකාර ගොඩනගිලි වේ.ගොඩනැගිල්ලෙන් පිටත දෙවියන් වෙනුවෙන් කිසිදු සැරසිල්ලක් සිදු කරනු ලබන්නේ නැත.එම නිසා මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ හා ඉන්දියාවේ පවතින අනෙකුත් හින්දු සිද්ධස්ථාන වලට වඩා වෙනස් කම් දක්වයි.සෑම පූජාසනයක්ම ගලින් නිම කර ඇති අතර වල්ලි සදහා ඇති පූජාසනය පමණක් දැවයෙන් නිමකර ඇත.ඒවා ආරම්භයේදී ඉදිකල ආකාරයටම ඉතිරිව පවතින අතර ඒවා වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමට කිසිදු සැකැස්මක් සකසා නැත.එයට හේතුව වී ඇත්තේ ආරම්භක පූජාසන සංකීරණය කැඩීමට මිනිසුන් අකමැති වීමය.

ඉතාම වැදගත් පූජාසනය මහාදේවාලය හෝ මහා කෝවිල නමින් හදුන්වයි.එහි පුද පූජා පවත්වනුයේ සිංහලයන් කතරගම දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුන්වන ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් සදහායි.එහි දේව ප්‍රතිමා ඉදිකර නැති අතර ඒ වෙනුවට ආධ්‍යත්මික සිත්තම් සහ යන්ත්‍ර අන්තර්ගතවේ.පූජාසන සංකීරණයේ පිහිටි විශාලම පූජස්තානය එය වන අතර පළමුව බැතිමතුන්ගේ වන්දනාවට පාත්‍ර වනුයේ එයයි.එහි දේව ප්‍රතිමාවක් නොමැති වුවද යාබද කුටියේ සිංහලයින් කරඩුව නමින් හදුන්වන ශිව දේව ප්‍රතිමාවක් පවතී.කල්‍යණගිරි ස්වාමිගේ යැයි සිතා සිටින කොටි සමකින් ආවරණය කරන ලද &quot;කලන මඩම&quot; නමින් හැදින්වෙන මැටි පු‍ටුවක් එහි පවතින අතර උත්වාකාර උපකරණ සියල්ල එහි අන්ත්ර්ගත්වේ.ප්‍රධාන පූජාසනයේ වම්පසින් ගණපති දෙවි නමින් සිංහලයේ හඩුන්වන ගනේෂ් නම් හිංදු දෙවියන්ට අයත්වූ කුඩා පූජාසනයක් පවතී.දෙමළින් ඔහු හදුන්වනු ලබුවේ මරණික පිල්ලයාර් ලෙසයි.එයද සැරසිල්ලෙන් තොර කුඩා සමච්තුරස්‍රාකාර ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් වේ.ගනේෂ් පූජාසනයාට වම්පසින් විශ්ණු දෙවියන් සදහා වූ විශ්ණු  දේවාලය පිහිටා ඇත.එහි බුදු රජාණන් වහන්සේගේ පිළිතුරක්ද පවතී.මෙයට පි‍ටුපසින් අනුරාධපුරයේ පිහිටි ශ්‍රී මහා බෝධීන් වහන්සේගේ අංකුරයක් ලෙස සැලකෙන විශාල බෝ ගසක් පවතී.මෙම නිසා බෞද්ධයන්ගේ මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානයට යොමුව ඇත.  සැලකිල්ල වැඩි වී ඇත.බටහිර පූජාසන සංකීරණය කාලි,පත්තිනි,මානගර දෙවියන් ,දැඩිමුන්ඩ සහ සූනියම් දෙවියන් උදෙසා වෙන්කර ඇත.සිද්ධස්ථානය අංගනයෙන් පිටත උතුරු පිවිසුම් මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ තේවයානි සිද්ධස්ථානය පිහිටා ඇත.එය පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ඉන්දියාවේ කර්නාතක පිහිටි ශ්‍රී නගර් සිට පැමිණි සන්කර මුත් විසිනි.එයද ප්‍රධාන දෙවියන්ගේ වල්ලභ වන වල්ලි උදෙසා පවතින අතර ඇය මුස්ලිම් පල්ලිය ඉදිරිපිට වැතිර සිටී.වල්ලි පූජාසනය අසල මුරුකන්ට පූජාකල කද්ම්බ ගසක්ද පවතී.මුස්ලිම් පල්ලිය තුල මුස්ලිම් භක්තිකයන්ට අයත් වූ සුසානඝර කිහිපයක්ම පවතී.කල්‍යණගිරි ස්වාමිගේ සුසානඝරය සමග සාදන ලද පූජාසනයක්ද පවතී.එය ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාව මුතුලිගස්වාමි කෝවිල නමින් හදුන්වනු ලබන අතර එය ශිව දේවාලය නමින්ද හදුන්වයි.

==මුරුකන් සහ කතරගම දෙවියන් ඇදහීම==
[[File:Kataragama interior.jpg|thumb|right|මහ දේවාලය ඇතුලත තිරය පිටුපස මුරුක්කන් සහ ඔහුගේ භාර්‍යාවන් දෙදෙනා පෙන්නුම් කෙරෙන යන්ත්‍රය තබා ඇත.]]

බුදු දහමේ දෙවියන් ඇදහීම සදහා අනුබල නොදුන්නත් ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය බෞද්ධයන් මෙම දෙවියන් දේශීය දෙවියෙකු මෙන් ඇදහීම කරනු ලැබේ.මෙ සමාන ස්ථානයක් මුරුකන්ට දෙමළ ජනතාව අතර හිමිවේ.

===මුරුකන් ඇදහීම===
සන්ගම් දෙමළ සාහිත්‍යයේ මුරුකන් පිලිබද සදහන් වේ.මුරුකන්ට ලබුණු ප්‍රථම නිර්දේශය වූයේ සරු දඩයමකට උපකාර කරන දෙවියෙකු ලෙසයි.ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වැදි ජනතාවට බොහෝ සමාන ,දකුණු තමිල්නාඩුව නම් කදු ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පැවත එන දඩයක් කරුවන්ගේ පළමු දෙවියන් ලෙස ඔහු දක්විය හැක.කෘෂිකර්මාන්තයේ සැලකිය යුතු දියුණුවත් සමග ගෝත්‍රික නායකයින් විසින් මුරුකන් ඔවුන්ගේ දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුනා ගන්නා ලදී.ඉන්පසු ඔහු සමාජයේ සෑම කොටසකම ප්‍රචලිත විය.ඔහු සංකේතාත්මකව අදහනු ලබන්නේ හෙල්ල සහ කදම්බ වැනි ගස් මගිනි.මයුරා සහ කුකුළාද දෙවියන් සමග සබැදව පවතී.කාර්තිකය හා සම්බන්ධ සෑම පුරාවෘතයක්ම මුරුකන් හා ද සම්බන්ධවේ.දෙවියන් උදෙසා තමිල්ණාඩුවේ ප්‍රධාන සිද්ධස්ථාන 6ක් ද කුඩා සිද්ධස්ථාන තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රමාණයක්ද පවතී.ද්‍රවිගයන්ගේ දෙවියන් ලෙස ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් ඈදහීම පළිබද  පුරාවෘත බොහෝ ප්‍රමාණයක් පවතින අතර ඒවායේ ‍තෝන්දියිමානදලම් සිට පැමිණි වල්ලි සමග ඔහුගේ විවාහයද සදහන්ව ඇත.

===කතරගම දෙවියන් ඇදහීම===

සිංහල පුරාවෘත වල සදහන් පරිදි ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දකුණේ පිහිටි කතරගම සිටි වැදි නායකයාගේ දියණිය වල්ලි නම් වේ.වේලපුර නමින් හදින් වෙන කලුතර ද මුරුකන්ගේ ඇදහිලි හා සම්බන්දව පවතී.මුරුකන් ඇදහීම ලංකාවේ පිලිගත් ස්කන්ධ දෙවියන් ඇදහීමත් සමග බැදී පවතී.සිංහලයන් අතර ඔහු කතරගම ජනපදයේ දෙවියන් ලෙස නැතහොත් කතරගම දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලැබ ඇත.බොහෝ සිංහල නගර සහ ග්‍රාම වල කතරගම දෙවියන් උදෙසා පවතින පූජස්ථාන දැකගත හැකි වේ. ඔහු එක ආරකෂක දෙවි කෙනෙකු යැයි සලකා ඇත.වන්දනාකරුවන් ඉතා අසීරු ලෙස කැලය තුලින් පයින් ගමන් කර ඔවුන් දෙවියන්ට වූ බාර ඔප්පු කර ඇත.වන්දනා කරුවන් ලෙස ලංකාවේ සහ ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිණි ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාව මෙන්ම සිංහලයන්ද් දැක්විය හැක.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බොහෝ සිද්ධස්තාන ,වැඩි වශයෙන්ම නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටි සිද්ධස්ථාන කතරගම දේවාලය හා සම්බන්ධතා පවත්වන අතර ,ඔවුන්ගේ පූජෝත්සව සදහා උතුරේ සිට වන්දනාකරුවන් ගෙන්වා ගැනීමට එය එකට එක්වී සිදුකරණු ලැබේ.වෙරුගල්,මන්ඩුර් තිරුකෝවිල් සහ ඕකන්ද ප්‍රදේශවල පවතින සිද්ධස්තාන වේ.15 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ සිට 17 වන ශතවර්ෂය දක්වා කාලය තුල ඉදිවූ ඇම්බක්කේ වැනි රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ පිහිටි සිද්ධස්ථානද සිංහලයන් කතරගම දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුන්වන මුරුකන්ට අනුග්‍රහ දක්වනු ලැබීය.1950 සිට කතරගම දෙවියන් ඇදහීම සිංහල ජනතාවට දේශාභිමානී හැගීමක් එක්කරන ලදී.ජනතාව සිද්ධස්ථානය වාර්ෂිකව වන්දනාකරනු ලබන අතර  වාර්ෂික සැණකෙලිද පවත්වයි.මෙහිදී මිනිසුන් ආවේෂ වීමද හිංදු දහම හා සැබැදි ගිනි පෑගීම ,කාවඩි හා පිටේ ගසාගෙන කොකු වලින් ඇදගෙන යාම වැනි පූජාවිධිද සිදු කරණු ලැබේ.ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක සහ රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස වැනි සිංහල දේශපාලකයින් සිද්ධස්ථානය නඩත්තු කර ඇත.

==පූජෝත්සවය==

පූජෝත්සවය සහ දිනපතා පවත්වන පූජාවිධි හිංදු ආගමික හෝ බෞද්ධ පූජාවිධි වලට අනුරූප නොවේ.එහි භාවිතා කරන්නේ පුරාණ වැදි සංස්කෘතියේ වන්දනා ක්‍රමයි.ප්‍රධාන පූජෝත්සවය සිංහලයින් ඇසළ පෙරහැර ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලබයි.එය ජූලි සහ අගෝස්තූ මාස තුල සමරනු ලබයි.

==හිංදු බෞද්ධ අරගලය==
[[File: Kiri Vehera.jpg |thumb|right|කිරි වෙහෙර]]
1948 බ්‍රිතාන්‍යන්ගෙන් නිදහස ලබාගැනීමෙන් පසුව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ද්‍රවිඩ හිංදු ජනතාව අතරත් බහුතර බෞද්ධ ජනතාව අතරත් ගැ‍ටුම් පැවති ඉතිහාසයක් පවතුනි.1930 දී පෝල් පීරිස් රචිත අයුරින් හිංදු හා බෞද්ධ ජනතාව අතර කතරගමට සහ පවතින පූජාවිධි වලට උරුමය ලබා ගැනීම සදහා ගැටලු අතිවී ඇත.පසුගිය සහස්‍රවර්ෂය තුල බහුතරයක් වන්දනා කරුවන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිටින සහ දකුණු ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිණ ඉතා අසීරු ලෙස පයින් වන්දනා කල හිංදු බැතිමතුන් වේ.1940 දී මාර්ග ඉදි කරන ලදී.  ඉන්පසු බෞද්ධ ජනතාව මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය වන්දනා කරන ලදී.මේ නිස ඇතිවූ ග‍ටුම් කාරී තත්වය නිසා රජය මදිහත් වී බෞද්ධයන්ට සිද්ධස්ථානයේ සම්පූර්ණ අයිතිය ලබා දෙන ලදී.ඉන්පසු මෙය කිරිවෙහෙරත් සමග අනුබද්ධවිය.මේ සදහා 1940 දී ඇතිවූ විරෝධයෙන් පසු ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාවට සිද්ධස්ථානය වන්දනා කිරීම තහනම් විය. &lt;ref name=Y33&gt;{{Harvnb|Younger|2001|page=33}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Y40&gt;{{Harvnb|Younger|2001|page=40}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==සටහන්==
{{Reflist}}

==සියල්ල බලන්න==
*[[කර්තිකය්]]
*[[කර්තික්කය]]
==බාහිර සබැඳි==
{{විකිචාරිකා}}

[[Category:කතරගම]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දේවාල]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:මොණරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:මොණරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ හින්දු සිද්ධස්ථාන]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:මොණරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක]]</text>
      <sha1>g9ndkdhphhwop1y4ka7fgcp1crexwuz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754221</id>
      <parentid>754220</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T13:46:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IDB.S</username>
        <id>52205</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Special:Contributions/112.134.154.81|112.134.154.81]] මගින් සිදුකල  [[Special:Diff/730174|730174]] සංශෝධනය අහෝසි කරන්න ([[User talk:112.134.154.81|සාකච්ඡා]])</comment>
      <origin>754221</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47907" sha1="oaxdxy4tpzbnfmb5l7at3mhhi0ohwnh" xml:space="preserve">{{වෙනත් භාවිතා|කතරගම (වක්‍රෝත්තිහරණය)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = කතරගම මහා දේවාලය
| native_name = Katharagama Maha Devale
| settlement_type = කතරගම මහා දේවාලය
| motto =
| image_skyline =Kataragama Maha Devale.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = මහා දේවාලය 
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| image_shield =
| shield_size =
| city_logo =
| citylogo_size =
| pushpin_map = Sri Lanka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption =ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුල පිහිටීම
| pushpin_mapsize =
| coordinates_region = LK
| coordinates_display= title

| subdivision_type = රට
| subdivision_name = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව]]
| subdivision_type2 = පළාත
| subdivision_name2 = [[ඌව පළාත]]
| subdivision_type3 = නගරය
| subdivision_name3 = [[කතරගම]]
| subdivision_type4 = ප්‍රසිද්ධ නාම ([[සිංහල]])
| subdivision_name4 = රුහුණු මහ කතරගම දේවාලය 
| subdivision_type5 = ප්‍රසිද්ධ නාම ([[දෙමළ]])
| subdivision_name5 = කතිරිකම්ම මුරුකන් කෝවිල 

| area_footnotes =
| latd=6 | latm=25 | lats=0 | latNS=N
| longd=81 | longm=20 | longs=0 | longEW=E

| website            = 
}}

[[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ]], [[කතරගම]] පිහිටි, '''කතරගම දේවාලය''' ({{බස-en|Kataragama temple}}, {{බස-ta|கதிர்காமம்}} ''කතිරකාමම්'')  යනු [[කතරගම දෙවියෝ]] [[මහසෙන්]] ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන [[මුරුගන්|ස්කන්ධ-මුරුගන්]] වෙනුවෙන් පූජා කෙරුණු,  [[හින්දු]] සහ [[බෞද්ධ]] සිද්ධස්ථාන සංකීර්ණයකි.  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පවතින පූජා නගර කීපය අතරින් එකක් වන එයට ශ්‍රී ලංකීය බෞද්ධයන් බහුතරයක් , දෙමළ ,හින්දු සහ මුස්ලිම් භක්තිකයන් සුලු ප්‍රමාණයක් සහ ස්වදේශීය වැදි ජනතාව පුද පූජා පවත්වනු ලබනවා. පූජස්ථාන කීපයක එකතුවක් වන එහි කතරගම දෙවියන් නමින් හදුන්වන ස්කන්ද මුරුකන්ට පවත්වන පුද පූජා ඉතාම වැදගත් වේ. පසුගිය අවුරුදු දහසක කාලය ඇතුලත එයට ලගා වීමට ඉතා අපහසු වූ ආරණය පූජා බිමක් වූ අතර වර්තමානයේදී සෑම දේශගුණික මාර්ගයක් හරහාම එයට ලගා වීමට හැකියාව පවතී.සෑම බෞද්ධ පුද බිමක්ම සහ අසල පිහිටි කිරිවෙහෙර ,බෞද්ධයන් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබූ අතර බෞද්ධ පූජා භූමි වලට අමතරව විශ්ණු දෙවියන්ට ශිව දෙවියන්ට  සහ මුස්ලිම් දේවස්ථානයටද පුද පූජා පවත්වන ලදී.1940 න් පසු වන්දනා කරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් වන්නේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙන් සහ දකුනු ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිනි දෙමළ හින්දු ජනතාවයි.ඔවුන් අසීරු ලෙස පයින් වන්දනාවේ පැමිණීම සිදු කරන ලදී.පසුව බොහෝ වන්දනා කරුවන් සිංහල බෞද්ධයන් බවට පත්වූ අතර සිංහල ජනතාව අතර කතරගම දෙවියන් වන්දනාව බොහෝ ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.
දෙවියන් සහ භූමිය සම්බන්ධව බොහෝ ජනප්‍රරවද සහ පුරවෘත පවතින අතර ඒවා ආගමික, ජනවාර්ගික අනුබැදිය සහ කාලය අනුව වෙනස් වේ.බෞද්ධ පූජකයන් සහ භික්ශූන් දෙවියන්ට, දේවවාදී නොවන බෞද්ධ පරමාදර්ශය තුල ඉඩ සලසා දීමට උත්සහ කරන බැවින්, මෙම පුරාවෘත, බෞද්ධයන් අතර සීඝ්‍රරයෙන් වර්ධනය වන, දේව ජනප්‍රසාදය නිසා වෙනස් වේ.බැතිමතුන්ගේ වෙනස් වීමත් සමග වන්දනා කරනු ලබන ආකාරය වෙනස් වන අතර, බෞද්ධ පූජා විදි සහ දේව ධර්මයට ඉඩ සැලැස්වීමට හින්දු භක්තිකයන්ගේ ඇති හඩගැසීම නිසා, පාවත්වනු ලබන සැණකෙලිද වෙනස් වේ. පුරා විද්‍යත්මක සහ සාහිත්‍යමය සාධක වලට අනුව, මෙම ස්ථානයට ඉපැරණි ඉතිහාසයක් අති බව පෙනුනත් , මෙම ස්ථානය පිලිබද සාහිත්‍ය ඉතිහාසය සහ ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයන් හා ඉන්දියානුවන් අතර ජනප්‍රියතාවයට පත්වීමට හේතූන්, පුරාවෘත පදනම් කොටගෙන නැවත සංස්කරනය කිරීම ඉතා අපහසුය.අපහැදිලි සාහිත්‍යමය  ලේඛන, පුරාවෘත සහ මිත්‍යා ප්‍රබන්ධ නිසා උරුමය පිළිබදව සහ වන්දනා කරන ආකාරය පිළිබද බෞද්ධයන් සහ හින්දු භක්තිකයන් අතර ඝට්ටනයක් පවතී.

මෙම පූජස්ථානයේ පූජකයන් &quot;කපුරාල&quot; නමින් හැදින් වෙන අතර ස්වදේශීය වැදිජනතාවගේ පරපුරෙන් පැවත එන්නන් යැයි විශ්වස කරනු ලබයි.අසල පිහිටි කදු මුදුන සහිත් ප්‍රදේශය පිලිබදව පවතින පුරාවෘත නිසා වැදි ජනතාවටද මෙම පූජස්ථානයට උරුමයක් පවතීයැයි විශ්වාස කරයි.මුස්ලිම් පල්ලියක් සහ මුස්ලිම් ජනතාවගේ සුසාන ඝර කීපයක් ඒ අසල පවතී.උතුරේ පිහිටි, යාපනයේ සිට දකුණේ පිහිටි, කතරගම දක්වා පවතින වන්දනා මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නැගෙනහිර පළාතේ පවතින මුරුක්කන්ට පුද පූජා පවත්වන, ඒහා සමාන පූජස්ථාන සමග මෙම විහාර සංකීරනය සම්බන්ද වේ.1400 දී අරුනගිරිනාත, මෙම වන්දනා මාර්ගය විස්තර කර ඇත.විහාර සංකීරනය අසල ප්‍රදේශය යන්ත්‍ර මන්ත්‍ර වැනි ගුප්ත ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වලට යොදා ගනු ලබන අතර 1950 දී ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය මගින් සම්පූර්න විහාර සංකීරණයම පූජා භූමියක් බවට ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී.එතැන් සිට දේශපාලණ නායකයින් එහි නඩත්තුව සදසා යන වියදම් වලට දායකත්වය සපයනු ලබයි.

==ඉතිහාසය==

===මුල් වාදය===
සිද්ධස්ථානයේ ආරම්භය පිළිබද බොහෝ වාද පවතී.හයින්ස් වෙචර්ට් සහ පෝල් යන්ගර්ට අනුව කතරගම දෙවියන් උදෙසා පූජා පවත්වන හා භක්තිය දක්වන ආකාරය ස්වදේශීය වැදි ජනතාවගේ පූජා විධි වලින් නොනැසී ඉතිරිව පවතින්නක් වේ.ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව අග භාගයේ දී ලංකාවට පැමිණි දකුණු ඉන්දියාවේ සංස්කෘතික බලපෑම ඇති  ඉන්දිය-ආර්ය ජනතාව සහ බෞද්ධයන් සමග  මේ පූජා විදි තවදුරටත් ඉදිරියට ගමන් කරයි.කරුණු එසේ වුවත්  බෞද්ධ,හිංදු සහ මුස්ලිම්වරු පවා දේව පූජා විදි සහ සිද්ධස්ථාන තෝරා ගනීමට උත්සහ දරනවා.එස්.පත්මනාතන්ට අනුව ආරම්භයේදී කතරගම සිද්ධස්ථානය ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් උදෙසා පවතින දේවාරක්ෂක සිද්ධස්ථානයක් ලෙස බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන සංකීරණයකට අනුබද්ධ කර පිහිටා ඇත.ඉන්පසුව දේශීය සිංහල සහ දෙමල ජනතාව විසින් මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය වල්ලි සහ මුරුකන් මුණගසුනු ස්ථානය ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ අතර කතරගම දෙවියන් සහ ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් එකම දෙවි කෙනෙක් ලෙස සලකන ලදී.එස්.පත්මනාත්න්ට අනුව දෙමල ජනතාව අතර ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් ජනප්‍රියව පැවති 13 වන සියවස අග භාගයේදී මෙය සිදු විය.15 වන සියවසට ප්‍රථම අරුණගිරිනාත නම් කවියෙක් මෙම ස්ථානය පූජනීය ස්ථානයක් ලෙස හදුනා ගන්නා ලදී.

===සාහිත්‍යමය සාධක===

මුල් ඉතිහාසයේ දෙමළ කතිරකම්ම නම් වූ කතරගම ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් උදෙසා පැවති පූජනීය ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සදහන් වේ.මේ බව අරුණගිරිනාතර් විසින් රචිත ඇදහිලි පිළිබද කවියේ සදහන් වේ.ජනශුති වල සදහන් ආකාරයට කවිය රචනා කරන අවස්ථාවේ ඔහු වනගත ආරණ්‍ය සිද්ධස්ථානයට ගමන් කර ඇත.මෙම කවියේ සදහන් පරිදි දේව සිද්ධස්ථානය කදු මුදුනක පිහිටා ඇත.මුල් කාලයේ කතුගම නමින් හැදින්වු කතරගම දෙවියන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ හා බෞද්ධ ආගමේ ආරක්ෂක දේවතාවක් ලෙස සලකා ඇත.16 වන ශතවර්ෂයේදී පමණ අද තායිලන්තය ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලබන සියම් දේශයේ ලියවුනු &quot;ජන්කල්මලී&quot; නම් වූ පාලි ග්‍රන්ථයේ ද මෙය සදහන් වේ.(බලන්න කතරගම පිලිබදවූ  ජතුකහම් රම්මාතෙප් නම් වූ ප්‍රසිද්ධ තායි සූත්‍රය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දෙවියෙක්) කතරගම ගම්මානය පිළිබද සදහන් වන පැරණිතම ලේඛනය වන්නේ 5 වන සියවසේ දී ලියවුණු මහාවංශයයි.එහි සදහන් වන ආකාරයට &quot;කජිරගාම&quot; නම් වූ ජනපදයෙන් පැමිණි පූජ්ය වරයා ක්‍රි.පූ. 288 දී අශෝක අධිරාජ්යයා විසින් ලංකාවට පූජා කරන ලද ශ්‍රී මහා බෝධීන් වහන්සේගේ අංකුර බෝධීන් වහන්සේගේ කතරගමට ගෙන එනු ලැබ ඇත. (පොන්නම්බලම් අරුණාචලම් ට අනුව කජිරගාම පැවත එන්නේ කාර්තිකය ග්‍රාමයෙන්(&quot;කාර්තිකය&quot; නගරය)එය කෙටි කර දක්වා තිබෙනවා කජරග්රාම ලෙස)

===පුරාවිද්‍යත්මක සාධක===
පූජස්ථානය අවට බොහෝ පුරාණ නටබුන් ශිලා ලිපි ලේඛන පවතී.දැනට හමුවී ඇති ශිලා ලිපි ලේඛන වලට අනුව &quot;කිරිවෙහෙර&quot; ක්‍රි.පු.පළවන සියවසේදී පමණ ඉදිකර ඇති අතර පහුව දැනට පවතින තත්වයට ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කර ඇති බව විශ්වාස කරයි.තිරිතාර රජු ගේ පුත් මහාදානික මහානාගගේ නියෝගයෙන් පුරාණයේ මංගල මහාසෑය නමින් හැදින්වූ කිරිවෙහෙරට බාර ඔප්පු කල බව ශිලා ලිපියක සදහන් වේ.තවත්  ශිලා ලිපියක සදහන් වනුයේ 7 වන ශතවර්ෂයට අයත් වන 1 වන දපුල භික්ෂූන්ට සිද්ධස්ථානයක් ඉදිකල බව.නමුත් එහි කතරගම නම සදහන් කොට නැත.කැනීම් වලදී හමුවූ වලං කැබලි වල සහ කාසි වල පාර්ක්රිට් සහ දෙමළ බ්‍රාහ්මීය වලින් ලියූ පුරාවෘත වල,අසල පිහිටි [[තිස්සමහාරාමය]] ක්‍රි.පු. 2 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ සිට පැවති පුරාණ වෙළද නගරයක් බව සදහන්ව ඇත.ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලණ ඉතිහාසයේ වැදගත් සංධිස්ථානයක් වූ රුහුණු රාජධානියට මෙම ප්‍රදේශය අයත්ව පවතී.
===කල්‍යාණගිරි ස්වාමිගේ කාර්යභාරය===
සිද්ධස්ථාන පිළිබද මධ්‍යකාලීන ඉතිහාසය 16 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ සිට 17 වන ශතවර්ෂය දක්වා කාලසීමාව තුල උතුරු ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිණි කල්‍යාණගිරි ස්වාමිගේ පැමිණිමත් සමග ආරම්භ විය.ස්කන්ධ පූරාණයේ සදහන් පරිදි ඔහු සිද්ධස්ථානය පිහිටි ස්ථානය සහ ඒ සම්බන්ධව ඇති පුරාවෘත හදුනාගනු ලබ ඇත.ඉන්පසුව ආරණ්‍ය සිද්ධස්ථානය ඔහු විසින් නැවත ඉදිකරන ලදී.පසු එය ඉන්දියානු සහ ශ්‍රී ලාංකික හිංදු භක්තිකයන්ගේ වන්දනාවට පාත්‍ර විය.මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය බෞද්ධ සැදැහැවතුන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගැනීමටද සමත් විය.සිද්ධස්ථානයේ භාරකරුවන් වූයේ ස්වදේශී වැදි ජනතාවයි.යටත් විජිතයක්ව පැවතීමට පෙර පැවති අවසාන ස්වදේශීය රාජධානිය වූ උඩරට රාජධානියේ රජ වරුන්ගෙන් ලබූ අනුග්‍රහය යටතේ සිද්ධස්ථානයේ ප්‍රසිද්ධිය වැඩි විය.1815 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතයක්ව පැවති සමයේ ඉන්දියාවෙන් ගෙන එනු ලබූ යටත් වාසීන්ද මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය වන්දනා කරන ලදී.එම නිසා සෑම පුද්ගලයෙක් අතරම මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

==පුරාවෘත්ත==
{{double image|right|MahasenaHuvishka.jpg|180|Karttikeya With Spear And Cock in a coin of Yaudheyas.jpg|180|වම:ක්‍රි.පු.140 සිට 180 දක්වා හුවිශ්ක කාසිය මහසෙන් සිටින.&lt;/br&gt; දකුණ: ක්‍රි.පු.200 දී යෞදෙයස් කාසිය, කුකුළා සහ හෙල්ල සමග කර්ත්තිකය.}}  

===හින්දු පුරාවෘත්තය===
හින්දු සහ සමහර බෞද්ධ ලේඛණ වලට අනුව ප්‍රධාන සිද්ධස්ථානය භාර වූයේ කර්තිකයා(දෙමළින් මුරක්කන් නමින් හැදින්වූ) ටය.එමෙන්ම ඔහු කුමර,ස්කන්ධ සුවනාභාම ,විසාක හෝ මහසෙන් යනුවෙන් හදුන්වනු ලබනවා.කුෂානස් සහ යාව්දාස් වැනි පාලකයන් දෙවියන්ට ඇති භක්තිය නිසා ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව අවසාන ශතවර්ශ වල නිකුත් කල කාසිවල දේව රූපය කටයම් කරන ලදී.උතුරු ඉන්දියාවේ දෙවියන්ට ඇති ජනප්‍රසාධය පිරිහී ගියත් එය දකුණු ඉන්දියාව තුල ආරක්ෂා වූ අතර ඉන්දියාව තුල ඔහු &quot;සුබ්‍රහමනය&quot; නමින් හදුන්වන ලදී.අවසානයේදී ද්‍රවිඩයන් අතර මුරුක්කන් නමින් හැදින්වූ දේශීය දෙවි කෙනෙකුගේ නමින්ද හදුන්වනු ලැබීය.චන්කම් ඉතිහාසයේදී ක්‍රි.පූ.2 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ සිට 6 වන ශතවර්ෂය දක්වා කාලය තුල මුරුකන් වෙනත් දෙවියෙකු හා සම්බන්ධ නොකොට තනිව හදුන්වන ලදී.දෙවියන්ගේ ඉපදීම,නැතිවීම සහ සිංහල හා දෙමළ මූලාශ්‍ර වල වල්ලි නමින් හදින් වූ ග්‍රෝත්‍රික කුමාරිකාව සමග සිදුවූ විවාහය සම්බන්ධව පුරාවෘත බොහෝ ප්‍රමාණයක් පවතී.ක්‍රි.පූ.7 වන සියවසේදී හෝ 8 වන  සියවසේදී සංස්කෘත වලින් ලියන ලද ස්කන්ධ පූර්ණයේ ඔහු පිළිබද සියලු විස්තර ඇතුලත්ව ඇත.ස්කන්ධ පූර්ණයේ ද්‍රවිඩ පරිවර්ථනය කන්ද පූර්ණම් නම් වූ අතර එය 14 වන සියවසේදී ලියවී ඇත.කන්ධ පූර්නම් ,ඒ පිළිබද හොදින් දන්නා ඉන්දීය ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාව අතරට වඩා ,ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාව අතර වැදගත් භූමිකවක් උසුලනවා.

4 වන සියවසේ සිට ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය බෞද්ධ පවා කාර්තිකය කටහ්රගම දෙවියන් හෝ ස්කන්ධ කුමාර ලෙස සලකා වන්දනා කරනු ලබනවා.14 වන සියවසේදී මෙරට ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සිටින දෙවි කෙනෙකු ලෙස ස්කන්ධ කුමාර සලකා ඇත.ඔහුට දේවවාදී නොවන බුදු දහම තුලත් පිළිගැනීමක් ලැබී ඇත.11 වන සහ 12 වන ශතවර්ෂ වලදී රාජකීය පවුල් වල උදවිය පවා ස්කන්ධ කුමාර ඇදහීම සිදුකර තිබෙනවා.ඉතිහාසයේ එක්තරා ස්ථානයකදී ස්කන්ධ කුමාර කතරගම සිද්ධස්ථානයේ දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුනාගෙන තිබේ.ඉන් පසු ඔහු කතරගම දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුන්වා ඇති අතර කතරගම දෙවියන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ආරක්ෂක දෙවි කෙනෙකු ලෙස හදුන්වා තිබේ.කතරගම දෙවියන් හා සබැදි බොහෝ පුරාවෘත පවතී.ඉන් සමහරක් හින්දු ආගමේ එන ස්කන්ධ කුමාරගේ සම්බන්ධයෙන් තොරව කතරගම දෙවියන් ඇතිවීම සොයනු ලබයි.

===බෞද්ධ පුරාවෘතය===

එක් සිංහල පුරාවෘතකයක සදහන් පරිදි ස්කන්ධ කුමාර ලංකාවට පැමිණි පසු දෙමළ ජනතාවගෙන් රුකවරණය ඉල්ලා ඇත.ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාවගේ ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කිරීමෙන් පසු ඔහු කතරගම සිටි සිංහල ජනතාව සමග වාසයට පැමිණ ඇත.ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දෙවියන් විසින් වාර්ෂික පූජෝත්සවයේදී ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාවට ශරීරය විදීම සහ ගිනි පෑගීම සදහා ඉඩ සලසා තිබේ.මෙම පුරාවෘතයේ සිද්ධස්ථානය පිහිටි ස්ථානය සහ ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාවගේ පුරාණ වැදුම් පිළිවෙත් පිළිබද විස්තර සදහන් වේ.ක්‍රි.පූ. 1 වන සියවසේ එළාර යුද්ධයට ප්‍රථම දු‍ටුගැමුණු රජු ඇදහූ දෙවියන් කතරගම දෙවියන් බවට සිංහල පුරාවෘත සාක්ෂි දරයි.යුධ ජයග්‍රහනයෙන් පසුව දු‍ටුගැමුණු රජු ස්කන්ධ කුමාර දෙවියන් උදෙසා සිද්ධස්ථානයක් ඉදි කරවා ඇත.මේ පිළිබදව දු‍ටුගැමුණු  රජතුමා පිළිබද සදහන්ව ඇති මහාවංශයේ සදහන්ව නැත.තවත් සිංහල පුරාවෘතයක කතරගම දෙවියන්,සිංහලයන් අතර වාසය කිරීමට එළාර විසින් එවන ලද ඔත්තුකරුවෙක් හෝ මරණයෙන් පසු මිනිසුන් දේවත්වයෙන් සලකන විජ්ජාකරුවෙකු ලෙස සදහන් වේ.එසේ උවත් තවත් පුරාවෘතයක කතරගම දෙවියන් බෝධිසත්වයෙකු ලෙස උපත ලද මහසෙන් රජුගේ දේවතාරෝපණය ලෙස සදහන් වේ.1970 න් පසුව මෙම සිද්ධථානයට බෞද්ධයන් තුල ශීඝ්‍රයෙන් වැඩිවෙන ජන ප්‍රසාධයත් සමග,රිචඩ් ගෙම්බ්‍රිම් සහ ඝනනාත ඔබේසේකර මෙම පුරාවෘත වල නව ඉසව්වක් සහ එවායේ හටගැනීම හදුනා ගැනීමට උත්සහ කරයි.

සිංහල බෞද්ධයන් තුල ඇති යන්ත්‍ර මන්ත්‍ර ගුරුකම් වලට අති පුරුද්ද ගැටබේ සහ කඩවර නමින් හදුන් වන කතරගම දෙවියන්ගේ අප්‍රකට පැත්ත විදහා දක්වයි.ගැටබේ දේවාලය මොරවක අසල පිහිටි හුදකලා ස්ථානයක පිහිටා අතර කඩවර දේවාලය කතරගම පිහිටා ඇත.ප්‍රධාන කතරගම සිද්ධස්ථානයට පිටතින් ගුප්ත ස්ථානයක බිලි පූජා පවත්වමින් පිළිගැනීම සිදු කරයි.හූනියම් කොඩිවිණ කිරීම් වලදී ද කතරගම දෙවියන් ඝෘජු ලෙසසම්බන්ධ වේ.

===මුස්ලිම් පුරාවෘතය===
[[File: Muttur padayatra.jpg|thumb|right|People of [[Coast Vedda]] descent taking a pilgrimage on foot (Pada Yatra) from the town of [[Muttur (Sri Lanka)|Muttur]] in the east of Sri Lanka to the temple|164x164පික්]]
කතරගම පිලිබද මුස්ලිම් හෝ ඉස්ලාම් පුරාවෘතය සාපේක්ෂව මෑතකදී සිදුවූවක් වේ.මුස්ලිම් වරුන්ට අනුව කතරගම අල් කදීර්ට හෝ අල් කදීර්ගේ බිමට සම්බන්ධ වේ.ඉන්දියාවේ සිට සංක්‍රමන්ණය වන බොහෝ ඉස්ලාම් බැතිමතුන් ඒ අවට නැවතී සිටී.කරීම් නබි නම් පුද්ගලයා පාලනය කල විට අමරණීයත්වය ලැබෙන ජල නිධියක් සොයාගත් බව සදහන් වේ.ඉතිහාස ගත සාධක වලට අනුව ජබීර් අලි ෂා (1872 මිය ගිය) සහ මියර් ෂඩ් මොහොමඩ් අලිෂ බාව(1945 දී මිය ගිය) වෙනුවෙන් ඉදිකල සුසානඝරද පවතී.

===වැදි පුරාවෘතය===

ඉතිහාසයේ සදහන් වන ශ්‍රී ලංකා වැදි ජනතාව කාතරගම දෙවියන් දෙවි කෙනෙකු ලෙස සලකා නැත.එ වෙනුවට ඔවුන් කන්දෙ යකා හෝ ගලේ යකා (ගලට අධිපති) යැයි සලකා දඩයම් කිරීමට ප්‍රථම දෙවියන් සතු‍ටු කරනු ලබයි.ඔවුන් දෙවියන් සතු‍ටු කරනු ලබන්නේ ,අතු සෙවිලි කර පූජාසනයක් සාදා එහි මධ්‍යයේ හෙල්ලක් හෝ ඊතලයක් රදවා ඒ වටා නැටීම බගිනි.යකදුරා දඩයම් කරන පිරිසට මග පෙන්වන මිය ගිය මුතුන් මිත්තන්ගේ ආත්ම වලින් ආවේෂ වේ.

මානවවේදී චාල්ස් ගාබරිල් සෙල්මන්ට සිතූ පරිදි කතරගම දෙවියන් වෙනුවෙන් පවත්වන පූජාවිධි වල කන්දෙ යකා වෙනුවෙන් පැවති පූජා විධි සහ සම්ප්‍රධා වල ලක්ෂණ අඩංගුව පවතී.පූජස්ථානය අසල පිහිටි වැදි ගෝත්‍රිය කෝවිල් &quot;වන්නම්&quot; නමින් හදුන්වනු ලබයි.ඉන්පසු ගෝත්‍රයක් ලෙස ඔවුන් හමු නොවුනත් 19 වන සියවසේදී නැගෙනහිර පළාතේදී ඔවුන් හමුවී ඇත.අසල පිහිටි වැඩිහිටි කන්දේ කදු මුදුන දෙවියන්ගේ වාසස්ථානය ලෙස ජනතාව විශ්වාස කරනු ලබයි.දෙවියන් මෙරටට පැමිණීමෙන් පහුව දේශීය වැදි නායකයාගේ දියණිය වන වල්ලි නම් කාන්තාව සමග විවාහ වූ අතර ඉන්පසුව එම ස්ථානයේ ලැගුම් ගන්නා ලදී.

==සිද්ධස්ථානයේ සැලස්ම==

සෑම විවිධ පූජාසනයක්ම අලංකාර කුඩා සමචතුරස්‍රකාර ගොඩනගිලි වේ.ගොඩනැගිල්ලෙන් පිටත දෙවියන් වෙනුවෙන් කිසිදු සැරසිල්ලක් සිදු කරනු ලබන්නේ නැත.එම නිසා මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ හා ඉන්දියාවේ පවතින අනෙකුත් හින්දු සිද්ධස්ථාන වලට වඩා වෙනස් කම් දක්වයි.සෑම පූජාසනයක්ම ගලින් නිම කර ඇති අතර වල්ලි සදහා ඇති පූජාසනය පමණක් දැවයෙන් නිමකර ඇත.ඒවා ආරම්භයේදී ඉදිකල ආකාරයටම ඉතිරිව පවතින අතර ඒවා වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමට කිසිදු සැකැස්මක් සකසා නැත.එයට හේතුව වී ඇත්තේ ආරම්භක පූජාසන සංකීරණය කැඩීමට මිනිසුන් අකමැති වීමය.

ඉතාම වැදගත් පූජාසනය මහාදේවාලය හෝ මහා කෝවිල නමින් හදුන්වයි.එහි පුද පූජා පවත්වනුයේ සිංහලයන් කතරගම දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුන්වන ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් සදහායි.එහි දේව ප්‍රතිමා ඉදිකර නැති අතර ඒ වෙනුවට ආධ්‍යත්මික සිත්තම් සහ යන්ත්‍ර අන්තර්ගතවේ.පූජාසන සංකීරණයේ පිහිටි විශාලම පූජස්තානය එය වන අතර පළමුව බැතිමතුන්ගේ වන්දනාවට පාත්‍ර වනුයේ එයයි.එහි දේව ප්‍රතිමාවක් නොමැති වුවද යාබද කුටියේ සිංහලයින් කරඩුව නමින් හදුන්වන ශිව දේව ප්‍රතිමාවක් පවතී.කල්‍යණගිරි ස්වාමිගේ යැයි සිතා සිටින කොටි සමකින් ආවරණය කරන ලද &quot;කලන මඩම&quot; නමින් හැදින්වෙන මැටි පු‍ටුවක් එහි පවතින අතර උත්වාකාර උපකරණ සියල්ල එහි අන්ත්ර්ගත්වේ.ප්‍රධාන පූජාසනයේ වම්පසින් ගණපති දෙවි නමින් සිංහලයේ හඩුන්වන ගනේෂ් නම් හිංදු දෙවියන්ට අයත්වූ කුඩා පූජාසනයක් පවතී.දෙමළින් ඔහු හදුන්වනු ලබුවේ මරණික පිල්ලයාර් ලෙසයි.එයද සැරසිල්ලෙන් තොර කුඩා සමච්තුරස්‍රාකාර ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් වේ.ගනේෂ් පූජාසනයාට වම්පසින් විශ්ණු දෙවියන් සදහා වූ විශ්ණු  දේවාලය පිහිටා ඇත.එහි බුදු රජාණන් වහන්සේගේ පිළිතුරක්ද පවතී.මෙයට පි‍ටුපසින් අනුරාධපුරයේ පිහිටි ශ්‍රී මහා බෝධීන් වහන්සේගේ අංකුරයක් ලෙස සැලකෙන විශාල බෝ ගසක් පවතී.මෙම නිසා බෞද්ධයන්ගේ මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානයට යොමුව ඇත.  සැලකිල්ල වැඩි වී ඇත.බටහිර පූජාසන සංකීරණය කාලි,පත්තිනි,මානගර දෙවියන් ,දැඩිමුන්ඩ සහ සූනියම් දෙවියන් උදෙසා වෙන්කර ඇත.සිද්ධස්ථානය අංගනයෙන් පිටත උතුරු පිවිසුම් මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ තේවයානි සිද්ධස්ථානය පිහිටා ඇත.එය පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ඉන්දියාවේ කර්නාතක පිහිටි ශ්‍රී නගර් සිට පැමිණි සන්කර මුත් විසිනි.එයද ප්‍රධාන දෙවියන්ගේ වල්ලභ වන වල්ලි උදෙසා පවතින අතර ඇය මුස්ලිම් පල්ලිය ඉදිරිපිට වැතිර සිටී.වල්ලි පූජාසනය අසල මුරුකන්ට පූජාකල කද්ම්බ ගසක්ද පවතී.මුස්ලිම් පල්ලිය තුල මුස්ලිම් භක්තිකයන්ට අයත් වූ සුසානඝර කිහිපයක්ම පවතී.කල්‍යණගිරි ස්වාමිගේ සුසානඝරය සමග සාදන ලද පූජාසනයක්ද පවතී.එය ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාව මුතුලිගස්වාමි කෝවිල නමින් හදුන්වනු ලබන අතර එය ශිව දේවාලය නමින්ද හදුන්වයි.

==මුරුකන් සහ කතරගම දෙවියන් ඇදහීම==
[[File:Kataragama interior.jpg|thumb|right|මහ දේවාලය ඇතුලත තිරය පිටුපස මුරුක්කන් සහ ඔහුගේ භාර්‍යාවන් දෙදෙනා පෙන්නුම් කෙරෙන යන්ත්‍රය තබා ඇත.]]

බුදු දහමේ දෙවියන් ඇදහීම සදහා අනුබල නොදුන්නත් ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය බෞද්ධයන් මෙම දෙවියන් දේශීය දෙවියෙකු මෙන් ඇදහීම කරනු ලැබේ.මෙ සමාන ස්ථානයක් මුරුකන්ට දෙමළ ජනතාව අතර හිමිවේ.

===මුරුකන් ඇදහීම===
සන්ගම් දෙමළ සාහිත්‍යයේ මුරුකන් පිලිබද සදහන් වේ.මුරුකන්ට ලබුණු ප්‍රථම නිර්දේශය වූයේ සරු දඩයමකට උපකාර කරන දෙවියෙකු ලෙසයි.ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වැදි ජනතාවට බොහෝ සමාන ,දකුණු තමිල්නාඩුව නම් කදු ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පැවත එන දඩයක් කරුවන්ගේ පළමු දෙවියන් ලෙස ඔහු දක්විය හැක.කෘෂිකර්මාන්තයේ සැලකිය යුතු දියුණුවත් සමග ගෝත්‍රික නායකයින් විසින් මුරුකන් ඔවුන්ගේ දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුනා ගන්නා ලදී.ඉන්පසු ඔහු සමාජයේ සෑම කොටසකම ප්‍රචලිත විය.ඔහු සංකේතාත්මකව අදහනු ලබන්නේ හෙල්ල සහ කදම්බ වැනි ගස් මගිනි.මයුරා සහ කුකුළාද දෙවියන් සමග සබැදව පවතී.කාර්තිකය හා සම්බන්ධ සෑම පුරාවෘතයක්ම මුරුකන් හා ද සම්බන්ධවේ.දෙවියන් උදෙසා තමිල්ණාඩුවේ ප්‍රධාන සිද්ධස්ථාන 6ක් ද කුඩා සිද්ධස්ථාන තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රමාණයක්ද පවතී.ද්‍රවිගයන්ගේ දෙවියන් ලෙස ස්කන්ධ මුරුකන් ඈදහීම පළිබද  පුරාවෘත බොහෝ ප්‍රමාණයක් පවතින අතර ඒවායේ ‍තෝන්දියිමානදලම් සිට පැමිණි වල්ලි සමග ඔහුගේ විවාහයද සදහන්ව ඇත.

===කතරගම දෙවියන් ඇදහීම===

සිංහල පුරාවෘත වල සදහන් පරිදි ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දකුණේ පිහිටි කතරගම සිටි වැදි නායකයාගේ දියණිය වල්ලි නම් වේ.වේලපුර නමින් හදින් වෙන කලුතර ද මුරුකන්ගේ ඇදහිලි හා සම්බන්දව පවතී.මුරුකන් ඇදහීම ලංකාවේ පිලිගත් ස්කන්ධ දෙවියන් ඇදහීමත් සමග බැදී පවතී.සිංහලයන් අතර ඔහු කතරගම ජනපදයේ දෙවියන් ලෙස නැතහොත් කතරගම දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලැබ ඇත.බොහෝ සිංහල නගර සහ ග්‍රාම වල කතරගම දෙවියන් උදෙසා පවතින පූජස්ථාන දැකගත හැකි වේ. ඔහු එක ආරකෂක දෙවි කෙනෙකු යැයි සලකා ඇත.වන්දනාකරුවන් ඉතා අසීරු ලෙස කැලය තුලින් පයින් ගමන් කර ඔවුන් දෙවියන්ට වූ බාර ඔප්පු කර ඇත.වන්දනා කරුවන් ලෙස ලංකාවේ සහ ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිණි ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාව මෙන්ම සිංහලයන්ද් දැක්විය හැක.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බොහෝ සිද්ධස්තාන ,වැඩි වශයෙන්ම නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටි සිද්ධස්ථාන කතරගම දේවාලය හා සම්බන්ධතා පවත්වන අතර ,ඔවුන්ගේ පූජෝත්සව සදහා උතුරේ සිට වන්දනාකරුවන් ගෙන්වා ගැනීමට එය එකට එක්වී සිදුකරණු ලැබේ.වෙරුගල්,මන්ඩුර් තිරුකෝවිල් සහ ඕකන්ද ප්‍රදේශවල පවතින සිද්ධස්තාන වේ.15 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ සිට 17 වන ශතවර්ෂය දක්වා කාලය තුල ඉදිවූ ඇම්බක්කේ වැනි රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ පිහිටි සිද්ධස්ථානද සිංහලයන් කතරගම දෙවියන් ලෙස හදුන්වන මුරුකන්ට අනුග්‍රහ දක්වනු ලැබීය.1950 සිට කතරගම දෙවියන් ඇදහීම සිංහල ජනතාවට දේශාභිමානී හැගීමක් එක්කරන ලදී.ජනතාව සිද්ධස්ථානය වාර්ෂිකව වන්දනාකරනු ලබන අතර  වාර්ෂික සැණකෙලිද පවත්වයි.මෙහිදී මිනිසුන් ආවේෂ වීමද හිංදු දහම හා සැබැදි ගිනි පෑගීම ,කාවඩි හා පිටේ ගසාගෙන කොකු වලින් ඇදගෙන යාම වැනි පූජාවිධිද සිදු කරණු ලැබේ.ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක සහ රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස වැනි සිංහල දේශපාලකයින් සිද්ධස්ථානය නඩත්තු කර ඇත.

==පූජෝත්සවය==

පූජෝත්සවය සහ දිනපතා පවත්වන පූජාවිධි හිංදු ආගමික හෝ බෞද්ධ පූජාවිධි වලට අනුරූප නොවේ.එහි භාවිතා කරන්නේ පුරාණ වැදි සංස්කෘතියේ වන්දනා ක්‍රමයි.ප්‍රධාන පූජෝත්සවය සිංහලයින් ඇසළ පෙරහැර ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලබයි.එය ජූලි සහ අගෝස්තූ මාස තුල සමරනු ලබයි.

==හිංදු බෞද්ධ අරගලය==
[[File: Kiri Vehera.jpg |thumb|right|කිරි වෙහෙර]]
1948 බ්‍රිතාන්‍යන්ගෙන් නිදහස ලබාගැනීමෙන් පසුව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ද්‍රවිඩ හිංදු ජනතාව අතරත් බහුතර බෞද්ධ ජනතාව අතරත් ගැ‍ටුම් පැවති ඉතිහාසයක් පවතුනි.1930 දී පෝල් පීරිස් රචිත අයුරින් හිංදු හා බෞද්ධ ජනතාව අතර කතරගමට සහ පවතින පූජාවිධි වලට උරුමය ලබා ගැනීම සදහා ගැටලු අතිවී ඇත.පසුගිය සහස්‍රවර්ෂය තුල බහුතරයක් වන්දනා කරුවන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිටින සහ දකුණු ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිණ ඉතා අසීරු ලෙස පයින් වන්දනා කල හිංදු බැතිමතුන් වේ.1940 දී මාර්ග ඉදි කරන ලදී.  ඉන්පසු බෞද්ධ ජනතාව මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය වන්දනා කරන ලදී.මේ නිස ඇතිවූ ග‍ටුම් කාරී තත්වය නිසා රජය මදිහත් වී බෞද්ධයන්ට සිද්ධස්ථානයේ සම්පූර්ණ අයිතිය ලබා දෙන ලදී.ඉන්පසු මෙය කිරිවෙහෙරත් සමග අනුබද්ධවිය.මේ සදහා 1940 දී ඇතිවූ විරෝධයෙන් පසු ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාවට සිද්ධස්ථානය වන්දනා කිරීම තහනම් විය. &lt;ref name=Y33&gt;{{Harvnb|Younger|2001|page=33}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Y40&gt;{{Harvnb|Younger|2001|page=40}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==සටහන්==
{{Reflist}}

==සියල්ල බලන්න==
*[[කර්තිකය්]]
*[[කර්තික්කය]]
==බාහිර සබැඳි==
{{විකිචාරිකා}}

[[Category:කතරගම]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දේවාල]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:මොණරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:මොණරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ හින්දු සිද්ධස්ථාන]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:මොණරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක]]</text>
      <sha1>oaxdxy4tpzbnfmb5l7at3mhhi0ohwnh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:දුටුගැමුණු රජ</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27957</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754281</id>
      <parentid>487545</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:11:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2407:C00:D001:4748:17F0:6410:2C25:6914</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>රුවන් වැලි සෑය සෑදුව බව</comment>
      <origin>754281</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="812" sha1="3vcorih2pwv7qvqc7kx71d12bzbm7du" xml:space="preserve">[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජවරු]]
දුටුගැමුණු රජතුමා ශ්‍රී ලංකාව පාලනය කළ ‍ශ්‍රේෂ්ට රජ කෙනෙකි. මෙම රජතුමා උපන්නේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රුහුණු රටේ මාගම රාජධානියේ ය. මෙම රජතුමාගේ මව වනුයේ විහාරමහාදේවියයි. පියා වනුයේ කාවන්තිස්ස රජතුමා ය. මෙම රජතුමාට සද්ධාතිස්ස නැමැති සහෝදරයෙක් ද සිටියේ ය.එතුමා රුවන් වැලි සෑයද සාදා තිබේ .</text>
      <sha1>3vcorih2pwv7qvqc7kx71d12bzbm7du</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:පුවත් සැකෙවින්</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>34694</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754225</id>
      <parentid>750144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T14:16:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IDB.S</username>
        <id>52205</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>754225</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4177" sha1="qqunwjlfeeiczqqttlzfr5sya4pyjlt" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- නව පුවතක් ඇතුළු කරන විට, පුවත් ලැයිස්තුවේ පහළින්ම ඇති පුවත ඉවත් කරන්න. එසේ ඉවත් කළ පුවත අදාළ වර්ෂය සඳහා ඇති ලේඛන වාර්තාවට එකතු කරන්න. යම් වර්ෂයක් සඳහා එවැනි වාර්තාවක් නොමැති නම් &quot;සැකිල්ල:පුවත් සැකෙවින්/වර්ෂය&quot; යන ආකෘතියට නව පිටුවක් තනන්න. --&gt; {{Main page image/ITN
| image   = Pictures of the Israeli attack on Tehran 1 Mehr (2).jpg
&lt;!--NOTE: Do not use an unprotected Commons file. Our cascading protection will not apply. Either upload a local copy or list it at WP:CMP and wait for the bot to protect it at Commons. See WP:ITN/A for full instructions.--&gt;
| width   = 
| caption =  [[ටෙහ්රාන්|ටෙහෙරානයෙහි]] පිපිරීම්
| title   = 
| alt     = 
| link    =  
| border  = no &lt;!-- only set if image has a light background --&gt;
| caption align = left
}}
*&lt;!--ජූනි 13--&gt; [[ඉරානයෙහි න්‍යෂ්ඨික වැඩසටහන|ඉරානයෙහි න්‍යෂ්ඨික වැඩසටහනට]] සහ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ හමුදාමය නායකත්වයට එරෙහිව ඊශ්‍රායෙලය විසින්  '''[[ඉරානය වෙත ඊශ්‍රායෙල ප්‍රහාර 2025 ජූනි|බහුවිධ ගුවන් ප්‍රහාර]]''' ''(පසුවිපාක සේයාරුවෙහි)'' එල්ල කරයි.
*&lt;!--ජුනි 03--&gt; මොංගෝලියාවේ අගමැති ''ලුව්සන්නම්ස්රේන් ඔයුන්-එර්ඩීන්''  සති ගණනක් පැවති විරෝධතාවලින් පසු ඉල්ලා අස්වෙයි.
*&lt;!--මැයි 08--&gt; රොබට් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ප්‍රෙවොස්ට් කාදිනල්තුමා,  '''[[XIV වන ලියෝ පාප්වහන්සේ]]''' ලෙස තේරී පත් වීමත් සමගම එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහි උපත ලද පළමුවන කතෝලික පාප්වහන්සේ බවට පත්වෙති.
*&lt;!--අප්‍රේ 23--&gt; ඉන්දියාවේ '''[[2025 පහල්ගම් ප්‍රහාරය|පහල්ගම් ප්‍රදේශයේ සිදු වූ ත්‍රස්ත ප්‍රහාරයකින්]]''' පුද්ගලයින් 26ක් ජීවිතක්ෂයට පත්වෙයි.
*&lt;!--අප්‍රේ 21--&gt; ශුද්ධෝත්තම '''[[ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් පාප්වහන්සේ]]''' ස්වර්ගස්ථ වෙති.

&lt;!--
  End of blurbs. Please consider moving unresolved stories for which the article
  is regularly updated to the following &quot;Ongoing&quot; line instead of removing them.
--&gt;{{පුවත් සැකෙවින්/පාදම
 |nocurrenteventslink = {{{nocurrenteventslink|}}}
 |currentevents = &lt;!-- &quot;Current events&quot; go here. Use * wiki list format. Always start on a new line and end with a linebreak. Do not leave a blank line between items. --&gt;
*&lt;!--2025 මාර්තු 18--&gt; [[ගාසා යුද්ධය]]
*&lt;!--2022 මැයි 13--&gt; [[2022 රුසියානු යුක්‍රේන ආක්‍රමණය|රුසියානු යුක්‍රේන ආක්‍රමණය]]
 |recentdeaths = &lt;!-- &quot;Recent deaths&quot; go here. Use * wiki list format. Always start on a new line and end with a linebreak. Do not leave a blank line between items. --&gt;
*&lt;!--2025 මැයි 24--&gt;[[මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා]]
*&lt;!--2025 අප්‍රේල් 27--&gt;[[සමන් ද සිල්වා]]
*&lt;!--2025 අප්‍රේල් 06--&gt;[[කෝසල ජයවීර]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qqunwjlfeeiczqqttlzfr5sya4pyjlt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>පාලි</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>42607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754245</id>
      <parentid>745532</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T16:31:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dayanist</username>
        <id>31141</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* කිතක */ පිටුව යම් පමණකට සම්පූර්ණ කරන ලදී.</comment>
      <origin>754245</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="136807" sha1="m5l6xrjgmw7g5auvtm0fwy7v3nhibgv" xml:space="preserve">{{ත්‍රිපිටකය}}
{{Infobox Language
  |name=පාලි
| pronunciation = {{IPA-all|paːli|}}
| states        = [[ඉන්දියානු උපමහාද්වීපය]]
  |nativename=පාලි (Pāli)  
  |iso1=pi
  |iso2=pli
  |iso3=pli
  |familycolor=Indo-European
  |fam2=[[ඉන්දු-අයිරේනියානු භාෂා|ඉන්දු-ඉරානීය]]
  |fam3=[[ඉන්දු-ආර්ය භාෂා|ඉන්දු-ආර්ය]]
  |script= [[බ්‍රාහ්මී අක්ෂර]], [[බ්‍රාහ්මීය අක්ෂර පවුල|බ්‍රාහ්මීය]]-ආභාෂය ලැබූ අකුරු හා [[ලතින් අක්ෂර]] ([[Pali#Pali writing|refer to article]])
  |extinct=මළ බසක් නොවේ. ජීව භාෂාවක් ද නොවේ. සම්භාව්‍ය භාෂාවකි. භාවිතය සාහිත්‍යයේදී හා සජ්ඣායනාවේදී පමණි.
  |notice=Indic
}}

'''පාළි''' යනු ප්‍රාකෘත බස් පරම්පරාවෙන් පැවතෙන බුදු දහම හා සබැඳි භාෂාවකි. පාලි බසෙහි ඇරඹුම ඉන්දීය අර්ධද්වීපයේ ඇති වුණි. මෙම බස සඳහා නිසි අකුරු ක්‍රමයක් නැත. පාරිශුද්ධ බුද්ධ ධර්මයේ මව්බස පාලි වන බැවින් තවමත් භාවිතයේ පවතී. 

[[ත්‍රිපිටකය]] පරිශීලනයට පාලි බොහෝ සේ වැදගත් වේ. පාලි හා සංස්කෘත බසින් පැවතෙන බොහෝ වදන් බුදුදහමේ ව්‍යාප්තියත් සමඟ අන් භාෂා වලටද ආභාෂය ලබා දී ඇත. පාලි කියල භාෂාවක් නැති බව,  ආචාර්ය [[රාජ් සෝමදේව]] මහතා පවසයි. 

==සම්භවය හා සංවර්ධනය==

===නිරුක්තිය===
''පාලි'' යන වචනාර්ථයෙන් ම හැඟෙන්නේ &quot;රේඛාව&quot; හෝ &quot;(ආගමික) පාඨය&quot; යන්නයි. &quot;පාලි&quot; යන වදනම මුර්ධජ &quot;ළ&quot; යොදා &quot;පාළි&quot; ලෙස ද ලිවිය හැක.  ආර්.සී.චිල්ඩර්ස් මෙය පරිවර්තනය කරන්නේ &quot;පේළිය&quot; ලෙස ය. ඔහු කියා සිටින්නේ මේ බස  &quot;එහි ව්‍යාකරනාණුකූලතාව නිසා මෙමෙ විරුද නාමය ලැබීමට සුදුසු බව&quot; යි.මෙම පාළි භාෂාවේ නිරුක්තිය සදහන් කළහොත් ශ්‍රැතිස්මෘති අනුව පාළි යන නාමය සෑදී ඇත්තේ මෙලෙස යි. සන්ධි ක්‍රමය අනුව පහ+එළි යනුවෙන් විසන්ධි කර ගත හැක. මෙහි පහ යන වචනය හ ව්‍යංජනය ලොප් වී ප්‍රථම අක්ෂරය දීර්ඝ 
වේ. එලෙස එය පා බවට පත් වේ.උදාහරණ ලෙස පොහොර- පෝර වේ.මිහිරි- මීරි වේ. එළි වනාහි එ අක්ෂරය ලොප් වී ළි පමණක් සම්බන්ධ  වේ. පා අක්ෂරයත් ළි අක්ෂරයත් එකතු වී පාළි වේ. මෙහි පහ යන්නෙහි අරුත නම් පංචස්කන්ධය යි.එළි යන්නෙහි අරුත සුද්ධ වීම යන්නයි. පංචස්කන්ධයෙහි නො ඇලීම පහ එළි වීම යි. පංචස්කන්ධය ට අමතර ව මනස ද තවත් ආයතනයකි. මෙම සළායතන සුද්ධ  වීමෙන් හෙළ භාෂාව නිර්මණය වී ඇත. හය* එළි. හෙළ භාෂාව වේ.  &lt;ref&gt;Hazra, Kanai Lal. ''Pāli Language and Literature; a systematic survey and historical study.'' D.K. Printworld Lrd., New Delhi, 1994, page 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

රොබට් සීසර් චිල්ඩර්ස් තවදුරටත් පවසන්නේ පාලි බසෙහි සැබෑ නාමය [[මාගධි]] බවත් , ආදි බෞද්ධයින් ''පාලි'' යන්නේ වචනාර්ථය වන &quot;රේඛාව , පේළිය, පාඨය&quot; යන්නෙහි තේරුම දිග්කර &quot;ග්‍රන්ථමාලාව&quot; යන අරුත ගෙන ආ නිසා, ''පාලිභාසා'' යනු &quot;පොත් පේලියේ බස &quot; බවයි.&lt;ref&gt;''A Dictionary of the Pali Language'' By Robert Cæsar Childers&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''පාලි භාසාවේ අක්ෂර''' ==

පාලි භාෂාව අක්ෂර 41කින් සමන්විතය. එහි ස්වර අක්ෂර 8ක් ද ව්‍යඤ්ජන අක්ෂර 33ක් ද ඇත.

''සරා (ස්වර)''

අ ආ ඉ ඊ උ ඌ එ ඔ

''බ්‍යඤ්ජන (ව්‍යඤ්ජන)''

ක් (ක) ඛ් (ඛ) ග් (ග) ඝ් (ඝ)  ඞ් (ඞ)

ච් (ච) ඡ් (ඡ)  ජ් (ජ) ඣ් (ඣ) ඤ් (ඤ)

ට් (ට) ඨ් (ඨ) ඩ් (ඩ) ඪ් (ඪ) ණ් (ණ)

ත් (ත) ථ් (ථ) ද් (ද) ධ් (ධ) න් (න)

ප් (ප) ඵ් (ඵ) බ් (බ) භ් (භ) ම් (ම)

ය් (ය) ර් (ර) ල් (ල) ව් (ව)

ස් (ස) හ් (හ) ළ් (ළ)

(අං)

ඉහත ස්වර අක්ෂර හ්‍රස්ව හා දීර්ඝ යැයි කොටස් දෙකකට බෙදනු ලැබේ.

* අ, ඉ, උ යන අක්ෂර හ්‍රස්ව අකුරු වේ.

* ආ, ඊ, ඌ යන අකුරු දීර්ඝ අකුරු වේ.


* එ සහ ඔ අකුරු දෙකෙහි විශේෂත්වයක් ඇත.

එම අකුරු දෙක බැඳි අකුරුවලට මුලින් හෙවත් හල් කිරීම සහිත අකුරකට මුලින් යෙදී ඇති විට හ්‍රස්ව අකුරු ලෙස ගැනේ.
උදා:- ඔක්කන්ති (මෙහි ඔ හ්‍රස්ව හෙවත් ඕ ලෙස ඇද ශබ්ද කිරීමක් නොකරයි. මෙලෙසම සොත්ථි, එත්තාවතා, ඛෙත්ත ආදිය ද වෙත්.)

එ, ඔ අකුරු දෙකට පිටුපසින් බැඳි අකුරු නැත්නම් හෙවත් හල් අකුරක් නැත්නම් දීර්ඝ අකුරු ලෙස ගැනේ.
උදා:- එවං (මෙය 'ඒ' ලෙස ඇද ශබ්ද කළ යුතුය.) ඔසද (මෙය 'ඕ' ලෙස ඇද ශබ්ද කළ යුතුය.) මෙලෙසම ඛෙම, සොම, ලොම ආදිය ද පිළිවෙලින් ඛේම, සෝම, ලෝම යනාදී ලෙස ශබ්ද කෙරේ.

ඉහත ව්‍යඤ්ජන අක්ෂරවල ක සිට ම තෙක් ඇති අකුරු වර්ග 5කට බෙදනු ලැබේ. ඒවා නම් ක වර්ගය, ච වර්ගය, ට වර්ගය, ත වර්ගය, ප වර්ගය.

* ක වර්ගය- ක, ඛ, ග, ඝ, ඞ

* ච වර්ගය- ච, ඡ, ජ, ඣ, ඤ

* ට වර්ගය- ට, ඨ, ඩ, ඪ, ණ

* ත වර්ගය- ත, ථ, ද, ධ, න

* ප වර්ගය- ප, ඵ, බ, භ, ම

ව්‍යඤ්ජන අකුරුවලින්,

* ඛ, ඝ, ඡ, ඣ, ඨ, ඪ, ථ, ධ, ඵ, භ යන අකුරු '''මහාප්‍රාණ''' වේ.

* ක, ග, ච, ජ, ඤ, ට, ඩ, ණ, ත, ද, න, ප, බ, ම, ය, ර, ල, ව, ස, හ, ළ '''අල්පප්‍රාණ''' වේ.

* බින්දුව '''නිග්ගහීතය''' යැයි හැඳින්වේ.

* ග, ඝ, ජ, ඣ, ඩ, ඪ, ණ, ද, ධ, න, බ, භ, ම, ය, ර, ල, ව, හ, ළ යන අක්ෂර '''ඝෝෂ''' අකුරු නම් වේ.

* ක, ඛ, ච, ඡ, ට, ඨ, ත, ථ, ප, ඵ, ස යන අකුරු '''අඝෝෂ''' අක්ෂර නම් වේ.

'''කණ්ඨජ අක්ෂර:-''' 

&quot;අකවග්ගහා කණ්ඨජා&quot;

අ , ආ යන්න ද , ක වර්ගයේ අකුරු පහ ද හ යන්නද මෙ⁣ම කණ්ඨජ අකුරු වේ.

අ, ආ, ක, ඛ, ග, ඝ, ඞ, හ

'''තාලුජ අක්ෂර:-''' ඉ, ඊ, ච, ඡ, ජ, ඣ, ඤ, ය

'''මුද්ධජ අක්ෂර:-''' ට, ඨ, ඩ, ඪ, ණ, ර, ළ

'''දන්තජ අක්ෂර:-''' ත, ථ, ද, ධ, න, ල, ස

'''ඔට්ඨජ අක්ෂර:-''' උ, ඌ, ප, ඵ, බ, භ, ම

'''කණ්ඨතාලුජ:-''' එ

'''කණ්ඨොට්ඨජ:-''' ඔ

'''දන්තොට්ඨජ:-''' ව

== නාමපද සහ විභක්ති ==
පාලි භාෂාවේ නාමපද ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් පුරුෂ, ස්ත්‍රී හා නපුංසක ලෙස ලිඞ්ග 3කට බෙදේ. මෙහි විශේෂත්වය වන්නේ ජීවී දේවල් පමණක් නොව මුහුද, පොත යනාදී අජීවී වස්තූන් ද ශක්තිය, තණ්හාව, රස යනාදී නාම පද ද පවා ඉහත ලිඞ්ග තුනෙන් එකකට අයත් වීමය. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස අග්ගි (ගින්න) යන්න පුල්ලිඞ්ග (පුරුෂ ලිඞ්ග) වන අතර රත්ති (රාත්‍රිය) යන්න ඉත්ථී ලිඞ්ගික (ස්ත්‍රී ලිඞ්ගික) ලෙස ද අට්ඨි (අස්ථි) යන්න නපුංසක ලිඞ්ගික ලෙස ද ගැනේ. මෙනිසා පාලි භාසාව යම් පමණකට දුෂ්කර බසක් යැයි ද කෙනෙකුට සිතිය හැක. මෙවැනිම ලිඞ්ග භේදයක් ජර්මානු භාෂාවෙහි ද ඇත.

මේ නාමපද අතිශය බොහෝමයක් (කීපයක් හැර) ඒක වචන හා බහු වචන ලෙස ද දැක්වෙත්.

එමෙන්ම සෑම නාමපදයක්ම නැවතත් මූලික වශයෙන් විභත්ති 9කට (ආලපන හා කරණ විභත්තීන් ද ඇතුළත්ව) බෙදී විවිධ අර්ථ ප්‍රකාශ කරයි. එම අර්ථ පහත පරිදි දැක්විය හැක.

* '''පඨමා -''' උක්තය

* '''ආලපන -''' ආමන්ත්‍රණය

* '''දුතියා -''' කර්මය

* '''තතියා -''' කර්තෘ

* '''කරණ -''' යමක හෝ යමෙකු කරණ කොට දෙයක් සිදුවන බව පැවසීමේදී

* '''චතුත්ථි -''' කාටද, කුමකට ද, කා උදෙසා ද ක්‍රියාව කරන්නේ යන්න පැවසීමේදී

* '''පඤ්චමී -''' කුමකින් ක්‍රියාව වන්නේද යන්න පැවසීමේදී

* '''ඡට්ඨි -''' කාගේ කුමකගේ ක්‍රියාවක් දැයි පැවසීමේදී

* '''සත්තමී -''' කා කෙරෙහි, කුමක් කෙරෙහි ක්‍රියාව සිදු වන්නේදැයි පැවසීමේදී

ඉහත විභත්ති බෙදීම ඇති වන්නේ නාම පදය අගට ඕ, ආ, ඒ ආදී ප්‍රත්‍යයන් එක් කිරීමෙනි. සිංහල භාෂාවේ දී නම් ට, ගේ, හි යන ප්‍රත්‍ය යෙදෙති. නමුත් සිංහල භාෂාවට වඩා පාලි භාෂාවේ ඇති වෙනස්කම් වන්නේ,

* ලිඞ්ග භේදය අනුව අදාළ ප්‍රත්‍ය වෙනස් වීම

* නාම පදය අවසන් වන අකුරේ ස්වරය හෙවත් අන්ත ස්වරය අනුව (අකාරාන්ත, ඉකාරාන්ත, ඊකාරාන්ත ආදී) අදාළ ප්‍රත්‍ය වෙනස් වීම යන කරුණු නිසාය.

=== පුල්ලිඞ්ගික නාම පද ===
පුල්ලිඞ්ග පදවල ප්‍රත්‍ය සමූහ 7ක් ඒ ඒ අන්ත ස්වරයට අනුකූලව ඇත.

'''අකාරාන්ත පද ප්‍රත්‍ය'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|''පඨමා''
|ඕ
|ආ
|-
|''ආලපන''
|අ/ආ
|ආ
|-
|''දුතියා''
|අං/ආනං
|ඒ
|-
|''තතියා හා කරණ''
|ඒන/නා
|ඒහි/ඒභි
|-
|''චතුත්ථි''
|ආය/ස්ස
|ආනං
|-
|''පඤ්චමී''
|ආ/ම්හා/ස්මා
|ඒහි/ඒභි
|-
|''ඡට්ඨි'' 
|ස්ස
|ආනං
|-
|''ආධාර''
|ඒ/ම්හි/ස්මිං
|ඒසු
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''උදාහරණ 1- ධම්ම''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|පඨමා
|ධම්මෝ (ධර්මය)
|ධම්මා (ධර්මයෝ)
|-
|ආලපන
|ධම්ම/ධම්මා (පින්වත් ධර්මය!)
|ධම්මා (ධර්මයනි!)
|-
|දුතියා
|ධම්මං (ධර්මයව)
|ධම්මේ (ධර්මයන්ව)
|-
|තතියා හා කරණ
|ධම්මේන (ධර්මය විසින්/ ධර්මය කරණ කොට/ ධර්මය නිසා/ ධර්මය ලවා/ ධර්මය වශයෙන්/ ධර්මයෙන්/ ධර්මයෙහි/ ධර්මය වෙනුවෙන්/ ධර්මය ලෙස/ ධර්මය හේතුවෙන්/ ධර්මයේදී)
|ධම්මේහි/ධම්මේභි (ධර්මයන් විසින්/ ධර්මයන් කරණ කොට/ ධර්මයන් නිසා.....)
|-
|චතුත්ථී
|ධම්මාය/ධම්මස්ස (ධර්මයට/ ධර්මය උදෙසා/ ධර්මය සඳහා/ ධර්මය පිණිස)
|ධම්මානං (ධර්මයන්ට...)
|-
|පඤ්චමී
|ධම්මා/ධම්මම්හා/ධම්මස්මා (ධර්මයෙන්/ ධර්මය කෙරෙන්)
|ධම්මේහි/ධම්මේභි
|-
|ඡට්ඨී
|ධම්මස්ස (ධර්මයේ/ ධර්මයෙන්/ ධර්මය අතර)
|ධම්මානං
|-
|ආධාර
|ධම්මේ/ධම්මම්හි/ධම්මස්මිං (ධර්මය කෙරෙහි/ ධර්මයෙහි/ ධර්මය මත/ ධර්මය උඩ/ ධර්මය තුළ/ ධර්මය සමීපයෙහි/ ධර්මය ඇති කල්හී/ ධර්මය ඇති විට/ ධර්මය අතර/ ධර්මයේදී/ ධර්මය පිළිබඳ)
|ධම්මේසු
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''උදාහරණ 2- අත්ත''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|අත්තා (තමා/ ආත්මය)
|අත්තානෝ (ආත්මයෝ)
|-
|ආ
|අත්ත/අත්තා (පින්වත් ආත්මය!)
|අත්තානෝ (ආත්මයනි!)
|-
|දු
|අත්තානං/අත්තං (තමාව)
|අත්තානෝ (ආත්මයන්ව)
|-
|ත හා ක
|අත්තේන/අත්තනා (තමා විසින්/ තමා නිසා)
|අත්තනේහි/අත්තනේභි
|-
|ච
|අත්තනෝ (තමාට)
|අත්තානං (ආත්මයන්ට)
|-
|ප
|අත්තනා (තමාගෙන්)
|අත්තනේහි/අත්තනේභි (ආත්මයන්ගෙන්)
|-
|ඡ
|අත්තනෝ (තමාගේ)
|අත්තානං
|-
|ස
|අත්තනි (තමා කෙරෙහි)
|අත්තනේසු (ආත්මයන්හි)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''උදාහරණ 3 - චරන්ත''
මෙවැනි වර්තමාන කාල කෘදන්ත පද ඉහත ඒවාට වඩා වෙනස්ය.
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|චරං (හැසිරෙන්නා)
|චරන්තෝ/චරන්තා (හැසිරෙන්නෝ)
|-
|ආ
|චරං/චර/චරා (එබ්බා හැසිරෙන්නා!)
|චරන්තෝ/චරන්තා
|-
|දු
|චරන්තං (හැසිරෙන්නාව)
|චරන්තේ
|-
|ත හා ක
|චරතා/චරන්තේන (හැසිරෙන්නා විසින්)
|චරන්තේහි/ චරන්තේභි
|-
|ච
|චරතෝ/චරන්තස්ස (හැසිරෙන්නාට)
|චරතං/චරන්තානං
|-
|ප
|චරතා/චරන්තම්හා/චරන්තස්මා (හැසිරෙන්නාගෙන්)
|චරන්තේහි/චරන්තේභි
|-
|ඡ
|චරතෝ/චරන්තස්ස (හැසිරෙන්නාගේ)
|චරතං/චරන්තානං
|-
|ස
|'''චරති'''/චරින්තේ/චරන්තම්හි/චරන්තස්මිං (හැසිරෙන්නා කෙරෙහි)
|චරන්තේසු
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''උදාහරණ 4 - චේත''
මෙවැනි චචන ද ඉහත ඒවාට වඩා වෙනස්ය.
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|චේතෝ (සිතීම)
|චේතා (සීතීම්)
|-
|ආ
|චේත/චේතා (එම්බා සිතිවිල්ල!)
|චේතා
|-
|දු
|චේතං (සිතිවිල්ලව)
|චේතේ
|-
|ත හා ක
|චේතසා/චේතේන (සිතීම නිසා)
|චේතේහි/චේතේභි
|-
|ච
|චේතසෝ/චේතස්ස (සිතීමට)
|චේතානං
|-
|ප
|චේතා/චේතම්හා/චේතස්මා (සිතීමෙන්)
|චේතේහි/චේතේභි
|-
|ඡ
|චේතසෝ/චේතස්ස (සිතීමේ/ සිතිවිල්ලේ)
|චේතානං
|-
|ස
|චේතසි/චේතේ/චේතම්හි/චේතස්මිං (සිතීමෙහි)
|චේතේසු
|}
'''ඉකාරාන්ත පද ප්‍රත්‍ය'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|ඉ
|ඊ/අයෝ
|-
|ආ
|ඉ
|ඊ/අයෝ
|-
|දු
|ඉං
|ඊ/අයෝ
|-
|ත හා ක
|නා
|ඊහි/ඊභි
|-
|ච
|නෝ/ස්ස
|ඊනං
|-
|ප
|නා/ම්හා/ස්මා
|ඊහි/ඊභි
|-
|ඡ
|නෝ/ස්ස
|ඊනං
|-
|ස
|ම්හි/ස්මිං
|ඉසු/ඊසු
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''උදාහරණ - ගහපති''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|ගහපති (ගෘහපතියා)
|ගහපතී/ගහපතයෝ
|-
|ආ
|ගහපති
|ගහපතී/ගහපතයෝ
|-
|දු
|ගහපතිං
|ගහපතී/ගහපතයෝ
|-
|ත හා ක
|ගහපතිනා
|ගහපතීහි/ගහපතීභි
|-
|ච
|ගහපතිනෝ/ගහපතිස්ස (ගෘහපතියාට)
|ගහපතීනං
|-
|ප
|ගහපතිනා/ගහපතිම්හා/ගහපතිස්මා (ගෘහපතියාගෙන්)
|ගහපතීහි/ගහපතීභි
|-
|ඡ
|ගහපතිනෝ/ගහපතිස්ස
|ගහපතීනං
|-
|ස
|ගහපතිම්හි/ගහපතිස්මිං
|ගහපතිසු/ගහපතීසු
|}
'''ඊකාරාන්ත පද'''

මේ ප්‍රත්‍ය ද ඉකාරාන්ත පද ප්‍රත්‍යවලට '''බොහෝ දුරට''' සමානය.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''උදාහරණ - පාපකාරී''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|පාපකා'''රී''' (පව් කාරයා)
|පාපකාරී/පාපකා'''රිනෝ'''
|-
|ආ
|පාපකාරී
|පාපකාරී/පාපකා'''රිනෝ'''
|-
|දු
|පාපකා'''රිනං'''/පාපකාරිං
|පාපකාරී/පාපකා'''රිනෝ'''
|-
|ත හා ක
|පාපකාරිනා
|පාපකා'''රිහි'''/පාපකා'''රිභි'''
|-
|ච
|පාපකාරිනෝ/පාපකාරිස්ස
|පාපකාරීනං
|-
|ප
|පාපකාරිනා/පාපකාරිම්හා/පාපකාරිස්මා
|පාපකා'''රිහි'''/පාපකා'''රිභි'''
|-
|ඡ
|පාපකාරිනෝ/පාපකාරිස්ස
|පාපකාරීනං
|-
|ස
|පාපකා'''රිනි'''/පාපකාරිම්හි/පාපකාරිස්මිං
|පාපකාරිසු/පාපකාරීසු
|}
'''උකාරාන්ත පද'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''උදාහරණ - මච්චු''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|මච්'''චු''' (මාරයා)
|මච්'''චූ'''/මච්'''චවෝ (මාරයෝ)'''
|-
|ආ
|මච්'''චු''' (එම්බා මාරය)
|මච්චූ/මච්චවෝ
|-
|දු
|මච්'''චුං''' (මාරයාව)
|මච්චූ/මච්චවෝ (මාරයින්ව)
|-
|ත හා ක
|මච්'''චුනා''' (මාරයා විසින්)
|මච්'''චූභි'''/මච්'''චූහි'''
|-
|ච
|මච්'''චුනෝ'''/මච්චුස්ස (මාරයාට)
|මච්ච'''චුනං'''/මච්චූනං
|-
|ප
|මච්ච'''චුනා'''/මච්චුම්හා/මච්චුස්මා (මාරයාගෙන්)
|මච්චූහි/මච්චූභි
|-
|ඡ
|මච්චුනෝ/මච්චුස්ස (මාරයාගේ)
|මච්චූනං
|-
|ස
|මච්චුම්හි/මච්චුස්මිං (මාරයා කෙරෙහි)
|මච්'''චුසු'''/මච්'''චූසු'''
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''උදාහරණ - කත්තු''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|කත්තා (කර්තෘ)
|කත්තාරෝ
|-
|ආ
|කත්ත/කත්තා (පින්වත් කර්තෘ)
|කත්තාරෝ
|-
|දු
|කත්තාරං (කර්තෘව)
|කත්තාරේ/කත්තාරෝ
|-
|ත හා ක
|කත්තාරා (කර්තෘ විසින්)
|කත්තාරේහි/කත්තාරේභි
|-
|ච
|කත්තු/කත්තුනෝ/කත්තුස්ස (කර්තෘට)
|කත්තාරානං/කත්තානං
|-
|ප
|කත්තාරා (කර්තෘගෙන්)
|කත්තාරේහි/කත්තාරේභි
|-
|ඡ
|කත්තු/කත්තුනෝ/කත්තුස්ස (කර්තෘගේ)
|කත්තාරානං/කත්තානං
|-
|ස
|කත්තරි (කර්තෘ කෙරෙහි)
|කත්තාරේසු
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''උදාහරණ - භගවන්තු''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|භගවා/භගවන්තෝ (භාග්‍යවන්තයා)
|භගවන්තෝ/භගවන්තා
|-
|ආ
|භගවං/භගවා (භාග්‍යවතුනි!)
|භගවන්තෝ/භගවන්තා
|-
|දු
|භගවන්තං (භාග්‍යවතුන්ව)
|භගවන්තේ
|-
|ත හා ක
|භගවතා/භගවන්තේන (භාග්‍යවතුන් විසින්)
|භගවන්තේහි/භගවන්තේභි
|-
|ච
|භගවතෝ/භගවන්තස්ස (භාග්‍යවතුන්ට)
|භගවතං/භගවන්තානං
|-
|ප
|භගවතා/භගවන්තම්හා/භගවන්තස්මා (භාග්‍යවතුන්ගෙන්)
|භගවන්තේහි/භගවන්තේභි
|-
|ඡ
|භගවතෝ/භගවන්තස්ස (භාග්‍යවතුන්ගේ)
|භගවතං/භගවන්තානං
|-
|ස
|භගවති/භගවන්තේ/භගවන්තම්හි/භගවන්තස්මිං (භාග්‍යවතුන් කෙරෙහි)
|භගවන්තේසු
|}
'''ඌකාරාන්ත පද'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''උදාහරණ - කතඤ්ඤූ''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|කතඤ්ඤූ (කළගුණ දන්නා)
|කතඤ්ඤු/කතඤ්ඤුනෝ
|-
|ආ
|කතඤ්ඤූ
|කතඤ්ඤු/කතඤ්ඤුනෝ
|-
|දු
|කතඤ්ඤුං
|කතඤ්ඤු/කතඤ්ඤුනෝ
|-
|ත හා ක
|කතඤ්ඤුනා
|කතඤ්ඤුහි/කතඤ්ඤුභි
|-
|ච
|කතඤ්ඤුනෝ/කතඤ්ඤුස්ස
|කතඤ්ඤුනං
|-
|ප
|කතඤ්ඤුනා/කතඤ්ඤුම්හා/කතඤ්ඤුස්මා
|කතඤ්ඤුහි/කතඤ්ඤුභි
|-
|ඡ
|කතඤ්ඤුනෝ/කතඤ්ඤුස්ස
|කතඤ්ඤුනං
|-
|ස
|කතඤ්ඤුම්හි/කතඤ්ඤුස්මිං
|කතඤ්ඤුසු
|}

=== ඉත්ථිලිඞ්ගික නාම පද ===

'''ආකාරාන්ත පද ප්‍රත්‍ය'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|''පඨමා''
|ආ
|ආ/ආයෝ
|-
|''ආලපන''
|ඒ
|ආ/ආයෝ
|-
|''දුතියා''
|අං
|ආ/ආයෝ
|-
|''තතියා, කරණ, චතුත්ථි, පඤ්චමී, ඡට්ඨී, '''සත්තමී'''''
|ආය
| -
|-
|''තතියා, කරණ, පඤ්චමී''
| -
|ආහි/ආභි
|-
|''චතුත්ථි, ඡට්ඨී''
| -
|ආනං
|-
|''සත්තමී''
|ආයං
|ආසු
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''උදාහරණ - පඤ්ඤා''
!
!ඒක වචන 
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|පඤ්ඤා (ප්‍රඥාව)
|පඤ්ඤා/පඤ්ඤායෝ (ප්‍රඥාවෝ)
|-
|ආ
|පඤ්ඤේ
|පඤ්ඤා/පඤ්ඤායෝ
|-
|දු
|පඤ්ඤං
|පඤ්ඤා/ පඤ්ඤායෝ
|-
|ත හා ක
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |පඤ්ඤාය
|පඤ්ඤාහි/පඤ්ඤාභි
|-
|ච
|පඤ්ඤානං
|-
|ප
|පඤ්ඤාහි/පඤ්ඤාභි
|-
|ඡ
|පඤ්ඤානං
|-
|ස
|පඤ්ඤාය/ පඤ්ඤායං
|පඤ්ඤාසු
|}
'''ඉකාරාන්ත පද'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''උදාහරණ - ජාති''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|ජාති (ජාතිය)
|ජාතී/ජාතියෝ/ජාත්‍යෝ
|-
|ආ
|ජත්ති (එම්බා ජාතිය)
|ජත්තී/ජත්තියෝ/ජාත්‍යෝ
|-
|දු
|ජත්තිං (ජාතියව)
|ජත්තී/ජත්තියෝ/ජාත්‍යෝ
|-
|ත හා ක
|ජාතියා/ ජාත්‍යා
|ජාතීහි/ජාතීභි
|-
|ච
|ජාතියා
|ජාතීනං
|-
|ප
|ජාතියා/ ජාත්‍යා
|ජාතීහි/ජාතීභි
|-
|ඡ
|ජාතියා
|ජාතීනං
|-
|ස
|ජාතියා/ ජාත්‍යා/ ජාතියං/ජාත්‍යං/ජාතිං/ජාතෝ
|ජාතිසු/ජාතීසු
|}
'''ඊකාරාන්ත පද'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''උදාහරණ - රාජිනී''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |රාජිනී (රැජිණ, රැජිණියනි)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |රාජිනි/ රාජිනියෝ
|-
|ආ
|-
|දු
|රාජිනියං/රාජිනිං (රැජිණව)
|රාජිනි/ රාජිනියෝ
|-
|ත හා ක
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |රාජිනියා
|රාජිනිභි/රාජිනිහි
|-
|ච
|රාජිනං
|-
|ප
|රාජිනිභි/රාජිනිහි
|-
|ඡ
|රාජිනං
|-
|ස
|රාජිනියා/ රාජිනියං
|රාජිනිසු
|}
'''උකාරාන්ත, ඌකාරාන්ත පදද මීට බොහෝ සමානය'''

=== නපුංසකලිඞ්ගික නාම පද ===

'''ප්‍රත්‍ය'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|''පඨමා, ආලපන''
|අං
|ආ/ආනි
|-
|''දුතියා''
|අං
|ඒ/ආනි
|-
|''තතියා, කරණ''
|ඒන
|ඒහි/ඒභි
|-
|''චතුත්ථි''
|ආය/ස්ස
|ආනං
|-
|''පඤ්චමී''
|ආ/ම්හා/ස්මා
|ඒහි/ඒභි
|-
|''ඡට්ඨී''
|ස්ස
|ආනං
|-
|''සත්තමී''
|ඒ/ම්හි/ස්මිං
|ඒසු
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+'''''උදාහරණ - පාප'''''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|පාපං
|පාපා/පාපානි
|-
|ආ
|පාපං
|පාපේ/පාපානි
|-
|දු
|පාපං
|පාපේ/ පාපානි
|-
|ත හා ක
|පාපේන
|පාපේහි/පාපේභි
|-
|ච
|පාපාය/පාපස්ස
|පාපානං
|-
|ප
|පාපා/පාපම්හා/පාපස්මා
|පාපේහි/පාපේභි
|-
|ඡ
|පාපස්ස, පාපානං
|පාපානං
|-
|ස
|පාපේ/පාපම්හි/පාපස්මිං
|පාපේසු
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+'''''කම්ම ශබ්දයේදී'''''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු බවචන
|-
|ප
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |කම්මං
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |කම්මා/ කම්මානි
|-
|ආ
|-
|දු
|කම්මේ/ කම්මානි
|-
|ත හා ක
|කම්මුනා/කම්මනා/කම්මේන
|කම්මේහි/ කම්මේභි
|-
|ච
|කම්මුනෝ/කම්මස්ස
|කම්මානං
|-
|ප
|කම්මා/ කම්මම්හා/ කම්මස්මා
|කම්මේහි/ කම්මේභි
|-
|ඡ
|කම්මුනෝ/කම්මස්ස
|කම්මානං
|-
|ස
|කම්මනි/කම්මේ/කම්මම්හි/කම්මස්මිං
|කම්මේසු
|}

අනෙකුත් පදද ඉහත ආකාරයම ගනී.

=== සබ්බනාම පද ===

'''ත (ඔහු/ඇය/එය/එම/එයා)'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''පුල්ලිඞ්ග''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|සෝ (ඔහු/එයා)
|නේ/තේ (ඔවුහූ)
|-
|දු
|නං/තං
|නේ/තේ
|-
|ත හා ක
|නේන/තේන
|නේහි/තේහි/නේභි/තේභි
|-
|ච
|නස්ස/තස්ස
|නේසං/නේසානං/තේසං/තේසානං
|-
|ප
|නම්හා/තම්හා/තස්මා/නස්මා
|නේහි/තේහි/නේභි/තේභි
|-
|ඡ
|නස්ස/තස්ස
|නේසං/නේසානං/තේසං/තේසානං
|-
|ස
|තම්හි/නම්හි/තස්මිං/නස්මිං
|නේසු/තේසු
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''ඉත්ථි ලිඞ්ග''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
|සා
|නා/නායෝ/තා/තායෝ
|-
|දු
|නං/තං
|නා/නායෝ/තා/තායෝ
|-
|ත හා ක
|නාය/තාය
|නාහි/තාහි/නාභි/තාභි
|-
|ච
|තිස්සාය/තිස්සා/තස්සා/තාය
|තාසං/තාසානං
|-
|ප
|නාය/තාය
|නාහි/තාහි/නාභි/තාභි
|-
|ඡ
|තිස්සාය/තිස්සා/තස්සා/තාය
|තාසං/තාසානං
|-
|ස
|තිස්සං/තස්සං/තායං
|නාසු/තාසු
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''නපුංසක ලිඞ්ග''
!
!ඒක වචන
!බහු වචන
|-
|ප
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |නං/තං
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |නේ/තේ/තානි/නානි
|-
|දු
|-
|ත හා ක
|නේන/තේන
|නේහි/තේහි/නේභි/තේභි
|-
|ච
|නස්ස/තස්ස
|නේසං/තේසං/නේසානං/තේසානං
|-
|ප
|තභ්හා/නම්හා/නස්මා/තස්මා
|නේහි/තේහි/තේභි/නේභි
|-
|ඡ
|නස්ස/තස්ස
|නේසං/තේසං/නේසානං/තේසානං
|-
|ස
|තම්හි/නම්හි/නස්මිං/තස්මිං
|නේසු/තේසු
|}

'''සබ්බ (සියල්ල)'''

* ''පුල්ලිඞ්ග''

සබ්බෝ, සබ්බේ (පඨමා)

සබ්බං, සබ්බේ (දුතයා)

සබ්බේන, සබ්බේහි/සබ්බේභි (තතියා/ කරණ)

සබ්බස්ස, සබ්බේසං/සබ්බේසානං (චතුත්ථි/ ඡට්ඨී)

සබ්බා/සබ්බම්හා/සබ්බස්මා, සබ්බේහි/ සබ්බේභි (පඤ්චමී)

සබ්බම්හි/සබ්බස්මිං, සබ්බේසු (සත්තමී)


* ''ඉත්ථි ලිඞ්ග''

සබ්බා, සබ්බා/ සබ්බයෝ (පඨමා)

සබ්බං, සබ්බා/සබ්බයෝ (දුතියා)

සබ්බාය, සබ්බාහි/ සබ්බාභි (තතියා/ කරණ/ පඤ්චමී)

සබ්බස්සා/සබ්බාය, සබ්බාසං/ සබ්බසානං (චතුත්ථි/ ඡට්ඨී)

සබ්බස්සං/ සබ්බායං, සබ්බාසු (සත්තමී)


* ''නපුංසක ලිඞ්ග''

සබ්බං, සබ්බානි (පඨමා/ දුතියා)

ඉතිරි විභත්ති පුල්ලිඞ්ගයෙහි මෙන් වර නැගේ.

'''ය (යමෙක්/ යමක්)'''

* ''පුල්ලිඞ්ග''

යෝ, යේ (පඨමා)

යං, යේ (දුතියා)

යේන, යේහි/ යේභි (තතියා/ කරණ)

යස්ස, යේසං/යේසානං (චතුත්ථි/ ඡට්ඨී)

යම්හා/ යස්මා, යේහි/ යේභි (පඤ්චමී)

යම්හි/ යස්මිං, යේසු (සත්තමී)

* ''ඉත්ථි ලිඞ්ග''

යා, යා/ යායෝ (පඨමා)

යං, යා/ යායෝ (දුතියා)

යාය, යාහි/ යාභි (තතියා/ කරණ/ පඤ්චමී)

යස්සා/ යාය, යාසං/ යාසානං (චතුත්ථි/ ඡට්ඨී)

යස්සං/ යායං, යාසු (සත්තමී)

* ''නපුංසක ලිඞ්ග''

යං, යේ/ යානි (පඨමා/ දුතියා)

ඉතිරි විභත්ති පුල්ලිඞ්ග මෙන් වර නැගේ.

'''තුම්හ (නුඹ)'''

* ලිඞ්ග භේදයක් නැත

ත්වං/ තුවං (පඨමා), තුම්හේ (බහු වචන)

තං/ තවං/ ත්වං/ තුවං/ තේ (දුතියා), තුම්හාකං/ තුම්හේ/ වෝ (බහු)

ත්වයා/ තයා (තතියා, කරණ, පඤ්චමී), තුම්හේහි/ තුම්හේභි (බහු)

තව/ තුය්හං/ තුම්හං/ තේ (චතුත්ථි, ඡට්ඨී), තුම්හාකං/ තුම්හේ/ වෝ (බහු)

ත්වයි/ තයි (සත්තමී), තුම්හේසු (බහු)

'''අම්හ (මම)'''

* ලිඞ්ග භේදයක් නැත

අහං (පඨමා), මයං/ අම්හේ (අපි)

මං/ මමං (දුතයා), අම්හාකං/ අම්හේ (බහු වචන)

මයා (තතියා, කරණ, පඤ්චමී), අම්හේහි/ අම්හේභි (බහු)

මම/ මය්හං/ අම්හං/ මමං/ මේ (චතුත්ථී, ඡට්ඨී), අම්හාකං/ අස්මාකං/ අම්හේ (බහු)

මයි (සත්තමී), අම්හේසු (බහු)

'''ඒත (අර/ අරයා/ අරක)'''

* ''පුල්ලිඞ්ග''

ඒසෝ (අරයා), ඒතේ (අරගොල්ලෝ)

ඒතං (දුතියා), ඒතේ (බහු වචන)

ඒතේන (තතියා, කරණ), ඒතේහි/ ඒතේභි (බහු)

ඒතස්ස (චතුත්ථී, ඡට්ඨී), ඒතේසං/ ඒතේසානං (බහු)

ඒතම්හා/ ඒතස්මා (අරයාගෙන්), ඒතේහි/ ඒතේභි (බහු)

ඒතම්හි/ ඒතස්මිං (අරයා කෙරෙහි), ඒතේසු (අර අය කෙරෙහි)

* ''ඉත්ථි ලිඞ්ග''

ඒසා (පඨමා), ඒතා/ ඒතායෝ (බහු)

ඒතං (දුතියා), ඒතා/ ඒතායෝ (බහු)

ඒතාය (තතියා, කරණ), ඒතාහි/ ඒතාභි (බහු)

ඒතිස්සාය/ ඒතිස්සා/ ඒතාය (චතුත්ථී,  ඡට්ඨී), ඒතාසං/ ඒතාසානං (බහු)

ඒතාය (පඤ්චමී), ඒතාහි/ ඒතාභි (බහු)

ඒතිස්සං/ ඒතස්සං/ ඒතායං (සත්තමී), ඒතාසු (බහු)

* ''නපුංසක ලිඞ්ග''

ඒතං (පඨමා, දුතියා), ඒතේ/ ඒතානි (බහු)

ඉතිරි විභක්ති පුල්ලිඞ්ගයෙහි මෙන් වර නැගේ.

'''ඉම (මේ/ මෙයා/ මැය/ මෙය)'''

* ''පුල්ලිඞ්ග''

අයං (පඨමා), ඉමේ (බහු)

ඉමං (දුතියා), ඉමේ (බහු)

ඉමිනා/ අනේන (තතියා, කරණ), ඉමේහි/ ඉමේභි/ ඒහි/ ඒභි (බහු)

අස්ස/ ඉමස්ස (චතුත්ථී, ඡට්ඨී), ඒසං/ ඒසානං/ ඉමේසං/ ඉමේසානං (බහු)

ඉමස්මා/ අස්මා/ ඉමම්හා (පඤ්චමී), ඉමේහි/ ඉමේභි/ ඒහි/ ඒභි (බහු)

ඉමස්මිං/ ඉමම්හි/ අස්මිං (සත්තමී), ඉමේසු/ ඒසු (බහු)

* ''ඉත්ථි ලිඞ්ග''

අයං (පඨමා), ඉමා/ ඉමායෝ (බහු)

ඉමං (දුතියා), ඉමා/ ඉමායෝ (බහු)

ඉමාය (තතියා, කරණ, පඤ්චමී), ඉමාහි/ ඉමාභි (බහු)

ඉමිස්සා/ ඉමිස්සාය/ ඉමාය/ අස්සා/ අස්සාය (චතුත්ථී, ඡට්ඨී), ඉමාසං/ ඉමාසානං (බහු)

ඉමස්සං/ ඉමායං/ අස්සං (සත්තමී), ඉමාසු (බහු)

* ''නපුංසක ලිඞ්ග''

ඉදං/ ඉමං (පඨමා, දුතියා), ඉමේ/ ඉමානි (බහු)

ඉතිරි විභක්ති පුල්ලිඞ්ගයෙහි මෙන් වර නැගේ.

== අව්‍යය පද ==

=== උපසග්ග ===

'''අ'''

අ + ධම්ම = අධම්ම (ධර්මයට විරුද්ධ / පටහැනි)

අ + සඞ්ඛත = අසඞ්ඛත (හේතු ප්‍රත්‍යයන්ගෙන් නොසැකසුණු)

අ + නිදස්සන = අනිදස්සන (නිදසුන් දැක්විය නොහැකි දේ / නිවන)

'''අව'''

අව + ඛිත්ත = අවක්ඛිත්ත (යට හෙළූ)

අව + මුත්ත - ඔ + මුත්ත = ඔමුත්ත (ගැලවූ)

අව + ගච්ඡති = අවගච්ඡති (දැන ගනී)

අව + ජානන = අවජානන (පරිභව වන සේ දැන්වීම/ නින්දා කිරීම)

'''අනු'''

අනු + ඒති = අන්වේති (අනුව එයි)

අනු + රත්තෝ = අනුරත්තෝ (ඒ අනුවම ඇළුණු)

අනු + රූපං = අනුරූපං (ඒ රූපයට අනුව ඇති)

අනු + මොග්ගල්ලානං = අනුමොග්ගල්ලානං (මුගලන් මහ රහතන් වහන්සේට වඩා අඩුය. උදා:- අනුමොග්ගල්ලානං ඉද්ධිමන්තෝ - මුගලන් තෙරුන් වහන්සේට වඩා ඍද්ධිමත් බවින් අඩුය)

අනු + වසිතා = අන්වසිතා (යමක් ඇසුරු කොට වසන්නෝ)

'''අභි'''

අභි + මුඛ = අභිමුඛ (සමීපයේ)

අභි + කන්ත = අභික්කන්ත (ඉතා කාන්තිමත්/ ප්‍රිය)

අභි + කීළති = අභිකීළති (බොහෝ සේ ක්‍රීඩා කරයි)

අභි + වන්දති = අභිවන්දති (මැනවින් වඳියි)

'''ආ'''

ආ + කඞ්ඛා = ආකඞ්ඛා (කැමත්ත)

ආ + රාජං = ආරාජං (රජු තෙක්)

ආ + ගඞ්ගා = ආගඞ්ගා (ගඟ දක්වා)

ආ + ගත = ආගත (පැමිණි)

'''අති'''

අති + කම = අතික්කම (ඉක්මවීම)

අති + ඛීණ = අතිඛීණ (ඉතා ක්‍ෂීණ වූ)

'''අධි'''

අධි + පඤ්ඤා = අධිපඤ්ඤා (අධික/උසස් ප්‍රඥාව)

අධි + දේව = අධිදේව (ප්‍රධාන දෙවියා)


අධි + ඨාති = අධිට්ඨාති (අධිෂ්ඨාන කරයි)

අධි + පද + ය + ති = අධිපජ්ජති (පැමිණෙයි)

'''අප'''

අප + කඩ්ඪති = අපකඩ්ඪති (ඉවතට අදී/ නෙරපයි)

අප + චර = අපචර (සාවද්‍ය හැසිරීම)

අප + චයති = අපචයති (පුදයි)

'''උ'''

උ + ඝෝස = උග්ඝෝස (උස්ව නැඟුණු ඝෝෂාව)

උ + සජති = උස්සජති (ඉවත් කරයි/ හරියි)

උ + භූත = උබ්භූත (පහළ විය)

'''උප'''

උප + නිවේසන = උපනිවේසන (සමීපව සේවනය කිරීම)

උප + කප්පිත = උපකප්පිත (පූජාවට කැප කළ)

උප + කෝසති = උපක්කෝසති (බොහෝ සේ නින්දා කරයි)

උප + ආ + දාන = උපාදාන (දැඩිව අල්ලා ගැනීම)

උප + පජ්ජති = උපපජ්ජති (උපදියි)

'''දු'''

දු + ඛ = දුක්ඛ (තෘප්තිමත් විය හැකි දෙයක් නැති හිස් බව දැනීම)

දු + ජහ = දුජ්ජහ (අත් හැරීමට අපහසුව)

'''නි'''

නි + කමු + ති = නික්ඛමති (රැඳී නොසිට නික්ම යාම)

නි + කඩ්ඨ + ති = නික්කඩ්ඪති (රඳවා නොගෙන පිටමං කිරීම/ නෙරපීම)

නි + කඞ්ඛ = නික්කඞ්ඛ (නිසැක)

නි + කුජ්ජේති = නික්කුජ්ජේති (යටිකුරු කරයි)

නි + කන්තති = නිකන්තති (හාරා කපයි)

'''නී'''

නී + වරණ = නීවරණ (හොඳින් වැළකීම)

නී + හරිත = නීහරිත (බැහැර කළ)

'''ප'''

ප + ඤා = පඤ්ඤා (ඇත්ත ඇති සැටියෙන්ම දනී)

ප + නීත = පණීත (උතුම් බවට පැමිණි)

ප + වාසී = පවාසී (වෙන්ව විසී)

ප + භවති = පභවති (හොඳින් පහළ වේ)

ප + නිධානං = පණිධානං (පැතීම)

'''පරා'''

පරා + භූත = පරාභූත (පිරිහුණු)

පරා + ජේති = පරාජේති (පරදවයි)

පරා + ආයන = අනුන් වෙත යෑම/ පිහිට/ ආධාරය)

පරා + කමති = පරක්කමති (යමක් මුළුමනින්ම අවසන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීම)

'''පරි'''

පරි + ඉක්ඛති = පරික්ඛති (හාත්පස හොඳින් පරික්ෂා කරයි)

පරි + කිරති = පරිකිරති (හාත්පස විසුරුවයි)

පරි + කඩ්ඨති = පරිකඩ්ඨති (එහා මෙහා අදියි)

පරි + ඛිපති = පරික්ඛිපති (හාත්පස වටකරයි)

පරි + ඛණති = පරිඛණති (හාත්පස හාරයි)

'''පති/ පටි'''

පති + රූප = පතිරූප (සමාන රූපය/ ආකාරය)

පති + ඨති = පතිට්ඨති (ප්‍රතිෂ්ඨාපනය කරයි)

පති + ක්‍රියා = පතික්‍රියා (ප්‍රතික්‍රියාව)

පටි + කමති = පටික්කමති (ආපසු යයි)

'''වි'''

වි + සුජ්ඣති = විසුජ්ඣති (විවිධ අයුරින් පිරිසිදු වෙයි)

වි + කත = විකත (කළ දෙයට විරුද්ධ දෙයක් කර වෙනස් කරන ලද)

වි + මුඛ = විමුඛ (ඉවතට හැරවූ මුහුණ)

වි + රාග = විරාග (පහවූ රාගය)

'''ස'''

ස + භික්ඛු = සභික්ඛු (භික්ෂූන් සහිත)

ස + සඞ්ඛාර = සසඞ්ඛාර (සඞ්ඛාර සහිත)

'''සං'''

සං + වද්ධන = සංවද්ධන (මැනවින් වැඩීම/ සංවර්ධනය)

සං + කිලිස්සති = සංකිලිස්සති (අතිශයින් කිලිටි වෙයි)

සං + ජානාති = සඤ්ජානාති (හඳුනා ගනියි)

සං + සරති = සංසරති (යළි යළි සැරිසරයි)

'''සු'''

සු + ධම්ම = සුධම්ම (යහපත් ධර්මය)

සු + ලභ = සුලභ (පහසුවෙන් ලැබිය හැකි)

'''දු'''

දු + භික්ඛ = දුබ්භික්ඛ (දුර්භික්ෂය)

දු + ලභ = දුල්ලභ (පහසුවෙන් ලැබිය නොහැකි)

=== '''නිපාත''' ===

'''අථ/අථෝ''' (ඉක්බිති)

'''ඛෝ''' (වනාහි)

'''ඛලු''' (ඒකාන්තයෙන්; ප්‍රතිෂෙධ, වාක්‍යාලඞ්කාර අවධාරණ, ප්‍රසිද්ධිය යන අර්ථ)

'''නු''' (නේ, නෙව, නේද?)

'''ඉති''' (මෙසේ; හේතු, ප්‍රකාර, ආද්‍යාර්ථ, අවධාරණ, නිදර්‍ශන, පදාර්ථ විපර්‍ය්‍යාස, පරිසමාප්ති යන අර්ථ)

'''සෙය්‍යථාපි''' (යම් සේ)

'''සහ''' (සමඟ)

'''සද්ධිං''' (සමඟ)

'''යදි''' (ඉතින්, ඉදින්)

'''චේ''' (ඉතින්, ඉදින්)

'''න''' (නො)

'''නෝ''' (නො, නොවේද?)

'''මා''' (එපා)

'''ච''' (ද)

'''වා''' (හෝ - හැර)

'''පන''' (වනාහි,වූ කලී) විකල්පාර්ථයේදී (එහෙත්,නමුත්)

'''අපි''' (ත්)

සද්දං + අපි = සද්දම්පි (සද්දයකුත්)

ජාති + අපි = ජාතිපි (ඉපදීමත්)

ජරා + අපි = ජරාපි (දිරා යාමත්)


'''අලං''' (ඔය ඇති, ප්‍රමාණයි, යෝග්‍යයි, සමර්ථයි, සෑහේ, අලඞ්කාර අර්ථය, පර්‍ය්‍යාප්ති අර්ථය, ප්‍රතිෂෙධ අර්ථය, සුදුසුය)

'''තෝ'''

පඤ්චමී හෝ සත්තමී අර්ථය මෙම නිපාතය පදයක් අවසානයට යෙදීමෙන් ලැබේ.

අග්ගි + තෝ = අග්ගිතෝ (අග්නියෙන්)

රාජ + තෝ = රාජතෝ (රජු කෙරෙන්)

ය + තෝ = යතෝ (යමකින්)

ත + තෝ = තතෝ (එයින්)

කු + තෝ = කුතෝ (කොයින්)

ඒත + තෝ = ඒතතෝ/ අතතෝ (මෙයින්)

පච්ඡ + තෝ = පච්ඡතෝ (පසුව)

පුර + තෝ = පුරතෝ (ඉදිරියෙහි)

'''ත්‍ර'''

කිං + ත්‍ර = කු + ත්‍ර = කුත්‍ර (කොහි ද?, කොහේද?)

ඒත + ත්‍ර = අත + ත්‍ර = අත්‍ර (මෙහි)

ය + ත්‍ර = යත්‍ර (යම් තැනක)

ත + ත්‍ර = තත්‍ර (එහි)

අඤ්ඤ + ත්‍ර = අඤ්ඤත්‍ර (අන්‍යන්හි, අන්‍ය තැනෙක්හි, අන්‍යයෙක් කෙරෙහි)

'''ථ'''

කිං + ථ = කු + ථ = කුත්ථ (කොහිද?)

ඒත + ථ = එත්ථ (මෙහි)

ත + ථ = තත්ථ (එහි)

ය + ථ = යත්ථ (යමෙක් කෙරෙහි, යම් තැනක)

'''ථං'''

ඉම + ථං = ඉ + ථං = ඉත්ථං (මෙසේ)

කිං + ථං = ක + ථං = කථං (කෙසේ)

'''දා'''

සබ්බ + දා = සබ්බදා (සැමදා)

ඒක + දා = ඒකදා (එක් දවසක)

ය + දා = යදා (යම් දවසක)

'''ධ'''

ඉම + ධ = ඉ + ධ = ඉධ (මෙහි)

== ක්‍රියා පද (ආඛ්‍යාත) ==

වත්තමානා, පඤ්චමී, සත්තමී, හීයන්තනී, පරොක්ඛා, අජ්ජතනී, භවිස්සන්තී, කාලාතිපත්ති යනුවෙන් ආඛ්‍යාත විභත්ති කාල 8කි. එම එක් එක් ආඛ්‍යාත විභත්තිය පඨම, මජ්ඣිම, උත්තම ලෙස පුරිස 3කට ද පරස්ස පද හා අත්තනෝ පද ලෙස වර්ග 2කට ද කත්තූ, කම්ම හා භාව සාධන යන කාරක 3කට ද බෙදේ. ක්‍රියාවේ ඵලය ලැබෙන්නේ අන් අයට නම් එය පරස්ස පද ලෙස ද ක්‍රියාවේ ඵලය ලැබෙන්නේ එය සිදු කරන්නාටම නම් එය අත්තනෝ පද ලෙස ද තබයි. කත්තු උක්ත වන වාක්‍ය කත්තු කාරක ලෙස ද කම්මය උක්ත වන වාක්‍ය කම්ම කාරක වාක්‍ය ලෙස ද හැඳින් වේ. භාව සාධන වාක්‍ය මඟින් සිදු වීම් මාත්‍රය පමණක් ප්‍රකාශ කෙරේ.

'''සබ්බ ධාතුක'''

ඉහත විභත්ති 8න් ''වත්තමානා, පඤ්චමී, සත්තමී, හීයන්තනී'' යන විභතතිවල සියළුම ධාතූන් වර නැගේ. එනිසා ඒ විභත්තිවලට '''සබ්බ ධාතුක''' විභත්ති යැයි කියනු ලැබේ.

'''අසබ්බ ධාතුක'''

''පරොක්ඛා, අජ්ජතනී, භවිස්සන්තී, කාලාතිපත්ති'' යන විභත්තිවල ඇතැම් ධාතූන් වර නොනැගෙන නිසා ඒවා '''අසබ්බ ධාතුක''' විභත්ති යැයි කියනු ලැබේ. මෙම විභත්තීන්හි ධාතූන් වර නැගෙන විට ධාතුව සහ විභත්ති ප්‍රත්‍යය අතර ඉකාරයක් ආගමනය වේ. උදා:- පච + ඉ + ස්සති = පචිස්සති

යම් කිසි ක්‍රියා පදයක් සෑදෙන්නේ ධාතුවට අදාළ ආඛ්‍යාත විභත්ති ප්‍රත්‍ය යෙදීමෙනි. එම ධාතු සකම්මක, අකම්මක හා ද්වීකම්මක ලෙස බෙදේ.

'''සකම්මක ධාතු'''

මේ ධාතුවලින් සෑදෙන ක්‍රියා පදවලට කම්මයක් තිබිය යුතුය. උදාහරණ ලෙස 'භික්ඛු ධම්මං පස්සති (භික්ෂුව ධර්මය දකියි)' යන්නෙහි ධම්මං යනු කම්මයයි. එයින් භික්ෂුව දකින්නේ කුමක් ද යන්න කියැවේ.

'''අකම්මක ධාතු'''

මේ ක්‍රියා පදවලට කම්මයක් නැත. උදා:- සා සංසරති (ඇය සැරිසරයි)

'''ද්වී කම්මක ධාතු'''

කම්මයන් දෙකක් ඇති කිරිය පද මෙලෙස හැඳින්වේ. උදා:- සෝ පුරිසං පඤ්හං පුච්ඡති (ඔහු පුරිසයාගෙන් පැණයක් අසයි)

'''ධාතු ගණ'''

ධාතූන් ගණ 7ට බෙදේ. ධාතූන්ගෙන් කත්තු කාරකයෙහි කිරිය පද සෑදීමේ දී ධාතුව සහ විභත්ති ප්‍රත්‍යය අතරට විකරණ ප්‍රත්‍යයක් යොදනු ලැබේ. ඒ ඒ ධාතු ගණයට අනන්‍ය වූ විකරණ ප්‍රත්‍යයක් හෝ විකරණ ප්‍රත්‍ය කීපයක් ඇත.

''1. භුවාදී ගණය'' - විකරණ ප්‍රත්‍යය 'අ/ ඒ'

''2. රුධාදී ගණය'' - විකරණ ප්‍රත්‍යය අ සහ ධාතුවේ අග අකුරට කලින් බින්දුව හෝ අග අකුරට අනුරූප නාසික්‍යය යෙදේ.

උදා:- රුධ+ අ+ ති = රු+ න්+ ධ+ ති= රුන්ධති

''3. දිවාදී ගණය'' - ය විකරණ ප්‍රත්‍යය (බොහෝ විට ධාතුවේ අන්ත ස්වරය ලොප් වේ).

උදා:- දිව+ ය+ ති= දිව්+ ය+ ති= දිව්‍යති

''4. ස්වාදී ගණය''- විකරණ ප්‍රත්‍ය 'ණු/ උණා/ ණා'

''5. කියාදී ගණය''- විකරණ ප්‍රත්‍ය 'නා/ ණා'

''6. තනාදී ගණය''- විකරණ ප්‍රත්‍ය 'ඕ, යිර'

''7. චුරාදී ගණය''- විකරණ ප්‍රත්‍ය 'ණේ/ණය'. මෙහි ණ් තිබෙන්නේ ධාතුවේ මුල අකුර වෘද්ධි වීමටය. එවිට 'ඒ/ අය' යන ප්‍රත්‍ය ඉතිරි වේ.

උදා:- චුර+ ණේ+ ති= ච්+ උ+ ර+ ණ්+ ඒ+ ති= ච්+ ඕ+ ර+ ඒ+ ති= චෝරේති

'''කම්ම කාරක පද'''

මේවා සකම්මක ධාතූන්ගෙන් සෑදේ. මෙහිදී ධාතුව හා විභත්ති ප්‍රත්‍යය අතරට ය කාරයක් ආගමනය වේ. එවිට ධාතුවේ අග අකුරේ අන්ත ස්වරය ලොප් වීම හෝ ධාතුවේ අන්තයට හෙවත් ය කාරයට පෙර ඊ කාරයක් ආගමනය වීම හෝ සිදු වේ. එමෙන්ම කත්තු කාරකයේ දී යෙදූ ධාතු ගණයට අදාළ විකරණ ප්‍රත්‍යය නො යෙදේ. බොහෝ විට මෙහිදී අත්තනෝ පදය යොදා ගැනේ.

උදා:- පච+ ය+ ති = පච්+ ය+ ති = පච්+ ච + ති = පච්චති

=== වත්තමාන විභත්තිය ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |පරස්ස පද
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |අත්තනෝ පද
|-
|පුරුස
|ඒක වචන
|බහු වචන
|ඒක වචන
|බහු වචන
|-
|පඨම
|ති
|අන්ති
|තේ
|අන්තේ
|-
|මජ්ඣිම
|සි
|ථ
|සේ
|ව්හේ
|-
|උත්තම
|මි
|ම
|ඒ
|ම්හේ
|}
'''උදාහරණ: ඉසු ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ති = ඉච්ඡ + ති = ඉච්ඡති (කැමති වෙයි)

+ තේ = ඉච්ඡතේ (කැමති වේ)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + අන්ති = ඉච්ඡන්ති (කැමති වෙති)

+ අන්තේ = ඉච්ඡන්තේ (කැමති වෙති)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + සි = ඉච්ඡසි (කැමති වෙහි)

+ සේ = ඉච්ඡසේ (කැමති වෙහි)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ථ = ඉච්ඡථ (කැමති වෙහු)

+ ව්හේ = ඉච්ඡව්හේ (කැමති වෙහු)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + මි = ඉච්'''ඡා'''මි (කැමති වෙමි)

+ ඒ = ඉච්ඡේ (කැමති වෙමි)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ම = ඉච්'''ඡා'''ම (කැමති වෙමු)

+ ම්හේ = ඉච්'''ඡා'''ම්හේ (කැමති වෙමු)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + තේ = ඉච්ඡීයතේ (කැමති වනු ලැබේ)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + අන්තේ = ඉච්ඡීයන්තේ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙත්)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + සේ = ඉච්ඡීයසේ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙහි)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ව්හේ = ඉච්ඡීයව්හේ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙහු)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඒ = ඉච්ඡීයේ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙමි)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ම්හේ = ඉච්ඡීයම්හේ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙමු)

'''උදාහරණ: ඡිදි ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

ඡින්දි + අ + ති = ඡින්දති (සිඳියි)

ඡින්දි + අ + අන්ති = ඡින්දන්ති (සිඳති)

ඡින්දි + අ + සි = ඡින්දසි (සිඳහි)

ඡින්දි + අ + ථ = ඡින්දථ (සිඳහු)

ඡින්දි + අ + මි = ඡින්දාමි (සිඳිමි)

ඡින්දි + අ + ම = ඡින්දාම (සිඳිමු)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

ඡිදි + ය + තේ = ඡිජ්ජතේ (සිඳනු ලැබේ)

ඡිදි + ය + අන්තේ = ඡිජ්ජන්තේ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙති)

ඡිදි + ය + සේ = ඡිජ්ජසේ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙහි)

ඡිදි + ය + ව්හේ = ඡිජ්ජව්හේ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙහු)

ඡිදි + ය + ඒ = ඡිජ්ජේ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙමි)

ඡිදි + ය + ම්හේ = ඡිජ්ජම්හේ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙමු)

'''උදාහරණ: යුධ ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

යුධ + ය + ති = යුජ්ඣති (යුද්ධ කරයි)

යුධ + ය + අන්ති = යුජ්ඣන්ති (යුද්ධ කරති)

යුධ + ය + සි = යුජ්ඣසි (යුද්ධ කරහි)

යුධ + ය + ථ = යුජ්ඣථ (යුද්ධ කරහු)

යුධ + ය + මි = යුජ්'''ඣා'''මි (යුද්ධ කරමි)

යුධ + ය + ම = යුජ්'''ඣා'''ම (යුද්ධ කරමු)

=== පඤ්චමී විභත්තිය ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |පරස්ස පද
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |අත්තනෝ පද
|-
|පුරුස
|ඒක වචන
|බහු වචන
|ඒක වචන
|බහු වචන
|-
|පඨම
|තු
|අන්තු
|තං
|අන්තං
|-
|මජ්ඣිම
|ආහි/අ
|ථ
|ස්සු
|ව්හෝ
|-
|උත්තම
|මි
|ම
|ඒ
|ආමසේ
|}
* නියෝග කිරීම, විධානය කිරීම

* යාචනා කිරීම (ඉල්ලීම)

* ආශිංසනය කිරීම

* නිමන්ත්‍රණය කිරීම

* ආරාධනා කිරීම

* අනුමත කිර්ම/කැමැත්ත හැඟවීම

* යමකට කාලය පැමිණ ඇතැයි පැවසීම

යන අර්ථ පඤ්චමී විභත්තිය මඟින් ලබා දේ.

'''උදාහරණ: ඉසු ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + තු = ඉච්ඡ + තු = ඉච්ඡතු (කැමති වෙන්න/ කැමති වනු)

+ තං = ඉච්ඡතං (කැමති වන්න)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + අන්තු = ඉච්ඡන්තු (කැමති වෙත්වා)

+ අන්තං = ඉච්ඡන්තං (කැමති වෙත්වා)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ආහි/ අ = ඉච්ඡාහි/ ඉච්ඡ (කැමති වෙහි)

+ ස්සු = ඉච්ඡස්සු (කැමති වෙහි)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ථ = ඉච්ඡථ (කැමති වෙහු)

+ ව්හෝ = ඉච්ඡව්හෝ (කැමති වෙහු)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + මි = ඉච්'''ඡා'''මි (කැමති වෙම්වා)

+ ඒ = ඉච්ඡේ (කැමති වෙම්වා)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ම = ඉච්'''ඡා'''ම (කැමති වෙමුවා)

+ ආමසේ = ඉච්ඡාමසේ (කැමති වෙමුවා)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + තං = ඉච්ඡීයතං (කැමති වනු ලැබේවා)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + අන්තං = ඉච්ඡීයන්තං (කැමති වනු ලැබෙත්වා)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ස්සු = ඉච්ඡීයස්සු (කැමති වනු ලැබෙහි)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ව්හෝ = ඉච්ඡීයව්හෝ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙහු)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඒ = ඉච්ඡීයේ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙම්වා)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ආමසේ = ඉච්ඡීයාමසේ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙමු)

'''උදාහරණ: ඡිදි ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

ඡින්දි + අ + තු = ඡින්දතු (සිඳිනු)

ඡින්දි + අ + අන්තු = ඡින්දන්තු (සිඳිව්)

ඡින්දි + අ + ආහි/ අ = ඡින්දාහි/ ඡින්ද (සිඳහි)

ඡින්දි + අ + ථ = ඡින්දථ (සිඳහු)

ඡින්දි + අ + මි = ඡින්දාමි (සිඳිම්වා)

ඡින්දි + අ + ම = ඡින්දාම (සිඳිමුවා)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

ඡිදි + ය + තේ = ඡිජ්ජතං (සිඳනු ලැබේවා)

ඡිදි + ය + අන්තං = ඡිජ්ජන්තේ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙත්වා)

ඡිදි + ය + ස්සු = ඡිජ්ජස්සු (සිඳිනු ලැබෙහිවා)

ඡිදි + ය + ව්හෝ = ඡිජ්ජව්හෝ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙහු)

ඡිදි + ය + ඒ = ඡිජ්ජේ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙම්වා)

ඡිදි + ය + ආමසේ = ඡිජ්ජාමසේ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙමුවා)

'''උදාහරණ: යුධ ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

යුධ + ය + තු = යුජ්ඣතු (යුද්ධ කරනු)

යුධ + ය + අන්තු = යුජ්ඣන්තු (යුද්ධ කරව්)

යුධ + ය + ආහි/ අ = යුජ්ඣාහි/ යුජ්ඣ (යුද්ධ කරහි)

යුධ + ය + ථ = යුජ්ඣථ (යුද්ධ කරහු)

යුධ + ය + මි = යුජ්'''ඣා'''මි (යුද්ධ කරම්වා)

යුධ + ය + ම = යුජ්'''ඣා'''ම (යුද්ධ කරමුවා)

=== සත්තමී විභත්තිය ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |පරස්ස පද
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |අත්තනෝ පද
|-
|පුරිස
|ඒක වචන
|බහු වචන
|ඒක වචන
|බහු වචන
|-
|පඨම
|එය්‍ය/ඒ
|එය්‍යුං/උං
|ඒථ
|ඒරං
|-
|මජ්ඣිම
|එය්‍යාසි/ඒ
|එය්‍යාථ
|ඒථෝ
|එය්‍යව්හෝ
|-
|උත්තම
|එය්‍යාමි/ඒ
|එය්‍යාම
|එය්‍යං
|එය්‍යාම්හේ
|}
* යමක් අනුමත කිරීම

* යමක් පරිකල්පනය කිරීම (මෙසේ වේ නම් එසේ වන්නේය)

* ප්‍රාර්ථනා කිරීම

* ප්‍රශ්න ඇසීම

* විධානය කිරීම

* නිමන්ත්‍රණය කිරීම

යන අර්ථ සත්තමී විභත්තිය මඟින් ලබා දේ.

'''උදාහරණ: ඉසු ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + එය්‍ය = ඉච්ඡ + එය්‍ය = ඉච්ඡෙය්‍ය (කැමති වෙයි ද?)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + එය්‍යුං = ඉච්ඡෙය්‍යුං (කැමති වෙත් ද?)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + එය්‍යාසි = ඉච්ඡෙය්‍යාසි (කැමති වෙහි ද?)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + එය්‍යාථ = ඉච්ඡෙය්‍යාථ (කැමති වෙහු ද?)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + එය්‍යාමි = ඉච්ඡෙය්‍යාමි (කැමති වෙම් ද?)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + එය්‍යාම = ඉච්ඡෙය්‍යාම (කැමති වෙමු ද?)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ය + ඒථ = ඉච්ඡේථ (කැමති වනු ලැබේ ද?)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ය + ඒරං = ඉච්ඡේරං (කැමති වනු ලැබෙත් ද?)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ය + ඒථෝ = ඉච්ඡේථෝ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙහි ද?)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ය + එය්‍යව්හෝ = ඉච්ඡෙය්‍යව්හෝ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙහු ද?)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ය + එය්‍යං = ඉච්ඡෙය්‍යං (කැමති වනු ලැබෙම් ද?)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ය + එය්‍යාම්හේ = ඉච්ඡෙය්‍යාම්හේ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙමු ද?)

'''උදාහරණ: ඡිදි ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

ඡින්දි + අ + ඒ = ඡින්දේ (සිඳියි ද?)

ඡින්දි + අ + උං = ඡින්දුං (සිඳති ද?)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඒ = ඡින්දේ (සිඳහි ද?)

ඡින්දි + අ + එය්‍යාථ = ඡින්දෙය්‍යාථ (සිඳහු ද?)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඒ = ඡින්දේ (සිඳිම් ද?)

ඡින්දි + අ + එය්‍යාම = ඡින්දෙය්‍යාම (සිඳිමු)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

ඡිදි + ය + ඒථ = ඡිජ්ජේථ (සිඳනු ලැබේ ද?)

ඡිදි + ය + ඒරං = ඡිජ්ජේරං (සිඳිනු ලැබෙත් ද?)

ඡිදි + ය + ඒථෝ = ඡිජ්ජේථෝ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙහි ද?)

ඡිදි + ය + එය්‍යව්හෝ = ඡිජ්ජෙය්‍යව්හෝ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙහු ද?)

ඡිදි + ය + එය්‍යං = ඡිජ්ජෙය්‍යං (සිඳිනු ලැබෙම් ද?)

ඡිදි + ය + එය්‍යාම්හේ = ඡිජ්ජෙය්‍යාම්හේ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙමු ද?)

'''උදාහරණ: යුධ ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

යුධ + ය + එය්‍ය = යුජ්ඣෙය්‍ය (යුද්ධ කරයි ද?)

යුධ + ය + එය්‍යුං = යුජ්ඣෙය්‍යුං (යුද්ධ කරති ද?)

යුධ + ය + එය්‍යාසි = යුජ්ඣෙය්‍යාසි (යුද්ධ කරහි ද?)

යුධ + ය + එය්‍යාථ = යුජ්ඣෙය්‍යාථ (යුද්ධ කරහු ද?)

යුධ + ය + එය්‍යාමි = යුජ්ඣෙය්‍යාමි (යුද්ධ කරම් ද?)

යුධ + ය + එය්‍යාම = යුජ්ඣෙය්‍යාම (යුද්ධ කරමු ද?)

=== හීයත්තනී විභත්තිය ===

බොහෝ විට ක්‍රියා පදයේ මුලට අ කාරයක් යෙදේ.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |පරස්ස පද
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |අත්තනෝ පද
|-
|'''පුරිස'''
|'''ඒක වචන'''
|'''බහු වචන'''
|'''ඒක වචන'''
|'''බහු වචන'''
|-
|පඨම පුරිස
|අ/ආ
|උ/ඌ
|ත්ථ
|ත්ථුං
|-
|මජ්ඣිම පුරිස
|ඕ
|ත්ථ
|සේ
|ව්හං
|-
|උත්තම පුරිස
|අ/අං
|ම්හා
|ඉං
|ම්හසේ
|}
* ඊයේ අතීතය ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට මෙය භාවිතා වේ.

'''උදාහරණ: ඉසු ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ආ = ඉච්ඡ + ආ = ඉච්ඡා (කැමති විය)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + උ = ඉච්ඡූ (කැමති වූහ)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඕ = ඉච්ඡෝ (කැමති වූවෙහි)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ත්ථ = ඉච්ඡත්ථ (කැමති වූවෙහු)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + අ = ඉච්ඡ (කැමති වීමි)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ම්හා = ඉච්ඡම්හා (කැමති වීමු)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ත්ථ = ඉච්ඡීයත්ථ (කැමති වනු ලැබිණි)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ත්ථුං = ඉච්ඡීයත්ථුං (කැමති වනු ලැබූහ)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + සේ = ඉච්ඡීයසේ (කැමති වනු ලැබූවෙහි)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ව්හං = ඉච්ඡීයව්හං (කැමති වනු ලැබූවෙහු)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉං = ඉච්ඡීයිං (කැමති වනු ලැබූවෙමි)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ම්හසේ = ඉච්ඡීයම්හසේ (කැමති වනු ලැබූවෙමු)

'''උදාහරණ: ඡිදි ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

අ + ඡින්දි + අ + ආ = අඡින්දා (සිඳුවේය)

අ + ඡින්දි + අ + ඌ = අඡින්දූ (සිඳූහ)

අ + ඡින්දි + අ + ඕ = අඡින්දෝ (සිඳූවෙහි)

අ + ඡින්දි + අ + ත්ථ = අඡින්දත්ථ (සිඳූවෙහු)

අ + ඡින්දි + අ + අං = අඡින්දං (සිඳුවෙමි)

අ + ඡින්දි + අ + ම්හා = අඡින්දම්හා (සිඳුවෙමු)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

අ + ඡිදි + ය + ත්ථ = අඡිජ්ජත්ථ (සිඳනු ලැබිණි)

අ + ඡිදි + ය + ත්ථුං = අඡිජ්ජත්ථුං (සිඳිනු ලැබූහ)

අ + ඡිදි + ය + සේ = අඡිජ්ජසේ (සිඳිනු ලැබූවෙහි)

අ + ඡිදි + ය + ව්හං = අඡිජ්ජව්හං (සිඳිනු ලැබූවෙහු)

අ + ඡිදි + ය + ඉං = අඡිජ්ජිං (සිඳිනු ලැබීමි)

අ + ඡිදි + ය + ම්හසේ = අඡිජ්ජම්හසේ (සිඳිනු ලැබීමු)

'''උදාහරණ: යුධ ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

අ + යුධ + ය + ආ = අයුජ්ඣා (යුද්ධ කළේය)

අ + යුධ + ය + ඌ = අයුජ්ඣූ (යුද්ධ කළෝය)

අ + යුධ + ය + ඕ = අයුජ්ඣෝ (යුද්ධ කළෙහි)

අ + යුධ + ය + ත්ථ = අයුජ්ඣත්ථ (යුද්ධ කළෙහු)

අ + යුධ + ය + අ = අයුජ්ඣ (යුද්ධ කළෙමි)

අ + යුධ + ය + ම්හා = අයුජ්ඣම්හා (යුද්ධ කළෙමු)

=== පරොක්ඛා විභත්තිය ===

* ක්‍රියා පදයේ ආරම්භය ව්‍යඤ්ජන අක්‍ෂරයකින් නම් එය ද්විත්ව වේ.

* ඇතැම් තැනක ක්‍රියා ධාතුව සහ විභක්ති ප්‍රත්‍යය අතරට ඉ කාරයක් ආගමනය වේ.

''පරස්ස පද ප්‍රත්‍ය''

පඨම පුරිස - අ (ඒක වචන), උ (බහු වචන)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස - ඒ (ඒක), ත්ථ (බහු)

උත්තම පුරිස - අ (ඒක), ම්හ (බහු)

''අත්තනෝ පද ප්‍රත්‍ය''

පඨම - ත්ථ (ඒක), රේ (බහු)

මජ්ඣිම - ත්ථෝ (ඒක), ව්හෝ (බහු)

උත්තම - ඉ (ඒක), ම්හේ (බහු)

* නොදුටු අතීත කාලය ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට පරොක්ඛා (අනුන්ගේ ඇසින් දුටු දේ) විභත්තිය යෙදේ.

'''උදාහරණ: ඉසු ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + අ = ඉච්ඡ (කැමති වෙලාලු)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + උ = ඉච්ඡු (කැමති වෙලා)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඒ = ඉච්ඡේ (කැමති වෙලා)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ත්ථ = ඉච්ඡිත්ථ (කැමති වෙලාලු)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + අ = ඉච්ඡ (කැමති වීලා)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ම්හ = ඉච්ඡිම්හ (කැමති වෙලා)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ත්ථ = ඉච්ඡීයිත්ථ (කැමති වනු ලැබීලා)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + රේ = ඉච්ඡීයිරේ (කැමති වනු ලැබිලා)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ත්ථෝ = ඉච්ඡීයිත්ථෝ (කැමති වනු ලැබිලාලු)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ව්හෝ = ඉච්ඡීයිව්හෝ (කැමති වනු ලැබිලා)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ = ඉච්ඡීයි (කැමති වනු ලැබිල)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ම්හේ = ඉච්ඡීයිම්හේ (කැමති වනු ලැබිලාලු)

'''උදාහරණ: ඡිදි ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

ඡින්දි + අ + අ = චඡින්ද (සිඳල)

ඡින්දි + අ + උ = චඡින්දු (සිඳලා)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඒ = ඡින්දේ (සිඳලාලු)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ත්ථ = ඡින්දිත්ථ (සිඳල)

ඡින්දි + අ + අ = ඡින්ද (සිඳල)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ම්හ = ඡින්දිම්හ (සිඳලාලු)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ +ත්ථ = චඡිජ්ජිත්ථ (සිඳනු ලැබිල)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + රේ = චඡිජ්ජිරේ (සිඳිනු ලැබිලා)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ත්ථෝ = චඡිජ්ජිත්ථෝ (සිඳිනු ලැබිලා)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ව්හෝ = චඡිජ්ජිව්හෝ (සිඳිනු ලැබිල)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ = චඡිජ්ජි (සිඳිනු ලැබෙමි)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ම්හේ = චඡිජ්ජිම්හේ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙමු)

'''උදාහරණ: යුධ ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

යුධ + ය + අ = යයුජ්ඣ (යුද්ධ කරල)

යුධ + ය + උ = යයුජ්ඣු (යුද්ධ කරල)

යුධ + ය + ඒ = යයුජ්ඣේ (යුද්ධ කරහි)

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ත්ථ = යයුජ්ඣිත්ථ (යුද්ධ කරලාලු)

යුධ + ය + අ = යයුජ්ඣ (යුද්ධ කරල)

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ම්හ = යුජ්ඣිම්හ (යුද්ධ කරල)

=== අජ්ජතනී විභත්තිය ===

* බොහෝ විට ක්‍රියා පදයෙහි මුලට අ කාරයක් ආගමනය වේ.

* ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවල ධාතුව හා විභත්ති ප්‍රත්‍යය අතරට ඉ කාරයක් ආගමනය වේ.

''පරස්ස පද ප්‍රත්‍ය''

පඨම පුරිස - ඊ/ ඌ/ සි/ ඉ (ඒක වචන), උං/ ඉංසු (බහු වචන)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස - ඕ (ඒක), ත්ථ (බහු)

උත්තම පුරිස - ඉං (ඒක), ම්හා/ ම්හ/ ම්හි (බහු)

''අත්තනෝ පද ප්‍රත්‍ය''

පඨම - ආ/ ත්ථ (ඒක), ඌ (බහු)

මජ්ඣිම - සේ (ඒක), ව්හං (බහු)

උත්තම - අ/ අං (ඒක), ම්හේ (බහු)

* අද පටන් අතීත කාලය මෙයින් ප්‍රකාශ වේ.

'''උදාහරණ: ඉසු ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඊ = ඉච්ඡී (කැමති විය)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉංසු = ඉච්ඡිංසු (කැමති වූහ)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඕ = ඉච්ඡෝ (කැමති වීහි)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ත්ථ = ඉච්ඡිත්ථ (කැමති වීහු)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉං = ඉච්ඡිං (කැමති වුණෙමි)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ම්හා = ඉච්ඡිම්හා (කැමති වෙමු)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ආ = ඉච්ඡීයා (කැමති වනු ලැබිණි)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඌ = ඉච්ඡීයූ (කැමති වනු ලැබුණෝය)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + සේ = ඉච්ඡීයිසේ (කැමති වනු ලැබීහි)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ව්හං = ඉච්ඡීයිව්හං (කැමති වනු ලැබීහු)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + අ = ඉච්ඡීය (කැමති වනු ලැබීමි)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ම්හේ = ඉච්ඡීයිම්හේ (කැමති වනු ලැබුණෙමු)

'''උදාහරණ: ඡිදි ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + සි = අඡින්දිසි (සිඳුවේය)

ඡින්දි + අ + උං = අඡින්දුං (සිඳුවෝය)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඕ = අඡින්දෝ (සිඳුවෙහි)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ත්ථ = අඡින්දිත්ථ (සිඳුවෙහු)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉං = අඡින්දිං (සිඳුවෙමි)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ම්හ = අඡින්දිම්හ (සිඳුවෙමු)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ත්ථ = අඡිජ්ජිත්ථ (සිඳනු ලැබිණි)

ඡිදි + ය + ඌ = අඡිජ්ජූ (සිඳිනු ලැබූහ)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + සේ = අඡිජ්ජිසේ (සිඳිනු ලැබුවෙහි)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ව්හං = අඡිජ්ජිව්හං (සිඳිනු ලැබුවෙහු)

ඡිදි + ය + අං = අඡිජ්ජං (සිඳිනු ලැබීමි)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ම්හේ = අඡිජ්ජිම්හේ (සිඳිනු ලැබීමු)

'''උදාහරණ: යුධ ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

යුධ + ය + ඊ = අයුජ්ඣී (යුද්ධ කළේය)

යුධ + ය + උං = අයුජ්ඣුං (යුද්ධ කළහ)

යුධ + ය + ඕ = අයුජ්ඣෝ (යුද්ධ කළෙහි)

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ත්ථ = අයුජ්ඣිත්ථ (යුද්ධ කළෙහු)

යුධ + ය + ඉං = අයුජ්ඣිං (යුද්ධ කළෙමි)

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ම්හා = අයුජ්ඣිම්හා (යුද්ධ කළෙමු)

=== භවිස්සන්තී විභත්තිය ===

* ධාතුව හා විභත්ති ප්‍රත්‍යය අතරට ඉ කාරයක් ආගමනය වේ.

''පරස්ස පද ප්‍රත්‍ය''

පඨම පුරිස - ස්සති (ඒක වචන), ස්සන්ති (බහු වචන)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස - ස්සසි (ඒක), ස්සථ (බහු)

උත්තම පුරිස - ස්සාමි (ඒක), ස්සාම (බහු)

''අත්තනෝ පද ප්‍රත්‍ය''

පඨම - ස්සතේ (ඒක), ස්සන්තේ (බහු)

මජ්ඣිම - ස්සසේ (ඒක), ස්සව්හේ (බහු)

උත්තම - ස්සං (ඒක), ස්සාම්හේ (බහු)

* අනාගත කාලය භවිස්සන්ති විභක්තිය මඟින් ප්‍රකාශ වේ.

'''උදාහරණ: ඉසු ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ස්සති = ඉච්ඡිස්සති (කැමති වන්නේය)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ස්සන්ති = ඉච්ඡිස්සන්ති (කැමති වන්නෝය)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + සි = ඉච්ඡිස්සසි (කැමති වන්නෙහි)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ස්සථ = ඉච්ඡිස්සථ (කැමති වන්නෙහු)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ස්සාමි = ඉච්ඡිස්සාමි (කැමති වන්නෙමි)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ම = ඉච්ඡිස්සාම (කැමති වන්නෙමු)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ස්සතේ = ඉච්ඡීයිස්සතේ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙන්නේය)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + සන්තේ = ඉච්ඡීයිස්සන්තේ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙන්නෝය)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ස්සසේ = ඉච්ඡීයිස්සසේ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙන්නෙහි)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ස්සව්හේ = ඉච්ඡීයිස්සව්හේ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙන්නෙහු)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ස්සං = ඉච්ඡීයිස්සං (කැමති වනු ලැබෙන්නෙමි)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ස්සාම්හේ = ඉච්ඡීයිස්සාම්හේ (කැමති වනු ලැබෙන්නෙමු)

'''උදාහරණ: ඡිදි ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ස්සති = ඡින්දිස්සති (සිඳින්නේය)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ස්සන්ති = ඡින්දිස්සන්ති (සිඳන්නෝය)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ස්සසි = ඡින්දිස්සසි (සිඳින්නෙහි)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ස්සථ = ඡින්දිස්සථ (සිඳින්නෙහු)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ස්සාමි = ඡින්දිස්සාමි (සිඳින්නෙමි)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ස්සාම = ඡින්දිස්සාම (සිඳින්නෙමු)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ස්සතේ = ඡිජ්ජිස්සතේ (සිඳනු ලැබෙන්නේය)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ස්සන්තේ = ඡිජ්ජිස්සන්තේ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙන්නෝය)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ස්සසේ = ඡිජ්ජිස්සසේ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙන්නෙහි)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ස්සව්හේ = ඡිජ්ජිස්සව්හේ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙන්නෙහු)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ස්සං = ඡිජ්ජිස්සං (සිඳිනු ලැබෙන්නෙමි)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ස්සාම්හේ = ඡිජ්ජිස්සාම්හේ (සිඳිනු ලැබෙන්නෙමු)

'''උදාහරණ: යුධ ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ස්සති = යුජ්ඣිස්සති (යුද්ධ කරන්නේය)

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ස්සන්ති = යුජ්ඣිස්සන්ති (යුද්ධ කරන්නෝය)

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ස්සසි = යුජ්ඣිස්සසි (යුද්ධ කරන්නෙහි)

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ස්සථ = යුජ්ඣිස්සථ (යුද්ධ කරන්නෙහු)

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ස්සාමි = යුජ්ඣිස්සාමි (යුද්ධ කරන්නෙමි)

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ස්සාම = යුජ්ඣිස්සාම (යුද්ධ කරන්නෙමු)

=== කාලාතිපත්ති විභත්තිය ===

* ධාතුව හා විභත්ති ප්‍රත්‍යය අතරට ඉ කාරයක් ආගමනය වේ.

* බොහෝ විට ක්‍රියා පදයෙහි මුලට අ කාරයක් ආගමනය වේ.

''පරස්ස පද ප්‍රත්‍ය''

පඨම පුරිස - ස්සා/ ස්ස (ඒක වචන), ස්සංසු (බහු වචන)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස - ස්සේ (ඒක), ස්සථ (බහු)

උත්තම පුරිස - ස්සං (ඒක), ස්සම්හා (බහු)

''අත්තනෝ පද ප්‍රත්‍ය''

පඨම - ස්සථ (ඒක), ස්සිංසු (බහු)

මජ්ඣිම - ස්සසේ (ඒක), ස්සව්හේ (බහු)

උත්තම - ස්සං (ඒක), ස්සාම්හේ (බහු)

* යම් සිදු නොවූ දෙයක් සිදු වූවා නම් වීමට ඉඩ තිබූ දෙයක් ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට මෙය භාවිතා වේ.

'''උදාහරණ: ඉසු ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ස්ස = ඉච්ඡිස්ස (කැමති වූයේ නම්)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ස්සංසු = ඉච්ඡිස්සංසු (කැමති වූයේ නම්)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ස්සේ = ඉච්ඡිස්සේ (කැමති වූයෙහි නම්)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ස්සථ = ඉච්ඡිස්සථ (කැමති වූයෙහු නම්)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ස්සං = ඉච්ඡිස්සං (කැමති වූයෙම් නම්)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + අ + ඉ + ස්සම්හා = ඉච්ඡිස්සම්හා (කැමති වූයෙමු නම්)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ස්සථ = ඉච්ඡීයිස්සථ (කැමති වනු ලැබිණි නම්)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ස්සිංසු = ඉච්ඡීයිස්සිංසු (කැමති වනු ලැබිණි නම්)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ස්සසේ = ඉච්ඡීයිස්සසේ (කැමති වනු ලැබූයෙහි නම්)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ස්සව්හේ = ඉච්ඡීයිස්සව්හේ (කැමති වනු ලැබූයෙහු නම්)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ස්සං = ඉච්ඡීයිස්සං (කැමති වනු ලැබූයෙම් නම්)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ඉ + ස්සාම්හේ = ඉච්ඡීයිස්සාම්හේ (කැමති වනු ලැබූයෙමු නම්)

'''උදාහරණ: ඡිදි ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ස්සා = අඡින්දිස්සා (සිඳුවේ නම්)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ස්සංසු = අඡින්දිස්සංසු (සිඳුවේ නම්)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ස්සේ = අඡින්දිස්සේ (සිඳූයෙහි නම්)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ස්සථ = අඡින්දිස්සථ (සිඳූයෙහු නම්)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ස්සං = අඡින්දිස්සං (සිඳූයෙම් නම්)

ඡින්දි + අ + ඉ + ස්සම්හා = ඡින්දිස්සම්හා (සිඳූයෙමු නම්)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ස්සථ = අඡිජ්ජිස්සථ (සිඳනු ලැබිණි නම්)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ස්සිංසු = අඡිජ්ජිස්සිංසු (සිඳිනු ලැබිණි නම්)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ස්සසේ = අඡිජ්ජිස්සසේ (සිඳිනු ලැබූයෙහි නම්)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ස්සව්හේ = අඡිජ්ජිස්සව්හේ (සිඳිනු ලැබූයෙහු නම්)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ස්සං = අඡිජ්ජිස්සං (සිඳිනු ලැබූයෙම් නම්)

ඡිදි + ය + ඉ + ස්සාම්හේ = ඡිජ්ජිස්සාම්හේ (සිඳිනු ලැබූයෙමු නම්)

'''උදාහරණ: යුධ ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ස්සා = අයුජ්ඣිස්සා (යුද්ධ කළේ නම්)

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ස්සංසු = අයුජ්ඣිස්සංසු (යුද්ධ කළෝ නම්)

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ස්සේ = අයුජ්ඣිස්සේ (යුද්ධ කළෙහි නම්)

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ස්සථ = අයුජ්ඣිස්සථ (යුද්ධ කළෙහු නම්)

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ස්සං = අයුජ්ඣිස්සං (යුද්ධ කළෙම් නම්)

යුධ + ය + ඉ + ස්සම්හා = අයුජ්ඣිස්සම්හා (යුද්ධ කළෙමු නම්)

=== ප්‍රයෝජ්‍ය ක්‍රියා (හෙත්වර්ථ ක්‍රියා) ===

* ධාතුවත් විභක්ති ප්‍රත්‍යයත් අතරට '''ණේ/ ණය/ ණාපේ/ ණාපය''' යන ප්‍රත්‍ය යෙදීමෙන් ප්‍රයෝජ්‍ය ක්‍රියා සෑදේ.

* මෙහි '''ණ්''' මඟින් ධාතුව වෘද්ධි වීම සිදු කරයි. වෘද්ධි වීමේදී අ යන්න ආ වීම, ඉ යන්න ඒ වීම, උ යන්න ඕ වීම ආදිය සිදුවේ. '''ණ්''' ඉවත් වූ පසු ඉතිරි කොටස ක්‍රියා පදයට එකතු වේ. (ණේ = ණ් + ඒ, ණය = ණ් + අය, ණාපේ = ණ් + ආපේ, ණාපය = ණ් + ආපය)

* සමහර අවස්ථාවලදී ඉහත වෘද්ධි වීම සිදු නොවී ණ් හැර ඒ, අය ආදී ඉතිරි ප්‍රත්‍ය කොටස ධාතුවට එකතු වීම සිදු වේ.

* ධාතු ගණ විකරණ ප්‍රත්‍ය නොයෙදේ.

'''''වර්තමාන කාල විභක්ති ප්‍රයෝජ්‍ය ක්‍රියා'''''

'''උදාහරණ: ඉසු ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ණේ + ති = ඉච්ඡ + ඒ + ති = ඉච්ඡේති (කැමති කරවයි)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ණය + අන්ති = ඉච්ඡයන්ති (කැමති කරවති)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ණාපේ + සි = ඉච්ඡාපේසි (කැමති කරවහි)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ණාපය + ථ = ඉච්ඡාපයථ (කැමති කරවහු)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ණේ + මි = ඉච්ඡේමි (කැමති කරවමි)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ණය + ම = ඉච්ඡයම (කැමති කරවමු)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ණාපේ + තේ = ඉච්ඡීයාපේතේ (කැමති කරවනු ලැබේ)

පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ණාපය + අන්තේ = ඉච්ඡීයාපයන්තේ (කැමති කරවනු ලැබෙත්)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ණේ + සේ = ඉච්ඡීයේසේ (කැමති කරවනු ලැබෙහි)

මජ්ඣිම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ණය + ව්හේ = ඉච්ඡීයායව්හේ (කැමති කරවනු ලැබෙහු)

උත්තම පුරිස ඒක වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ණාපේ + ඒ = ඉච්ඡීයාපේ (කැමති කරවනු ලැබෙමි)

උත්තම පුරිස බහු වචන -

ඉසු + ඊ + ය + ණාපය + ම්හේ = ඉච්ඡීයාපයම්හේ (කැමති කරවනු ලැබෙමු)

'''උදාහරණ: ඡිදි ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

ඡිදි + ණේ + ති = ඡේදේති (සිඳවයි)

ඡිදි + ණය + අන්ති = ඡේදයන්ති (සිඳවති)

ඡිදි + ණාපේ + සි = ඡේදාපේසි (සිඳවහි)

ඡිදි + ණාපය + ථ = ඡේදාපයථ (සිඳවහු)

ඡිදි + ණේ + මි = ඡේදේමි (සිඳවමි)

ඡිදි + ණේ + ම = ඡේදේම (සිඳවමු)

''කම්ම කාරකය''

ඡිදි + ය + ණය + තේ = ඡිජ්ජයතේ (සිඳවනු ලැබේ)

ඡිදි + ය + ණය + අන්තේ = ඡිජ්ජයන්තේ (සිඳිවනු ලැබෙති)

ඡිදි + ය + ණාපේ + සේ = ඡිජ්ජාපේසේ (සිඳිවනු ලැබෙහි)

ඡිදි + ය + ණාපේ + ව්හේ = ඡිජ්ජාපෙව්හේ (සිඳිවනු ලැබෙහු)

ඡිදි + ය + ණාපය + ඒ = ඡිජ්ජාපයේ (සිඳිවනු ලැබෙමි)

ඡිදි + ය + ණාපය + ම්හේ = ඡිජ්ජාපයම්හේ (සිඳිවනු ලැබෙමු)

'''උදාහරණ: යුධ ධාතුව'''

''කත්තු කාරකය''

යුධ + ණාපය + ති = යෝධාපයති (යුද්ධ කරවයි)

යුධ + ණාපය +  අන්ති = යෝධාපයන්ති (යුද්ධ කරවති)

යුධ + ණේ + සි = යෝධේසි (යුද්ධ කරවහි)

යුධ + ණේ + ථ = යෝධේථ (යුද්ධ කරවහු)

යුධ + ණය + මි = යෝධයාමි (යුද්ධ කරවමි)

යුධ + ණය + ම = යෝධයාම (යුද්ධ කරවමු)

* මෙහිදී ක්‍රියාව '''කරවන්නා''' ''හේතු කර්තෘ'' ලෙසත් ක්‍රියාව '''කරන්නා''' ''සුද්ධ කර්තෘ'' ලෙසත් හැඳින්වේ. වාක්‍යයක දී ''හේතු කර්තෘ'' '''පඨමා විභක්තියෙන්''' තබන අතර ''සුද්ධ කර්තෘ'' '''තතියා හෝ දුතියා විභක්තයෙන්''' තබයි.

උදා:-

රාජා පුරිසේන රුක්ඛං ඡේදේති (රජු පුරුෂයා ලවා වෘක්‍ෂය කප්පවයි).

==='''''සුවිශේෂී ක්‍රියා පද (ව්‍යාතිරේක)'''''===

'''අස ධාතුව'''

''වර්තමාන විභක්තිය''

පඨම පුරිස ඒක වචන - අත්ථි/ සති (ඇත)
පඨම පුරිස බහු වචන - සන්ති (වෙති)

මධ්‍යම පුරිස,
ඒක වචන - අසි (වෙහි)
බහු වචන - අත්ථ (වෙහු)

උත්තම පුරිස,
ඒක වචන - අම්හි/ අස්මි (වෙමි)
බහු වචන - අම්හ/ අස්ම (වෙමු)

''පඤ්චමී විභක්තිය''

පඨම පුරිස,
ඒක වචන - අත්ථු (ඇත)
බහු වචන - සන්තු (වෙති)

මධ්‍යම පුරිස,
ඒක වචන - ආභි (වෙහි)
බහු වචන - අත්ථ (වෙහු)

උත්තම පුරිස,
ඒක වචන - අස්මි (වෙමි)
බහු වචන - අස්ම (වෙමු)

''සත්තමී විභක්තිය''

පඨම පුරිස,
ඒක වචන - සියා/ අස්ස (ඇත් නම්)
බහු වචන - සියුං/ අස්සු (වෙත් නම්)

මධ්‍යම පුරිස,
ඒක වචන - අස්ස (වෙහි නම්)
බහු වචන - අසිසථ (වෙහු නම්)

උත්තම පුරිස,
ඒක වචන - අස්සං (වෙම් නම්)
බහු වචන - අස්සාම (වෙමු නම්)

''අජ්ජතනී විභක්තිය''

පඨම පුරිස,
ඒක වචන - ආසි (විය)
බහු වචන - ආසිංසු/ ආසු (වූහ)

මධ්‍යම පුරිස,
ඒක වචන - ආසි (වූවෙහි)
බහු වචන - ආසත්ථ (වූවෙහු)

උත්තම පුරිස,
ඒක වචන - ආසිං (වීමි)
බහු වචන - ආසිම්හා (වීමු)

== විභක්ති භේදය ==

පාලි භාෂාවේ දී නාම විශේෂණ පද ද සෑම විටම පාහේ නාම පදයට අයත් විභක්තියෙන්ම සිටියි.

=== පඨමා විභත්තිය (කර්තෘ කාරකය) ===

* කර්තෘ උක්ත වූ විට එය පඨමා විභක්තියෙන් සිටී.

* කර්තෘ සුද්ධ කර්තෘ, හේතු කර්තෘ, කර්ම කර්තෘ ලෙස වර්ග තුනකින් එකකට අයත් විය හැක. මෙය කර්තෘ කාරකය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

* කර්තෘ විසින්ම ක්‍රියාව සිදු කරන්නේ නම් එය සුද්ධ කර්තෘ නම් වේ.

* අනිකකු ලවා ක්‍රියාව කරවන්නා හේතු කර්තෘ නම් වේ.

* කර්තෘ සහ කර්මය එකක්ම වුයේ නම් එය කර්ම කර්තෘ නම් වේ.

=== දුතියා විභත්තිය (කර්ම කාරකය) ===

* දුතියා විභක්තිය මඟින් අනුක්ත (උක්ත නොවූ) කර්මය නිරූපණය කරයි.

* කර්තෘ විසින් කරන ක්‍රියාවට යටත් වන කෙනා හෝ දෙය කර්මය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. කර්මය විසින් යම් වාක්‍යයකට කරන බලපෑම කර්ම කාරකය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

කර්ම කාරකය,

'''1. කාලය'''

'''2. දුර, මාර්ගය'''

යන අදහස් ප්‍රකාශ කරයි.

උදා:- උපාසකෝ මාසං බුද්ධං වන්දති (උපාසකයා මාසයක් බුදුන් වඳියි)

උදා:- යෝජනං දීඝෝ මග්ගෝ (යොදුනක් දිග මාර්ගය)

දුතියා විභක්තිය මඟින්,

'''තතියා'''

'''සම්පදාන'''

'''පඤ්චමී'''

'''ඡට්ඨී'''

'''සත්තමී'''

යන අර්ථ ද ප්‍රකාශ වේ.

උදා:- සෝ නිවේසනං පවිසති (ඔහු නිවස'''ට''' පිවිසෙයි)

උදා:- යාචකෝ සෙට්ඨිං කහාපණං යාචතේ (යාචකයා සිටුවරයා'''ගෙන්''' කහවණු ඉල්ලයි)

උදා:- රාජං කිත්තිසද්දෝ අබ්භුග්ගතෝ (රජු'''ගේ''' කීර්තේ ඝෝෂාව ඉහළ නගින ලදී)

* වස, සි, ඨා යන ක්‍රියා ධාතුවලට '''උප, අනු, අධි, ආ''' යන උපසර්ග යෙදුණු විට දී සත්තමී විභක්ති අර්ථය දුතියා විභක්තියෙන් දැක්වේ.

උදා:- සෙට්ඨි පාසාදං අධිවසති (සිටුවරයා ප්‍රාසාදයෙහි අධිපතිව වාසය කරයි)

උදා:- කඤ්ඤා ගාමං අධිතිට්ඨති (ගැහැණු ළමයා ගමෙහි සිටියි)

* ක්‍රියා විශේෂණ ද දුතියා විභක්ති නපුංසක ලිඞ්ග ඒක වචනයෙන් සිටී.

උදා:- සුඛං සුපති (සුවසේ නිදයි)

=== තතියා විභත්තිය (කරණ කාරකය) ===

ක්‍රියාව සිදු වීමට උපකාර වීම කරණ කාරකය මඟින් සිදු වේ. '''විසින්, කරණ කොට, හේතු කොට, නිසා, ලවා, වශයෙන්, ...යෙන්, ...ගෙන්, ....හි, වෙනුවෙන්, දී, ලෙස, හෙයකින්''' යනාදී අර්ථ මින් නිරූපණය වේ.

උදා:- මාසේන පුබ්බෝ (මසකින් වැඩිමාලුය)

* මීට අමතරව තතියා විභක්තිය,

'''පඨමා විභක්ති'''

'''දුතියා විභක්තිය'''

'''පඤ්චමී විභක්තිය'''

'''සත්තමී විභක්තිය''' (තේන ඛෝ පන සමයේන = එසමයෙහි වනාහි)

* '''සහ, සද්ධිං, සමං, නානා, විනා, අලං, කිං''' යන නිපාත සමඟ තතියා විභක්තිය යෙදේ.

උදා:- භික්ඛු සඞ්ඝේන සද්ධිං (භික්ෂු සඞ්ඝයා සමඟ)

උදා:- න නෝ සමං අත්ථි තථාගතේන (තථාගතයන් වහන්සේ හා සමාන කෙනෙක් නැත නෙව)

=== චතුත්ථි විභත්තිය (සම්ප්‍රදාන කාරකය) ===

'''...ට, උදෙසා, සඳහා, පිණිස''' යනාදී අර්ථ චතුත්ථී විභක්තියෙන් නිරූපණය වේ.

* '''සත්තමී විභක්ති''' අර්ථය ද ප්‍රකාශ වේ.

=== පඤ්චමී විභත්තිය (අපදාන කාරකය) ===

'''...ගෙන්, ...+එන්, ...+ඉන්, දක්වා, කෙරෙන්, මඟින්, තෙක්''' යනාදී අර්ථ පඤ්චමී විභක්තියෙන් නිරූපණය වේ.

* '''අඤ්ඤත්‍ර''' යන්න සමඟ පඤ්චමී විභක්තිය යෙදේ.

උදා:- අඤ්ඤත්‍ර දුක්ඛා න සම්භෝති (දුක හැර හට ගැනීමක් නැත)

* '''අප, ආ යනාදී උපසර්ග''' සමඟ පඤ්චමී විභක්තිය යෙදේ.

උදා:- නරා අපසාලාය ආයන්ති (මිනිස්සු සාලාව හැර එති)

උදා:- ආමග්ගා ඛෙත්තං (මාර්ගය දක්වා කුඹුරය)

* '''රිතේ, නානා, විනා, යාව''' යන නිපාත සමඟ ද පඤ්චමී විභක්තිය යෙදේ.

උදා:- නිබ්බාණා රිතේ සුඛං කුතෝ (නිවන හැර සුවයක් කොයින් ද)

උදා:- නානා කුලා (කුලයෙන් වෙන්වූ)

උදා:- විනා සද්ධම්මස්මා (සද්ධර්මය හැර)

උදා:- යාව බ්‍රහ්ම ලෝකා (බඹ ලොව තෙක්)

'''● සමානාර්ථයෙහි'''

මොග්ගල්ලානස්මා පති සාරිපුත්තෝ (සැරියුත් හිමි මුගලන් හිමි හා සමානය)

'''● ප්‍රතිදාන අඅර්ථයෙහි'''

ඝතමස්ස තේලස්මා පති දදාති (මොහු තෙල් ගෙන ගිතෙල් දේ)

'''● රක්ෂණාර්ථ ධාතු යෝගයෙහි'''

කාකේ රක්ඛන්ති තණ්ඩුලා (කපුටන්ගෙන් සහල් රකිති)

'''● දූරාර්ථයෙහි'''

කීවදූරෝ ඉතෝ නලකාරගාමෝ? (කුලුපොතුගම මෙයින් කොපමණ දුර ද?)

=== ඡට්ඨී විභත්තිය (සම්බන්ධ විභක්තිය) ===
මෙයින් අයිතිය, ස්වාමිභාවය, සමූහය, සමීපය, අවයවය හැඟවේ.

උදා:-

◇ භික්ඛුනෝ චීවරං (භික්ෂුවගේ සිවුර)

◇ දේවදත්තස්ස ධනං (දේවදත්තගේ ධනය)

'''● සමීපාර්ථය'''

අම්බවනස්ස අවිදූරේ (අඹ වනයට නුදුරෙහි)

'''● තෘතියා අර්ථයෙහි'''

පුප්ඵස්ස බුද්ධං යජති (පුෂ්පයෙන් බුදුන් පුදයි)

ඝතස්ස අග්ගිං ජුහෝති (ගිතෙලින් ගිනි පුදයි)

'''● පිරුණු යන අර්ථයෙන්'''

පත්තං ඔදනස්ස පූරෙත්වා (පාත්‍රය බතින් පුරවා)

පූරං හිරඤ්ඤසුවණ්ණස්ස (පිරුණු රන් රුවනින්)

පූරති බාලෝ පාපස්ස (බාලයා පාපයෙන් පිරේ)

'''● සමානාර්ථයෙහි'''

පිතුස්ස තුල්‍යෝ (පියා හා සමානයැ)

මාතු සදිසෝ (මව හා සමානයැ)

'''● කිං,''' '''අලං යන ප්‍රත්‍ය සමඟ'''

කිං තස්ස ච තුට්ඨස්ස (ඔහු සතුටු වූයේ කුමකට ද?

අලං තස්ස ච තුට්ඨස්ස (ඔහුගේ සතුට පමණ ද?

'''● ත ප්‍රත්‍යය සමඟ'''

රඤ්ඤෝ සම්මතෝ (රජු විසින් සම්මත කරන ලද හෙවත් රජුගේ සම්මතය)

රඤ්ඤෝ පූජිතෝ (රජු විසින් පුදන ලද)

'''සප්තමී විභක්ති අර්ථයෙහි'''

කුසලා නච්ච ගීතස්ස (නැටුම් ගැහුම්හී දක්ෂය)

භගවතෝ පසන්නා (භාග්‍යවතුන් කෙරෙහි ප්‍රසන්න වූ)

දිවසස්ස තික්ඛත්තුං (දවස දවස තුන් වරක්)

'''● දුතියා විභක්ති අර්ථයහි'''

තස්ස භවන්ති වත්තාරෝ (එය කියන්නෝ වෙත්)

භින්නානං සන්ධාතා (බිඳුණ වුන් සමඟි කරන්නේ)

'''●සර, ඉච්ඡ යන ධාතූන්ගෙන් සෑදෙන ක්‍රියා පදවල කර්මය ලෙස'''

මාතු සරති (මව සිහි කරයි)

පුත්තස්ස ඉච්ඡති (පුතා කැමති වෙයි)

'''● පඤ්චමී විභක්ති අර්ථයෙහි'''

අස්සවනතා ධම්මස්ස පරිහායන්ති (නො අසන හෙයින් ධර්මයෙන් පිරිහෙත්)

සබ්බේ තසන්ති දණ්ඩස්ස (සියල්ලෝ දණ්ඩනයෙන් තැතිගනිත්)

=== සත්තමී විභත්තිය (ආධාර කාරකය) ===

* '''වස්තුව පැතිර පවතින ස්ථානය'''

තිලේසු තේලං (තලයෙහි තෙල්)

දධිම්හි සප්පි (දී කිරෙහි ගිතෙල්)

* '''වස්තුව අන්තර්ගත වස්තුව'''

ආසනේ නිසින්නෝ (අසුනෙහි හුන්නේය)

ඝටේසු උදකං අත්ථි (කළයෙහි දිය ඇත)

* '''පවතින ජීවත් වන ස්ථානය'''

ගංගාය සංඝෝ වසති (සංඝයා ගඟ සමීපයෙහි වසයි)

භගවා සාවත්ථියං විහරති (භාග්‍යවතුන් සැවැත් නුවර වසයි)

* '''විෂය ස්ථනය'''

ආකාසේ සකුණා චරන්ති (අහසෙහි පක්ෂීහූ හැසිරෙති)

භූමියං මනුස්සා චරන්ති (මිනිස්සු බිම හැසිරෙති)

* '''වාක්‍යයක කර්මයෙහි'''

භික්ඛූසු අභිවාදෙන්ති (භික්ෂූන් වඳිති)

මුද්ධනි චුම්බිත්වා (මුඳුන සිඹ)

* '''කරණ විභක්ති අර්ථයෙහි'''

පථේසු ගච්ඡන්ති (පථය කරණ කොට යති)

* '''නිමිති අර්ථයෙහි'''

දීපි චම්මේසු හඤ්ඤතේ (දිවියා සම නිමිති කොට/ නිසා මරනු ලැබේ)

කුඤ්ජරෝ දන්තීසු හඤ්ඤතේ (ඇතා දළ නිසා මරනු ලැබේ)

* '''&lt;u&gt;සම්ප්‍රදාන විභක්ති අර්ථයෙහි&lt;/u&gt;'''

සඞ්ඝේ දින්නං මහප්ඵලං (සඞ්ඝයාට දුන් දෙය මහත්ඵලය)

මහාසේනෝ සඞ්ඝේ දේති (මහාසේන් සඞ්ඝයාට දෙන්නේය)

* &lt;u&gt;'''කාලය හැඟවීමේ දී'''&lt;/u&gt;

පුබ්බණ්හසමයේ ගතෝ (පෙරවරු කාලයේ ගියේය)

* '''භාවාර්ථයේ දී'''

භික්ඛු සඞ්ඝේසු භෝජියමානේසු ගතෝ (භික්ෂු සඞ්ඝයා වළඳන කල්හී ගියේය)

ගෝසු දුය්හමානේසු ගතෝ (එළදෙනුන්ගෙන් දොවනා කල ගියේය)

මාතාපිතුසු රුදන්තේසු පබ්බජි (මව්පියන් හඬද්දී පැවිදි විය)

* '''යම් සමූහයක එක් පුද්ගලයෙක්, එක් වස්තුවක් වෙන්කර පැවසීමේ දී'''

නරේසු ඛත්තියා සූරතමා (නරයන් අතර ක්ෂත්‍රියයා ඉතා ශූරයැ)

බ්‍රාහ්මණානං කූටදන්තෝ පණ්ඩිතෝ (බමුණන් අතර කූටදන්ත පණ්ඩිතයෙකි)

* '''තෘතියා විභක්ති අර්ථයෙහි'''

ඤාණස්මිං පසන්නෝ (ඥානයෙන් ප්‍රසන්නය)

== සන්ධි ==

=== ස්වර සන්ධිය ===
ස්වර සන්ධිය වර්ග් 5කි.

# ලෝප
# ආදේශ
# ආගම
# දීර්ඝ
# හ්‍රස්ව

'''&lt;u&gt;01. ලෝප සන්ධිය&lt;/u&gt;'''

පූර්ව ස්වර ලෝප සන්ධිය

උදා:-

සබ්බා + ඊතියෝ = සබ්බ් + ආ + ඊතියෝ

= සබ්බ් + ඊතියෝ

= සබ්බීතියෝ (සියළු උවදුරු)

පරස්වර ලෝප සන්ධිය

උදා:-

ඡායා + ඉව = ඡායා + ව

= ඡායාව (සෙවනැල්ල මෙන්)

'''&lt;u&gt;02. ආදේශ සන්ධිය&lt;/u&gt;'''

මෙහිදී 1. ස්වරයකට ස්වරයක් 2. ස්වරයකට ව්‍යඤ්ජනයක් 3. ව්‍යඤ්ජනයකට ව්‍යඤ්ජනයක් ආදේශ වීම සිදු වේ.

උදා:-

අති + ඉව = අත් + ඉ + ඉ + ව

අත් + ඒ + ව = අතේව (අධික සේ)

උදා:-

අග්ගි + අගාරං = අග්ග් + ඉ + අ + ගාරං

අග්ග් + ය් + අ + ගාරං = අග්‍යගාරං = (ගිනි ගෙය)

උදා:-

පති + අන්ත = ප + ච්ච + අන්තං

= පච්චන්තං (පිටිසර)

'''&lt;u&gt;03. ආගම සන්ධිය&lt;/u&gt;'''

මෙහිදී ස්වරයට ස්වරයක් හෝ ස්වරයට ව්‍යඤ්ජනයක් ආදේශ වේ.

උදා:-

ඒසෝ + ධම්මිකෝ = ඒස් + ඕ + ධම්මිකෝ

ඒස් + අ + ධම්මිකෝ = ඒසධම්මිකෝ (ඒ ධාර්මිකයා)

උදා:-

නි + උපද්දව = නි +ර් + උපද්දව

නිරුපද්දව (උවදුරු නැති)

'''&lt;u&gt;04. ස්වර දීර්ඝ සන්ධිය&lt;/u&gt;'''

පූර්ව ස්වරය හෝ පරස්වරය දීර්ඝ වී පිළිවෙලින් පරස්වරය හෝ පූර්ව ස්වරය ලොප් වීම මෙහිදී සිදු වේ.

උදා:-

විජ්ජු + ඉව = විජ්ජ් + උ + ඉ + ව

විජ්ජ් + ඌ + ව = විජ්ජූව (විදුලිය මෙන්)

උදා:-

තථා + උපමං = තථ් + ආ + උ + පමං

තථ් + ඌ + පමං = තථූපමං (උපමාව එසේය)

'''&lt;u&gt;05. ස්වර හ්‍රස්ව සන්ධිය&lt;/u&gt;'''

උදා:-

තණ්හා + ඛයෝ = තණ්හ් + ආ + ඛයෝ

තණ්හ් + අ + ක් + ඛයෝ = තණහක්ඛයෝ (තණ්හාව ක්ෂය වීම)

=== ව්‍යඤ්ජන සන්ධිය ===
වර්ග 4කි.
1. ද්විත්ව
2. ලෝප
3. ආදේශ
4. ආගම

'''1. ද්විත්ව:-'''
උදා:-
පරි + චජති = පරි + ච් + චජතී
= පරිච්චජති

'''2. ලෝප:-'''
උදා:-
පටි + සඞ්ඛාය + යෝනිසෝ = පටි + සඞ්ඛා + යෝනිසෝ
= පටිසඞ්ඛායෝනිසෝ

'''3. ආදේශ:-'''
උදා:-
පති + හඤ්ඤති = පටි + හඤ්ඤති
=පටිහඤ්ඤති

'''4. ආගම:-'''
බොහෝ සේ දක්නට නොලැබේ.
උදා:-
අතිප්ප + ඛෝ = අතිප්පගෝඛෝ

=== නිග්ගහීත සන්ධිය ===
වර්ග තුනකි.
1. ලෝප
2. ආදේශ
3. ආගම

'''1. ලෝප:-'''
උදා:-
බුද්ධානං + සාසනං = බුද්ධාන + සාසනං
=බුද්ධානසාසනං

උදා:-
ඒවං + අස්ස = ඒවං + අ + ස් + ස
=ඒවං + ස = ඒවංස

උදා:-
චක්කං + ඉව = චක්කං + ඉ + ව
= චක්කං + ව = චක්කංව

'''2. ආදේශ:-'''

උදා:-
සං + ජාතෝ = ස + ඤ් + ජාතෝ
= සඤ්ජාතෝ

ජ යනු ච වර්ගයට අයත් අකුරකි. එහි අවසන් නාසික්‍ය අකුර ඤ ආදේශ වේ.

උදා:-
සං + මතෝ = ස + ම් + මතෝ
= සම්මතෝ

ම යනු ප වර්ගයේ නාසික්‍ය අකුරය. එනිසා ම අකුරම ආදේශ වේ.

උදා:-
පුං + ලිඞ්ග = පු + ල් + ලිඞ්ග
= පුල්ලිඞ්ග

ල අකුරට පෙර ල අකුරණ ආදේශ වේ.

උදා:-
ඒතං + අවෝච = ඒත + ද් + අවෝච
= ඒතදවෝච

උදා:-
ඒවං + ඒව = ඒව + ම් + ඒව
= ඒවමේව

අ අකුරට පෙර ද් හෝ ම් ආදේශ වේ.

'''ආගම:-'''
උදා:-
චක්ඛු + උදපාදි = චක්ඛුං උදපාදි

=== වොමිස්සක සන්ධිය ===
ආදේශ හා විපරීත යනුවෙන් දෙවර්ගයකි.

'''1. ආදේශ'''

උදා:-
බෝධි + අඞ්ගා = බොජ්ඣ + අඞ්ගා
= බොජ්ඣඞ්ගා

'''2. විපරීත'''

උදා:-
සක + හත්ථෝ = ස + හත්ථෝ
= සහත්ථෝ

=== පකති සාධනය ===
සන්ධි නොවී ප්‍රකෘති ස්වභාවයෙන්ම සිටීම පකති සාධනය වේ.

== සමාස ==

== තද්ධිත ==

== ධාතු ==

== කිතක ==
කිසියම් අර්ථයක් ප්‍රකාශ කිරීම සඳහා ධාතුවකට පසුව ප්‍රත්‍යයක් එකතු කොට සාදා ගන්නා පද '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'කිතක' (කෘදන්ත)''' නමින් හැඳින්වේ. '''තද්ධිත''' සෑදෙන්නේ නාමයකට පසුව ප්‍රත්‍යයක්  එක් කිරීමෙනි. මේ අනුව තද්ධිත සහ කිතක දෙකේ වෙනස වටහා ගත හැක.

'''ආඛ්‍යාත''' පද සෑදෙන්නේ ද ධාතු  කෙරෙන් ප්‍රත්‍ය එක් කිරීමෙනි. එසේ සෑදෙන ආඛ්‍යාත වනාහි උත්තම, මජ්ඣිම ආදී පුරුෂත්‍රයෙහි හා කර්‍තෘ, කර්ම ආදී කාරකත්‍රයෙහි වන අලිඞ්ගික පද විශේෂයකි.

'''කිතක පද''' නාම පද මෙන් විභක්තිවල වරනැගෙන අතර පුල්ලිඞ්ග, ඉත්ථි ලිඞ්ග ආදී ලිඞ්ග භජනය කරන, කාරක වැඩි ගණනක යෙදෙන පද විශේෂයකි. තවද පුරුෂ භේදයක් මෙයට අදාළ නොවේ. 

මෙලෙස සාදා ගන්නා කිතක පද නාම පද වශයෙන් ද නාම විශේෂණ වශයෙන් ද භාවිත කෙරේ.

''උදා :- '''නාම පද වශයෙන්''''' 

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; අහං '''ධාවන්තං''' පස්සිං

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; '''ගච්ඡන්තා''' මං පහරිංසු

'''නාම විශේෂණ වශයෙන්''' 

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; '''ගච්ඡන්තා''' මනුස්සා

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; '''විකසිතානි''' පුප්ඵානි

කිතක ප්‍රත්‍යයෝ '''කිච්ච''' හා '''කිත්''' යනුවෙන් කොටස් දෙකකි.
'''ධාතූන්ගේ අන්තයට හා ප්‍රත්‍යයට පෙර ඉකාරයක් ආගම වේ.'''

=== කිච්ච ප්‍රත්‍යයයෝ ===

* තබ්බ
* අනීය
* ණ්‍ය
* තය්‍ය
* රිච්ච

මේවායින් 'යුතුය' යන අර්ථය ප්‍රකාශ වේ. මේවා කර්ම කාරකයෙහි යෙදීමේ දී ලිඞ්ගත්‍රයෙහිම සෑදෙයි. නමුත් භාව කාරකයේ දී නපුංසක ලිඞ්ග ඒක වචනයෙන් පමණක් තැබේ.


'''තබ්බ'''

'''උදා:-'''

පුල්ලිඞ්ග - වාණිජේන චෝරෝ අභිභවිතබ්බෝ (වෙළෙන්දා විසින් සොරා මැඩලිය යුතුය).

ඉත්ථිලිඞ්ග - වාණිජේන තණ්හා අභිභවිතබ්බා (වෙළෙන්දා විසින් තණ්හාව මැඩලිය යුතුය).

නපුංසක ලිඞ්ග - වාණිජේන ලෝභනං අභිභවිතබ්බං (වෙළෙන්දා විසින් ලෝභ කිරීම මැඩලිය යුතුය).

උදා:-
අභිභූ + ඉ + තබ්බ = අභිභ් + ඌ + ඉ + තබ්බ
= අභිභ් + අවි + තබ්බ = අභිභවිතබ්බ

උදා:-
අභි + වාදි + ඉ + තබ්බ = අභි + වාද් + ඉ + ඉ + තබ්බ

= අභිවාද් + ඒ + තබ්බ = අභිවාදේතබ්බ
(වැඳිය යුතු)

උදා:-
ගහ + අනීය = ගහනීය (ගත යුතු ය)

'''ණ්‍ය'''

උදා:-

1. කර + ඉ + ණ්‍ය = කාරිය (කළ යුතුය)

2. සාසු + ණ්‍ය = සිස් + ්‍ය = සිස්ස

===කිත් ප්‍රත්‍යයෝ===

කිච්ච නමැති ප්‍රත්‍ය වර්ගයට පරිබාහිර වූ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රත්‍ය වර්ගයෝ කිත් ප්‍රත්‍යයෝ යැයි හැඳින්වේ. මෙම ප්‍රත්‍ය වර්ගය බොහෝ විට කාල තුනෙහිම යෙදේ. නමුත් ඇතැම් ප්‍රත්‍යයෝ අතීත කාලයේ පමණක් හෝ අනාගත කාලයේ පමණක් හෝ යම් කාල දෙකක පමණක් හෝ යනාදී ලෙස යෙදේ. 

====කාල තුනෙහිම සමානව යෙදෙන ප්‍රත්‍යයෝ====


# '''&lt;u&gt;ණ&lt;/u&gt;'''
කර්මයක් මුලින් ඇති කල එම සකර්මක ධාතුවට පසු මෙම ණ ප්‍රත්‍යය යෙදේ. 

උදා:-
කුම්භ + කර + ණ = කුම්භ + කාර = කුම්භකාර (වළං සාදන්නා)

කම්ම + කර + ණ = කම්මකාර (කර්මය කරන්නා)

ඉහත ණ ප්‍රත්‍යයට පෙර යෙදෙන ආකාරාන්ත ධාතුවට පසු ආය නමැති තවත් ප්‍රත්‍යයක් ආදේශ වේ.

උදා:-
දානං + දා + ණ = දානාදාය (දන් දෙන්නා) 

ධඤ්ඤං + මා + ණ = ධඤ්ඤමාය (ධාන්‍ය මනින්නා)


1. &lt;u&gt;අ&lt;/u&gt;

උදා:-
ධම්මං + ධර + අ = ධම්මධර (ධර්මය දරන) 

දිනං + කර + අ = දිනකර (දවස කරන හෙවත් සූය්‍යර්‍යා)


2. &lt;u&gt;ණ්වු&lt;/u&gt;
මෙම ප්‍රත්‍යයට අක යන ප්‍රත්‍යය ආදේශ වේ.
උදා:-

රථං + කර + ණ්වු = රථං + කාර + අක = රථකාරක (රිය සාදන්නා)

ගහ + ණ්වු = ගාහක (ගන්නා / ග්‍රාහකයා)

==මේවාත් බලන්න==
පාලි විකිපීඩියාව [[W:pi:पालि Pāli]]
 
==External links==
*[https://www.docs.google.com/file/d/0B06JOlm5x83YdWNJY2cyMmNINlk/edit?usp=sharing '''Sinhala to Hindi translator'''] - This program can translate Sinhala into Hindi. It also converts Sinhala script to/from Devanagari script.
*පාලි කියල භාෂාවක් නෑ, ආචාර්ය රාජ සෝමදේව (explained on 78th episode of Unlimited History program on Neth FM, not allowing to insert you tube link here)

{{interwiki|code=pi|පාලි}}
{{wiktionary|පාලි}}</text>
      <sha1>m5l6xrjgmw7g5auvtm0fwy7v3nhibgv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>පංච මහා වාද</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>60169</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754324</id>
      <parentid>749408</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:40:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>112.134.171.7</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>M+N</comment>
      <origin>754324</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5876" sha1="p4dyot2i1evqrp40henkuc7k6wu2emy" xml:space="preserve">'''''Neluni Man Oyata Adarei 08/07/2025'''''{{පිළිබඳ}}
ලංකාවේ ස්ථාන පහකදී ආගමික කරුණු පදනම් කොට ගනිමින් [[බෞද්ධ]] හා [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි]] දෙපක්ෂය අතර සිදු වූ මහා වාද පහ '''පංච මහා වාදය''' ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

==බද්දේගම වාදය==
1865 වර්ෂයේ පෙබරවාරි 8 වන දින, [[බද්දේගම]] ගනේගම ශාලාවකදී මෙම වාදය සිදුවිය. මීට බෞද්ධ පක්ෂයෙන් මොහොට්ටිවත්තේ, කහතොට, කහවේ, බුලත්ගොඩ, වැලිගම, පොතුවිල, සිප්කඩුවේ ආදී හිමිවරුන් සහභාගී වූ බව පැවසෙයි.

==උදම්මිට වාදය==
1866 වර්ෂයේ පෙබරවාරි 1 වන දින සතර කෝරලයෙහි [[උදන්විට]] විහාරස්ථානයේදී සිදුවිය. මීට බෞද්ධ පක්ෂයෙන් [[මිගෙට්ටුවත්තේ ගුණානන්ද හිමි]] හා ක්‍රිස්තියානි පක්ෂයෙන් ජෝන් එඩ්වඩ් හුණුපොල නිළමේ යන අය ප්‍රධානව සහභාගී වූහ. මෙහිලා ප්‍රධාන කරුණු තුනක් පිළිබඳ සංවාදයට ලක්විය. එනම් 
*මැවුම්කරු පිළිබඳ
*ගැලවුම්කාරු සහ විනිශ්චයකරු පිළිබඳ
*සදාකාල ස්වර්ගය

==ගම්පොල වාදය==
වර්ෂ 1871 ජුනි 7 වන දින, [[ගම්පල]] ස්කෝලයේදී මෙම වාදය සිදුවිය. මීට බෞද්ධ පක්ෂයෙන් [[මිගෙට්ටුවත්තේ ගුණානන්ද හිමි]], දොන් අන්දිරිස් බටුවන්තුඩාවේ පණ්ඩිත මහතාද, ක්‍රිස්තියානි පක්ෂයෙන් කාර්ටර් පාදිලිතුමා, සී. පී. රණසිංහ හා ගුණසේකර බර්තලමෙව්ස් යන පාදිලි අයද ප්‍රධානව සහභාගී වූහ.

==පානදුරා  වාදය==
1873 අගෝස්තු 26 හා 28 යන දෙදින තුල [[පානදුර|පාණදුරේදී]] මෙම වාදය සිදුවිය. මෙම වාදය පංචමහා වාද අතුරින් වඩා වැදගත්ම වාදය ලෙස සැළකේ. මෙහිදී බෞද්ධ පක්ෂයෙන් [[මිගෙට්ටුවත්තේ ගුණානන්ද හිමි]] සහ ක්‍රිස්තියානි පක්ෂයෙන් දාවිත්ද සිල්වා පාදිලි යන අය ප්‍රධාන කථිකයෝ දෙදෙනා ලෙස සහභාගී වූහ.

එකල ''සිලෝන් ටයිම්ස්'' ප්‍රවෘත්ති පත්‍රයේ කතෘ ජෝන් කැපර් මහතා, මෙම විවාදයේ සමස්ථය, විවාදය කල වේලාවේදීම ඇඩ්වඩ් පෙරේරා මහතා ලවා [[ඉංග්‍රීසි]] භාෂාවට පරිවර්තනය කොට පිටපත් දහස් ගණනක් මුද්‍රණය කොට විසිරුවා හරිනු ලැබ තිබේ. (ජෝන් කැපර් මහතා හා ඇඩ්වඩ් පෙරේරා යන මහත්වරු ක්‍රිස්තු ලබ්දිකයින් යැයි සඳහන් වේ.) කැපර් මහතා විසින් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කරන ලද එම පිටපතක් අමෙරිකානු ජාතිකයෙක් වූ ෆිබල් මහතා විසින් [[ගාල්ල]]දී දැක එය සිය රටට ගෙන ගොස්, එහිලා නැවතත් මුද්‍රණය කොට බෙදා හැර තිබේ. එහිදී පාණදුරාවාදයේ විවාද තතු දුටු [[හෙන්රි ස්ටීල් ඕල්කට්]]තුමා සහ බ්ලවැස්කි මැතිණිය මෙරටට පැමිණ බුදු ධහමේ ප්‍රබෝධය ඇතිකරනු වස් [[කොළඹ]], [[ගාල්ල]] වැනි ප්‍රදේශ වල පරමවිඥානාර්ථ බෞද්ධ සමාගම් පිහිටුවීමද, ගම් නියම්හී බෞද්ධ පාඨශාලා පිහිටුවීමටද පෙරමුණ ගන්නා ලදී.

==ඌරුගොඩවත්ත වාදය==
වර්ෂ 1899 සැප්තැම්බර් 3 වන ඉරු දින කොළඹ, ඌරුගොඩවත්ත තර්ක දේශනා ශාලාවේදී සිදුවිය.

==මූලාශ්‍ර==
*''පංච මහා වාද'', බෞද්ධ සංස්කෘතික ම්‍යස්ථානය, ISBN 955-8873-05-5
* {{cite book
  |title     = [[පංච මහා වාද (පොත)|පංච මහා වාද]]
  |publisher = බෞද්ධ සංස්කෘතික ම්‍යස්ථානය
  |isbn     = 978-955-8873-05-5
  }}</text>
      <sha1>p4dyot2i1evqrp40henkuc7k6wu2emy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754326</id>
      <parentid>754324</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:41:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>112.134.171.7</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ms</comment>
      <origin>754326</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5832" sha1="4kfgrle4rrstn8u88olq0i88jnzlyhh" xml:space="preserve">{{පිළිබඳ}}
ලංකාවේ ස්ථාන පහකදී ආගමික කරුණු පදනම් කොට ගනිමින් [[බෞද්ධ]] හා [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි]] දෙපක්ෂය අතර සිදු වූ මහා වාද පහ '''පංච මහා වාදය''' ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

==බද්දේගම වාදය==
1865 වර්ෂයේ පෙබරවාරි 8 වන දින, [[බද්දේගම]] ගනේගම ශාලාවකදී මෙම වාදය සිදුවිය. මීට බෞද්ධ පක්ෂයෙන් මොහොට්ටිවත්තේ, කහතොට, කහවේ, බුලත්ගොඩ, වැලිගම, පොතුවිල, සිප්කඩුවේ ආදී හිමිවරුන් සහභාගී වූ බව පැවසෙයි.

==උදම්මිට වාදය==
1866 වර්ෂයේ පෙබරවාරි 1 වන දින සතර කෝරලයෙහි [[උදන්විට]] විහාරස්ථානයේදී සිදුවිය. මීට බෞද්ධ පක්ෂයෙන් [[මිගෙට්ටුවත්තේ ගුණානන්ද හිමි]] හා ක්‍රිස්තියානි පක්ෂයෙන් ජෝන් එඩ්වඩ් හුණුපොල නිළමේ යන අය ප්‍රධානව සහභාගී වූහ. මෙහිලා ප්‍රධාන කරුණු තුනක් පිළිබඳ සංවාදයට ලක්විය. එනම් 
*මැවුම්කරු පිළිබඳ
*ගැලවුම්කාරු සහ විනිශ්චයකරු පිළිබඳ
*සදාකාල ස්වර්ගය

==ගම්පොල වාදය==
වර්ෂ 1871 ජුනි 7 වන දින, [[ගම්පල]] ස්කෝලයේදී මෙම වාදය සිදුවිය. මීට බෞද්ධ පක්ෂයෙන් [[මිගෙට්ටුවත්තේ ගුණානන්ද හිමි]], දොන් අන්දිරිස් බටුවන්තුඩාවේ පණ්ඩිත මහතාද, ක්‍රිස්තියානි පක්ෂයෙන් කාර්ටර් පාදිලිතුමා, සී. පී. රණසිංහ හා ගුණසේකර බර්තලමෙව්ස් යන පාදිලි අයද ප්‍රධානව සහභාගී වූහ.

==පානදුරා  වාදය==
1873 අගෝස්තු 26 හා 28 යන දෙදින තුල [[පානදුර|පාණදුරේදී]] මෙම වාදය සිදුවිය. මෙම වාදය පංචමහා වාද අතුරින් වඩා වැදගත්ම වාදය ලෙස සැළකේ. මෙහිදී බෞද්ධ පක්ෂයෙන් [[මිගෙට්ටුවත්තේ ගුණානන්ද හිමි]] සහ ක්‍රිස්තියානි පක්ෂයෙන් දාවිත්ද සිල්වා පාදිලි යන අය ප්‍රධාන කථිකයෝ දෙදෙනා ලෙස සහභාගී වූහ.

එකල ''සිලෝන් ටයිම්ස්'' ප්‍රවෘත්ති පත්‍රයේ කතෘ ජෝන් කැපර් මහතා, මෙම විවාදයේ සමස්ථය, විවාදය කල වේලාවේදීම ඇඩ්වඩ් පෙරේරා මහතා ලවා [[ඉංග්‍රීසි]] භාෂාවට පරිවර්තනය කොට පිටපත් දහස් ගණනක් මුද්‍රණය කොට විසිරුවා හරිනු ලැබ තිබේ. (ජෝන් කැපර් මහතා හා ඇඩ්වඩ් පෙරේරා යන මහත්වරු ක්‍රිස්තු ලබ්දිකයින් යැයි සඳහන් වේ.) කැපර් මහතා විසින් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කරන ලද එම පිටපතක් අමෙරිකානු ජාතිකයෙක් වූ ෆිබල් මහතා විසින් [[ගාල්ල]]දී දැක එය සිය රටට ගෙන ගොස්, එහිලා නැවතත් මුද්‍රණය කොට බෙදා හැර තිබේ. එහිදී පාණදුරාවාදයේ විවාද තතු දුටු [[හෙන්රි ස්ටීල් ඕල්කට්]]තුමා සහ බ්ලවැස්කි මැතිණිය මෙරටට පැමිණ බුදු ධහමේ ප්‍රබෝධය ඇතිකරනු වස් [[කොළඹ]], [[ගාල්ල]] වැනි ප්‍රදේශ වල පරමවිඥානාර්ථ බෞද්ධ සමාගම් පිහිටුවීමද, ගම් නියම්හී බෞද්ධ පාඨශාලා පිහිටුවීමටද පෙරමුණ ගන්නා ලදී.

==ඌරුගොඩවත්ත වාදය==
වර්ෂ 1899 සැප්තැම්බර් 3 වන ඉරු දින කොළඹ, ඌරුගොඩවත්ත තර්ක දේශනා ශාලාවේදී සිදුවිය.

==මූලාශ්‍ර==
*''පංච මහා වාද'', බෞද්ධ සංස්කෘතික ම්‍යස්ථානය, ISBN 955-8873-05-5
* {{cite book
  |title     = [[පංච මහා වාද (පොත)|පංච මහා වාද]]
  |publisher = බෞද්ධ සංස්කෘතික ම්‍යස්ථානය
  |isbn     = 978-955-8873-05-5
  }}</text>
      <sha1>4kfgrle4rrstn8u88olq0i88jnzlyhh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>රාමසාන් උත්සවය</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>85687</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754226</id>
      <parentid>753764</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T14:57:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2402:4000:23E0:3EBE:6183:C84B:43D6:D190</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Edit the title...</comment>
      <origin>754226</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17840" sha1="t7t9m4plhng1cn9gi2o06bh06eaao67" xml:space="preserve">රාමසාන් යනු ඉස්ලාමයේ අනුගාමිකයන් වන මුස්ලිම්වරුන්  නිරාහාරව සිටීම, ස්වයං විනය පුහුණු  කිරීම සහ යාච්ඤා  කිරීමේ ශුද්ධ මාසයකි. මුස්ලිම්වරුන් සඳහා වූ ශුද්ධ ග්‍රන්ථය වන අල් කුර්ආනය පිළිබඳ මුහම්මද් තුමාණන්ට මුලික හෙළිදරව් කිරීම් ලැබුණු මාසය ලෙස එය සමරනු ලැබේ. නිරාහාරය ඉස්ලාමයේ මූලික මූලධර්ම පහෙන් එකකි. රාමසාන් සමයේ සෑම දිනකම මුස්ලිම්වරු හිරු උදාවේ සිට හිරු බැසීම දක්වා ආහාරයට ගන්නේ නැත. අපිරිසිදු සිතුවිලි සහ නරක හැසිරීම් වලින් වැළකී සිටිය යුතුය... මුස්ලිම්වරු පවුලේ අය සහ මිතුරන් සමඟ ආහාර බෙදා ගැනීමෙන් ඔවුන්ගේ දෛනික උපවාසය අත්හරින අතර රාමදාන් අවසානය සමරනු ලබන්නේ ඉස්ලාමයේ ප්‍රධාන නිවාඩු දිනයක් වන ඊද් අල්-ෆිතර් නමින් දින  උත්සවයක් සමරමිනි. රාමසාන් සෑමවිටම මාස 12 ඉස්ලාමීය දින දර්ශනයේ නවවන මාසයට අයත් වෙයි .

== ඉස්ලාමයේ කුළුණු සියය සහ කණු අට ==
Ramadan is a holy month of fasting, introspection and prayer for Muslims, the followers of Islam. It is celebrated as the month during which Muhammad received the initial revelations of the Quran, the holy book for Muslims. Fasting is one of the five fundamental principles of Islam. Each day during Ramadan, Muslims do not eat or drink from sunrise to sunset. They are also supposed to avoid impure thoughts and bad behavior. Muslims break their daily fasts by sharing meals with family and friends, and the end of Ramadan is celebrated with a three-day festival known as Eid al-Fitr, one of Islam’s major holidays. Ramadan always falls on the ninth month of the 12-month Islamic calendar, and Ramadan 2020 begins at sunset on Thursday, April 23, and ends on Saturday, May 23.

Islam at a Glance

Islam is the world’s second largest religion after Christianity and has more than 1 billion followers. Islam originated in Arabia and has spread all over the world.

Countries with the largest Muslim populations include Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Egypt, Turkey and Iran. There are an estimated 7 million Muslims in America, along with Islamic places of worship, called mosques, in all 50 states.

Did you know? America's first mosque was built by Lebanese immigrants in North Dakota in the 1920s. The mosque was torn down in the 1970s and later replaced. What's believed to be the oldest surviving mosque in the U.S. was constructed in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in the 1930s.

Muslims believe that around 610 A.D. a man named Muhammad (c.570-632) from the Arabian city of Mecca started receiving revelations from God, or Allah, via the angel Gabriel. The revelations were collected into a 114-chapter holy book known as the Quran (or Koran), which Muslims believe contains the exact words of God.

Muhammad is, according to Muslims, the final prophet in a line of prophets (including Adam, Abraham, Moses and Jesus) who were chosen by God to act as messengers and teach mankind. Muslims believe there is one all-knowing God, and people can achieve salvation by following his commandments. In Arabic, Islam means “submission” or “surrender” (to God).

A series of formal acts of worship, known as the Five Pillars of Islam, are fundamental to the lives of Muslims. The pillars include shahada (a declaration of faith: “There is no deity but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God”); prayer (Muslims pray five times a day); zakat (charitable giving); fasting and pilgrimage (Muslims are supposed to make a trip, or “hajj,” to the city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, at least once in a lifetime if they are physically and financially able).

When Is Ramadan?

Ramadan 2020 begins at sunset on Thursday, April 23, and ends on Saturday, May 23. The following year, Ramadan 2021 will begin at sunset on Monday, April 12 and end on Tuesday, May 11.

Ramadan is the ninth month of the 12-month Islamic calendar, a lunar calendar that’s based on the phases of the moon. The lunar calendar falls short of the solar calendar by 11 days.

As a result, Ramadan doesn’t start on the same date each year and instead, over time, passes through all the seasons

Why Is Ramadan Celebrated?

Ramadan is celebrated as the month during which Muhammad received the initial revelations of what became the Quran, the holy book for Muslims, from God.

The Quran states:

“The month of Ramadhan [is that] in which was revealed the Qur’an, guidance for the people and clear proofs of guidance and criterion. So whoever sights [the new moon of] the month, let him fast it.”

The Rules of Ramadan

During Ramadan, Muslims fast from dawn to dusk each day. They are supposed to avoid eating, drinking, smoking and sexual activity, as well as unkind or impure thoughts and words and immoral behavior.

Ramadan is a time to practice self-restraint and self-reflection. Fasting is seen as a way to cleanse the soul and have empathy for those in the world who are hungry and less fortunate. Muslims go to work and school and take care of their usual activities during Ramadan; however, some also read the entire Quran, say special prayers and attend mosques more frequently during this time.

All Muslims who have reached puberty and are in good health are required to fast. The sick and elderly, along with travelers, pregnant women and those who are nursing are exempt, although they are supposed to make up for the missed fast days sometime in the future or help feed the poor.

The first pre-dawn meal of the day during Ramadan is called “suhoor.” Each day’s fast is broken with a meal known as “iftar.” Traditionally, a date is eaten to break the fast. Iftars are often elaborate feasts celebrated with family and friends. The types of foods served vary according to culture.

Eid al-Fitr

The conclusion of Ramadan is marked with a major celebration known as Eid al-Fitr (or Eid ul-Fitr), the Feast of Fast-Breaking. It starts the day after Ramadan ends and lasts for three days.

Eid al-Fitr includes special prayers and meal

Character limit: 5000

== ඉස්ලාමයේ කුළුණු පහ ==
ඉස්ලාමය බැලූ බැල්මට

ඉස්ලාමය යනු ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මයෙන් පසු ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම ආගම වන අතර අනුගාමිකයන් බිලියනයකට වඩා සිටී. ඉස්ලාමය අරාබියේ ආරම්භ වූ අතර එය ලොව පුරා ව්‍යාප්ත විය.

විශාලතම මුස්ලිම් ජනගහනයක් සිටින රටවල් අතර ඉන්දුනීසියාව, පකිස්ථානය, බංග්ලාදේශය, නයිජීරියාව, ඊජිප්තුව, තුර්කිය සහ ඉරානය ඇතුළත් වේ. ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ මුස්ලිම්වරුන් මිලියන 7 ක් සිටින අතර ඉස්ලාමීය පූජනීය ස්ථාන මුස්ලිම් පල්ලි ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

ඔයා දන්නවද? ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු පල්ලිය 1920 දී උතුරු ඩැකෝටා හි ලෙබනන් සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විසින් ඉදිකරන ලද්දකි. මුස්ලිම් පල්ලිය 1970 දශකයේදී ඉරා දමා පසුව ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදි. එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දැනට ඉතිරිව ඇති පැරණිතම මුස්ලිම් පල්ලිය යැයි විශ්වාස කෙරෙන දේ 1930 ගණන්වල අයෝවා හි සීඩාර් රාපීඩ්ස් හි ඉදිකරන ලදි.

610 දී පමණ අරාබි නගරයක් වන මක්කමෙහි මුහම්මද් (ක්‍රි.ව .570-632) ගේබ්‍රියෙල් දේවදූතයා තුළින් දෙවියන්ගෙන් හෝ අල්ලාහ්ගෙන් හෙළිදරව් කිරීම් ලැබීමට පටන් ගත් බව මුස්ලිම්වරු විශ්වාස කරති. මෙම හෙළිදරව් කිරීම් 114 වන පරිච්ඡේදයේ අල් කුර්ආනය (හෝ කුරානය) නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ශුද්ධ ග්‍රන්ථයකට එකතු කරන ලදී.

මුහම්මද් තුමා මුස්ලිම්වරුන්ට අනුව, අනාගතවක්තෘවරුන්ගෙන් (ආදම්, ආබ්‍රහම්, මෝසෙස් සහ ජේසුස් වහන්සේ ඇතුළු) අවසාන අනාගතවක්තෘවරයා දෙවියන් වහන්සේ විසින් තෝරාගනු ලැබුවේ පණිවිඩකරුවන් ලෙස ක්‍රියා කිරීමට හා මනුෂ්‍ය වර්ගයාට ඉගැන්වීමටය. මුස්ලිම්වරුන් විශ්වාස කරන්නේ සර්වබලධාරි දෙවි කෙනෙකු සිටින බවත්, ඔහුගේ ආ .ා පිළිපැදීමෙන් මිනිසුන්ට ගැලවීම ලබා ගත හැකි බවත්ය. අරාබි භාෂාවෙන් ඉස්ලාම් යනු “යටත් වීම” හෝ “යටත් වීම” (දෙවියන් වහන්සේට) යන්නයි.

ඉස්ලාමයේ කුළුණු පහ ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන විධිමත් නීති  මාලාවක් මුස්ලිම්වරුන්ගේ ජීවිතවලට මූලික වේ. මෙම කුළුණු වලට ෂහදා (ඇදහිල්ල ප්‍රකාශ කිරීම: “දෙවියන් හැර වෙනත් දෙවියෙකු නැත, මුහම්මද් දෙවියන් වහන්සේගේ දූතයාය”); යාච්ඤා (මුස්ලිම්වරු දිනකට පස් වතාවක් ); zakat (පුණ්‍ය කටයුතු); නිරාහාරව සිටීම සහ වන්දනා ගමන් කිරීම (මුස්ලිම්වරුන්ට සෞදි අරාබියේ මක්කම නගරයට සංචාරයක් හෝ “හජ්” කිරීමට සිදුවේ, අවම වශයෙන් ජීවිත කාලයට වරක්වත් ඔවුන්ට ශාරීරිකව හා මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් හැකියාවක් තිබේ නම්).

== හේතුව ==
රාමසාන් 2020 අප්‍රේල් 23 වන බ්‍රහස්පතින්දා හිරු බැස යෑමෙන් ආරම්භ වී මැයි 23 සෙනසුරාදා අවසන් වේ. ඊළඟ වසරේදී රාමසාන් 2021 අප්‍රේල් 12 සඳුදා හිරු බැස යෑමෙන් ආරම්භ වී මැයි 11 වන අඟහරුවාදා අවසන් වේ.

රාමදාන් යනු මාස ​​12 ක ඉස්ලාමීය දින දර්ශනයේ නවවන මාසය වන අතර එය චන්ද්‍ර දින දර්ශනයකි. චන්ද්‍ර දින දර්ශනය සූර්ය  දින දර්ශනයට දින 11 කින් අඩු වේ.

එහි ප්‍රති As ලයක් ලෙස රාමසාන් සෑම වසරකම එකම දිනයකින් ආරම්භ නොවන අතර කාලයත් සමඟ සියලු .තු හරහා ගමන් කරයි

මුස්ලිම්වරුන් සඳහා වූ ශුද්ධ ග්‍රන්ථය වන අල් කුර්ආනය දෙවියන් වහන්සේගෙන් මුහම්මද් තුමාට මුලික හෙළිදරව් කිරීම් ලැබුණු මාසය ලෙස රාමදාන් සමරනු ලැබේ.

අල් කුර්ආනය මෙසේ පවසයි.

අල් කුර්ආනය හෙළිදරව් කිරීම, ජනතාව සඳහා මග පෙන්වීම සහ මඟ පෙන්වීම සහ නිර්ණායක පිළිබඳ පැහැදිලි සාක්ෂි රාමදාන් මාසය වේ. එබැවින් යමෙක් මාසයේ නව සඳ දෙස බලන විට ඔහු එය නිරාහාරව තබන්න. ”

== නීති රීති ==
රාමසාන් සමයේදී මුස්ලිම්වරු සෑම දිනකම උදේ සිට සවස් වන තුරුම නිරාහාරව සිටිති. ඔවුන් ආහාර ගැනීම, බීම, දුම් පානය සහ ලිංගික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වලින් වැළකී සිටිය යුතු අතර අකාරුණික හෝ අපිරිසිදු සිතුවිලි සහ වචන , දුරාචාර හැසිරීම් වලින් වැළකී සිටිය යුතුය.

රාමසාන් යනු ස්වයං සංයමයකින් හා ස්වයං පරාවර්තනයකින් යුතු කාලයකි. නිරාහාරව සිටීම ආත්මය පවිත්‍ර කිරීමේ ක්‍රමයක් ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර එමගින්   කුගින්නෙන් පෙළෙන සහ අවාසනාවන්ත ලෝකයේ සිටින අය කෙරෙහි සංවේදනය ඇති කර ගත හැකිය. රාමසාන් සමයේදී මුස්ලිම්වරු රැකියාවට හා පාසලට ගොස් ඔවුන්ගේ සුපුරුදු ක්‍රියාකාරකම් කරති කෙසේ වෙතත්, සමහරු මුළු අල් කුර්ආනයම කියවති, විශේෂ යාච්ඤා  පවසති.

වැඩිවියට පත්වී සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව සිටින සියලුම මුස්ලිම්වරු නිරාහාරව සිටිය යුතුය. රෝගී සහ වැඩිහිටියන්, සංචාරකයින්, ගර්භනී කාන්තාවන් සහ කිරි දෙන අය මෙයින්  නිදහස් වේ, ඔවුන් අනාගතයේ යම් වේලාවක මඟ හැරුණු උපවාස  දින සකස් කර ගැනීම හෝ දුප්පතුන්ට  උදව් කළ යුතුය .

රාමසාන් සමයේ දවසේ පළමු පෙර උදෑසන ආහාරය “සුහූර්” ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. සෑම දිනකම උපවාසය “ඉෆ්තාර්” නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආහාර වේලක් සමඟ කැඩී යයි. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව උපවාසය කඩ කිරීම සඳහා  අනුභව කරනු ලැබේ. ඉෆ්තාර් බොහෝ විට පවුලේ අය සහ මිතුරන් සමඟ සමරනු ලබන විචිත්‍රවත් ආහාර වේල් වේ. පිරිනමන ආහාර වර්ග සංස්කෘතිය අනුව වෙනස් වේ.

== ඊද් අල්-ෆිතර් ==
රාමසාන් සමයේ අවසානය සලකුණු කර ඇත්තේ ඊඩ් අල්-ෆිතර් (හෝ ඊද් උල්-ෆිතර්), උපවාස  කඩන මංගල්යය ලෙසිනි. එය ආරම්භ වන්නේ රාමසාන් දිනය අවසන් වී දින තුනක් පවතින බැවිනි.

ඊද් අල්-ෆිතර්ට විශේෂ යාච්ඤා  සහ ආහාර වේල් ඇතුළත් වේ .

== referances ==


https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan</text>
      <sha1>t7t9m4plhng1cn9gi2o06bh06eaao67</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>පරිශීලක සාකච්ඡාව:Sachira Bhanu(sachi)</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>108149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754247</id>
      <parentid>752171</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T18:43:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>16264</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wikidata weekly summary #687 */ නව ඡේදය</comment>
      <origin>754247</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1562612" sha1="ewaoog17ns5yhrchjjw83v7e75eme0f" xml:space="preserve">{{දැන්වීම|මෙම පරිශීලකගේ පැරණි සාකච්ඡාව පිටුව [[පරිශීලක සාකච්ඡාව:Sachira Bhanu(sachi)/archive|මෙතැනට]] සහ [[පරිශීලක සාකච්ඡාව:Sachira Bhanu(sachi)/archive/1|මෙතැනට]] ගෙගොස් ඇත.}}

== ඔබගේ පැරණි සාකච්ඡා පිටුව ==

Mass message log තුළ ඉතා දිගු කලක් සිට ඔබගේ පිටුවට පණිවිඩ ගෙන ඒම පිළිබඳ ගැටලු වාර්තා වේ. එම නිසා පැරණි පණිවිඩ වෙනත් තැනකට ගෙන ගියෙමි. -- [[User:Lee|Lee]] ([[User talk:Lee|talk]]) 08:09, 21 අප්‍රේල් 2023 (යූටීසී)

== Wikidata weekly summary #584 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Tomodachi94|Tomodachi94]] (RfP scheduled to end after 21 July 2023 05:02 UTC)
** New requests for permissions/Bot:
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Peuc bot 3|Peuc bot 3]] (Task: One-time import of a database of Québec written literary works)
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/MajavahBot|MajavahBot]] (Task: Import version and metadata information for Python libraries from [https://pypi.org/ PyPI])

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Upcoming: [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/MNSAJ5XLNLF6XBCYGB3CYHB72O6XVQGL/ The 4th Wikidata Workshop. (Extended deadline)! Papers are due on Thursday, 27 July 2023]
** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #101, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=101 Archives] (Challenge started on 2023-07-17 12:01:18
** Past: Wikidata and Wikibase Q3 office hour session log: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram_office_hour_2023-07-12|Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2023-07-12 ]]

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [https://www.bylinebyline.com/articles/internets-architects-wikipedia-wikimedia-editors#:~:text=the%20internet%20itself.-,KALLI%20MATHIOS,-Can%20you%20describe Issue 01: Who Builds The Internet?]
*** [[:w:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2023-07-17/In_focus|Are the children of celebrities over-represented in French cinema?]] in  ''[[:w:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost|The Signpost]]'', July 17, 2023
*** [https://beforesandafters.com/2023/07/11/the-humble-guide-to-building-an-asset-library/ The humble guide to building an asset library]
** Papers
*** [https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00569/116618 OpenFact: Factuality Enhanced Open Knowledge Extraction]
*** [https://figshare.com/s/a1ed9cdbd917c923b884 &quot;Psychiq and Wwwyzzerdd: Wikidata completion using Wikipedia&quot;] (browser extension to import information from Wikipedia, assisted by a DistilBERT-based ML model to predict Wikidata statements for instance and subclass)
*** [https://redc.revistas.csic.es/index.php/redc/article/view/1519/2297 A universal literary canon based on multilingual encyclopedic data: proposal for a measurement method of literary works using quantitative data obtained from Wikidata and Wikipedia]
** Videos
*** Live Q &amp; A with Denny Vrandečić - on Wikidata, Abstract Wikipedia and GenAi - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5Aw9fkPyoM YouTube]
*** Constructing ethnic language links to open data? Status of Sediq usage on Wikidata (in Chinese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8FYhm9OI1c YouTube]
*** LD4 conference (YouTube)
**** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFl28pCkoHs Linked data via Vivaldi: A musical journey from Wikidata to the library catalog]
**** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPgGq1yNM1Q Wikidata Sprint in UNLV Special Collections Highlighting LGBTQ+ Las Vegas]
**** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CiFIIZSCxo Linking Us Together: Applications of Wikidata in Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online (SUCHO)]
**** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYoD6-aw80M WikiframeVG: A SPARQL Template-based Wikiframe for Wikidata Graph Exploration]
**** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvrxTh8xfdY Wikidata and the sum of all video games: putting the &quot;linked&quot; in video game metadata]
**** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X70oWw3sXk8 How do you model my gender? Studying gender representation in the Wikidata knowledge base]

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://wdrc.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Recent Changes API] (simple front-end to the actual API) lets you query Wikidata edits by either properties, or labels/aliases/descriptions/sitelinks. You can retrieve any changes, or specify added/changed/removed. Current lag to Wikidata: 1 seconds. ([http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/?p=665 blog])

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Property:P11889|autosuggest value]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier for P1963 that suggests which values should be autosuggested to the user that uses the property for items that are instances of the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P11870|The Literary Encyclopedia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P11871|ComingSoon.it TV series ID]], [[:d:Property:P11872|ComingSoon.it TV program ID]], [[:d:Property:P11873|‎parliament.bg MP ID]], [[:d:Property:P11874|Archivio digitale Fondo Edifici di Culto ID]], [[:d:Property:P11875|Flashpoint database ID]], [[:d:Property:P11876|Choisirleservicepublic.gouv.fr organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P11877|Gameswelt ID]], [[:d:Property:P11878|Vélo'v station ID]], [[:d:Property:P11879|Lithuanian protected object ID]], [[:d:Property:P11880|Saugoma.lt area ID]], [[:d:Property:P11881|Saugoma.lt object ID]], [[:d:Property:P11882|Alienor.org ID]], [[:d:Property:P11883|Musées Occitanie ID]], [[:d:Property:P11884|Trésors de Nice ID]], [[:d:Property:P11885|Image Duplicator ID]], [[:d:Property:P11886|CNR ExploRA author ID]], [[:d:Property:P11887|ECLI court code]], [[:d:Property:P11888|Romanian river code]], [[:d:Property:P11890|‎German University Collections person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/verdict|verdict]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;decision made at the end of a trial by the judge or jury&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Founder of|Founder of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/underlying structure|underlying structure]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;an instance of the subject becomes an instance of the object if some of its data are lost&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/timetable|timetable]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Archival Information Network authority record|Canadian Archival Information Network authority record]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BDFutbol manager ID 2|BDFutbol manager ID 2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GSA player ID|GSA player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DigiListan artist ID|DigiListan artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FSHF player ID|FSHF player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WWGR player ID|WWGR player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Threads username|Threads username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ProQuest publication ID|ProQuest publication ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lift Up profile ID|Lift Up profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet Broadway Database touring theatre ID|Internet Broadway Database touring theatre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ligue nationale de rugby ID|Ligue nationale de rugby ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Musée critique de la Sorbonne ID|Musée critique de la Sorbonne ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FantLab translator ID|FantLab translator ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Literary Encyclopedia work ID|The Literary Encyclopedia work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Acclaimed Music album ID|Acclaimed Music album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hugging Face user or organization ID|Hugging Face user or organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Friedländer ID|Friedländer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IMDb keyword|IMDb keyword]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
*** [https://w.wiki/6$vi List of data journals at Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/_shigapov/status/1678780961214050306 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Week 28, 2023: Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/110718631093218142 source])
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Antiquity|WikiProject Antiquity]] (aims to gather all contributors working in an aspect or another of Antiquity)
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Lodging|WikiProject Lodging]] (aims at creating, improving, and organizing Wikidata items related to lodging, such as hotels, motels, inns, guest houses and lodging-related topics)

* '''Development'''
** Vector 2022 skin: We finished working on removing the strange bolding pattern of the Search Results on Wikidata. Should be rolled out in the next train ([[phab:T327510]])
** EntitySchemas: We are working on showing the Label of EntitySchema in Statements and Special pages ([[phab:T339924]])
** Mismatch Finder: We are working on adding the Language Selector to the Mismatch Finder ([[phab:T328149]])
** mul: We trying out changing how placeholders in Wikibase termboxes work: They’ll soon start falling back across the fallback chain of the language until they hit mul ([[phab:T340832]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 07 17|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 13:54, 17 ජූලි 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25297678 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #585 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Yahya|Yahya]] (RfP scheduled to end after 26 July 2023 17:46 UTC)
** Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Tomodachi94|Tomodachi94]] (successful) Welcome on board \o/

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Upcoming
*** Missed the initial office hour sessions for preparing a WikidataCon 2023 submission? Join the next sessions on 20th, 22nd, and 26th and bring all your questions. [[d:Wikidata:WikidataCon_2023#Office_hours|Wikidata:WikidataCon 2023#Office hours]] (available in both Mandarin and English)
*** Live Wikidata editing in Italian, July 25 at 9:00 PM CEST on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2oj_NAENvY YouTube]
** Ongoing
***  Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #102, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=102 Money] (Challenge started on 2023-07-24 12:01:19)

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/12/abstract-wikipedia-gains-new-support-from-the-rockefeller-foundation/ Abstract Wikipedia gains new support from The Rockefeller Foundation]
*** [https://addshore.com/2023/07/wikibase-and-reconciliation/ Wikibase and reconciliation], by Adshore
*** [https://whoseknowledge.org/wikidata-robot-epistemology/ Wikidata: why we contribute to the robot epistemology]
** Papers
*** [https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011235 Ten quick tips for editing Wikidata]
** Videos
*** Wikidata data set of the Sediq language (in Chinese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XMdiI3izrE YouTube]
*** How can we utilize Wikidata to protect Puyuma, an endangered language - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfSfKu8WESs YouTube]
*** WikiConference India 2023 - Linking Wikidata with Wikivoyage - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_th9xT6-2Pw YouTube]
*** WikiConference India 2023 — Structured Data in Wikidata and Commons - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUadi5Mumvg YouTube]
** Dataviz
*** [https://mtmx.github.io/wikicommunes/ Wikicommunes] (See also the [https://mastodon.social/@mat@mapstodon.space/109551155521935438 thread] on Mastodon)

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://wikidata-todo.toolforge.org/images_near_items.php Images near items] - helps to find Wikimedia Commons images near Wikidata items without image. It can load a category tree of Commons images with coodrinates, and then find Wikidata items of a certain [[d:Property:P31|P31]] with coordinates but without images. Then, it will try to find nearby (&lt;50 meters) pairs. (example [https://wikidata-todo.toolforge.org/images_near_items.php?category=Telephone+booths+in+the+United+Kingdom&amp;depth=5&amp;p31=Q712868&amp;max_distance_m=50 link] for UK red phone booths)

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPRW3TAAZK3DPVGN5JKGVJRVPBUJDQNE/ Update on the collaboration between Wikimedia Deutschland, Igbo Wikimedia Usergroup and Wikimedia Indonesia to advance the technical capacities of the movement around Wikidata].

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Property:P11899|median household income]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;median of the household income (cumulated salaries etc.) of a specific place, such as city, state, country&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P11903|login URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a webpage used to log into a service&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P11904|registration page URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a webpage used to sign up for a service&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P11891|GamersGlobal series ID]], [[:d:Property:P11892|Threads username]], [[:d:Property:P11893|Dutch word ID]], [[:d:Property:P11895|BSRussia.com team ID]], [[:d:Property:P11896|Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia author ID]], [[:d:Property:P11897|World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions ID]], [[:d:Property:P11898|Stage 32 profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P11900|Livres Hebdo award ID]], [[:d:Property:P11901|NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms entry]], [[:d:Property:P11902|NCI Dictionary of Genetics Terms entry]], [[:d:Property:P11905|ifkdb.se player ID]], [[:d:Property:P11906|Livres Hebdo tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P11907|stats.fm album ID]], [[:d:Property:P11908|Ligue nationale de rugby ID]], [[:d:Property:P11909|Holarse article ID]], [[:d:Property:P11910|Musée critique de la Sorbonne ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Top scorer|Top scorer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;This property is for the best scorer of a single season of a team sport's competition, or even for the best ever scorer of the history of a competition. The qualifiers to be admitted to this property should be: {{p|54}}; {{p|1532}}; {{p|1013}} (es.: goals / tries / points / etc ).&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BDFutbol referee ID|BDFutbol referee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Baseball-Reference.com manager ID|Baseball-Reference.com manager ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/USOPC Hall of Fame ID|USOPC Hall of Fame ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant d'un défunt sur le site Dans nos cœurs|identifiant d'un défunt sur le site Dans nos cœurs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IbsenStage ID|IbsenStage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TV Guide movie ID|TV Guide movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OlimpBase FIDE ratings ID|OlimpBase FIDE ratings ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digitale Sammlungen Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt ID|Digitale Sammlungen Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Capitolium Art artist ID|Capitolium Art artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nurnet ID|Nurnet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Roku Channel Store ID|Roku Channel Store ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
*** [https://w.wiki/74wp Bubble graph of the first letter of the word for &quot;one&quot; for languages where Wikidata has a Lexeme] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1681314960318799878 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/76rj Searches for trying to replace broken Art UK external IDs] ([[d:Property_talk:P1367#Queries_relating_to_changed_Art_UK_identifiers|source]])
*** [https://w.wiki/75ye People linked in the English Wikipedia page &quot;List of current United States governors&quot;] ([https://t.me/c/1224298920/110790 source])
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Henrik Ibsen|WikiProject Henrik Ibsen]] is a project for users interested in the Norwegian playwright [[d:Q36661|Henrik Ibsen (Q36661)]].
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Getty Library Wikidata Pilot|WikiProject Getty Library Wikidata Pilot]] - is a WikiProject in the [[d:Q57697861|Getty Library]] at the [[d:Q11203476|Getty Research Institute]] (part of the [[d:Q2919540|J. Paul Getty Trust)]] to create and enhance Wikidata items related to information in materials from the library’s Whitney and Lee Kaplan Collection of African American Visual Culture.

* '''Development'''
** EntitySchemas: We expanded the new datatype that is in testing. When a statement links to an EntitySchema it will now show its label when available ([[phab:T338613]]). We are also working on showing them by their label in recent changes and similar places ([[phab:T214885]]).
** mul language code: we are working on improving the termbox to integrate this new language code better ([[phab:T340644]])
** Mismatch Finder: We are working on adding a language selector to it so you can switch the language of the tool ([[phab:T328149]])
** Wikibase REST API: We completed two new endpoint for the Wikibase REST API:
*** Retrieve all statements from a Property - /entities/properties/{property_id}/statements
*** Retrieve a single statement from a Property - /entities/properties/{property_id}/statements/{statement_id}
*** You can also retrieve a single statement from a Property from the existing /statements/{statement_id} endpoint

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 07 24|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat(WMDE)]] 15:42, 24 ජූලි 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25328487 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #587 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
* '''Discussions'''
** Welcome to our new admin [[d:User:Yahya|Yahya]]! ([[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Yahya|see the closed request]])

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** The deadline for submitting your proposals for WikidataCon 2023 is July 31st (23:59) anywhere in the world. Submit your proposals at https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon2023/

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1570826823000288?via%3Dihub An analysis of discussions in collaborative knowledge engineering through the lens of Wikidata], Elisavet Koutsiana et. al.

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [[d:User:Bovlb/osm.js|osm.js]] will add a link to the navigation for items that have a Wikidata mapping on the OSM side.

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Property:P11899|median household income]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;median of the household income (cumulated salaries etc.) of a specific place, such as city, state, country&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P11903|login URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a webpage used to log into a service&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P11904|registration page URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a webpage used to sign up for a service&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P11916|shortcode]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;string of text replaced by an emoji or other character on a platform (e.g. :heart_eyes:)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P11922|verdict]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;decision made at the end of a trial by the judge or jury&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P11898|Stage 32 profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P11900|Livres Hebdo award ID]], [[:d:Property:P11901|NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms entry]], [[:d:Property:P11902|NCI Dictionary of Genetics Terms entry]], [[:d:Property:P11905|ifkdb.se player ID]], [[:d:Property:P11906|Livres Hebdo tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P11907|stats.fm album ID]], [[:d:Property:P11908|Ligue nationale de rugby ID]], [[:d:Property:P11909|Holarse article ID]], [[:d:Property:P11910|Musée critique de la Sorbonne ID]], [[:d:Property:P11911|Spotlight PIN ID]], [[:d:Property:P11912|myjewishitaly.it ID]], [[:d:Property:P11913|Minerba One Data Indonesia ID]], [[:d:Property:P11914|Wikibase World ID]], [[:d:Property:P11915|Open Yearbook org id]], [[:d:Property:P11917|ProQuest publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P11918|Friedländer ID]], [[:d:Property:P11919|FIGC player ID]], [[:d:Property:P11920|hitparade.ch song ID]], [[:d:Property:P11921|Theapolis theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P11923|IbsenStage ID]], [[:d:Property:P11924|IMDb keyword]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Top scorer|Top scorer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;This property is for the best scorer of a single season of a team sport's competition, or even for the best ever scorer of the history of a competition. The qualifiers to be admitted to this property should be: {{p|54}}; {{p|1532}}; {{p|1013}} (es.: goals / tries / points / etc ).&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Project partner|Project partner]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;property to list the partners of a project or an event, when different from the organizing body.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TV Guide movie ID|TV Guide movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OlimpBase FIDE ratings ID|OlimpBase FIDE ratings ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digitale Sammlungen Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt ID|Digitale Sammlungen Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Capitolium Art artist ID|Capitolium Art artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nurnet ID|Nurnet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Roku Channel Store ID|Roku Channel Store ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BHL item ID|BHL item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GamerProfiles Game ID|GamerProfiles Game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pouët d'un groupe de démo|identifiant Pouët d'un groupe de démo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pouët d'une démo|identifiant Pouët d'une démo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pouët d'un membre d'un groupe de démo|identifiant Pouët d'un membre d'un groupe de démo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kastelenlexicon ID|Kastelenlexicon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SEVIS school ID|SEVIS school ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Xiaohongshu User ID|Xiaohongshu User ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Musée d'Arts de Nantes ID|Musée d'Arts de Nantes ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
*** [https://w.wiki/7AAt List of people in the NZThesisProject with no assigned gender] ([https://twitter.com/KnitMeAThneed/status/1684841670028980224 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7AAu Cultural institutions having a Mastodon handle] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1684488921474822146 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/78D8 Maps of places in Rennes with an article on French Wikipedia, color-coded by number of pages on the Wikimedia Projects] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1684201272784695296 source])

* '''Development'''
** Wikibase REST API:
*** We released the following new stuff to Wikidata:
**** GET /entities/properties/{property_id}/statements ([[phab:T339356]]) (new route)
**** GET /entities/properties/{property_id}/statements/{statement_id} ([[phab:T338383]]) (new route)
**** GET /statements/{statement_id} (now supports statements on Properties)
*** We started work on a new route for replacing the data of a statement on a Property ([[phab:T340006]])
** EntitySchemas:
*** We worked on improving the termbox (the table of labels, descriptions and aliases) on EntitySchema pages to bring it more in line with the one on Items and Properties
*** We made sure that EntitySchemas are shown by their label instead of ID when available in Recent Changes and similar lists ([[phab:T339924]])
** Mismatch Finder: We added a language selector so you can switch the interface language ([[phab:T328149]])
** mul language code: We are working on showing more labels from fallback languags in the termbox ([[phab:T340832]], [[phab:T338330]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]!
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 07 31|Read the full report]]''' &amp;middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &amp;middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 14:45, 31 ජූලි 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25344567 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #588 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Upcoming: [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/ Submit your proposal for GLAM Wiki Conference 2023]. Deadline has been extended to August 20, 23:59 anywhere in the world.

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blog: [https://itnext.io/creating-interactive-map-visualizations-of-settlements-with-wikidata-and-python-13e8e206acf5 Creating Interactive Map Visualizations of Settlements with Wikidata and Python]
** Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhV3K_DS5YfILLogVfycnWLC7s3E81p0b Wiki Workshop 2023 recording YouTube playlist]

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://wikishootme.toolforge.org/ WikiShootMe] expanded to make it possible to find the Items close to pictures you took so you can upload and add them to them ([http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/?p=701 source])

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** [[:d:Template:Synia|Template:Synia]] is a new template which makes it easy to create links to [[:d:Wikidata:Synia|Synia]] from Wikidata. [[:d:Template:Synia+|Template:Synia+]] guesses the relevant configuration pages for each entity depending on the values of P31 and P106. 
** [[:Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]], Wikidata's newest sibling project, had a soft launch. Welcome to the Wikimedia wikiverse, functioneers!
** The ORES service will be decommissioned and replaced by Lift Wing. If you have a tool that relies on ORES scores to judge edits or the quality of an Item please read the [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EK65B7QCQHEG37C2ERPIUSP64OX3ZEUJ/|migration announcement]]. We are collecting affected community tools in [[phab:T343419]].

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: none
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P11925|National Union of Composers of Ukraine person ID]], [[:d:Property:P11926|Encyclopaedia Islamica ID]], [[:d:Property:P11927|Master's degree Mon master ID]], [[:d:Property:P11928|Virksomme ord ID]], [[:d:Property:P11929|‎Swetrails route ID]], [[:d:Property:P11930|European Bridge League ID]], [[:d:Property:P11931|CAMEO Chemicals ID]], [[:d:Property:P11932|The Literary Encyclopedia work ID]], [[:d:Property:P11933|IMVDb artist numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P11934|Team France athlete ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/disinherited|disinherited]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;someone who received or will receive no or little the subject's property or title even if otherwise eligible, (partially) the opposite of [[Wikidata:Property proposal/heir or beneficiary]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/conference schedule|conference schedule]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Conference schedule in Pentabarf XML format&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/state of transmission|state of transmission]]
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Works Diamond Catalogue ID|Works Diamond Catalogue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Editions Diamond Catalogue ID|Editions Diamond Catalogue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NFSA ID|NFSA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Médiathèque Numérique CVS|Identifiant Médiathèque Numérique CVS]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DCB Number|DCB Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wadoku id|wadoku id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/USP Libraries Catalogue ID|USP Libraries Catalogue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mémoire déposé sur DUMAS|Mémoire déposé sur DUMAS]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Experimental Factor Ontology ID|Experimental Factor Ontology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BG EGN|BG EGN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Google Scholar Organization ID|Google Scholar Organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fiba.basketball player ID|fiba.basketball player ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: 
** Query example: [https://w.wiki/7Cup Entry dates and discovery dates of the objects of the museum of Brittany] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1686648138583461888 source])

* '''Development'''
** EntitySchemas:
*** We continued the work on giving them the same termbox as Items and Properties ([[phab:T324235]])
*** We finished the work on showing the labels for EntitySchemas in Recent changes, All Pages, Watchlist and edit summaries ([[phab:T339924]], [[phab:T339921]], [[phab:T339925]], [[phab:T343231]])
*** We added missing messages related to IP editing and license notes ([[phab:T343333]], [[phab:T343118]])
** Wikibase REST API: We continued the work on the route for replacing the data of a statement on a Property ([[phab:T340006]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]!
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 08 07|Read the full report]]''' &amp;middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &amp;middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 13:05, 7 අගෝස්තු 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25392004 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #589 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** New requests for permissions/Bot:
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/MangadexBot|MangadexBot]] (Task: add metadata from mangadex to manga with [[d:Property:P10589|Mangadex manga ID]])
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/WingUCTBOT|WingUCTBOT]] (Task: Batch Upload of Niger-Congo B Lexemes, including Senses and Forms)
** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Adapt blocking policy to IPv6 networks|Adapt blocking policy to IPv6 networks]] (Regarding the need to block IPv6 addresses and networks by a minimum /64 range )

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Upcoming:
*** Wikimania 2023 (16–19 August, Singapore and Online) program is out: [[wikimania:2023:Program|wikimania:2023:Program]]
*** Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour August 18, 2023: Over the summer and into the fall the LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group will be offering a series of Wikidata Working Hours to give folks an opportunity to try out various Wikidata-related skills and tools by assembling a data set of diverse library and information science (LIS) materials (articles, conference proceedings, books) and adding it to Wikidata. Wikidata Working Hours provide hands-on Wikidata experience in a supportive space. We hope you will join us if you are interested in learning more about Wikidata, exploring LIS literature, and have been looking for a fun Wikidata project to contribute to. The first Wikidata Working Hour in the series will cover creating a bibliography of diverse LIS articles and books. We will generate a spreadsheet of sources ready for use during subsequent Working Hours. This session will be recorded and the recording shared on the event page. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2023-August-18_Wikidata_Working_Hour|Event page]]
** Past: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #104, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=104 Police]

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [https://absolutelymaybe.plos.org/2023/08/02/some-things-i-like-about-the-expanding-wikipedia-universe/ Some Things I Like About the Expanding Wikipedia Universe]
*** [https://www.generalist.org.uk/blog/2023/gender-and-blps-on-wikipedia-redux/ Gender and BLPs on Wikipedia, redux]
*** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/08/09/the-power-of-shared-value-partnership-cis-a2k-acpr-glam-project/ The Power of Shared Value Partnership: CIS-A2K &amp; ACPR- GLAM Project]
*** [https://chem-bla-ics.blogspot.com/2023/08/blog-planets-blogging-about-debian.html Blog planets: blogging about Debian, GNOME, Wikimedia, FSFE, and many more]
** Papers
***[https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3447/Text2KG_Paper_13.pdf Semantification of CEUR-WS with Wikidata as a target Knowledge Graph]
*** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.16659.pdf The World Literature Knowledge Graph]
*** [https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3322/short1.pdf Building a French Revolution Narrative from Wikidata]
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcx-d2JhjvA Adding Wikidata To Openstreetmap]
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2OdGib4Ido Recording mass paths on Wikimedia and Wikidata]
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uaX3eGh8EeM FOSS4G 2023 - Tools for linking Wikidata and OpenStreetMap - Edward Betts]
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKM2biqHvBU SPARQLE session - Sport, rugby and units - Nicolas VIGNERON]
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDUvBuJ_NJ0 Virtual Inauguration: AfLIA Wikidata Online Course for Cohort 2]
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8tVpwDNsZw Live Wikidata editing (in Italian)]
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNxxX_3IHY0 KGC 2023 Masterclass: Wikibase and Question-Answering by The QA Company's CEO, Dennis Diefenbach]
** Notebooks
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/57763b5d48fe9825 SEmantic Graphs (SEG) - Cautiously nudging RDF towards more expressivity] (paper)
*** [https://observablehq.com/@fgregg/movies-settings-and-population Movie settings and population] (What is the relation between how big a city is and how many movies are set in that city?)
*** [https://observablehq.com/@maison-mona/je-wikidata Wikidata study day]
*** [https://observablehq.com/@getty/sparql-queries-for-data-cleanup SPARQL Queries for Cross-referencing and Data Cleanup]
** Presentations: [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1XlGUisIh8Tq5eGMaQEk5OehuxZwcfbocTlFtsY_yZ2Q/edit#slide=id.p1 Chemistry in Wikidata visualized with Scholia], Egon Willighagen et al.

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://everythingisconnected.toolforge.org/ Everything is connected] - is a knowledge-based puzzle game where players must fit square pieces representing entities in the world together based on their known connections.
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/F4SBNGUTRRB3DUL5CY5K4WG2TUVDNVXU/ WMF is moving from ORES to Lift Wing, an open-source machine learning infrastructure]. Your input is vital to train the model for more accurate bad edits detection on Wikidata. Join us in enhancing edits detection by using the Annotation tool: https://annotool.toolforge.org/

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#New_Wikimedia_Deutschland_Staff_working_on_Wikidata_for_Wikimedia_Projects|Danny Benjafield and Ifeatu Nnaobi are joining the Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects team at Wikimedia Deutschland]]
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4UL7ZBYE2WRGIBQZ3BHGDTVWPRXZ7T4E/ wikifunctions.org is gradually rolling out (with caveats)]

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: none
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P11935|Tolkien Gateway ID]], [[:d:Property:P11936|Biblioteca centrale Cappuccini authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P11937|FSHF player ID]], [[:d:Property:P11938|Mandarin-Cantonese Comparative Study ID]], [[:d:Property:P11939|Internet Broadway Database touring theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P11940|British Institute at Ankara person ID]], [[:d:Property:P11941|British Institute at Ankara place ID]], [[:d:Property:P11942|Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal GTB ID]], [[:d:Property:P11943|GSAFD ID]], [[:d:Property:P11944|USP Libraries Catalogue ID]], [[:d:Property:P11945|Nantes Museum of Arts ID]], [[:d:Property:P11946|Mythoskop ID]], [[:d:Property:P11947|Lemmy community ID]], [[:d:Property:P11948|NFSA title ID]], [[:d:Property:P11949|PesticideInfo chemical ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Steam Deck compatibility rating|Steam Deck compatibility rating]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;official rating used to determine which games, as a result of the review process, are compatible with Steam Deck and which are not&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name version for other gender|name version for other gender]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;use for when names that are not given name or surnames are gendered (since those two have their own properties), would also be helpful for many noble titles and honorifics as well as affixes&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Curator of|Curator of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;has curated a collection or (art) exhibition&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Philippine middle name|Philippine middle name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rumble channel|Rumble channel]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/protected heritage site in Brussels ID (web)|protected heritage site in Brussels ID (web)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/archINFORM Awards ID|archINFORM Awards ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RCS number|RCS number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NFDI4Culture ID|NFDI4Culture ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Windows Package Manager Community package ID|Windows Package Manager Community package ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AFC-Ajax.info player ID|AFC-Ajax.info player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FaroeSoccer referee ID|FaroeSoccer referee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Steam curator ID|Steam curator ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Футзал.рус player ID|Футзал.рус player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/alyga.lt player ID|alyga.lt player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CRIS Unique Site Number|CRIS Unique Site Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Höhlenkataster ID (Österreich)|Höhlenkataster ID (Österreich)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sitios ID|Sitios ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FNAC ID|FNAC ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
***  [https://w.wiki/78DD Map of places located in Rennes with an article on the French Wikipedia] (and colored according to the number of pages in all Wikimedia projects)
*** [https://w.wiki/7FGw Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles weapon types, and primary colors] ([https://twitter.com/infovarius/status/1690826166066651136 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7AqZ Number of albums in Wikidata by year of release] ([https://wikis.world/@wikidata/with_replies source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7FT9 Objects in Dresden with significant event] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#significant_event_and_time|source]])
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Svenska Grillplatser|WikiProject Svenska Grillplatser]] (WikiProject Swedish Grill Places) - The idea is to see what Wikidata and OSM can contribute when it comes to barbecue sites and connections to municipalities, grillplatser.nu, naturkartan.
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Nollywood|WikiProject Nollywood]] - This is a WikiProject for adding and enhancing items in Wikidata for Nollywood (Nigerian films) held as VHS at the [https://libguides.northwestern.edu/c.php?g=115173&amp;p=749471 Northwestern University Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies]. These films were primarily produced and collected from 1990-2000. Items will be added with information from the catalog record (MARC).

* '''Development'''
** Wikibase REST API: We are working on adding and replacing statements on Properties ([[phab:T339363]], [[phab:T340006]])
** EntitySchemas:
*** We continued working on making the mobile termbox from Items and Properties work on EntitySchemas
*** We fixed a missing warning for non-logged-in editors and license note ([[phab:T343333]], [[phab:T343118]])
** IP Masking: We are investigating what implications the upcoming IP Masking changes in MediaWiki have for Wikibase ([[phab:T328454]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2019 10 14|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 11:27, 14 අගෝස්තු 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25392004 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #590 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/TiagoLubianaBot 2|TiagoLubianaBot 2]] (Task: The [https://www.opentargets.org/ Open Targets Platform] is an important biomedical resource that makes its data available under a CC0 license waiver. The request at hand is to extend the permissions of [[d:User:TiagoLubianaBot|User:TiagoLubianaBot]] to import information from Open Targets, initially with a focus on physical interactions between proteins and drugs.)

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #106, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=106 Sleep]
** Past:
*** Wikimania happened over the weekend. You can find a playlist of the events on [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhV3K_DS5YfLj-q0KY_WL7BGkGd_UtwK0 YouTube here]
*** Past: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #105, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=105 Wikimania Singapore]

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/08/16/celebrating-the-2023-wikimedian-of-the-year-winners/ Celebrating the 2023 Wikimedian of the Year Winners]. Congratulations [[User:Tofeiku|Tofeiku]] and Siobhan Leachman for your dedication to Wikidata \o/ 
** Videos
*** Add Wikidata link to an OpenStreetMap (relation (in Spanish) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCBz6s9uKJ0 YouTube]
*** Promoting GLAM Institution in Indonesia through OSM-Wikidata Mapping - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjBYSKwV8wU YouTube]

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://wikidata-game.toolforge.org/distributed/#game=84 Psychiq], a Distributed Wikidata Game system, suggests statements to add to Items based on Wikipedia English articles content.

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Property:P11950|appears before phonological feature]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;this lexeme form appears only when another lexeme form with this phonological feature comes after it&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P11951|appears after phonological feature]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;this lexeme form appears only when it comes after another lexeme form with this phonological feature&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P11952|appears before lexeme form]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;this lexeme form appears only when this other specific lexeme form comes after it&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P11953|appears after lexeme form]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;this lexeme form appears only when it comes after this other specific lexeme form&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P11957|Gottstein code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;code representing a variant of the cuneiform sign according to the Gottstein system&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P11964|tournament type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;significance or status of a sports competition for a league, tour, association, etc.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P11947|Lemmy community ID]], [[:d:Property:P11948|NFSA title ID]], [[:d:Property:P11949|PesticideInfo chemical ID]], [[:d:Property:P11954|Unidades de Conservação no Brasil ID]], [[:d:Property:P11955|UMLS Semantic Network ID]], [[:d:Property:P11956|Experimental Factor Ontology ID]], [[:d:Property:P11958|Moroccan geographic code (2015)]], [[:d:Property:P11959|BHL item ID]], [[:d:Property:P11960|TVING ID]], [[:d:Property:P11961|Google Scholar organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P11962|Rumble channel]], [[:d:Property:P11963|GSA player ID]], [[:d:Property:P11965|Roku Channel Store ID]], [[:d:Property:P11966|snookerscores.net tournament ID]], [[:d:Property:P11967|OlimpBase FIDE ratings ID]], [[:d:Property:P11968|Antenna Structure Registration Number]], [[:d:Property:P11969|Korean Tour player ID]], [[:d:Property:P11970|Kastelenlexicon ID]], [[:d:Property:P11971|NFDI4Culture ID]], [[:d:Property:P11972|Pouët group ID]], [[:d:Property:P11973|Pouët group member ID]], [[:d:Property:P11974|Pouët demo ID]], [[:d:Property:P11975|Steam curator ID]], [[:d:Property:P11976|Podbay ID]], [[:d:Property:P11977|Rostocker Matrikelportal ID]], [[:d:Property:P11978|Panjab Digital Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P11979|Diamond Catalogue work ID]], [[:d:Property:P11980|Diamond Catalogue edition ID]], [[:d:Property:P11981|Frankfurt University Library Digital Collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P11982|Nurnet ID]], [[:d:Property:P11983|DUMAS thesis ID]], [[:d:Property:P11984|Syok podcast ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/patron deity|patron deity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WHO Aware Classification|WHO Aware Classification]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The World Health Organization currently classifies 258 antibiotics into &quot;Access&quot;, &quot;Watch&quot;, and &quot;Reserve&quot; based partly on the risk of resistance developing as a result of such use and critical nature of the antibiotic in question.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nombre de niveaux|nombre de niveaux]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of levels in a video game or number of stages in a particular sport&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/URL du plan du jeu vidéo|URL du plan du jeu vidéo]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of the video game detailed map in subject provided by the site CPC-Power&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Positioning|Positioning]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A list of all the satellite navigation system (ex. GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, BDS, NavIC etc. ) a mobile device, or a smartphone supports. [https://w.wiki/7HE9 List of all the Satellite Navigation System].&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/place on the route|place on the route]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;object, station, facility, city, natural formation or other place on a road, track, route, line, watercourse, utility line or other linear route&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/simule|simule]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the element imitates or makes the value of the property appear real&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ANPI person ID (2)|ANPI person ID (2)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/J. Paul Getty Museum agent ID|J. Paul Getty Museum agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID ve Slovníku české literatury po roce 1945|ID ve Slovníku české literatury po roce 1945]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Vazhaju Word ID|Vazhaju Word ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUDlistings ID|MUDlistings ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Mud Connector ID|The Mud Connector ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Visiongame.cz game ID|Visiongame.cz game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Visiongame.cz studio ID|Visiongame.cz studio ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Databáze her developer ID|Databáze her developer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Directory of Federal Judges Numeric ID|Biographical Directory of Federal Judges Numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Living Music Database composer ID|Living Music Database composer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anikore anime ID|Anikore anime ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wiki.gg wiki ID|wiki.gg wiki ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
*** [https://w.wiki/7GXf Count of items with an article on fr.wikivoyage.org by country] ([[:d:User:PAC2/Wikivoyage|source]])
*** [https://w.wiki/7GsR Count of items with an article on fr.wikiquote.org by instance of] ([[:d:User:PAC2/Wikiquote|source]]) 
*** [https://w.wiki/7HCP Count of items that have X amount of statements. A simple showcase of Blazegraph optimizations.]
*** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Week 33, 2023: Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/110915045039310848 source])

* '''Development'''
** EntitySchemas: We investigated ways to help you search for EntitySchemas by their Labels, Aliases and Descriptions ([[phab:T341969]])
** Mismatch Finder: We have added the Language Selector to the Mismatch Finder ([[phab:T328149]])
** Improved language fallback: We are testing to clearly show the fallback Label in the placeholders for empty Labels ([[phab:T338330]], [[phab:T340832]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 08 21|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 14:55, 21 අගෝස්තු 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25460662 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #591 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/TiagoLubianaBot 2|TiagoLubianaBot 2]] (Task: The [https://www.opentargets.org/ Open Targets Platform] is an important biomedical resource that makes its data available under a CC0 license waiver. The request at hand is to extend the permissions of [[d:User:TiagoLubianaBot|User:TiagoLubianaBot]] to import information from Open Targets, initially with a focus on physical interactions between proteins and drugs.)

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #107, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=107 Teeth] (Challenge started on 2023-08-28 12:01:31)
** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour August 28, 2023. We will cover adding the articles from our bibliography of diverse LIS resources that we created in our last session to Wikidata! We will learn how to use Zotero, the reference management software, and its browser plugin to automatically extract metadata for articles and convert them to a Wikidata format that can be batch uploaded using QuickStatements. To get a sneak preview of what we will be doing, you can learn more about the Wikidata &amp; Zotero link here: [[d:Wikidata:Zotero|Wikidata:Zotero]]. This session will be recorded and the recording shared on the event page. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Wikidata Working Hours/2023-August-28 Wikidata Working Hour|Event page]]

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Papers: [https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3462/TADA3.pdf WikiDBs: A Corpus Of Relational Databases From Wikidata]
** Videos
*** Keynote about Wikidata for the Chinese Confernence on Knowledge Graphs and Semantic Computing 2023, by Denny Vrandečić - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXEctjXD_GU YouTube]
*** How to fill an Infobox on Wikipedia using Wikidata - Wikipedia For Beginners - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoGst-hhaqU YouTube]
*** The impact of Wikidata-powered inboxes on minority and low-resourced language Wikipedias in Africa (Wikimania 2023) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mog2wXCypA4 YouTube]
*** How to create item in Wikidata about a village (in Malayalam) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgocEFUv6ok YouTube]
*** Add Wikidata link to an OpenStreetMap relation (in Guarani) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCBz6s9uKJ0 YouTube]
*** WikiDBs: A Corpus Of Relational Databases From Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zz70A8JCGO8 YouTube]

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://wikitrivia.tomjwatson.com/ Wikitrivia] is a web-based game that challenges your knowledge of historical events, people, and places. The game is a combination of Sudoku and Scrabble, and all the data used in the game is sourced from Wikidata and Wikipedia. The objective of the game is to place the cards on the timeline in the correct order.

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** Biyanto Rebin is joining the Software Communication team (SCoT) at Wikimedia Deutschland for 2.5 months as an intern. Welcome!
** Call for Projects and Mentors for Outreachy Round 27! [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/IPGTE5XVAZ32DO3NWDSDQW2A3A4NZB5X/ Project submission deadline - September 29, 2023 at 4pm UTC].
** [https://www.iamexpat.nl/career/jobs-netherlands/research-academic/postdoctoral-researcher-nlp-digital-humanities-and Postdoctoral researcher (position) in NLP, Digital Humanities, and Semantic Web (0.8 FTE), University of Groningen]

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Property:P12002|has heir or beneficiary]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;people or organizations that received, or will receive, (all or part of) the subject's property or title&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P11985|Austrian Cave Register ID]], [[:d:Property:P11986|‎research.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P11987|AFC-Ajax.info player ID]], [[:d:Property:P11988|wiki.gg article ID]], [[:d:Property:P11989|MUDlistings ID]], [[:d:Property:P11990|The Mud Connector ID]], [[:d:Property:P11991|‎Visiongame.cz game ID]], [[:d:Property:P11992|‎Visiongame.cz studio ID]], [[:d:Property:P11993|Databáze her developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P11994|wiki.gg wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P11995|Audio+ show ID]], [[:d:Property:P11996|Cent cols ID]], [[:d:Property:P11997|Lift Up profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P11998|Living Music Database composer ID]], [[:d:Property:P11999|Dictionary of Czech literature after 1945 ID]], [[:d:Property:P12000|‎Biographical Directory of Federal Judges numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12001|GamerProfiles game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/simule|simule]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the element imitates or makes the value of the property appear real&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sexe ou genre du protagoniste|sexe ou genre du protagoniste]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;regarding the work in question, For human: male, female, non-binary, intersex, transgender female, transgender male, agender. For animal: male organism, female organism. Groups of same gender use subclass of (P279)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/unofficial name|unofficial name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;name which is widely or rarely used, but not official (for nicknames use P1449, for pseudonymes P742)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VocalEyes Heritage Access 2022|VocalEyes Heritage Access 2022]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiChip article ID|WikiChip article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Demozoo d'une démo|identifiant Demozoo d'une démo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Demozoo d'un membre d'un groupe de démo|identifiant Demozoo d'un membre d'un groupe de démo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Czech geological location ID|Czech geological location ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Moviefone person ID|Moviefone person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Moviefone movie ID|Moviefone movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Les Petits M'O ID|Les Petits M'O ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet Dictionary of Polish Surnames ID|Internet Dictionary of Polish Surnames ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Minerals.net mineral ID|Minerals.net mineral ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Minerals.net gemstone ID|Minerals.net gemstone ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples:
*** [https://w.wiki/7KAF Map of birthplaces of German women writers] ([https://twitter.com/steinhoff_uwe/status/1694480115403555205 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Week 34, 2023: Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/110956754311815912 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7LpT Where were people who  went to space born?] ([https://twitter.com/andrawaag/status/966657088687656961 source])
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Research expeditions|WikiProject Research expeditions]] - documents the activities of an international working group on Research expeditions.

* '''Development'''
** We started looking at ways to make the Mismatch Finder more powerful and capture more mismatches.
** We updated bootstrap-table library on Wikidata Query Service ([[phab:T328281]])
** We fixed Lexeme header overlaps page toolbar in Minerva skin ([[phab:T318981]])
** We fixed lookup component scrollbar problem ([[phab:T325822]])
** We added telnet as a valid protocol for URL data types ([[phab:T344417]])
** We added language fallback support for EntitySchemas on Special pages ([[phab:T338798]])
[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 08 28|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 15:01, 28 අගෝස්තු 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25498876 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #592 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/FlyingAce|FlyingAce]] (RfP scheduled to end after 8 September 2023 23:32 UTC)
** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Must 'Serious' WikiData sources be selective?|Must 'Serious' WikiData sources be selective?]] (The disagreement regards the interpretation of WD:N rule number two, which states an item is acceptable if: &quot;It refers to an instance of a clearly identifiable conceptual or material entity that can be described using serious and publicly available references.&quot;)

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Upcoming:
*** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/BYQA6RIUH4GAGKIHKOCTMR274XJMCEDZ/ Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team—September 6, 2023]. Time: 15:00-16:00 UTC / 08:00 PT / 11:00 EDT / 17:00 CET
*** Registration for 2nd edition of Wikidata MOOC is scheduled for Saturday September 23. [[https://actualitte.com/article/113238/ressources/wikimedia-2e-edition-du-mooc-wikidata. Link (in French)
*** [[m:Wikidata Days 2023|Wikidata Days 2023]], 28-30* Sept. '23 | 10h00-18h00 | Auditorium and Training Room. [https://www.guiadacidade.pt/pt/art/encontro-wikidata-days-2023-308423-11 Registration] (in Portuguess)
** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #108, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=108 Roof] (Challenge started on 2023-09-04 12:01:27)

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [https://slate.com/technology/2023/08/wikipedia-artificial-intelligence-threat.html Wikipedia Will Survive A.I.] (including comments from Selena Deckelmann (WMF) and [[User:Jsamwrites]])
*** [https://addshore.com/2023/08/wikidata-query-service-blazegraph-jnl-file-on-cloudflare-r2-and-internet-archive/ Wikidata query service Blazegraph JNL file on Cloudflare R2 and Internet Archive]
*** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/08/31/improving-equity-on-wikipedia-using-wikidata/ Improving equity on Wikipedia using Wikidata]
** Papers
*** [https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/40510 Wikidata Research Articles Dataset]
*** [https://www.semantic-web-journal.net/system/files/swj3375.pdf Handling Wikidata Qualifiers in Reasoning]
*** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.01535.pdf Comparing scalable strategies for generating numerical perspectives]
*** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.03671.pdf SemOpenAlex: The Scientific Landscape in 26 Billion RDF Triples]
** Videos
*** #SPARQL #Wikidata: first name, occupation and Academy, by VIGNERON - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDveI7tn7cc YouTube] (in French)
** Newsletters
*** [[:w:fr:Wikipédia:RAW/2023-09-01#whoseknowledge|Wikidata and the epistemology of robots]] in [[:w:fr:Wikipédia:RAW/2023-09-01|RAW]] ((in French)
*** [[:w:fr:Wikipédia:RAW/2023-09-01#synia|Explore Wikidata differently with Synia]] in [[:w:fr:Wikipédia:RAW/2023-09-01|RAW]] (in French)

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [[d:User:Sanqui/referenceurl.js|User:Sanqui/referenceurl.js]] - is a userscript that adds a button to add a reference which immediately suggests [[d:Property:P854|reference URL (P854)]].

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** Job opening: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/35226834/Software-Engineer-Wikidata-m-f-d-/?jobDbPVId=90681644&amp;l=en Software Engineer (Wikidata) (m/f/d)]. For our Team Wikidata, based in Berlin, we are looking for a permanent Software Engineer (m/f/d), full-time or part-time (min. 32h/week), as soon as possible.
** [[d:Wikidata:Eleventh Birthday|Wikidata's eleventh birthday]] is around the corner! One of our traditions is to prepare birthday presents to the community. Now is a great time to start preparing yours!
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/423GG6Z424DZYZNFVQ7PTWOLD6QCRRYQ/ Developer account signup from Wikitech removed. Now directing new users towards https://idm.wikimedia.org instead].

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Property:P12002|has heir or beneficiary]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;people or organizations that received, or will receive, (all or part of) the subject's property or title&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12004|towing capacity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the maximum sustainable force with which this vehicle can pull or push another object. Alternatively for road- or track-vehicles, the maximum weight of an object on wheels that this vehicle can reliably and safely pull given usual slopes&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12006|learning outcome]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;specific knowledge, skills, and abilities that students are expected to acquire as a result of participating in a particular education program&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12011|tribe]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;recognised membership in a society, mainly denoted by shared cultural heritage; for ethnicity use P172&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12003|ANPI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12005|Anikore anime ID]], [[:d:Property:P12007|Substack profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12008|Artmajeur artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12009|FantLab translator ID]], [[:d:Property:P12010|‎wadoku ID]], [[:d:Property:P12012|identifier in a register in Germany]], [[:d:Property:P12013|Demozoo demo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12014|Demozoo group member ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/when used with property|when used with property]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;when used with property&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikimedia Commons campaign|Wikimedia Commons campaign]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;name of a Wikimedia Commons campaign&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/near|near]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;for geo-objects which are located ''near'' some other geo-object&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/animecons.com event id|animecons.com event id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sayed Ganj Balochi Glossary ID|Sayed Ganj Balochi Glossary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioGRID Publication|BioGRID Publication]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/iNaturalist user ID|iNaturalist user ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MyShows|MyShows]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NHK News topic ID|NHK News topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museoitalia ID|Museoitalia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBpia author ID|DBpia author ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
*** [https://w.wiki/7N6r Old Greek personalities with entries in Prosopographia attica] ([https://twitter.com/steinhoff_uwe/status/1696988392788042014 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7MPo Largest heist by damage] ([https://twitter.com/infovarius/status/1696524669199986968 source])

* '''Development'''
** EntitySchemas: We added language fallbacks to the statements linking to EntitySchemas ([[phab:T338797]])
** We fixed the issue with overlapping Lexeme headers in the Minerva skin ([[phab:T318981]])
** Wikibase REST API: We finished the work on PATCHing for statements on Properties ([[phab:T342238]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 09 04|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 13:52, 4 සැප්තැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25549243 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #593 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** [https://wikibase-lex.sciencesconf.org/ First Wikibase Lexical Data Workshop (wikibase-lex)]. September 13, 14:00 to 18:00, at the Centre for Translation Studies, University of Vienna.
** [https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20230905_OTS0131/deutschsprachige-wikipedia-community-trifft-sich-in-linz German-speaking Wikipedia community meets in Linz] (in German). September 29 - October 1, 2023.
** [https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/fotomarburg/aktuelles/nachrichten/workshop_openrefine-fuer-bauwerke OpenRefine for beginners] (in German). October 25-26, 2023.
** [https://nl.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mini%20Hackathon%20November%202023 The second Mini Hackathon at Wikimedia Nederland], for experienced Wikimedians, will take place on Saturday, November 4. There is room for 30 participants; [https://nl.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mini_Hackathon_November_2023 you can apply here].

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
***  [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/en/2023/09/07/starting-fresh-the-wikibase-rest-api/ Starting fresh: the Wikibase REST API]
** Press
*** [https://www.modernghana.com/news/1256630/pamitouch-foundation-pilots-ttag-goes-digital-init.html Pamitouch Foundation pilots TTAG Goes Digital initiative at Accra College of Education]. The Open Foundation West Africa provided an introduction to Wikipedia and its sister tools. The teacher trainees were guided on topics such as Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, Wikibooks, Wikiquote, and Wikiversity.
** Papers
*** [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23780231231192774 Top Wealth and Its Historical Origins: Identifying Entrenched Fortunes by Linking Rich Lists over 100 Years] - Daria Tisch and Emma Ischinsky
*** [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051231195552 Wikidata as Semantic Infrastructure: Knowledge Representation, Data Labor, and Truth in a More-Than-Technical Project] - Heather Ford and Andrew Iliadis
*** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.15298.pdf KGConv, a Conversational Corpus grounded in Wikidata] - Quentin Brabant, Gwenole Lecorve, Lina M. Rojas-Barahona, and Claire Gardent
** Videos
***  [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVj5Sccu5bk Interoperability among the digital repository Tainacan and the information networks Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons: A case study of FILE ARCHIVE] - Paula Perissinotto &amp; Dalton Martins
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSBEoNnAgPw  Link data from local index to Wikidata] - Josef Moravec, Moravian Library in Brno 
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZ3PkyK0ICs Improving knowledge dissemination with Wikidata: potentialities of structured data in hearing health] - Hector Gabriel Corrale de Matos

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://peppercat.org/ Peppercat] is a website listing government ministers, and other key political leaders, from all over the world, taking data from Wikidata. [https://peppercat.org/about.html More information]

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** [[c:Commons:OpenRefine/Train-the-trainer%20program%202023-24|Open call: train-the-trainer course for candidate OpenRefine-Wikimedia trainers]], with a focus on (structured data on) Wikimedia Commons. [[c:Commons:OpenRefine/Train-the-trainer_program_2023-24|More info and application form here]]. Application deadline is September 15.

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Property:P12020|state of transmission]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;state of transmission of a work (as a concept, not as a physical item; for that, use P5816)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12027|describes actor of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;predicate sense whose actor (an agent or a cause—basically the instigator of an action) is denoted by this sense&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12028|describes undergoer of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;predicate sense whose undergoer (a patient, a theme, or a recipient—basically a non-instigator of an action) is denoted by this sense&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12013|Demozoo demo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12014|Demozoo group member ID]], [[:d:Property:P12015|‎animecons.com event ID]], [[:d:Property:P12016|Museo Italia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12017|Dans nos cœurs ID]], [[:d:Property:P12018|WWGR player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12019|futzal.rus player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12022|iNaturalist user ID]], [[:d:Property:P12023|alyga.lt player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12024|UETK ID]], [[:d:Property:P12025|Windows Package Manager Community package ID]], [[:d:Property:P12026|SEVIS school ID]], [[:d:Property:P12029|WikiChip article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12030|Mageia package ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Red List of South African Plants conservation status|Red List of South African Plants conservation status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;conservation status of endemic South African plants assigned by the [[w:South African National Biodiversity Institute]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Educational level|Educational level]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;school level in which the subject of the item is taught&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FragDenStaat tag|FragDenStaat tag]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;tag in FragDenStaat.de&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plate|Plate]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the plate number(s) in the reference source being cited to support the statement being made&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fansly ID|Fansly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/France 3 Régions journalist ID|France 3 Régions journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål ID|Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BookBrainz series ID|BookBrainz series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BookBrainz edition ID|BookBrainz edition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ManyVids ID|ManyVids ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LoverFans ID|LoverFans ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IGI Global affiliate ID|IGI Global affiliate ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aparat channel ID|Aparat channel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pandit Project work ID|Pandit Project work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RKDexcerpts|RKDexcerpts]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
*** [https://w.wiki/7Qbr Territories claimed by irredentism]
*** [https://w.wiki/7SBr Map of tram stop all over the world] ([https://twitter.com/steinhoff_uwe/status/1696636273409106140 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7SBv Map of public archives in Germany] ([https://twitter.com/steinhoff_uwe/status/1696607768340230205 source])
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: 
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Patagonian Archaeology|WikiProject Patagonian Archaeology]] - The project works on the creation and improvement of items on Patagonian Archaeology in Wikidata ([[d:Q115632712|archeology of the argentine patagonian coast]]).
*** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Archive of National Debt Redemption Movement|WikiProject Archive of National Debt Redemption Movement]] - The purpose of this project is to promote the use of records related to the [[d:Q623859|National Debt Repayment Movement]] (국채보상운동) by integrating data from the [[d:Q623859|National Debt Repayment Movement]] digital archive into Wikidata.

* '''Development'''
** Machine learning: We are migrating some tools that currently use ORES to the new Lift Wing ([[phab:T343731]])
** EntitySchemas: We are continuing the work around the new datatype to link to EntitySchemas in statements
** Query Builder: We fixed some issues in the Query Builder language selector ([[phab:T344231]])
** We’re making the warning for anonymous editors more useful by letting them return to the page they came from after logging in ([[phab:T330550]]); we’re also working on showing those warnings in the first place in WikibaseLexeme ([[phab:T343979]])
** Wikibase REST API: We are working on the ability to remove a statement from a Property ([[phab:T342976]]) and get the labels of a Property ([[phab:T342977]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]!
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 09 11|Read the full report]]''' &amp;middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &amp;middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 14:23, 11 සැප්තැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25586579 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #594 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2023-09-18.

* '''Discussions'''
** Closed request for adminship: Welcome to our new admin, [[d:User:FlyingAce|FlyingAce]]! ([[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/FlyingAce|see the closed request]])
** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Framabot 4|Framabot 4]] (Task: Import [[d:Q484170|commune of France]] contact data from [[d:Q117479181|french official directory]], [https://lannuaire.service-public.fr/ french official directory]
** Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/JoRobot 8|JoRobot 8]] (Task: Removing [[d:Q51759403|good list badge]] from articles in the Catalan Wikipedia)

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour September 15,  2023. We will learn how to use Zotero, the reference management software, and its [[d:Wikidata:Zotero|browser plugin]] to automatically extract metadata for articles and convert them to a Wikidata format that can be batch uploaded using QuickStatements.[[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2023-September-15_Wikidata_Working_Hour|More information on the event page]]

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Paper: [https://biss.pensoft.net/article/112431/ Documenting Biodiversity in Underrepresented Languages using Crowdsourcing] - Mohammed Kamal-Deen Dnshitobu Fuseini, Agnes Ajuma Abah, Andra Waagmeester
** Press: [https://okfn.de/blog/2023/09/stn-datenstrategie/ Statement by Alliance F5 on the German Government's data strategy] (in German)
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uo_VpAyby1c List of free software in ''le socle interministériel de logiciels libres'' (SILL/the interministerial base of free software) recommended by the French Government in Wikidata] - Nicolas Vigneron
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=py1JkgkEHI8 Georeferencing using OSM and Wikidata] - Oficina Wiki Apoia
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMxb49PvpaA Members of Riksdag (Sweden's parlement)] - Magnus Sälgö
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpiTjxAy_Z8 Wikidata for Wiki Loves Monuments with Content Partnerships Hub] - Wikimedia Sweden
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LY3UeO6yNb8 From self-documentation to federated querying using Wikibase: a new topology to Media Art Archiving?] - Raphael Tsz Kin Chau

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [[d:User:Ricordisamoa/LowercaseDescription.js|LowercaseDescription.js]] is a script that adds a link to automatically lower the first letter of an item's description in the user's language.

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** You can now browse all the Wikibase instances hosted on Wikibase.Cloud: https://www.wikibase.cloud/discovery
** [https://github.com/KBNLwikimedia/Wikibase-resources Wikibase resources], a collection of resources, overviews, links and knowlegde related to Wikibase, collected and curated by [https://www.kb.nl/ KB, national library of the Netherlands]

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: none
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12031|RBC person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12032|Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål ID]], [[:d:Property:P12033|France 3 Régions journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12034|Médiathèque Numérique CVS ID]], [[:d:Property:P12035|MyShows show ID]], [[:d:Property:P12036|NHK News topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12037|‎Sitios ID]], [[:d:Property:P12038|Xiaohongshu user ID]], [[:d:Property:P12039|Fansly ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chronological designation|chronological designation]] (as a typical instance, the stated scholarly journal year to which reference is made by: the reference source being cited to support the statement being made)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flora of New Jersey Project atlas URL|Flora of New Jersey Project atlas URL]] (URL for a plant species in the Flora of New Jersey Project atlas)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/British Pathé ID|British Pathé ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ProductReview ID|ProductReview ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BISAC Subject Heading|BISAC Subject Heading]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EDItEUR Thema id|EDItEUR Thema id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ONIX Subject Scheme id|ONIX Subject Scheme id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MiMoText ID|MiMoText ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ADVN ID|ADVN ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Register of Monumental Trees ID|National Register of Monumental Trees ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Diktyon|Diktyon]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Codeberg username|Codeberg username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RAWG tag ID|RAWG tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library of Albania ID|National Library of Albania ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DfE Group UID|DfE Group UID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AARoads Wiki article ID|AARoads Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Armasanicana person ID|Armasanicana person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FloraVeg.EU species ID|FloraVeg.EU species ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ Vascular Plants of Iowa species ID| Vascular Plants of Iowa species ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
*** [https://w.wiki/7Md7 Google Scholar Organization IDs to Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/annreynolds988/status/1703244710641590321 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7T6X Power stations of this world] ([https://twitter.com/steinhoff_uwe/status/1701996445040009566 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7Tth Usage state of the nuclear power plant] ([https://twitter.com/steinhoff_uwe/status/1702766817993715936 source])

* '''Development'''
** We are planning the migration of some of our existing components from the Wikit to the Codex design system in Query Builder, Mismatch Finder and the Special:NewLexeme page.
** Warnings about not being logged-in will now have a returnto= parameter attached to their links, so that you can don’t use your flow from logging in ([[phab:T330550]])
** We fixed an issue with the LanguageSwitcher in Query Builder where it would open out of the viewport on some tablet screen widths ([[phab:T344231]])
** Wikibase REST API: We finished the work on making it possible to remove a statement from a Property ([[phab:T342976]]) and getting the labels of a Property ([[phab:T342977]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]!
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 09 18|Read the full report]]''' &amp;middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &amp;middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 15:04, 18 සැප්තැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25623536 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #595 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/AytekUstundag-RoyalMapperBot|AytekUstundag-RoyalMapperBot]] (Task: Add missing historical figures from royalmapper database)

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Upcoming
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikidataCon 2023|WikidataCon 2023]], the conference dedicated to the Wikidata community, is taking place on October 28-29, online all around the world and onsite in Taipei. You can now [[d:Wikidata_talk:WikidataCon_2023#WikidataCon_2023:_registration_open|register for the conference]].
*** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7TM2PG5EWM4F55577Q4HV5SU5TU4X3RQ/ WikiIndaba 2023 Microgrants available for community events!]
*** Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour September 29. This event is part of a series where you can gain hands-on experience with Wikidata by working on a diverse library and information science (LIS) dataset. In this fourth session, we'll introduce the Wikimedia PAWS environment for data gathering and processing in your Wikidata projects. We'll focus on web scraping for article data using Python and the Beautiful Soup package for parsing. You'll learn about data models for making your data accessible to both machines and humans. This session will be recorded and shared on the event page. [[Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2023-September-29_Wikidata_Working_Hour|Event page]].
** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #110, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=110 Ohm's law] (Challenge started on 2023-09-25 12:01:32)

* ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
** Blogs
*** [https://connorshea.gitlab.io/blog/mass-import-wikidata.html Mass-importing games from Steam into Wikidata] by [[User:Nicereddy]]
** Papers
*** [https://assets.pubpub.org/ft1w1z4w/Unifying%20Biodiversity%20Knowledge%20to%20Support%20Life%20on%20a%20Sustainable%20Planet%20(1)-31687443808274.pdf Unifying Biodiversity Knowledge to Support Life on a Sustainable Planet] (A Wikimedia Projects White Paper from the Biodiversity Heritage Library). Jacqueline J. Dearborn
*** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.01535.pdf &quot;Comparing scalable strategies for generating numerical perspectives&quot;] Numerical perspectives help people understand extreme and unfamiliar numbers. (Cao et al, 2023)
*** [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009913332300112X?dgcid=author Response to Marcin Roszkowski 2023: Modelling doctoral dissertations in Wikidata knowledge graph: Selected issues]. Tamsin L. Braisher
** Press
*** [https://inqld.com.au/culture/2023/09/19/they-call-it-the-barassi-line-defining-our-footy-codes-how-fitting-that-seems-right-now/ They call it the Barassi Line, defining our footy codes - how fitting that seems today] - The Barassi Line has been a focus of my research and has recently been plotted and visualised by Brett Tweedie as part of his Wikidata fellowship.
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhEJLY51qeI The mess with Wikidata death location and the instance of a location] - salgo60
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFLaYp7zRzc Developing a linked data workflow using Wikidata] - Will Kent
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGT5xE-jnOY Entity linking historical document OCR by combining Wikidata and Wikipedia] - Kai Labusch
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXa7mz6bp8U From EAD to MARC to Wikidata and back again] - Crystal Yragui, Adam Schiff
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHh5zYdBhYE Adventures in Korean Wikidata] - Margaret Donald
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlkB3BNg4Eo Getting started on Wikidata] - Mohammed Sadat Abdulai
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TbEyHLnyC4 Wiki(su)data #2: Wikidata live editing in Italian] - Wikidata in italiano
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKC0SiGp0H4 Wikibase as an institutional repository authority file] - Michael Lindsey

* ''' Tool of the week '''
** [[d:User:Luca.favorido/linkypop.js|User:Luca.favorido/linkypop.js]] is a script that can be used to search an identifier on an external site. It provides a button to search for an identifier as soon as you type it in the property input field. For example, if you type “ORCID”, an icon with a lens will appear, and when you click it, a new tab will open with the ORCID site looking for the name of the researcher. You can then copy the URL and paste it to Wikidata.

* ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
** Want to play a game? [[d:Wikidata:Games|Wikidata:Games]] has some Wikidata-related ones for you.
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPGTE5XVAZ32DO3NWDSDQW2A3A4NZB5X/ Call for Projects and Mentors for Outreachy Round 27]! September 29, 2023 at 4pm UTC - Project submission deadline.
** [https://citation-js.toolforge.org/ Citation.js Toolforge] is a service to export citations from Wikidata items in various formats (BibTeX, RIS) and various citations formats (Vancouver, APA, etc)
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EK65B7QCQHEG37C2ERPIUSP64OX3ZEUJ/ As a next step in the deprecation process of ORES the WMF Machine Learning team will switch the backend of ores.wikimedia.org to ores-legacy so users that have not yet migrated to Lift Wing will be transparently migrated]. This change is planned to take place on Monday 25th of September.
** Wikimedia Deutschland job opening: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/35655261/Engineering-Manager-Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Projects-and-FunTech-d-f-m-/?jobDbPVId=92161036&amp;l=en Engineering Manager Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects and FunTech (d/f/m)]

* ''' Did you know? '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Property:P12041|type of musical notation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;system of musical notation used on a given music source or composition&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12044|‎chronological designation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;stated scholarly journal year to which reference is made by: source cited in support of a particular statement may not be the same as the publication date or volume&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12040|J. Paul Getty Museum agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12042|Diktyon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12043|RAWG tag ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Demo|Demo]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;video game or software that this trial version is based on&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ETCS level|ETCS level]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ETCS level of implementation&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/adoption variant|adoption variant]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;variant of this loanword with the same origin&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Temaportalen ID|Temaportalen ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metacritic game ID|Metacritic game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BAN ID|BAN ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/handlingar.se ID|handlingar.se ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français|identifiant Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/South African NPO number|South African NPO number]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
*** [https://w.wiki/7YZo Subclass of blogger] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataid/status/1706181080557240593 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7W2V List of taxon name as first having been described by Dennis P. Gordon] ([https://twitter.com/MeMerricks/status/1704675287055860220 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7YHf Gallery of wood cuts made before 1600, including file description and the link to the Wikimedia Commons file] ([https://wikis.world/@Ustinoff@mastodon.social/111121077812646847 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] (Week 38, 2023) ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/111116087976103677 source])
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
*** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Chopin Thematic Catalog Concordance|WikiProject Chopin Thematic Catalog Concordance]] - an effort by members of the Music Library Association (MLA) [https://cmc.wp.musiclibraryassoc.org/mla-linked-data-working-group/ Linked Data Working Group] (LDWG) to create and enhance Wikidata items for Frédéric Chopin's musical works.
*** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Museum AI projects|WikiProject Museum AI projects]] - aims to map AI projects (including events, datasets) from museums into Wikidata and create a data model for it.

* ''' Development '''
** Lexemes: We are fixing an issue that made edit links and styles disappear ([[phab:T344362]])
** Mismatch Finder:
*** We made improvements to the store part of the tool ([[phab:T335864]]) and fixed small issues ([[phab:T344336,]], [[phab:T343344]])
*** We worked on making it possible to upload mismatches on qualifiers ([[phab:T313467]])
** We are continuing to migrate tools from ORES to Lift Wing ([[phab:T343731]])
** We've added Wikifunktions as a new wiki for sitelinks ([[phab:T342857]])
** Wikibase REST API: We are working on making it possible to get labels, descriptions and aliases from a Property as well as modify the description of an Item

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* ''' Monthly Tasks '''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 09 25|Read the full report]]''' &amp;middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &amp;middot; [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:58, 25 සැප්තැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25635405 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #596 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
* '''Discussions'''
** Open request for adminship: [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Saroj|Saroj]] (RfP scheduled to end after 8 October 2023 12:01 (UTC))
** New request for comments: [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/MotoGP riders' links|MotoGP riders' links]] (Update the broken links of [[:d:Property:P3928|MotoGP racer ID (P3928)]])

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** November 7, 2023, Hannover, Germany - [https://www.tib.eu/en/tib/news-and-events/news/details/wikiremembrance-researching-and-remembering-national-socialism WikiRemembrance: researching and remembering National Socialism] - Wikipedia and Wikidata's role in documenting memorial sites.
** January 12 - 14, 2024, Berlin, Germany (and online) - [https://www.artmarketstudies.org/cfp-provenance-loves-wiki-2024-online-berlin-12-14-jan-2024/ CFP: Provenance Loves Wiki] - A workshop on art history, art science and provenance research in Wikidata/Wikipedia &amp; Wikibase
Ongoing 
** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #110, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=110 Ohm's law] (Challenge started on 2023-09-25 12:01:32)
This Week
** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call October 3, 2023: Lars Willighagen will discuss on citation.js.org, Wikidata, and plans for more linked data. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ni0d5qbFZsCQIBtjJzl9X8V7cwLN01gv1MvZ7zpntYU/edit Agenda]

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [https://blog.communitydata.science/the-state-of-wikimedia-research-2022-2023/ The State of Wikimedia Research 2022 - 2023]
** Papers
*** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.08491.pdf Using Large Language Models for Knowledge Engineering (LLMKE): A Wikidata Case Study] - Zhang et al, 2023
*** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.11495.pdf Chain-of-Verification reduces hallucination in Large Language Models] across a variety of tasks, including list-based questions from Wikidata - Dhuliawala et al, 2023
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSyoDU2r4Q0 Intro about WikiPathways]&lt; showing bits of Wikidata and Scholia
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2whuhQ3628 Wikidata for Better Health (in French)] - Houcemeddine Turki, Faculty of Sciences SFAX &lt; closing session of &quot;Adapting Wikidata to support clinical practice using Data Science, Semantic Web and Machine Learning&quot;
** Notebooks
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/c3c33fa19bd8754d Implementing a parser for a sample Wiki article]
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/0035947e1c7ea36c Artist selection] (in French)

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://map.wikimedia.swiss/v/swiss-archives/?l=de Swiss Archives] is an interactive overview map of the Swiss archives present in Wikidata have corresponding Wikipedia articles and in which language (FR, DE, IT), allowing interested Wikimedians to know where they can contribute or expand. - [https://twitter.com/M_Gasser/status/1665605556768321537 Michael Gasser (X post)]

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/64SRNVJI7DMSDRWUVBEEYVISWHAONEGU/ WikidataCon 2023: first version of the program is out] - find out more about the format, registration and [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon2023/schedule/ scheduled program].
** The [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/S7OCXSRJQR4ITMOZVJXY6ND3XG4YIGGG/ Search Platform / Query Service Team monthly Open Meeting] is coming up. Got any Wikidata Query Service questions? Feel free to join!
** Wikimedia Deutschland is still looking for an [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/35655261/Engineering-Manager-Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Projects-and-FunTech-d-f-m-?jobDbPVId=92161036&amp;l=en Engineering Manager Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects and FunTech].

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Property:P12050|demo of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;video game or software that this trial version is based on&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12045|‎Codeberg username]], [[:d:Property:P12046|ADVN ID]], [[:d:Property:P12047|‎MiMoText ID]], [[:d:Property:P12048|BookBrainz series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12049|National Register of Monumental Trees ID]], [[:d:Property:P12051|‎National Library of Albania ID]], [[:d:Property:P12052|AARoads Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12053|BAN ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/self-identified name|self-identified name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the name used by an ethnic group to refer to itself&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/non-self-identified name|non-self-identified name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;name used to identify an ethnic group against their self-determination, e.g. in colonial contexts&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/exception to constraint (lexeme)|exception to constraint (lexeme)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;lexeme that is an exception to the constraint, qualifier to define a property constraint in combination with P2302&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metacritic numeric game ID|Metacritic numeric game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBIL ID|DBIL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant du musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux|identifiant du musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gematsu game ID|Gematsu game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Matilda paper ID|Matilda paper ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Basketball Bundesliga Teams UUID|Basketball Bundesliga Teams UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Auchenorrhyncha Database ID|World Auchenorrhyncha Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nordic Women in Film-ID|Nordic Women in Film-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pinakes IDs|Pinakes IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiKids ID|WikiKids ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aves de Chile ID|Aves de Chile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Klingon Word Wiki id|Klingon Word Wiki id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metacritic company ID|Metacritic company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metacritic publication ID|Metacritic publication ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/StopGame series ID|StopGame series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Jolt ID|Game Jolt ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SlackBuilds package|SlackBuilds package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/California State Park ID|California State Park ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
*** [https://w.wiki/7ami Most frequent birth places for PTBNP authors] ([[d:User:Epìdosis/sandbox#Birth_and_death_places_on_map|source]])
*** [https://w.wiki/7c3B University's museum in France] ([https://twitter.com/Pyb75/status/1708129619558191449 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7dPB 52,153 French words which have both masculine and feminine forms] ([https://twitter.com/_lerner_paul/status/1705206707297685805 source])
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: 
*** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject African Literary Metdata|WikiProject African Literary Metadata]] - a project dedicated to create and improve Wikidata's coverage of African informal literatures. 
*** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject GLAM-BW|WikiProject GLAM-BW]] - a project to connect major collections held by museums in Baden-Württemberg by uploading information on collectors, former collection locations, collecting histories, and objects

* '''Development'''
** Wikibase REST API:
*** We are finalizing the work on getting the labels, descriptions and aliases of a Property.
*** We are finishing work on modifying the descriptions of an Item.
** You can now add sitelinks to Wikifunctions ([[phab:T342857]])
** We dug into [[wikitech:WMDE/Wikidata/Reports/2023/2023-09-18_Ramifications_of_IP_masking_on_Wikidata_related_extensions|what the upcoming IP-masking changes mean for the Wikidata-related extensions]] and where code changes are needed
** Lexicographical data:
*** We improved the “required” marker on Special:NewLexeme, hopefully making its meaning clearer ([[phab:T322683]])
*** If you are not logged-in, you’ll also get the yellow warning when editing Lexeme’s Lemmas, Forms, and Senses ([[phab:T343979]])
** We added the tlh-latn and tlh-piqd codes for monolingual text, so that now you can add the titles to Shakepear’s works in the original Klingon ([[phab:T286239]])
** Mismatch Finder:
*** Failed uploads now no longer offer to download review results ([[phab:T335864]])
*** We are working on the ability to report mismatches on qualifiers ([[phab:T313467]])
*** The Mismatch Finder will show a clarifying message when Java Script is disabled ([[phab:T343344]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]!
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 10 02|Read the full report]]''' &amp;middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &amp;middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 15:08, 2 ඔක්තෝබර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25677545 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #597 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** Closed request for adminship: Welcome to our new admin, [[d:User:Saroj|Saroj]]! ([[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Saroj|see the closed request]])
** New requests for permissions/Bot: 
*** [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Tildebot|Tildebot]] (Task: Upload about 16,000 [[:d:Property:P12052|AARoads Wiki article ID]] statements based on reconciliation in [[:d:Wikidata:OpenRefine|OpenRefine]])
*** [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/GamerProfilesBot|GamerProfilesBot]] (Task: Regularly update existing video games with the [[:d:Property:P12001|GamerProfiles game ID]] sourced from [https://gamerprofiles.com GamerProfiles.com])

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Upcoming:
*** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16:00 UTC, 18th October 2023 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.''
*** Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour October 13, 2023: Over the summer and into the fall the LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group will be offering a series of Wikidata Working Hours to give folks an opportunity to try out various Wikidata-related skills and tools by assembling a data set of diverse library and information science (LIS) materials (articles, conference proceedings, books) and adding it to Wikidata. Wikidata Working Hours provide hands-on Wikidata experience in a supportive space. We hope you will join us if you are interested in learning more about Wikidata, exploring LIS literature, and have been looking for a fun Wikidata project to contribute to. The fifth Wikidata Working Hour in the series will cover manually adding authors and publishers from our bibliography into Wikidata. This session will be recorded and the recording shared on the event page. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2023-October-13_Wikidata_Working_Hour Event page]
*** Wikidata's 11th birthday is around the corner, on October 29th! [[d:Wikidata:Eleventh Birthday|Discover how you can prepare and present a gift to the community and organize a local birthday celebration]].
*** New round open HDI course on Knowledge Graphs. October 11, 2023 - November 21, 2023. Sign up [https://open.hpi.de/courses/knowledgegraphs2023 enrol here].
*** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023|Data Modelling Days]], November 30-December 2. An online event dedicated to our data modelling challenges. You can already [[d:Wikidata talk:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023|submit a session or ideas]].
** Ongoing:
*** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #112, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=112 Dogs] (Challenge started on 2023-10-09 12:01:19)

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [http://chrishanretty.co.uk/posts/twfy_wikidata_crosswalk/ Connecting They Work For You to Wikidata] by Chris Hanretty
*** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|Public sculpture photo trail: documenting Auckland sculptures in Wikidata; Aotearoa's Wikimedia Laureate]] by [[outreach:User:Prosperosity|Prosperosity]] &amp; [[outreach:User:Giantflightlessbirds|Giantflightlessbirds]]
*** [https://www.deseret.com/2023/10/4/23901215/most-famous-musicians-of-all-time These are the top 10 most famous musicians of all time, according to MIT],  by Hannah Murdock
*** [https://addshore.com/2023/10/covid-19-wikipedia-pageview-spikes-2019-2022/ COVID-19 Wikipedia pageview spikes, 2019-2022] &lt; Wikipedia pageviews spikes using Wikidata as a source for determining page titles for topics across languages. By [[d:User:Addshore|Addshore]]
** Papers
*** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.15047.pdf Large language models converge toward human-like concept organization] by Jonathan Gabel Christiansen, Mathias Lykke Gammelgaard, and Anders Søgaard
** Press 
*** [https://www.zdnet.com/article/is-ai-lying-to-us-these-researchers-built-an-llm-lie-detector-of-sorts-to-find-out/ Is AI lying to us? These researchers built an LLM lie detector of sorts to find out] - Tiernan Ray, ZDNET (&quot;Step one is to come up with a list of over 20,000 questions and known answers, drawn from sources such as Wikidata, for which the large language model, in this case, OpenAI's GPT-3.5, can be reliably expected to provide the correct answer.&quot;)
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3W634CXHdI8 Graphic Possibilities 50 States of Comics Wikidata Tutorial] &lt; discusses data modeling, notability, cultural importance of Comic books and how to add them to Wikidata. By Kate Topham
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7aYSiqafSg Linking cultural heritage data in practice] &lt; discusses interlinking diverse museum data between Sweden’s National Museum and National Historical Museums and Wikidata.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVWn97wFfFM Data Scraping, Gathering &amp; Annotation] (in Ukrainian VO, English text) &lt; lecture on data gathering, Wikidata, SPARQL and structured data from Ukrainian Catholic University
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwfGs9asLVY Add information about Wikisource works to Wikidata] (in French) &lt; adding a link in Wikidata between work and the edition, and beyond.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ij2r56P7aY Proposal and creation of properties] (in French) by [[d:User:VIGNERON|VIGNERON]] &lt; Exploring the property creation process on Wikidata.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdG9yc-xZQQ Wikidata: first pragmatic approach] - Ismael Olea - OpenSouthCode 2023 &lt; an introduction to Wikidata - the objective of this talk is for the public to leave amazed and addicted to Wikidata.

* '''Tool of the week'''
** https://aletheiafact.org &lt;- is a new fact-checking website using Wikidata for people/concept identification. The website allows users to contribute to fact-checking claims made by public figures, such as politicians, celebrities, and influencers.

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: none
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12053|BAN ID]], [[:d:Property:P12054|Metacritic game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12055|Dicionário Aberto ID]], [[:d:Property:P12056|Online Etymology Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12057|World Auchenorrhyncha Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12058|‎Gematsu game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12059|Encyclociné ID]], [[:d:Property:P12060|DBIL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12061|Pinakes country ID]], [[:d:Property:P12062|Pinakes city ID]], [[:d:Property:P12063|Pinakes institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P12064|Pinakes fonds ID]], [[:d:Property:P12065|Museum of Fine Arts, Bordeaux object ID]], [[:d:Property:P12066|Aparat channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12067|FaroeSoccer referee ID]], [[:d:Property:P12068|Matilda paper ID]], [[:d:Property:P12069|Sessionize speaker ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/self-identified name|self-identified name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the name by which a group of humans refers to itself&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/non-self-identified name|non-self-identified name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;name used to identify a group of humans against their self-determination, e.g. in colonial contexts&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fonds|fonds]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiKids ID|WikiKids ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aves de Chile ID|Aves de Chile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Klingon Word Wiki id|Klingon Word Wiki id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metacritic company ID|Metacritic company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metacritic publication ID|Metacritic publication ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/StopGame series ID|StopGame series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Jolt ID|Game Jolt ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SlackBuilds package|SlackBuilds package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/California State Park ID|California State Park ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SBL player ID|SBL player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identificador Qué series ver|identificador Qué series ver]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Steam Workshop file ID|Steam Workshop file ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Find my School ID|Find my School ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fichier des ecclésiastiques ID|Fichier des ecclésiastiques ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Walmart product ID|Walmart product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Library publisher ID|Open Library publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/kihondōshi handbook ID|kihondōshi handbook ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OzBargain tag|OzBargain tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OzBargain brand|OzBargain brand]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ELSST Thesaurus ID|ELSST Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gematsu company ID|Gematsu company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Valve Developer Community article ID|Valve Developer Community article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Royal Irish Academy ID|Royal Irish Academy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Illinois State Parks ID|Illinois State Parks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flixy.dk emne ID|Flixy.dk emne ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
*** [https://w.wiki/7gFH Accused witches in Scotland accused of shapeshifting]([[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Scotland's_Accused_Witches/Queries|source]])
*** [https://w.wiki/7iBa Argentinian national team football players that participating in 3 matches or bellow]  ([https://twitter.com/tin_nqn_/status/1709349283525210380 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7gg3 List of people who are in Art Looting Investigation Unit red flag list] ([https://twitter.com/OpenLinkArtData/status/1710521967873249428 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7eQQ Main Subject bubble chart of Articles in Journals with AJOL ID, published in Ghana, about diseases] (source: [https://twitter.com/espejolento @espejolento])

* '''Development'''
** Wikibase REST API: We worked on the new routes for PATCHing Property and Item aliases as well as PUTing Property labels and descriptions ([[phab:T342982]], [[phab:T337371]], [[phab:T337371]], [[phab:T348150]])
** We are continuing to work on fixing an issue with Lexeme pages missing styles and scripts ([[phab:T344362]])
** We’re adding some missing license notes to some javascript UI interfaces ([[phab:343998]], [[phab:T343999]])
** Mismatch Finder: We are continuing the work on supporting mismatches for data that is stored in qualifiers ([[phab:T313467]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 10 09|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 16:33, 9 ඔක්තෝබර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25705993 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #598 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Upcoming:
***Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call October 17, 2023: Our scheduled speaker had to unexpectedly cancel, so please join us to transfer group call notes from the Google Drive to the wiki project page (see instructions link in agenda document!) [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1hzVSHu9y8J0pCKzO5wGHRtiXpiYHkb7F4ePsCwSj0Y8/edit Agenda]
*** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16:00 UTC, 18th October 2023 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.''
*** WikidataCon 2023 on October 28-29: don't forget to [https://pretix.eu/wikidatatw/Wikidatacon2023/ register for the online or the onsite event]! You can also [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon2023/schedule/ check the program], [[d:Wikidata:Eleventh Birthday|prepare a present for the Wikidata birthday]], and [[d:Wikidata:Eleventh Birthday/Events|join or organize a satellite event]] with your local community.
*** [https://www.eventbrite.com/e/wikidata-day-nyc-2023-tickets-735689496087 Wikidata Day NYC '23] Join fellow Wikidata-enthusiasts on October 29th at the  Butler Library, 114th Street West, NYC for a free Wikidata-celebration with a selection of engaging workshops and presentations to attend.
*** [https://stateofthemap.eu/schedule State of the Map EU 2023] has a session on OSM-Wikidata Map Framework on Sunday, 12th Nov., taking place in Antwerp, Belgium.
*** [[m:Wikimedistas_de_Per%C3%BA/Actividades/D%C3%ADas_de_Wikidata_2023|Wikidata Days: WM-Peru]] (in Spanish) attend a 2-day event, with sessions devoted to Wikidata, OpenRefine, QuickStatements and SPARQL.
*** [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdbVc63XyoVVXDcFQSvzRxSc1GEA1D02O1mUqzv6nvO0ZJ32w/viewform Wikimedia Chile: Wikidata Training Course] Staying in South America, Chilean and all Spanish-speakers can attend a 4-day Course and earn a participation Certificate. Online event - 17 to 20th October.
*** [https://twitter.com/wikimediaigbo/status/1713469359996191043 Igbo Wikimedians User Group invites you to a Wikidata event tagged &quot;One Item, One Image&quot;]. October 17th at 5pm WAT on Google Meet.
** Ongoing: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=113 Weekly Lexeme Challenge #113: Apple] (Challenge started on 2023-10-16 12:01:41)
** Past Week:
*** [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=112 Weekly Lexeme Challenge #112: Dogs] has ended. Did you contribute?
*** [https://www.temporal-communities.de/events/international-workshop-wikipedia-wikidata-wikibase.html Wikipedia, Wikidata and Wikibase: Usage Scenarios for Literary Studies] International Workshop at the Freie Universität Berlin.

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Papers: [https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3462/TADA3.pdf WikiDBs: A Corpus Of Relational Databases From Wikidata] by Vogel &amp; Binnig.
** Press: [https://www.broadcastprome.com/case-studies/tv-networks/indexing-news-with-ai/ Indexing news with AI] via BroadCast Pro ME (&quot;We are able to create a rich multilingual archive, leveraging translations based on the Wikidata knowledge graph.&quot;)
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ij2r56P7aY Introduction to Properties: Proposal &amp; Creation] (in French), by Nicolas VIGNERON.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJUPmZmUqS8 Drag'n'Drop Gadget] &lt;-- This handy gadget allows you to click and drag information from a Wikipedia article and add it to a Wikidata-item as a Statement. By Magnus Sälgö.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwfGs9asLVY Add information about Wikisource works to Wikidata] (in French) &lt;-- a comprehensive guide through linking Wikisource entries to their Wikidata-items.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdG9yc-xZQQ Introduction &amp; Overview of Wikidata] (in Spanish), by Ismail Olea.
*** LIVE Wikidata editing #110 &lt;-- [[d:User:Ainali|Ainali]] and [[d:User:Abbe98|Abbe98]] do some live editing on Wikidata (in English), and discuss the thought process of what we are doing and why we do it.
** Notebooks
*** [https://observablehq.com/@maison-mona/analyse-resultats-reconciliation-wikidata Analysis of Wikidata reconciliation results] (in French)
*** [https://observablehq.com/@fgregg/whats-nearby-wikidata What's nearby, Wikidata?] will generate a list of nearby places that have a Wikipedia article close to your current location.
** Reports: [[w:User:Ambrosia10/TDWG2023|Report on the Biodiversity Information Standards Conference 2023 (TDWG2023)]] by [[d:User:Ambrosia10|Ambrosia10]]

* '''Tool of the week'''
** Map Kerala ([https://wikiproject-kerala.github.io/Panchayat/ https://wikiproject-kerala.github.io/Panchayat/]) uses Wikidata to distinguish Panchayats of Kerala at a glance based on three distinct identifier codes ([[d:Property:P6425|LGD code]], [[d:Property:P8573|LSG code]], [[d:Property:P11817|SEC code]]).
** [[d:User:Nikki/ChecksumCheck.js|User:Nikki/ChecksumCheck.js]] &lt;-- This script displays a symbol after external identifiers which contain checksums, to indicate whether the checksum in the identifier is correct. Currently only supporting a small number of Identifiers. 

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Property:P12081|‎WHO Aware Classification]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;antibiotic classification according to the World Health Organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12089|‎self-identified name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;name by which a group of humans refers to itself (endonym)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12090|non-self-identified name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;name used to identify a group of humans as opposed to their self-determination&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12067|FaroeSoccer referee ID]], [[:d:Property:P12068|Matilda paper ID]], [[:d:Property:P12069|Sessionize speaker ID]], [[:d:Property:P12070|Minerals.net mineral and gemstone ID]], [[:d:Property:P12071|MUSE book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12072|‎Game Jolt ID]], [[:d:Property:P12073|Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français ID]], [[:d:Property:P12074|‎ProductReview ID]], [[:d:Property:P12075|‎Acclaimed Music album ID]], [[:d:Property:P12076|Nordic Women in Film-ID]], [[:d:Property:P12077|SlackBuilds package]], [[:d:Property:P12078|Metacritic numeric game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12079|Metacritic publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P12080|Metacritic company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12082|StopGame series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12083|Steam Workshop mod ID]], [[:d:Property:P12084|California State Park ID]], [[:d:Property:P12085|‎Find my School ID]], [[:d:Property:P12086|WikiKids ID]], [[:d:Property:P12087|SBL player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12088|Open Library publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12091|DBpia article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12092|‎Gematsu company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12093|‎Valve Developer Community article ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/parent form of an active substance|parent form of an active substance]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;parent form of a chemical entity used as an active substance in the form of a salt&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FAO WIEWS Institution ID|FAO WIEWS Institution ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/numéro de licence d'un joueur de la FFTT|numéro de licence d'un joueur de la FFTT]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rahlfs Number|Rahlfs Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Minnesota State Parks and Recreation Areas ID|Minnesota State Parks and Recreation Areas ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Minnesota State Forests ID|Minnesota State Forests ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kinobox ID|Kinobox ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GNU Savannah project|GNU Savannah project]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indie DB company ID|Indie DB company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mod DB company ID|Mod DB company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Catenae Catalogue|Catenae Catalogue]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GameBrew ID|GameBrew ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPGA player ID|JLPGA player ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples:
*** [https://w.wiki/7oTi List of lighthouses in France] ([https://twitter.com/LeuLeudo/status/1709086802454163943 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7bV8 Which academic journals publish the most International Space Station Research?] (graph) ([https://twitter.com/astro_meganne/status/1707709600886120696 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7o3d Tamil Lexemes missing Item for this sense statements] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#missing_item_for_this_sense_in_Tamil_lexemes|source]])
*** [https://w.wiki/7ofi People with no country of citizenship having Norwegian names] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#People_with_no_country_of_citizenship_having_Norweigian_names|source]])
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
*** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Catalan creators|WikiProject Catalan creators]] - a project for documenting creators born or active in the Catalan speaking territories
*** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject BeyondNotability|WikiProject BeyondNotability]] -  a project for improving content on Wikidata women's work in archaeology, history and heritage in the UK circa 1870-1950
*** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Manuscripts/Header|WikiProject Manuscripts]]

* '''Development'''
** Wikibase REST API:
*** Working on the ability to modify the aliases of an Item or Property ([[phab:T342982]], [[phab:T337371]])
*** Working on the ability to add or replace a label in a given language on a Property ([[phab:T342979]])
*** Working on the ability to add or replace a description in a given language on a Property ([[phab:T348150]])
** Lexicographical data: We (mostly) fixed an issue where Lexeme pages where missing styles and scripts ([[phab:T344362]])
** Mismatch Finder: We continued work on making it possible to report mismatches on qualifiers ([[phab:T313467]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 10 16|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 17:04, 16 ඔක්තෝබර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25742400 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #599 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** Open request for adminship: [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Hjart|Hjart]] (RfP scheduled to end after 26 October 2023 11:20 UTC)

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Past: Wikidata and Wikibase office hour session log: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2023-10-18|Telegram office hour, Q4 2023]]
** Ongoing: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=114 Weekly Lexeme Challenge #114: Cars] (Challenge started on 2023-10-23 12:01:27)
** Upcoming:
*** [https://wikiedu.org/speaker-series/ How cultural institutions use Wikidata to share their data with the world] &lt; organised by WikiEdu, happening today, Oct. 23.
*** [https://twitter.com/bingulibraries/status/1714735878847770750/photo/1 Edit-A-Thon for LGBTQ+ History Month] &lt; Binghamton University Library, New York, Oct. 25th. Help make visible the important contributions of queer figures.
*** [https://twitter.com/hkbulibdmss/status/1713857483792437497 Bridging Art Archive to the Wikidata Ecosystem] &lt; a guest lecture from Joyce Chen at the Fall Symposium on Digital Scholarship '23, Oct. 27, via Zoom.
*** [https://twitter.com/SQWikimediansUG/status/1714944884459618622 Wikidata Birthday Edit-A-Thon (Albanian)] &lt; Albanian language Wikimedians celebrate Wikidata's Birthday with a 2-day event (Oct. 28 - 29, 2023) near the &quot;Aleksandër Xhuvani&quot; University, Elbasan.
*** Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour October 23,  2023: Over the summer and into the fall the LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group will be offering a series of Wikidata Working Hours to give folks an opportunity to try out various Wikidata-related skills and tools by assembling a data set of diverse library and information science (LIS) materials (articles, conference proceedings, books) and adding it to Wikidata. Wikidata Working Hours provide hands-on Wikidata experience in a supportive space. We hope you will join us if you are interested in learning more about Wikidata, exploring LIS literature, and have been looking for a fun Wikidata project to contribute to. The sixth Wikidata Working Hour in the series will cover batch creating items using OpenRefine.This session will be recorded and the recording shared on the [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2023-October-23_Wikidata_Working_Hour Event page]
*** [https://wikidataworkshop.github.io/2023/ 4th Wikidata Workshop] as part of the International Semantic Web Conference. 7th Nov., Athens, Greece.

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** Final Report of the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Adapting_Wikidata_to_support_clinical_practice_using_Data_Science,_Semantic_Web_and_Machine_Learning Adapting Wikidata to support clinical practice using Data Science, Semantic Web and Machine Learning] Project funded by the Wikimedia Research Fund.
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zW6SbOPb-8I Let's Connect Learning Clinic #2: Wikidata for Wiki Loves Monuments] &lt; Learn how to run SPARQL queries, create Listeria lists, and structure data on commons for  Wiki Loves Monuments and other WikiLoves campaigns, provided by Wikimedia Sweden. Missed Clinic #1? [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpiTjxAy_Z8 Find it here].
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ke4izHB0GT0 Live Editing #110] &lt; Develop your SPARQL query-building skills in this follow-along session.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5Gj5bHIYwU Tutorial on Wikidata for or WikiConnect course] (in Portuguese) &lt;-- Explaining the Wiki Movimento Brasil's WikiConecta Wikidata course. The course entails Understanding what Wikidata is and its operating logic, Learning the basics of editing and recovering data, and Understanding why and how to use Wikidata with your students.
*** Birthday Presents from Data Engineering and Semantics Research Unit: 
**** [https://www.youtube.com/live/-LdIz8ncCpw MedCYN] as an intuitive web tool for Wikidata-based clinical decision support.
**** [https://www.youtube.com/live/hgikdP8Fuaw MeSH2Wikidata] as an approach for validating and classifying biomedical relations in Wikidata based on MeSH Keywords of PubMed scholarly publications.

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [[d:User:Magnus Manske/annas archive.js|User:Magnus Manske/annas archive.js]] is a userscript that automatically links to Anna's Archive from Wikidata items for books and research articles, for title, DOI, ISBN, etc. so that people can easily get access to them.

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** There is [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/October 2023 scaling update|a new update]] relative to the Wikidata Query Service scaling of the backend, that explains how the team will experiment with splitting the Wikidata Query Service graph and use federation for the queries that need access to all subgraphs.
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/FWEVR4QEYOHPY7FEATMALXQZQM7I5PZW/ Mismatch Finder tool improvements]: In the next deployment scheduled for November 1, the tool will let you report mismatches on qualifiers in addition to the main part of a statement.

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Property:P12095|‎fonds]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;archival fonds (part of a collection) which an item belongs to&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12099|parent form of an active substance]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;parent form of a chemical entity (e.g. a salt) used as an active substance in pharmaceutical products&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12105|‎Red List of South African Plants conservation status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;conservation status of endemic South African plants assigned by the South African National Biodiversity Institute&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12110|Parpulov group]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;class of similar manuscripts with Catenae as assigned by Georgi Parpulov&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12094|‎DfE group UID]], [[:d:Property:P12096|Kinobox film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12098|Kinobox person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12100|FloraVeg.EU taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12101|DBpia author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12102|‎Mod DB company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12103|‎GameBrew ID]], [[:d:Property:P12104|Royal Irish Academy ID]], [[:d:Property:P12106|‎RKDexcerpts ID]], [[:d:Property:P12107|ELSST Thesaurus ID (Version 4 - 2023)]], [[:d:Property:P12108|JLPSA player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12109|‎Catenae Catalogue ID]], [[:d:Property:P12111|‎IGI Global author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12112|‎Pandit Project work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12113|Vascular Plants of Iowa species ID]], [[:d:Property:P12114|Flora of New Jersey Project atlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12115|‎GNU Savannah project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12116|‎Rahlfs number]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/used by practitioners of|used by practitioners of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item used by a practitioner of another item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plant Illustrations taxon ID|Plant Illustrations taxon ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL for a taxon on the Plant Illustrations website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Art Platform Japan ID|Art Platform Japan ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier in {{Q|123139107}} (Japanese &amp; English)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IBP 6-letter bird species alpha code|IBP 6-letter bird species alpha code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flickr Photo ID|Flickr Photo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/North Rhine-Westphalian school ID|North Rhine-Westphalian school ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant d'un membre de l'Académie de Stanislas|identifiant d'un membre de l'Académie de Stanislas]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bantumen Powerlist 100|Bantumen Powerlist 100]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Repairs|identifiant Repairs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Legends Tour ID|Legends Tour ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Radio Paradise song ID|Radio Paradise song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archivio storico artisti lucchesi ID|Archivio storico artisti lucchesi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cycling Archives race ID|Cycling Archives race ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gale ACID|Gale ACID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID osoby Medvik|ID osoby Medvik]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HBL topic ID|HBL topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Humanities Center Fellow ID|National Humanities Center Fellow ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
*** [https://w.wiki/7p8c Birthplace of recipients of the Nazi Germany Iron Cross]
*** [https://w.wiki/4tJ3 Burial place of Swedish Prime Ministers]
*** [https://w.wiki/7pGw List of cathedrals around the world with its height] ([https://twitter.com/jmcollado/status/1714353277083463979 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7jeC Population of Check villages with rivers flowing through them] ([https://twitter.com/medi_cago/status/1712053220510437379 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7skK Ships with multiple operators that do not have multiple official names] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Ships_with_multiple_operators_that_do_not_have_multiple_official_names|source]])
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Photography in Finland|WikiProject Photography in Finland]] - a project for photography in Finland, including photographers, studios and other related items
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Celtic Music|WikiProject Celtic Music]] - a project for collecting Celtic tunes

* '''Development'''
** We are preparing for WikidataCon and the Data Modelling Days.
** We are looking more into where Wikibase needs to be adapted to the upcoming IP Masking changes.
** We added a notification about the license to all edits to labels, descriptions and aliases that was missing still ([[phab:T343998]]) The same for Lexemes is coming next ([[phab:T343999]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 10 23|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 16:07, 23 ඔක්තෝබර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25757700 --&gt;

== Welcome to the 600th Wikidata Weekly Summary! ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Welcome to the 600th Weekly Summary!'''
[[d:user:Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)|Lydia]] initiated the weekly newsletter at the start of the Wikidata project, before it even went live, to keep the community in the loop about the developments, the new projects and tools. [[d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Léa]] carried on the newsletter in 2016 and then it was my turn in 2020. The newsletter has been going strong for eleven years, with its content powered by the community, and delivered every week without fail. Thank you to everyone who helped fill in the different sections of the Weekly Summary thus far ❤️ --[[d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed]]
* Item #600 [[d:Q600|Ichiro Suzuki]]; Property #600 is [[d:Property:P600|Wine AppDB ID]]; and Lexeme #600 is the Japanese conjugation [[d:Lexeme:L600|だから]]
** 600 in the multiverse: as [[d:Q25586|a year]] ([[d:Q246827|another year]]), [[d:Q257138|a number]], [[d:Q257138|a category]], [[d:Q10676739|a track gauge]], [[d:Q699843|a jet]], [[d:Q114661|an asteroid]], [[d:Q1104915|an auto race]], [[d:Q29707956|a genetic element]], [[d:Q6643615|a death]], [[d:Q6282893|a birth]], [[d:Q23136778|a TV serie]], [[d:Q1125433|a car]], [[d:Q1037609|a galaxy]], [[d:Q2817913|a sport discipline]], [[d:Q1590725|a radio telescope]], [[d:Q17861788|an engine]], [[d:Q3135031|a polygon]], [[d:Q18811585|a film]], [[d:Q137069|a GPU]], [[d:Q1050797|a photolithography]], [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?go=Go&amp;search=600&amp;search=600&amp;title=Special%3ASearch&amp;ns0=1&amp;ns120=1 and many more…]
* [https://w.wiki/7xRc Timeline of places when they had a population of exactly 600]
* [https://w.wiki/7xUE Map of things at an altitude of 600 m]
* [https://w.wiki/7xU5 List of items with an external ID equal to 600]
** Wikidata was 600 days old on [[d:Q17932511|Wednesday 11 June 2014]]. It will be 600 weeks old on [[d:Q69308365|Monday 9 August 2027]]
* '''WikidataCon happened over the weekend'''
** [[d:Wikidata:Eleventh_Birthday/Messages#Birthday_wishes|Birthday wishes from the community]], and a special note from the Wikidata development team at Wikimedia Deutschland below:
{{quote|Today it is time to celebrate Wikidata’s 11th birthday. Let’s take a look back at the past year and what’s coming.

[[File:Wikidata-map-2023-06-26-items-intensity-100.png|thumb|Wikidata’s world - map of Wikidata Items with a geocoordinate]]

There are now over 12.200 amazing people who are actively editing on Wikidata - 3000 of them even making more than 100 edits a month ♥️  Thank you! Without you Wikidata wouldn’t be what it is today. Thank you for helping give more people more access to more knowledge every single day. This year also marks the year we can welcome a new sister to the Wikimedia projects: Wikifunctions is live, letting us all geek out on functions in anticipation of Abstract Wikipedia. Another big milestone was Wikibase Cloud coming out of private beta. Now you can more easily run your own Wikibase and collect and maintain data that doesn’t fit into Wikidata. 2023 was also the year when the efforts of Wikidata editors were recognized across the Wikimedia movement with the awarding of the Wikimedian of the Year award to Taufik Rosman and the Wikimedia Laureate award to Siobhan Leachman. Over the coming year I want us to find ways how we can bring more people, who are already editing a bit here and there, closer to the community and help them find their place in our community. If you are one of them and have not found your place yet, check out a WikiProject related to your interests. Wikidata has something for everyone 😉

Wikidata now has over 106 Million Items and nearly 1.2 Million Lexemes. We are closing in on 2 Billion edits, making about 20 Million edits per month. All this content is used to create useful, quirky, educational or just fun applications that wouldn’t be possible without Wikidata and all the work you put into it. Check out Notable People for example. Over the coming year we want to make that even easier by building better APIs, lessening the strain on the Query Service, doing more outreach to developers as well as making our data more usable by ironing out ontology issues. In addition there will be increased focus on improving how the other Wikimedia projects integrate Wikidata. With the opening up of Wikibase Cloud we will hopefully also see many new Wikibases pop up that cover more specialized data or be used as playgrounds to prepare data for Wikidata. I am looking forward to a growing Wikibase Ecosystem and excited about more Linked Open Data becoming available to the world, with Wikidata being an entryway to it all.

And last but not least: if you want to learn a bit more about the history and backstory of Wikidata, then you might like Wikidata: The Making Of by Denny, Markus and me.

Lydia for the development team}}
* Documentation of [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon2023/schedule/ the sessions] is currently ongoing with the slides getting [[:c:Category:WikidataCon 2023 presentations|uploaded on Wikimedia Commons here]]. The Livestream and replay of the conference per day are already available [https://www.youtube.com/@wikidatataiwan9726/streams on YouTube]. The individual sections are [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejPB3E7aMGVY43bEX71CivKX here].
* List of presents gathered by the community for Wikidata's eleventh birthday
** '''[https://luthor.toolforge.org/ Luthor]''' is a multi-lingual tool for adding '''usage examples''' to lexemes on Wikidata, from sentences found on '''Wikisource''' in the same language. (by [[User:Ijon|Asaf Bartov]])
** '''[https://sangkalak.toolforge.org/ সংকলক]''' একটি সরঞ্জাম যেটা দিয়ে উইকিসংকলনের লেখাগুলির উইকিউপাত্ত আইটেম অনুসারে সে লেখাগুলিকে উন্নত ভাবে অনুসন্ধান করা যায়। - Sangkalak is a tool with which Wikisource works can be searched more readily, using the Wikidata items for those works. (present from Mahir256) (by [[d:User:Mahir256|মাহির২৫৬-এর]] উপহার)
** [[:File:Wikidata 11th Birthday Card.jpg|File:Wikidata 11th Birthday Card.jpg]] (by [[d:User:Almaddy2022|Almaddy2022]])
** '''[https://qop.toolforge.org Quonter Vandal]''' - is a tool powered by AI to help identify vandalism to Wikidata. For more details and to leave comments see [[Wikidata:Quonter_Vandal]]. Developed by [[User:BrokenSegue|BrokenSegue]] ([[User talk:BrokenSegue|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]])
** Creating new Lexemes? For a lot more languages you now no longer need to provide a spelling variant when creating a new Lexeme, making it even easier to contribute data about words in your language. (present from the development team)
** The Mismatch Finder, the tool to help review mismatches between Wikidata and other data sources now also has support for mismatches on qualifiers. This allows it to be useful also for issues that are in the data in qualifiers. (present from the development team)
** [[Wikidata:Tools/inteGraality|inteGraality]] service pack update from [[d:User:Jean-Frédéric]]
*** support for grouping by predicates, particularly useful for Lexemes ([[d:User:Jean-Frédéric/Integraality/Lexemes 3|example by &lt;code&gt;wikibase:lexicalCategory&lt;/code&gt;]], [[d:User:Jean-Frédéric/Integraality/Lexemes 4|example by &lt;code&gt;dct:language&lt;/code&gt;]]) ; [[d:User:Jean-Frédéric/Integraality/Badges|other example by badge]]
*** new column type: sitelinks ([[d:User:Jean-Frédéric/Integraality/Video games sitelinks by country or origin|example 1]], [[d:User:Jean-Frédéric/Integraality/Video_games_sitelinks_by_platform|example 2]])
*** Automatic support for grouping by datetime properties ([[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Music/Statistics/Albums by year|example]])
** [[d:Wikidata:Wikidata Lexeme Forms|Wikidata Lexeme Forms]] experimental Wikifunctions support (details TBA) --[[d:User:Lucas Werkmeister|Lucas Werkmeister]] ([[d:User talk:Lucas Werkmeister|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]])
** The projects WiseWoman briefly presented of students editing obscure corners of Wikidata are on her [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:WiseWoman Wikidata user page].
** Birthday Presents from Data Engineering and Semantics Research Unit (by [[d:User:Csisc|Houcemeddine Turki]]):
*** [https://www.youtube.com/live/-LdIz8ncCpw MedCYN] as an intuitive web tool for Wikidata-based clinical decision support.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/live/hgikdP8Fuaw MeSH2Wikidata] as an approach for validating and classifying biomedical relations in Wikidata based on MeSH Keywords of PubMed scholarly publications.

* '''Discussions'''
** Closed request for adminship: Welcome to our new admin, [[d:User:Hjart|Hjart]]! ([[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Hjart|see the closed request]])
** New requests for permissions/Bot:
*** [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/DifoolBot|DifoolBot]] (Task: Update pages containing an [[:d:Property:P2915|ECARTICO person ID (P2915)]] statement, currently 5709 pages)
*** [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/MsynBot 13|MsynBot 13]] (Task: Remove unnecessary use of ''preferred rank'')

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call October 31, 2023: We will hear from Darnelle Melvin, Cory Lampert, and Andre Hulet, University of Nevada-Las Vegas Libraries, on WireframeVG: A Search and Discovery Application for Wikidata Projects. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/19ALvaZdMeESOwO92yL3jsnn78xYcmcmK0mCFmo4eSs0/edit?usp=sharing Agenda]
** Ongoing:
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_India/Events/Wikidata_Eleventh_Birthday|WikiProject India/Events/Wikidata Eleventh Birthday online Datathon]], Oct 26 - Nov 5th 2023
*** [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=115 Weekly Lexeme Challenge #115: Orchestra] (Challenge started on 2023-10-30 12:01:26)
** Past: [[d:Wikidata:Eleventh_Birthday/Events|Wikidata Eleventh Birthday Distributed events]]

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/10/23/from-mesh-keywords-to-biomedical-knowledge-in-wikidata-the-giant-move/ From MeSH Keywords to Biomedical Knowledge in Wikidata: The giant move]
*** [https://labs.acmi.net.au/linking-acmi-wikidata-aa33dd6fd58b Linking ACMI &amp; Wikidata], by Paul Duchesne
*** [https://wikiworks.com/enhanced-wikibase.html Enhanced Wikibase], by Wikiworks MediaWiki consulting
*** [[:w:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2023-10-23/News_from_Diff|Sawtpedia: Giving a Voice to Wikipedia Using QR Codes]], by [[d:User:Yamen|Yamen]]
*** [[:outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Italy report|10,000 institutions on the Wikimedia projects]], By Dario Crespi (WMIT) &amp; Ilaria Diterlizzi (WMIT)
*** [https://orissadiary.com/the-11th-birthday-of-wikidata-was-celebrated-in-bhubaneswar-by-the-odia-wikimedians-user-group/ The 11th Birthday of Wikidata was celebrated in Bhubaneswar by the Odia Wikimedians User Group]
** Papers
*** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.16296.pdf Relevant Entity Selection: Knowledge Graph Bootstrapping via Zero-Shot Analogical Pruning] (Jarnac et al)
** Press
*** [https://orissadiary.com/the-11th-birthday-of-wikidata-was-celebrated-in-bhubaneswar-by-the-odia-wikimedians-user-group/ The 11th Birthday Of Wikidata Was Celebrated In Bhubaneswar By The Odia Wikimedians User Group] via OrissaDiary.com
*** [https://t3n.de/news/finde-den-bekanntesten-menschen-deiner-stadt-dank-interaktiver-karte-1489087/ Find the most famous person in your city using this interactive map] (in German) by Kay Nordenbrock via t3n.de (&quot;The database contains data on people from 3,500 BC to 2018 AD. It consists largely of data from Wikipedia and Wikidata.&quot;)
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CR5t0GptAFI How cultural institutions use Wikidata] (How cultural heritage institutions sharing their collection data, including implementing Wikidata projects, batch uploading datasets to Wikidata, and how to share successes to a broader audience) - Jackie Rubashkin, Metadata Technician, Barack Obama Presidential Library; Michelle van Lanschot, Project Coordinator at Wikimedia-Netherlands; William Blueher, Associate Museum Librarian at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Will Kent, Wiki Education
*** (in Chinese) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Go9j0vIUtmc Wikidata基礎編輯教學] (Wikidata basic editor) - Conference for Open Source Coders, Users &amp; Promoters (COSCUP) 2023
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vb0WFKHWB1Y How can we utilize Wikidata to protect Puyuma, an endangered language] - Yucheng Lin (COSCUP 2023)
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53ds8AyuUOI Wikidata merge-gadget] (in Swedish) by Magnus Sälgö
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WPs91QvxZA Wikidata Live editing session - NASA, inteGraality, dates and qualifiers] (in French) by Nicolas VIGNERON
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGMj8j6t8BE Pairing SBN with Wikidata via WikiLinker] (in Portuguese)
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yz-lZZQMEz4 Introduction to Wikibase Cloud] (in Italian)

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [[d:User:Magnus Manske/author sort.js|User:Magnus Manske/author sort.js]] is a user script to automatically sort the authors of a paper in the order they appear on the paper, ie. by sorting [[d:property:P50|author (P50)]] and [[d:property:P2093|author name string (P2093)]] statements by [[d:property:P1545|series ordinal (P1545)]]. Example: [[d:Q28209168|One Hundred and Seventeen Clades of Euagarics (Q28209168)]].
** [https://tjukanovt.github.io/notable-people Notable People] is a map project by [https://twitter.com/tjukanov/status/1552622792708874240 Topi Tjukanov] that showing birthplaces of the most &quot;notable people&quot; around the world. It uses the combined data of Wikipedia and Wikidata from the paper's &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01369-4 a cross-verified database of notable people, 3500 BC-2018 AD]&quot; by Morgane Laouenan, Palaash Bhargava, Jean-Benoît Eyméoud, Olivier Gergaud, Guillaume Plique &amp; Etienne Wasmer. The data shows only one person for each unique geographic location with the highest notability rank.

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/XAYTWBPD24H3H4VZMNVQAICOZ6FRLIM3/ The Wikimedia Affiliations Committee (AffCom), Ombuds commission (OC), and the Case Review Committee (CRC) are looking for new members].
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wiki-research-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SLFAWPKCJI3QCAYW43O6QEVGK7SJAMBQ/ Wikimedia Research Fund Update update]. ''&quot;You can apply for research funds (USD 2K-50K) until December 15, 2023. While all research proposals related to Wikimedia projects are welcome, we particularly encourage research studies on medium to small size languages and communities, as well as in low resourced languages and projects.&quot;''
** [[m:WD4WMP|The Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is investigating the different ways Wikidata is used in the sister projects. We would like to speak with you about your experiences integrating or connecting Wikidata, if you'd like to tell us, please sign up for an interview on our project page or on our [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration Form].

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: none
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12117|Illinois State Parks ID]], [[:d:Property:P12118|Minnesota State Forests ID]], [[:d:Property:P12119|Minnesota State Parks and Recreation Areas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12120|‎Flickr photo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12121|‎IBP 6-letter bird species alpha code]], [[:d:Property:P12122|ManyVids ID]], [[:d:Property:P12123|‎North Rhine-Westphalian school ID]], [[:d:Property:P12124|Repairs ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nixpkgs path|nixpkgs path]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;other operating systems have their package manages as id properties&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cultural Heritage Online ID|Cultural Heritage Online ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for heritage assets and related institutions on Cultural Heritage Online&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyklopedia Teatru Polskiego author ID|Encyklopedia Teatru Polskiego author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Emerald network site ID|Emerald network site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Playdate Catalog ID|Playdate Catalog ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rowing Canada ID|Rowing Canada ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Radio Paradise song ID|Radio Paradise song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tennessee-Kentucky Plant Atlas ID|Tennessee-Kentucky Plant Atlas ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/old-games id|old-games id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheTVDB movie ID|TheTVDB movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indiana Plant Atlas ID|Indiana Plant Atlas ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cagb manuscript ID|cagb manuscript ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/la Repubblica TV series ID|la Repubblica TV series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Filmweb ID|Filmweb ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Monasticon Hibernicum database ID|Monasticon Hibernicum database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gale document ID|Gale document ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
*** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Manuscripts/Dashboard|Property completeness dashboard for manuscripts]]
*** [https://w.wiki/7wSg Map of narrative locations of romantic comedies] ([https://mastodon.world/@mlpoulter/111318731640496853 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7q$L Tunisian scientists are cited by Nobel Prize winners] ([https://twitter.com/Csisc1994/status/1715408704298770586 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7pGw Which cathedrals are the tallest in the world?] ([https://twitter.com/jmcollado/status/1714353277083463979 source])
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
*** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Source Reliability|Wikidata:WikiProject Source Reliability]] - an project to identify and aggregate online sources of assessments of the reliability and credibility of sources
*** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Academic Publisher|Wikidata:WikiProject Academic Publisher]] - a project to display open access shares (among others based on publishers) at the Austrian Datahub for Open Access Negotiations and Monitoring

* '''Development'''
** Wikibase REST API: We are continuing the work on making it possible to remove a description in a given language from an Item, modify the label of an Item and add aliases to an Item ([[phab:T342986]], [[phab:T342980]], [[phab:T335842]])
** Lexicographical data: We switched the Property that is used to pre-select the spelling variant on the Special:NewLexeme page from P218 (ISO 639-1 code) to P305 (IETF language tag) to make use of the latter’s larger coverage. ([[phab:T348923]])
** EntitySchemas: We are continuing to work on addressing the feedback from the testing of the new datatype in the test system.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 10 30|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 15:04, 30 ඔක්තෝබර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25804906 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #601 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/AramBot|AramBot]] (Task: adding site links, especially from ckbwiki and kuwiki pages to Wikidata).

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Past: [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Search_Platform_Office_Hours Search Platform / Query Service Team office hour log — November 1, 2023]
** This Week:
*** [https://brownlibrary.lwcal.com/#!view/event/slug/1293-wikidata-for-digital-humanities Wikidata for Digital Humanities] workshop hosted by Brown University Library, Nov. 6th 19:00 - 20:00 CEST.
*** [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/lets-connect-learning-clinic-wikidata-for-wiki-loves-monuments-series-3/3586 Wiki Loves Monuments: Learning Clinic #3] hosted by WM Sweden in partnership with WM Uganda, Nov. 9th
** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023|Data Modelling Days]], November 30-December 2. You can [[d:Wikidata talk:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023|propose a session]] until November 19. If you are running another event or meetup and would like to connect it to the Data Modelling Days, you can add it to the [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data_Modelling_Days_2023#Satellite_events|satellite events section]].

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/11/02/wikidata-arabic-community/ Wikidata Arabic Community].
*** [https://towardsdatascience.com/ultra-foundation-models-for-knowledge-graph-reasoning-9f8f4a0d7f09 ULTRA: Foundation Models for Knowledge Graph Reasoning].
** Papers
*** [https://update.lib.berkeley.edu/ PhiloBiblon: From Siloed Databases to Linked Open Data via Wikibase: Proof of Concept] A White Paper released from Charles Faulhaber
*** [https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/using-pregel-to-create-knowledge-graphs-subsets-described-by-non/26242354 Using Pregel to Create Knowledge Graphs Subsets Described by Non-recursive Shape Expressions]  by  Á. Préstamo &amp; J. Gayo
*** [https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/knowledge-graphs-and-semantic-web/26242350 Knowledge Graphs and Semantic Web] is a collection of preceedings from the 5th Iberoamerican Conference and 4th Indo-American Conference, KGSWC 2023, Nov. 13–15. By F. Ortiz-Rodriguez, B. Villazón-Terrazas, S. Tiwari &amp; C. Bobed.

** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkAwDVvJKMs OpenHPI Querying Wikidata with SPARQL]
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7kRL40PLPo OpenHPI Wikidata as a Knowledge Graph]
*** [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/WCLmIPdR5rA Wikidata 11th Birthday Celebrations](YouTube shorts) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ua4IXcyzRrA are celebrated by the Community]
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmY5t_DaUKk Live Editing with Wikidata in Italiano] (Italian)
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yz-lZZQMEz4 Intro to Wikibase Cloud] (Italian)

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/subclass-of subclass of], new Observable tool to test which item is a subclass of another.

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZDHNJCVBE4XLEEZULCGF3B3Z55UELW34/ SMWCon 2023 Call for Contributions] on the topic 'MediaWiki in the age of AI'
** The [https://iw.toolforge.org/lexeme-forms Wikidata Lexeme Forms] tool was upgraded to autogenerate the different forms of a regular word with functions from [[d:Wikidata:Wikidata_Lexeme_Forms|Wikifunctions]]
* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: none
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12125|‎Playdate Catalog ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/linguistic family of place name|linguistic family of place name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Relates directly a placename to its original language family. It's not the language in which the toponym is written, but the language from which the word (place name) comes from.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/according to|according to]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;to be used together with P248 if the statement is taken from an aggregator rather than directly from the source&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/counterexample|counterexample]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier for deprecated P279 statements; example instance or subclass of the item class for which a &quot;subclass of&quot; statement does not hold (alias: &quot;item belonging to the subject class but not the value class&quot;)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Book ordinal in a publication series|Book ordinal in a publication series]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;This property describes the order of the book within a book series.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comitato Italiano Paralimpico ID|Comitato Italiano Paralimpico ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Athlete ID in the Italian Paralympi Committee website (comitatoparalimpico.it)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tax base|tax base]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;This property describes the calculation basis for the item of Taxation.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tax objects|tax objects]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;This property describes certain objects, acts, or other facts that are the basis for calculating taxes.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/taxpayer|taxpayer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;This property describes someone who owes money.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pallaalcentro player ID|Pallaalcentro player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Propylaeum-VITAE id|Propylaeum-VITAE id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Linked Open Data Comune Firenze ID|Linked Open Data Comune Firenze ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alexandria.dk person|Alexandria.dk person]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant One Earth d'une écorégion|Identifiant One Earth d'une écorégion]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CECC Political Prisoner ID|CECC Political Prisoner ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/shukach.com ID|shukach.com ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Carte d'autore online ID|Carte d'autore online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fondazione Fiera ID|Fondazione Fiera ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Il Sole 24 Ore cinema IDs|Il Sole 24 Ore cinema IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dongqiudi.com team ID|Dongqiudi.com team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Moviepilot.de person ID|Moviepilot.de person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IDVT|IDVT]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National-Football-Teams.com national team ID|National-Football-Teams.com national team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kicker team ID|Kicker team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FilmAffinity person ID|FilmAffinity person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples:
*** [https://w.wiki/7yv$ List of phobias in French]
*** [https://w.wiki/84Di Interviewees who were part of the Suffragette Movement] and
*** [https://w.wiki/84DU Interviewees who had a relative or friend in the Suffragette Movement] as part of the [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LSESuffrageInterviewsProject|LSE Suffrage Interviews Project]]

** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Source_Reliability|Source Reliability]] &quot;is an effort to identify and aggregate online sources of assessments of the reliability and credibility of sources&quot;.

* '''Development'''
** Wikibase REST API:
*** We have implemented the endpoints for ''PATCH /entities/items/{item_id}/aliases'' ([[phab:T337371]]), ''PATCH /entities/properties/{property_id}/aliases'' ([[phab:T342982]]) and ''PATCH /entities/properties/{property_id}/labels'' ([[phab:T342980]])
*** We started working on the new endpoints for ''POST /entities/items/{item_id}/aliases/{language_code}'' ([[phab:T335842]]) and ''DELETE /entities/items/{item_id}/descriptions/{lang_code}'' ([[phab:T342986]])
** Language codes:
*** We made Special:NewLexeme more likely to guess the spelling variant for you by changing the Property we use to get the language code. Now you will see the spelling variant input pop up less often. ([[phab:T349652]])
*** We started work towards allowing many more languages by default for Wikibase Lexeme and monolingual text statements. This will remove the need for a lot of requests for new language codes to be added. ([[phab:T341409]])
** Query Service UI: We’ve fixed a small issue in the Query Service UI that was introduced when updating CSS variables. Content of selected cells in the query result should be readable again. ([[phab:T350153]])
** EntitySchemas: We are continuing the work on the new data type for linking to EntitySchemas, working on overcoming architectural issues.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 11 06|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 16:52, 6 නොවැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25812993 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #602 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/S8321414|S8321414]] (RfP scheduled to end after 13 November 2023 14:50 UTC)
** New requests for permissions/Bot:
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/DifoolBot_2|DiFoolBot 2]] (Task: import VIAF ID based on Union List of Artist Names ID)
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/KizuleBot|KizuleBot]] (Task: Adding sitelinks to Serbian Wikipedia for maintenance categories (see contributions of account) based on items for English Wikipedia's ones)
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/KormiSKbot|KormiSKbot]] (Task: Linking newly created pages on [[:sk:Hlavná stránka|SKWiki]] to the appropriate Wikidata items.)

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Upcoming:
*** Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call November 14, 2023: We will hear from Diego Saez-Trumper on Wikidata Revert Risk and Annotool. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1iIYs1U-6gDfAJeoKKwO-D1hhsEu0ccTXnetl4cq8qLY/edit?usp=sharing Agenda]
*** [[d:Wikidata:Concurso_Latinoam%C3%A9rica_en_Wikidata_2023|Latin America in Wikidata Challenge]] (Spanish) &lt; Nov. 14 - Dec. 14. Play the game and help highlight the region hosting the GLAM Wiki conference! (Prizes available).
*** [[m:Event:Editat%C3%B3n_Mujeres_en_las_ciencias|Edit-a-thon &quot;Women in sciences&quot;]] &lt; 17 Nov. 12:00 - 18 Nov. 03:00 (UTC). A live edit-a-thon to improve the quality and variety of articles of women who have won the prestigious L'Oréal-UNESCO National Award &quot;For Women in Science&quot;. (Prizes available).
*** [[mw:Wikimedia Language engineering/Community meetings|Language community meetings]]: A new initiative by WMF language team to organize quarterly gatherings to encourage collaboration among individuals and communities interested in language-related technical topics. First meeting: Friday, November 17, 2023, 16:00 to 17:00 (UTC)
*** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023/Program|Glam Wiki Program]] - 16 - 18 November, Montevideo, Uruguay. Want to attend in person? - [https://wikimedistasuy.limesurvey.net/583765 Register here]. Wikidata Related Sessions:
**** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023/Program/Wikidata_for_cultural_heritage|Wikidata For Cultural Heritage]]
**** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023/Program/WADE:_A_tool_for_adding_depiction_information_to_artworks_on_Wikidata|WADE: Add artwork depiction information on Wikidata]]
**** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023/Program/Workshopping_Metadata_Interoperability_for_Small_Museums|Workshopping Metadata Interoperability for Small Museums]]
**** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023/Program/Wikisource_and_Wikidata:_when_two_cool_kids_play_together!|Wikisource and Wikidata: when two cool kids play together!]]
**** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023/Program/Using_Wikidata_integration_on_the_Wikimedia_projects_to_enhance_GLAM-WIKI_content_sharing|Using Wikidata integration on the Wikimedia projects to enhance GLAM-WIKI content sharing]]
**** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023/Program/Wikidata_%2B_Education_%2B_Heritage|Wikidata + Education + Heritage]]
** Ongoing:
*** [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=117 Weekly Lexeme Challenge #117: School] (Challenge started on 2023-11-13 12:01:25). Did you participate in last week's Challenge #116 : [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=116 Storm]?
*** Knowledge Graphs - Foundations and Applications course by Prof. Dr. Harald Sack. October 11, 2023 - November 21, 2023. Enrol [https://open.hpi.de/courses/knowledgegraphs2023 here] if you have not done so yet.
** Past: [http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/bge/actualites/actualites/agenda/tous-les-evenements-de-la-bibliotheque/wikiwitch-cartographier-les-sorcieres-de-suisse-et-dailleurs/ WikiWitch: mapping witches from Switzerland and elsewhere] Nov. 4th

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
***[https://pointstodots.wordpress.com/2023/11/01/investigating-the-formatter-uri-for-rdf-resource-p1921-property-and-its-uses-in-the-wikidata-infrastructure/ Investigating the “formatter URI for RDF resource” (P1921) property and its uses in the Wikidata infrastructure] &lt;-- It discusses how this property enables unique identification of resources, its usage in federated queries, and its role in the Wikidata Query Service.
*** [https://www.tio.ch/svizzera/attualita/1709525/svizzera-vittime-state-caccia-streghe-donne-uccise-monumento-perseguitate-2mila Switzerland Witch hunt: over 2,000 victims, but no monument] (Italian) WikiWitches project is using Wikidata to track execution sites of persecuted persons. Read about the project [https://sanspages.org/2021/08/05/ here].
*** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Colombia report|Open Access Week and Wikidata; Opening Culture and Heritage training]] (Colombia GLAM report) &lt;-- details the Open Access Week and Wikidata event in Colombia, which included discussions on the use of Wikidata for academic journals and the use of Wikidata for open science.
*** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Wikipedia for all of Sweden; Museums and Wikidata – why and how?; Photo memories from Stockholm and Rome; Negotiating Knowledge on Wikipedia]] (Sweden GLAM report) &lt;-- discusses the “Wikipedia for all of Sweden” project, which includes the use of Wikidata for authority control in museums.
*** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/11/01/wikiwitches-giving-back-a-soul-to-the-victims-of-the-witch-hunt/ Wikiwitches: giving back a soul to the victims of the witch-hunt] &lt;-- The Wikiwitches project, initiated by the association Les sans pagEs in collaboration with Wikimedia CH, aims to map the victims of witch-hunts on Wikidata.
*** [https://blog.metabrainz.org/2023/11/06/gsoc-23-automating-area-management-in-musicbrainz/ GSOC ‘23: Automating Area Management in MusicBrainz] &lt;-- Prathamesh, in their Google Summer of Code project, developed a data pipeline to automate the synchronization of area metadata between MusicBrainz and Wikidata.
** Papers
*** [https://journals.uio.no/dhnbpub/article/view/10665 Wikidata for authority control: sharing museum knowledge with the world] &lt;-- The project “Usable Authorities for Data-driven Cultural Heritage Research” aims to link museum authority data to Wikidata, enhancing the visibility, accessibility, and relevance of information across different museum collections, and encouraging cultural heritage institutions in Sweden to contribute to and utilize the Wikimedia platforms.
*** The 4th Wikidata Workshop for the scientific Wikidata community happened on 07 November 2023. You can find a full list of presented papers [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWp9Yi4v87c here]
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWp9Yi4v87c Connecting Entomological Collectors ECN2023] &lt;-- A presentation for the Entomological Collections Network 2023 conference by  Siobhan Leachman, this presentation explains how Wikidata can be used to create an identifier for entomological collectors, empowering the collation &amp; linking of biographical data as well as the ability to link to other databases &amp; catalogs relating to those collectors.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfTA7AhgWBA Wikidata for Wiki Loves Monuments w/ Content Partnerships Hub Wikimedia Sweden &amp; Wikimedia Uganda] &lt;-- The Learning Series offers practical guidance on using Wikidata for Wiki Loves campaigns, with hands-on experience and follow-up mentoring.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1y4cVKKXspA Wikidata projects in Wikimedia Spain] &lt;-- part of the online sessions organized by Wikimedia España to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Wikidata. In this session, Ángel Obregón, a member of Wikimedia España, presents some of the projects driven by Wikidata by the members of WMES.
** Notebooks:
*** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/subclass-of Subclass of...] &lt;-- Wikidata's ontology is complex. This tool aims at finding if an item is a subclass of another one.
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/632d9e0eccea271d The Wednesday Index] &lt;-- A longitudinal analysis of gender diversity in Wikipedia articles.

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://openflights.org/ OpenFlights.org] is now getting some of its airline data from Wikidata. It is a free open-source tool that allows you to log, map, calculate, and share your flights and trips.

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibaseug@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/I34X4BR52DFEUHB6TX22TKLM72XJVFOQ/ Wikibase Suite: Wikibase 1.39.5 – minor changes] (security release compatible with MediaWiki 1.39.5)
**

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Property:P12132|stated in source according to]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;to be used together with P248 if the statement is taken from an aggregator rather than directly from the source&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12126|HBL topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12127|Art Platform Japan ID]], [[:d:Property:P12128|Archivio storico artisti lucchesi ID]], [[:d:Property:P12129|Encyklopedia Teatru Polskiego author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12130|Aves de Chile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12131|cagb manuscript ID]], [[:d:Property:P12133|Italian Paralympic Committee ID]], [[:d:Property:P12134|‎old-games.org ID]], [[:d:Property:P12135|Carte d'autore online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12136|Indiana Plant Atlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12137|Linked Open Data Comune Firenze ID]], [[:d:Property:P12138|Tennessee-Kentucky Plant Atlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12139|Il Sole 24 Ore movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P12140|Il Sole 24 Ore person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Official wiki URL|Official wiki URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL to the official wiki for the item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/maternal mortality ratio|maternal mortality ratio]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gaming Wiki Network article ID|Gaming Wiki Network article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Playdate community wiki ID|Playdate community wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BNE periodical SID|BNE periodical SID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vesti.kz team ID|vesti.kz team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EIDR parties (Entertainment Identity Registry)|EIDR parties (Entertainment Identity Registry)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Art Gallery of Ontario object ID|Art Gallery of Ontario object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GeoLOD ID|GeoLOD ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spectrum Computing|Spectrum Computing]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museo Nacional de Arte artist ID|Museo Nacional de Arte artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Catalogo Nazionale Dati ID|Catalogo Nazionale Dati ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
*** [https://w.wiki/84Hp  Map of every recorded battle the past 4,500 years] ([https://twitter.com/MahmoudAlyosify/status/1721524460228935865 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7yDL Map of locations of witch memorials and sites of interest in Scotland] ([https://twitter.com/emcandre/status/1719132942809587905 source])
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_IDEA|WikiProject IDEA]] - This Wikiproject serves as a working group and process documentation archive for the International (Digital) Dura-Europos Archive (IDEA), a project generously funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and in development at Bard College and Yale University.
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Interwiki|WikiProject Interwiki]] - The goal of this project is linking Wikidata items with wiki articles outside of the Wikimedia ecosystem. Niche wikis frequently offer more in-depth content compared to general online dictionary articles, although their quality can vary significantly.
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject SrpKor|WikiProject SrpKor]] - The main aim of this project is building Wikidata entities for the novels from SrpKor: Corpus of the contemporary Serbian language.
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Manors|WikiProject Manors]] - Collecting data about [[d:Q879050|manor house (Q879050)]] as part of [[d:Q2066754|manor (Q2066754)]] or [[d:Q2116450|manor estate (Q2116450)]] as part of the [[d:Q117756751|Research Centre for manors in the baltic sea region (Q117756751)]].
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Echinodermata|WikiProject Echinodermata]] - A repository for information pertaining to the NSF Grant Echinoderm Project.

* '''Development'''
** Wikibase REST API: We continued working on the new endpoints for ''POST /entities/items/{item_id}/aliases/{language_code}'' ([[phab:T335842]]) and ''DELETE /entities/items/{item_id}/descriptions/{lang_code}'' ([[phab:T342986]])
** EntitySchemas: We are continuing the work on the new data type for linking to EntitySchemas, working on overcoming architectural issues.
** Language codes: We continued work towards allowing many more languages by default for Wikibase Lexeme and monolingual text statements. This will remove the need for a lot of requests for new language codes to be added. ([[phab:T341409]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 11 13|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat(WMDE)]] 14:53, 13 නොවැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25846708 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #603 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** Closed request for adminship: Congratulations to our new Admin! [[d:User:S8321414|S8321414]] - ([[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/S8321414|See the closed request]])
** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/KormiSKbot|KormiSKbot]] - (Task: Linking newly created pages on [[:sk:Wikipedia|Slovak Wikipedia]] to the appropriate Wikidata items)

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Upcoming:
*** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023|Data Modelling Days]], from November 30th to December 2nd: 3 days of online events to address data modelling challenges, discuss how to improve the way we structure data together, and discover the point of view of external reusers. Feel free to [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data_Modelling_Days_2023#Sessions|have a look at the program]] (under construction) and to [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023/Participants|sign up as a participant]].
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxEJE-LiQuc&amp;pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D Wikidata Lab XXXIX: Structuring the Wikimedia Ecosystem] presented by Wiki Movimento Brasil. November 21 at 2:00 PM CEST. The presentation will be held in English by the wikimedian Mike Peel.
*** Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour November 20th,  2023: Over the summer and into the fall the LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group will be offering a series of Wikidata Working Hours to give folks an opportunity to try out various Wikidata-related skills and tools by assembling a data set of diverse library and information science (LIS) materials (articles, conference proceedings, books) and adding it to Wikidata. Wikidata Working Hours provide hands-on Wikidata experience in a supportive space. We hope you will join us if you are interested in learning more about Wikidata, exploring LIS literature, and have been looking for a fun Wikidata project to contribute to. The seventh Wikidata Working Hour will cover the Author Disambiguator tool, which helps users assign authors to articles.During the session we will demonstrate how to use the tool on an author who was created during a previous working hour, and another who doesn't exist in Wikidata yet. After the demonstration, participants are encouraged to try the tool themselves during the rest of the working hour. This session will build on the work done in previous Working Hours by connecting authors to the articles they have written. This session will be recorded and the recording shared on the [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2023-November-20_Wikidata_Working_Hour event page]
*** [[:de:w:Wikipedia:Arbeitsgemeinschaft_Kunstwissenschaften_%2B_Wikipedia/tips_%26_tools|Wikibase for art and cultural data]] (German) - #9 of kuwiki tips &amp; tools, taking place Thursday, 23 November 2023, 19-20.30
** Ongoing:
*** [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=118 Weekly Lexeme Challenge #118: Diseases] (Challenge started on 2023-11-20 12:01:41)
** Past:
*** [[m:ItWikiCon/2023|ItWikiCon '23]] (Italian) was hosted in Bari, Italy between the 17th - 19th November. Check the [[m:ItWikiCon/2023/Programma|Programme]] for details on sessions and check for recordings or slidedecks of presentations.
*** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023|GLAM Wiki 2023]] took place in Montevideo, Uruguay. There were several Wikidata-related sessions some of which are linked in the Videos section.

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1007836 New study shows how authors’ personal circumstances influence the depiction of nature in their works]
** Papers
*** [https://www.semantic-web-journal.net/content/can-you-trust-wikidata-1 Can you trust Wikidata?] - is a paper exploring Wikidata's veracity and trustability for providing values to Knowledge Graphs. Written by V. Santos et al.
** Videos
*** Wikidata for Cultural Heritage, available in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lNvUmArXgA Spanish], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gohj12__Wo0 Portugese], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K337fNxiOvw English]
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNZ5VkkAuPw Find-A-Grave] of Swedish politicians in Magnus Sälgö's exploration of Wikidata, OpenRefine, SPARQL and Svenskagravar (Swedish).
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faeXRNSh_0Q&amp;pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D Wikidata Live Editing #111] with the Wikipedia Weekly Network, hosted by [[User:Ainali|Ainali]] and [[User:Abbe98|Abbe98]]
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfTA7AhgWBA Wikidata for Wiki Loves Monuments w/ Content Partnerships] presented by Hub Wikimedia Sweden &amp; Wikimedia Uganda. Get essential Wikidata-editing skills for Listeria, OpenRefine, run queries and structured data on Commons.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbz_ANgtD8k How to upload collections to Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata using Open Refine] (in Portuguese). Training on uploading collections to Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata using Open Refine.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yqm0J1UrULQ Cohort 2 Graduation: AfLIA Wikidata Online Course]. The session includes exciting testimonials from participants and goodwill messages.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NEsk5iWTwQ Enhancing Factuality in Large Language Models with Wikidata's 12B Facts]. This HackerNews video discusses a paper that explores the use of Wikidata, which contains over 12 billion facts, to improve the factuality of large language models (LLMs)
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1tBIOVdOWk Back to basics and #SPARQL #Wikidata] (in French). Using Wikidata SPARQL query by VIGNERON
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lNvUmArXgA Wikidata for cultural heritage (ES) - GLAM Wiki Conference]
** Presentations: [https://elemwala.toolforge.org/static/wcna2023/wcna2023.html &quot;Wikidata Lexemes: Introduction to the Possibilities&quot; - workshop on at WikiConference North America], by [[d:User:Mahir256|User:Mahir256]]
** Notebooks:
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/6086664e20f8c4cd The End of an Era] - A study on the major deaths that have occurred in our generation and the people that were left behind. (1997-2012)
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/5501fe52e156508e Relationship Between Senators and Political Parties] - A sample network graph that depicts the political parties of Senators.
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/7ec76ff6cf531e70 Family Network of Female Horse] - A sample network graph that depicts the relationships of female horses.
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/e0d2119c438156de Poets and the Monarchs they were appointed by]
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/db18c33354921fac Metro stations of The Metropolitan line (Q19891) of the London Underground Metro System] - A sample network graph that depicts the stops and adjacent stops of metro stations of the London Underground's Metropolitan line.

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/user-level-gender-statistics-for-wikipedia User-level gender statistics for Wikipedia] - a tool that computes the number of articles created by gender has been repaired after some months of unavailability. It relies on xtools and P21 property.
** [https://luthor.toolforge.org Luthor] -  tool for finding usage examples from Wikisource and adding them to lexemes on Wikidata.

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** [[wmfblog:2023/11/15/wikimania-2024-scholarships-open-apply-now/|Scholarship applications for Wikimania 2024 are now open until December 18th!]]
* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: none
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12141|Fondazione Fiera ID]], [[:d:Property:P12142|EIDR party ID]], [[:d:Property:P12143|‎Gaming Wiki Network article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12144|‎Cultural Heritage Online (Japan) heritage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12145|Cultural Heritage Online (Japan) institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P12146|Playdate community wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12147|Danacode (short)]], [[:d:Property:P12148|Danacode (long)]], [[:d:Property:P12149|archINFORM ID (awards)]], [[:d:Property:P12150|shukach.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P12151|BNE periodical SID]], [[:d:Property:P12152|Moviepilot.de person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12153|FilmAffinity person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12154|Archiefpunt archive ID]], [[:d:Property:P12155|Archiefpunt compiler ID]], [[:d:Property:P12156|Archiefpunt curator ID]], [[:d:Property:P12157|Capitolium Art artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12158|BioGRID ID]], [[:d:Property:P12159|la Repubblica TV series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12160|CECC Political Prisoner ID]], [[:d:Property:P12161|One Earth ecoregion ID]], [[:d:Property:P12162|‎Spectrum Computing ID]], [[:d:Property:P12163|IDVT]], [[:d:Property:P12164|BISAC Subject Heading]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Papers with Code URL|Papers with Code URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL for subject in Papers with Code system&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PAEnflowered taxon URL|PAEnflowered taxon URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL for a plant taxon found in Pennsylvania on the PAEnflowered website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioCyc ID (Pathway/Genome Databases)|BioCyc ID (Pathway/Genome Databases)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Star Citizen Tools Wiki ID|Star Citizen Tools Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alaska Women's Hall of Fame ID|Alaska Women's Hall of Fame ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shanghai Library organization ID|Shanghai Library organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shanghai Library era ID|Shanghai Library era ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shanghai Library surname ID|Shanghai Library surname ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paradox wikis article ID|Paradox wikis article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shanghai Library movie ID|Shanghai Library movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet Dictionary of Polish Surnames ID|Internet Dictionary of Polish Surnames ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae lemma ID|Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae lemma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae object ID|Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rare Species Guide ID|Rare Species Guide ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TLA thesaurus ID|TLA thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Minnesota Plant List ID|Minnesota Plant List ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ELMCIP person ID|ELMCIP person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flora of the Southeastern United States ID|Flora of the Southeastern United States ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SWERIK Person ID|SWERIK Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora ID|Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Go Botany taxon ID|Go Botany taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Wales ID|Team Wales ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unified Saudi Occupational Classification|Unified Saudi Occupational Classification]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pinakes work ID|Pinakes work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Search System of Japanese Red Data ID|Search System of Japanese Red Data ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ELMCIP organization ID|ELMCIP organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Japan Search ID|Japan Search ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples: 
*** [https://w.wiki/8Cmp Articles on English Wikipedia tagged 'Water pollution' with no equivalent article in Spanish] ([https://twitter.com/OpenResLeeds/status/1726325166240907347 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/8D89 Highest point (in meters) per counties in Finland] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Highest_point_per_county_in_Finland|source]])
*** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Week 46, 2023: Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/111431233523655531 source]) ''&quot;Basque are back on top for the second time this month&quot;''
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Manuscripts|WikiProject Manuscripts]] - This WikiProject coordinates efforts on Wikidata to gather and curate structured data on manuscripts.
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Grove Hall Black Women Lead|WikiProject Grove Hall Black Women Lead]] - aims to shed light on the lives and stories of Black women leaders who have shaped Boston’s history from the colonial era to the present day.
** Newest database reports: [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge/enwiki-svwiki|User:Pasleim/projectmerge/enwiki-svwiki]] - 3875 merge candidates in English Wikipedia and Swedish Wikipedia based on same sitelink name.
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q835440|University of Konstanz (Q835440)]] - University in Konstanz, Germany (feel free to suggest the next one for next week)
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L2310|rød]] - Danish word for red with features in many compounds and derivations (feel free to suggest the next one for next week)

* '''Development'''
** We are taking steps towards making many more languages available in Lexemes and monolingual text statement values. ([[phab:T341409]])
** Nikki fixed a bug where the CSS class for a statement rank wasn't updated after a rank change ([[phab:T209138]])
** We are continuing the work on improving EntitySchemas by making it possible to link to them in statements.
** We are migrating several tools from the Wikit design system to the Codex design system to be able to deprecate Wikit in the future.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 11 20|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai  (WMDE)]] 14:16, 20 නොවැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25879639 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #604 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Clarify_Wikidata:Account_creators_abilities_and_where_to_request|Clarify Wikidata: Account creators abilities and where to request]] from [[d:User:S8321414|S8321414]]. (RfC started 23-11-20)

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Upcoming:
*** [https://www.0221.com.ar/universidad/unlp-se-viene-la-primera-jornada-wikiarchivistas-n83513 UNLP: the first Wikiarchivists Day is coming] &lt; 04.12.23 at the UNLP Public Library, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Organised by WM Argentina.
*** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call November 28, 2023: As a satellite event for Data Modeling Days, we will facilitate community discussion around data modeling in Wikidata for library collections in a variety of formats, including people, books, serials, scholarly articles, rare materials, music, media, and realia. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d05ei7DqED9XmkRdGpY9ihcziS1d2wKSuoOWfSo1he4/edit?usp=sharing Agenda]
*** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023|Data Modelling Days]], November 30-December 2, online. 3 days of discussions, presentations and workshops to discuss our challenges related to data modelling and improve the structure of Wikidata's data together. [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data_Modelling_Days_2023#Sessions|Check out the program]], [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023/Participants|add yourself as a participant]].
*** [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=175627665631874&amp;id=100095539233937 Wikidata editathon to add Arabic labels &amp; descriptions to Islamic art objects], hosted by Wikimedians of the Islamic Civilization User Group, 2 December 17:00-19:00 UTC

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [https://minitex.umn.edu/services/digital-initiatives-metadata/23-linked-data-things 23 Linked Data Things]
*** [https://www.bobdc.com/blog/wikibaselabel/ Querying for labels]: The normal way and the wikibase:label service way, by Bob DuCharme.
*** [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/11/22/wikimedia-hackathon-2024-is-here-mark-your-calendar-%f0%9f%8e%89/ Wikimedia Hackathon 2024 is Here: Mark Your Calendar 🎉] for May 3rd – 5th, 2024, and register to attend
*** [https://www.tycoonstory.com/what-is-wikidata-your-guide-to-the-worlds-largest-free-knowledge-base/ What is Wikidata? Your Guide to the World’s Largest Free Knowledge Base]
** Papers
*** [[d:Q123470669|Using Wikidata to identify the gender gap in Ibero-American public art (Q123470669)]] - The study, using Wikidata, reveals gender disparities in public art in Madrid and Buenos Aires, emphasizing the need for more works created by women and increased visibility of female artists.
*** [[d:Q123561334|Understanding Structured Knowledge Production (Q123561334)]] - A Case Study of Wikidata’s Representation Injustice. This paper seeks to explore the sources of epistemic injustice and biases from Wikidata's peer-production data model.
*** [[d:Q123561640|Paying it forward: Crowdsourcing the harmonisation and linking of taxon names and biodiversity identifiers (Q123561640)]] - highlights the use of Wikidata as an asset when linking taxa in different databases.
** Videos: Individual Sessions from Wikimania Singapore 2023
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2wxPLuvJl0 Exploring Wikidata as a learning platform] &lt; Shani Evenstein Sigalov presents this Wikimania Singapore session on her 5-year PhD journey
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8ypNbkUsm8 Data use and reuse: Unlocking Potential of Frictionless Data for Wikidata] &lt; Sara Petti, Shashi Gharti &amp; Carol Matos of the Open Knowledge Foundation host this session.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riEgkJFjc_U Using Wikibase and Wikidata for Community Archives by My Community] &lt; a non-profit organisation using Wikibase and Wikidata to digitise and preserve Singaporean cultural artefacts and stories.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3fhpi6nqUs Wikidata Basics with SPARQL access to analyse data from Wikidata] &lt; [[m:User:Asaf_(WMF)|Asaf Bartov]] hosts this workshop for Wikidata newbies. Gain some foundational skills and learn how you can contribute to the biggest Knowledge Graph!
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMSPHo2A4oE How to use Wikidata to build web tools for the social good] &lt; [[m:User:Csisc|Csisc]] &amp; [[m:User:Yamen|Yamen]] present [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/10/10/sawtpedia-giving-a-voice-to-wikipedia-using-qr-codes/ Sawtpedia] &amp; [https://github.com/csisc/MedCYN|MedCYN (github)], 2 tools built using Wikidata and will show you how you can build your own.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23vap71iFmA Linked Open Data and Wikidata] &lt; [[m:User:Alan_Ang_(WMDE)|Alan Ang (WMDE)]] talks about the importance of Linked Open Data and forming mutually beneficial partnerships between the Foundation and Institutions.
** Notebooks
*** Explore new ways of visualising your data with a [https://observablehq.com/d/eb27005ee4e2918b Circular Dendrogam], illustrated here with Association Football players broken down by Country and Team.

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://pltools.toolforge.org/harvesttemplates/ Harvest Templates] - is a tool that helps transfer data from Wikimedia projects to Wikidata.
** [[d:User:MichaelSchoenitzer/Updown|User:MichaelSchoenitzer/Updown]] - is a userscript used for faster navigation. If there are a lot of values for one property it will add arrows that allow you to jump to the first/last value.

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** WMDE is researching ways to improve the editing experience in different languages and would love to hear your feedback. We would like to talk to a few of you in online interviews to learn about your experiences, expectations, and concerns. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata_research_sign_up Please let us know in this sign-up form if you are interested in taking part].
** The Research team at WMF is running a second labeling campaign to evaluate the Revert Risk model for Wikidata. This is part of ongoing work on creating a new generation of Machine Learning models to support patrolling work on Wikimedia projects. Please help by going to [https://annotool.toolforge.org/ this link], and labeling each revision in one of these three categories: Keep, Not Sure, Revert. Notice that &quot;Not Sure&quot; should be used in all cases where the Keep or Revert labels are not clear to you.
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibaseug@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2ZK2RSSZUNUY4DHOPQX63MC3JSXJOGW/ Wikibase Suite: Wikibase 1.40.1 – major release compatible with MediaWiki 1.40, based on MediaWiki 1.40.1]
** Is there a Wikidata item (about you)? Consider providing a voice-clip pronouncing your name in this [[c:Commons:Voice_intro_project|Voice-intro project]]

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Property:P12168|Torino scale]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the Torino scale level for the astronomical object&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12165|‎Star Citizen Tools Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12166|Gale publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P12167|Emerald network site ID]], [[:d:Property:P12169|Museo Nacional de Arte artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12170|GeoLOD ID]], [[:d:Property:P12171|Catalogo Nazionale Dati ID]], [[:d:Property:P12172|Klingon Word Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12173|Newman Numismatics Portal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12174|tribal council number]], [[:d:Property:P12175|EDItEUR Thema ID]], [[:d:Property:P12176|Propylaeum-VITAE ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/COR SEM|COR SEM]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The Danish central word registry identifier&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UPOC|UPOC]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;{{TranslateThis
| de = Ist eine eindeutige id zur Identifizierung von Organisationen/Sendungen/... zu einem Dienstleister.
&lt;!-- | xx = Beschreibungen in anderen Sprachen --&gt;
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/উইঙ্ক অ্যালবাম আইডি|উইঙ্ক অ্যালবাম আইডি]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Europeana record ID|Europeana record ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;unique Europeana record identifier for photos, objectes etc.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISU ranking position|ISU ranking position]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Skater's position in the ranking of the International skating union&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/old image|old image]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image of this thing taken long ago&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Montana Plant Life URL|Montana Plant Life URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL for a plant family, genus, or species on the Montana Plant Life website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Japan Search ID|Japan Search ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NIWA article ID|NIWA article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiIndex ID|WikiIndex ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wiktionary ID|Wiktionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Moviebuff ID|Moviebuff ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire ID|Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flightradar24 ID|Flightradar24 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant du musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes|identifiant du musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Baidu Baike page numeric ID|Baidu Baike page numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parliament of Victoria ID|Parliament of Victoria ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/m3db.com lyrics ID|m3db.com lyrics ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ELMCIP ID|ELMCIP ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Plant List ID (Arizona Native Plant Society)|The Plant List ID (Arizona Native Plant Society)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TracesOfWar award ID|TracesOfWar award ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Babelio serial ID|Babelio serial ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples:
*** [https://w.wiki/4Fx5 Rail link between Narvik and Singapore] ([https://wikis.world/@librerli@openbiblio.social/111426394639852081 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Week 47, 2023: Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/111471961111041367 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/8Hmg Gender representation of Scottish witches] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Specifiying_colours_for_a_gender_representation_of_Scottish_witches|source]])
*** [https://w.wiki/8HoD Most popular names in Ghana among Ghanaians on Wikidata] ([https://t.me/c/1348693063/3625 source])
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Heritage Collections|WikiProject Heritage Collections]] - The aim of the present project is to create the world’s most comprehensive high quality database of archival fonds and heritage collections (including contemporary scientific collections or documentation holdings) and to ensure the interlinking of respective catalogues, finding aids, or collection databases with Wikidata.
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Roman Provinces|WikiProject Roman Provinces]]
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Events and Role Frames|WikiProject Events and Role Frames]] - The primary aims of WikiProject Events and Role Frames is to define a set of properties that consistently model event occurrences and their participants; to fill gaps in Wikidata regarding items for events and actions; and to encourage use of the proposed model and newly introduced items across Wikidata.
** [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|Newest database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/badged items without claims|Wikidata:Database reports/badged items without claims]] - This is a list of badged items (i.e. items for feature or good articles in somewiki) without claims. Ideally it should be empty.
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q8023|Nelson Mandela (Q8023)]] - First President of South Africa and anti-apartheid activist (1918–2013)
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L5573|gepard]] - Polish noun for cheetah with many forms

* '''Development'''
** We are preparing for the Data Modelling Days happening later this week
** Language codes:
*** We are making some small remaining changes before the next testing round of the new language code ([[phab:T345750]], [[phab:T345751]], [[phab:T345083]])
*** We continued to make a lot more language codes available ([[phab:341409]])
** EntitySchemas: We are experimenting with how to work around some technical blockers for the new datatype
** Wikibase REST API: We've been working on the ability to remove an Item's label in a specific language and modify the descriptions on a Property ([[phab:T342981]], [[phab:T342981]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 11 27|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 15:17, 27 නොවැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25893475 --&gt;

== [Wikidata] Weekly Summary #605 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** New requests for permissions/Bot:
***[[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/RudolfoBot|RudolfoBot]] - (Task: import lists of drugs with black box Warnings)
***[[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/TiagoLubianaBot_4|TiagoLubianaBot 4]] - (Task: add drug-drug interactions from [[d:Q123478206|(Q123478206) A reference set of clinically relevant adverse drug-drug interactions)]]
***[[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/LiMrBot|LiMrBot]] - importing and updating information about asteroids and comets.

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Upcoming:
*** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/QHLIBSYUQXNRRWQATW5WUCGMMMBUXOXB/ Wikimedia Hackathon 2024: Register and Apply for Scholarships until January 5th 2024!]
*** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/11/15/wikimania-2024-scholarships-open-apply-now/ WikiMania 2024 Scholarships are open] - You can apply now for paid accommodation, travel and registration of the event!
** Next:
*** [https://2024.eswc-conferences.org/call-for-contributions-eswc-2024/ Extended Semantic Web Conference 2024] &lt; The deadline to submit your Papers is December 7th (23:59 UTC-12)!
*** [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Search_Platform_Office_Hours Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service team] - the 1st Wednesday of every month, bring your questions on Wikimedia Search, Wikidata Query and Wikimedia Commons Query service.
** Past:
*** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data_Modelling_Days_2023|Data Modelling Days 2023]] - (30 Nov - 2 Dec.) If you missed it, don't worry! We have recordings, slides and notes for each session, [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data_Modelling_Days_2023#Sessions|available here!]]
* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Press
*** [https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/kultur-ukraine-rund-250-kriegsbedrohte-baudenkmaeler-dokumentiert-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-231203-99-162104 Around 250 war-threatened architectural monuments documented] (German) - Wikidata, Wikibase and Commons are helping preserve and plan the restoration of culturally-significant Monuments damaged or destroyed by the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
** Blogs
*** [https://www.lehir.net/how-many-properties-are-created-on-wikidata-each-month/ How many properties are created on Wikidata each month?], by [[:d:User:Envlh|Envel Le Hir]]
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1R-oIuGfQmg Connecting Archives Connecting People (CACP) Project] A Wikidata Workshop provided by the British Institute at Ankara.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkl2x5psvJs Metaphactory's advanced semantic search with Wikidata KG] &lt; shows a new way of building queries with Metaphacts visualised UI. Read more with their latest [https://metaphacts.com/metaphacts-ontotext-interface-for-wikidata-demo-system News Posts]!
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1yTuftzQ1o Wikibase for GLAM organizations:] Collections in the Linked Open Data web by our excellent Partner Manager [[m:User:Christos_Varvantakis_(WMDE)|User:Christos Varvantakis (WMDE)]]
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UDrn-HzO68 Intro to Wikidata and importing bibliographic elements from Zotero] &lt; (Italian)  An initiative to expand Greek and Latin antiquities in Wikidata for use in humanistic studies. Read more here &gt; [[d:Wikidata:Gruppo_Wikidata_per_Musei,_Archivi_e_Biblioteche/Bibliografia_di_antichistica|Gruppo Wikidata per Musei, Archivi e Biblioteche]]

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://github.com/dlindem/zotwb ZotWb] &lt; export records in a [[Wikidata:Zotero#How_to_export_to_QuickStatements|Zotero]] group library to a custom Wikibase, prepare datasets to send to OpenRefine, feed OpenRefine reconciliaton results back to the Wikibase. Wikidata is envolved in the entity reconciliation.&lt;br&gt;Here's a short [https://vimeo.com/890641063 explanation and demo video]&lt;br&gt; Tool is written and provided by David Lindermann with support from [[m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/Zotero_to_Wikibase_bibliographical_data_export_app_(ID:_22209513)|WMF Rapid Grant]].

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** Wikimedia Deutschland job opening: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/38760837?l=en We're looking for a new Product Manager for Wikibase Cloud]. Are you interested or do you happen to know someone who might fit this position?
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KOHYRODIG47FWKX6JUKCJKSZGXJ6C7JJ/ Wikimedia Deutschland will be collaborating with Purdue Students to Find New Mismatches for the Mismatch Finder]. We Need Your Help to Suggest External Datasets!
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/S7273AZ6LA4TY63JYYFEMUZNVU5BHEIK/ Outreachy Round 27 interns selected, including 1 Wikidata related project].
** A [https://echinopscis.github.io/blog/2023/wikidata-plugin/ cool new Obsidian plugin] for Wikidata is in the works.
** [https://pm20-search.toolforge.org Fulltext search] for folders in an [https://pm20.zbw.eu external archive] via text in Wikidata items ([[:d:Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_20th_Century_Press_Archives#Fulltext_search_function_for_PM20_folders|more]]).
** Have you tried [https://www.entitree.com/ EntiTree] yet? Explore relationship and connections between Wikidata entities with this new visualisation!
** Last call for the [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/wikibase-cloud-user-survey-Q4-2023 Wikibase.Cloud 2023 User survey]. It only takes 10 minutes and it's fully anonymous so please participate!
** The [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Regarding_the_future_of_Structured_Discussions|StructuredDiscussions extension]] is being archived but your comments on the Project Chat are wanted.

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Property:P12180|PAEnflowered taxon URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL for a plant taxon found in Pennsylvania on the PAEnflowered website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12177|Rare Species Guide ID]], [[:d:Property:P12178|Minnesota Plant List ID]], [[:d:Property:P12179|Flora of the Southeastern United States ID]], [[:d:Property:P12181|Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora ID]], [[:d:Property:P12182|Go Botany taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12183|Search System of Japanese Red Data ID]], [[:d:Property:P12184|Art Gallery of Ontario object ID]], [[:d:Property:P12185|Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae object ID]], [[:d:Property:P12186|Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae text ID]], [[:d:Property:P12187|Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12188|Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P12189|‎Paradox Wikis article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12190|Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire ID]], [[:d:Property:P12191|Alaska Women’s Hall of Fame ID]], [[:d:Property:P12192|SWERIK person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12193|Team Wales athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P12194|‎WikiIndex ID]], [[:d:Property:P12195|‎Theapolis person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12196|TheTVDB movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P12197|Shanghai Library surname ID]], [[:d:Property:P12198|Shanghai Library era ID]], [[:d:Property:P12199|Shanghai Library organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12200|Pinakes work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12201|Hugging Face user or organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12202|COR SEM ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Montana Plant Life URL|Montana Plant Life URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL for a plant family, genus, or species on the Montana Plant Life website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/event role|event role]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item that describes a role in an event class&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/role in event|role in event]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;event class for which the item describes a role&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/selectional preference|selectional preference]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;(to be used only with the subclasses of Q_event_role) an item that plays this role in an event instance should descend from this item via a combination of P31 and P279&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/event arguments and types|event arguments and types]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item that plays a role in an event instance; used with a qualifier &quot;argument type&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BnF archives and manuscripts ID|BnF archives and manuscripts ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a manuscript in the archives and manuscripts catalogue of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF). Do not include the initial &quot;cc&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/clerked for|clerked for]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;this person has held a clerkship with the judge&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/battery life|battery life]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the length of time a device can continue to work before it needs its battery to be recharged&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/China Animal Scientific Database taxon ID|China Animal Scientific Database taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIMA ID|DIMA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CoL Taiwan ID|CoL Taiwan ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI station ID|RFI station ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BUGZ ID|BUGZ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/China Animal Scientific Database dbb ID|China Animal Scientific Database dbb ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/turismoroma.it place ID|turismoroma.it place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia di Roma monument &amp; street IDs|Enciclopedia di Roma monument &amp; street IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/International Hockey Federation competition ID|International Hockey Federation competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Black Games Archive ID|Black Games Archive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Al-shamila Book ID|Al-shamila Book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Akadem person ID (new format)|Akadem person ID (new format)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AustrianGames ID|AustrianGames ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atari-8-bit Forever game ID|Atari-8-bit Forever game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples:
*** [https://w.wiki/8Chs People born somewhere named after them] ([https://wikis.world/@edward@octodon.social/111438329806280812 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/8FKw Rose cultivars named after screen writers]  [https://wikis.world/@edward@octodon.social/111460613316548656 source])
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Events and Role Frames|Events and Role Frames]]
** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q260957|Symphony No.7]] composed by Ludwig van Beethoven
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L38412|läsa]] - 'read' about this Swedish word with many pronounciations and grammatical features.
Feel free to suggest next week's Showcase Item and Lexeme!

* '''Development'''
** Wikibase REST API:
*** We finished the endpoint for removing an Item's label in a specific language ([[phab:T335841]]) and the endpoint for modifying descriptions on a Property ([[phab:T342981]])
*** We are working on the endpoint for adding aliases in a given language for a Property ([[phab:T343721]]) and removing a Property's label in a given language ([[phab:T342983]])
** Mismatch Finder: We are continuing the work on moving the tool over to the new design system Codex
** We adjusted the styling for the values of monolingual text statements to make the language easier to distinguish from the value ([[phab:T280774]])
** mul language code: We made some final adjustments to get it ready for testing.
** Lexemes: We are adding a license note for anon users when editing a Lexeme’s lemma, a Form or Sense ([[phab:T343999]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]!
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 12 04|Read the full report]]''' &amp;middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &amp;middot; [[:m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 17:00, 4 දෙසැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25914122 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #606 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''

** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/LccnBot|LccnBot]] (Task: Adds [[d:Property:P244|P244]] to bibliographic entities base on library authority records.)
** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Duplicate References Data Model and UI|Duplicate References Data Model and UI]] &lt; During Data Modelling Days '23, 2 proposals emerged trying to answer the question of how to handle duplicate References on Wikidata Items.

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''

** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call December 12, 2023: Several members of the Chinese Culture and Heritage Wikidata group will provide an overview of the group's Wikidata projects as well as the challenges they have encountered. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Rwn2Y3TyTRIrejP2zqs7KyANMpuh9Yaxe5-6Xezn8yQ/edit?usp=sharing Agenda]
** [https://10times.com/e11x-sspk-2k54 Data-SHS Bordeaux Week:] Processing and Analyzing Quantitative Data in Human and Social Sciences 2023. Dec. 11 - 15, Bordeaux, FR.

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2023/12/05/agreeing-to-agree-roundtripping-people-identifiers-with-wikidata/ Agreeing to agree: Roundtripping people identifiers with Wikidata] &lt; The Te Papa Museum of New Zealand shows how Wikidata is being used to verify subjects when sharing Collections and data between sources. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbpf3r7EzFc Here's a video explaining more!]
** Papers / Books
*** [https://www.o-bib.de/bib/article/view/5970 1Lib1Nearby with Wikidata] (German) &lt; Queries and edits for the multilingual world knowledge of the nearby environment.
*** [https://bdj.pensoft.net/article/114408/instance/9910689/ Creating a multi-linked dynamic dataset:]  a case study of plant genera named for women &lt; S. Mering, L. Gardiner, S. Knapp et al.
*** [https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.353/ Fine-tuned LLMs Know More, Hallucinate Less with Few-Shot Sequence-to-Sequence Semantic Parsing over Wikidata] &lt; Presented at the Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing conference. Authors: S. Xu, S. Liu, T. Culhane et al.
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGyvc6dRbfA BiCIKL to Wikidata: Harmonizing the chaotic universe of natural history collectors] &lt; presented by Mathias Dillen at the TDWG 2023 Annual Conference.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7gpAcjsjuU Modelling Research Expeditions in Wikidata:] Best Practice for Standardisation and Contexualisation. Presented by Dag Endresen also at the TDWG Annual Conference.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VtEMTZsntU Riksdagen Corpus Wikidata] &lt; Magnus Sälgö.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cr-A8EMc788 Scholia - a profiling tool to explore scholarly knowledge] &lt; As part of the national research data infrastructure (NFDI) infratalk, Dr. Daniel Mietchen presents Scholia.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZZ5eB76sI4 Catalogue of Premodern Manuscripts] &lt; See a Wikibase instance used for The Digital Scriptorium Catalog. Presented by Lynn Ransom &amp; L. P. Coladangelo.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4AuoEYkEXYw&amp;list=PLduaHBu_3ejM49Nb4_k652X9XmmvhuJjE Data Modelling Days 2023 Playlist] &lt; The list of recorded Sessions for the DMD '23 Online Conference is available here!
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krbeWMTz5CY Building a semantic knowledge (wiki)base for synthetic phytochemistry] &lt; Presented by Dr. Gitanjali Yadav
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVxi7ldSbrs OpenRefine - a open source tool for working with data] &lt; This session explores the advantages of using OR to wrangle, clean, transform and standardise data for Wikidata. Presented by Jinoy Tom Jacob at the IndiaFOSS3.0 Conference.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykK8Wq6cycc Various queries and modeling on Wikidata] (French) &lt; [[m:User:VIGNERON|User:VIGNERON]] introduces several SPARQL queries.

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/wikidata QLever SPARQl Engine] &lt; If you attended Data Modeling Days '23, you may have seen an extraordinary [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJHyjdoSN54 Session] given by Hannah Bast and Johannes Kalmbach showcasing the power and advantages of the QLever engine. QLever can handle queries that cause the WDQS to timeout or allowing Federated queries  and Geospatial!
(QLEver has already featured in Tool of the Week but we wanted to showcase it again after experiencing it at DMD '23)

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** [https://observablehq.com/d/6273b207e1d07eff Healthcare Disparities in the U.S.: Exploring Access to Healthcare in the Immigrant Population] &lt; Zoomable Bar Charts and visualisations exploring access to healthcare across the U.S. Prison system, powered by Wikidata and WDQS. Authored by Haryn Shin.
** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Data_Modelling_Days:_documentation_and_outcomes|DMD23: documentation and outcomes]] can be viewed on Wikidata project Chat as well as related-topics from the Conference on [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Proposal:_add_qualifier_to_allow_for_fuzzy_property_values_to_help_with_real-life_data_ambiguity|Qualifiers for fuzzy properties]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Should_the_foundation_consider_funding_the_QLever_project?|Should WMF fund QLever?]]

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Property:P12203|official wiki URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of the official wiki for the item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12208|counterexample]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier for deprecated P279 statements; example instance or subclass of the item class for which a &quot;subclass of&quot; statement does not hold&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12204|ELMCIP ID]], [[:d:Property:P12206|RFI station ID]], [[:d:Property:P12207|BnF archives and manuscripts ID]], [[:d:Property:P12209|The Plant List ID (Arizona Native Plant Society)]], [[:d:Property:P12210|DIMA ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flora of the Hawaiian Islands ID|Flora of the Hawaiian Islands ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of the entry for a plant species, subspecies, or variety in the Flora of the Hawaiian Islands website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hijri Date|Hijri Date]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Hijri Date of claim&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mid-Atlantic Herbaria Consortium taxon ID|Mid-Atlantic Herbaria Consortium taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New words in Danish ID|New words in Danish ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Classification game ID|Game Classification game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lobbypedia ID|Lobbypedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae text witness ID|Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae text witness ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Classification machine ID|Game Classification machine ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Classification creation tool ID|Game Classification creation tool ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/a8.fandal.cz ID|a8.fandal.cz ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Numer KRS|Numer KRS]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stadium 64 ID|Stadium 64 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sina Chinese Basketball ID|Sina Chinese Basketball ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Veterans Legacy Memorial|Veterans Legacy Memorial]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SixtyFour Originals DataBase game ID|SixtyFour Originals DataBase game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WHDLoad database ID|WHDLoad database ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]:
** Query examples:
*** [https://w.wiki/8TYJ Geolocalized object that have the same name than something named after some some kind of church building]. This includes streets, bus stops, …
*** [https://w.wiki/8TZv Video games per Platform]. Timeline of video game releases per platform.
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Heritage_Collections|WikiProject Heritage Collections]]: database of archival fonds and heritage collections (including contemporary scientific collections or documentation holdings) and to ensure the interlinking of respective catalogues, finding aids, or collection databases with Wikidata.
*** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Source_Reliability|WikiProject Source Reliability]]: is an effort to identify and aggregate online sources of assessments of the reliability and credibility of sources.
** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q8409|(Q8409) Alexander The Great]] - Alexander III, King of Macedon.
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L630387|(L630387) Pri]] - the meaning of this Breton word is not 'muddy' with VIGNERON's contribution!

* '''Development'''
** Wikibase REST API: We continued work on the routes for adding aliases in a given language for a Property ([[phab:T343721]]) and removing a Property's label in a given language ([[phab:T342983]])
** Monolingual text values can now use many more languages than before. We’re still working on doing the same for Lexemes. ([[phab:T341409]])


[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

Anything to add? Please share! :)


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 12 11|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:40, 11 දෙසැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25944122 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #607 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** New requests for permissions/Bot:
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/So9qBot 7|So9qBot 7]]. Task: Add [[d:Property:P9660|not found in (P9660)]] --&gt; [[d:Q123739672|Q123739672]] to Danish Lexemes
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/So9qBot 8|So9qBot 8]]. Task: Add missing names of European legal documents to labels and aliases of items with a CELEX identifier
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/LccnBot|LccnBot]]. Task: Adds [[d:Property:P244|Library of Congress authority ID (P244)]] to bibliographic entities base on library authority records.
** Other discussions: How to handle concepts of trans people on Wikidata? Should {privacy at wikidata.org} be redirected to {privacy at wikimedia.org} or should it be monitored by Wikidata volunteers? [[:d:Wikidata:Project chat#How to handle concepts of trans people?|Join the discussion]]!

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour December 18th,  2023: Over the summer and into the fall the LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group will be offering a series of Wikidata Working Hours to give folks an opportunity to try out various Wikidata-related skills and tools by assembling a data set of diverse library and information science (LIS) materials (articles, conference proceedings, books) and adding it to Wikidata. Wikidata Working Hours provide hands-on Wikidata experience in a supportive space. We hope you will join us if you are interested in learning more about Wikidata, exploring LIS literature, and have been looking for a fun Wikidata project to contribute to.The ninth and final Wikidata Working Hour in the series will be using SPARQL and Scholia to query and visualize the data we’ve added to Wikidata during our series. This session will be recorded and the recording shared on the [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2023-December-18_Wikidata_Working_Hour event page]
** Ongoing: Weekly Lexeme Challenge #121: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=121 Pottery]

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/12/13/ld42023-part-i-the-future-of-wikidata-libraries-a-workshop/ #LD42023. Part I: The Future of Wikidata + Libraries (A Workshop)] - This blog series explores how libraries engage with Wikidata and Linked Data in the face of AI challenges. Led by Silvia Gutiérrez and Giovanna Fontenelle from the Wikimedia Foundation, the series summarizes insights from a collaborative session at the 2023 LD4 Conference, using Design Thinking strategies to connect the Library-Wikidata community with WMF, focusing on Wikidata, Wikibase, and Structured Data on Commons (SDC) in libraries. By Silvia Gutiérrez &amp; Giovanna Fontenelle
** Papers
*** [https://revista.profesionaldelainformacion.com/index.php/EPI/article/view/87476/63565 Wikipedia gender gap: a scoping review] - This review analyzes Wikipedia's gender gap from 2007 to 2022, revealing a slight majority of female authors, addressing key themes, and exploring strategies to mitigate the gap, providing valuable insights into the research landscape in this domain. By Núria Ferran-Ferrer, Juan-José Boté-Vericad and Julia Minguillón.
*** [https://wikidataworkshop.github.io/2023/papers/2__novel_ten_years_of_wikidata_a%5B1%5D.pdf Ten years of Wikidata: A bibliometric study] - This research delves into scholarly publications about Wikidata from its inception in 2012 to late 2022, revealing 945 relevant papers, primarily from conferences. The analysis highlights a concentration of experts and contributors from the Global North, as well as governmental institutions as predominant funders. The study calls for enhanced networking and outreach to promote diversity and inclusion within the Wikidata research community. Emphasizing computer science perspectives, the research focuses on methods for developing and utilizing open knowledge graphs, notably Wikidata, with a narrower but significant interest in application-oriented studies in digital humanities, biology, and healthcare. (Turki, et al)
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaKuKRdJojc Duplicating Everywhere All at Once | Cebuano Wikipedia] - Five years ago, Lsjbot's Wikipedia articles caused duplicate Wikidata items, notably impacting geographic places on Cebuano Wikipedia. This video by [[d:User:Canley|User:Canley]] at Wikimania 2023 delves into the history, visualizes the issue, and suggests cleanup strategies for Wikidata and Wikipedia, emphasizing Aotearoa New Zealand and parts of Australia, with implications for the global challenge of bot-created duplicates.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T66stEEwMKo Useful Authorities for Data-Driven Collection Research with Alicia Fagerving] - Alicia Fagerving, Wikimedia Sverige, introduces the project &quot;Useful Authorities for Data-Driven Collection Research&quot; and Wikidata. The project, spanning 2021-2023, links vocabularies from the databases of Nationalmuseum and Statens historiska museer to Wikidata, exploring it as a platform for semantic interoperability among cultural heritage institutions and providing tools and visualizations for similar projects.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdzzSEAdk-w 2023: OSM-Wikidata Map Framework]. Combining OpenStreetMap and Wikidata allows to leverage the strengths of the two projects to create richer maps. This talk explores how OSM-Wikidata Map Framework simplifies this process. By Daniele Santini
** Press: [https://akademien-schweiz.ch/en/medien/press-releases/2023/adriano-rutz-gewinnt-ersten-schweizer-ord-preis/ Adriano Rutz wins the Swiss National Open Research Data (ORD) Prize] for “The LOTUS Initiative” project. LOTUS explores new ways of promoting the re-use of data in the fields of biology and chemistry and thus of sharing knowledge in natural products research. [https://www.miragenews.com/adriano-rutz-wins-swiss-national-ord-prize-1139345/ More coverage]
** Notebooks
*** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/cest-pas-gege It's not bad! Measuring Gérard Depardieu's mark on French cinema (in French)]&lt;!--C'est pas Gégé : Peut on cancel Gérard Depardieu ?--&gt; - The analysis centers on Gérard Depardieu's impact on French cinema amid legal issues and sexual assault allegations. Despite difficulties in addressing these accusations, the author leverages Wikidata to measure Depardieu's influence by querying films from directors born after 1930 to assess his involvement.
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/f5bb6ee872abfa82 How to Become a Billionaire: A Billionaire's Occupations Network Analysis] - This network analysis investigates billionaires’ primary sources of income with a network graph—based on their occupations—connecting billionaires from all over the world and uncovering some of the biggest industries in the world.
** Documentation: [[d:User:Mahir256|User:Mahir256]] statred Lexemes documentation pages about [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation/Lemmata|Lemmata]] and [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation/Lexeme languages|Lexeme languages]]. Your contributions are welcome.

* '''Tools of the week'''
** [https://dracor.org/ Drama Corpora Project (DraCor)] is a digital database of plays, primarily from Europe. It collects and organizes texts of plays in a way that allows researchers and others to extract and analyze information from those texts. This could include details about the characters, the dialogue, the stage directions, and more. The data is being pulled from Wikidata.
** [[d:User:Magnus Manske|Magnus Manske]] added a [https://wikidata-game.toolforge.org/distributed/#game=88 new game to the Wikidata game] to identify duplicate Items for researchers.
** [[d:User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]] set up a [https://wikidata-game.toolforge.org/distributed/#game=90&amp;opt=%7B%22type%22%3A%22all%22%7D new Distributed Game] to add links to Wikiquote to Wikidata.

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** Wikibase Cloud has a new website. Check it out: [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ https://www.wikibase.cloud/]

* '''Did you know?'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Property:P12221|battery life]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;length of time after a full charge that a device can continue to work under normal use before it needs its battery to be recharged&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12211|‎Atari-8-bit Forever game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12212|Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes object ID]], [[:d:Property:P12213|FNAC artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P12214|Akadem person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12215|‎Game Classification game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12216|‎Game Classification machine ID]], [[:d:Property:P12217|‎Game Classification creation tool ID]], [[:d:Property:P12218|TaiCOL ID (new version)]], [[:d:Property:P12219|‎a8.fandal.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P12220|‎Stadium 64 ID]], [[:d:Property:P12222|Filmweb.no film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12223|SixtyFour Originals DataBase game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12224|BUGZ ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Substances in the reference|Substances in the reference]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Substances studied in reference works such as papers, reports, etc.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Book format|Book format]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Page size of a historical book, manuscript, or artwork on paper, based on folding sheets into leaves&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beneficial owner|beneficial owner]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DraCor ID|DraCor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PCSX2 Wiki ID|PCSX2 Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Twitch numeric channel ID|Twitch numeric channel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant article ORBi|identifiant article ORBi]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant auteur ORBi|identifiant auteur ORBi]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheTVDB IDs|TheTVDB IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPCS3 Wiki ID|RPCS3 Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Retskrivningsordbogen ID|Retskrivningsordbogen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kanjipedia word ID|Kanjipedia word ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MAMCS ID|MAMCS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Citra compatibility database ID|Citra compatibility database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IGN wiki article ID|IGN wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AreWeAntiCheatYet ID|AreWeAntiCheatYet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPGFan game ID|RPGFan game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swissubase ID|Swissubase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/goalzz.com team ID|goalzz.com team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MilliBase taxon ID|MilliBase taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digicarmel ID|Digicarmel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arcade Hub ID|Arcade Hub ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Great American Business Leaders of the 20th Century ID|Great American Business Leaders of the 20th Century ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Consortium of Lichen Herbaria taxon ID|Consortium of Lichen Herbaria taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biota of New Zealand ID|Biota of New Zealand ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NientePopCorn IDs|NientePopCorn IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HistoriaGames game ID|HistoriaGames game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples:
*** [https://w.wiki/8UjS List of movies directed by French filmmakers born after 1930 with or without Depardieu] ([https://observablehq.com/@pac02/cest-pas-gege source])
*** [https://w.wiki/8RtG Czech buildings carved into the rock] ([https://twitter.com/medi_cago/status/1733440905669964260 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/111589767086008028 source])
*** [https://query.wikidata.org/#%23%20Works%20created%20by%20females%20died%20in%202023%0APREFIX%20bd%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.bigdata.com%2Frdf%23%3E%0APREFIX%20wikibase%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwikiba.se%2Fontology%23%3E%0APREFIX%20wd%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fentity%2F%3E%0APREFIX%20wdt%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fprop%2Fdirect%2F%3E%0Aselect%20distinct%20%3Fitem%20%3FitemLabel%20%3FcreaLabel%20%3FworkLabel%20%28year%28%3Fdate%29as%20%3Fyear%29%0Awhere%20%7B%0A%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP170%20%3Fcrea%20.%7D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20P170%2Fcreator%0A%20UNION%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP50%20%3Fcrea%20.%7D%20%20%20%23%20P50%2Fauthor%0A%20%23UNION%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP86%20%3Fcrea%20.%7D%20%20%23%20P86%2Fcomposer%0A%20%23UNION%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP87%20%3Fcrea%20.%7D%20%20%23%20P87%2Flibrettist%0A%20%23UNION%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP110%20%3Fcrea%20.%7D%20%23%20P110%2Fillustrator%0A%20%23UNION%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP655%20%3Fcrea%20.%7D%20%23%20P655%2Ftranslator%0A%20%23UNION%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP676%20%3Fcrea%20.%7D%20%23%20P676%2Flyrics%20by%0A%20%0A%20%3Fcrea%20wdt%3AP21%20wd%3AQ6581072%20.%20%23%20P21%2Fsex%20or%20gender%20-%20Q6581072%2Ffemale%0A%20%3Fcrea%20wdt%3AP570%20%3Ftime0%20.%0A%20FILTER%20%28%20%3Ftime0%20%3E%3D%20%222023-01-01T00%3A00%3A00Z%22%5E%5Exsd%3AdateTime%20%26%26%20%3Ftime0%20%3C%3D%20%222023-12-31T00%3A00%3A00Z%22%5E%5Exsd%3AdateTime%20%29%20%23%20P570%2Fdate%20of%20death%20in%201945%0A%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP571%20%3Fdate%7D%20UNION%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP577%20%3Fdate%20%7D%7D%20%23%20P571%2Finception%20-%20P571%2Fpublication%20date%0A%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20%3Fwork%0A%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%0A%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%2Car%2Cbe%2Cbg%2Cbn%2Cca%2Ccs%2Cda%2Cde%2Cel%2Ces%2Cet%2Cfa%2Cfi%2Cfr%2Che%2Chi%2Chu%2Chy%2Cid%2Cit%2Cja%2Cjv%2Cko%2Cnb%2Cnl%2Ceo%2Cpa%2Cpl%2Cpt%2Cro%2Cru%2Csh%2Csk%2Csr%2Csv%2Csw%2Cte%2Cth%2Ctr%2Cuk%2Cyue%2Cvec%2Cvi%2Czh%22%20%23BabelRainbow%0A%20%7D%0A%7DORDER%20BY%20%3FcreaLabel%20%0A Works created by females, died in 2023]
** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/Unsupported sitelinks|User:Pasleim/Unsupported sitelinks]] - Found 279 items
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q140|lion (Q140)]] - species of big cat
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1124154|cevap (L1124154)]] - Turkish noun for 'answer' derived from the Arabic noun جَواب

* '''Development'''
** Wikibase REST API:
*** We finished adding the endpoints for adding aliases in a given language for a Property ([[phab:T343721]]) and removing a Property's label in a given language ([[phab:T342983]])
*** We started working on the endpoint for removing a Property's description in a given language ([[phab:T342985]])
*** We are fixing an issue with incorrect handling of lowercase statement IDs in edit requests ([[phab:T352644]])
** Special:PrefixIndex now shows label/lemma for Properties and Lexemes ([[phab:T343115]])
** Language codes: We changed where Wikidata is getting its languages from for Lexemes and Monolingual text statements and thereby resolved many tasks requesting another language being added to them ([[phab:T341409]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 12 18|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai  (WMDE)]] 17:15, 18 දෙසැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25974255 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #608 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* ''' Welcome to 2023’s Final Weekly Summary! '''
A big thank you to everyone who contributed to the newsletter this year!👏🙏 As we step into 2024, we'd love to hear what changes you would like to see in the newsletter. Share your wishlist here: [[d:Wikidata_talk:Status_updates/Next#What_changes_would_you_like_to_see_in_the_newsletter_in_2024|What changes would you like to see in the newsletter in 2024?]]&quot;

* ''' Discussions '''
** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/EPIC|EPIC]] (RfP scheduled to end after 26 December 2023 20:34 UTC)
** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Balyozbot|Balyozbot]]. Tasks:
# Import sitelinks, labels, descriptions from ku wikipedia pages which use the template [[:w:ku:Template:Înterwîkî etîket û danasîn]]. (There are over 1800 articles that use this template waiting to be connected to Wikidata at the moment.)
# Add sitelinks to kuwiktionary / kuwikipedia categories / create an item for the category if necessary. I have been doing this manually for quite some time using Quickstatements but since I need to get permission for the first task, I will be handling them using a bot as well.

* ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
** Upcoming: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/12/11/introducing-wishathon-for-wikimedias-community-wishlist/ Introducing WMF Wishathon for Wikimedia’s Community Wishlist!] &quot;focused on bringing together people who already contribute to technical aspects of the Wikimedia projects, who know how to find their way on the technical ecosystem, and who are able to work or collaborate on projects rather autonomously.&quot; March 15th to 17th, 2024.
** Ongoing: Weekly Lexeme Challenge #122: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=122 Rock-forming minerals]

* ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
** Blogs
*** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/12/16/african-librarians-empowered-to-share-knowledge-and-enhance-information-visibility-through-aflia-wikidata-online-course/ African Librarians empowered to share knowledge and enhance information visibility through AfLIA Wikidata Online Course] --&gt; The &quot;Promoting Open Knowledge Practices in African Libraries through Wikidata&quot; project, executed by AfLIA with support from the Wikimedia Foundation, trained African librarians on using Wikidata to enhance the visibility of library collections and close the knowledge and gender gap on Africa. The course was facilitated by experienced African Wikimedian editors and included diverse strategies for learner engagement and support.
** Papers: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.15781.pdf Increasing Coverage and Precision of Textual Information in Multilingual Knowledge Graphs] by (Conia et al, 2023) --&gt; This paper introduces a novel task of automatic Knowledge Graph Enhancement (KGE) to bridge the gap in the quantity and quality of textual information between English and non-English languages in Wikidata. It presents M-NTA, an unsupervised approach that combines Machine Translation, Web Search, and Large Language Models to generate high-quality textual information, and studies its impact on Entity Linking, Knowledge Graph Completion, and Question Answering tasks.
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nl4Fyj1AKJM Wikidata, Wikisource and Wiktionary: Wikisource for DH (WiSe 2023)] --&gt; The lecture &quot;Fundamentals and application-oriented methods of the Digital Humanities&quot; by Kay-Michael Würzner is designed as a series of lectures in which teachers in the &quot;Digital Humanities&quot; course present their fields of work and key topics and present them for discussion.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fx5K_FRQ2eg Empowering Open-Source Generative AI by Integrating the Wikidata knowledge graph] --&gt; Generative AI has changed the information ecosystem, and open-source knowledge graphs like Wikidata can become invaluable assets, propelling a myriad of applications forward. Jonathan Fraine &amp; Lydia Pintscher present the practical integration of Wikidata's open-source, open-access knowledge graph to empower Generative AI applications. Harnessing the real-time updated, structured data encapsulated within Wikidata, they explore automated content creation, data augmentation, and semantic analysis, underpinning the generative paradigms. Through a blend of theoretical insights and real-world applications, they elucidate how to leverage Wikidata to elevate generative AI applications, breaking down existing data silos, and fostering a collaborative ecosystem within our global community of developers and contributors.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_i3cDbaTu7k Wiki Indaba 2023 - African content on Wikidata] --&gt; Discussion with Alice Kibombo, Georges Fodouop and Jesse Asiedu-Akrofi, about Wikidata for African Librarians during the Wiki Indaba conference, that took place between 3-5 November 2023 in Agadir, Morocco.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYFlyRGdTwU No Time to Wait - S07E10 - ACMI // Wikidata - Paul Duchesne + Simon Loffler] --&gt; Report on recent residency program to extensively link together collection data from ACMI with Wikidata. This work has allowed the organisation to import vast quantities of data and media to enrich their own internet collection experience, as well enable writing information back to source and federating with other linked institutions.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iVS7jH2kS0 Wiki(s)data #5: Wikidata Live editing] (in Italian) --&gt; The ontology of Wikidata: how to interact with it for a better quality, by [[d:User:Epìdosis|Epìdosis]]
** Notebooks
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/1eb32f4d48923527 Map of K-Pop Idols] --&gt; An interactive map where each red dot represents a K-pop Idol (a singer or musician in South Korean Pop music) you are able to click on.
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/9854465d757e06d2 Disney as the Mega Corporation it is Today] --&gt; Disney has greatly evolved from the simple animation company that first debuted in 1923 with its signature Steamboat Willie animation. This analysis details some of the major acquisitions Disney has chosen to help expand its reach as a media and entertainment company.
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/19a785a23f70e0c0 The Gender-Equality Gap in STEM Awards] --&gt; A network graph and multiple data visualizations on UCLA's alumnni awards based on gender.
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/57b012869d43405a Exploring The Belichick Coaching Tree] --&gt; This analyses details the coaching tree of the prolific American Football coach Bill Belichick.
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/4b6319c68bd8b6f6 State of statues in the US] --&gt; Map of how many statues there are, who is depicted in the statues, their genders, and where the statues are concentrated.
*** [https://observablehq.com/d/63061b940d31fbb3 An Analysis on Nepo Babies: Net Worths and Fame] --&gt; This work uses Wikidata to analyze the influence and success of children of famous actors (nepo babies) in the entertainment industry, and compares the careers and net worth of these children with their parents to understand the impact of nepotism on their success.

* ''' Tool of the week '''
** [[m:Cersei|Cersei]] - is a tool designed for importing or scraping data from various third-party sources, using source-specific Python code. It can use a &quot;headless browser&quot; to scrape complicated websites that rely on eg JavaScript to navigate. It can therefore access data sources that can not be accessed via eg Mix'n'match. The data from sources can be updated regularly, either for everything, or just changed entries (if the source has a &quot;recent changes&quot; equivalent).
** [[d:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Wikidata:Zotero/Cita]] - is a Wikidata addon for Zotero that adds citations (i.e., what other items an item cites) metadata support to this open source reference management software, using [[d:Property:P2860|cites work (P2860)]] information available from Wikidata, and enabling users to easily contribute missing data.

* ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff =
** Job opening: [https://careers.iscb.org/jobs/view/8682 Data Scientist / Knowledge Engineer] to use Wikidata as a foundational layer for an US National Science Foundation (NSF) funded [https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2023/nsf23571/nsf23571.htm Prototype Open Knowledge Network].

* ''' Did you know? '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: none
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12225|‎WHDLoad database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12226|Shanghai Library movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P12227|‎PCSX2 Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12228|KRS number]], [[:d:Property:P12229|‎Twitch numeric channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12230|‎RPCS3 Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12231|‎Black Games Archive ID]], [[:d:Property:P12232|‎Citra compatibility database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12233|‎DraCor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12234|ORBi article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12235|‎IGN wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12236|‎AreWeAntiCheatYet ID]], [[:d:Property:P12237|‎RPGFan game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12238|‎Arcade Hub ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Laws of Malaysia URL|Laws of Malaysia URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Uniform Resource Locator for laws of Malaysia&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/production manager|production manager]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;manager that is responsible for the administration of a feature film or television production; oversees production plans, controls resources, initiates production, ensures ongoing operations, monitors schedules and expenditures, and creates a detailed production schedule and budget&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Schnittberichte.com ID|Schnittberichte.com ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library of Malaysia OPAC ID|National Library of Malaysia OPAC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HistoriaGames series ID|HistoriaGames series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kemono Games game ID|Kemono Games game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet Game Database event ID|Internet Game Database event ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GamesMeter ID|GamesMeter ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Walk Score ID|Walk Score ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Malaysia company new number|Malaysia company new number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Am Faclair Beag ID|Am Faclair Beag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/xemu compatibility database ID|xemu compatibility database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sofascore player ID|Sofascore player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GameGear.jp ID|GameGear.jp ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPGWatch IDs|RPGWatch IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team England ID|Team England ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TORCH taxon ID|TORCH taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ScummVM ID|ScummVM ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Abandonware France IDs|Abandonware France IDs]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples:
*** [https://w.wiki/8agU Distribution of the different tram gauges in Germany] ([https://twitter.com/pepicek/status/1737949826623430718 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/7Q6B Scale of stampedes reported on Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/capucine_marin/status/1737814911550448023 source])
*** [https://query.wikidata.org/#PREFIX%20wd%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fentity%2F%3E%0ASELECT%20%3Ffilm%20%3FfilmLabel%20%3Fdate%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%3Ffilm%20wdt%3AP136%20wd%3AQ28026639.%0A%20%20%3Ffilm%20wdt%3AP577%20%3Fdate%20.%0A%20%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20.%0A%20%20%20%7D%0A%7D Timeline of the Christmas movies] ([https://twitter.com/Dorialexander/status/810189413980508160 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/4bmy Christmas traditions around the world] (with pictures) ([https://twitter.com/lubianat/status/1474772209482842116 source])
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Städel Museum Wikidata Clean-Up|WikiProject Städel Museum Wikidata Clean-Up]] - This WikiProject from the Städel Museum aims to actively participate in the Wikimedia community by maintaining and updating the quality of its data. This includes their collection of public domain art, which has been digitized and made freely available for public use. The project focuses on ensuring that the most current and high-quality data, including high-resolution images and improved metadata, are available on platforms like Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata.
** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/children of dead mothers|children of dead mothers]] - List of mother-children pairs, where death date of parent &lt; birth date of child
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q143|Esperanto (Q143)]] - international auxiliary language designed by L. L. Zamenhof
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1222568|L1222568 (বড়দিন)]] - Bengali noun for 'Christmas'

* ''' Development '''
** Due to the winter holidays, the development team is taking a break and no deployment is happening for Wikidata at the moment.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* ''' Monthly Tasks '''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 12 25|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai  (WMDE)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=25980773 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #609 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* ''' Discussions '''
** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] (RfP scheduled to end after 8 January 2024 12:01 UTC)
** Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/EPIC|EPIC]] (closed as successful). Welcome onboard \o/
** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/HVSH-Bot|HVSH-Bot]] . Task: Import data about politicians from the [[d:Q119949776|Q119949776]], now only partially online available.

* ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
** Upcoming: The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 17:00 UTC, 17th January 2023 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.
** Ongoing: Weekly Lexeme Challenge #123: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=123 Ologist]

* ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
** Papers: [https://iswc2023.semanticweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/ISWC2023_paper_379.pdf Improving maintenance of community-based knowledge graphs]. This paper by Nicolas Ferranti addresses the critical issue of data quality in open knowledge graphs, with a specific focus on Wikidata. It aims to formalize Wikidata's unique approaches to assess and resolve data inconsistencies, proposing a semi-automatic refinement pipeline to empower the Wikidata user community in maintaining and enhancing the reliability of this extensive collaborative knowledge graph.
** Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZP4Q1zkINw WikidataCon 2023 Day 1.5 - The past and future of Wikidata]. In this video Lydia Pintscher takes a moment to review the major events of Wikidata over the past few years. Then turns to look forward and predict what Wikidata's prospects will be over the next year.

* ''' Tool of the week '''
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/look-at-your-list-of-created-articles-through-wikidata WICA: Wikidata's insights for created articles] is an updated version of an old tool. It now includes many new features to analyse your list of created articles using Wikidata properties.

*''' Did you know? '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes: none
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12239|Shamela book edition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12240|‎HistoriaGames series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12241|‎Schnittberichte.com title ID]], [[:d:Property:P12242|‎Kemono Games game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12243|‎Internet Game Database event ID]], [[:d:Property:P12244|Xemu compatibility database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12245|‎GamesMeter game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12246|‎GameGear.jp ID]], [[:d:Property:P12247|Walmart product ID]], [[:d:Property:P12248|Swissubase person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12249|RPGWatch game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12250|RPGWatch company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12251|RPGWatch press ID]], [[:d:Property:P12252|‎Indie DB company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12253|‎NIWA article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12254|turismoroma.it place ID]], [[:d:Property:P12255|‎ScummVM ID]], [[:d:Property:P12256|ORBi author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12257|Abandonware-France video game series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12258|Abandonware-France video game compilation ID]], [[:d:Property:P12259|Abandonware-France person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12260|Abandonware-France company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12261|Abandonware-France magazine ID]], [[:d:Property:P12262|Abandonware-France award ID]], [[:d:Property:P12263|Kanjipedia word ID]], [[:d:Property:P12264|Moviefone movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P12265|South African NPO number]], [[:d:Property:P12266|‎Nigerian registered company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12267|Abandonware-France video game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12268|‎AFJV directory ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes: 
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nonprofit Status|Nonprofit Status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Indicating the legal and tax status of a non-profit organization (specific to served legal areas, aka. Countries). Addition to {{P|1454}}. {{P|1628}} to [https://schema.org/nonprofitStatus nonprofitStatus] from schema.org. Organizations can have multiple Nonprofit Status from different countries.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations|International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Q|2976602}} for {{Q|163740}} created by the {{Q|193727}} and adapted by the {{Q|1065}}.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/creative director|creative director]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person who makes high-level creative decisions, oversees the creation of creative assets such as adverts, products, events or logos and guides and directs the creative people who create the end result&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/television judge|television judge]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SERNEC taxon ID|SERNEC taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Consortium of Bryophyte Herbaria taxon ID|Consortium of Bryophyte Herbaria taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rhineland-Palatinate school ID|Rhineland-Palatinate school ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nebula channel id|nebula channel id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Deutsche Bahn station number|Deutsche Bahn station number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISzDb series ID|ISzDb series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BG localisation unit ID|BG localisation unit ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cathopedia article ID|Cathopedia article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Native Plants Hawaii ID|Native Plants Hawaii ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Biographical Database ID|Taiwan Biographical Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Penstemon Database ID|Penstemon Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikisage ID|Wikisage ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** Query examples:
*** [https://w.wiki/8hPM Visual artists whose works will enter the Public Domain in Mexico on January 1, 2024] ([https://twitter.com/salvador_alc/status/1741963028977881122 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Top music album languages found on Wikidata right now] (Week 52, 2023) ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/111669113852952139 source])
*** [https://w.wiki/8hif Western composers until the end of the Renaissance] ([https://wikis.world/@zerology@bayes.club/111654741799219949 source])
** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: Merge candidates: [[Wikidata:Database reports/identical birth and death dates|Identical birth and death dates]]
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q382108|Team Fortress 2 (Q382108)]] - team-based first-person shooter multiplayer video game.
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L907713|ورھا لگّݨ / ਵਰ੍ਹਾ ਲੱਗਣ (L907713)]] - Punjabi verb expressing the setting in of a new year.

*''' Development '''
** The development team is just returning from the winter holidays so there is no development update at the moment.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

*''' Monthly Tasks '''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 01 02|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai  (WMDE)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26012009 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #610 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] (closed as successful). Welcome onboard \o/
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/So9qBot 9|So9qBot 9]]. Task: Add DDO identifier to Danish lexemes.

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
*Upcoming:
** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16:00 UTC on Wednesday, 17th January 2024 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.''
** [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa (WMA) Hackathon, 19th to 21st January 2024]]
** [https://www.kim.uni-konstanz.de/en/kim-news/news-detail-page/forschungsdateninfo-live-wikidata-als-kollaborative-informationsressource-zum-fdm/ Forschungsdatenmanagement: Wikidata as a collaborative information resource on research data management] (German), takes place online, Wednesday 10th January 2024, 10-11am (CET).

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://pointstodots.wordpress.com/2024/01/02/pubchem-on-wikidata-what-is-the-state-of-coverage/ PubChem on Wikidata – What is the state of coverage?] by Tiago Lubiana. In summary, Wikidata has good coverage of the structured chemical data in PubChem, though there are improvement points. PubChem displays, and will always display, textual information and vendor-specific data that do not fit Wikidata, but they are complementary tools in the ecosystem of open chemical data.
* Papers
** [[:d:Q124079430|Linked data: un’opportunità per il riuso (Q124079430)]] &quot;scientific article published in 2023&quot; [https://digitalia.cultura.gov.it/article/view/3035 (paper in Italian)] - deals with linked data in library catalogues, with many mentions of Wikidata.
** [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10579-023-09702-y Automatically Constructed Indonesian Question Answering Dataset by Leveraging Wikidata] by K. Doxolodeo &amp; A.A. Krisnadhi - researchers have created a new Indonesian Question Answering dataset that is produced automatically end-to-end using Context Free Grammar, the Wikipedia Indonesian Corpus, and the concept of the proxy model
** [https://kula.uvic.ca/index.php/kula/article/view/247 LIS Journals’ Lack of Participation in Wikidata Item Creation] by Eric Willey &amp; Susan Radovsky, discusses the gap of Wikidata items being created for scholarly articles by the scholar's themselves and if this can lead to inconsistent or inaccurate data model.
** [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/08944393231220165?journalCode=ssce Quantifying Americanization:] Coverage of American Topics in Different Wikipedias: this paper asks whether there is an americanisation bias in the content created by the communities. By Piotr Konieczny &amp; Włodzimierz Lewoniewski.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVP9vGw5xtg Map Kerala Initiative] is an opendata portal geospatial map powered by Wikidata and OpenStreetMap, introduced by Manoj Karingamadathil.
** This video on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1DLleOWvR4 Biodiversity Explorations with Machine Learning: Biodiversity Data Access Functions] shows how Wikidata is being used to populate species entity profiles at Wolfram U, presented by Jofre Espigulé-Pons.
* Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/waaat Wikipedia article as a timeline] - This tool transforms a Wikipedia article in a timeline by parsing all internal links in a Wikipedia article and retrieving the date corresponding to each internal link using the [[d:Property:P585|point in time (P585)]] property in Wikidata.

''' Tool of the week '''
[https://observablehq.com/@pac02/map-your-created-articles Map your list of created articles] - a notebook display of geolocated articles on a map created by a user per chosen project and batch (featured/good article).

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
Wikimedia Indonesia and Wikimedia Deutschland ended their partnership within the project [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata Software Collaboration for Wikidata] prematurely. Read their joint statement [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata/Activities here].

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
** [[:d:Property:P12270|Flora of the Hawaiian Islands URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of the entry for a plant genus, species, subspecies, or variety in the Flora of the Hawaiian Islands website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** ([[:d:Property:P12273|Montana Plant Life URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL for a plant family, genus, or species on the Montana Plant Life website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12275|‎plate(s)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;plate number(s) in the reference source being cited to support the statement being made&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12269|Abandonware-France book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12271|‎MilliBase taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12272|Monasticon Hibernicum database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12274|Rhineland-Palatinate school ID]], [[:d:Property:P12276|Enciclopedia di Roma monument ID]], [[:d:Property:P12277|Enciclopedia di Roma street ID]], [[:d:Property:P12278|Mid-Atlantic Herbaria Consortium taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12279|‎The Criterion Collection spine number]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
** [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Water bottle volume|Water bottle volume]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Volume of the water bottle&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Is it metric?|Is it metric?]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;To check if it's a metric.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anti-Cheat software used|Anti-Cheat software used]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;anti-cheat solution used by this multiplayer video game&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/turismo.marche.it place ID|turismo.marche.it place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Joseph Smith Papers person ID|Joseph Smith Papers person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Scotland ID|Team Scotland ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Globoplay ID|Globoplay ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DoblajeVideojuegos game ID|DoblajeVideojuegos game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Natural Parks System ID|National Natural Parks System ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Commonwealth Games Australia ID|Commonwealth Games Australia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Adventure-Treff game ID|Adventure-Treff game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TouchArcade game ID|TouchArcade game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mod.io ID|Mod.io ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Models Resource game ID|The Models Resource game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Models Resource entity ID|The Models Resource entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tourist information point number|tourist information point number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jinji Koshinjyo ID|Jinji Koshinjyo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bandcamp track ID|Bandcamp track ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/8hxE Average age of supporters of Gérard Depardieu] according to [[:d:Q124005357|Appel de 50 personnalités du monde de la culture]] ([https://wikis.world/@pac2/111683066147340243 source]) 
** [https://w.wiki/8jVE {{LangSwitch|en=Map of running/out of service railway stations in France|fr=Carte des gares ferroviaires en France métropolitaine selon leur état d'usage}}]
** [https://w.wiki/8mLv Bridges in the UK with photos] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1744035707813785997 source])
** [https://w.wiki/8nBH Programming languages influenced by Niklaus Wirth (directly or indirectly)] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1742655469284409451 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProject]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Podcast Episodes 2024|Podcast Episodes 2024]] - The goal of this project is to add episode pages for individual podcasts. 
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database report]]: [[Wikidata:Database reports/children of unborn parents|children of unborn parents]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Item]]: [[d:Q1757|Helsinki (Q1757)]] - capital and most populous city of Finland
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexeme]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1226849|Allah korusun (L1226849)]] - Turkish for 'God forbid'

''' Development '''
* IP masking/temporary accounts: We are adjusting Wikibase to be prepared for the upcoming changes to no longer expose IP addresses for non-logged-in users ([[phab:T351968]])
* Dumps/lex. data: We’re adjusting how empty lists of Forms and Senses are represented in JSON dumps ([[phab:T305660]])
* Wikibase REST API:
** We finished the work on making it possible to get all sitelinks of an Item ([[phab:T344041]])
** We are working on getting a sitelink for a given wiki ([[phab:T344039]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/2024_01_08#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/2024_01_08#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in this week's Lexeme challenge: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=124 Ologies]
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 01 08|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai  (WMDE)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26028809 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #611 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New request for comments: [[:d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Inverse_property_access_for_wikis_:_a_lua_API_request_for_the_development_team|Community request for the development team to access inverse properties on client wikis]]. (Summary: We currently cannot access inverse property values on Wikipedia. This can be a data management issue on Wikipedia as we must always ask ourself if we must introduce an inverse property for cases where we need them. So I think it’s useful to gather the usecases community would want and draft a request for an API to the devteam to do that.)

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Upcoming: The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16:00 UTC on Wednesday, 17th January 2024 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.''
* Past
**[[w:de:Wikipedia:Arbeitsgemeinschaft_Kunstwissenschaften_%2B_Wikipedia/Provenance_loves_Wiki/English|Provenance Loves Wiki (PLW24)]], Jan 12th - 14th, research and data on the origin of artworks and cultural heritage and how Wikibase and Wikidata can support this.
** [https://twitter.com/WRdcongo/status/1745362701537198449 WikiLovesWomen #SheSaid] campaign wrapped up the 2023 campaign by visiting Kinshasha and Kisangani, where local Wikimedians improved quotes from women on FR Wikipedia and Wikidata.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/04/building-connected-libraries-in-nigeria-reflections-from-the-wikibase-journey/ Building Connected Libraries in Nigeria:] --&gt; Reflections from the Wikibase Journey on collaboration and resouce sharing between Nigerian Libraries.
** [https://finnaarupnielsen.wordpress.com/2024/01/11/wikidata-and-chatgpt-integration-failure/ Wikidata and ChatGPT integration failure] --&gt; read about Finn Årup Nielsen's attempts to integrate LLM's with Wikidata.
** [https://www.openstreetmap.org/user/Danysan95/diary/403095 QLever: a new way to query OpenStreetMap] --&gt; Discussion of the new opportunities offered by QLever to query OpenStreetMap and to run federated queries with Wikidata 
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December_2023/Contents/Sweden_report#Wikidata_for_authority_control:_3_years_of_work|Wikidata for authority control: 3 years of work]] --&gt; The three-year Wikidata for authority control project, a collaboration between Wikimedia Sverige and Swedish museums, concluded in December 2023. It equipped museum staff with tools and skills to integrate their authority databases with Wikidata, resulting in added identifiers, SPARQL query proficiency, and enhanced knowledge sharing within the GLAM sector.
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Germany report|Go-ahead for Wikidata Project of GLAM institutions from Baden-Württemberg]] --&gt; The GLAM-BW project, under &quot;GLAM goes OpenData,&quot; connects major collections in Baden-Württemberg, focusing on the württembergische Kunstkammer. With over 3,000 objects, the project integrates information on collectors, histories, and objects into a knowledge graph for semantic searches, contributing to the broader realm of linked open data, akin to Wikidata.
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Switzerland report|Swiss GLAM Programme]] --&gt; Wikimedia CH imported the Museum of Natural History of Neuchâtel's urchin fossil casts to Wikimedia Commons, connecting structured data on Wikidata. The project involved data cleaning, adding missing elements, and file imports via OpenRefine, highlighting seamless integration between Wikidata and Commons.
* Papers
** [https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1020648 Reflections on the PCC Wikidata Pilot at UCLA Library:] --&gt; Undertaking the PCC Learning Objectives. Discusses the 14-month Pilot programme for cooperative cataloguing of UCLA Library and Museum Collections. By E. Zhang, P. Biswas &amp; I. Dagher.
** [https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content/WACV2024/papers/Tahmasebzadeh_Few-Shot_Event_Classification_in_Images_Using_Knowledge_Graphs_for_Prompting_WACV_2024_paper.pdf Few-Shot Event Classification in Images using Knowledge Graphs for Prompting] --&gt; How can Wikidata and Wikipedia help Vision-Language Models improve their classification of images. Tahmasebzadeh et al., 2024.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8Ok7Q-65OQ SMWCon 2023: Semantics, Wikis, and AI] --&gt; Day 1, Keynote by Prof. Markus Krötzsch who explores origins and principles of semantic wikis and key challenges that lie ahead in managing knowledge.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSrFSz2BUno GLAM on Tour 2023 im Museum Barberini] (German) --&gt; find out what Museums have got to do with Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata. [[w:de:Wikipedia:GLAM|More Info Here]].
* Interactive notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/lam GLAM : Geolocated and Labelled Articles Map] - explore Featured and Good Wikipedia articles through a map, powered by Wikidata.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://community.openstreetmap.org/t/announcing-us-boundary-tagging-qa-checker/107744 Brian M Sperlongano] released [https://zelonewolf.github.io/wikidata-qa/ US boundary QA checker], a quality assurance tool for finding issues with boundary data in the United States by using Wikidata, OpenStreetMap, and US Census Bureau data.
* The Surrounding Ocean (available at [https://vrandezo.github.io/TheSurroundingOcean/ vrandezo.github.io/TheSurroundingOcean]) - is a tool that allows you to browse lexicographical data. You can use the tool to explore words and their meanings, translations, and synonyms. The tool is currently under development, and the developer, Danny, would appreciate feedback to fix any issues with the tool. More info: [[Wikidata:The Surrounding Ocean]].

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/OSM-Wikidata_Map_Framework OS-Wikidata Map Framework] List of tools and maps which combines OSM and  Wikidata.
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Y7PRNX3SMKLTT6ABLGYADTLT2NQ7MKJE/ Call for Projects and Mentors for Google Summer of Code 2024 and Outreachy Round 28 is OPEN!]
* Got an idea for a project to reclaim the public nature of the internet? With Wikidata? [https://nlnet.nl/news/2023/20240109-CommonsFund-starts.html NLNet has a new fund you could apply to.]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:  none
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12280|Walk Score ID]], [[:d:Property:P12281|HistoriaGames game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12282|‎Deutsche Bahn station number]], [[:d:Property:P12283|Legends Tour player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12284|Moscow Cultural Heritage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12285|USOPC Hall of Fame ID]], [[:d:Property:P12288|Cathopedia article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12289|‎TouchArcade game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12290|‎DoblajeVideojuegos game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12291|‎Adventure-Treff game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12292|Biota of New Zealand ID]], [[:d:Property:P12293|Consortium of Bryophyte Herbaria taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12294|Consortium of Lichen Herbaria taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12295|Native Plants Hawaii ID]], [[:d:Property:P12296|SERNEC taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12297|TORCH taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12298|Penstemon Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12299|Digicarmel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12300|‎Retskrivningsordbogen ID]], [[:d:Property:P12301|MAMCS artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P12302|Sofascore player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12303|‎Mod.io game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12304|Sina Chinese Basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12305|turismo.marche.it place ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/describes|describes]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Data objects that are described by this entity (e.g. an encyclopedia or topic-related book; intended for input of several data objects.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/memory type|memory type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;specifies the type of working memory of this data object&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/filial church|filial church]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;church which acts as the less important temple of a parish&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TOPO id|TOPO id]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;unique code to identify topographical features of France (department, city, thoroughfare...)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluesky handle|Bluesky handle]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Merkur author ID|Merkur author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bavarian school ID|Bavarian school ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rugby Database ID|Rugby Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Playstation Store Concept ID|Playstation Store Concept ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ArchDaily Architecture Office ID|ArchDaily Architecture Office ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Il Nuovo De Mauro ID|Il Nuovo De Mauro ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluesky DID|Bluesky DID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/8r4K Historical events by a city sorted by importance] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#historical_events_by_a_city_sorted_by_importance|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/8r4T Bubble chart showing countries with the highest number of children out of school in 2013] ([[d:Wikidata:Weekly_query_examples/2018|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/8r4Z Timeline of writing systems and alphabets] ([[d:Wikidata:Weekly query examples/2019|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Decolonise Wiki|WikiProject Decolonise Wiki]] --&gt; intends to focus on decolonising text, depictions and media within all relevant Wikipedia articles.
* WikiProject Highlights: Ontology Cleaning Task Force: A group of people have started a task force to discuss problems with the Wikidata ontology and how to clean them up. Anyone interested in participating is welcome. The task force maintains [[Wikidata:WikiProject Ontology/Cleaning Task Force]] as a record of its activities. You can add yourself to the participants list there and find out how to join group meetings or otherwise participate in the group. ''(Got something noteworthy happening in your WikiProject? Share it in the upcoming issue!)''
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Reports/Empty lexemes|Lexicographical data/Reports/Empty lexemes]] - Lexemes with no statements, no forms and no senses. ''(Do you see Lexemes from your language in the list that you can fix?)''
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]:  [[d:Q45919591|January 15, 2018 (Q45919591)]] - Monday in January 2018
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1081423|در جنگ حلوا بخش نمی‌کنند]] (L1081423) - Persian with a meaning similar to &quot;all's fair in love and war&quot;

''' Development '''
* IP masking: We are working on adjusting Wikibase to handle the upcoming introduction of IP masking, which will give editors who are not logged in a temporary account name instead of using their IP to attribute edits to ([[phab:T351968]])
* Lexicographical data: We are changing how empty Senses and Forms are represented in the dumps ([[phab:T305660]])
* mul language code: We are doing user testing for the current implementation to see if it is understandable for people.
* Mismatch Finder: We are continuing the work on migrating it to the Codex design system.
* REST API:
** We improved the handling of lower-case statement IDs ([[phab:T354262]])
** We are working on getting a sitelink for a given wiki ([[phab:T344039]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Pigs
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai  (WMDE)]] -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:13, 15 ජනවාරි 2024 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26028809 --&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26044841 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #612 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 01 22|Translations]] are available.'' &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Domain_name_as_data|Domain name as data]] (Summary: How should Wikidata store the domain name associated with an item? There are many properties for URLs, but a domain name is a different value.)

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Past
** Wikidata+Wikibase office hour session log: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2024-01-17|Telegram office hour 2024-01-17]]
** [[w:de:Wikipedia:Arbeitsgemeinschaft_Kunstwissenschaften_%2B_Wikipedia/Provenance_loves_Wiki/Program|PLW 2024: Provenance loves Wiki]] - Fri. 12th - Sun. 14th January. If you missed the event, catch up by reading the slides, Notes and watching the recordings on the Project page
* Next: [https://twitter.com/UM_Library/status/1747257408328802651/photo/1 Linked Open Data in Heritage Workshop] &gt; Jan. 23rd, 13:00 - 15:00 CET. If you are in the Maastricht University Faculty and want to know enhance heritage research, improve data management, connectivity and visualisation, [https://maastrichtuniversity.eu.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_5cDQAbfOkEYdZoW register] for the Workshop.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [http://simia.net/wiki/Languages_with_the_best_lexicographic_data_coverage_in_Wikidata_2023 Languages with the best lexicographic data coverage in Wikidata 2023]
** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/2024/01/17/working-with-catalogues-a-wikidata-volunteers-perspective/ Working with catalogues: a Wikidata volunteer’s perspective] --&gt; interview with [[User:Epìdosis|Epìdosis]] where they discuss the challenges and opportunities of working with catalogues on Wikidata.
* Papers
** [[:d:Q124289369|The reconciliation of SBN authority records with Wikidata. Progresses and perspectives after a decade of work (2013-2023) (Q124289369)]] (Italian title: Riconciliare le voci di autorità in SBN con Wikidata. Progressi e prospettive dopo un decennio di lavoro (2013-2023)) [https://jlis.it/index.php/jlis/article/view/573 (paper in Italian)] - deals with the reconciliation of the authority file of the biggest Italian collective library catalogue (OPAC SBN) with Wikidata
** [[:d:Q124289388|The evolution of authority work in SBN. From origins to Alphabetica and future prospects (Q124289388)]] (Italian title: L’evoluzione dell’''authority work'' in SBN. Dalle origini ad Alphabetica e prospettive future) [https://jlis.it/index.php/jlis/article/view/572 (paper in Italian)] - deals with the evolution of the authority work in the biggest Italian collective library catalogue (OPAC SBN), with many references to Wikidata
** [https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20240116aw Biological Pathway Abstractions: From 2D drawings to Multidimensional Linked Data] &gt; this thesis by Andra Sachinder Waagmeester discusses the utility of using Wikidata as a Knowledge Graph for Life Sciences.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWqZ814E8YU &quot;From Wiki to Digital Humanities - Establishing a Literature Index Network&quot; Symposium](Taiwanese) from Wang Shiqing. A scholar of Taiwanese history, this symposium explores linking their historical and academic research with Wikidata.
** Semantic MediaWiki Con 2023
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STG7VhdiyZw AskWikidata]: Natural language queries to Wikidata, a naive prototype created by Senior Software Engineer for Wikidata, Robert Timm. [https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1yRZshpNj0kXwY0XuUYw5ziqjw_RffxH- Want to try? (Google Colab)]
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VyTkg3J8Sc Fixing Wikidata: by viewing it as a series of tables] by Yaron Koren, who challenges that Wikidata can become more useful with more structured editing and querying practices.

''' Tool of the week '''
* Wikimedia Commons based streaming services by [[d:User:Magnus Manske|Magnus]]: [[d:Help:WikiFlix|WikiFlix]] for movies and the companion tool [[d:Help:WikiVibes|WikiVibes]] for audio.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Wikimedia Deutschland hiring:
** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/40651559/Software-Engineer-Wikidata-m-f-d-/?jobDbPVId=110100750&amp;l=en Software Engineer, Wikidata]
** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/40775956/Software-Engineer-Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Projects-m-f-d-?jobDbPVId=110472737&amp;l=en Software Engineer, Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]
** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/40776229/Senior-Software-Engineer-Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Projects-m-f-d-?jobDbPVId=110473871&amp;l=en Senior Software Engineer, Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P12322|underlying structure]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;an instance of the subject becomes an instance of the object if some of its data are lost&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12323|working memory type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;specifies the type of working memory of this data object&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12324|production manager]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;manager that is responsible for the administration of a feature film or television production&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12328|simulate]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the element imitates or makes the value of the property appear real&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12330|Philippine middle name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maternal surname generally placed in the middle of this person's name&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12306|‎ISzDb series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12307|IFTTT service ID]], [[:d:Property:P12308|National-Football-Teams.com team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12309|Moviefone person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12310|Commonwealth Games Australia athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P12311|Team Scotland athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P12312|Kicker team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12313|goalzz.com team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12314|vesti.kz team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12315|‎Am Faclair Beag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12316|tourist information point number]], [[:d:Property:P12317|Alexandria.dk person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12319|Babelio serial ID]], [[:d:Property:P12320|Moviebuff ID]], [[:d:Property:P12321|RCS number]], [[:d:Property:P12325|Sayed Ganj Balochi Glossary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12326|Vazhaju Word ID]], [[:d:Property:P12327|Stage]], [[:d:Property:P12329|Qué series ver ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/If non-metric|If non-metric]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/civil rank|civil rank]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;non-military rank of a civil office holder in Russian Empire&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PhoneScoop phone ID|PhoneScoop phone ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TopKar ID|TopKar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IFOPT stop identifier|IFOPT stop identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flashback lexicon ID|Flashback lexicon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letterboxd director ID|Letterboxd director ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letterboxd user ID|Letterboxd user ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HbVar ID|HbVar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MobiTUKI Swahili-English Dictionary entry|MobiTUKI Swahili-English Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HistoryMakers Digital Archive Maker ID|HistoryMakers Digital Archive Maker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wörterbuch zur Verbvalenz sense ID|Wörterbuch zur Verbvalenz sense ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euro+Med PlantBase taxon ID|Euro+Med PlantBase taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Code de la collectivité territoriale ayant les compétences départementales|Code de la collectivité territoriale ayant les compétences départementales]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dansk Forfatterleksikon ID|Dansk Forfatterleksikon ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/8pEM Distance between the birthplace of UK ministers and London] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1745582716936946078 source])
** [https://w.wiki/Pra Map of countries receiving the Nobel peace prize]
** [https://w.wiki/XoZ People who have returned to being their country’s head of government after the longest gap]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Media art|WikiProject Media art]] - to work together with initiatives archiving media art and find common best practices.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Statistics/Count of lexemes without senses|Count of Senseless Lexemes per language]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q12418|Mona Lisa (Q12418)]] - oil painting by Leonardo da Vinci
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1131949|grilldress (L1131949)]] - track suit for grilling in Bokmål

''' Development '''
* IP Masking: We are continuing to adapt Wikibase to the upcoming IP Masking feature. We worked on hiding warnings about IP addresses being saved when they don’t apply ([[phab:T353807]], [[phab:T352006]]) and creating temporary accounts when editing ([[phab:T354730]])
* Wikibase REST API:
** We continued working on the ability to get a sitelink for a given site ([[phab:T344039]])
** We started working on the ability to remove a sitelink for a given wiki ([[phab:T344685]])
** We worked on fixing a bug where the REST API PUT request does not handle statement on Items with lowercase statement IDs ([[phab:T352644]])
* mul language code: We did user testing to find any remaining issue before release

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Cinematography
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai  (WMDE)]] -[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:13, 15 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26100753 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #613 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.'' &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator#ROBERTSHST|ROBERTSHST]] requested adminship to be able to link protected Wikipedia pages to Wikidata. The request has been denied and closed.
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Block_of_Frettiebot|Frettiebot block?]] - [[d:User:Bovlb|Bovlb]] has requested community input about the edit behaviour of this bot, with more discussion found on the [[d:User_talk:Frettiebot#Block|Frettiebot Discussion]] page.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Books: [https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.cilip.org.uk/resource/group/bd35bb32-65ad-475f-82be-dcfe36e1ec69/focus/focus_54-2.pdf Banned books, Wikipedia and Wikidata] - Volume 54, Number 2, 2023  of the focus on International Library and Information Work. Professor Núria Ferran of Women and Wikipedia.
* Papers
** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.07683.pdf Assisted Knowledge Graph Authoring:] Human-Supervised Knowledge Graph Construction from Natural Language - a Web app allowing domain experts to create natural language Wikidata-based knowledge graphs. By Gohsen &amp; Stein (2024).
** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.12474.pdf Large Language Models are Superpositions of All Characters: Attaining Arbitrary Role-play via Self-Alignment] -  Lu, K., Yu, B., Zhou, C. &amp; Zhou, J., (2024),. This paper explores using Knowledge Graph data silos to enrich interactions and dialogues with AI NPC's in roleplay videogames.
** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.04695.pdf Narrowing the Knowledge Evaluation Gap:] Open-Domain Question Answering with Multi-Granularity Answers - evaluating predicted answers against a set of multi-granularity answers based on Wikidata. By Yona et al, (2024).
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZptQ94bxoo Introduction to Wikidata Query Tool] - Learn A Wiki Skill (LAWS). If you are a Wikidata beginner, enjoy this video provided by Open Foundation West Africa.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIIxn9FtZKU Wikibase Cloud For Cultural Heritage Data Online] and the SNARC Hub for Name Authority Records relating to Wales and the Welsh Language, with Jason J. Evans.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QbEIgY2Qhs How to use Wikidata in research:] good practices for using and sharing open data (Portugese). A training session by Rute Correia of Wikimedia Portugal.
* WikidataCon 2023 - (English Audio)
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMUAp1ePsrg Wikifunctions: fulfilling one of Wikidata's missing promises?] - with Denny Vrandečić
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XC0H8PoSeKc Structured data and collaborative curation:] WikiProjects and Wikidata - with Daniel Mietchen.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_NwZhbVoHg Spreading our Data further with Wikibase REST API] by L. Pintscher.
* Presentations:
** [https://zenodo.org/records/10557209 Wikibase for a Research Project] - A slidedeck provided by Ruth v.d. Bussche presented at [[de:wp:Wikipedia:Arbeitsgemeinschaft_Kunstwissenschaften_%2B_Wikipedia/Provenance_loves_Wiki/English|Provenance Loves Wiki '24]]
** Provenance Loves Wiki 2024 slides on [https://zenodo.org/records/10569041 Linking Boetticher and 19th Century Paintings] through Wikidata and Wikisource
* Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/glam2 GLAM2: Geolocated and Labeled Articles Map] - much like the previously shared [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/lam GLAM1] visually representing distribution of Good &amp; Featured Articles but in a different visualisation.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wifga Wikidata's insights for featured and good Wikipedia articles], a new Observable's notebook which helps exploring good articles or featured articles in any Wikipedia using Wikidata properties such as P31, P21, P106, P17, P27, etc.
* [https://speedpatrolling.toolforge.org/ SpeedPatrolling] - This tool helps Wikidata editors to patrol recent changes.
* metaphacts and Ontotext launch a new end-user interface on top of the Wikidata Knowledge Graph: [https://www.ontotext.com/company/news/metaphacts-ontotext-interface-for-wikidata-demo-system/?utm_campaign=Metaphacts&amp;utm_content=272732273&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_source=twitter&amp;hss_channel=tw-33893047 try it here!]

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* A job opening for a [https://careers.iscb.org/jobs/view/8682 Data Scientist / Knowledge Engineer] to use Wikidata as a foundational layer for an NSF-funded [https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2023/nsf23571/nsf23571.htm) Prototype Open Knowledge Network].
* The Wikidata Development team needs your feedback! We are currently evaluating a new feature for the Wikidata Query Service. Fancy sharing your thoughts? We would greatly appreciate it if you could complete [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Feedback_on_stop_query_solution_for_Query_Service this survey on Lamapoll]. It should take you around 10–15 minutes. Your input means a lot to us. Thank you!

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12322|underlying structure(s)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;mathematical structure(s) obtained by deleting some data of the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12323|working memory type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;specifies the type of working memory of this data object&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12324|production manager]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;manager that is responsible for the administration of a feature film or television production&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12328|simulates]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item simulated, imitated, or made to appear real by this item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12330|Philippine middle name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maternal surname generally placed in the middle of this person's name&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12346|combines media]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;media files that composes this media file&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12363|clerked for]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;this person has held a clerkship with the judge&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12321|RCS number]], [[:d:Property:P12325|Sayed Ganj Balochi Glossary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12326|Vazhaju word ID]], [[:d:Property:P12327|Stage username]], [[:d:Property:P12329|Qué series ver series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12331|Baseball-Reference.com manager ID]], [[:d:Property:P12332|‎Playstation Store concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P12333|Pallaalcentro player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12334|Rowing Canada ID]], [[:d:Property:P12335|Rugby Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12336|Encyclopedia of Cacti species ID]], [[:d:Property:P12337|Nebula channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12338|fiba.basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12339|Académie de Stanislas member ID]], [[:d:Property:P12340|National Natural Parks System ID]], [[:d:Property:P12341|Bandcamp track ID]], [[:d:Property:P12347|NientePopCorn movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P12348|NientePopCorn series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12349|NientePopCorn person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12350|Bavarian school ID]], [[:d:Property:P12351|BookBrainz edition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12352|British Pathé asset ID]], [[:d:Property:P12353|CRIS Unique Site Number]], [[:d:Property:P12354|Great American Business Leaders of the 20th Century ID]], [[:d:Property:P12355|Merkur author page]], [[:d:Property:P12356|‎Globoplay ID]], [[:d:Property:P12357|BindingDB ID]], [[:d:Property:P12358|FFTT player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12359|Czech geological location ID]], [[:d:Property:P12360|etymologiebank.nl ID]], [[:d:Property:P12361|Bluesky handle]], [[:d:Property:P12362|‎Parliament of Victoria ID]], [[:d:Property:P12364|ArchDaily architecture office ID]], [[:d:Property:P12365|HistoryMakers Maker Directory ID]], [[:d:Property:P12366|OKRB 011-2022 code]], [[:d:Property:P12367|Plant Illustrations taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12368|Plant Illustrations species ID]], [[:d:Property:P12369|Bantumen Powerlist 100]], [[:d:Property:P12370|International Hockey Federation competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12371|IndExs Exsiccata editor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12372|COSL profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12373|‎The Models Resource entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P12374|HbVar ID]], [[:d:Property:P12375|TracesOfWar award ID]], [[:d:Property:P12376|Latindex 2022 ID]], [[:d:Property:P12377|Flashback lexicon ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Number of delegates|Number of delegates]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/afd-verbot.de person id|afd-verbot.de person id]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date of application|date of application]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;date of a application/request that lead to a membership in an organisation, an employment or issuance of an identifier&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/authorized image|authorized image]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Proposing to distinguish images with reliable source from GLAM partners or cultural institutions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dejure.org-Schlagwort (de)|Dejure.org-Schlagwort (de)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;searchword in Dejure.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review:: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VD 17 ID|VD 17 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MobiTUKI English-Swahili Dictionary entry|MobiTUKI English-Swahili Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Singerman Identifier|Singerman Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/X place ID|X place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PteridoPortal taxon ID|PteridoPortal taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plants of Hawaiʻi ID|Plants of Hawaiʻi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kalliope.org author ID|Kalliope.org author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The StoryGraph Author ID|The StoryGraph Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EDIT16 title &amp; place IDs|EDIT16 title &amp; place IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Myths on Maps Identifier|Myths on Maps Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anglo-Norman Dictionary entry|Anglo-Norman Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archives départementales du Vaucluse Fonds ID|Archives départementales du Vaucluse Fonds ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ru.hayazg.info ID|ru.hayazg.info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sundance Institute Archive ID|Sundance Institute Archive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mindat taxon ID|Mindat taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/notify.moe ID|notify.moe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nimi.li id|nimi.li id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nintendo eShop (UK) ID|Nintendo eShop (UK) ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/8vwq The 100 smallest mountains in France] ([https://wikis.world/@pac2/111803681068833819 source]) 
** [https://w.wiki/8onv French Prime ministers ordered by age when they start in office] ([https://wikis.world/@pac2/111735781109610547 source]) 
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject IBC 2024|Wikidata:WikiProject IBC 2024]] - The International Botanical Congress (IBC) takes place once every six years. The organisers of this WikiProject see this conference as an ideal opportunity to engage with the wider botanical community, educate them about the potential of Wikidata and to train them in its use. We will also use this opportunity to improve the data held in Wikidata about the participants, presenters and their contributions to botany.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Health Data Space|WikiProject Health Data Space]] - This project is about organising data related to health data spaces, in particular the efforts to create a European Health Data Space. Initially it will focus on Sweden.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Differences in birth and death dates|Differences in birth and death dates]] - This is list of reports when birth date or death date in Wikidata differs from other sources: 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q2513|Hubble Space Telescope (Q2513)]] - NASA and ESA space telescope (launched 1990)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L204262|šťastný (L204262)]] (Czech) - having luck, fortune, happy. This is our first Czech showcase lexeme and it just so happens to be the largest Lexeme on Wikidata!

''' Development '''
* [Breaking Change] [[listarchive:list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AAFFOEC7HVHC7FTADBUC6GHMTM62JATY/|We are changing how empty Sense and Form lists are represented in dumps]]
* Fixed the order of item/property suggestions on several occasions, primarily sex or gender (P21) ([[:phab:T355697]])
* mul lanuage code: We are wrapping up the usability testing.
* IP Masking: We continued the work on adapting Wikibase for the upcoming change to not show IP addresses for non-logged in users anymore.
* Wikibase REST API:
** We added the ability to add a sitelink to an Item or edit an existing one ([[phab:T342987]])
** We are fixing a bug where badges were missing in the API reponse for sitelinks ([[phab:T355293]])


[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Diplomacy
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:16, 29 ජනවාරි 2024 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26119016 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #614 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.'' &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New request for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/SamoasambiaBot|SamoasambiaBot]] - Adding coordinate values from fiwiki articles, and 2.) adding location statements based on the coordinates.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/MidleadingBot 5|MidleadingBot 5]] - Create items for books in [[d:Q477675|National Diet Library (Q477675)]].
* Closed request for comments:
** Closure reason listed as &quot;Not an RfC discussion&quot;:&lt;br&gt;[[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/MotoGP_riders%27_links|Moto GP Riders Links]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Improving_the_performance_of_retrieving_labels,_descriptions_and_aliases|Improve performance of label, description and alias retrieval]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Create_massive_changes_in_one_property_for_spesific_categories/properties%3F|Create massive changes in one property for specific categories/properties]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Automatic_analysis_and_breakdown_of_links_(for_social_accounts_reference)|Auto analysis and breakdown of links (for social account reference)]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Separating_%22citations%22_from_all_Wikipedia_articles_by_using_Wikidata|Separating citations from all Wikipedia articles by using Wikidata]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Items_for_external_links|Items for external links]]
** Closure reason listed as &quot;No Consensus&quot;:&lt;br&gt; [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Remove_watchlist_summary|Remove watchlist summary]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Unifying_GO_activities_and_enzyme_articles|Unify GO articles and enzyme articles]]
** Closure reason listed as &quot;Stale&quot;:&lt;br&gt; [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Potd|Potd]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Population_data_model|Population data model]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/handling_of_data_objects_for_pages_in_the_project_namespace|Handling of data objects for pages in project namespace]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Shouldn%27t_there_be_a_feature_of_adding_qualifiers_inside_qualifiers|Shouldn't there be a feature adding Qualifiers inside Qualifiers?]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Automatic_sorting_according_to_weight_assigned|Auto sorting according to weight assigned]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Should_we_create_new_properties_for_beaches%3F|Should we create new properties for beaches]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Should_previously_linked_Wikipedia_articles_be_separated%3F|Should previously linked Wikipedia articles be separated?]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/A_meta_item_namespace_(Mxxx)_for_structured_data_about_Wikidata|A meta item namespace (Mxxx) for structured data about Wikidata]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/structured_path_for_property_definition_changes|Structured path for property definition changes]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Improved_instructions_for_translation_admin|Improved instructions for translation admin]]

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call February 6, 2024: Wikimedia user [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Dnshitobu Dnshitobu] will discuss Wikidata for Education, the Dagbani NLP project, and the Dagbani Wikimedians User Group/sister communities. In the last part of the meeting, Dnshitobu will lead a discussion of your ideas for Wikidata Affinity Group activities in 2024 using Jamboard. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Xv8dTbvwnWi0fM6YJ1_K_Ue9mIkTsOCH_HFKDWv58iQ/edit?usp=sharing Agenda]
* [https://www.eventbrite.com/e/kick-off-panel-discussion-black-histories-wikipedia-wikidata-edit-a-thon-tickets-794748493137?aff=erelexpmlt Kick-Off Panel Discussion: Black Histories Wikipedia &amp; Wikidata Edit-a-thon] February 6, 17:00 - 18:00 CET. Toronto Metropolitan University. [https://www.eventbrite.com/o/tmu-tpl-u-of-t-york-u-58075008163 Edit-A-Thon's] are also being hosted on Feb. 8th 16:00 CET and Feb. 15th 18:00 CET.
* [https://calendar.library.torontomu.ca/event/3774293 Wikidata 101] is a clinic, part of the #LoveDataWeek hosted at Toronto Metropolitan University; February 13th 11:00 - 12:30 EST in LIB 387 - Library Collaboratory building.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/02/02/ld42023-ii-getting-to-know-each-other-librarians-in-the-wikidata-world/ Diff Blog: #LD42023 II: Getting to Know Each Other, Librarians in the Wikidata World] by [[m:User:SEgt-WMF|SEgt-WMF]]
** [https://zbw.eu/labs/blog/accessible-material-of-20th-century-press-archives-largely-extended/ 20th Century Press Archives: access extension and full-text search via Wikidata]
* Papers
** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377776326_Wikidata_Challenges_In_the_Semantic_Web_Community Wikidata Challenges in the Semantic Web Community] by Andrea Westerinen. This presentation was given at the Data Modelling Days conference.
** [https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/9783987400476/knowledge-organization-for-resilience-in-times-of-crisis-challenges-and-opportunities?page=1A Comparative Study on the Approaches of Name Authority Control and Wikidata Identity Management] pages 63 - 74 of the Proceedings of the 18th International ISKO Conference (2024). Authored by Chen C. &amp; Yuxuan Z.
* Videos 
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMnrNJxPyo0 Connecting People, Connecting Archives Project] (CACP) – Wikidata Workshop  (Arabic). Archivists and scholars collaborated to align objectives and methods for the Connecting Archives Connecting People (CACP) Project. The aim of the workshop was to understand biographical data in archives.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPxMPo7YYQM Wikibase SPARQL Demo] A live demo of the SPARQL MediaWiki extension during the February 2024 Wikibase Stakeholder Group meetup.
* Podcasts: [https://betweenthebrackets.libsyn.com/episode-155-alan-ang-and-kris-litson Between the Brackets, Episode 155] - Alan Ang and Kris Litson discuss Wikidata partnerships and outreach.
* Notebooks
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/mdw Mapping of a director's work] a tool which explores the narrative locations of works directed by a filmmaker.
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/mww Mapping of a writer's work] : a tool which explores the narrative locations of works written by an author.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://directory.civictech.guide/listing/wikidata-search-tool-for-venezuelan-works-in-public-domain A Query and UI] for exploring works of Venezuelan authors, artists, scientists and creators in the Public Domain.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Wikidata development goals for 2024 Q1 has been updated: [[d:Wikidata:Development_plan|Wikidata:Development plan]]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12388|official list URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a website listing instances of the subject, maintained by the authority on the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12407|Laws of Malaysia URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Uniform Resource Locator for laws of Malaysia&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12410|semantic derivation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;links a lexeme sense to a particular sense it is derived from&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12413|date of application]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;date of a application/request that lead to a membership in an organisation, an employment or issuance of an identifier&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12378|VMH ID]], [[:d:Property:P12379|protected heritage site in Brussels ID (web version)]], [[:d:Property:P12380|Euro+Med PlantBase taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12381|LoverFans ID]], [[:d:Property:P12382|DigiListan artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12383|Letterboxd director ID]], [[:d:Property:P12384|Letterboxd user ID]], [[:d:Property:P12385|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID]], [[:d:Property:P12386|Dansk Forfatterleksikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12387|Qantas hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12389|Veterans Legacy Memorial ID]], [[:d:Property:P12390|China Animal Scientific Database dbb ID]], [[:d:Property:P12391|National Library of Malaysia OPAC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12392|Taiwan Biographical Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12393|IFOPT stop ID]], [[:d:Property:P12394|Jinji Koshinjyo ID (1st edition)]], [[:d:Property:P12395|Jinji Koshinjyo ID (4th edition)]], [[:d:Property:P12396|Jinji Koshinjyo ID (8th edition)]], [[:d:Property:P12397|TheTVDB season ID]], [[:d:Property:P12398|TheTVDB company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12399|TheTVDB award ID]], [[:d:Property:P12400|Kialo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12401|Internet Dictionary of Polish Surnames ID]], [[:d:Property:P12402|Myths on Maps identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12403|Plants of Hawaiʻi ID]], [[:d:Property:P12404|Kalliope.org author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12405|PteridoPortal taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12406|Wörterbuch zur Verbvalenz sense ID]], [[:d:Property:P12408|XWord Info author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12409|Bluesky DID]], [[:d:Property:P12411|Unified Saudi Occupational Classification]], [[:d:Property:P12412|Lobbypedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12414|ru.hayazg.info ID]], [[:d:Property:P12415|VD 17 ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/smells of|smells of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/moment of onset of sexual maturity|moment of onset of sexual maturity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the point in time after which an individual attains the ability to reproduce sexually&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/url namespace|url namespace]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL prefix behind which values of this property can be found using a search engine&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ultima verba|ultima verba]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;last words spoken by a subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Performing organization|Performing organization]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;organization that received funding to create this entity&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/filial church|filial church]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;church which acts as the less important temple of a parish&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Mémoire des lieux d'un bâtiment|Identifiant Mémoire des lieux d'un bâtiment]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlaymakerStats.com executive ID|PlaymakerStats.com executive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant du Référentiel national des bâtiments|Identifiant du Référentiel national des bâtiments]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of American Regional English ID|Dictionary of American Regional English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Old English ID|Dictionary of Old English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia Mythica ID|Encyclopedia Mythica ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Author ID|Shamela Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford English Dictionary object identifier|Oxford English Dictionary object identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Daryab Pashto Glossary ID|Daryab Pashto Glossary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Great Plains Herbaria taxon ID|Great Plains Herbaria taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PROSPEROPatches game ID|PROSPEROPatches game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ORBISPatches game ID|ORBISPatches game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quake Wiki ID|Quake Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hong Kong Cinema ID|Hong Kong Cinema ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Műemlékem.hu identifier|Műemlékem.hu identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trakt-Film-ID|Trakt-Film-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arabic Ontology lexical concept ID|Arabic Ontology lexical concept ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MobiTUKI Swahili-English Dictionary entry|MobiTUKI Swahili-English Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Personen der Moderne Basis person ID|Personen der Moderne Basis person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spesalay Pashto (Dari/Persian Dictionary) ID|Spesalay Pashto (Dari/Persian Dictionary) ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/95Pj Projects with which New Zealand Thesis people overlap] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1752131036887081401 source])
** [https://w.wiki/95Qa Most articles about films in each Wikipedia]
** [https://query.wikidata.org/#PREFIX%20psv%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fprop%2Fstatement%2Fvalue%2F%3E%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3FitemLabel%20%28GROUP_CONCAT%28DISTINCT%20%3FcounLabel%3B%20SEPARATOR%3D%22%2C%20%22%29%20AS%20%3Fcountry%29%20%28GROUP_CONCAT%28DISTINCT%20%3FhqLabel%3B%20SEPARATOR%3D%22%2C%20%22%29%20AS%20%3Fheadquarters%29%20%3Frevenue%20%3Frevenue_USD%20%3FunitLabel%20%3Fdate%20%20%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ4830453.%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP2139%20%3Fstatement.%0A%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP159%20%3Fhq.%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP17%20%3Fcoun.%20%7D%0A%20%20%3Fstatement%20wikibase%3Arank%20%3Frank.%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP2139%20%3Fstatement1.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement1%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3APreferredRank.%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3Frank%20%21%3D%20wikibase%3APreferredRank%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3Fstatement1%20%21%3D%20%3Fstatement%29%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20pq%3AP585%20%3Fdate.%20%7D%0A%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement%20psv%3AP2139%20_%3Ab9.%0A%20%20%20%20_%3Ab9%20wikibase%3AquantityAmount%20%3Frevenue.%0A%20%20%20%20_%3Ab9%20wikibase%3AquantityUnit%20wd%3AQ4917.%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28wd%3AQ4917%20AS%20%3Funit%29%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28%3Frevenue%20AS%20%3Frevenue_USD%29%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20UNION%0A%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement%20psv%3AP2139%20_%3Ab10.%0A%20%20%20%20_%3Ab10%20wikibase%3AquantityAmount%20%3Frevenue.%0A%20%20%20%20_%3Ab10%20wikibase%3AquantityUnit%20%3Funit.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Funit%20p%3AP2284%20%3Funit_statement.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Funit_statement%20wikibase%3Arank%20%3Funit_rank.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Funit_statement%20psv%3AP2284%20_%3Ab11.%0A%20%20%20%20_%3Ab11%20wikibase%3AquantityUnit%20wd%3AQ4917.%0A%20%20%20%20_%3Ab11%20wikibase%3AquantityAmount%20%3Fusd.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Funit%20p%3AP2284%20%3Funit_statement1.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Funit_statement1%20%28psv%3AP2284%2Fwikibase%3AquantityUnit%29%20wd%3AQ4917.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Funit_statement1%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3APreferredRank.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3Funit_rank%20%21%3D%20wikibase%3APreferredRank%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3Funit_statement1%20%21%3D%20%3Funit_statement%29%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28%3Frevenue%20%2a%20%3Fusd%20AS%20%3Frevenue_USD%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3Funit%20%21%3D%20wd%3AQ4917%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3Funit_rank%20%21%3D%20wikibase%3ADeprecatedRank%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%21BOUND%28%3Funit_statement1%29%29%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%0A%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20.%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FitemLabel%20.%0A%20%20%3Fcoun%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FcounLabel%20.%0A%20%20%3Fhq%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FhqLabel%20.%0A%20%20%3Funit%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FunitLabel%20.%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20FILTER%28%3Frank%20%21%3D%20wikibase%3ADeprecatedRank%29%0A%20%20FILTER%28%21BOUND%28%3Fstatement1%29%29%0A%7D%0AGROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3FitemLabel%20%3Frevenue%20%3Frevenue_USD%20%3FunitLabel%20%3Fdate%0AORDER%20BY%20DESC%28%3Frevenue_USD%29%0ALIMIT%2015 Largest companies by revenue in USD]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Popular items without claims|Popular Items without claims]] (Items with the most links but without statements)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q67|Airbus (Q67)]] - European aircraft manufacturer
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L578377|sala (L578377)]] - translates to &quot;human&quot; or &quot;charcoal&quot; in Dagbanli

''' Development '''
* Wikibase REST API:
** We are finishing the endpoint for adding/replacing a sitelink on an Item for a given wiki ([[phab:T342987]]) and have finished the ones for getting and removing a sitelink from an Item ([[phab:T344039]], [[phab:T344685]])
** We have documented the differences in sitelink data structure between Wikibase REST API and Action API responses ([[phab:T355659]])
** We fixed the bug where sitelink data was not including badges even when available ([[phab:T355293]])
* IP masking: We are continuing the work on adapting Wikibase so we don't show IP addresses for non-logged-in users.
* mul: We finished the user testing and will now work on the remaining blockers for the first release.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]:
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:30, 5 පෙබරවාරි 2024 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26180689 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #615 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.'' &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New request for permissions/Bot: 
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/CJMbot|CJMBot]] - let users upload a CSV file in a certain format. The data inside is validated and processed, creating new items or updating existing items by adding statements and references.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/MidleadingBot_5|MidLeadingBot_5]] - create items for books in [[d:Q477675|National Diet Library (Q477675)]].
* Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Revamping_Birth_related_properties|Revamping Birth related properties]] the use of [[d:Property:P1545|P1545-Series ordinal]] was recommended.

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* [https://kallmworkshop.github.io/kallm2024 Knowledge Graphs and large Language Models (KALLM)] workshop in Bangkok, Thailand. Call for Papers [https://kallmworkshop.github.io/kallm2024/#callforpapers (details)] has begun (deadline May 10th) 
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/FTGDY33PRLGNXFLSH4ZVSJUYUHJW6Q5T/ WMF Community Wishathon is coming next month: March 15th-17th, 2024!] Sign up by Wednesday, March 15th.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://www.skoove.com/blog/top-spotify-artists-stats What does it take to become a Spotify artist?] - Skoove blog uses Wikidata and other databases to put together an infographic. 
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WiLMa Updates, OpenRefine training, Biodiversity, and Librarians]] (GLAM newsletter)
** [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Love_Data_Week_-_My_Kind_of_Data Love Data Week - My Kind of Data] by Ali Smith. Shared relevant links to learn about data equity and inclusion, disciplinary communities, and creating a kinder world through data.
* Papers
** [https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e114076 Paying it forward: Crowdsourcing the harmonisation and linking of taxon names and biodiversity identifiers] - with detailed discussion of curation of taxon-related information in Wikidata
** [https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/revistaadbia/article/view/42375/44608 Wikidata for Teaching Biology: Coloration in Felines] (Spanish) - a paper that showcases Wikidata as a learning tool for students through the use of properties and statements applied to biological entities can enhance students computational and informational skills, by Marín1 D. &amp; Michán L.
** [https://kula.uvic.ca/index.php/kula/article/view/247 LIS Journals' Lack of Participation in Wikidata Item Creation] by Willey, E. &amp; Radovsky S., Vol. 7 No.1 (2024) of the Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies.
* Videos
** GLAM Wiki Conference 2023 - Uruguay
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFD6zjAEl84 Wikisource and Wikidata] - when 2 cool kids play together. Session given by Bodhisattwa.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFD6zjAEl84 Wikidata + Education + Heritage] - hosted by Sailesh Patnaik (WMF) &amp; Nat Hernández Clavijo (WMU)
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMKyAECTwyw Using Wikidata integration on Wikimedia projects to enhance GLAM-Wiki content sharing] - hosted by Mike Peel (WMB/WMF volunteer) &amp; João Peschanski (WMB)
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRPW86e8N1A Advancing Drinking Water Justice] at the Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP) Conference discusses how Wikidata and Wikibase Cloud can help address differences in data quality (at the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRPW86e8N1A&amp;t=3298s 55:00] minute mark)
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVmWy1N-NdY Mapping Graiguenamanagh Heritage Trail 2] - shows how to create a Heritage walking trail and add subject:wikidata to plaques to OpenStreetMap
* Notebooks
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/au-bord-de-leau Au bord de l'eau] Mapping Wikidata's items next to a body of water using P206 property.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[d:MediaWiki:Gadget-dataDrainer.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-dataDrainer.js]] - this userscript allows you to delete the data of an item. You can choose what you want to delete: labels and/or descriptions and/or aliases and or sitelinks.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* There is [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/February 2024 scaling update|a new update]] relative to the experiment with splitting the Wikidata Query Service graph. A [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|project page]] for the experiment has also been published.
*  [[m:Wikimedia_Deutschland/Knowledge_Equity_in_Linked_Open_Data_Research|WMDE is currently conducting a research on Knowledge Equity in Linked Open Data]]. The goal is to try to better understand how the use of Wikidata, Wikibase Suite, and Wikibase Cloud both support knowledge equity and create barriers to knowledge equity when people are contributing historically and structurally marginalized knowledge and perspectives. If you are interested in participating in this project, please fill out this [https://greatquestion.co/wmde/4c3dr1vk survey]!

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12417|Environmental Performance Index]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;measure of understanding environmental performance and sustainability for 180 countries&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12432|age of onset of sexual maturity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the point in time after which an individual attains the ability to reproduce sexually&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12434|Beta Code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;representation of Ancient Greek as ASCII characters&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12436|phonetic value]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;phonetic value of signs/characters&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12439|civil rank]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;non-military rank of a civil office holder in Russian Empire&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12416|Dongqiudi.com team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12418|‎Nintendo eShop (Europe) ID]], [[:d:Property:P12419|Joseph Smith Papers person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12420|Il Nuovo De Mauro ID]], [[:d:Property:P12423|‎Sundance Institute Archive film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12425|Sundance Institute Archive event ID]], [[:d:Property:P12426|Sundance Institute Archive person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12427|notify.moe anime ID]], [[:d:Property:P12428|Swetrails POI-ID]], [[:d:Property:P12429|UT.no ID]], [[:d:Property:P12430|The StoryGraph author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12431|X place ID]], [[:d:Property:P12433|nixpkgs path]], [[:d:Property:P12435|Shamela author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12437|PROSPEROPatches game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12438|ORBISPatches game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12440|Quake Wiki ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is invariant under|is invariant under]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;subject is preserved by this process / function / group of transformation&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/formatter URL for IIIF manifest|formatter URL for IIIF manifest]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL to generate IIIF manifest from specific ID&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/location information URL|location information URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a web page providing information on the locations of stores or other physical locations of a brand or operator&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SMIRKS|SMIRKS]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A superset of &quot;reaction SMILES&quot; and a subset of &quot;reaction SMARTS&quot;, is a line notation for specifying reaction transforms.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/appeals to|appeals to]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;court or other body that hears appeals from subject's decisions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/in service of|in service of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier, which must be used when a person is in the service of a settlement or institution through his position&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spesalay Pashto (Dari/Persian Dictionary) ID|Spesalay Pashto (Dari/Persian Dictionary) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/government.ru person ID|government.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kremlin.ru glossary ID|Kremlin.ru glossary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/British Listed Buildings Online ID|British Listed Buildings Online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parsifal cluster ID|Parsifal cluster ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oskar Schindler Archive agent ID|Oskar Schindler Archive agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Souls Grown Deep ID|Souls Grown Deep ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OHDSI ID|OHDSI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Trismegistos d'une divinité|identifiant Trismegistos d'une divinité]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia Sindhiana entry|Encyclopedia Sindhiana entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330-1500) ID|Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330-1500) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GNM ID|GNM ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AniSearch anime ID|AniSearch anime ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/livechat.me anime ID|livechat.me anime ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NACSIS-CAT library ID|NACSIS-CAT library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JAHIS Law Database ID|JAHIS Law Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Texas Legislator ID|Texas Legislator ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Company ID number (Slovenia)|Company ID number (Slovenia)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Weird Gloop article ID|Weird Gloop article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nagrada.srs.kg person ID|nagrada.srs.kg person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/who.ca-news.org person ID|who.ca-news.org person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/literatura.kg person ID|literatura.kg person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/2nd German Basketball Bundesliga ID|2nd German Basketball Bundesliga ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/96GT Map of items next to the Seine] ([https://wikis.world/@pac2/111886782779009132 source])
** [https://w.wiki/99Mi 300 most followed Mastodon accounts] ([https://wikis.world/@awinkler@openbiblio.social/111918438108085087 source])
** [https://w.wiki/99Jf Hospitals across Scotland] ([https://wikis.world/@AllyD@mastodon.online/111917992381686031 source])
** [https://w.wiki/97N4 People educated at the University of Leeds with a Wikipedia article] ([https://twitter.com/OpenResLeeds/status/1755612530800721927 source])
** [https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1755365004642017355 Compare lat/long of UK Parliament and Wikidata constituency records] [federated query] ([https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1755365004642017355 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Library_and_Information_Science|Library and Information Science]] - this new Wikiproject aims to identify and fill gaps in LIS-related content. If you are interested in the areas of librarianship, information studies, metadata and indexing; then please consider joining!
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Political murders in the Weimar Republic|Political murders in the Weimar Republic]] - Collect historic political murders in the Weimar Republic e.g. through historic newspaper articles or scientific articles.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Humans_with_missing_claims|Humans with missing claims]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q14560|Cactaceae (Q14560)]] - family of mostly succulent plants, adapted to dry environments
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L656971|ग़रीब को कौड़ी अशरफ़ी है/غریب کو کوڑی اشرفی ہے (L656971)]]  Hindustani proverb that translates to &quot;a farthing is a pound to one who is poor&quot;

''' Development '''
* The new mul language code is now ready for beta testing. You can find out more at [[d:Help talk:Default values for labels and aliases#Beta Test|Help talk:Default values for labels and aliases]].
* The graph split testing for the Wikidata Query Service has started. Please find more details in the &quot;Other Noteworthy Stuff&quot; section above.
* IP Masking: We are continuing the work on adapting Wikibase for the upcoming IP Masking feature, so that IP addresses for non-logged-in users are no longer published.
* Wikibase REST API:
** We finished the route for getting and removing a sitelink from an Item ([[phab:T344039]], [[phab:T344685]]) and we continue work on the one for adding/ replacing and modifying a sitelink on an Item ([[phab:T342987]], [[phab:T342988]])
** We now handle of case sensitive statement IDs in GET, PUT, PATCH and DELETE requests as HTTP redirect ([[phab:T354261]])
** We documented the differences in sitelink data structure between Wikibase REST API and Action API responses ([[phab:T355659]])
** We fixed the bug where sitelink data did not include badges ([[phab:T355293]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]:
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:12, 12 පෙබරවාරි 2024 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26180689 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #617 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.'' &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;translate&gt;
''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/WT20_2|WT2O_2]] - (RfP deadline: February 22, 2024 17:46 UTC)
* Other: [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#PI_Bot|Project chat: PI Bot]] is an interesting conversation about the function of PI Bot in creating Stub articles and evolves into discussing ways of matching articles, categories and templates in sibling projects with their Wikidata items. Contribute to the discussion or even better, use one of the many tools posted and get linking!
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;
''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
*Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call February 20, 2024: In honor of Valentine's Day month, we are bringing back the popular program from last February: What's Your Wikidata Passion? What is your central Wikidata interest right now? It can be a work or personal project, even if you’re just beginning to think about it, or just what you like to edit when you have time. This is a great way to share your ideas, solicit community input and ask questions about resources or tools. This will be an open mic session, completely informal. Please add yourselves to the list on our agenda [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1xeDJ7luVK6s4rhkW6X4W5KJwyv0Zg9S-CWklGYLVlyg/edit#heading=h.wfymokwg49yg here] if you would like to talk for 5 minutes or so. You can share your screen if you like, but there’s no need for slides. Or just show up and talk on the spur of the moment. This will be a community session where we welcome all to participate! [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1xeDJ7luVK6s4rhkW6X4W5KJwyv0Zg9S-CWklGYLVlyg/edit?usp=sharing Agenda]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wiki-research-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/MGQS37IBVC6APWPGDC6XCZKJHM2WYJCF/ Workshop on Knowledge Graphs and LLMs (KaLLM) at ACL 2024]. Submission Deadline: May 10, 2024 at 23:59, UTC -12h, AoE
* [https://wikiworkshop.org/2024/call-for-papers Wiki Workshop 2024 ― Research Track Papers - Call for contributions]. Submission deadline: April 22, 2024 (23:59 AoE)
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;
''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://addshore.com/2024/02/2023-year-review/ 2023 Year Review] by ADDSHORE, a prominent contributor and community member for WBStack and Wikibase.Cloud.
** [https://fetstudy.uwe.ac.uk/~pmatthew/blog/2024/02/05/wikidata-literary-influencers/ Wikidata Literary Influencers] by Paul Matthews shows step-by-step how to get to an interactive network visualization based on Wikidata data
* Papers: [https://openreview.net/pdf/2a8fab0e8d49115d68ce912ba361f246219a37f4.pdf Language models for extracting Wikidata statements and generating Wikipedia content] - is a Wikimedia Research proposal to improve Wikidata and English Wikipedia content using machine-learning power of AI and LL Models; by Thang, T.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlqy5OlYCS8 Kairntech Demo Entity Extraction using Wikidata] - is an example of how Wikidata is being used as a knowledge base to populate AI companions and LLM's with relevant content for profit.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDFqBrXhBwM Dancing Digital Project] with Rebecca Salzer is a Wikibase instance sharing LOD between itself, video archives and Commons.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uj13oaCw8cw WikiPod AI] - try listening to last week's Status Updates with AI-generated speaking, an experiment by [[d:User:TiagoLubiana|Tiago Lubiana]].
* Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pascaliensis/ttttrpg TTTTRPG] - Timeline Tree of Tabletop Role-Playing Games queried using SPARQL from Wikidata.
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;
''' Tool of the week '''
* [[d:User:Yair_rand/DiffLists.js|User:Yair rand/DiffLists.js]] - this userscript changes the appearance of Recent Changes, Watchlist, Contributions, History pages, and Related Changes. It also adds filter options.
* [[d:Wikidata:Tools/Wikidata Topic Curator|Wikidata Topic Curator]] (a rewrite of [[d:Wikidata:Tools/ItemSubjector|ItemSubjector]] into a webapp) help wikimedians add relevant topics to items. Based on a given topic QID it fetches articles matching the label, aliases or a custom user-provided term of that QID that is currently missing the main subject property.
* [[d:Wikidata:Tools/Author Disambiguator|Author Disambiguator]] - is a tool for editing the authors of works recorded in Wikidata, e.g. for finding Wikidata Items for the authors (P50 instead of 'author name string').
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;
''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12443|has cabinet]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;value is the advisory committee to the item's head of state&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12446|ISCED field]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;mapping of a particular course or curriculum to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12452|‎appeals to]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;court or other body that hears appeals from subject's decisions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12454|‎location information URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a web page providing information on the locations of stores or other physical locations of a brand or operator&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12456|phonographic copyright]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person or organization that holds the phonographic copyright&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12457|is invariant under]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;subject is unchanged by this process / function / group of transformation&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12463|formatter URL for IIIF manifest]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL to generate IIIF manifest from specific ID&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12468|PyPI trove classifier]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;standardized classification system for software, used and maintained by the Python Package Index&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12469|graduation rate]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;proportion of students who graduate from the institution in the given timeframe&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12470|normal graduation time]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;expected or typical duration of an educational program from matriculation to graduation&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12471|multiplier of normal graduation time]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;how much longer than &quot;normal&quot; someone took to graduate; used as a qualifier for the &quot;graduation rate (P12469)&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12475|top scorer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;best scorer of a single season of a team sport's competition or the best ever scorer of the history of a competition&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12441|Anglo-Norman Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Property:P12442|TopKar ID]], [[:d:Property:P12444|Mindat taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12445|China Animal Scientific Database taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12447|Daryab Pashto Glossary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12448|Dictionary of American Regional English ID]], [[:d:Property:P12449|Dictionary of Old English ID]], [[:d:Property:P12450|Encyclopedia Mythica ID]], [[:d:Property:P12451|Arabic Ontology lexical concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P12453|Great Plains Herbaria taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12455|FrameNet frame ID]], [[:d:Property:P12458|Parsifal cluster ID]], [[:d:Property:P12459|Archives départementales de Vaucluse fonds ID]], [[:d:Property:P12460|Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330-1500) ID]], [[:d:Property:P12461|National Buildings Repository identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12462|Location Memory building ID]], [[:d:Property:P12464|JSTOR Global Plants type specimen ID]], [[:d:Property:P12465|EDIT16 catalogue title ID]], [[:d:Property:P12466|EDIT16 catalogue place ID]], [[:d:Property:P12467|Trismegistos god ID]], [[:d:Property:P12472|Universal Spectrum Identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12473|‎Weird Gloop article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12474|Kremlin.ru glossary ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hindawi Foundation book ID|Hindawi Foundation book ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A property for IDs of books published by [[Q20397014|Hindawi Foundation]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Castradenumber|Castradenumber]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number for a registred subject in a Castrade&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/latest end date|latest end date]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;(qualifier) latest date on which the statement could have ceased to be true (i.e., latest date beyond which the statement could no longer be true)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/anthesis start|anthesis start]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;time of the year when a plant normally starts flowering&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/leaf morphology|leaf morphology]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;characterization of aspects of the shape of a plant’s leaves&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oyez Project ID|Oyez Project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GARAE|GARAE]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WhatPub pub ID|WhatPub pub ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tashrihi Qamos Pashto Glossary ID|Tashrihi Qamos Pashto Glossary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Gandhari ID|Dictionary of Gandhari ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UCA authority ID|UCA authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DoblajeVideojuegos dub actor ID|DoblajeVideojuegos dub actor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Epigraphic Database Roma ID|Epigraphic Database Roma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Union trade mark number|European Union trade mark number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GCatholic Episcopal Conference ID|GCatholic Episcopal Conference ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Consortium of Midwest Herbaria taxon ID|Consortium of Midwest Herbaria taxon ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;
You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://query-chest.toolforge.org/redirect/nLEtPIeooSMGuSi4iaiuUWskUKwgIOQWOaSyKYSg4sT Graph of ancient philosophers master/student relationships]
** [https://w.wiki/9DMg Properties for UK lakes] (contains a report-within-a-report allowing to look at Items having the Property) ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#List_all_properties_and_their_aliases_used_by_a_class_or_any_of_its_subclasses|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:Wikiproject Looted heritage|Looted heritage]] - aims to use Wikidata to document looted cultural heritage. Its primary focus is on the colonial era, but it also encompasses other relevant historical periods. It's scope includes artworks, sacred items, human remains, and other forms of tangible and intangible artifacts that may be considered a part of a people's heritage. 
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_St%C3%A4del_Museum_Wikidata_Clean-Up|Staedel Museum Wikidata Clean-up]] The Staedul Museum comprises 24,000+ works of art spanning more than 700 years. They have generously opened up digital surrogates of their collection to the Wikimedia community. This project improves the metadata quality and create Wikidata items for works of art.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Genderless people with Facebook ID|Genderless people with Facebook ID]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q4504|Varanus komodoensis (Q4504)]] - species of reptile
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L683571|scala (L683571)]] - &quot;stairs&quot; in Italian
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;
''' Development '''
* IP Masking: We added redirect-related parameters to most Wikibase API modules ([[phab:T357024]]; an announcement is in the works)
* We migrated Termbox SSR from Node 16 to 18 ([[phab:T355685]])
* We made the (legacy) termbox remember its expanded/collapsed state for anonymous visitors and temporary users ([[phab:T351976]])
* We deployed and backported several security fixes to Wikibase release branches ([[phab:T345064]], [[phab:T356764]])
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;
[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;
''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: #128 Languages
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/translate&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · -[[d:User:Mohammed Abdulai|Mohammed Abdulai]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:46, 19 පෙබරවාරි 2024 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26223995 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #618 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;


* '''Discussions'''
** Open request for adminship: [[Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Mike_Peel_2|Mike Peel]] (scheduled to end after 9 March 2024 13:08 (UTC))
** Closed request for adminship: [[Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Madamebiblio|Madamebiblio]] requested for admintool to fight against vandalism, and the request was closed as successful.
** New requests for permissions/Bot:
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Mfchris84-Bot|Mfchris84-Bot]] - Task: Will run scripts on toolforge to automate and schedule edits on bibliographic items. Starting with Swiss online magazine ''Syntopia Alpina'' (Q112206291), then continuing by adding ''swisscovery edition ID'' (P9907) to version/edition items.
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/BorkedBot_12|BorkedBot_12]] - Task: Update number of ''viewers/listeners'' (P5436) with the qualifier ''YouTube channel ID'' (P2397) for YouTuber content creators and influencers.
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/LocodeBot|LocodeBot]] - Task: Match ''UN/LOCODE'' (Q499348) to Wikidata entries by ISO 3166-2 region code, name and distance (if defined), important for UN organisations.

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
** [https://www.aib.it/corsi/wiki-in-action-laboratori-su-wikidata-e-wikimedia-commons-alle-stelline/ Wiki-in-action: Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons at the Stars] (Italian) - WM Italy, AIB Lombardia &amp; GWMAB host a practical workshop on Wikidata Thursday, March 21, 16 - 18:00 CET in the Valvassori Peroni Library, Milan. Further details on the Wiki Event page: [[d:Wikidata:Gruppo_Wikidata_per_Musei,_Archivi_e_Biblioteche/Stelline/2024|GWMAB/Stelline/2024]]
** [https://volunteer.queenslibrary.org/opportunity/a0CRQ00000joHlg/join-the-edit-a-thon-at-queensbridge-tech-lab Join the Queensbridge Tech Lab edit-a-thon] - create and enrich local diverse heroes in Queens, NYC as part of the NYC Open Data Week. March 16, 10:00 - 16:00 EST (UTC -5).
** [https://us06web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZUrfu-tqTkpHdJVTppB0mlkDVKQ3WZfSQf2#/registration Wikidata, Open Education Resources and Curriculum alignment discussion] - hosted by Creative Commons during the OEWeek event. Takes place 5th March 15:00 CET, register in the link!

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [https://blog.biodiversitylibrary.org/2024/02/advancing-data-excellence-new-era-for-bhl-cataloging-metadata-committee.html Empowering BHL Staff with Wiki Education’s Wikidata Certificate Course] - The Biodiversity Heritage Library blog celebrates committee members completing a Wikidata Certification course led by Will Kent, as part of the Wiki Education. Participants levelled up SPARQL queries, visualisations, federation, modelling and bulk loading and editing.
*** [[:w:fr:Wikipédia:RAW/2024-03-01#Tuto du mois|Observable tutorial for Wikidata users]] (French) published in the last issue of RAW in Wikipedia in French
** Papers: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.11541.pdf  LLMs Can Better Understand Knowledge Graphs Than We Thought] - This paper employs CQA, complex question answering, to assess LLMs ability to comprehend knowledge graphs. Xinbang, D. et al.
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DohEVe_ceeg OpenRefine - extract tables from Wikipedia for Wikidata] (French) - Part 6 of the Wiki Wake Up Afrique, this shot tutorial will show a simple and advanced method of converting tabulated data to enrich Wikidata.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8Q4ZNTmIJM Breathing life into the women's archive through Wikidata] - speaker Brodie Hoare advocates for adding data and information about women from historical archives to Wikidata at the National Digital Forum '23.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCP8_OFvb30 Application development using open knowledge graph, Wikidata] (Japanese) speaker Koji Furusaki hosts an open data study session and showcases examples of app development using Wikidata.

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://vuejsexamples.com/wiquizz-a-game-generator-powered-by-nuxt-content-and-sparql-queries-from-wikidata/ WiQuizz - from Nuxt and SPARQL] WiQuizz allows you to create or play quiz games where content is generated from Wikidata. It could be a fun way to get people interacting with Wikidata!

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** [https://observablehq.com/collection/@pac02/claim-analysis-toolkit Claim Analysis Toolkit], collection of Observable notebooks to visualize simple Wikidata claims

* '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes:
***[[:d:Property:P12475|top scorer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;best scorer of a single season of a team sport's competition or the best ever scorer of the history of a competition&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12476|filial church]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;church which acts as the less important temple of a parish&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12484|television judge]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person who participates in a television show as a competition judge or mentor&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12490|Papers with Code URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL for subject in Papers with Code system&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12491|‎SMIRKS]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;line notation that represents generic chemical reactions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12503|thesaurus's main topic]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;primary topic of the subject Wikimedia thesaurus&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12504|thesaurus combines topics]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;this theasurus combines (intersects) these two or more topics&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12505|topic's main thesaurus]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;main Wikimedia theasurus&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12506|‎latest end date]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;latest date beyond which the statement could no longer be true&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12516|rug style]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;classification of an individual textile floor covering based on geographic or cultural origin, structure, or pattern&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12526|performing organization]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;organization that received funding to create this entity&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12477|AniSearch anime ID]], [[:d:Property:P12478|Brazzers ID]], [[:d:Property:P12479|Tekściory artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12480|Hong Kong Cinema ID]], [[:d:Property:P12481|PlaymakerStats.com sports executive ID]], [[:d:Property:P12482|Műemlékem.hu identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12483|PMB – Personen der Moderne Basis person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12485|British Listed Buildings ID]], [[:d:Property:P12486|‎GNM ID]], [[:d:Property:P12487|2GIS place-ID]], [[:d:Property:P12488|2GIS route-ID]], [[:d:Property:P12489|livechart.me anime ID]], [[:d:Property:P12492|Trakt.tv film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12494|‎NACSIS-CAT library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12495|Epigraphic Database Roma ID]], [[:d:Property:P12496|‎WhatPub pub ID]], [[:d:Property:P12498|JAHIS Law Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12499|literatura.kg person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12500|nagrada.srs.kg person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12501|who.ca-news.org person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12502|UCA authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12507|‎European Union trademark number]], [[:d:Property:P12508|ONIX codelist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12509|GCatholic episcopal conference ID]], [[:d:Property:P12510|‎Oxford English Dictionary object ID]], [[:d:Property:P12511|2nd German Basketball Bundesliga ID]], [[:d:Property:P12512|‎Tashrihi Qamos Pashto Glossary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12513|‎nimi.li ID]], [[:d:Property:P12514|‎Nye ord i dansk ID]], [[:d:Property:P12515|‎OHDSI ID]], [[:d:Property:P12517|Consortium of Midwest Herbaria taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12518|Encyclopedia Astronautica ID]], [[:d:Property:P12519|Spesalay Pashto (Dari/Persian Dictionary) ID]], [[:d:Property:P12520|Italian Senate (1848-1943) ID]], [[:d:Property:P12521|ICANNWiki page ID]], [[:d:Property:P12522|Dictionary of Gandhari ID]], [[:d:Property:P12523|FSA Food Hygiene Rating System ID]], [[:d:Property:P12524|Finnish Service Catalogue organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12525|Köztérkép creator ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes:
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date popularized|date popularized]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;point in time the subject became well known to the public, if different from its inception&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bild der Person bei der Tätigkeit|Bild der Person bei der Tätigkeit]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;picture of a person in action, especially for a sportsperson, visual artist, musican, actor. P18 is normally used for portraits&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hindawi Foundation book ID|Hindawi Foundation book ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A property for IDs of books published by [[Q20397014|Hindawi Foundation]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A New Nation Votes ID|A New Nation Votes ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ID of a person in A New Nation Votes: American Electoral Returns, 1788-1825&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/form decomposition|form decomposition]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;form decomposition&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ludzie Nauki ID|Ludzie Nauki ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier in the Ludzie Nauki, the new official database of Polish scientists&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nanopublication identifier|Nanopublication identifier]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Nanopublications are small RDF-based publications, quite similar to Wikidata Statements with references and history.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TNHR&amp;CE Temple ID|TNHR&amp;CE Temple ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lisaan Masry Egyptian Arabic Dictionary ID|Lisaan Masry Egyptian Arabic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Saudipedia ID|Saudipedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DLE entry ID|DLE entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Singapore Infopedia ID (new scheme)|Singapore Infopedia ID (new scheme)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/COBISS ID|COBISS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DWDS sense ID|DWDS sense ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/museum-digital tag ID|museum-digital tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gematsu event ID|Gematsu event ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RERO+ ID|RERO+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Premier League player ID|Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/StatMuse Premier League player ID|StatMuse Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/11v11 player ID|11v11 player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OSL ID|OSL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EJ Atlas ID|EJ Atlas ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Statbunker player ID|Statbunker player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BFO class ID|BFO class ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Combine OverWiki ID|Combine OverWiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Autores Galegos na BUSC|Autores Galegos na BUSC]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
* [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]:

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

* '''Did you know?'''
** Query examples:
*** [http://w.wiki/9MYF 28 Female Biographies that exist in 50 Wikipedias, but not Catalan] - a good example for finding knowledge gaps.
*** [http://w.wiki/Cx6 Explore data about Wikimedia Residencies] - see start and end dates, organisation employer, average duration and associated project.
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Te_Papa_Research_Expeditions|Te Papa Research Expeditions]] - create and enrich metadata and trial research expeditions schema for Te Papa, Dominion and Colonial Museums.
** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Unauthorized_bots|Unauthorized Bots (active in last 30 days without Bot flag)]]
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[D:Q15270647|Zootopia]] - the 2016 animated Disney film about anthropomorphic Police officers.
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L2781|bezczelny (L2781)]] (Polish) To be shameless, uncaring of others, arrogant, over-confident.

* '''Development'''
** IP masking: We wrapped up the work on adapting Wikibase for the upcoming change to no longer show IPs for non-logged in users.
** Wikibase REST API: We are almost done with the routes for adding/editing/removing a sitelink.
** Entity Schemas: We prototyped another approach to making it possible to link to Entity Schemas in statements.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]!
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' &amp;middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &amp;middot; [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 16:24, 4 මාර්තු 2024 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26310346 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #619 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. This is the Wikidata summary of the week before &lt;u&gt;2024-03-11&lt;/u&gt;. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.''

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator#Zafer|Zafer]] - (RfP scheduled to end after 12 March 2024 20:03 (UTC))
* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator#Mike_Peel_2|Mike Peel 2]] - Adminship re-granted, welcome back Mike!
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Mfchris84-Bot_1|Mfchris84-Bot 1]] - Task: Add ''swisscovery edition ID (P9907)'' to instance of (P31) version, edition or translation (Q3331189) based on checking ISBN-13 (P212) or ISBN-10 (P957).
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/NinoBot|NinoBot]] - Task: Semi-automatically create version, edition or translation (Q3331189) entries for Spanish Wikisource Index pages from Commons files. 
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Emijrpbot_10|Emijrpbot 10]] - Task:  Create a written work (Q47461344) and version, edition or translation (Q3331189) item for works and editions in the National Library of Spain [https://datos.bne.es/ datos.bne.es] project.

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Upcoming
** [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/queer-data-days-wikidata-gender-diversity-project-event-tickets-849406958077 Queer Data Days] - Wikidata Gender Diversity Project Event, a pair of virtual events welcoming a range of speakers investigating queer approaches to data and technology. Sign up for March 15 or March 16, 15:00 (CET).
** [[m:Wikimedia Indonesia/Bulan Wiki Perempuan 2024|Wikimedia Indonesia/Bulan Wiki Perempuan 2024 WM Indonesia Women's Wiki Month 2024]] (Indonesian) - join classes on learning to edit Wikidata and address gender biases in Wikidata, Wikipedia and sibling projects. Program and register for [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScj20J2tMTWyXkI-o8Yl-kxk7eqOxDhuM0Xrbrsp3C5SGduHQ/viewform Wikidata classes / datathon] schedule
** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Leveling_Up_Days_2024|Wikidata Leveling Up Days]], an online event and a collection of resources to welcome new people to Wikidata. The online event takes place on April 5-7 and 12-14 with presentations, workshops and discussions. The program is open to contributions. Learn more about the project at the website [https://wigedi.com/ WiGeDi].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://zenodo.org/records/8325988 Standardization of publishing data with Wikidata] - a poster for the Austrian Transition to Open Access Two (AT2OA²). Join the project [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Academic_Publisher|Wikiproject Academic Publisher]]
** [https://www.vvbad.be/meta/meta-nummer-20242/wikibase Wikibase Intro] (Dutch) - Bart Magnus writes an article about the benefits of Wikibase for the Flemish Association for Library, Archives &amp; Documentation (VVBAD).
** [https://ultimategerardm.blogspot.com/2024/03/a-red-wikibase-disambiguation-on.html A Red&amp;Blue Wikibase disambiguation on the English Wikipedia] - 
** [https://commonists.wordpress.com/2024/03/05/wikidata-and-the-sum-of-all-video-games-2023-edition/ Wikidata and the sum of all video games − 2023 edition] by [[User:Jean-Frédéric|Jean-Fred]]
** [https://www.ontotext.com/blog/gaining-global-insights-with-multilingual-entity-linking/ Multilingual entity linking and global insights] - Ontotext are developing AI products that can read text and establish of the same concept in different languages (MEL) and between knowledge graphs and plaintext.
* Papers
** [https://arxiv.org/html/2403.03496v1 A Knowledge Plug-and-Play Test Bed for Open-domain Dialogue Generation] - this paper details attempts at building chatbots that provide reliable, accurate information in a natural way from Wikidata and other sources. By Xiangci L., et al (2024).
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExTBicJZL2E Wikipedia Weekly #252: Bare words and red links] (Swedish) with Jan Ainali and Magnus Olsson.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1J9Rw0SqWsM Evaluation of research put to the test: projects and experiments] (Italian) Camillo (WM Italy) and Alessandro (WM Switzerland) show and discuss how Wikidata is being used to support experiments and projects with UniFi Biblioteche.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://www.glam-europe.de/ GLAMorous Europe] - allows you to identify your artistic interests and put together your own artwork from existing art across Europe
* [https://magnustools.toolforge.org/ List of all tools and scripts by Magnus Manske]. There are currently 348 active tools.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12527|form decomposition]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;decomposition of a word&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12528|TNHR&amp;CE temple ID]], [[:d:Property:P12529|DLE entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12530|Malaysia company new number]], [[:d:Property:P12531|GARAE ID]], [[:d:Property:P12532|‎Oyez Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12533|‎Gematsu event ID]], [[:d:Property:P12534|Singapore Infopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12535|OSL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12536|‎Combine OverWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12537|EJAtlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12538|‎Galician Authors in BUSC ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/document keywords|document keywords]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Keywords associated with the text found in &lt;code&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;keywords&quot;&gt;&lt;/code&gt; of an HTML document.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNS Info Saúde|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zentrum für Dramatik ID|Zentrum für Dramatik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RatingGraph TV show ID|RatingGraph TV show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Michigan Historical Marker ID|Michigan Historical Marker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RERO+ ID|RERO+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portal Wiki ID|Portal Wiki ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
* [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: [[:d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion/P3736|Eurovision Song Contest song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion/P10613|surrounds the enclave]], [[:d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion/P10725|Everipedia ID]]

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/roX Timeline of aircraft types around the world and the first time a type of aircraft made a flight]
** [https://w.wiki/4mG8 Timeline of 1st women practising a given sports discipline ]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] - This project aims to be a central hub for the curation of all items (biographical, cultural, geographical, organizational, etc.) related to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
** [[d:Wikidata:Wikiproject European Union|Wikiproject European Union]] - aims to create, maintain and improve items about the European Union (EU).
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject NYC Free Circulating Libraries|NYC Free Circulating Libraries]] - focuses on NYC Free Circulating Libraries
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Te Papa Research Expeditions|Te Papa Research Expeditions]] - aims to create or enrich Wikidata with data on research expeditions undertaken by Te Papa/ Dominion Museum/Colonial Museum and institutional staff
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:Wikiproject Looted heritage|Looted heritage]] - this WikiProject is calling for Item suggestions to work on. The scope includes all forms of looted heritage; artworks, sacred items, human remains, and other forms of tangible and intangible artifacts that may be considered a part of a people's heritage.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/unmarked supercentenarians|unmarked supercentenarians]] - contains instance of (P31) human (Q5) with period of life greater than 110 years and not marked with subject has role (P2868) supercentenarian (Q1200828) or subject has role (P2868) alleged supercentenarian (Q106991708).
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q205028|Iron Man 2 (Q205028)]] - 2010 film directed by Jon Favreau
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L8266|Vand (L8266)]] -  Danish noun, translates to &quot;water&quot;

''' Development '''
* IP masking: We are continuing the work on adapting Wikibase to the upcoming IP masking changes in MediaWiki
* Mismatch Finder: Already reviewed mismatches are now ignored when mismatches are reuploaded (T329631)
* Query Builder: Selecting the user interface language became easier in Query Builder (T353728) and Query Service (T353729)

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: #131 Cooking
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]] · Prepared by [[d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai]] ·''' -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:14, 11 මාර්තු 2024 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26339695 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly Summary #620 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-03-18.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

*'''Discussions'''
** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator#KonstantinaG07_3|KonstantinaG07 3]] (RfP scheduled to end after 20 March 2024 17:37 UTC)
** Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Zafer|Zafer]] Adminship granted, welcome Zafer!
** New requests for permissions/Bot:
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/PagesBot|PagesBot]] - Task: Adds no. of pages statements based on page(s) on items of type: scholarly article. Then adds a reference with based on heuristic equal to inferred from page(s).
*** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Wicci%27o%27Bot|Wicci'o'Bot]] - Task: Import identifiers of new properties created for ''TheTVDB'' (Q15616250), ''nientepopcorn'' (Q123434360) (and more properties I plan to request to be added shortly) inherent in the film and TV industry, using ''IMDb ID'' (P345) as source.
** Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Duplicate_References_Data_Model_and_UI|Duplicate Refs, Data Model and UI]] - (RfC closed 15 March 2024 18:57 UTC). The Community showed support for the proposal to change data model and UI for duplicated references. A Phabricator ticket has been opened: [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360224 T360224]

*'''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
**Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call March 19, 2024: Please join us on March 19 for a community discussion about how GLAM professionals can incorporate Wikidata/linked data into their work week. Bring your success stories about institutional buy-in and how you’ve communicated the value of linked data to managers and colleagues. We hope to share some strategies that you can take back and use in your own workplace. This will be a followup of sorts to our call last May, and you can review some of what we talked about then, plus slides from our survey here: Notes from May 30, 2023 Meeting on Advocacy for Wikidata &amp; Linked Data in Libraries.[https://docs.google.com/document/d/1M9DPW2wt_4B7wO7RkEIOmJSEUk-4w5A0gBXBu15Eukk/edit?usp=sharing Agenda]
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/47WH7UVUGJWI5FEZV72QNPKSN7RKQN37/ Wiki Workshop 2024 - Announcing a new track and a Call for Proposals] - Submit your contributions by April 29, 2024 (23:59 AoE)
** [[w:Wikipedia:WikiCon_Aotearoa/Auckland_2024|WikiCon Aotearoa - Auckland 2024]] - The New Zealand WikiCon has a couple of events introducing and workshopping Wikidata:
*** Saturday 23 March 2024, 11:15 NZT - Intro to Wikidata / 13:00 NZT - Beginner's OpenRefine Workshop
*** Sunday 24 March 2024, 11:00 NZT - Presentation: Breathing life into the Women's Archive through Wikidata

*'''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [https://co.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dominio_p%C3%BAblico Making the Colombian public domain visible in Wikidata] results from WM Colombia are now published.
** Papers
*** [https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2851&amp;context=jeal Connecting Local Archive Data to Wikidata:] Focusing on the Archives of National Debt Redemption Movement. By Yun, J., &amp; Oh, S.G. Documents the findings of connecting Wikidata with the Korean NDRM.
*** [[c:File:Narrating_Queer_History_-_Queer_Data_Days_2024,_Presentation_by_John_Samuel.pdf|Narrating Queer History with Wikidata]], Queer Data Days 2024 (UCL Department of Information Studies), Presentation by [[User:Jsamwrites|John Samuel]].
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gy65JhvpPYE WikiClub 3L] (French) - learn how to create a Wikidata file and an Infobox with Simon Villeneuve.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z87_htC_qXU Making Colombian public domain data visible on Wikidata] (Spanish) - Presents the methodology and findings of analysis of data in the public domain of part of the collections of the National Library of Colombia. Part of the  [https://conector.red Conector.red project)]
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmxtbPnj-os Wikidata Lab: Dear Diary] (Portugese) - Aims to share resources and capabilities for integration of Wikidata with other free knowledge projects, in particular the Querido Diário project, from Open Knowledge Brasil. Hosted by  Porto, É. &amp; Giulio Carvalho, G.
** Notebooks
*** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/media-directory The media directory] a Wikidata-driven media directory by country

*'''Tool of the week'''
** [[d:Wikidata:Tools/Wikidata_Orcid_Scraper|ORCID Scraper]] - helps users get DOIs from [https://orcid.org/ orcid.org] for a specific author and curate them using Scholia. It gives users an overview of which DOIs are missing and helps them easily import missing articles one by one.
*'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Property:P12527|form decomposition]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;decomposition of a word&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12528|TNHR&amp;CE temple ID]], [[:d:Property:P12529|DLE entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12530|Malaysia company new number]], [[:d:Property:P12531|GARAE ID]], [[:d:Property:P12532|‎Oyez Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12533|‎Gematsu event ID]], [[:d:Property:P12534|Singapore Infopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12535|OSL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12536|‎Combine OverWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12537|EJAtlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12538|‎Galician Authors in the BUSC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12539|‎Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12541|Ludzie Nauki ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12542|WhatsApp channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12543|‎Portal Wiki ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/document keywords|document keywords]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Keywords associated with the text found in &lt;code&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;keywords&quot;&gt;&lt;/code&gt; of an HTML document.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/height of letters|height of letters]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;height of the letters of an inscription&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Media modality|Media modality]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Lists which media modalities are present, particularly in multimodal creative works such as electronic literature.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/official gazette|official gazette]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;periodical publication authorised to publish public or legal notices for that administrative entity or governmental institution&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNS Info Saúde|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zentrum für Dramatik ID|Zentrum für Dramatik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RatingGraph TV show ID|RatingGraph TV show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Michigan Historical Marker ID|Michigan Historical Marker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RERO+ ID|RERO+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān entry|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Doom Wiki ID|Doom Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instagram account numeric ID|Instagram account numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ECF rating code|ECF rating code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CalPhotos taxon ID|CalPhotos taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras rower ID|Traineras rower ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras club ID|Traineras club ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras competition ID|Traineras competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Peertube Channel Address|Peertube Channel Address]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]:

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

*'''Did you know?'''
** Query examples:
*** [https://w.wiki/7rGo exploratory query to find new items] for the WikiProject: Polish Socialist Party
*** [https://www.nobelprize.org/about/linked-data-examples/ SPARQL query examples for the Nobel Prize]
*** [https://w.wiki/9QEp Exploring Wikidata Items for people born in the Basque country]
*** [https://w.wiki/97bM Birthplace of Colombians in the Public Domain]
*** [https://w.wiki/9JbQ Relationship between Institutions, Works and Persons in the Colombian Public Domain]
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Polish_Socialist_Party|Polish Socialist Party]] - aims to document and enrich data and items (Leadership, sports clubs,  commemorated buildings, art, publications etc.) that are connected with the Polish Socialist party.
** WikiProject Highlights:
*** [[m:Requests_for_comment/Global_ban_for_Slowking4_(2)|RfC: Slowking4 (2)]] - Comments are required on actions against the named editor.
** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Mr._Ibrahem/Language_statistics_for_items |Language statistics for Items]] - Number of labels, descriptions and aliases for items per language (2024-03-18).
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q1001|Mahatma Gandhi]] - The &quot;Great Soul&quot;, lawyer, political ethicist and leader of the non-violent resistance to end Imperial British occupation of India.
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L6573|Jak]] - (Polish) The noble ''Bos mutus'' or Yak.

*'''Development'''
** [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Monthly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]!
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024_03_18|Read the full report]]''' &amp;middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &amp;middot; [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:54, 18 මාර්තු 2024 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26381994 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly Summary #621 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt;This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-03-25.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

* '''Discussions'''
** Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator#KonstantinaG07_3|KonstantinaG07 3]] - Adminship request successful, congratulations KonstantinaG07 3!

* '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Indonesia/Kegiatan/Datathon|2024 Women's Wiki Month Datathon]] (Indonesian) Between 24 - 26 March 2024, Wikimedia Indonesia is hosting a competitive Data-thon with Prizes available for editing and enriching Wikidata items on the topic of Women's Health. ''Full details on the project page.''
** [https://www.mshb.fr/event/datalab-mshb-rennes-graphes-connaissances-wikidata-factgrid-saisie-linterrogation-donnees Wikidata and FactGrid - Knowledge Graphs of data query entry] (French) - a workshop taking place 26 March, 13:30 - 16:30 (GMT+1), hosted by Datalab MSHB Rennes and moderated by Jean-Baptiste Pressac.
** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Leveling_Up_Days_2024|Levelling Up Days 2024]] is an online event designed to welcome new people to Wikidata, upgrade their editing skills and find out about useful tools and apps. Join us for a series of videos and discussions regarding Wikidata and its uses in and outside of the Wikimedia projects.
*** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Leveling_Up_Days_2024#Program|Program]] - the live portions of the event take place across the weekends 5-7 and 12-14 April
*** [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejNsjilXbEdD2eQjUG2yAyTA YouTube Video Playlist]

* '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
** Blogs
*** [https://blog.factgrid.de/archives/3467 Are our Wikibase QueryServices about to mess up two millennia of historical dates?] by Olaf Simons. This article discusses the intricacies and drawbacks of historical dates stored in Wikidata under different Calendars (e.g. Julian and Gregorian).
*** [https://blog.factgrid.de/archives/3541 At least a make shift solution: The “Julian calendar stabiliser”] by Olaf Simons. An update to the above article, including input from community members.
** Papers
*** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379048762_Contributor_or_Commodity_Inequities_of_Labor_and_Representation_in_Wikidata Contributor or Commodity? Inequities of Labor and Representation in Wikidata] - this paper by [[m:User:MatthewVetter]] explores gender diversity, representation and decision-makers of Ontology discussions impacting Queer and Gender diversity.
** Videos
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1cYXBp_2B8 Co to są Wikidane - wprowadzenie dla początkujących] [''What is Wikidata? An Introduction for Beginners''] (Polish) - recording of a webinar held by Wikimedia Polska, with [[User:Powerek38|Jarosław Błaszczak]] and [[User:Jolanta_Drzewakowska_(WMPL)|Jolanta Drzewakowska]].
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nYbRBJ_bgE Leveraging Quantitative Bibliometrics in Assyriology] - Exploring Distant Reading, Computational Linguistics, and the [https://database.factgrid.de/wiki/FactGrid:Cuneiform_Project FactGrid Cuneiform Wikibase Project], presented by Adam Anderson.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v9Px843C2w Wikibase Training workshop for Librarians at College of Science Library, KNUST] organized by KNUST Wiki Club in collaboration with Dagbani Wikimedians user group.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcSSb67Zw0g Wikipediapodden episode 254] (Swedish) - Wikipedia Weekly Network recording, hosted by Jan Ainali and guest, Magnus.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1uXu6j8-VY  How does a high school student promote the Taiwanese Wikimedia movement?] (Chinese) - a podcast feat. Wang Wenyue of the Wikidata Taiwan community.
** Notebooks
*** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/cycling-stage-race-explorer Cycling stage race explorer], an Observable notebook
*** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/ontology-explorer Ontology Explorer], also an Observable notebook, explore the subclasses in front or behind a Wikidata Item.

* '''Tool of the week'''
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/members-of-european-parliament Members of European Parliament] by pac02. Explore visualisations of MEP's in the European Parliament. Country of origin, gender, political alignment and other properties from Wikidata can be explored.

* '''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
** Wikimedia Deutschland published a '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata/Open_Call Call for Software Contributions]'''! Application deadline is April 21th, 23:59 (GMT+1).
** '''[https://openreview.net/group?id=wikimediafoundation.org/Wikimedia/2023/RAY&amp;referrer=%5BHomepage%5D(%2F)#tab-your-consoles Wikimedia Foundation Research Award of the Year 2023]''' - We encourage you to nominate and vote for research papers published in 2023 that focused on or benefited the Wikimedia projects (we're not biased but hope you vote for Wikidata-based Papers). Please submit your nominations by April 18, 2024.
** In preparation for the Research Track of the 11th Wiki Workshop, there is now a '''[https://wikiworkshop.org/call-for-papers/ Call for Contributions]''' for the event scheduled virtually on June 20, 2024 (tentatively 12:00-19:00 UTC). The Wiki Workshop aims to bring together researchers who study all aspects of the Wikimedia Projects. We hope Wikidata and Wikibase are well represented! Submission deadline: April 22, 2024 (23:59 AoE)

* '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Property:P12527|form decomposition]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;decomposition of a word&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12545|Nanopublication identifier]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Nanopublications are small RDF-based publications, quite similar to Wikidata Statements with references and history.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12548|media modality]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;lists which media modalities are present, particularly in digital, multimodal creative works such as electronic literature&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Property:P12549|height of letters]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;height of the letters of an inscription&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12528|TNHR&amp;CE temple ID]], [[:d:Property:P12529|Diccionario de la lengua española entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12530|Malaysia company new number]], [[:d:Property:P12531|GARAE ID]], [[:d:Property:P12532|‎Oyez Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12533|‎Gematsu event ID]], [[:d:Property:P12534|Singapore Infopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12535|OSL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12536|‎Combine OverWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12537|EJAtlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12538|‎Galician Authors in the BUSC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12539|‎Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12541|Ludzie Nauki ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12542|WhatsApp channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12543|‎Portal Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12544|RatingGraph TV show ID]], [[:d:Property:P12546|‎Instagram account numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12547|‎‎Doom Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12550|‎DWDS sense ID]], [[:d:Property:P12551|11v11 player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12552|hyatt Hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12553|‎ECF rating code]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
*** General datatypes:
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/document keywords|document keywords]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Keywords associated with the text found in &lt;code&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;keywords&quot;&gt;&lt;/code&gt; of an HTML document.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/official gazette|official gazette]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;periodical publication authorised to publish public or legal notices for that administrative entity or governmental institution&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Imagehash difference hash|Imagehash difference hash]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Imagehash difference hash is hash which tells whether two images look nearly identical.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Image of construction|Image of construction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image showing the building/object/work under construction&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RTE substation ID|RTE substation ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier of electrical substations operated by RTE in France&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Caste|Caste]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Property to indicate the caste affiliation of individuals in India.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
*** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNS Info Saúde|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zentrum für Dramatik ID|Zentrum für Dramatik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Michigan Historical Marker ID|Michigan Historical Marker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RERO+ ID|RERO+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān entry|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CalPhotos taxon ID|CalPhotos taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras rower ID|Traineras rower ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras club ID|Traineras club ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras competition ID|Traineras competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Peertube Channel Address|Peertube Channel Address]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB TV IDs|TMDB TV IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/istina.msu.ru person ID|istina.msu.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/arch2.iofe.center person ID|arch2.iofe.center person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Sculpturo|identifiant Sculpturo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SteamGridDB ID|SteamGridDB ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Amazon Luna game ID|Amazon Luna game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AllSkaters persons ID|AllSkaters persons ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Triton Poker player ID|Triton Poker player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ASM Mammal Diversity Database ID|ASM Mammal Diversity Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mammal Diversity Database ID (MMD ID)|Mammal Diversity Database ID (MMD ID)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BSWW team ID|BSWW team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Library ID|Algerian National Library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/museum-digital person ID|museum-digital person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quran.com entry|Quran.com entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID of member of the Chambre des députés|ID of member of the Chambre des députés]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Supreme Court of Canada case number|Supreme Court of Canada case number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Featherbase ID|Featherbase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB award IDs|TMDB award IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Theatrical Index theatre ID|Theatrical Index theatre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Assembly ID|Algerian National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID|OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brazilian Football Confederation player ID|Brazilian Football Confederation player ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
** [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]:

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

* '''Did you know?'''
** Query examples:
*** [https://w.wiki/9BhX Graph of all individuals connected to the Suffrage Interviews and institutions holding their oral history]
*** [https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/wikidata/rCxO1O QLever: Find items with no 'en' Label but are linked to other Wikimedia Projects]
** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_The_Women%E2%80%99s_Library_LSESuffrageInterviewsProject|The Women's Library LSE Suffrage Interviews Project]] - this project aims to populate and enrich items connected with participants of ''[[d:Q100380678|The Suffragette Interviews]]''.
** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Most_sitelinked_items|Most sitelinked items]] - explore this DB report if you're curious to see what is connected most frequently to Wikidata Items.
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q260957|Symphony No.7]] - in A Major, Op. 92, by Ludwig von Beethoven.
** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L678505|अग्नि]] -the Sanskrit word for 'fire' and also the Hindu God of fire 'Agni'

* '''Development'''
** Wikibase REST API:
*** We worked on the ability to create Items via POST /entities/items ([[phab:T342990]])
*** We worked on making it possible to modify the data of a Property via PATCH /entities/properties/{property_id} ([[phab:T347394]])
** EntitySchemas: We are getting back to making architecture improvements to enable the new datatype to link to EntitySchemas in statements.
** IP masking: We wrapped up the work on adapting Wikibase for the upcoming IP masking changes.
** Query Service: We added the ability to stop a query in the UI in order to not have to wait for a broken query to finish or run into a time-out. You can find the stop button below the run button in the query UI now.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

* '''Weekly Tasks'''
** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]!
** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024_03_25|Read the full report]]''' &amp;middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &amp;middot; [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 13:34, 25 මාර්තු 2024 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26436776 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #622 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-03-11. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.''&lt;/div&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/MONA.artpublic.bot|MONA.artpublic.bot]] (Task: The bot's function is to add information about artists specializing in public artwork in Québec, Canada. The bot will initially only add that an artist's genre of work is public art for a set of known public artists in Québec compiled by MONA Montréal from open data sets.)
''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Upcoming:
** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call April 2, 2024: Come join us for fun data modeling discussions!  We'll create breakout rooms in Zoom for people to discuss 4 examples of cultural heritage items to contribute to Wikidata.  Each group will choose categories, brainstorm properties for basic and enhanced description, and discuss challenges. Then we'll have some quality time at the end to compare notes and discuss our processes! [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NXkhSEgaGueSXaEDKXJyEeDKQy9SgfET47mJshtK0nc/edit?usp=sharing Agenda]
** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Leveling Up Days 2024|Wikidata Leveling Up Days]], everything you need to know about Wikidata: 5, 6, 7, 12, 13 and 14 April. The event is taking place online and the videos are already available on the program page.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://www.wikimedia.nl/actueel/blog/galerij-der-groten-op-wikidata/ Galerij der Groten op Wikidata] (Dutch) - Wikimedia NL hosted an Edit-A-Thon on the Baroeg project, the task was to document and archive on Wikidata all of the bands that have played at the live music venue, the idea born from a stack of band flyers and posters hung in the bathroom(!) Join the next one Sunday April 14th.
* Papers: [https://github.com/AndreaWesterinen/Wikidata-and-OWL/blob/main/papers/Understanding%20Wikidata.pdf Understanding Wikidata] - Wikidata is extremely valuable as a data source to supplement, validate and extend existing knowledge bases and applications. To effectively utilize Wikidata in a Semantic Web application, one must understand its design, terminology and correspondence with ontological concepts (especially RDF and OWL). This paper attempts to explain and position this information. (by [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:AndreaWest AWesterinen])
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Js1fRnS_xmU Wikipedia Weekly: Ep. 255] (Swedish) - Hosted by Jan Ainali and Magnus. This week covers scarcely clicked sources, API uses and wave at beautiful images.
** Wikimedia Ghana is bringing together Ghanians to enrich and translate content for the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOzk6ZHJLXw Ga Language] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOQmm4-Lnc0 Twi Language] as part of the [[d:Wikidata:Wikidata_for_Education|Wikidata For Education Project]].
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvpgQAyk8mc Mapping Linguistic territories using Wikidata and SPARQL] - a topic presented by Camilo Fique, shows how to use Wikidata and the WDQS as tools for mapping linguistics. In this example, Camilo uses toponyms, specifically Human Settlements.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7K3rKZqHObg Evaluating Named Entity Disambiguation with Wikidata &amp; SpaCy] -  creating a Named Entity Disambiguation model in SpaCy with the entity linker based on a custom knowledge base derived from Wikidata and Wikipedia, by Matthew Pellegrino.
* Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/gender-differences-in-the-number-of-sitelinks-among-meps Gender differences in the number of sitelinks among members of the European Parliament], a statistical analysis based on Wikidata about the number of sitelinks by gender.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://altilunium.github.io/Wikidatalite/?item=Q480 Wikidatalite] : Search, browse, and navigate Wikidata items with a mobile-friendly, simplified user interface.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/gender-differences-in-the-number-of-sitelinks-among-meps MEPs: Sitelinks and Gender differences] - this Notebook by PAC explores the completeness or lack of content differentiated by gender of MEP's in the Wikimedia Projects, helping highlight lack of representation and information.
* [https://observablehq.com/d/7edfa6a725d2f373 Metadata schemas and vocabularies for TU Delft's digitized special collections]
* [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/members-of-european-parliament Dashboard of Members of European parlianent] - by PAC02
* [http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/2024/04/oracc-dataset-format-to-lod-factgrid.html ORACC &amp; Cuneiform Project] - repository of LOD datasets for the FACTGRID Wikibase instance for the Cuneiform project.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12527|form decomposition]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;decomposition of a word&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12545|nanopublication identifier]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;RDF-based publication, with references and history&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12548|media modality]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;which media modalities are present in a creative work, particularly in digital, multimodal works such as electronic literature&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12549|height of letters]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;height of the letters of an inscription&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12563|Imagehash difference hash]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;hash which tells whether two images look nearly identical&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12565|image of construction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image showing the building/object/work under construction&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12528|TNHR&amp;CE temple ID]], [[:d:Property:P12529|Diccionario de la lengua española entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12530|Malaysia company new number]], [[:d:Property:P12531|GARAE ID]], [[:d:Property:P12532|‎Oyez Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12533|‎Gematsu event ID]], [[:d:Property:P12534|Singapore Infopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12535|OSL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12536|‎Combine OverWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12537|EJAtlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12538|‎Galician Authors in the BUSC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12539|‎Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12541|Ludzie Nauki ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12542|WhatsApp channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12543|‎Portal Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12544|RatingGraph TV show ID]], [[:d:Property:P12546|‎Instagram account numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12547|‎‎Doom Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12550|‎DWDS sense ID]], [[:d:Property:P12551|11v11 player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12552|Hyatt hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12553|‎ECF rating code]], [[:d:Property:P12554|CalPhotos taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12558|TMDB season ID]], [[:d:Property:P12559|TMDB episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12560|ASM Mammal Diversity Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12561|SteamGridDB ID]], [[:d:Property:P12562|Amazon Luna game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12564|‎Triton Poker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12566|Traineras rower ID]], [[:d:Property:P12567|StatMuse Premier League player ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/official gazette|official gazette]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;periodical publication authorised to publish public or legal notices for that administrative entity or governmental institution&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RTE substation ID|RTE substation ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of electrical substations operated by RTE in France&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/follows spelling paradigm|follows spelling paradigm]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;spelling rule, pattern or paradigm followed by this form&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/intervener|intervener]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WEM facility code|WEM facility code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNS Info Saúde|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zentrum für Dramatik ID|Zentrum für Dramatik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Michigan Historical Marker ID|Michigan Historical Marker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RERO+ ID|RERO+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān entry|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras club ID|Traineras club ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras competition ID|Traineras competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Reference entry|Oxford Reference entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Peertube Channel Address|Peertube Channel Address]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/istina.msu.ru person ID|istina.msu.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/arch2.iofe.center person ID|arch2.iofe.center person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Sculpturo|identifiant Sculpturo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AllSkaters persons ID|AllSkaters persons ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BSWW team ID|BSWW team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Library ID|Algerian National Library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/museum-digital person ID|museum-digital person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quran.com entry|Quran.com entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID of member of the Chambre des députés|ID of member of the Chambre des députés]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Supreme Court of Canada case number|Supreme Court of Canada case number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Featherbase ID|Featherbase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB award IDs|TMDB award IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Theatrical Index theatre ID|Theatrical Index theatre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Assembly ID|Algerian National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID|OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brazilian Football Confederation player ID|Brazilian Football Confederation player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Theatrical Index company ID|Theatrical Index company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital Athenaeus Catalog Author ID|Digital Athenaeus Catalog Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Barry Hugman's Footballers player ID|Barry Hugman's Footballers player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BeSoccer player ID|BeSoccer player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library of Uruguay authority ID|National Library of Uruguay authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IsThereAnyDeal ID|IsThereAnyDeal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ID|China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KupiGolos game ID|KupiGolos game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ffspb.org player ID|ffspb.org player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Touhou Wiki id|Touhou Wiki id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TUESPWiki id|TUESPWiki id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/az.lib.ru author ID|az.lib.ru author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Droitne ID|Droitne ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WildTangent Games ID|WildTangent Games ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Spriters Resource game ID|The Spriters Resource game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/9dta List of masters theses written in Māori] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1772091570302472234 source])
** [https://w.wiki/9XTr Tram systems with 1435mm wide rails] ([https://twitter.com/LArtour/status/1770796346884141559 source])
** [https://w.wiki/9R$c Location and official opening of statues in Denmark] ([https://twitter.com/peterbrodersen/status/1767198458006421593 source])
** [https://w.wiki/9Hzh Map of objects on the banks of the Kama and the rivers flowing into it] ([https://twitter.com/infovarius/status/1762108328971264085 source])
** [https://w.wiki/9HYA Remakes of Soviet films with their popularity] ([https://twitter.com/infovarius/status/1761875545640390986 source])
** [https://w.wiki/9dba Images for all monuments with a Bavarian monument authority ID in Passau administrative district] ([https://wikis.world/@awinkler@openbiblio.social/112196978463979642 source])
** [https://w.wiki/9Ygr Most frequent objects depicted on coats of arms] ([https://wikis.world/@kvistgaard@vivaldi.net/112162949851779659 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] - aims to organize data related to Azerbaijan.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Paralympics|WikiProject Paralympics]] - The goal of WikiProject Paralympics is to improve items about Paralympic Games, Paralympians, and Paralympic events.
** [[d:Wikidata:Wikiproject Lieder|Lieder]] - This project aims to collect all Lieder, Lieder cycles and Poems as well as Composers and Poets related to them. 
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Cultural venues|Cultural venues]] - The aim of the present project is to create the world’s most complete high-quality database of cultural venues, such as theatres, concert halls, etc.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Cal State University Building/San Bernardino|Cal State University Building/San Bernardino]] - Aims to document and lists guidelines for the California State University San Bernardino's participation in the California State University Wikidata Building Project. 
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Epigraphy|Epigraphy]] - Aims to create Items of epigraphs on Wikidata.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/9K7K This query] shows that there are 8000 botanists with a standard botanical abbreviation, IPNI code, and little else. Help expand, merge, and otherwise help us know who these folks are! ([https://twitter.com/CharlesMatthe12/status/1762792364702081372 source])
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q2283194|INS Vikrant(Q2283194)]] - 1961 Majestic-class aircraft carrier of the Indian Navy
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1226849|لله قوریسین/Allah korusun (L1226849)]] - Turkish interjectional locution 'God forbid!'

''' Development '''
* mul language code: We are continuing the work on fixing remaining issues for the next stage of releasing it ([[phab:T356200]])
* REST API:
** We continued work on modifying the data of a Property ([[phab:T347394]])
** We continued work on creating Items ([[phab:T342990]])
* EntitySchemas: We continued work on making it possible to link to EntitySchemas in statements ([[phab:T359419]]) 

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Sandwich
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:53, 2 අප්‍රේල් 2024 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26436776 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #623 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-04-08. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.''&lt;/div&gt;

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Did you manage to see the first weekend and sessions of the [[d:Wikidata:Events/Leveling_Up_Days_2024|Leveling Up Days 2024]], well fret not as there is another weekend of Wikidata-related sessions to come. Day 4 begins Friday April 12, join via [https://meet.jit.si/WikidataLevelingUpDays2024 Jitsi] - see you there!
* [https://www.eventbrite.it/e/biglietti-wikidata-raccogliere-e-utilizzare-dati-aperti-876029867917 Wikidata - collect and use open data] (Italian) - April 19 at the University of Catania, [[d:User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)|Léa Lacroix]] and Luca Martinelli (WMIT) will give an overview of Wikidata's use for sharing data, querying data and some of its main applications.
* [https://www.beclass.com/rid=284d815660fc41c711f3 Build Open Data through Wikidata: a database integration model] (Taiwanese) - April 9 19:00 - 20:00. Wang Wenyue (WMTW) will lead this discussion on how Wikidata can re-connect and index a topic that may be documented in multiple various places online.
* Wikimania 2024: Submission deadline extended to April 10, 12:00 UTC! [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/PBUJINYXC4E4ULMWZWY2WJTYAXPEDVGU/ Get your Wikidata submissions in].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/03/28/told-cities-unveiling-the-heritage-and-chronicles-of-unesco-world-heritage-cities/ Told Cities: Unveiling the Heritage and Chronicles of UNESCO World Heritage Cities] - initiated by Wiki World Heritage, this project aims to comprehensively document UNESCO World Heritage Cities using Wikimedia projects like Wikipedia, Wikidata, and Wikimedia Commons.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTZGSNkNP70 Wikidata editing #113] (English) at Wikidata Leveling Up Days. [[d:User:Ainali|Ainali]] and [[d:User:Abbe98|Abbe98]] do some live editing on biographies of climate scientists and glaciologists.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPIUpN25ak0 Panel: 10 years of FAIR principle] - [[d:User:Lydia_Pintscher_(WMDE)|Lydia Pintscher]] joins a panel to talk about implementation of FAIR principles and how Wikidata and Wikibase can contribute.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [http://atilioa.me/WikidataAntiPatternAnalyzer/Wikidata Anti-Pattern Analyzer] is a static website capable of checking the existence of 'anti-pattern 1' (AP1) occurrences given an entity from Wikidata. It can also check if a new statement would introduce new violations.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Only [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1713735900 13 more days to go]! The deadline to submit your project proposal to Wikimedia Deutschland's [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata/Open_Call Open Call for Software Contributions] is coming closer and closer. With this call, Wikimedia Deutschland aims to support projects that make Wikidata's data more accessible and usable for a wider audience.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12545|nanopublication identifier]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;RDF-based publication, with references and history&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12548|media modality]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;which media modalities are present in a creative work, particularly in digital, multimodal works such as electronic literature&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12549|height of letters]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;height of the letters of an inscription&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12563|Imagehash difference hash]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;hash which tells whether two images look nearly identical&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12565|image of construction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image showing the building/object/work under construction&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12571|base units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;property that lists the different units that a unit is derived from, would be useful to add a qualifier for the exponent of each unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12574|International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;industry classification for nonprofit organization created by the Johns Hopkins University and adapted by the United Nations&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12583|RTE substation ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of electrical substations operated by RTE in France&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12535|OSL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12536|‎Combine OverWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12537|EJAtlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12538|‎Galician Authors in the BUSC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12539|‎Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12541|Ludzie Nauki ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12542|WhatsApp channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12543|‎Portal Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12544|RatingGraph TV show ID]], [[:d:Property:P12546|‎Instagram account numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12547|‎‎Doom Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12550|‎DWDS sense ID]], [[:d:Property:P12551|11v11 player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12552|Hyatt hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12553|‎ECF rating code]], [[:d:Property:P12554|CalPhotos taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12558|TMDB season ID]], [[:d:Property:P12559|TMDB episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12560|ASM Mammal Diversity Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12561|SteamGridDB ID]], [[:d:Property:P12562|Amazon Luna game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12564|‎Triton Poker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12566|Traineras rower ID]], [[:d:Property:P12567|StatMuse Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12568|AllSkaters person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12569|DoblajeVideojuegos dub actor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12570|IsThereAnyDeal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12572|Algerian National Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12573|Lisaan Masry Egyptian Arabic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12575|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān ID]], [[:d:Property:P12576|Brazilian Football Confederation player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12577|BeSoccer player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12578|A New Nation Votes ID]], [[:d:Property:P12579|istina.msu.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12580|KupiGolos game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12581|Oskar Schindler Archive agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12582|Oxford Reference overview ID]], [[:d:Property:P12584|Theatrical Index company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12585|Touhou Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12586|Traineras club ID]], [[:d:Property:P12587|Traineras competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12588|Slovenian organization number]], [[:d:Property:P12589|Featherbase ID]], [[:d:Property:P12590|TUESPWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12591|Theatrical Index theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12592|Supreme Court of Canada case number]], [[:d:Property:P12593|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Property:P12594|OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12595|National Library of Uruguay authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12596|museum-digital tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12597|museum-digital person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12598|government.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12599|arch2.iofe.center person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12600|Digital Athenaeus Catalog author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12601|China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12602|BFO class ID]], [[:d:Property:P12603|identifiant Sculpturo]], [[:d:Property:P12604|Michigan Historical Marker ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/official gazette|official gazette]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;periodical publication authorised to publish public or legal notices for that administrative entity or governmental institution&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/follows spelling paradigm|follows spelling paradigm]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;spelling rule, pattern or paradigm followed by this form&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WEM facility code|WEM facility code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/API formatter URL|API formatter URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URI template from which &quot;$1&quot; can automatically be replaced with the effective property value on items; for API access and other machine-readable data&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Type of representation|Type of representation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Property to indicate the '''type of representation''' as a qualifier for Wikimedia Commons SDC Depicts statements of such Wikidata items, indicating the media type of the media file as can be derived from its  registered property in Wikidata, being different from P18 (image).&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zentrum für Dramatik ID|Zentrum für Dramatik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RERO+ ID|RERO+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Peertube Channel Address|Peertube Channel Address]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BSWW team ID|BSWW team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quran.com entry|Quran.com entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID of member of the Chambre des députés|ID of member of the Chambre des députés]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB award IDs|TMDB award IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Assembly ID|Algerian National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Barry Hugman's Footballers player ID|Barry Hugman's Footballers player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ffspb.org player ID|ffspb.org player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/az.lib.ru author ID|az.lib.ru author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Droitne ID|Droitne ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WildTangent Games ID|WildTangent Games ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Spriters Resource game ID|The Spriters Resource game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zillow zpid|Zillow zpid]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cemu Wiki article ID|Cemu Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Statistics Office ID|Algerian National Statistics Office ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian Government ID|Algerian Government ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Génération Nintendo game ID|Génération Nintendo game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Reference subject ID|Oxford Reference subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage ID|Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/British Comedy Guide person ID|British Comedy Guide person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mosff.ru staff ID|mosff.ru staff ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hanslick Online person ID|Hanslick Online person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/9hdE Tolkien-style plurals] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1776651392888758645 source])
** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/112223387850016286 source])
** [https://w.wiki/6Tzi Lexemes with a Sense related to a geolocated Item]
** [https://w.wiki/9hdp Map of all places related to persons with layers by property of the place] ([[Wikidata:Request_a_query#Map of all places related to persons with layers by property of the place|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Hijri Calendar|Hijri Calendar]] - aims to create and improve Items for Hijri Calendar dates such as [[d:Q4886009|1 Ramadan (Q4886009)]].
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject MLA Linked Data Working Group|MLA Linked Data Working Group]] - The [https://cmc.wp.musiclibraryassoc.org/mla-linked-data-working-group/ Linked Data Working Group] (LDWG) is a [https://www.musiclibraryassoc.org/ Music Library Association (MLA)] working group convened by the MLA [https://cmc.wp.musiclibraryassoc.org/ Cataloging and Metadata Committee (CMC)]. Members are music catalogers and other library metadata workers exploring linked data topics through Wikidata projects, discussion of BIBFRAME and linked data cataloging, and other areas of interest.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/birthday today|birthdays today]] - People born this day of the year (primarily currently living people)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q45909|John Cale (Q45909)]] - Welsh composer, singer-songwriter and record producer
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L415173|armastuskolmnurk (L415173)]] - Estonian noun, translated &quot;love triangle&quot;

''' Development '''
* REST API:
** We continued the work on the endpoint for creating an Item via POST /entities/items ([[phab:T342990]])
** We continued the work on the endpoint for modifying data of a Property via PATCH /entities/properties/{property_id} (]]phab:T347394]])
* EntitySchemas: Work on making it possible to link to EntitySchemas in statements is continuing.
* mul language code: We are fixing remaining issues uncovered during testing. ([[phab:T355059]], [[phab:T356200]], [[phab:T135871]], [[phab:T356201]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Misc
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] · 15:43, 8 April 2024 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26562780 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #622 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;/br&gt;This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-04-15.&lt;/br&gt;[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.''&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/AzBot|AzBot]] - Task: adding a space in over 7k malformed Dutch descriptions per this request.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/DifoolBot_3|DifoolBot 3]] - Task: fill in empty English/French/German labels and basic statements for persons with VIAF ID [[d:Property:P214|(P214)]] and a VIAF authority source GND ID [[d:Property:P227|(P227)]], IdRef ID [[d:Property:P269|(P269)]], Bibliothèque nationale de France ID [[d:Property:P268|(P268)]] or Library of Congress authority ID [[d:Property:P244|(P244)]]

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* The [[Wikidata:Events#Wikidata bug triage hour|next Wikidata Bug triage hour]] is happening on April 15th at 16UTC. It will focus on mobile editing of statements.
* [[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram_office_hour_2024-04-10|Telegram Office Hour - 04-10-2024]] log - if you missed all the exciting updates, you can see them all here on the Archived log.
* The [[d:Wikidata:Events/Leveling_Up_Days_2024|Leveling Up Days 2024]] was concluded, you can watch the videos available on the program page and contribute to the captions on Wikimedia Commons.
* Next Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call April 16, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Call on Tuesday, 16 April, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET (Time zone converter). The LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group is, amazingly, 5 years old this month, and we are planning a very Zoomy celebration befitting our virtual community. We are hoping you can join and share some reflections. Feel free to [https://recocards.com/board/anniversary-ld4-wikidata-affinity-group-81320375362 sign our anniversary card] and [https://www.partyslate.com/best-of/virtual-party-zoom-backgrounds update your Zoom background to something festive!] [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NXkhSEgaGueSXaEDKXJyEeDKQy9SgfET47mJshtK0nc/edit?usp=sharing Agenda]
* [[m:Event:Decisions_that_Define_Us:_Documenting_Nigeria%E2%80%99s_Supreme_Court_cases_on_Wikidata|Documenting Nigeria's Supreme Court Cases]] - this online event is a contest to enrich and connect the verdicts and sitting Judges of Nigerian Supreme Court cases. Points will be awarded for contributions. Event ends: 28 April 00:00 UTC.
* [https://hsli.org/newsletter/registration-open-for-the-linked-data-users-group-of-the-midwest-collaborative-for-library-services-wikidata-edit-a-thon-online-mon-april-22-fri-april-26/ Edit-A-Thon of the LOD user group: Midwest Collaborative Library Services] - registration is now open for this online event, taking place 22 - 26 April.
* [https://www.ub.edu/wikiwomen/2024/04/10/ii-international-convention-on-glam-wikiverse-and-gender/ II International Convention on GLAM Wikiverse and Gender] - June 5, Aula Rubió, Faculty of Information and Audiovisual Media, University of Barcelona (UB), 9:30-1:30 p.m.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://dev.to/mikeyoung44/towards-a-brazilian-history-knowledge-graph-3gi2 Working towards a Brazilian History Knowledge Graph] - Mike Young describes the progress towards building a KG on Brazilian history and how Wikidata supported this endeavour, especially for linking poiticians, movements, constitutions, laws and events that may not be notable for individual Wikipedia articles.
** [https://www.library.wales/news/reimagining-cultural-heritage-data Reimagining cultural heritage data] - this article by Jason Evans documents the efforts of the Llyfgrell Genedlaethol Cymru (National Library of Wales) to open their archives and datasets to Wikidata and the creation of their Wikibase-powered [https://snarc-llgc.wikibase.cloud/wiki/Main_Page SNARC Tool] (Semantic Name Authority Repository Cymru).
** [https://www.openstreetmap.org/user/arjunaraoc/diary/403890 Improving geodata accuracy on OSM and Wikidata] how to remove the mismatches between Wikidata and Openstreetmap for villages of a district in Andhra Pradesh (India)
** [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh/Notes/Arjunaraoc/Improving_geodata_accuracy_on_OSM_and_Wikidata Andhra Pradesh/Notes/Arjunaraoc/Improving geodata accuracy on OSM and Wikidata] 
* Presentations
** [https://zenodo.org/records/10955373 Wikidata: your friendly (University's) knowledge graph] - Christian Erlinger on behalf of the University of Innsbruck has produced this slidedeck showing how Wikidata can be used for science and research communication.
** [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Hiperterminal/Dominio_publico_taller  Workshop: Making the Colombian public domain visible on Wikidata (in Spanish)] - Fundación Conector with the support of Wikimedia Colombia presented this workshop to create items in Wikidata about Colombian authors. This is part of the [https://co.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dominio_publico directory of Colombian authors in Public domain]
* Papers: [https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-11-2023-0230/full/html Assessing knowledge organization systems from a gender perspective: Wikipedia taxonomy and Wikidata ontologies] - analyze the ontologies of Wikidata and the taxonomy of Wikipedia. Centelles, M. and Ferran-Ferrer, N. (2024)
* Videos
** ''Wikidata per la ricerca'' (Wikidata for research): online conference, [[:w:it:Wikipedia:Raduni/Wikidata e la ricerca 2024|organized]] on 9 April 2024 by [[:d:Q15136611|Wikimedia Italia]], by [[:d:User:Epìdosis|Epìdosis]] (in Italian: [[:commons:File:Wikidata_per_la_ricerca.pdf|slides]] and [https://cvs5133.ergonet.host/playback/presentation/2.0/playback.html?meeingId=e420724e96d095a1510420cdc783fa50f0aee67a-1712665016023 video])
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFasrWxF_PQ Demonstration of the XML-TEI Wikidata Geocoder Tool] (French) - This tool from PhilippGam will showcase how the Wikidata Geocoder tool can extract information such as PersName, PlaceName, geographic coordinates and images from XML-TEI files. [https://philippegambette.github.io/xmlToRenumar/ Try it here].
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTZGSNkNP70 Live Wikidata Editing #113] with [[d:User:Abbe98|User:Abbe98]] and [[d:User:Ainali|User:Ainali]] explain the thought process behind how they edit whilst looking at  biographies of climate scientists and glaciologists, during the [[d:Wikidata:Events/Leveling_Up_Days_2024|Leveling Up Days 2024]] event. 
** WikiConference NA 2023
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxNA6MG_FUY Open scholarly communication with Wikidata] - [[d:User:Daniel_Mietchen|Daniel Mietchen]] talks about the benefits of Wikidata and the Wikimedia platforms to enhance researcher and collaborative workflows.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGjAmoqoRAI Wikidata for open museum data sharing] - Rhonda Yearwood explains how Wikidata can facilitate and provide a platform for the open sharing of Museum and Gallery datasets.
*** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVEKeNoQN3Y Wikidata's usefulness for university knowledge sharing]- [[d:User:Will_(Wiki_Ed)|Will (Wiki Ed)]] hosts workshops on Wikidata and advocates Wikidata as a way for Universities to share general reference knowledge.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5y8EU2uCEhI FOSSGIS 2024 Modelling with 'Fuzziness' / 'Wobbliness' in Geodata] (German) - Florian Thiery presents a paper on data-driven use cases for modeling vague or uncertain georeference data, to adhere to FAIR principles as closely as possible.
* Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/medias-by-country Medias by country]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/missing-biographies Missing biographies], a companion tool which helps identifies people without a biography in a given Wikipedia using Wikidata
* It’s time to nominate your favorite tool(s) for the fifth edition of the [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award!]] To nominate, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/797991?lang=en follow this link]. Deadline: 10 May 2024 - winners will be unveiled at [[m:Wikimania_2024|Wikimania 2024]].

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Join the Wikidata Open Online Course starting April 22, 2024! Whether you're a beginner taking your first steps, an individual in need of a refresher on Wikidata concepts, or a seasoned trainer looking to level up your skills - this course is right for you. Register here: [[d:Wikidata:Open Online Course|Wikidata:Open Online Course]]
*[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1713735900 Only 6 more days] to submit your project proposal to Wikimedia Deutschland's [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata/Open_Call Open Call for Software Contributions]. With this call, Wikimedia Deutschland aims to support projects that make Wikidata's data more accessible and usable for a wider audience.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
* General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P12545|nanopublication identifier]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;RDF-based publication, with references and history&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12548|media modality]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;which media modalities are present in a creative work, particularly in digital, multimodal works such as electronic literature&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12549|height of letters]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;height of the letters of an inscription&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12563|Imagehash difference hash]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;hash which tells whether two images look nearly identical&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12565|image of construction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image showing the building/object/work under construction&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12571|derived from base unit]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the base unit(s) that this derived unit is derived from&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12574|International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;industry classification for nonprofit organization created by the Johns Hopkins University and adapted by the United Nations&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12583|RTE substation ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of electrical substations operated by RTE in France&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12605|‎API formatter URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URI template from which &quot;$1&quot; can automatically be replaced with the effective property value on items; for API access and other machine-readable data&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12543|‎Portal Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12544|RatingGraph TV show ID]], [[:d:Property:P12546|‎Instagram account numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12547|‎‎Doom Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12550|‎DWDS sense ID]], [[:d:Property:P12551|11v11 player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12552|Hyatt hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12553|‎ECF rating code]], [[:d:Property:P12554|CalPhotos taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12558|TMDB season ID]], [[:d:Property:P12559|TMDB episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12560|ASM Mammal Diversity Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12561|SteamGridDB ID]], [[:d:Property:P12562|Amazon Luna game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12564|‎Triton Poker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12566|Traineras rower ID]], [[:d:Property:P12567|StatMuse Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12568|AllSkaters person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12569|DoblajeVideojuegos dub actor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12570|IsThereAnyDeal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12572|Algerian National Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12573|Lisaan Masry Egyptian Arabic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12575|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān ID]], [[:d:Property:P12576|Brazilian Football Confederation player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12577|BeSoccer player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12578|A New Nation Votes ID]], [[:d:Property:P12579|istina.msu.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12580|KupiGolos game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12581|Oskar Schindler Archive agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12582|Oxford Reference overview ID]], [[:d:Property:P12584|Theatrical Index company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12585|Touhou Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12586|Traineras club ID]], [[:d:Property:P12587|Traineras competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12588|Slovenian organization number]], [[:d:Property:P12589|Featherbase ID]], [[:d:Property:P12590|TUESPWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12591|Theatrical Index theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12592|Supreme Court of Canada case number]], [[:d:Property:P12593|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Property:P12594|OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12595|National Library of Uruguay authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12596|museum-digital tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12597|museum-digital person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12598|government.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12599|arch2.iofe.center person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12600|Digital Athenaeus Catalog author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12601|China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12602|BFO class ID]], [[:d:Property:P12603|identifiant Sculpturo]], [[:d:Property:P12604|Michigan Historical Marker ID]], [[:d:Property:P12606|Barry Hugman's Footballers player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12607|droitne.ch author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12608|Statbunker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12609|ffspb.org player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12610|beachsoccer.com team ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/official gazette|official gazette]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;periodical publication authorised to publish public or legal notices for that administrative entity or governmental institution&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/follows spelling paradigm|follows spelling paradigm]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;spelling rule, pattern or paradigm followed by this form&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WEM facility code|WEM facility code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Type of representation|Type of representation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Property to indicate the '''representation type''' as a qualifier for Wikimedia Commons SDC Depicts statements of such Wikidata items, indicating the media type of the media file as can be derived from its  registered property in Wikidata, being different from P18 (image).&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EBITDA|EBITDA]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Authorised capital|Authorised capital]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is fake of|is fake of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the kind (class) of elements this item falsifies / is a fake for&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/image decay|image decay]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image decay suffered by an old photograph&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of submissions|number of submissions]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of submissions, e.g., submitted papers to a conference&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of accepted contributions|number of accepted contributions]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of accepted submissions, e.g., conference articles to a conference&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/risk group|risk group]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Risk group of a biological agent guiding its initial handling in labs according to the risk group classification {{Q|125449255}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/electoral symbol|electoral symbol]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;symbol allocated to a political party / candidate for use on ballots&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tartan image|tartan image]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image of the item's tartan&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tartan|tartan]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;subject's tartan&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zentrum für Dramatik ID|Zentrum für Dramatik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RERO+ ID|RERO+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Peertube Channel Address|Peertube Channel Address]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quran.com entry|Quran.com entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID of member of the Chambre des députés|ID of member of the Chambre des députés]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB award IDs|TMDB award IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Assembly ID|Algerian National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/az.lib.ru author ID|az.lib.ru author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WildTangent Games ID|WildTangent Games ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Spriters Resource game ID|The Spriters Resource game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zillow zpid|Zillow zpid]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cemu Wiki article ID|Cemu Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Statistics Office ID|Algerian National Statistics Office ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian Government ID|Algerian Government ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Génération Nintendo game ID|Génération Nintendo game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage ID|Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/British Comedy Guide person ID|British Comedy Guide person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mosff.ru staff ID|mosff.ru staff ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hanslick Online person ID|Hanslick Online person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of Islam ID|The Oxford Dictionary of Islam ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HCERES organisation ID|HCERES organisation ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPV profile ID|CPV profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SPV profile ID|SPV profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duden Sense ID|Duden Sense ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English ID|The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian trademark number|Algerian trademark number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YList ID|YList ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WDF players ID|WDF players ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GovTrack person|GovTrack person]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian commune ID|Algerian commune ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions ID|The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/pressball.by football manager ID|pressball.by football manager ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Islamic World: Past and Present ID|The Islamic World: Past and Present ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Delisted Games ID|Delisted Games ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlantZAfrica Plants of the Week ID|PlantZAfrica Plants of the Week ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brill ID|Brill ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith ID|Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kritikanstvo IDs|Kritikanstvo IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case number (mainland China)|case number (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/myabandonware.com game id|myabandonware.com game id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FürthWiki article ID|FürthWiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IAFD film UUID|IAFD film UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/English &amp; Scottish Football League transfers player ID|English &amp; Scottish Football League transfers player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rugby Romania ID|Rugby Romania ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scottish Register of Tartans ID|Scottish Register of Tartans ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Arabic Literary Terms and Devices ID|A Dictionary of Arabic Literary Terms and Devices ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NICE Paintings ID|NICE Paintings ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AccessAble venue ID|AccessAble venue ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/9ean Map of river names in german coloured by gender]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_MLA_Linked_Data_Working_Group|MLA Linked Data Working Group]] - The [https://cmc.wp.musiclibraryassoc.org/mla-linked-data-working-group/ Linked Data Working Group] (LDWG) is a [https://www.musiclibraryassoc.org/ Music Library Association (MLA)] working group convened by the MLA [https://cmc.wp.musiclibraryassoc.org/ Cataloging and Metadata Committee (CMC)]. Members are music catalogers and other library metadata workers exploring linked data topics through Wikidata projects, discussion of BIBFRAME and linked data cataloging, and other areas of interest.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Albums|Albums]] - A WikiProject about music album releases
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Algeria|Algeria]] - Aims to collaborate on Algeria-related topics
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q512062|László Krasznahorkai (Q512062)]] - Hungarian novelist and screenwriter
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L6888|kone (L6888)]] - Finish noun, translate to &quot;machine&quot;

''' Development '''
* mul langauge code: We are finishing the polishing for the first proper release coming soon.
* EntitySchema: We are continuing the work on the new datatype that will make it possible to link to EntitySchemas in statements.
* REST API:
** We continued work on creating an Item via POST /entities/items ([[phab:T342990]])
** We continued work on modifying data of a Property via PATCH /entities/properties/{property_id} ([[phab:T347394]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Misc (2/n)
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 13:32, 15 April 2024 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26562780 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #624 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;/br&gt;This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-04-22.&lt;/br&gt;[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.''&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/OpeninfoBot|OpeninfoBot]] - Task: Importing financial data (assets, equity, revenue, EBIT, net profit) from openinfo.uz to entries on public Uzbek companies in Wikidata.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/IntegrationBot|IntegrationBot]] - Task: retrieve information from Wikidata and contribute data back

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* It’s time to nominate your favorite tool(s) for the fifth edition of the [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award!]] To nominate, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/797991?lang=en follow this link]. Deadline: 10 May 2024 - winners will be unveiled at [[m:Wikimania_2024|Wikimania 2024]].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://tribuneonlineng.com/wikimedia-begins-mapping-of-anambra-mdas-streets-markets-on-wikidata/ Wikimedia begins mapping of Anambra MDAs, streets, markets on Wikidata] -  The Wikimedia Anambra Network and the Anambra State ICT Agency are collaborating on a project to map ministries, departments, agencies (MDAs), streets, and markets in Anambra State on Wikidata.
* Papers
**[https://content.iospress.com/articles/semantic-web/sw243562 Evidence of large-scale conceptual disarray in multi-level taxonomies in Wikidata]
**[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589259v1 Bringing PanglaoDB to 5-star Linked Open Data using Wikidata] + [https://sciencecast.org/casts/n3rvoge1kzh0 AI audio abstract]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://mishramilan.toolforge.org/ Mishramilan (মিশ্রমিলন)], a tool listing words/phrases in different language catalogs and allowing users to match the entries in those catalogs to existing Wikidata lexemes or to create new lexemes based on those entries.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* It's not too late to join the Wikidata Open Online Course, open from April 22 to May 31! Whether you're a beginner taking your first steps, an individual in need of a refresher on Wikidata concepts, or a seasoned trainer looking to level up your skills - this course is right for you. Register here: [[d:Wikidata:Open Online Course|Wikidata:Open Online Course]]
* There is [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/April 2024 scaling update|a new update]] relative to the experiment with splitting the Wikidata Query Service graph. A [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split/WDQS Split Refinement|new proposal for the split]] has also been published, feedback will be open until May 15th 2024.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P12563|Imagehash difference hash]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;hash which tells whether two images look nearly identical&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12565|image of construction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image showing the building/object/work under construction&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12571|derived from base unit]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the base unit(s) that this derived unit is derived from&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12574|International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;industry classification for nonprofit organization created by the Johns Hopkins University and adapted by the United Nations&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12583|RTE substation ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of electrical substations operated by RTE in France&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12605|‎API formatter URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URI template from which &quot;$1&quot; can automatically be replaced with the effective property value on items; for API access and other machine-readable data&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12616|leaf morphology]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;characterization of aspects of the shape of a plant’s leaves&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12617|‎creative director]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person who makes high-level creative decisions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12621|beneficial owner]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;natural person or persons who ultimately owns or controls a company or organisation&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12634|official server list URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;website, officially recommended by the developer of the software, that lists public server instances of the software&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12642|EBITDA]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;accounting measure: net earnings, before interest expenses, taxes, depreciation, and amortization are subtracted&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12643|date popularized]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;point in time the subject became well known to the public, if different from its inception&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12649|number of accepted contributions]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of accepted submissions, e.g., conference articles to a conference&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12650|electoral symbol]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;symbol allocated to a political party or candidate for use on ballots&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12651|authorised capital]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maximum amount of share capital that the company is authorised to issue to shareholders&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12655|number of submissions]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of submissions, e.g., submitted papers to a conference&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12657|follows spelling pattern]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;spelling rule, pattern or paradigm followed by this form&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12553|‎ECF rating code]], [[:d:Property:P12554|CalPhotos taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12558|TMDB season ID]], [[:d:Property:P12559|TMDB episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12560|ASM Mammal Diversity Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12561|SteamGridDB ID]], [[:d:Property:P12562|Amazon Luna game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12564|‎Triton Poker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12566|Traineras rower ID]], [[:d:Property:P12567|StatMuse Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12568|AllSkaters person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12569|DoblajeVideojuegos dub actor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12570|IsThereAnyDeal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12572|Algerian National Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12573|Lisaan Masry Egyptian Arabic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12575|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān ID]], [[:d:Property:P12576|Brazilian Football Confederation player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12577|BeSoccer player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12578|A New Nation Votes ID]], [[:d:Property:P12579|istina.msu.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12580|KupiGolos game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12581|Oskar Schindler Archive agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12582|Oxford Reference overview ID]], [[:d:Property:P12584|Theatrical Index company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12585|Touhou Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12586|Traineras club ID]], [[:d:Property:P12587|Traineras competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12588|Slovenian organization number]], [[:d:Property:P12589|Featherbase ID]], [[:d:Property:P12590|TUESPWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12591|Theatrical Index theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12592|Supreme Court of Canada case number]], [[:d:Property:P12593|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Property:P12594|OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12595|National Library of Uruguay authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12596|museum-digital tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12597|museum-digital person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12598|government.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12599|arch2.iofe.center person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12600|Digital Athenaeus Catalog author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12601|China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12602|BFO class ID]], [[:d:Property:P12603|identifiant Sculpturo]], [[:d:Property:P12604|Michigan Historical Marker ID]], [[:d:Property:P12606|Barry Hugman's Footballers player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12607|droitne.ch author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12608|Statbunker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12609|ffspb.org player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12610|beachsoccer.com team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12612|‎WildTangent Games ID]], [[:d:Property:P12613|HCERES organisation ID]], [[:d:Property:P12614|az.lib.ru author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12615|Hanslick Online person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12618|ID of member of the Chambre des députés]], [[:d:Property:P12619|Algerian National Statistics Office ID]], [[:d:Property:P12620|mosff.ru staff ID]], [[:d:Property:P12622|PeerTube channel address]], [[:d:Property:P12623|WDF player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12624|‎The Spriters Resource game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12625|‎Cemu Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12626|‎Génération Nintendo game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12627|British Comedy Guide person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12628|The Oxford Dictionary of Islam ID]], [[:d:Property:P12629|Zillow zpid]], [[:d:Property:P12630|Aragonario ID (6th version)]], [[:d:Property:P12631|The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World ID]], [[:d:Property:P12632|Algerian trademark number ID]], [[:d:Property:P12633|Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12635|‎Delisted Games ID]], [[:d:Property:P12636|Algerian commune ID]], [[:d:Property:P12637|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women ID]], [[:d:Property:P12638|The Islamic World: Past and Present ID]], [[:d:Property:P12639|The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions ID]], [[:d:Property:P12640|pressball.by football manager ID]], [[:d:Property:P12641|Duden sense ID]], [[:d:Property:P12644|GovTrack person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12645|PlantZAfrica Plants of the Week ID]], [[:d:Property:P12646|Kritikanstvo game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12647|Kritikanstvo publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P12648|Kritikanstvo critic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12652|myabandonware.com game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12653|FürthWiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12654|IAFD film UUID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WEM facility code|WEM facility code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Type of representation|Type of representation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Property to indicate the '''representation type''' as a qualifier for Wikimedia Commons SDC Depicts statements of such Wikidata items, indicating the media type of the media file as can be derived from its  registered property in Wikidata, being different from P18 (image).&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is fake of|is fake of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the kind (class) of elements this item falsifies / is a fake for&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/image decay|image decay]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image decay suffered by an old photograph&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/risk group|risk group]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;risk group of a biological agent guiding its initial handling in labs according to the risk group classification defined by the WHO laboratory biosafety manual&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tartan image|tartan image]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image of the item's tartan&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tartan|tartan]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item's tartan; Tartan is a Scottish cloth pattern symbolizing a clan, region, or group.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hasFeldpostNumber|hasFeldpostNumber]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Property to link German military units to their respective Feldpost numbers, referencing the specific identifier used during the military communications in the world wars.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/total deposits|total deposits]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;total value of deposits held by a bank or financial institution&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Total loans|Total loans]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;total value of loans given out by a bank or financial institution&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/source of transfer &amp; destination of transfer|source of transfer &amp; destination of transfer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity that a transferred item is initially associated with, before this process associates it with another entity (the destination of transfer) [aliases: source / sender]&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/type of deterioration|type of deterioration]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;to indicate types of deterioration presented by an artwork, building, artifact, etc.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rythme narratif|rythme narratif]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;video game mechanic based on the rhythm of the player's actions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/event role|event role]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item that describes a role in an event class&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Patent Abstract|Patent Abstract]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Abstract of the patent&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB award IDs|TMDB award IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Assembly ID|Algerian National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPV profile ID|CPV profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SPV profile ID|SPV profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English ID|The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YList ID|YList ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brill ID|Brill ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith ID|Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case number (mainland China)|case number (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/English &amp; Scottish Football League transfers player ID|English &amp; Scottish Football League transfers player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rugby Romania ID|Rugby Romania ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scottish Register of Tartans ID|Scottish Register of Tartans ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Arabic Literary Terms and Devices ID|A Dictionary of Arabic Literary Terms and Devices ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NICE Paintings ID|NICE Paintings ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AccessAble venue ID|AccessAble venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ID|The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Asociation Espanola de Amigos de los Castillos ID|Asociation Espanola de Amigos de los Castillos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pitchbook Company Profile|Pitchbook Company Profile]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cbonds Company Profile|Cbonds Company Profile]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sonic Retro article ID|Sonic Retro article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New Oxford American Dictionary ID|New Oxford American Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kunstenpunt Knowledge Graph ID|Kunstenpunt Knowledge Graph ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Encyklopedia Medyków Powstania Warszawskiego|identifiant Encyklopedia Medyków Powstania Warszawskiego]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian district ID|Algerian district ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Spriters Resource platform ID|The Spriters Resource platform ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PEGI game ID|PEGI game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person id|Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture ID|The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flora Croatica Database taxon ID|Flora Croatica Database taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian province ID|Algerian province ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/more kaino.kotus.fi identifiers|more kaino.kotus.fi identifiers]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Encyclopedia ID|World Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID|Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gentoo Guru ID|Gentoo Guru ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/9q8y World map of subway maps]
** [https://w.wiki/9prg View of the associative network of artists to societies] ([https://wikis.world/@AllyD@mastodon.online/112308165695743397 source])
** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] [https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/112302638644990711 source]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject NZThesisProject Wikidata library training Christchurch 2024|WikiProject NZThesisProject Wikidata library training Christchurch 2024]] -  The aim is to organize an event to show participants how adding New Zealand collections to Wikidata can be useful, and to train participants to improve Wikidata Items so that tools such as Scholia, which builds academic profiles, will be demonstrated.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Islam|WikiProject Islam]] - Aims to collaborate on Islam-related topics
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Algerian History|WikiProject Algerian History]] - The goal of this project is to ensure the completeness of the history of Algeria (Q473761) during its historic period to modern time in Wikidata.
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/General Elections 2024 task force|WikiProject India/General Elections 2024 task force]] - is an initiative to create and up-to-date information related to general election ([[d:Q1076105|Q1076105]]) in India ([[d:Q668|Q668]]).
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Merge candidates based on same sitelink name]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q353003|Bertus Aafjes (Q353003)]] - Dutch poet and writer (1914–1993)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1200000|dismesso (L1200000)]] - &quot;discontinued/disused&quot; in Italian

''' Development '''
* mul language code: We are continuing the roll-out. It is now available on https://test.wikidata.org and https://wikidata.beta.wmflabs.org.
* REST API: We are putting finishing touches on the following:
** Create an Item via POST /entities/items ([[phab:T342990]])
** Modify data of a Property via PATCH /entities/properties/{property_id} ([[phab:T347394]])
* EntitySchemas: We are continuing the work on the new datatype to link to EntitySchemas in statements.
* Leveling Up Days: We are wrapping up the event.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Other objects and tools
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 11:07, 22 April 2024 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26646684 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #625 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* [https://www.eventbrite.com/e/nubuke-wikidata-workshop-tickets-888255936417 Nubuke Wikidata Workshop] - Sat. 27 April 1100 - 1400 GMT at the Nubuke Foundation, Lome Close Accra, Ghana.
* There's still time for nominating your favorite tool in the [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award!]] To nominate, follow this link. Deadline: 10 May 2024 - winners unveiled at Wikimania 2024
* [[d:Wikidata:Events/Coordinate_Me_2024|Coordinate Me 2024]] - an international Wikidata competition around content with geodata. The competition starts on 1 May 2024 and ends on 31 May 2024.
* [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] is just around the corner, taking place in Tallinn, Estonia from 02 - 06 May. We hope there will be lots of Wikidata hacking projects worked on.
''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/04/25/international-museum-day-2024-a-call-to-increase-museum-coverage-on-wikimedia/screenshot-2024-04-19-at-16-32-25/ Diff Blog: Museums around the world, according to Wikidata] - Wikimedia's own blog, Diff, has this interesting graphic showing museums around the world. To explore further, check the [https://w.wiki/9kvh Wikidata Query].
* Papers
** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379950304_Bringing_PanglaoDB_to_5-star_Linked_Open_Data_using_Wikidata Bringing PanglaoDB to 5-star Linked Open Data using Wikidata] - This paper documents the experiences mapping PanglaoDB's free text cell types and genes i Wikidata to improve reusability and fairness. By Tiago Lubiana &amp; João Vitor F. Cavalcante.
** [https://www.pedroandretta.info/index/2024/04/22/explorando-o-wikidata-para-pesquisas-em-ciencias-sociais/ Exploring Wikidata for Social Science Research] (Portugese) - Highlights the relevance of open resources such as Wikidata for the Social Sciences, providing access to information that facilitates research in the social, economic and cultural areas. By Wenceslao Arroyo-Machado.
** [https://zenodo.org/records/11069148 Integrating Wikidata with Data Sleuthing Techniques] For Enhanced Knowledge Discovery of Hidden Figures - this is a training resource to find and enrich Items on Natural History collector's.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mClx7j_Uqq0 The Data Mine: Wikimedia Content Quality 2024] - a short video on how to find mismatched data between Wikidata on other data sources.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O72MN8WTfxI MWCon Spring 2024 (Day 3)] - This session of the MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference explores the different extensions you can use with Wikibase. See the rest of the [[mw:MediaWiki_Users_and_Developers_Conference|program here]]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcmbTtL3JBs Getting Started with OpenRefine] - Introducing OpenRefine, importing data, filtering and faceting and bulk editing, as well as how to connect to other data sources for reconciling your data. By Margaret Heller &amp; Diana Rusch.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yw6rzbNth7Y  A Decade of Scholarly Research on Open Knowledge Graphs] - Houcemeddine Turki host this presentation of the LREC-COLING 2024's findings. You can [https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.13186 read the full paper here.]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wyb08oGZeLA Beyond Wikidata: building a universal knowledge graph with MediaWiki and Wikibase] - James Hare explores Wikibase as a focused alternative to creating a knowledge graph around a specific theme or project.
''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://www.antvaset.com/wikidatas-ontology Antvaset's Wikidata Ontology explorer] - explore Wikidata's Ontology in this top-down tree explorer. By Anton Vasetenkov.
''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Wikimedia Deutschland closed their Call for Software Contributions! Discover the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata/Call_Submissions project proposals submitted] and share [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata/Call_Submissions your feedback].
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibase-cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2RU4BCZS3U4EQF2BFDVJLANCT5TCXQI2/ Release of Wikibase Suite: Wikibase 1.39.7WMDE .18 - minor security release compatible with MediaWiki 1.39.7]
* [https://openrefine.org/blog/2024/04/29/version-3-8-0 OpenRefine 3.8.0 was released]
''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P12583|RTE substation ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of electrical substations operated by RTE in France&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12605|‎API formatter URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URI template from which &quot;$1&quot; can automatically be replaced with the effective property value on items; for API access and other machine-readable data&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12616|leaf morphology]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;characterization of aspects of the shape of a plant’s leaves&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12617|‎creative director]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person who makes high-level creative decisions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12621|beneficial owner]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;natural person or persons who ultimately owns or controls a company or organisation&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12634|official server list URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;website, officially recommended by the developer of the software, that lists public server instances of the software&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12642|EBITDA]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;accounting measure: net earnings, before interest expenses, taxes, depreciation, and amortization are subtracted&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12643|date popularized]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;point in time the subject became well known to the public, if different from its inception&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12649|number of accepted contributions]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of accepted submissions, e.g., conference articles to a conference&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12650|electoral symbol]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;symbol allocated to a political party or candidate for use on ballots&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12651|authorised capital]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maximum amount of share capital that the company is authorised to issue to shareholders&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12655|number of submissions]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of submissions, e.g., submitted papers to a conference&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12657|follows spelling pattern]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;spelling rule, pattern or paradigm followed by this form&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12663|risk group]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;risk group of a biological agent guiding its initial handling in labs according to the risk group classification defined by the WHO laboratory biosafety manual&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12677|timetable/schedule URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;link to the timetable or the schedule (in PDF, HTML, image format) for the given service or the event schedule.  The current timetable/schedule should have preferred rank.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12680|deterioration]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;to indicate types of deterioration presented by an artwork, building, artifact, etc.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12582|Oxford Reference overview ID]], [[:d:Property:P12584|Theatrical Index company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12585|Touhou Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12586|Traineras club ID]], [[:d:Property:P12587|Traineras competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12588|Slovenian organization number]], [[:d:Property:P12589|Featherbase ID]], [[:d:Property:P12590|TUESPWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12591|Theatrical Index theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12592|Supreme Court of Canada case number]], [[:d:Property:P12593|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Property:P12594|OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12595|National Library of Uruguay authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12596|museum-digital tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12597|museum-digital person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12598|government.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12599|arch2.iofe.center person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12600|Digital Athenaeus Catalog author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12601|China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12602|BFO class ID]], [[:d:Property:P12603|identifiant Sculpturo]], [[:d:Property:P12604|Michigan Historical Marker ID]], [[:d:Property:P12606|Barry Hugman's Footballers player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12607|droitne.ch author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12608|Statbunker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12609|ffspb.org player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12610|beachsoccer.com team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12612|‎WildTangent Games ID]], [[:d:Property:P12613|HCERES organisation ID]], [[:d:Property:P12614|az.lib.ru author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12615|Hanslick Online person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12618|ID of member of the Chambre des députés]], [[:d:Property:P12619|Algerian National Statistics Office ID]], [[:d:Property:P12620|mosff.ru staff ID]], [[:d:Property:P12622|PeerTube channel address]], [[:d:Property:P12623|WDF player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12624|‎The Spriters Resource game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12625|‎Cemu Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12626|‎Génération Nintendo game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12627|British Comedy Guide person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12628|The Oxford Dictionary of Islam ID]], [[:d:Property:P12629|Zillow zpid]], [[:d:Property:P12630|Aragonario ID (6th version)]], [[:d:Property:P12631|The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World ID]], [[:d:Property:P12632|Algerian trademark number ID]], [[:d:Property:P12633|Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12635|‎Delisted Games ID]], [[:d:Property:P12636|Algerian commune ID]], [[:d:Property:P12637|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women ID]], [[:d:Property:P12638|The Islamic World: Past and Present ID]], [[:d:Property:P12639|The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions ID]], [[:d:Property:P12640|pressball.by football manager ID]], [[:d:Property:P12641|Duden sense ID]], [[:d:Property:P12644|GovTrack person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12645|PlantZAfrica Plants of the Week ID]], [[:d:Property:P12646|Kritikanstvo game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12647|Kritikanstvo publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P12648|Kritikanstvo critic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12652|myabandonware.com game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12653|FürthWiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12654|IAFD film UUID]], [[:d:Property:P12658|A Dictionary of Arabic Literary Terms and Devices ID]], [[:d:Property:P12659|Rugby Romania ID]], [[:d:Property:P12660|Scottish Register of Tartans ID]], [[:d:Property:P12661|Asociation Espanola de Amigos de los Castillos ID]], [[:d:Property:P12662|NICE Paintings ID]], [[:d:Property:P12664|Sonic Retro article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12665|Algerian district ID]], [[:d:Property:P12666|English &amp; Scottish Football League transfers player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12667|The Spriters Resource platform ID]], [[:d:Property:P12668|Encyklopedia Medyków Powstania Warszawskiego ID]], [[:d:Property:P12669|Cerist.dz CCDZ ID]], [[:d:Property:P12670|Flora Croatica Database taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12671|Quadrinhopédia artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12672|SPV profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12673|CPV profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12674|Kunstenpunt Knowledge Graph ID]], [[:d:Property:P12675|The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ID]], [[:d:Property:P12676|Hindawi Foundation book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12678|The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English ID]], [[:d:Property:P12679|Pennsylvania State Senate ID]], [[:d:Property:P12681|Vanhan kirjasuomen sanakirja ID]], [[:d:Property:P12682|Suomi–ruotsi-suursanakirja ID]], [[:d:Property:P12683|‎FilmVandaag ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WEM facility code|WEM facility code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Type of representation|Type of representation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Property to indicate the '''representation type''' as a qualifier for Wikimedia Commons SDC Depicts statements of such Wikidata items, indicating the media type of the media file as can be derived from its  registered property in Wikidata, being different from P18 (image).&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is fake of|is fake of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the kind (class) of elements this item falsifies / is a fake for&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tartan|tartan]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item's tartan; Tartan is a Scottish cloth pattern symbolizing a clan, region, or group.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hasFeldpostNumber|hasFeldpostNumber]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Property to link German military units to their respective Feldpost numbers, referencing the specific identifier used during the military communications in the world wars.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/total deposits|total deposits]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;total value of deposits held by a bank or financial institution&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Total loans|Total loans]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;total value of loans given out by a bank or financial institution&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/source of transfer &amp; destination of transfer|source of transfer &amp; destination of transfer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity that a transferred item is initially associated with, before this process associates it with another entity (the destination of transfer) [aliases: source / sender]&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rythme narratif|rythme narratif]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;video game mechanic based on the rhythm of the player's actions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/event role|event role]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item that describes a role in an event class&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Patent Abstract|Patent Abstract]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Abstract of the patent&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/category for this time deaths|category for this time deaths]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;category item for people who died in this time&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/category for this time births|category for this time births]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;category item for people who born in this time&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is ontological root of|is ontological root of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;forms the root element of the ontology&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/founder of|founder of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Organization, religion, or place that was founded or co-founded by subject. Inverse of P112.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/writing technique|writing technique]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;technique used for writing on stone, paper or other support&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Inventaire du patrimoine immobilier culturel|identifiant Inventaire du patrimoine immobilier culturel]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB award IDs|TMDB award IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Assembly ID|Algerian National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YList ID|YList ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brill ID|Brill ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith ID|Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case number (mainland China)|case number (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AccessAble venue ID|AccessAble venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pitchbook Company Profile|Pitchbook Company Profile]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cbonds Company Profile|Cbonds Company Profile]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New Oxford American Dictionary ID|New Oxford American Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PEGI game ID|PEGI game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person id|Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture ID|The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian province ID|Algerian province ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Encyclopedia ID|World Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID|Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gentoo Guru ID|Gentoo Guru ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford University Press ID|Oxford University Press ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FilmVandaag ID|FilmVandaag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FBW-Kennung|FBW-Kennung]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duden node ID|Duden node ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cambridge University Press ID|Cambridge University Press ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taylor &amp; Francis book ID|Taylor &amp; Francis book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AbeBooks book ID|AbeBooks book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/COBISS ID|COBISS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dhliz person ID|Dhliz person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD Block Code|LGD Block Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Edinburgh University Press ID|Edinburgh University Press ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BD Gest' work ID|BD Gest' work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gentoo Wiki ID|Gentoo Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Barnes &amp; Noble ID|Barnes &amp; Noble ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Vanguard Books ID|Vanguard Books ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Douban Personage ID|Douban Personage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/De Gruyter ID|De Gruyter ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thriftbooks ID|Thriftbooks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/eBay item|eBay item]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/numéro d'établissement d'une ICPE|numéro d'établissement d'une ICPE]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Columbia University Press ID|Columbia University Press ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kōmako id|Kōmako id]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
* [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]:
You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/9uxM Two or more statements on a certain property] - generates a list of all elements where there are two or more statements on a certain property (without deprecated statements).
** [https://w.wiki/9uxW Explore data about Tabakalera participants] - find biographical information of film director's that have participate din the San Sebastian Film Festival Tabalakera cultural centre.
** [https://w.wiki/9twM Mothers on Wikidata] - explore the mother and child relationships of Wikidata items.
** [https://w.wiki/9saJ Presidents of French Universities] - curious about which individuals have presided at French Universities and Higher education institutions? This query explores that!
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q539544|Jerzy Spława-Neyman]] - A polish Statistician, the first to introduce a confidence interval to statistical hypothesis testing.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L593075|Pfeil (DE)]] - Arrow, part of the [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php Weekly Lexeme Challenge].
''' Development '''
* [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].
''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
* Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]!
* Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' &amp;middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &amp;middot; [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 14:42, 29 අප්‍රේල් 2024 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26673942 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #626 ==

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;/br&gt; This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-05-06.&lt;/br&gt;[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.''&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* '''Reminder:''' the period for [[d:Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split/WDQS_Split_Refinement|feedback]] on the [[Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Wikidata Query Service graph split]] ruleset closes on 15-May-2024. More information [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AHOKYOHFMHHDVOSVTFON3PGB5EAUUPX2/ here]!

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] took place in Tallinn, Estonia. Wikimedians from all over came together to hack on a huge variety of topics, including Wikidata and Wikibase topics. See the entire [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2024/Program|Program]]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/GGOTS5P465W6AIC2UDEKSYSDNOQD4MDB/ International Museum Day 2024 on Wikimedia: Take part in the translation, media, and data challenges!]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wiki-research-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/T5WK6BO5NKVPZDDXVUP6UQOB4I2QHT5Y/ Registration for Wiki Workshop 2024 is now open!] The event will be virtually held on *June 20, 12:00-18:30 UTC
* [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Coordinate_Me_2024 Coordinate Me 2024] is an international Wikidata competition taking place over the month of May. This year, the focus is on enriching or creating Wikidata items with the [[d:Property:P625|Property: Coordinate Location (P625)]]. To participate, [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/wikidata/Coordinate_Me_2024_AUS_(2024)?enroll=|first enroll on the dashboard] to ensure your edits are tracked.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Papers: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.14695 MisgenderMender] - A community-informed approach to interventions of misgendering.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nkBRHTvZJI Intro to Wikidata Query Service] - hosted by [[d:User:Gnoeee|User:Gnoeee]], this comprehensive video will equip newcomers to Wikidata with the skills to effectively start querying Wikidata.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8EghOSdzEA Siobhan Leachman, NZ Citizen Scientist and Wikipedian] - CitSciOz23 Keynote Speaker, this prolific editor discusses her passions and workflows for contributing and enriching Wikidata on topics as diverse as women scientists, scientific illustrators, artworks and citation data, moths and more.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBcmaqJEEMA WikiSearch from Wikibase Data] - Wout Geveart shows how the WikiSearch extension is using Wikibase data to explore and visualise the data in new ways.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njgPYd4eXuw WikimediaAPIs: a WM Technology Training Session] - Mr. Neechalkaran of the WM Indic MediaWiki Developers Usergroup introduces the function and utility of WM projects APIs, including the REST AOI, the Wikidata API and more.
** [https://us02web.zoom.us/rec/play/LOHqqWDVWxgCvL1SU2T_R-mktp-xUu-0tzQkCmegJyU2JnT-6bAyopadLg3kWI8HG2MpHtv9FJAmuLUh.8XOWDeQJ2n4ZUhEM?canPlayFromShare=true&amp;from=share_recording_detail&amp;continueMode=true&amp;componentName=rec-play&amp;originRequestUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fus02web.zoom.us%2Frec%2Fshare%2F2cvZX_xvgfh5xwiJItyvx5uWH0pqvd5fl_tuvxYIsFo6wVDdY9H_2BBxtFS5H5CT.hG1v-SjAD1xbEudc Accessing Wikidata's Data: An Introduction to the Wikidata REST API] (Zoom recording). A WikiMentor Africa session by Eugene Egbe.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://tools.wmflabs.org/ptable Wikidata periodic table] - Tool by [[d:User:Ricordisamoa|User:Ricordisamoa]], to browse all chemical elements available on Wikidata, with atomic number, chemical symbol, and localized label. It also includes two charts of the nuclides, with links to every isotope in Wikidata, colored by half-life or decay mode.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* A new UI mode is available for the online validator for EntitySchemas. It represents validation reports as a table rather than a very long string, and replaces most links with hyperlinks with some of the text behind them; making them easier to read. Currently being tested at https://shex-validator.toolforge.org/packages/shex-webapp/doc/shex-simple-improved.html, we are looking for participants to evaluate this tool. Some experience with editing Wikidata is appreciated, but no experience working with Schemas is required. If you are interested, you can sign up [https://datumprikker.nl/pwx27abv4daqq4vr here]. We hope to begin interviews around May 13. For more details, visit [[d:User:M.alten.tue|User:M.alten.tue]]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P12686|category for this time births]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;category item for people who born in this time&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12687|category for this time deaths]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;category item for people who died in this time&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12692|representation type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;property to indicate the representation type as a qualifier for Wikimedia Commons SDC Depicts statements of such Wikidata items&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12693|source of transfer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity that a transferred item is initially associated with, before this process associates it with another entity&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12694|destination of transfer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity that a transferred item comes to be associated with as a result of this process&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12683|‎FilmVandaag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12684|FBW ID]], [[:d:Property:P12685|Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Property:P12688|Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12689|PitchBook profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12690|New Oxford American Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12691|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID]], [[:d:Property:P12695|‎Gentoo Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12696|Dhliz person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12697|RAG ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LombardiaBeniCulturali collection ID|LombardiaBeniCulturali collection ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ID of a collection on lombardiabeniculturali.it&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is ontological root of|is ontological root of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;forms the root element of the ontology&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/last appearance|last appearance]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Perlego ID|Perlego ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bokkilden ID|Bokkilden ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Iconoteca dell'Accademia di architettura ID|Iconoteca dell'Accademia di architettura ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Law Dictionary entry|The Law Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/urban area census code|urban area census code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wardah Books ID|Wardah Books ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Lost Media Wiki page ID|The Lost Media Wiki page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Sounds Resource game ID|The Sounds Resource game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Palula dictionary ID|Palula dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CDC Stacks ID|CDC Stacks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Virtual Russian Museum artist ID|Virtual Russian Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pushkin Museum artist ID|Pushkin Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLR editions|NLR editions]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/الملف الاستنادي للمؤلفين العراقيين|الملف الاستنادي للمؤلفين العراقيين]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dhliz film ID|Dhliz film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dhliz TV series ID|Dhliz TV series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/glubinka.by|glubinka.by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Azerbaijani National Assembly ID|Azerbaijani National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheLegacy ID|TheLegacy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Explanatory Ukrainian Dictionary ID|Explanatory Ukrainian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Transfermarkt competition ID|Transfermarkt competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quranic Semantic Search word ID|Quranic Semantic Search word ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/9ytb {{langSwitch|en=List of lists of ambassadors per host and sending country|fr=liste des listes d'ambassadeurs par pays hôtes et pays d'acceuil}}]
**[https://w.wiki/9zvj {{langSwitch|en=List of current embassies per host and sending country, and their counterparts|fr=liste des ambassades par pays hôtes et pays d'acceuil et leur pair}}]
** [https://w.wiki/9peJ Images of types of dance in the world] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataid/status/1784914312471212224 source])
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/9twM young mothers] ([https://w.wiki/9twM  source]) 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q1183379|Deirdre (Q1183379)]] - heroine in Irish mythology
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L741213|사랑하다 (L741213)]] - verb &quot;to love (cherish with affection)&quot; in Korean

''' Development '''
* We attended the [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2024|Wikimedia Hackathon]].
* REST API: We are finishing the route for creating an Item ([[phab:T342990]]) and modify the data of a Property ([[phab:T347394]])
* EntitySchemas: We are continuing the work on creating the new datatype to link to EntitySchemas in statements ([[phab:T214884]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]:
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:01, 7 මැයි 2024 (යූටීසී)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26673942 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #627 ==

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;/br&gt;This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-05-13.&lt;/br&gt;Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Data_models_pages|Project Chat - Data model pages]]: [[d:User:Alexmar983|Alexmar983]] and [[d:User:Ep%C3%ACdosis|User:Epìdosis]] have proposed updates to standardize the nomenclature in the [[d:Wikidata:Data_model|Wikidata: Data Model]] pages, join the conversation. Also see this [[d:Category_talk:Data_models|Talk page]] for a draft proposal for a new Navbox.
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Bot5958|Bot5958]] -  Task: Infer [[d:Property:P8013|Trakt.tv ID]] (P8013) of an episode from the Trakt.tv ID (P8013) of the corresponding TV series.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/05/08/navigating-the-world-of-wikidata-an-introduction-and-hands-on-experience-1/ Navigating the world of Wikidata]: An intro and hands-on experience. This blog entry documents the session from [[d:User:Yaw_tuba|Yaw Tuba]] and [[d:User:NanaYawBotar|Nana Yaw Botar]] and organised by [[m:Open_Foundation_West_Africa|Open Foundation West Africa]] in building skills for new and experienced editors alike.
* Papers
** [https://riojournal.com/article/118851/ Sharing data, caring for collections. Open data on collection agents affiliated with the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin] - This paper documents a project at the MN to digitise collector metadata from museum exhibits for reuse, research and provenance. S. Mering et al.
** [https://content.iospress.com/articles/semantic-web/sw233450 Erenrich, Daniel. ‘Psychiq and Wwwyzzerdd: Wikidata Completion Using Wikipedia’. 1 Jan. 2023 : 1 – 14.]
** [https://content.iospress.com/articles/semantic-web/sw233520 Ilievski, Filip et al. ‘A Study of Concept Similarity in Wikidata’. 1 Jan. 2024 : 1 – 20.]
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqkZQ1MHoCQ using Open Data to Automatically Generate Localised Analogies] - Sofia Spatharioti explains how information from Wikidata and Wikipedia can be used to provide more contextual comparisons when dealing with large numbers, dimensions or statistics.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6EQqwVQNuM Thesaurus INAPP in Wikidata] (Italian) - Camillo Carlo Pellizzari shows INAPP thesaurus usage on Wikidata and how to normalise keywords assigned to publications.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8KQqumlDwY Authors INAPP on Wikidata] (Italian) - Camillo also presents how Wikidata can record biographical data and the presence of authors affiliated with INAPP.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[d:Wikidata:Projector|Wikidata:Projector]] - is a tool that shows maps and lists with Wikidata items for a specific topic, usually a location. As an example, see the Projector for [https://projector.toolforge.org/#/Corfu Corfu]
* [http://atilioa.me/WikidataAntiPatternAnalyzer/index.html? Wikidata Anti Pattern Analyzer] companion tool to the [https://content.iospress.com/articles/semantic-web/sw243562 Evidence of large-scale conceptual disarray in multi-level taxonomies in Wikidata] research paper

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12686|category for this time births]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;category item for people who born in this time&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12687|category for this time deaths]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;category item for people who died in this time&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12692|representation type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;property to indicate the representation type as a qualifier for Wikimedia Commons SDC Depicts statements of such Wikidata items&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12693|source of transfer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity that a transferred item is initially associated with, before this process associates it with another entity&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12694|destination of transfer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity that a transferred item comes to be associated with as a result of this process&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12703|LombardiaBeniCulturali collection ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ID of a collection on lombardiabeniculturali.it&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12683|‎FilmVandaag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12684|FBW ID]], [[:d:Property:P12685|Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Property:P12688|Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12689|PitchBook profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12690|New Oxford American Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12691|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID]], [[:d:Property:P12695|‎Gentoo Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12696|Dhliz person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12697|RAG ID]], [[:d:Property:P12698|‎The Sounds Resource game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12699|The Lost Media Wiki page ID]], [[:d:Property:P12700|Cbonds company profile]], [[:d:Property:P12701|Iconoteca dell'Accademia di architettura ID]], [[:d:Property:P12702|Kōmako author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12704|urban area census code]], [[:d:Property:P12705|The Law Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Property:P12706|CDC Stacks ID]], [[:d:Property:P12707|Authority file of the Iraqi Authors]], [[:d:Property:P12708|Gentoo GURU package ID]], [[:d:Property:P12709|TheLegacy ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is ontological root of|is ontological root of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;forms the root element of the ontology&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/located in the Islamic territorial entity|located in the Islamic territorial entity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the item is located on the territory of the following Islamic entity.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/last appearance|last appearance]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Perlego ID|Perlego ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bokkilden ID|Bokkilden ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wardah Books ID|Wardah Books ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Palula dictionary ID|Palula dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Virtual Russian Museum artist ID|Virtual Russian Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pushkin Museum artist ID|Pushkin Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLR editions|NLR editions]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dhliz film ID|Dhliz film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dhliz TV series ID|Dhliz TV series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/glubinka.by|glubinka.by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Azerbaijani National Assembly ID|Azerbaijani National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Explanatory Ukrainian Dictionary ID|Explanatory Ukrainian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Transfermarkt competition ID|Transfermarkt competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quranic Semantic Search word ID|Quranic Semantic Search word ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Folkets lexikon ID|Folkets lexikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grand Theft Wiki ID|Grand Theft Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID|Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Australian Oxford Dictionary ID|Australian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID|Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lille norske leksikon-ID|Lille norske leksikon-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID|The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase &amp; Fable ID|Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase &amp; Fable ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID|The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GOG product ID|GOG product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex.Music track ID|Yandex.Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WiiG.de developer ID|WiiG.de developer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WiiG.de publisher ID|WiiG.de publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Dictionary of the Contemporary Ukrainian Language ID|Comprehensive Dictionary of the Contemporary Ukrainian Language ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary ID|The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Oxford Dictionary ID|Canadian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/promodj album ID|promodj album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID|The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arkitekturguide for Nord-Norge og Svalbard ID|Arkitekturguide for Nord-Norge og Svalbard ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/person ID in MNAHA|person ID in MNAHA]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/A2SF Indigenous Performers Arts Alliance (IPAA) Members living, working or from Canada]
** [https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3Fq%20%3FqLabel%20%28COUNT%28%3Fperson%29%20AS%20%3Fcount%29%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%3Fq%20wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279%2a%20wd%3AQ52085914.%0A%20%20%3Fperson%20wdt%3AP69%20%3Fq.%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22.%20%7D%0A%7D%0AGROUP%20BY%20%3Fq%20%3FqLabel%0AORDER%20BY%20DESC%28%3Fcount%29 Schools of magic by numbers of students]
* Schema examples: [https://w.wiki/9$$N List of roles played by siblings]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:KrBot/Lost links|Lost links]] - (New editor removed sitelink and did not reconnect it)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q3050361|Mister President (Q3050361)]] - novel written by Miguel Ángel Asturias 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1218418|Ordbokredaktør]] - (Bokmål; a literary version of Norwegian) appropriately, for Lexicographer.

''' Development '''
[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Gambling
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:04, 13 May 2024 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26759855 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #628 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt; This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-05-20. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Browse9ja_bot|Browse9ja Bot]] - Task: Automated data retrieval focusing on Nigerian / African-based information, integrating a chatbot, NLP API, knowledge graph, and machine learning model.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/DhlizBot|DhlizBot]] - Task: add Dhliz ID (P12696) for persons/films/TV series that exist in Dhliz (Q125594802) database.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/AmeisenBot_2|AmeisenBot 2]] - Task: Working on bot requests at WD:RBOT using [[d:Help:QS|QuickStatements]].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [[w:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-05-16/Op-Ed|Wikidata to split as sheer volume of information overloads infrastructure]], by [[d:User:Bluerasberry|Bluerasberry]]. &quot;The split will create a WikiCite graph separate from the main Wikidata graph. The main Wikidata graph will retain content of broader interest, including items for authors, journals, publishers, and anything with a page in a Wikimedia project.&quot;
** [https://pro.europeana.eu/post/learnings-from-ai-and-heritage-inclusive-metadata-requires-more-than-erasing-stereotyping-terms Learnings from AI and Heritage inclusive Metadata requires more than erasing stereotyping terms] - this article explores the presence of contentious terms in Wikidata labels.
** [https://www.library.upenn.edu/kislak/judaicadh/blog/wikibasecloudreconcile Reconciling Shira: Wikibase Cloud and OpenRefine] - as part of the Shira project to document and digitise Penn University's Jewish music collections, the author gives a step-by-step process on installing OpenRefine for Wikibase Cloud instances.
* Papers
** [https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0356-2.17 Camillo Carlo Pellizzari di San Girolamo, ''Storia della collaborazione tra Wikidata e le biblioteche della Rete URBE nel controllo di autorità'']. Abstract: &quot;The contribution draws a history of the presence of the identifiers of the authority records of the [[:d:Q72283418|URBE network libraries]] in Wikidata, and of the collaboration that has evolved since 2020 between the Wikidata community and the cataloguers of the URBE network libraries, relating to the harmonisation of these authority records with Wikidata and the improvement of the quality of the respective data. The first part of the contribution traces the main stages of collaboration in chronological order, while the second part of the contribution presents the main areas in which the collaboration materialises (or can materialise) in the daily authority work carried out by cataloguers in theme-based groupings&quot;.
** [https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613904.3642638 Using Open Data to Automatically Generate Localized Analogies]. Numerical analogies that translate unfamiliar measurements into familiar reference objects (e.g., “275k sq miles is roughly as large as Texas”). By &quot;Sofia Eleni Spatharioti, Daniel G. Goldstein, Jake M. Hofman&quot;
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7ke3gX5yy4 ¿Cómo contribuir masivamente a Wikidata con OpenRefine?] (Spanish) - As part of the Coordinate Me Campaign, this is a review of the OpenRefine tool for contributing large sets of data to Wikidata.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUHnhG_XEp0 Patrimoine spolié : le projet ProvEnhance] (French) - A seminae on the looted heritage project on the Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium. At timestamp: 55:02 onwards, Wikibase is discussed as a platform to host the Looted Heritage and Provenance research project.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wikidatas-genderstats Wikidata GenderStats] measures gender bias at the user level by computing stats on created items.
* [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wikidatas-list-of-created-items Created items] : a list of items created by a user with labels. This not new but this has been repaired.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Wikimedia Deutschland job opening: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/45182702/Project-Manager-Machine-Learning?jobDbPVId=127236332&amp;l=en Project Manager Machine Learning, Wikidata]. Application deadline: Apply until 26.05.2024

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12712|population by native language]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;native language population of a place&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12714|tartan]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item's tartan; Tartan is a Scottish cloth pattern symbolizing a clan, region, or group.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12683|‎FilmVandaag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12684|FBW ID]], [[:d:Property:P12685|Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Property:P12688|Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12689|PitchBook profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12690|New Oxford American Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12691|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID]], [[:d:Property:P12695|‎Gentoo Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12696|Dhliz ID]], [[:d:Property:P12697|RAG ID]], [[:d:Property:P12698|‎The Sounds Resource game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12699|The Lost Media Wiki page ID]], [[:d:Property:P12700|Cbonds company profile]], [[:d:Property:P12701|Iconoteca dell'Accademia di architettura ID]], [[:d:Property:P12702|Kōmako author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12704|urban area census code]], [[:d:Property:P12705|The Law Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Property:P12706|CDC Stacks ID]], [[:d:Property:P12707|Authority file of the Iraqi Authors]], [[:d:Property:P12708|Gentoo GURU package ID]], [[:d:Property:P12709|TheLegacy game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12710|Explanatory Ukrainian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12711|Grand Theft Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12713|Folkets lexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12715|Pushkin Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12716|Virtual Russian Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12717|LGD Block Code]], [[:d:Property:P12718|Australian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12719|ICPE establishment ID]], [[:d:Property:P12720|case number (mainland China)]], [[:d:Property:P12721|Lille norske leksikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12722|WiiG.de developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12723|WiiG.de publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12724|The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12725|Azerbaijani National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Property:P12726|Canadian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12727|‎GOG product ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is ontological root of|is ontological root of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;forms the root element of the ontology&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/located in the Islamic territorial entity|located in the Islamic territorial entity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the item is located on the territory of the following Islamic entity.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/address of addressee|address of addressee]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;address of the address e.g. on a postcard&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheaterEncyclopedie ID|TheaterEncyclopedie ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;An item of the TheaterEncyclopedie&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator|relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;relation to the SDGs&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/taxon synonym of|taxon synonym of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item (considered a preferred name according to a given reference) of which this taxon name is a synonym - the new property will be the inverse property of {{P|1420}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/last appearance|last appearance]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Perlego ID|Perlego ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bokkilden ID|Bokkilden ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wardah Books ID|Wardah Books ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Palula dictionary ID|Palula dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLR editions|NLR editions]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/glubinka.by|glubinka.by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Transfermarkt competition ID|Transfermarkt competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID|Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID|Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID|The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase &amp; Fable ID|Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase &amp; Fable ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID|The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex.Music track ID|Yandex.Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Dictionary of the Contemporary Ukrainian Language ID|Comprehensive Dictionary of the Contemporary Ukrainian Language ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/promodj album ID|promodj album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID|The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arkitekturguide for Nord-Norge og Svalbard ID|Arkitekturguide for Nord-Norge og Svalbard ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/person ID in MNAHA|person ID in MNAHA]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New Oxford Rhyming Dictionary ID|New Oxford Rhyming Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archnet authority ID|Archnet authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nintendo Life game ID|Nintendo Life game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Push Square game ID|Push Square game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pure Xbox game ID|Pure Xbox game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Global Egyptian Museum ID|Global Egyptian Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheLegacy company ID|TheLegacy company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Historic Synagogues of Europe ID|Historic Synagogues of Europe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IAFD actor UUID|IAFD actor UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Hungarian archaeology ID|Database of Hungarian archaeology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages ID|The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zoraptera Species File taxon ID|Zoraptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dermaptera Species File taxon ID|Dermaptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plecoptera Species File taxon ID|Plecoptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grylloblattodea Species File taxon ID|Grylloblattodea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mantophasmatodea Species File taxon ID|Mantophasmatodea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka ID|Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vehicle keeper marking / VKM|vehicle keeper marking / VKM]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Dictionary of English ID|Oxford Dictionary of English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Embioptera Species File taxon ID|Embioptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Isoptera Species File taxon ID|Isoptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aphid Species File taxon ID|Aphid Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coleorrhyncha Species File taxon ID|Coleorrhyncha Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD Subdistrict Code|LGD Subdistrict Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PLC (Primary Location Code)|PLC (Primary Location Code)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sinhala Cinema Database ID|Sinhala Cinema Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD District Code|LGD District Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD Village Code|LGD Village Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD State or UT Code|LGD State or UT Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Slovenski etymološki slovar ID|Slovenski etymološki slovar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korrespondenzen der Frühromantik|Korrespondenzen der Frühromantik]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bundes-Klinik-Atlas Hospital ID|Bundes-Klinik-Atlas Hospital ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jedipedia.net ID|Jedipedia.net ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JJM Habitation id|JJM Habitation id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/McDonald's US product|McDonald's US product]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Justapedia|Justapedia]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atarimuseum ID|Atarimuseum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PNG School Code|PNG School Code]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/A5AC A map with locations of Pablo Picasso works] - ([https://twitter.com/kavango/status/1790303326925467734 source])
** [https://w.wiki/A6t2 Descendants of King Antso III] ([https://twitter.com/kavango/status/1790731138979246514 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject MELA on Palestine|MELA on Palestine]] - The Wiki project page for the Middle East Librarians Association (MELA) work group on Palestine.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India Aviation|India Aviation]] - A usergroup focused on airports in India
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Complex constraint violations|Complex constraint violations]] (list of Properties)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q2345|12 Angry Men (Q2345)]] - 1957 drama film by Sidney Lumet
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1223420|panneband (L1223420)]] - means &quot;headband&quot; in Nynorsk

''' Development '''
* We have completed the preparation work to migrate the Query Builder's front end from Wikit to Codex ([[phab:T360096]])
* We also continued work on the EntitySchema data type and refining the CI flow for EntitySchemas ([[phab:T362000]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]:
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:26, 21 මැයි 2024 (යූටීසී)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26774381 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #629 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt; This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-05-27. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/ELMCIPBot|ELMCIPBot]] - Task: Import records from [[d:Q113705072|ELMCIP Knowledge Base]] (Q113705072) as part of the Wikidata WikiProject [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Digital_Narratives|Digital Narratives]]
* New request for oversight: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Oversight/KonstantinaG07|KonstantinaG07]] - RfP scheduled to end 8 June 2024 16:09 (UTC)

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call May 28, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Call on Tuesday, 28 May, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET (Time zone converter). Please join us for a community discussion on  the LCCN Wikidata Bot with Mary Campany, Steven Folsom, and Matt Miller. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/HLLLF5JO4DS44Z5ABRJQ745FFZ5VECMV/ 2024-05-28: Wikidata Affinity Group Call Agenda]
* [https://wikimedia.es/coordinate-me-2024-concurso-wikidata-sobre-contenidos-localizables/ Coordinate Me 2024] (Spanish): An international Wikidata competition around geolocation content, from towns, hospitals, public art and natural monuments to improve or create Wikidata elements with a coordinate location (P625) in focus countries. Contest ends 31 May 2024.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://stefanbohacek.com/blog/making-a-map-of-unesco-world-heritage-sites/ Using Wikidata (and Mapbox) to make a UNESCO World Heritage Sites map] Stefan Bohacek documents a follow and code along project to make a map displaying UNESCO World Heritage sites on a Mapbox, fuelled by Wikidata.
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/05/18/ld42023-iii-the-examples-libraries-using-wikidata/ Libraries using Wikidata: 11 examples] - following on from the previous [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/12/13/ld42023-part-i-the-future-of-wikidata-libraries-a-workshop/ post], this Diff blog highlights 11 projects where Libraries and Librarians are using Wikidata in their projects.
** [https://www.bobdc.com/blog/querywatchmovies Use SPARQL to query for movies, then watch them] Bob DuCharme inspired by [https://wikiflix.toolforge.org/#/ WikiFlix] demonstrates how SPARQL queries can be used to find YouTube-hosted media content entered in Wikidata to curate your next Watchlist. 
** [https://motherbrain.ai/enhancing-knowledge-graphs-with-llms-a-novel-approach-to-keyword-extraction-and-synonym-merging-3b76b3813a54 Enhancing KG's with LLM's]: A novel approach to keyword extraction and synonym merging. This blog post shows an example of using a Wikidata subgraph with AI to discover new connections and relationships.
* Papers
** [https://www.semantic-web-journal.net/content/rqss-referencing-quality-scoring-system-wikidata-1 RQSS: Referencing Quality Scoring System for Wikidata] - The authors show how RQSS framework can be applied to Wikidata subsets to qualify Reference Quality. By S. Beghaeiraveri, A.Gray &amp; F. McNeill.
** [https://www.b-i-t-online.de/heft/2024-03-fachbeitrag-labusch.pdf Automatisierte semantische Anreicherung von historischen Texten: Erkennung und Verknüpfung von Entitäten mit Wikidata und Wikipedia] (German) - The paper discusses using AI and Wikipedia and Wikidata as Knowledge Graphs to identify, classify and link entities from the Berlin State Library.
** [https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.1103/ ParaNames 1.0: Creating an Entity Name Corpus for 400+ Languages Using Wikidata] - ParaNames is a multilingual parallel name resource consisting of 140 million names spanning over 400 languages. Names are provided for 16.8 million entities, and each entity is mapped from a complex type hierarchy to a standard type (PER/LOC/ORG). Using Wikidata as a source, the authors created the largest resource of this type to date.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHssxXLW558 FOSSGIS 2024 Das Zusammenspiel von Wikidata, Wikipedia und OpenStreetMap] (German) - A presentation of ​​what tags are present in OpenStreetMap that connects to Wikidata and Wikipedia.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ln5JMY5ppfw IWD Inspire Inclusion Campaign English Wikidata Training] - Rhoda James gives an introduction to Wikidata, its principles and common misconceptions and how to begin editing.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[w:Wikipedia:WE-Framework|Wikipedia:WE-Framework]]: WE-Framework is a tool developed by Sergey Vladimirov that allows editing related Wikidata elements in an article without having to go to Wikidata. When you save your Wikidata edit, it will reference the utility in the edit summary.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Wikimedia Deutschland is looking for a [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/45182702/Machine-Learning-Project-Manager-?jobDbPVId=127535112&amp;l=en machine learning project manager] to make it easier to use Wikidata's data in machine learning settings.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12686|category for births in this time period]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;category item for people who born in this time period&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12687|category for deaths in this time period]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;category item for people who died in this time period&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12692|representation type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;property to indicate the representation type as a qualifier for Wikimedia Commons SDC Depicts statements of such Wikidata items&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12693|source of transfer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity that a transferred item is initially associated with, before this process associates it with another entity&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12694|destination of transfer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity that a transferred item comes to be associated with as a result of this process&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12703|LombardiaBeniCulturali collection ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ID of a collection on lombardiabeniculturali.it&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12712|population by native language]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;native language population of a place&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12714|tartan]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item's tartan; Tartan is a Scottish cloth pattern symbolizing a clan, region, or group.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12683|‎FilmVandaag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12684|FBW ID]], [[:d:Property:P12685|Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Property:P12688|Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12689|PitchBook profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12690|New Oxford American Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12691|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID]], [[:d:Property:P12695|‎Gentoo Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12696|Dhliz ID]], [[:d:Property:P12697|RAG ID]], [[:d:Property:P12698|‎The Sounds Resource game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12699|The Lost Media Wiki page ID]], [[:d:Property:P12700|Cbonds company profile]], [[:d:Property:P12701|Iconoteca dell'Accademia di architettura ID]], [[:d:Property:P12702|Kōmako author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12704|urban area census code]], [[:d:Property:P12705|The Law Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Property:P12706|CDC Stacks ID]], [[:d:Property:P12707|Authority file of the Iraqi Authors]], [[:d:Property:P12708|Gentoo GURU package ID]], [[:d:Property:P12709|TheLegacy game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12710|Explanatory Ukrainian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12711|Grand Theft Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12713|Folkets lexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12715|Pushkin Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12716|Virtual Russian Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12717|LGD Block Code]], [[:d:Property:P12718|Australian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12719|ICPE establishment ID]], [[:d:Property:P12720|case number (mainland China)]], [[:d:Property:P12721|Lille norske leksikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12722|WiiG.de developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12723|WiiG.de publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12724|The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12725|Azerbaijani National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Property:P12726|Canadian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12727|‎GOG product ID]], [[:d:Property:P12728|Archnet authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12729|Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase &amp; Fable ID]], [[:d:Property:P12730|Comprehensive Dictionary of the Contemporary Ukrainian Language ID]], [[:d:Property:P12731|Archaeological investigations in Hungary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12732|Global Egyptian Museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P12733|Historic Synagogues of Europe ID]], [[:d:Property:P12734|TheLegacy company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12735|Nintendo Life game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12736|Push Square game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12737|Pure Xbox game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12738|Palula dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12739|Oxford Dictionary of English entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12740|Slovenian Etymological Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12741|‎Jedipedia.net ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/last appearance|last appearance]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;last work featuring a fictional character or item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is ontological root of|is ontological root of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;forms the root element of the ontology&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/located in the Islamic territorial entity|located in the Islamic territorial entity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the item is located on the territory of the following Islamic entity.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/address of addressee|address of addressee]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;address of the address e.g. on a postcard&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheaterEncyclopedie ID|TheaterEncyclopedie ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;An item of the TheaterEncyclopedie&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator|relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;indicates a relation between the subject and the SDGs or one of the components&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/taxon synonym of|taxon synonym of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item (considered a preferred name according to a given reference) of which this taxon name is a synonym - the new property will be the inverse property of {{P|1420}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Competitor|Competitor]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Competitors in game shows&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/basionym of|basionym of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this taxon name is a basionym (original name, for botanical and similar items) - inverse property of {{P|566}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/land acknowledgement|land acknowledgement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/protonym of|protonym of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this taxon name is a protonym (original name, for zoological taxa) - inverse property of {{P|1403}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/replaced synonym of|replaced synonym of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item which replaced this taxon name (now only a synonym) - inverse property of {{P|694}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/student count by gender|student count by gender]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;I think there should be a way to document the number of students at a university by their gender, as data for student counts (at least if they come from GENESIS Online - german universities) contain that data divided in male and female students. I think it would make more sense to implement that as a qualifier for {{P|2196}} than implementing it as a new property as that wouldn't make old data obsolete, but also it could interfere with tools that retrieve that data automated and are then confused by having multiple counts at the same time.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has semantic role|has semantic role]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item that describes a role in an event class&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Perlego ID|Perlego ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bokkilden ID|Bokkilden ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wardah Books ID|Wardah Books ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLR editions|NLR editions]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/glubinka.by|glubinka.by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Transfermarkt competition ID|Transfermarkt competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID|Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID|Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID|The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID|The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex.Music track ID|Yandex.Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/promodj album ID|promodj album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID|The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arkitekturguide for Nord-Norge og Svalbard ID|Arkitekturguide for Nord-Norge og Svalbard ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/person ID in MNAHA|person ID in MNAHA]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New Oxford Rhyming Dictionary ID|New Oxford Rhyming Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IAFD actor UUID|IAFD actor UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages ID|The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zoraptera Species File taxon ID|Zoraptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dermaptera Species File taxon ID|Dermaptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plecoptera Species File taxon ID|Plecoptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grylloblattodea Species File taxon ID|Grylloblattodea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mantophasmatodea Species File taxon ID|Mantophasmatodea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka ID|Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vehicle keeper marking / VKM|vehicle keeper marking / VKM]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Embioptera Species File taxon ID|Embioptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Isoptera Species File taxon ID|Isoptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aphid Species File taxon ID|Aphid Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coleorrhyncha Species File taxon ID|Coleorrhyncha Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD Subdistrict Code|LGD Subdistrict Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PLC (Primary Location Code)|PLC (Primary Location Code)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sinhala Cinema Database ID|Sinhala Cinema Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD District Code|LGD District Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD Village Code|LGD Village Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD State or UT Code|LGD State or UT Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korrespondenzen der Frühromantik|Korrespondenzen der Frühromantik]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bundes-Klinik-Atlas Hospital ID|Bundes-Klinik-Atlas Hospital ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JJM Habitation id|JJM Habitation id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/McDonald's US product|McDonald's US product]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Justapedia|Justapedia]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atarimuseum ID|Atarimuseum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PNG School Code|PNG School Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Filozofia jezuitów w Polsce w XX wieku ID|Filozofia jezuitów w Polsce w XX wieku ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Garner's Modern American Usage ID|Garner's Modern American Usage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Meurgorf historical dictionary|Meurgorf historical dictionary]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNARC ID|SNARC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/milog.co.il entry ID|milog.co.il entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Green's Dictionary of Slang (Oxford Reference) ID|Green's Dictionary of Slang (Oxford Reference) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/F.C. Copenhagen player id|F.C. Copenhagen player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player id|Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Milldatabase ID|Milldatabase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Biology ID|A Dictionary of Biology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association ID|Chinese Basketball Association ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WHO Country Database ID|WHO Country Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number (LLPIN) in India|Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number (LLPIN) in India]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/AA7J Birthplace of French Heads of State]
** [https://w.wiki/ACWE Films starring Cary Grant, directed by Howard Hughes, available on YouTube]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Solarpunk|Wikidata:WikiProject Solarpunk]] - aims to collects Wikidata Items ([[d:Q126087864|focus list]]) and supports the [[d:Q72206346|Solarpunk]] Movement. 
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Items_without_labels|Items without Labels]] - explore Wikidata Items that are missing a Label. This list is handy for finding abandoned, incomplete or vandalised Items. 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q23565|Hessischer Rundfunk (Q23565)]] - German public broadcaster 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1221007|L1221007]] - Nynorsk noun, translates to &quot;a spy ring&quot;

''' Development '''
* EntitySchemas: We continued work on the new datatype for linking to EntitySchemas in statements. We focused on the input so it shows the label of the EntitySchema when entering the ID. Search by label and aliases will follow. ([[phab:T362004]])
* Wikibase REST API:
** We looked into how to improve error messages.
** We wrapped up the route for modifying the data of a Property. ([[phab:T347394]]
** We are nearing the finish line for the route for creating a new Item. ([[phab:T342990]])
** We are continuing work on the route for modifying an Item. ([[phab:T342993]])
* Developer advocacy: We are collecting content for a new landing page for developers who want to build applications with Wikidata's data.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]:
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:13, 27 මැයි 2024 (යූටීසී)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26774381 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #630 ==

&lt;languages/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' &lt;translate&gt; Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt; This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-06-03. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].&lt;/translate&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;translate&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/The_Squirrel_Conspiracy|The Squirrel Conspiracy]] - RfP scheduled to end after 9 June 2024 06:47 (UTC).
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/TongcyBot|TongcyBot]] - Task: Linking the Chinese and English Wiktionary, specifically in categories using Template:auto cat, and pages in the Template, Module, Appendix, Reconstruction, and Rhymes namespaces. 
* Open request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/IliasChoumaniBot|IliasChoumaniBot]] - Task: Automatic updating of data from JSON files on German scientists.
* Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/IP_Masking_Engagement|IP Masking Engagement]] - The RfC was closed due to inactivity. Discussions are still welcomed on Meta.
&lt;/translate&gt;

&lt;translate&gt;
''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* [[:it:Wikipedia:Raduni/Raduni_in_Sicilia_2024#Laboratorio_Wikidata_all’università_di_Catania,_14_giugno|Wikidata workshop at the university of Catania, Sicily, Italy]], on June 14th.
* [[d:Wikidata:Events/Lexicodays 2024|Lexicodays 2024]], June 28-30, online event dedicated to Lexicographical Data on Wikidata with a focus on languages of Indonesia. Proposals for the program open until June 20th.
&lt;/translate&gt;

&lt;translate&gt;
''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://rtnf.substack.com/p/deploying-wikidatalite-into-toolforge Deploying Wikidatalite into Toolforge] - This article explains the deployment process of Wikidatalite into the Toolforge platform. This tool is now available at [https://wdlite.toolforge.org wdlite.toolforge.org].
** (fr) [[:w:fr:Wikip%C3%A9dia:RAW/2024-06-01#Focus|Wikidata and the missing data]] : discussion in French about missing data in Wikidata 
** (fr) [[:w:fr:Wikip%C3%A9dia:RAW/2024-06-01#ontologie|Sous-classe ou instance de ? Comprenons nous l'ontologie de Wikidata ?]], discussion in French about &quot;Evidence of large-scale conceptual disarray in multi-level taxonomies in Wikidata&quot; 
* Papers
** [https://raco.cat/index.php/Hipertext/article/view/421072/523553 Taxonomies and Ontologies in Wikipedia and Wikidata:] In-Depth Examination of Knowledge Organization Systems. This paper explores the Knowledge Organisation System (KOS) of Wikipedia, Wikidata and gender-related biases contained within. By M. Centelles &amp; N.Ferran-Ferrer.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8O0hbJvBxw&amp;t=7815s BHL Day 2024 | Year of the Cicada: Buzzing with 17 Years of Biodiversity Achievements] - talk by Siobhan about her biodiversity work.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qlCdnqFssw Contributing to Wikidata - African Library Activism Month] - Jesse Asiedu-Akrofi provides a tutorial on the characreristics of Wikidata and how Librarians can contribute.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOqomQ3pMIc Learning Clinic: Wiktionary &amp; Lexemes on Wikidata] - this clinic co-hosted by Taufik Rosman and Sadik Shahadu of Wikimedia User Groups Malaysia and Dagbani respectively.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEbYf5S8_XU ¿Cómo convertir la edición de Wikidata en un juego?] (Spanish) - [[:w::es:Usuario:Piracalamina|User:Piracalamina]] and [[:w:es:Usuario:Jmmuguerza|User:Jmmuguerza]] show in this Wikitools how to create a API to add your own themed game to The Distributed Game. 
* Miscellaneous
** [https://vuejsexamples.com/wiquizz-a-game-generator-powered-by-nuxt-content-and-sparql-queries-from-wikidata/ Wiquizz] a quiz generator based on Wikidata and Query.wikidata.org
&lt;/translate&gt;

&lt;translate&gt;
''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://wikitwister.com/ WikiTwister] - RoloWiki: Replace the interwiki links of a Wikipedia article with a pop-up card full of useful Wikidata, &amp; Wikidata Quick Dip: Browse the Wikidata properties used by the pages in a category.
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;
''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [[:commons:Template:Wikidata Infobox|Wikidata Infobox]] is now [[:commons:Category:Uses of Wikidata Infobox|used by over 5 million Commons categories]].
* [[:d:Wikidata:Tools/Potential gadgets|Wikidata:Tools/Potential gadgets]] is a new page where you can propose to turn CSS and JS scripts into gadgets, so that the can be activated from Preferences instead of through user common.css and common.js pages.
* Wikimedia Deutschland is looking for a [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/44701437/Head-of-Product-Strategy-d-f-m-?jobDbPVId=129265287&amp;l=en Head of Product Strategy] and a [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/45238187/Senior-Software-Engineer-Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Projects-m-f-d-?jobDbPVId=127502927&amp;l=en Senior Software Engineer].
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;
''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P12703|LombardiaBeniCulturali collection ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ID of a collection on lombardiabeniculturali.it&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12712|population by native language]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;native language population of a place&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12714|tartan]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item's tartan; Tartan is a Scottish cloth pattern symbolizing a clan, region, or group.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12763|taxon synonym of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;''(without English description)''&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12764|replaced synonym of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item which replaced this taxon name (now only a synonym) - inverse property of replaced synonym (for nom. nov.) (P694)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12765|protonym of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this taxon name is a protonym (original name, for zoological taxa) - inverse property of original combination&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12766|basionym of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this taxon name is a basionym (original name, for botanical and similar items) - inverse property of basionym (P566)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12696|Dhliz ID]], [[:d:Property:P12697|RAG ID]], [[:d:Property:P12698|‎The Sounds Resource game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12699|The Lost Media Wiki page ID]], [[:d:Property:P12700|Cbonds company profile]], [[:d:Property:P12701|Iconoteca dell'Accademia di architettura ID]], [[:d:Property:P12702|Kōmako author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12704|urban area census code]], [[:d:Property:P12705|The Law Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Property:P12706|CDC Stacks ID]], [[:d:Property:P12707|Authority file of the Iraqi Authors]], [[:d:Property:P12708|Gentoo GURU package ID]], [[:d:Property:P12709|TheLegacy game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12710|Explanatory Ukrainian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12711|Grand Theft Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12713|Folkets lexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12715|Pushkin Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12716|Virtual Russian Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12717|LGD Block Code]], [[:d:Property:P12718|Australian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12719|ICPE establishment ID]], [[:d:Property:P12720|WIPO Lex ID]], [[:d:Property:P12721|Lille norske leksikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12722|WiiG.de developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12723|WiiG.de publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12724|The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12725|Azerbaijani National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Property:P12726|Canadian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12727|‎GOG product ID]], [[:d:Property:P12728|Archnet authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12729|Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase &amp; Fable ID]], [[:d:Property:P12730|Comprehensive Dictionary of the Contemporary Ukrainian Language ID]], [[:d:Property:P12731|Archaeological investigations in Hungary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12732|Global Egyptian Museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P12733|Historic Synagogues of Europe ID]], [[:d:Property:P12734|TheLegacy company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12735|Nintendo Life game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12736|Push Square game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12737|Pure Xbox game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12738|Palula dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12739|Oxford Dictionary of English entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12740|Slovenian Etymological Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12741|‎Jedipedia.net ID]], [[:d:Property:P12742|Bundes-Klinik-Atlas hospital ID]], [[:d:Property:P12743|Atarimuseum ID]], [[:d:Property:P12744|Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka ID]], [[:d:Property:P12745|LGD Village Code]], [[:d:Property:P12746|LGD District Code]], [[:d:Property:P12747|LGD State or UT Code]], [[:d:Property:P12748|LGD Subdistrict Code]], [[:d:Property:P12749|SNARC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12750|Dermaptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12751|Embioptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12752|Isoptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12753|Zoraptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12754|Bildindex der Kunst und Architektur PID]], [[:d:Property:P12755|Garner's Modern American Usage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12756|Artcena ID]], [[:d:Property:P12757|Islamic Art and Architecture ID]], [[:d:Property:P12758|Transfermarkt competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12759|Sinhala Cinema artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12760|Sinhala Cinema film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12761|Meurgorf identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12762|milog.co.il entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12767|Aphid Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12768|Grylloblattodea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12769|Mantophasmatodea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12770|Plecoptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12771|Coleorrhyncha Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12772|‎Milldatabase ID]], [[:d:Property:P12773|New Oxford Rhyming Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12774|A Dictionary of Biology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12775|Dictionary of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Property:P12776|IAFD actor UUID]], [[:d:Property:P12777|F.C. Copenhagen player id]], [[:d:Property:P12778|Norwegian prisoner of war camp ID]], [[:d:Property:P12779|Arkitekturguide for Nord-Norge og Svalbard ID]], [[:d:Property:P12780|Korrespondenzen der Frühromantik person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12781|Korrespondenzen der Frühromantik work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12782|Filozofia jezuitów w Polsce w XX wieku ID]], [[:d:Property:P12783|PLC (primary location code)]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/last appearance|last appearance]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;last work featuring a fictional character or item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is ontological root of|is ontological root of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;forms the root element of the ontology&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/located in the Islamic territorial entity|located in the Islamic territorial entity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the item is located on the territory of the following Islamic entity.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/address of addressee|address of addressee]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;address of the address e.g. on a postcard&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheaterEncyclopedie ID|TheaterEncyclopedie ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;An item of the TheaterEncyclopedie&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator|relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;indicates a relation between the subject and the SDGs or one of the components&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/student count by gender|student count by gender]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;I think there should be a way to document the number of students at a university by their gender, as data for student counts (at least if they come from GENESIS Online - german universities) contain that data divided in male and female students. I think it would make more sense to implement that as a qualifier for {{P|2196}} than implementing it as a new property as that wouldn't make old data obsolete, but also it could interfere with tools that retrieve that data automated and are then confused by having multiple counts at the same time.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has semantic role|has semantic role]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item that describes a role in an event class&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/model for (2)|model for (2)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;what the subject is a conceptual or scientific model/theory for&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dynasty|Dynasty]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a monarchy or imperial system but sometimes also appearing in republics. A dynasty can be used to describe the time period in which a person lived, an event happened, a work was created, or a place existed.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/showrunner|showrunner]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person who is responsible for the day-to-day operation of a television show&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/antonomasia|antonomasia]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;epithet or phrase that takes the place of a proper name&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/screen size|screen size]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Size of a display screen as measured along the diagonal&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLR editions|NLR editions]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/glubinka.by|glubinka.by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cerist journal ID|Cerist journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soldatregisteret ID|Soldatregisteret ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID|Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID|Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID|The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID|The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/promodj album ID|promodj album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID|The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/person ID in MNAHA|person ID in MNAHA]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vehicle keeper marking / VKM|vehicle keeper marking / VKM]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JJM Habitation id|JJM Habitation id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Justapedia|Justapedia]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PNG School Code|PNG School Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Green's Dictionary of Slang (Oxford Reference) ID|Green's Dictionary of Slang (Oxford Reference) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player id|Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association ID|Chinese Basketball Association ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WHO Country Database ID|WHO Country Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number (LLPIN) in India|Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number (LLPIN) in India]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Zoology ID|A Dictionary of Zoology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SALDO sense ID|SALDO sense ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flown From The Nest person id|Flown From The Nest person id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Online Swahili - English Dictionary ID|Online Swahili - English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Téarma ID|Téarma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IMAIOS entity ID|IMAIOS entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic ID|Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Plant Sciences ID|A Dictionary of Plant Sciences ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Seret film ID|Seret film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford American Thesaurus ID|Pocket Oxford American Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Paperback Thesaurus ID|Oxford Paperback Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Orthoptera Species File taxon ID|Orthoptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CAMRA Experience pub ID|CAMRA Experience pub ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Spanish Dictionary: English-Spanish ID|Pocket Oxford Spanish Dictionary: English-Spanish ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paleobiology Database ID for this journal article|Paleobiology Database ID for this journal article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Naturalis Repository ID|Naturalis Repository ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Te Aka Māori Dictionary ID|Te Aka Māori Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/He Pātaka Kupu ID|He Pātaka Kupu ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oqaasersiorfik ID|Oqaasersiorfik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Greenlandic-English Dictionary ID|Greenlandic-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/poblesdecatalunya.cat identifier|poblesdecatalunya.cat identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/广播电视播出机构许可证编号|广播电视播出机构许可证编号]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Vikidia ID|Vikidia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/This Is Basketball player ID|This Is Basketball player ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
* [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]:

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;
''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/AGtT Mountains with a height over 7000m] - display on a map. Adjust the P:elevation above sea level to widen or narrow the search.
** [https://w.wiki/AFEE Find Items that share an Identifier] - this query has identified a possible duplicate by matching P5696 - Indian Railways Station Code.
** [https://w.wiki/AGts Who has worked with this Celebrity?] - this query looks for co-stars, colleagues and co-actors of Seth Rogen. Adjust this value for other celebrities or professionals.
* Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E426|Tamkang University location]] - building and location entities associated with Tamkang University, Taiwan.
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Timna_Valley|Timna Valley]] - a community project on the [[d:Q1973199|Timna Valley]] archaelogical site.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Gadget_usage_statistics|Gadget usage statistics]] - find out which gadgets are used the most and perhaps find something new.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q1496|Ferdinand Magellan]] - 15th Century Portugese explorer who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the Globe (despite his death in the Philippines). 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1883|Be]] - The english copular verb that helps express all of existence.
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;
''' Development '''
* EntitySchemas: [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/J7CPPEU3T6OACGVSLFPF7VKC5R4HKR2C/ The new EntitySchema data type is ready for testing on Test Wikidata]
* Wikibase REST API:
** We finished the route for modifying the data of an Item ([[phab:T342993]])
** We finished the route for modifying the data of a Property ([[phab:T347394]])
** We continued working on the route for creating an Item ([[phab:T342990]])
* We fixed an issue where IDs were shown for badges and after editing a statement. The fix will be rolled out this week. ([[phab:T366236]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;
''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php Gambling]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:00, 03 June 2024 (UTC)'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26861668 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #631 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt; This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-06-10. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Kadı|Kadı]] - RfP scheduled to end after 14 June 2024 17:51 (UTC) 
* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/The_Squirrel_Conspiracy|The Squirrel Conspiracy]] - Closed as successful. Welcome back Squirrel!
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/MDanielsBot_2|MDanielsBot 2]] Task(s) - Replace translations of descriptions and labels.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/TapuriaBot|TapuriaBot]] Task(s) - interwiki
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Skybristol_bot|Skybristol bot]] Task(s) - Flesh out mapping of DOI provider orgs to WD orgs, syncing DOI prefix values.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/EpidòseosBot|EpidòseosBot]] Task(s) - improve incomplete references to [[:d:Q36578|GND]] for [[:d:Property:P21|sex / gender]]; add new references containing [[:d:Property:P227|GND ID]] for [[:d:Property:P21|sex / gender]] when the property has no references containing [[:d:Property:P248|stated in]].

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call June 11, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Call on Tuesday, 11 June, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718121600 Time zone converter]). Please join us for a community discussion on SMALL GLAM SLAM Pilot 1 with Ismael Olea. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1%20xbhGb5KMsUCvqDTq2ZugXlpTY74sYoDqGl6GdOIoGw/edit Link to agenda.]
* [[m:Celtic_Knot_Conference_2024|Celtic Knot Wikimedia Conference]], September 25-27, 2024 in Waterford City, Ireland. This conference usually hosts Wikidata-related sessions. You can now propose your contributions to the program until July 14th, and apply for a scholarship until June 30th ([[m:Talk:Celtic_Knot_Conference_2024#Celtic_Knot_Conference:_date,_proposal_for_the_program_and_scholarships|full announcement and links]])
* [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba conference 2024]], 4 - 6 October 2024 in Johannesburg, South Africa. This conference typically hosts Wikidata-related sessions. Program submissions 05 - 30 June 2024.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://commonists.wordpress.com/2024/06/07/100000-video-games-on-wikidata/ 100,000 video games on Wikidata] - Wikidata’s WikiProject Video games has just passed a major milestone: 100,000 video game (Q7889) items on Wikidata.
* Videos
** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7Nw0xPT1tw How to strengthen the public domain with Wikidata?] - This is a Spanish-speaking Wikitools workshop exploring Paulina (see: Tool of the Week), a search interface powered by Wikidata for finding and exploring author's and whether their works are in the public domain.
* Notebooks
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/radio-france-wikidata Radio France meets Wikidata 😘]: Extracting IDs from radio France and matching them with Wikidata using P10780 property
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wikidatas-analytics-for-radio-frances-podcasts Wikidata's analytics for Radio France's podcasts]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://paulina.toolforge.org/ Paulina: Data for the Public Domain] - Explore the cultural heritage of humanity. Search Paulina by author and discover if they have freely accessible works in the Public Domain.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Propose to transform an existing CSS or Javascript script (i.e. scripts that you can enable in your common.css and common.js pages) into a gadget: [[d:Wikidata:Tools/Potential gadgets|Wikidata:Tools/Potential gadgets]]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12795|showrunner]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person who is responsible for the day-to-day operation of a television show&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12784|Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12785|Orthoptera Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12786|Flown From the Nest person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12787|Online Swahili - English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12788|A Dictionary of Plant Sciences ID]], [[:d:Property:P12789|A Dictionary of Zoology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12790|A Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12791|Seret film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12792|Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number]], [[:d:Property:P12793|Paleobiology database reference ID]], [[:d:Property:P12794|PNG School Code]], [[:d:Property:P12796|Téarma ID]], [[:d:Property:P12797|IMAIOS entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P12798|Naturalis Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P12799|Pocket Oxford Spanish Dictionary: English-Spanish ID]], [[:d:Property:P12800|Vikidia ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Music mood|Music mood]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier carrying an emotion (mood) relevant to an audio recording (musical or not)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ecosystem type|ecosystem type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;type of ecosystem that the item represents&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Burgenwelt|Burgenwelt]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Burgenwelt; castles&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/construction time|construction time]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Construction time refers to the time which was needed to build a certain building, which sometimes took more than one year, especially in former times
| de = &lt;!-- Die Bauzeit bezieht sich auf die Zeit, die benötigt wurde, um ein Gebäude zu errichten, was manchmal länger, gerade früher, als ein Jahr brauchte --&gt;
&lt;!-- | xx = Beschreibungen in anderen Sprachen --&gt;
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nom dans la langue locale|Nom dans la langue locale]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YAMAP mountain ID|YAMAP mountain ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;YAMAP mountain ID&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: English-Irish ID|Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: English-Irish ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fowler’s Concise Dictionary of Modern English Usage ID|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary of Modern English Usage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MODI ID|MODI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/código del Inventario del Patrimonio Cultural de Castilla-La Mancha|código del Inventario del Patrimonio Cultural de Castilla-La Mancha]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AllGame style ID|AllGame style ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MoFo ID|MoFo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID|DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID|DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Farhang-i farsī ba rusī ID|Farhang-i farsī ba rusī ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FC Metz player id|FC Metz player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Spanish Dictionary: Spanish-English ID|Pocket Oxford Spanish Dictionary: Spanish-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/itch.io numeric ID|itch.io numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/produsent-ID hos Nasjonalmuseet|produsent-ID hos Nasjonalmuseet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Phasmida Species File taxon ID|Phasmida Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Psocodea Species File taxon ID|Psocodea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cockroach Species File taxon ID|Cockroach Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lygaeoidea Species File taxon ID|Lygaeoidea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/filmas.lv film ID|filmas.lv film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/filmas.lv studio ID|filmas.lv studio ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/filmas.lv person ID|filmas.lv person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa international sales agent ID|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa production company ID|Cineuropa production company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa distributor ID|Cineuropa distributor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID|Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tommaseo-Bellini Online ID|Tommaseo-Bellini Online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini ID|Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Elonet company ID|Elonet company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: Irish-English ID|Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: Irish-English ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/4dFR Average height of people named Joe]
** [https://w.wiki/4rGf Top 20 languages in number of Lexemes in Wikidata and percentage of Lexemes with at least one external ID]
** [https://w.wiki/ALrE Timeline of inception of Ghanaian universities]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Honoris Causa France|Honoris Causa France]] - aims to coordinate the actions carried out in terms of reporting the attributions of honorary doctorate ([[d:Q11415564|Q11415564]]) by French universities.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject HolyWells|HolyWells]] - aims to organize Items around Holy Wells.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject OghamStones|OghamStones]] - aims to organise Items around Ogham Stones
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Western Michigan University Libraries|Western Michigan University Libraries]] - used to gather Wikidata work being done at Western Michigan University Libraries.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Visibilizando el dominio público colombiano|Visibilizando el dominio público colombiano]] - to help the unique, permanent and visible identification, worldwide, of Colombian authors in the public domain, within the framework of Colombian legislation.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/Connectivity|Connectivity between Wikimedia projects]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q7227384|Pomona College (Q7227384)]] - private liberal arts college in Claremont, California, United States
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1122204|bustadmarknad (L1122204)]] - &quot;housing market&quot; in Nynorsk

''' Development '''
* The UnpatrolledEdits gadget now shows a notice when there are older and multiple unpatrolled edits, previously it only showed the notice when the most recent edit was unpatrolled. Please help translate the messages [[:d:MediaWiki:Gadget-UnpatrolledEdits-i18n.json|here]].
* Query Service: We are fixing a bug where no examples are shown in the example dialog ([[phab:T366871]])
* EntitySchemas: We have enabled the new datatype for testing on test.wikidata.org and are preparing the rollout to Wikidata ([[phab:T365686]])
* Item UI: We fixed an issue where labels were not shown for badges or after making an edit ([[phab:T366236]])
* Wikibase REST API: We have continued the work on the route for modifying the data of an Item ([[phab:T342993]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]:
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed_Abdulai_(WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|(Talk)]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:11, 10 ජූනි 2024 (යූටීසී)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26893899 --&gt;

== Weekly Summary #632 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt; This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-06-17.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
'''Discussions'''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Mdann52_bot|Mdann52 bot]] - Task(s): Updating [[d:Property:P2317|callsign]], [[d:Property:P2144|frequency]] and [[d:Property:P1400|FCC ID]] of US Radio Station items from FCC database.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/M2Ys4U-Bot|M2Ys4U-Bot]] - Task(s):  Import data about candidates standing for election in the [[d:Q78851988|2024 United Kingdom general election]].
'''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
* Looking ahead
** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Lexicodays_2024|Lexico Days 2024]] is coming up. June 28 - 30, there will be a packed programme of presentations, discussions and workshops on Lexicographical data. This is an online event.
** [https://ibcmadrid2024.com/index.php?seccion=scientificArea&amp;subSeccion=detailSubProgramme&amp;id=620&amp;idSub=3 Wikidata Workshop for Botanists] at the XX Intl. Botanical Congress, July 21 - 27, 2024, Madrid, Spain.

'''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
* Blogs
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/10/stories-from-the-anti-disinformation-repository-why-wikimedia-is-an-antidote-to-disinformation/ Diff Blog: Why Wikimedia (and Wikidata) is an antidote to disinformation] - Wiki Movimento Brasil discuss how Wikidata has equipped researchers, activists and the public the ability to safeguard truths about human rights abuses during the civic-military Brazilian dictatorship between 1964 - 1985.
** [https://www.calishat.com/2024/06/10/making-location-based-timelines-with-wikipedia-wikidata-and-mojeek/ Making location based timelines with Wikipedia, Wikidata and mojeek] - Tara Calishain of Calishat blog.
** (de) [https://www.wikimedia.de/20jahre/meilensteine/ 20 Years of WMDE] - scroll down the timeline and see what Wikimedia Deutschland has done in its 20 years of existence!
* Papers
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.03221 Linking Named Entities in Diderot's Encyclopédie to Wikidata] - This paper describes the annotation of more than 10,300 of the Encyclopédie entries with Wikidata identifiers enabling them to be connect to the graph of structured data.  By Piere Nugues.
** [https://aclanthology.org/2021.gwc-1.29/ Towards a linking between WordNet and Wikidata] - The authors propose linking the 2 described reosurces through hapax legomenon and natural language processing techniques to create new connections and uses. By J. McCrae &amp; D. Cillessen.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZB_5QiRjE8 WikiWednesday Webinar – Increasing Education &amp; Outreach through Wikidata &amp; the Wiki-Commons] - Victoria Stasiuk and Navino Evans of the Digital Literacy for GLAM show how museums and galleries have opened up their collections through Wikidata and Commons and increase education, outreach and volunteer engagement strategies.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbaDmB4gAVo What is Wikidata? How to use Wikidata?] - Asaf Bartov hosts this informative session on Wikidata at the Wikimania Singapore 2023. If you're attending Wikimania 2024, this session will prepare you for other Wikidata-related sessions.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPVgrFhkZYc Creating a Lexeme Database from Scratch] - The runup to Wikimania Katowice has begun. Refresh yourself for upcoming sessions with this Wikidata basics workshop hosted by Leon Liesener.
'''Tool of the week'''
* [https://service.tib.eu/ogt/map Gestapo.Terror.Places (in Lower Saxony 1933-1945)] - This app displays on a map of lower Saxony areas of interest or significance of the terror-related crimes of the Gestapo during WWII.
'''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
* A [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/June 2024 scaling update|new Wikidata Query Service scaling update has been published]]. It outlines the [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split/Rules|final set of rules for the WDQS graph split]].
* [https://programminglanguages.info/sitelinks-ranking/ Programming Languages ranked by Sitelinks in Wikidata]
'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P12795|showrunner]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person who is responsible for the day-to-day operation of a television show&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers:[[:d:Property:P12784|Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12785|Orthoptera Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12786|Flown From the Nest person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12787|Online Swahili - English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12788|A Dictionary of Plant Sciences ID]], [[:d:Property:P12789|A Dictionary of Zoology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12790|A Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12791|Seret film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12792|Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number]], [[:d:Property:P12793|Paleobiology database reference ID]], [[:d:Property:P12794|PNG School Code]], [[:d:Property:P12796|Téarma ID]], [[:d:Property:P12797|IMAIOS entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P12798|Naturalis Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P12799|English-Spanish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12800|Vikidia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12801|thisisbasketball.be player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12802|poblesdecatalunya.cat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12803|Oqaasersiorfik ID]], [[:d:Property:P12804|MNAHA person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12805|Greenlandic-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12806|Te Aka Māori Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12807|Tropicos person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12808|He Pātaka Kupu ID]], [[:d:Property:P12809|vehicle keeper marking (VKM)]], [[:d:Property:P12810|‎AllGame style ID]], [[:d:Property:P12811|FC Metz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12812|MoFo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12813|‎itch.io numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12814|filmas.lv film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12815|‎filmas.lv person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12816|‎filmas.lv studio ID]], [[:d:Property:P12817|Cockroach Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12818|Lygaeoidea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12819|Phasmida Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12820|Psocodea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12821|Spanish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12822|Norwegian National Museum producer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12823|‎Burgenwelt ID]], [[:d:Property:P12824|Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: Irish-English ID]], [[:d:Property:P12825|Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini ID]], [[:d:Property:P12826|Tommaseo-Bellini Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12827|danskfodbold.com player ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Music mood|Music mood]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier carrying an emotion (mood) relevant to an audio recording (musical or not)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ecosystem type|ecosystem type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;type of ecosystem that the item represents&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/construction time|construction time]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Construction time refers to the time which was needed to build a certain building, which sometimes took more than one year, especially in former times&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nom dans la langue locale|Nom dans la langue locale]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YAMAP mountain ID|YAMAP mountain ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;YAMAP mountain ID&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/coin edge|coin edge]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Coin edges may be plain (smooth) or patterned, or a combination of both. They can also include lettering.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ozone depletion potential|ozone depletion potential]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer relative to CFC-11&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: English-Irish ID|Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: English-Irish ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fowler’s Concise Dictionary of Modern English Usage ID|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary of Modern English Usage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MODI ID|MODI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/código del Inventario del Patrimonio Cultural de Castilla-La Mancha|código del Inventario del Patrimonio Cultural de Castilla-La Mancha]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID|DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID|DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Farhang-i farsī ba rusī ID|Farhang-i farsī ba rusī ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa international sales agent ID|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa production company ID|Cineuropa production company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa distributor ID|Cineuropa distributor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID|Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Elonet company ID|Elonet company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Numista issuer ID|Numista issuer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Douban Personage ID|Douban Personage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Great War Project person ID|Canadian Great War Project person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/stiga.trefik.cz|stiga.trefik.cz]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PMC journal ID|PMC journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Education Thesaurus ID|European Education Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brezhoneg21 ID|Brezhoneg21 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Personnel Records of the First World War (Library and Archives Canada) ID|Personnel Records of the First World War (Library and Archives Canada) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID|Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID|Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
* [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]:

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!
'''Did you know?'''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/A5pW Tool Registry for Digital Humanities]
** [https://w.wiki/AQna Operas ordered by First Performance]
** [https://w.wiki/AQo2 Performing Arts Productions with a Composer property]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Association_football/Euro_2024|Assoc. Football - Euro 2024]] - for best practices on [[d:Q15098367|UEFA Euro 2024]] items.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Bulgaria/Elections|Bulgarian Elections]] - for describing data related to elections in Bulgaria.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_ARS3D|ARS3D]] - statements and properties for an African Red Slip ware 3D artifact data model. 
* WikiProject Highlights:
** (de)[[d:Wikidata:Forum#Theorie_und_Praxis_in_Wikidata|Theorie und Praxis in Wikidata]] - [[User:Matthiasb|User:Matthiasb]] uses examples of Highway intersection classification on Wikidata of locations in and around Berlin to highlight inconsistencies between the data model and legal classification. By highlighting a considerable number of differences in a relatively small geographic area, these comments provide further context on an earlier discussion within the German Wikipedia community on integrating Wikidata further into Wikipedia articles.  
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/Badge_statistics| Badge Stats]] - How are badges being applied in Wikidata, which items have the most Good or Featured Articles? Savvy editors can use this to enrich said articles in their own Wiki.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q202886|Mordor]] - A desolate volcanic plain of nauseous gases and shadows. J.R.R Tolkien's blighted land is this week's showcase.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L189|вода]] - A Russian word for a clear, vitality-giving liquid, of course it's Water.

'''Development'''
* EntitySchemas: We are preparing for the rollout of the new datatype to link to EntitySchemas in statements.
* Wikibase REST API:
** We are continuing the work on the route for modifying an Item ([[phab:T342993]])
** We are working on improving errors and error messages in the API
* Query Service UI: We fixed a bug. The example dialog was empty and not showing any examples ([[phab:T366871]])
* We changed the datatype of two Properties to external ID as requested ([[phab:T367174]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

'''Weekly Tasks'''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php Gambling]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

Anything to add? Please share! :)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] · 17:45, 17 June 2024 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26893899 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #633 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt;This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-06-24. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Past: The [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish online editathon/Notes 200|200th online Wikidata meetup in Swedish]] was held.
* Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Lexicodays 2024|Lexicodays]], online event dedicated to Lexemes on Wikidata, will take place on June 28-30. It takes place across time zone and both in English and Indonesian. Check the program and find the access links on the event page.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/20/20th-century-press-archives-history-in-newspaper-clippings-made-accessible-by-zbw-and-wikimedia/ 20th Century Press Archives – history in newspaper clippings, made accessible by ZBW and Wikimedia]. The blog discusses how ZBW and Wikimedia collaborated to digitize and make accessible the 20th Century Press Archives, integrating its metadata into Wikidata items and providing fresh access to 3.8 million digitized pages from raw microfilm1.
* Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/members-of-european-parliament?term=Q64038205&amp;qualifie=P4100&amp;lang=en Dashboard of European Parliament]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://prometheus-bildarchiv.de/en/blog/wikideta-in-prometheus Wikidata in Prometheus] - Prometheus is a non-commercial image archive for art and cultural studies. It hosts images from a variety of image and media databases and now works can be connected with Wikidata.
* New [https://mix-n-match.toolforge.org/#/ Mix'n'match] feature:  For lists of (full or auto) matches where both the MnM entry and the Wikidata Item have coordinates, it now shows the distance between them in the description. ([https://wikis.world/@magnusmanske/112654072391619657 source])

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The Wikidata development team at Wikimedia Deutschland is planning a brief survey to understand the various ways people contribute to the project and identify user contribution patterns. A request has been made for a CentralNotice banner to deploy the survey to a broad audience. Your feedback, comments, and questions on this request are welcome: [[m:CentralNotice/Request/Wikidata Community Survey 2024]]
* The second iteration of the [[d:Wikidata:Open Online Course|Wikidata:Open Online Course]] will begin from July 1  until August 11. Whether you're a beginner taking your first steps, an individual in need of a refresher on Wikidata concepts, or a seasoned trainer looking to level up your skills - this course is right for you.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12795|showrunner]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person who is responsible for the day-to-day operation of a television show&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12830|music mood]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier carrying an emotion (mood) relevant to a musical audio recording&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12784|Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12785|Orthoptera Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12786|Flown From the Nest person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12787|Online Swahili - English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12788|A Dictionary of Plant Sciences ID]], [[:d:Property:P12789|A Dictionary of Zoology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12790|A Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12791|Seret film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12792|Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number]], [[:d:Property:P12793|Paleobiology database reference ID]], [[:d:Property:P12794|PNG School Code]], [[:d:Property:P12796|Téarma ID]], [[:d:Property:P12797|IMAIOS entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P12798|Naturalis Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P12799|English-Spanish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12800|Vikidia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12801|thisisbasketball.be player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12802|poblesdecatalunya.cat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12803|Oqaasersiorfik ID]], [[:d:Property:P12804|MNAHA person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12805|Greenlandic-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12806|Te Aka Māori Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12807|Tropicos person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12808|He Pātaka Kupu ID]], [[:d:Property:P12809|vehicle keeper marking (VKM)]], [[:d:Property:P12810|‎AllGame style ID]], [[:d:Property:P12811|FC Metz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12812|MoFo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12813|‎itch.io numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12814|filmas.lv film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12815|‎filmas.lv person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12816|‎filmas.lv studio ID]], [[:d:Property:P12817|Cockroach Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12818|Lygaeoidea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12819|Phasmida Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12820|Psocodea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12821|Spanish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12822|Norwegian National Museum producer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12823|‎Burgenwelt ID]], [[:d:Property:P12824|Irish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12825|Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini ID]], [[:d:Property:P12826|Tommaseo-Bellini Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12827|danskfodbold.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12828|DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12831|DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12832|‎Canadian Great War Project person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12833|English-Irish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12834|PMC journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12835|Census ID]], [[:d:Property:P12836|Douban personage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12837|AviBase person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nom dans la langue locale|Nom dans la langue locale]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YAMAP mountain ID|YAMAP mountain ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;YAMAP mountain ID&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/coin edge|coin edge]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Coin edges may be plain (smooth) or patterned, or a combination of both. They can also include lettering.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ozone depletion potential|ozone depletion potential]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer relative to CFC-11&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fowler’s Concise Dictionary of Modern English Usage ID|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary of Modern English Usage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/código del Inventario del Patrimonio Cultural de Castilla-La Mancha|código del Inventario del Patrimonio Cultural de Castilla-La Mancha]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Farhang-i farsī ba rusī ID|Farhang-i farsī ba rusī ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa international sales agent ID|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa production company ID|Cineuropa production company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa distributor ID|Cineuropa distributor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID|Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Elonet company ID|Elonet company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Numista issuer ID|Numista issuer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/stiga.trefik.cz|stiga.trefik.cz]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Education Thesaurus ID|European Education Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brezhoneg21 ID|Brezhoneg21 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Personnel Records of the First World War (Library and Archives Canada) ID|Personnel Records of the First World War (Library and Archives Canada) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID|Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID|Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Devri ID|Devri ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenCitations Meta Identifier|OpenCitations Meta Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IGN franchise ID|IGN franchise ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plex person key|Plex person key]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overcast episode ID|Overcast episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OBJ ID|OBJ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NooSFere publisher ID|NooSFere publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metamath statement label|Metamath statement label]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: English-Italian ID|Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: English-Italian ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UNIBO professor ID|UNIBO professor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mapes de Patrimoni Cultural ID|Mapes de Patrimoni Cultural ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Il Nuovo DOP ID|Il Nuovo DOP ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FEI horse ID|FEI horse ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/AR7a Number of solar eclipses per decades]
** [https://w.wiki/AURc Longest gap between original film and remake (without any intermediate remakes)] ([https://x.com/WikidataFacts/status/1802773843297104155 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Multilingualism|Multilingualism]] - organizes work around achieving 100% Wikidata multilingualism for every language with MediaWiki internationalization support. It is initiated, developed &amp; supported by Wikimedia Language Diversity community volunteers. 
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject NAVISone|NAVISone]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[Wikidata:Database reports/Identical labels and descriptions|Identical labels and descriptions]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q1254|Kofi Annan (Q1254)]] - 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations (1938-2018)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L719353|ʒirilana (L719353)]] - Dagbanli proverb that translates to &quot;liar&quot;

''' Development '''
* [Breaking Change Announcement] [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LBEWI6IPD4H3S55KELZUOGFXPFRD5KYD/ Upcoming Changes to Wikibase: EntitySchema data type]
* EntitySchemas: We prepared for the release of the new data type to link to EntitySchemas in statements on July 2nd.
* Mul language code: We picked up the remaining issues before enabling it by default on Wikidata
* Wikibase REST API:
** We completed the route to modify the data of an Item ([[phab:T342993]])
** We continued improving and reworking errors ([[phab:T366172]], [[phab:T366175]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]:
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Cameroon|Cameroon]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:50, 24 June 2024 (UTC) '''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=26985945 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #634 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt;This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-07-01. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/DifoolBot_4|DifoolBot 4]] Task(s) - Split single references containing multiple reference URLs into multiple references.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Bot_Bozze|Bot Bozze]] Task(s) - Add sitelinks to itwiki draft articles after they've been moved to the main namespace.
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Spelling_convention_for_labels_and_descriptions_in_English|Spelling convention for labels and descriptions in English]] - RfC started 2024-06-25. This RfC requests feedback and input for finding consistency in spelling convention as English has multiple regional variations.

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Past: The [[d:Wikidata:Events/Lexicodays 2024|Lexicodays 2024]] was an online event designed to offer a discussion space for the Wikidata community about Lexicographical Data. An archive of some of the slides and session recordings are here [[c:Category:Lexicodays 2024]]. More will be added as they become available.
* Upcoming:
** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16:00 UTC on Wednesday, 10th July 2024 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.''
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GZRRMNW6B75FMBR7HYSAJZGCMQQCCIUP/ Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team—July 3, 2024]
** Botany-focused Wikidata online workshop online as part of the #IBC2024. Date: Tuesday 9th July at 9pm NZST (GMT+12) / 11 am central Europe. [https://wikis.world/@siobhan_leachman@mastodon.nz/112691029608457323 Register here]!

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://www.bobdc.com/blog/wikidataaudio/ Querying for audio on Wikidata] - This blog post discusses using SPARQL queries on Wikidata to find audio recordings, focusing on musical compositions and their associated genres.
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/10/stories-from-the-anti-disinformation-repository-why-wikimedia-is-an-antidote-to-disinformation/ Stories from the anti-disinformation repository: Why Wikimedia is an antidote to disinformation] - The blog post highlights how Wikidata, as a central storage repository, plays a crucial role in countering disinformation by providing reliable, structured data for Wikimedia projects and beyond.
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/30/ld42023-vi-imagining-a-wikidata-future-for-librarians-together/ Diff Blog: Imagining a Wikidata future for librarians together] - the sixth and final blog post from the LD42023 conference.  Silvia Gutiérrez (WMF) and Giovanna Fontenelle (WMF) document the results of the collaborative session on building a bridge between the Library-Wikidata community and WMF.
** [https://www.census.de/blog/census-ids-are-now-wikidata-external-identifiers/ Census IDs are Now Wikidata External Identifiers]
** [https://www.choice360.org/libtech-insight/library-knowledge-as-linked-data-a-wikidata-approach/ Library Knowledge as Linked Data: A Wikidata Approach]: Contributing to a shared data commons. David Erlandson describes the experiences of using Wikidata for the pilot Program for Cooperative Cataloging to &quot;accelerate the movement towards ubiquitous identifier creation and identity management at the network level&quot;.
* Papers
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.17903 Mapping the Past: Geographically Linking an Early 20th Century Swedish Encyclopedia with Wikidata] - This paper describes the extraction of location entries from a prominent Swedish encyclopedia and sheds light on selection and representation of geographic information in the Nordisk Familjebok. By A. Ahlin, A. Myrne &amp; P. Nugues.
** [https://wikiworkshop.org Papers from the just-ended Wiki Workshop 2024]
*** [https://wikiworkshop.org/papers/do-lod-conventions-impede-the-representation-of-diversity-the-case-of-disabled-actors-in-dbpedia-and-wikidata.pdf Do LOD Conventions Impede the Representation of Diversity? The Case of Disabled Actors in DBpedia and Wikidata?]
*** [https://wikiworkshop.org/papers/sparql-for-lis-analytics-exploring-gender-representation-amongst-pcc-wikidata-pilot-participant.pdf SPARQL for LIS Analytics: Exploring Gender Representation amongst PCC Wikidata Pilot Participant]
*** [https://wikiworkshop.org/papers/wikidata-vandalism-detection-with-graph-linguistic-fusion.pdf Wikidata Vandalism Detection with Graph-Linguistic Fusion]
*** Wikidata Quality Toolkit: Entity Schema Generator Demonstration (tool demonstration)
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7Qbb1yuLkE&amp;pp=ygUId2lraWRhdGE%3D Wikidata Knowledge Graph to Enable Equitable and Validated Generative AI] - Wikimedia Deutschland's Jonathan Fraine and [[d:User:Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)|Lydia Pintscher]] show how Wikidata can be used to provide well-cited information and how semantic search can augment generative AI inference. Presented at the Open Source GenAI &amp; ML Summit.
**[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOqZce65Fgg&amp;pp=ygUId2lraWRhdGE%3D Wikidata Editing LIVE at Lexico Days 2024] - [[d:User:Abbe98|User:Abbe98]] and [[d:User:Ainali|User:JanAinali]] are back for another session of live-editing, focused on lexicographical data, during the Lexico Days 2024 event that took place this last weekend, June 28 - June 30.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2PHkK6jEEA Get more out of Wikidata with Resonator] - Rachel Hendrick and Gary Price of LibTech Tools walk through Resonator and point out the best ways to use it. Resonator is available on [https://reasonator.toolforge.org/ ToolForge].
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjGNWM_9Y4M Knowledge Integrity: Reliability- Wikidata Vandalism Detection with Graph Linguistic Fusion] - [[m:User:Diego_(WMF)|Diego (WMF)]] and Mykola Trokhmovych showcase their work on building a model to help Wikidata editors identify edits that require patrolling, as part of the [[https://wikiworkshop.org/ Wiki Workshop 2024].
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF-xy7KL_ek Inclusion of Communities: Using Wikibase to Leverage Community Sourced Data Initiatives] - Erin Yunes talks about their work in using Wikibase Cloud as part of the Compel project (COmputer Music Preservation Electronic Library).
** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7Nw0xPT1tw ¿Cómo fortalecer el dominio público con Wikidata?] - This Wikitools Workshop hosted by Jorge Gemetto is on [https://paulina.toolforge.org/ Paulina], a tool for exploring and accessing public domain information on authors and their works.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://www.loom.com/share/2fab1acb8abf404da8b03a24d4d4d473?sid=6ad654de-486d-44c3-9ae9-8193792720f9&amp;t2 Automatic Structuring of text for Wikidata] - [[d:User:BrokenSegue|User:BrokenSegue]] introduces their new tool.
* [[d:User:Zvpunry/CreateNewItem|User:Zvpunry/CreateNewItem]] - This is a User script to easily add a new Item while editing a Statement and noticing that the desired Item is missing.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The second iteration of the [[d:Wikidata:Open Online Course|Wikidata:Open Online Course]] has begun. Class will continue until August 11. Whether you're a beginner taking your first steps, an individual in need of a refresher on Wikidata concepts, or a seasoned trainer looking to level up your skills - this course is right for you.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12795|showrunner]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person who is responsible for the day-to-day operation of a television show&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12830|music mood]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier carrying an emotion (mood) relevant to a musical audio recording&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12849|coin edge]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image or images that show the edge of a coin&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12853|ozone depletion potential]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer relative to CFC-11&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers:  [[:d:Property:P12784|Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12785|Orthoptera Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12786|Flown From the Nest person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12787|Online Swahili - English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12788|A Dictionary of Plant Sciences ID]], [[:d:Property:P12789|A Dictionary of Zoology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12790|A Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12791|Seret film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12792|Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number]], [[:d:Property:P12793|Paleobiology database reference ID]], [[:d:Property:P12794|PNG School Code]], [[:d:Property:P12796|Téarma ID]], [[:d:Property:P12797|IMAIOS entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P12798|Naturalis Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P12799|English-Spanish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12800|Vikidia article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12801|thisisbasketball.be player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12802|poblesdecatalunya.cat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12803|Oqaasersiorfik ID]], [[:d:Property:P12804|MNAHA person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12805|Greenlandic-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12806|Te Aka Māori Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12807|Tropicos person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12808|He Pātaka Kupu ID]], [[:d:Property:P12809|vehicle keeper marking (VKM)]], [[:d:Property:P12810|‎AllGame style ID]], [[:d:Property:P12811|FC Metz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12812|MoFo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12813|‎itch.io numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12814|filmas.lv film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12815|‎filmas.lv person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12816|‎filmas.lv studio ID]], [[:d:Property:P12817|Cockroach Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12818|Lygaeoidea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12819|Phasmida Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12820|Psocodea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12821|Spanish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12822|Norwegian National Museum producer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12823|‎Burgenwelt ID]], [[:d:Property:P12824|Irish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12825|Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini ID]], [[:d:Property:P12826|Tommaseo-Bellini Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12827|danskfodbold.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12828|DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12831|DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12832|‎Canadian Great War Project person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12833|English-Irish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12834|PMC journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12835|Census ID]], [[:d:Property:P12836|Douban personage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12837|Avibase person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12838|Brezhoneg21 ID]], [[:d:Property:P12839|European Education Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12840|‎Cineuropa distributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12841|‎Cineuropa production company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12842|OpenCitations Meta ID]], [[:d:Property:P12843|IGN franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12844|Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID]], [[:d:Property:P12845|Farhang-i forsī ba rusī ID]], [[:d:Property:P12846|Devri ID]], [[:d:Property:P12847|Cambridge University Press ID]], [[:d:Property:P12848|Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Property:P12850|Personnel Records of the First World War ID]], [[:d:Property:P12851|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12852|NooSFere publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12854|Plex person key]], [[:d:Property:P12855|BHMPI OBJ ID]], [[:d:Property:P12856|Index Fungorum person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12857|stiga.trefik.cz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12858|UNIBO professor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12859|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12860|Mapes de Patrimoni Cultural ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of local branches|number of local branches]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of branches of this organization at the lowest (local) level&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KANAL inventory ID|KANAL inventory ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;inventory number of a creative work assigned by KANAL&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tüik mahalle id|Tüik mahalle id]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier of neighborhoods &lt;small&gt;({{q|Q17051044}})&lt;/small&gt; in Turkey in TÜİK &lt;small&gt;({{q|Q1375058}})&lt;/small&gt; database&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID|Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Elonet company ID|Elonet company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Numista issuer ID|Numista issuer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overcast episode ID|Overcast episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metamath statement label|Metamath statement label]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: English-Italian ID|Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: English-Italian ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Il Nuovo DOP ID|Il Nuovo DOP ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FEI horse ID|FEI horse ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Google Play author ID|Google Play author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant d'une personne sur Archelec|identifiant d'une personne sur Archelec]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Standard Ebooks ID|Standard Ebooks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lojas com História ID|Lojas com História ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RGALI person ID|RGALI person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RGALI organization ID|RGALI organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hebrew Academy term ID|Hebrew Academy term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/milononline.net entry ID|milononline.net entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KANAL identifier|KANAL identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LAGL author ID|LAGL author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alle Burgen|Alle Burgen]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FC Krasnodar player id|FC Krasnodar player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: Italian-English ID|Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: Italian-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Manhom Arabic Profile ID|Manhom Arabic Profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GOArt databas|GOArt databas]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ArchWiki article|ArchWiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Star Wars.com|Star Wars.com]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifikátor filmu ve Filmové databázi (FDb)|identifikátor filmu ve Filmové databázi (FDb)]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/AVZ8 Number of people who are both politicians and musicians by political spectrum] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/112684088394297452 source])
** [https://w.wiki/AJ5u Lexeme coverage of Indonesian languages]
** [https://w.wiki/AVCS UK MPs and their office start/end years] ([https://x.com/generalising/status/1805719787953111151 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Inuktitut|Inuktitut]] - This is the space to organize work to assure that the sum of all knowledge and the supporting infrastructure for necessary services are available in Inuktitut (ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ, Inuktitut).
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Ivan_A._Krestinin/To_merge|Merge candidates based on same pattern]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q761735|Montblanc (Q761735)]] - town in the province of Tarragona, Catalonia
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L725113|gbuɣi (L725113)]] - Dagbanli verb, translates to &quot;vomiting&quot; and &quot;sprouting&quot;

''' Development '''
* EntitySchemas:
** We worked around an issue where EntitySchema pages were no longer considered “content” and had become unsearchable ([[phab:T368010]])
** We prepared for the release of the new datatype on July 2nd.
* mul language code: We are working on the last remaining blocker before rolling out the first stage to Wikidata ([[phab:T362917]])
* Wikibase REST API: We are continuing to rework API errors ([[phab:T366911]], [[phab:T366239]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]:
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Argentina|Argentina]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] · '''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27032467 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #635 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt; This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-07-08. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Upcoming:
** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16:00 UTC on Wednesday, 10th July 2024 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.''
** [[wikimania:2024:Registration|Registration for Wikimania 2024 is open!]] In-person participants: please register until 26 July, 11:59 p.m., UTC. Virtual participants can register anytime. If you received a scholarship from the Wikimedia Foundation, you will receive an email with a registration code and instructions.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[d:User:Teester/EntityShape.js|User:Teester/EntityShape.js]] - a userscript that adds an input box to a Wikidata page wherein you can enter an EntitySchema (such as [[d:Entityschema:E10|E10]]). When you click &quot;Check&quot;, checks whether each statement and property conforms to the schema.  It then displays a summary at the top of the Item for each property indicating whether they conform or not. It also adds a badge to each statement and each property on the page indicating whether they conform or not.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Wikidata teams' development goals for the third quarter of 2024 have been updated: [[d:Wikidata:Development plan|Wikidata:Development plan]]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12830|music mood]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier carrying an emotion (mood) relevant to a musical audio recording&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12849|coin edge]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image or images that show the edge of a coin&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12853|ozone depletion potential]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer relative to CFC-11&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12861|EntitySchema for class]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;schema that members of a class should conform to&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12798|Naturalis Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P12799|English-Spanish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12800|Vikidia article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12801|thisisbasketball.be player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12802|poblesdecatalunya.cat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12803|Oqaasersiorfik ID]], [[:d:Property:P12804|MNAHA person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12805|Greenlandic-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12806|Te Aka Māori Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12807|Tropicos person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12808|He Pātaka Kupu ID]], [[:d:Property:P12809|vehicle keeper marking (VKM)]], [[:d:Property:P12810|‎AllGame style ID]], [[:d:Property:P12811|FC Metz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12812|MoFo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12813|‎itch.io numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12814|filmas.lv film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12815|‎filmas.lv person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12816|‎filmas.lv studio ID]], [[:d:Property:P12817|Cockroach Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12818|Lygaeoidea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12819|Phasmida Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12820|Psocodea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12821|Spanish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12822|Norwegian National Museum producer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12823|‎Burgenwelt ID]], [[:d:Property:P12824|Irish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12825|Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini ID]], [[:d:Property:P12826|Tommaseo-Bellini Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12827|danskfodbold.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12828|DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12831|DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12832|‎Canadian Great War Project person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12833|English-Irish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12834|PMC journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12835|Census ID]], [[:d:Property:P12836|Douban personage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12837|Avibase person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12838|Brezhoneg21 ID]], [[:d:Property:P12839|European Education Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12840|‎Cineuropa distributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12841|‎Cineuropa production company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12842|OpenCitations Meta ID]], [[:d:Property:P12843|IGN franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12844|Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID]], [[:d:Property:P12845|Farhang-i forsī ba rusī ID]], [[:d:Property:P12846|Devri ID]], [[:d:Property:P12847|Cambridge University Press ID]], [[:d:Property:P12848|Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Property:P12850|Personnel Records of the First World War ID]], [[:d:Property:P12851|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12852|NooSFere publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12854|Plex person key]], [[:d:Property:P12855|BHMPI OBJ ID]], [[:d:Property:P12856|Index Fungorum person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12857|stiga.trefik.cz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12858|UNIBO professor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12859|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12860|Mapes de Patrimoni Cultural ID]], [[:d:Property:P12862|Il Nuovo DOP ID]], [[:d:Property:P12863|RGALI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12864|RGALI organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12865|Archelec person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12866|Lojas com História ID]], [[:d:Property:P12867|milononline.net entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12868|Hebrew Academy term ID]], [[:d:Property:P12869|LAGL author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12870|KANAL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12871|Google Play author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12872|‎Overcast episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12873|ArchWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P12874|Valencian Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12875|‎Star Wars.com ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of local branches|number of local branches]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of branches of this organization at the lowest (local) level&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KANAL inventory ID|KANAL inventory ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;inventory number of a creative work assigned by KANAL&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tüik mahalle id|Tüik mahalle id]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier of neighborhoods &lt;small&gt;({{q|Q17051044}})&lt;/small&gt; in Turkey in TÜİK &lt;small&gt;({{q|Q1375058}})&lt;/small&gt; database&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/myfixguide.com|myfixguide.com]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Photos about how to disassemble hardware&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date de vote|date de vote]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;vote date, date on which people decided or casted their ballot&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sandbox-EntitySchema|Sandbox-EntitySchema]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Sandbox property for value of type &quot;EntitySchema&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Imperial University of Dorpat student ID|Imperial University of Dorpat student ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;matriculation number of a student of the Imperial University of Dorpat&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/indexer|indexer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity responsible for compiling an index of a book, database, website or other forms of media publications in the form of a methodical arrangement of records designed to enable users to locate information quickly. Example: Hazel K. Bell (Q70226489)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WorldCyclingStats ID|WorldCyclingStats ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier on the website WorldCyclingStats (www.worldcyclingstats.com)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID|Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Elonet company ID|Elonet company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Numista issuer ID|Numista issuer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metamath statement label|Metamath statement label]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: English-Italian ID|Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: English-Italian ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FEI horse ID|FEI horse ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Standard Ebooks ID|Standard Ebooks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alle Burgen|Alle Burgen]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FC Krasnodar player id|FC Krasnodar player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: Italian-English ID|Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: Italian-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Manhom Arabic Profile ID|Manhom Arabic Profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GOArt databas|GOArt databas]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifikátor filmu ve Filmové databázi (FDb)|identifikátor filmu ve Filmové databázi (FDb)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifikátor osoby ve Filmové databázi (FDb)|identifikátor osoby ve Filmové databázi (FDb)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ScienceDirect journal ID|ScienceDirect journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Iraqnla Book ID|Iraqnla Book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/islamway authority ID|islamway authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hermitage Museum artist ID|Hermitage Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coptic Dictionary Online ID|Coptic Dictionary Online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/autoritateak.eus|autoritateak.eus]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts artist ID|Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thinkwiki article|Thinkwiki article]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/AaNJ Cumulative experience of UK MPs on election day (since 1922)] ([https://x.com/generalising/status/1809302517916004518 source])
** [https://w.wiki/AbkU Location of GLAMs with open access policies]
** [https://w.wiki/4pKw Images of biologists by height]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/commonsmerge|User:Pasleim/commonsmerge]] - Merge candidates based on same commons category
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q1496|Ferdinand Magellan (Q1496)]] - Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1083157|bergkant (L1083157)]] - Nynorsk noun, translates to &quot;the top edge of a mountain&quot;

''' Development '''
* EntitySchemas: The new datatype to link to EntitySchemas in statements has been released.
* mul language code: We are preparing the release.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]:
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Armenia|Armenia]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Talk]]) ·''' [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:33, 8 ජූලි 2024 (යූටීසී)

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27032467 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #536 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt; This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-07-15. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/SpinachBot|SpinachBot]] - Task/s: AI agent-enabled question answering through the creation and execution of complex SPARQL queries on Wikidata. Users tag the bog with wikidata-related questions, and it tries to come up with an answer by iteratively creating SPARQL queries. 

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Past: Wikidata+Wikibase office hour session log: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2024-07-10|Telegram office hour 2024-07-10]]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/07/10/an-intelligent-system-what-i-learned-through-taking-an-introductory-wikidata-course/ An Intelligent System: What I learned through taking an introductory Wikidata course] - The author, Anne-Christine Hoff, dispels misconceptions about Wikidata. She highlights that it is a relational communication system, not solely bot-driven, and allows users worldwide to add localized data in multiple languages, creating a self-structuring repository of information
** [http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/731 Merge and diff] - blog post by Magnus about adding new properties (taxon data speficially, NCBI, GBIF, and iINaturalist) to the AC2WD tool. If you have the user script installed on Wikidata (see tool below), AC2WD will automatically show up on relevant taxon items.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2MXK2yWJko Documenting Women Artists Through Wikidata] - this project reveals how works by women artists can be given greater public visibility.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVe2CSWCDZ0 Dagbani Lexemes (how-to-workshop in Dagbanli)] - increase the vocabulary and standardize existing entries.
* Papers: [https://acl-bg.org/proceedings/2023/RANLP%202023/pdf/2023.ranlp-1.2.pdf Automatic Generation of Hindi Wikipedia Pages&quot; based on information from Wikidata]
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRD2XbxQqPQ Online workshop Upskilling in Wikidata for maximum impact IBC 2024] - Recording of the virtual Wikidata workshop given on the 9th of July 2024. An onboarding and introductory event in anticipation of a full in-person workshop to be held at the International Botanical Congress 2024 in Madrid on the 21st of July 2024
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rK-qOCk2fUE Connecting University Art Collections Wikidata Demo]
* Notebooks
** [https://observablehq.com/collection/@pac02/tour-de-france Collection of notebooks about the Tour de France]
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/computing-jaccard-similarity-between-wikidata-item Computing Jaccard similarity index between Wikidata items based on properties used in statements].

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/relationships Relationships between two Wikidata items] a new tool hosted on Observable which looks at all statements involving a pair of Wikidata items.
* [[d:User:Magnus Manske/ac2wd.js|User:Magnus Manske/ac2wd.js]] - This script adds an &quot;AC2WD&quot; link in the tools sidebar.  When you click on it, it uses the [https://ac2wd.toolforge.org AC2WD] tool to check the item for certain Authority Control IDs (eg VIAF). It then checks these AC datasets for statements (and more AC IDs). It will then add any new information it found as new statements, or add more references to existing statements where possible. A green checkmark will be appended to the link if data was added (reload the page to see), otherwise a &quot;&amp;mdash;&quot; if no new data was available.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://github.com/OpenRefine/OpenRefine/releases/tag/3.8.2 OpenRefine 3.8.2&amp;nbsp;was released]
* [https://github.com/johnsamuelwrites/awesome-wikidata/blob/main/README.md#shape-expressions-entity-schemas Awesome Wikidata: Shape Expressions (Entity Schemas)] - Tools for creating, editing, and generating entity schemas

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12830|music mood]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier carrying an emotion (mood) relevant to a musical audio recording&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12849|coin edge image]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image or images that show the edge of a coin&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12853|ozone depletion potential]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer relative to CFC-11&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12861|EntitySchema for class]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;schema that members of a class should conform to&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12876|writing technique]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;technique used for writing on stone, paper or other support&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12878|last appearance]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;last work featuring a fictional character or item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12883|Tüik mahalle ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of neighborhoods (mahalle) in Turkey in TÜİK (Turkish Statistical Institute) database&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12886|Sandbox-EntitySchema]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Sandbox property for value of type &quot;EntitySchema&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12889|myfixguide.com]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;photos about how to disassemble hardware&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12895|indexer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity responsible for compiling an index of a book, database, website or other forms of media publications in the form of a methodical arrangement of records designed to enable users to locate information quickly&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12824|Irish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12825|Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini ID]], [[:d:Property:P12826|Tommaseo-Bellini Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12827|danskfodbold.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12828|DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12831|DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12832|‎Canadian Great War Project person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12833|English-Irish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12834|PMC journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12835|Census ID]], [[:d:Property:P12836|Douban personage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12837|Avibase person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12838|Brezhoneg21 ID]], [[:d:Property:P12839|European Education Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12840|‎Cineuropa distributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12841|‎Cineuropa production company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12842|OpenCitations Meta ID]], [[:d:Property:P12843|IGN franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12844|Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID]], [[:d:Property:P12845|Farhang-i forsī ba rusī ID]], [[:d:Property:P12846|Devri ID]], [[:d:Property:P12847|Cambridge University Press ID]], [[:d:Property:P12848|Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Property:P12850|Personnel Records of the First World War ID]], [[:d:Property:P12851|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12852|NooSFere publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12854|Plex person key]], [[:d:Property:P12855|BHMPI OBJ ID]], [[:d:Property:P12856|Index Fungorum person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12857|stiga.trefik.cz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12858|UNIBO professor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12859|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12860|Mapes de Patrimoni Cultural ID]], [[:d:Property:P12862|Il Nuovo DOP ID]], [[:d:Property:P12863|RGALI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12864|RGALI organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12865|Archelec person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12866|Lojas com História ID]], [[:d:Property:P12867|milononline.net entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12868|Hebrew Academy term ID]], [[:d:Property:P12869|LAGL author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12870|KANAL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12871|Google Play author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12872|‎Overcast episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12873|ArchWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P12874|Valencian Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12875|‎Star Wars.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P12877|ScienceDirect journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12879|Filmová databáze film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12880|Filmová databáze person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12881|FC Krasnodar player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12882|Iraqnla book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12884|All castles]], [[:d:Property:P12885|Italian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12887|islamway authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12888|Metamath statement ID]], [[:d:Property:P12890|Imperial University of Dorpat student ID]], [[:d:Property:P12891|Coptic Dictionary Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12892|English-Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12893|autoritateak.eus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12894|Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts artist ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of local branches|number of local branches]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of branches of this organization at the lowest (local) level&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KANAL inventory ID|KANAL inventory ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;inventory number of a creative work assigned by KANAL&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date de vote|date de vote]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;vote date, date on which people decided or casted their ballot&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WorldCyclingStats ID|WorldCyclingStats ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier on the website WorldCyclingStats (www.worldcyclingstats.com)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FEI horse ID|FEI horse ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Standard Ebooks ID|Standard Ebooks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Manhom Arabic Profile ID|Manhom Arabic Profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hermitage Museum artist ID|Hermitage Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thinkwiki article|Thinkwiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wiley Online Library journal ID|Wiley Online Library journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifier of the educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes|identifier of the educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nintendo Life company ID|Nintendo Life company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series ID|SideReel series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series URL slug|SideReel series URL slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Helveticat ID|Helveticat ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/africanmusiclibrary.org artist id|africanmusiclibrary.org artist id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museums in Russia ID|Museums in Russia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hawramani Arabic Lexicon entry ID|Hawramani Arabic Lexicon entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ARABTERM entry ID|ARABTERM entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The New Mithraeum ID|The New Mithraeum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Frauen im Widerstand ID|Frauen im Widerstand ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taylor &amp; Francis journal ID|Taylor &amp; Francis journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JTA Sightseeing Database ID|JTA Sightseeing Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Emerald Group Publishing journal ID|Emerald Group Publishing journal ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/AeWy Arabic periodicals known to Wikidata] ([https://wikis.world/@tillgrallert@digitalcourage.social/112776085963304676 source])
** [https://w.wiki/AftC X account of politicians]
** [https://w.wiki/AftQ Characters whose actors died recently]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Human Cells|Human Cells]] - dedicated to improve our coverage of information about these fundamental entities that compose organisms. The project focuses mainly on two kinds of cell classes: species-agnostic classes, such as [[d:Q188417|neutrophil (Q188417)]], and human-specific classes, such as [[d:Q101405102|human neutrophil (Q101405102)]].
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Descriptions with Q|Descriptions containing Q-Id]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q13365715|Lucy (Q13365715)]]: female given name
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L230775|Nachbar (L230775)]]: &quot;someone nearby&quot; in German

''' Development '''
* [[Wikidata:REST API|Wikibase REST API]]: Continuing to improve error handling and error messages.
* [[Wikidata:Schemas|EntitySchemas]]: Fixed issues that popped up after release ([[phab:T369149]], [[phab:T369155]], [[phab:T368010]])
* [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|Query Service graph split]]: Adapting constraints that make use of the Query Service to be able to deal with 2 endpoints ([[phab:T369079]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Albania|Albania]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Talk]]) ·''' [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:19, 15 ජූලි 2024 (යූටීසී)

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27085890 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #637 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt; This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-07-22. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/DannyS712 bot|DannyS712 bot]] - Task/s: I want to get approval for a bot with translation admin rights that will automatically mark pages for translations if and only if the latest version is identical to the version that is already in the translation system, i.e. only pages with no &quot;net&quot; changes in the pending edits.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/DerIchBot|DerIchBot]] - Task/s: Adding data about schools provided by the German and Austrian governments to wikidata.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/DifoolBot 5|DifoolBot 5]] - Task/s: Change reference URLs into the related ID property and merge references with the same ID property.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/AroundTheBot|AroundTheBot]] - Task/s: Automated import of Albanian nouns with IPA from Wiktionary, with the long-term goal of using this data to do pronunciation-based comparison/word evolution between languages.

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Past: Wikimedia Indonesia hosted [[Commons:Commons:Kompetisi Penyajian Data 2024|the 2024 Data Visualization Competition]] from June 5 to 18. The event featured data visualizations (posters and graphics) and short essays using data from Wikidata. Visit [[Commons:Commons:Kompetisi Penyajian Data 2024|the competition page]] (in Indonesian) to view the winning entries.
* Upcoming: Wikidata's 12th birthday decentralized events will take place in October and November 2024. Feel free to browse [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday|the documentation pages]] to learn how to organize an event in your area, get funding, and get in touch with other organizers.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Papers:
** [[d:Q126917814|Representación de datos abiertos con Wikidata Query Service (Q126917814)]]. This paper details the Wikidata Query Service, for the creation of data visualizations. All visualization options available in the WQS are explored, accompanied by example queries that introduce the implementation of these visualizations. By Ángel Obregón-Sierra and Silvia Cecilia Anselmi.
** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.06863 Beyond Aesthetics: Cultural Competence in Text-to-Image Models] - with CUBE, a benchmark built out of Wikidata, to evaluate cultural awareness and cultural diversity of text-to-image models (Kannen et al, 2024)
* Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xsCXkOA2Zs OpenRefine import into Wikidata of data from the BnF catalog: books by Marguerite Van de Wiele] (in French)

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://paulina.toolforge.org/ Paulina], a new tool for exploring public domain works.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [[m:Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|WMF Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC)]] invites interested volunteers to apply. As part of the movement strategy recommendation for &quot;Coordinating Across Stakeholders,&quot; the PTAC will bring technical contributors and the Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12849|coin edge image]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image or images that show the edge of a coin&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12853|ozone depletion potential]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer relative to CFC-11&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12861|EntitySchema for class]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;schema that members of a class should conform to&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12876|writing technique]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;technique used for writing on stone, paper or other support&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12878|last appearance]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;last work featuring a fictional character or item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12883|Tüik mahalle ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of neighborhoods (mahalle) in Turkey in TÜİK (Turkish Statistical Institute) database&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12886|Sandbox-EntitySchema]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Sandbox property for value of type &quot;EntitySchema&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12889|myfixguide.com Category ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;photos about how to repair hardware&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12895|indexer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity responsible for compiling an index of a book, database, website or other forms of media publications in the form of a methodical arrangement of records designed to enable users to locate information quickly&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12833|English-Irish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12834|PMC journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12835|Census ID]], [[:d:Property:P12836|Douban personage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12837|Avibase person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12838|Brezhoneg21 ID]], [[:d:Property:P12839|European Education Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12840|‎Cineuropa distributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12841|‎Cineuropa production company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12842|OpenCitations Meta ID]], [[:d:Property:P12843|IGN franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12844|Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID]], [[:d:Property:P12845|Farhang-i forsī ba rusī ID]], [[:d:Property:P12846|Devri ID]], [[:d:Property:P12847|Cambridge University Press ID]], [[:d:Property:P12848|Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Property:P12850|Personnel Records of the First World War ID]], [[:d:Property:P12851|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12852|NooSFere publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12854|Plex person key]], [[:d:Property:P12855|BHMPI OBJ ID]], [[:d:Property:P12856|Index Fungorum person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12857|stiga.trefik.cz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12858|UNIBO professor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12859|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12860|Mapes de Patrimoni Cultural ID]], [[:d:Property:P12862|Il Nuovo DOP ID]], [[:d:Property:P12863|RGALI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12864|RGALI organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12865|Archelec person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12866|Lojas com História ID]], [[:d:Property:P12867|milononline.net entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12868|Hebrew Academy term ID]], [[:d:Property:P12869|LAGL author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12870|KANAL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12871|Google Play author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12872|‎Overcast episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12873|ArchWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P12874|Valencian Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12875|‎Star Wars.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P12877|ScienceDirect journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12879|Filmová databáze film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12880|Filmová databáze person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12881|FC Krasnodar player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12882|Iraqnla book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12884|Alle Burgen ID]], [[:d:Property:P12885|Italian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12887|islamway authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12888|Metamath statement ID]], [[:d:Property:P12890|Imperial University of Dorpat student ID]], [[:d:Property:P12891|Coptic Dictionary Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12892|English-Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12893|autoritateak.eus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12894|Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12896|Nintendo Life company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12897|Wiley Online Library journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12898|Museums in Russia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12899|Helveticat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12900|ARABTERM entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12901|Hawramani Arabic Lexicon entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12902|Women in Resistance ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date de vote|date de vote]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;vote date, date on which people decided or cast their ballot&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/object of action &amp; object class of action|object of action &amp; object class of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;specific object to which an action or class of actions occurs&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Public funding|Public funding]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;amount of public funding an organisation receives&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/schmeckt nach|schmeckt nach]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taste that a food or drink has&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kunstnerforbundet kunstner ID|Kunstnerforbundet kunstner ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for an artist member of Kunstnerforbundet in norway&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Manhom Arabic Profile ID|Manhom Arabic Profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WorldCyclingStats ID|WorldCyclingStats ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thinkwiki article|Thinkwiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifier of the educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes|identifier of the educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series ID|SideReel series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series URL slug|SideReel series URL slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/africanmusiclibrary.org artist id|africanmusiclibrary.org artist id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The New Mithraeum ID|The New Mithraeum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taylor &amp; Francis journal ID|Taylor &amp; Francis journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JTA Sightseeing Database ID|JTA Sightseeing Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Emerald Group Publishing journal ID|Emerald Group Publishing journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish Ministers database ID (new)|Finnish Ministers database ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Glosbe Old High German Lexeme ID|Glosbe Old High German Lexeme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tretyakov Gallery artist ID|Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/State Historical Museum of Russia person ID|State Historical Museum of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System work ID|U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of Islam (french edition) ID|Encyclopaedia of Islam (french edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/French Bathing water ID|French Bathing water ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID|Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mandumah ID|mandumah ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/Aj37 UEFA teams and the number of players on the team] ([[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#All_(but_1)_UEFA_teams_since_1960_now_link_to_players|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/AhtV Species of birds and their sounds] ([https://x.com/espejolento/status/1814353851253735846 source])
** [https://w.wiki/AhGu Archaeological sites and remains in Malaysia with National Heritage status] ([https://x.com/FarisHzmn/status/1814277712430956614 source])
** [https://w.wiki/AgyC Map of Filming Locations, excludes countries] ([https://x.com/jamesinealing/status/1813662266744815705 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Reference Verification|Reference Verification]] - a research and development project aimed at helping Wikidata editors check the quality of external references based on various types of AI/ML models.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject NZWomenPhotographers|NZWomenPhotographers]] - aims to improve information about New Zealand women photographers, based on a dataset provided by the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/items with P569=P570|Items with P569=P570]] - Items with instance of (P31) --&gt; human (Q5) and the same year in date of birth (P569) and date of death (P570) (2024-07-22)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q20731004|Crawford (Q20731004)]] - family name
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L3302|water (L3302)]] - (S1) common liquid substance (S2) chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen (H₂O) (S3) a body of water, usually a river, a lake, or an ocean

''' Development '''
* mul: We fixed the last blocker for the limited MUL rollout to Wikidata on July 29th ([[phab:T362917]])
* EntitySchemas:
** We fixed a misplaced background color in EntitySchema ([[phab:T369283]])
** [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Extension:WikibaseCirrusSearch#Keywords|haswbstatement]] searches now work for EntitySchema statements ([[phab:T369495]])
** We’re investigating how to make EntitySchemas searchable by label ([[phab:T362005]])
* Query Service: preparation for the graph split is continuing by the Search Platform Team. We started looking into adapting the constraints checks for it ([[phab:T369079]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ජූලි 2024 (යූටීසී)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27132995 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #638 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt; This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-07-29. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/GergesBot_2|GergesBot 2]] - Task/s: Edit label when order is added in ar:ويكيبيديا:طلبات نقل عبر البوت (Transfer requests by Bot).
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/UmisBot|UmisBot]] - Task/s: This bot will add string representations of units of measurement to units of measurement Wikidata pages.

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Upcoming:
** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024|Wikidata Days Bologna 2024]], Italian language conference dedicated to Wikidata for libraries and research, taking place in the frame of [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday|Wikidata’s 12th birthday]], on November 8-9 in Bologna, Italy.
** Wikimania starts on August 7. Here is a list of sessions focused around Wikidata, or have *some* connection to Wikidata: [[wikimania:2024:Program/Wikidata|2024:Program/Wikidata]]. If something is missing, feel free to add to it, including any Wikidata meetups you may be hosting.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://culturalcontent.substack.com/p/sharing-the-worlds-paintings-on-wikidata &quot;Sharing the world’s paintings on Wikidata&quot;] By Martin Poulter for the ''Cultural Content'' Substack
** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/07/10/an-intelligent-system-what-i-learned-through-taking-an-introductory-wikidata-course/ WikiEdu: What I learned taking an introductory Wikidata Course] - Anne-Christine Hoff, associate professor of English at Jarvis Christian University, describes her experiences and learnings from taking an intro to Wikidata course, provided by the WikiEdu.org, a project of the Wiki Education Foundation.
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.18278 Talking Wikidata: Communication patterns and their impact on community engagement in collaborative knowledge graphs] - This study investigates the behaviours, communication patterns and interactions of the core small Wikidata community that are responsible for 80% of its content, in order to future contribution and participation. By E. Koutsiana et al.
** [https://arxiv.org/html/2403.10304v2KIF: A Wikidata-Based Framework for Integrating Heterogeneous Knowledge Sources] - This paper presents KIF, a Wikidata-based framework for virtually integrating heterogeneous knowledge sources and discuss how it was used to solve a real integration problem in the domain of chemistry (involving Wikidata, PubChem, and IBM CIRCA). By G. Lima et al.
* Press release: [https://www.iccu.sbn.it/it/SBN/catalogazione-e-manutenzione-del-catalogo-sbn/progetti-di-implementazione-dei-dati-dellindice-sbn/arricchimento-dei-dati-di-authority-di-sbn-attraverso-il-confronto-e-lo-scambio-con-wikidata-/ Arricchimento dei dati di authority di SBN attraverso il confronto e lo scambio con Wikidata] (in Italian): [[:d:Q3803707|ICCU]], the institute coordinating the biggest Italian OPAC (the [[:d:Q105086090|OPAC SBN]], involving more than 7 thousands libraries), has just finished enriching about 16200 nearly empty authority records with data taken from the respective Wikidata items (Wikidata items link to SBN authority records through [[:d:Property:P396|P396]]); this announcement describes in detail the enrichment work, which started in June 2023; for more information (and bibliography) about the collaboration between ICCU and Wikidata, see [[:d:Wikidata:Gruppo Wikidata per Musei, Archivi e Biblioteche/SBN]] (in Italian)
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab5q93B3S1Q Intro to Wikidata] - This intro to Wikidata was provided for participants of the International Linguistics Olympiad 2024, held in Brasília. Presented by Artur Corrêa Souza and Éder Porto, organised by Wiki Movimento Brasil.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkVh4nQBk2A Mining and Modeling Text using Wikibase] - the University of Trier is building a knowledge graph on French Enlightenment novels 1751 - 1800 with the use of Wikibase.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[d:User:Nikki/ShowIDs.js|User:Nikki/ShowIDs.js]] - This user script adds entity IDs in brackets after links.
* [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/common-values Common values], yet another Observable notebook. This one looks at common values between two Wikidata item pages.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* KDE Itinerary, KDE's travel assistant app, [https://volkerkrause.eu/2024/07/27/kde-itinerary-june-july-2024.html gets more Wikidata integration].
* The Wikidata Development team needs your feedback to evaluate &quot;default values for all languages&quot; (mul) in the Termbox. Please share your thoughts on this 5-10 minute anonymous survey: https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-default-values-feedback
* The [[m:WIT|Wikidata (integrations) for Wikimedia projects]] team have released a progress report on their ongoing research project, investigating the &quot;State of Wikidata usage on other wikis&quot;. Available on the [[m:WIT/Research|Research page]], alternatively on [[c:File:Wikidata_for_Wikimedia_Projects_-_State_of_Wikidata_usage_-_progress_report_27.06.2024.pdf|Commons]].
* The Wikibase REST API, introduced last year on Wikidata, is progressing towards version 1, aiming for a comprehensive release by the end of 2024. We're seeking community feedback to enhance the current API and plan future developments. Please share your thoughts on this page: [[d:Wikidata_talk:REST_API_feedback_round|Feedback on the Wikibase REST API (July/August 2024)]].

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12849|coin edge image]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;image or images that show the edge of a coin&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12853|ozone depletion potential]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer relative to CFC-11&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12861|EntitySchema for class]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;schema that members of a class should conform to&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12876|writing technique]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;technique used for writing on stone, paper or other support&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12878|last appearance]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;last work featuring a fictional character or item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12883|Tüik mahalle ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of neighborhoods (mahalle) in Turkey in TÜİK (Turkish Statistical Institute) database&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12886|Sandbox-EntitySchema]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Sandbox property for value of type &quot;EntitySchema&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12889|myfixguide.com Category ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;photos about how to repair hardware&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12895|indexer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity responsible for compiling an index of a book, database, website or other forms of media publications in the form of a methodical arrangement of records designed to enable users to locate information quickly&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12912|object of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;specific object to which an action or class of actions occurs&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12913|object class of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;class of objects (including substances) to which an action or class of actions may occur&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12848|Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Property:P12850|Personnel Records of the First World War ID]], [[:d:Property:P12851|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12852|NooSFere publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12854|Plex person key]], [[:d:Property:P12855|BHMPI OBJ ID]], [[:d:Property:P12856|Index Fungorum person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12857|stiga.trefik.cz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12858|UNIBO professor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12859|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12860|Mapes de Patrimoni Cultural ID]], [[:d:Property:P12862|Il Nuovo DOP ID]], [[:d:Property:P12863|RGALI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12864|RGALI organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12865|Archelec person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12866|Lojas com História ID]], [[:d:Property:P12867|milononline.net entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12868|Hebrew Academy term ID]], [[:d:Property:P12869|LAGL author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12870|KANAL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12871|Google Play author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12872|‎Overcast episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12873|ArchWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P12874|Valencian Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12875|‎Star Wars.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P12877|ScienceDirect journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12879|Filmová databáze film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12880|Filmová databáze person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12881|FC Krasnodar player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12882|Iraqnla book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12884|Alle Burgen ID]], [[:d:Property:P12885|Italian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12887|islamway authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12888|Metamath statement ID]], [[:d:Property:P12890|Imperial University of Dorpat student ID]], [[:d:Property:P12891|Coptic Dictionary Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12892|English-Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12893|autoritateak.eus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12894|Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12896|Nintendo Life company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12897|Wiley Online Library journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12898|Museums in Russia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12899|Helveticat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12900|ARABTERM entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12901|Hawramani Arabic Lexicon entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12902|Women in Resistance ID]], [[:d:Property:P12903|French-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12904|German-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12905|Emerald Group Publishing journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12906|Taylor &amp; Francis journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12907|JTA Sightseeing Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12908|WorldCyclingStats ID]], [[:d:Property:P12909|The New Mithraeum ID]], [[:d:Property:P12910|Finnish Ministers database ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12911|State Historical Museum of Russia person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date de vote|date de vote]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;vote date, date on which people decided or cast their ballot&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Public funding|Public funding]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;amount of public funding an organisation receives&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/schmeckt nach|schmeckt nach]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taste that a food or drink has&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kunstnerforbundet kunstner ID|Kunstnerforbundet kunstner ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for an artist member of Kunstnerforbundet in norway&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Manhom Arabic Profile ID|Manhom Arabic Profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thinkwiki article|Thinkwiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifier of the educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes|identifier of the educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series ID|SideReel series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series URL slug|SideReel series URL slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/africanmusiclibrary.org artist id|africanmusiclibrary.org artist id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Glosbe Old High German Lexeme ID|Glosbe Old High German Lexeme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tretyakov Gallery artist ID|Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System work ID|U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of Islam (french edition) ID|Encyclopaedia of Islam (french edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/French Bathing water ID|French Bathing water ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID|Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mandumah ID|mandumah ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Political Dictionary entry|Political Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/United Nations Digital Library ID|United Nations Digital Library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant FranceTerme|identifiant FranceTerme]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yediot Books book ID|Yediot Books book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FDC ID|FDC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores player ID|365scores player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/xdaforums|xdaforums]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GamingOnLinux Database ID|GamingOnLinux Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Akademický slovník současné češtiny ID|Akademický slovník současné češtiny ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/7LpT Where were people who  went to space born?]
** [https://w.wiki/u4G Red Cross and Red Crescent societies]
** [https://w.wiki/4rGf Top 20 languages in number of Lexemes in Wikidata and percentage of Lexemes with at least one external ID]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Military Equipment in Policing|Military Equipment in Policing]] - Project to connect police equipment defined as military equipment to capabilities, uses, manufacturers, descriptions, etc.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Quran|Quran]] -  to collaborate on Quran-related topics and organise Quran Wikidatans; help others and get help whenever needed to improve Quran-related items (and properties); create Quran-specific tools' libraries, queries, and resources;
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Sufism|Sufism]] - collaborate on Sufism-related topics
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://query.wikidata.org/index.html#%23%20Nouns%20without%20gender%20in%20a%20language%0ASELECT%20%3Fl%20%3Flemma%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%3Fl%20a%20ontolex%3ALexicalEntry%20%3B%20dct%3Alanguage%20%3Flanguage%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AlexicalCategory%20wd%3AQ1084%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3Alemma%20%3Flemma%20.%0A%20%20%3Flanguage%20wdt%3AP1394%20%27hind1270%27%0A%20%20MINUS%20%7B%20%3Fl%20wdt%3AP5185%20%5B%5D.%20%7D%0A%7D%0AORDER%20BY%20%3Flemma Hindustani nouns without gender in a language]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q37018433|Fugger (Q37018433)]] - family name
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L3483|ikkje-vald (L3483)]] - Nynorsk noun, translates to &quot;non-violence&quot;

''' Development '''
* IP masking: The feature was rolled out to test wikis and we fixed a few issues uncovered by this.
* EntitySchemas: We are working to make it possible to search for the EntitySchema by its label and aliases when making a new statement linking to an EntitySchema ([[phab:T362005]])
* Integration in other Wikimedia projects: We are working on moving the Wikidata Item link from the tools section of the sidebar ([[phab:T66315]])
* REST API:
** We changed the data-type field to data_type in JSON responses ([[phab:T368130]])
** We are continuing the work on improving error handling and messages

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Talk]]) · -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:38, 29 ජූලි 2024 (යූටීසී)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27171319 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #639 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt; This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-08-05. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Numberguy6Bot|Numberguy6Bot]] - Task: Add links to Wiktionary categories in English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Russian.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/UmisBot|UmisBot]] - Task: This bot will add string representations of units of measurement to units of measurement Wikidata pages.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/ZLBot|ZLBot]] - Task: request SPARQLs for RAG.

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call 6 August, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Call on Tuesday, 6 August, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1722960000 Time zone converter]). Please join us for a Busy Summer Fun Wikidata Editing Hour, an hour of uninterrupted Wikidata editing time to work on your own Wikidata projects. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kO6bvFN87fF4pRSGE7_HqxDorUpENKi7KX98BW75xg0/edit?usp=sharing Agenda].
* Wikimania is August 7-10. Here is a curated a list of Wikimania sessions focused around Wikidata, or have *some* connection to Wikidata: [[Wikimania:2024:Program/Wikidata|2024:Program/Wikidata]]. Please add to the list if something is missing.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://edjnet.github.io/OlympicsGoNUTS/ Olympics medalists, not by country, but by NUTS region], By Giorgio Comai
* Papers
** [https://doi.org/10.1039/D3DD00069A Discovering life's directed metabolic (sub)paths to interpret human biochemical markers using the DSMN tool] 
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.11417 SPINACH: SPARQL-Based Information Navigation for Challenging Real-World Questions] - The SPINACH dataset, derived from Wikidata's &quot;Request a Query&quot; forum, offers a more complex and challenging KBQA dataset with 320 question-SPARQL pairs, designed to test the capabilities of KBQA systems in navigating large and incomplete knowledge base schemas.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Iu_fOfRaqE Using Wikidata to navigate the web (Wikimania Katowice)] - Tool demo: Entity Explosion
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEAtwYYJsvk Use Wikidata and Lexeme to understand Minnan] - COSCUP 2024 (Conference for Open Source Coders, Users, and Promoters)

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://github.com/sanjay-thiyagarajan/forage Forage] - a user script that provides an additional editing interface that makes editing easier, by showing the expected properties for a page (based on its &quot;instance of&quot; values), and providing simple inputs to let users add values for any such property. To install Forage, just add the following line to the common.js subpage under your user page on Wikidata, i.e. wikidata.org/wiki/User:Your username here/common.js: &lt;code&gt;importScript('User:Techwizzie/forage.js');&lt;/code&gt;

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The Wikibase REST API, introduced last year on Wikidata, is progressing towards version 1, aiming for a comprehensive release by the end of 2024. We're seeking community feedback to enhance the current API and plan future developments. Please share your thoughts on this page: [[d:Wikidata_talk:REST_API_feedback_round|Feedback on the Wikibase REST API (July/August 2024)]].
* [[m:User:Abdulai Yorli Iddrisu (WMDE)|Abdulai Yorli Iddrisu (WMDE)]] has joined the Software Communication team (SCoT) at Wikimedia Deutschland as an intern until the end of September 2024. Welcome Yorli!
* Wikidata now has a shiny new landing page for developers: [[d:Wikidata:For developers|Wikidata:For developers]]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12876|writing technique]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;technique used for writing on stone, paper or other support&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12878|last appearance]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;last work featuring a fictional character or item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12883|Tüik mahalle ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of neighborhoods (mahalle) in Turkey in TÜİK (Turkish Statistical Institute) database&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12886|Sandbox-EntitySchema]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Sandbox property for value of type &quot;EntitySchema&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12889|myfixguide.com Category ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;photos about how to repair hardware&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12895|indexer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity responsible for compiling an index of a book, database, website or other forms of media publications in the form of a methodical arrangement of records designed to enable users to locate information quickly&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12912|object of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;specific object to which an action or class of actions occurs&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12913|object class of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;class of objects (including substances) to which an action or class of actions may occur&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12919|public funding]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;amount of public funding an organisation receives&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12871|Google Play author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12872|‎Overcast episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12873|ArchWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P12874|Valencian Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12875|‎Star Wars.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P12877|ScienceDirect journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12879|Filmová databáze film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12880|Filmová databáze person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12881|FC Krasnodar player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12882|Iraqnla book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12884|Alle Burgen ID]], [[:d:Property:P12885|Italian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12887|islamway authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12888|Metamath statement ID]], [[:d:Property:P12890|Imperial University of Dorpat student ID]], [[:d:Property:P12891|Coptic Dictionary Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12892|English-Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12893|autoritateak.eus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12894|Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12896|Nintendo Life company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12897|Wiley Online Library journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12898|Museums in Russia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12899|Helveticat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12900|ARABTERM entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12901|Hawramani Arabic Lexicon entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12902|Women in Resistance ID]], [[:d:Property:P12903|French-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12904|German-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12905|Emerald Group Publishing journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12906|Taylor &amp; Francis journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12907|JTA Sightseeing Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12908|WorldCyclingStats ID]], [[:d:Property:P12909|The New Mithraeum ID]], [[:d:Property:P12910|Finnish Ministers database ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12911|State Historical Museum of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12914|mandumah ID]], [[:d:Property:P12915|Educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes ID]], [[:d:Property:P12916|Encyclopaedia of Islam (French edition) ID]], [[:d:Property:P12917|FDC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12918|French bathing water ID]], [[:d:Property:P12920|Norwegian Kunstnerforbundet artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12921|Political Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12922|United Nations Digital Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12923|U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12924|365scores player ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date de vote|date de vote]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;vote date, date on which people decided or cast their ballot&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/schmeckt nach|schmeckt nach]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taste that a food or drink has&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Military Grid Reference System ID|Military Grid Reference System ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;geocoordinate standard used by NATO militaries for locating points on Earth&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has semantic role (2nd proposal)|has semantic role (2nd proposal)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item that describes a role in an event/action class&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/growth rate|growth rate]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;growth rate of something over time&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/lifespan|lifespan]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;duration of a person's known or recorded lifespan&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/APPF registration status|APPF registration status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;status of registration of this entity with the Authority for European political parties and European political foundation&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thinkwiki article|Thinkwiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series ID|SideReel series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series URL slug|SideReel series URL slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/africanmusiclibrary.org artist id|africanmusiclibrary.org artist id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Glosbe Old High German Lexeme ID|Glosbe Old High German Lexeme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tretyakov Gallery artist ID|Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID|Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant FranceTerme|identifiant FranceTerme]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yediot Books book ID|Yediot Books book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores player ID|365scores player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/xdaforums|xdaforums]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GamingOnLinux Database ID|GamingOnLinux Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Akademický slovník současné češtiny ID|Akademický slovník současné češtiny ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TIPLOC code|TIPLOC code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IDU play ID|IDU play ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FolkWiki ID|FolkWiki ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/ApxH Image gallery of the most notable sculptures] ([[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Sculpture#Showcase_queries|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/ApQd Authors that cite your article(s)], [https://w.wiki/ApQs Authors that you cite] ([https://wikis.world/@egonw@mastodon.social/112892436172671056 source])
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Sculpture/Top collections|Sculptures by collection]]: an Integraality dashboard for WikiProject Sculpture
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/9y2u Dagbani Lexemes that wrongly include the grammatical gender property P5185]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q155845|Chinua Achebe (Q155845)]] - Nigerian novelist, poet, professor, and critic
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L636928|Stuorra Dorskavuotna (L636928)]] -  fjord in Hammerfest, Norway (Northern Sami proper noun)

''' Development '''
* mul language code: The new language code has been rolled out in a limited way. We are looking through feedback now.
* mul release: The full release of the &quot;mul&quot; language code feature to Wikidata, originally scheduled for August 12, may be delayed as we have uncovered a few issues during testing that could potentially block the scheduled release.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Bermuda|Bermuda]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:16, 5 අගෝස්තු 2024 (යූටීසී)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27229311 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #640 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt; This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-08-12. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Wikimania 2024 took place in Katowice, Poland. You can watch replays of the sessions [https://www.youtube.com/@TheWikimediaFoundation/videos on YouTube]. Additionally, recordings of individual sessions are linked to each item [https://wikimania.eventyay.com/2024/schedule/ on the Eventyay] schedule.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://chem-bla-ics.linkedchemistry.info/2024/08/11/scholarly-discussions.html Scholarly discussions through they eyes of CiTO (and Wikidata)] - The post emphasizes how Wikidata can serve as a central hub for linking various scholarly resources, enabling better data interoperability and discoverability.
* Papers
** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.18278 Talking Wikidata: Communication patterns and their impact on community engagement in collaborative knowledge graphs] - a study of Wikidata's collaboration patterns reveals that a small group of highly engaged members drives most contributions, and improving discussions and engagement strategies could enhance long-term participation in the community.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-_2gzi8530 FOSS4GE 2024 | Bridging Worlds: Integration of Wikidata and OpenStreetMap] - Discover the synergy between Wikidata and OpenStreetMap, two monumental open data repositories. This talk unveils innovative web-based tools facilitating the linking of these platforms, enhancing the richness and accuracy of geospatial data.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYiEvv0R9PM Setting up a Wikibase reconciliation service] - Wikibase Working Hours by OlafJanssen
* Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/list-of-countries-by-continent-in-wikidata List of countries by continent in Wikidata]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://new-q5.toolforge.org/ New Q5] - is a form that quickly sets up a Wikidata Item for an individual by generating a QuickStatement with the basic parameters such as name and age.
* [[d:User:Nikki/SDCInfo.js|User:Nikki/SDCInfo.js]] - is a Userscript that shows some Wikimedia Commons statements on [[d:Property:P443|pronunciation audio]] statements on Lexeme forms.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12895|indexer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entity responsible for compiling an index of a book, database, website or other forms of media publications in the form of a methodical arrangement of records designed to enable users to locate information quickly&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12912|object of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;specific object to which an action or class of actions occurs&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12913|object class of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;class of objects (including substances) to which an action or class of actions may occur&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12919|public funding]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;amount of public funding an organisation receives&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12933|relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;indicates a relation between the subject and the SDGs or one of the components&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12896|Nintendo Life company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12897|Wiley Online Library journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12898|Museums in Russia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12899|Helveticat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12900|ARABTERM entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12901|Hawramani Arabic Lexicon entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12902|Women in Resistance ID]], [[:d:Property:P12903|French-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12904|German-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12905|Emerald Group Publishing journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12906|Taylor &amp; Francis journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12907|JTA Sightseeing Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12908|WorldCyclingStats ID]], [[:d:Property:P12909|The New Mithraeum ID]], [[:d:Property:P12910|Finnish Ministers database ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12911|State Historical Museum of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12914|mandumah ID]], [[:d:Property:P12915|Educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes ID]], [[:d:Property:P12916|Encyclopaedia of Islam (French edition) ID]], [[:d:Property:P12917|FoodData Central ID]], [[:d:Property:P12918|French bathing water ID]], [[:d:Property:P12920|Norwegian Kunstnerforbundet artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12921|Political Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12922|United Nations Digital Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12923|U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12924|365scores football player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12925|African Music Library artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12926|Akademický slovník současné češtiny ID]], [[:d:Property:P12927|GamingOnLinux Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12928|TIPLOC code]], [[:d:Property:P12929|JJM Habitation ID]], [[:d:Property:P12930|IDU play ID]], [[:d:Property:P12931|‎IDU original ID]], [[:d:Property:P12932|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date de vote|date de vote]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;vote date, date on which people decided or cast their ballot&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/schmeckt nach|schmeckt nach]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taste that a food or drink has&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has semantic role (2nd proposal)|has semantic role (2nd proposal)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item that describes a role in an event/action class&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/growth rate|growth rate]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;growth rate of something over time&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/lifespan|lifespan]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;duration of a person's known or recorded lifespan&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/APPF registration status|APPF registration status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;status of registration of this entity with the Authority for European political parties and European political foundation&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/exponent of base unit|exponent of base unit]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;a qualifier of {{Q|P12571}} used to describe the exponent of the unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Javanese registers|Javanese registers]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;suggest the relationship between similar Javanese lexemes, between its various registers (social variants), mainly {{Q|12500634}} register (plain Javanese), {{Q|12492493}} register (high/polite Javanese), and {{Q|13091955}} register (middle Javanese)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tretyakov Gallery artist ID|Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID|Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant FranceTerme|identifiant FranceTerme]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yediot Books book ID|Yediot Books book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/xdaforums|xdaforums]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FolkWiki ID|FolkWiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores basketball player ID|365scores basketball player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The House of Graphs ID|The House of Graphs ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SIMBAD catalog properties (used more than 1 million times)|SIMBAD catalog properties (used more than 1 million times)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/All Musicals lyrics ID|All Musicals lyrics ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores football team ID|365scores football team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores basketball team ID|365scores basketball team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Illinois Center for the Book Author ID|Illinois Center for the Book Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ôlyrix Person ID|Ôlyrix Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ідентифікатор відеогри Gamekombo|Ідентифікатор відеогри Gamekombo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Slekt og Data grave ID|Slekt og Data grave ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Rtnf/Instance_Of Wikidata's &quot;instance of&quot; and its associated properties, according to &quot;properties for this type&quot; (P1963)]
** [https://edu.nl/y38rg Example query to show why papers cite each other] ([https://wikis.world/@egonw@social.edu.nl/112943938308855780 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Redundancy|Redundancy]] - The primary aim of WikiProject Redundancy is to reduce the amount of Wikidata's data—without reducing the amount of information in Wikidata!—for the well-being of Wikidata, its community, and its downstream users.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d: Wikidata:Database reports/items with P569 greater than P570|Items with instance of (P31) human (Q5) and date of birth (P569) &gt; date of death (P570)]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q350|Cambridge (Q350)]]: city in Cambridgeshire, England
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L651052|kpanjɔɣu (L651052)]] - A Dagbani noun described in English as hampers, baskets, or similar containers made from woven materials like reeds, grasses, or wicker, traditionally used for carrying or storing clothing.

''' Development '''
* Not much happened this past week because the team was attending Wikimania.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:54, 12 අගෝස්තු 2024 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27237597 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #641 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt;This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-08-19.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship:
** [[Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Wüstenspringmaus|Wüstenspringmaus]] (RfP scheduled to end after 21 August 2024 11:07 (UTC))
** [[Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Mohammed_Qays|Mohammed Qays]] (RfP scheduled to end after 19 August 2024 19:11 (UTC))
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Bot5958_1b|Bot5958 1b]] - Task: Infer {{P|P1712}} of TV series, seasons, and episodes from vertically adjacent levels.

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* (Save The Date)
** Wikidata Days Bologna - November 8 - 9, 2024. Dario Nobili Library (CNR). A conference dedicated to the Italian-speaking Wikidata community, with a focus on libraries and research.
* Ongoing
** Like Soccer? Did you know the [[m:Wiki_Soccerthons_2024_in_Uganda|Uganda Wiki Soccerthon 2024]] is still running and aims to create over 300 Wikidata items on Ugandan clubs, players, coaches, leagues, associations and leagues related to Ugandan soccer.
* In case you missed it...
** Catch up on all the Wikimania 2024 sessions with these [https://www.youtube.com/@TheWikimediaFoundation/videos YouTube replays]. Or check the [https://wikimania.eventyay.com/2024/schedule/ Eventyay schedule] for recordings of individual sessions linked to each item.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/en/2024/08/13/unveiling-discrepancies-first-experiences-with-finding-mismatches-on-wikidata-and-how-you-can-too/ (Tech News) Unveiling discrepancies: First experiences with finding mismatches on Wikidata and how you can too] - A team of five Purdue University students partnered with Wikimedia Deutschland for the Purdue Data Mine to find mismatches for the Wikidata Mismatch Finder.
** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/en/2024/08/12/wikidata-power-contributor-an-interview-with-user-bodhisattwa/ (Tech News) Wikidata power contributor: an interview with user Bodhisattwa] - WMDE's Alan Ang talks with long-time editor and pillar of the Bangla Wiki community, Bodhisattwa.
** (de) [https://dhistory.hypotheses.org/7526 Whether toolbox, workshop or hardware store: open, community-curated tool Registries with Wikidata] - I. Trilling, T. Grallert and J. Schmitz discuss the tool-directory created “Kompetenzwerkstatt Digital Humanities” (KDH) at the UB and the “Methods Innovation Lab” of the NFDI4Memory and presented at the Chair of Digital History.

* Papers
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-68323-7_35 Discovering Relationships Among Properties in Wikidata Knowledge Graph] - Authors Emetis Niazmand and Maria-Esther Vidal use class-based relationship discovery to study and explore distribution and frequency of predicates across six domains. Pp 388–394 of Big Data Analytics and Knowledge Discovery.
* Videos
** (pt) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Agmjmf3knjg Wikidata Lab XLII: OpenRefine] Éder Porto and Luca Belo host a workshop covering the newest features for loading media and Structured Data (SDC) on Commons, as well as metadata on Wikidata through OpenRefine.
** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IyzBixV98vE Use of records on Wikipedia using Wikidata] - Mikel Zubimendi shows how to populate Wikipedia articles with Infoboxes populated by data hosted on Wikidata.
** [https://youtube.com/watch?v=rFdxAn6Agr0?t=681 Engaging with language diversity via the Wikipedia ecosystem @ PGO24] - [[User:Daniel_Mietchen|User:Daniel Mietchen]] at the Polyglot Gathering hosts a workshop with numerous examples of how the Wiki ecosystem hosts and represents linguistic content.
* Notebooks 
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/Olympic-medals-by-continent Medals count by continent] Combining data from the International Olympic Committee and Wikidata, this notebook computes medals count by continent. 
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/cycling-stage-race-explorer?race=Q1542952&amp;lang=en&amp;winner=Q20882747 Winners of the Tour de France Femmes] The Tour de France Femmes 2024 just ended on Sunday 18th of August. The cycling stage race explorer notebook shows all stage winners of the Tour de France Femmes.
* [https://observablehq.com/d/b9323741423d2152 Visualisation of location of Japanese Lighthouses] The TU Delft Library queries Wikidata to map the location of Japanese lighthouses designed by Richard Henry Brunton or Léonce Verny.
* Tools
** (fr) [https://data.cpesr.fr/wikidataesr/ WikidataESR: Tenter d’y voir clair dans l’ESR] : exploring French higher education and research institutional landscape with the help of Wikidata. French higher education and research landscape is highly complex. Wikidata can help to better understand the landscape.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://github.com/sahajsk21/Anvesha Anvesha] is a drill-down browser for any Wikibase installation (incl. Wikidata). A prominent example of it in use is the [https://wikidatawalkabout.org/ Wikidata Walkabout].

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [[Wikidata:For_developers|Wikidata: For Developers]] - We have a shiny new portal for developers wanting to build applications using Wikidata's data. Visit it for inspiration with showcase examples, resources, information and support.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P12912|object of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;specific object to which an action or class of actions applies&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12913|object class of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;class of objects (including substances) to which an action or class of actions may occur&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12919|public funding]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;amount of public funding an organisation receives&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12933|relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;indicates a relation between the subject and the SDGs or one of the components&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12900|ARABTERM entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12901|Hawramani Arabic Lexicon entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12902|Women in Resistance ID]], [[:d:Property:P12903|French-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12904|German-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12905|Emerald Group Publishing journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12906|Taylor &amp; Francis journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12907|JTA Sightseeing Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12908|WorldCyclingStats ID]], [[:d:Property:P12909|The New Mithraeum ID]], [[:d:Property:P12910|Finnish Ministers database ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12911|State Historical Museum of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12914|mandumah ID]], [[:d:Property:P12915|Educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes ID]], [[:d:Property:P12916|Encyclopaedia of Islam (French edition) ID]], [[:d:Property:P12917|FoodData Central ID]], [[:d:Property:P12918|French bathing water ID]], [[:d:Property:P12920|Norwegian Kunstnerforbundet artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12921|Political Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12922|United Nations Digital Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12923|U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12924|365scores football player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12925|African Music Library artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12926|Akademický slovník současné češtiny ID]], [[:d:Property:P12927|GamingOnLinux Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12928|TIPLOC code]], [[:d:Property:P12929|JJM Habitation ID]], [[:d:Property:P12930|IDU play ID]], [[:d:Property:P12931|‎IDU original ID]], [[:d:Property:P12932|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12934|The House of Graphs ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
*New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date de vote|date de vote]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;vote date, date on which people decided or cast their ballot&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/schmeckt nach|schmeckt nach]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taste that a food or drink has&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has semantic role (2nd proposal)|has semantic role (2nd proposal)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item that describes a role in an event/action class&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/growth rate|growth rate]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;growth rate of something over time&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/APPF registration status|APPF registration status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;status of registration of this entity with the Authority for European political parties and European political foundation&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/exponent of base unit|exponent of base unit]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;a qualifier of {{Q|P12571}} used to describe the exponent of the unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Javanese registers|Javanese registers]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;suggest the relationship between similar Javanese lexemes, between its various registers (social variants), mainly {{Q|12500634}} register (plain Javanese), {{Q|12492493}} register (high/polite Javanese), and {{Q|13091955}} register (middle Javanese)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/objects of action have role|objects of action have role]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;role that objects of this action take on in the context of this action. (For selectional restrictions, use {{P|12913}} instead.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ConLang Code Registry code|ConLang Code Registry code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;3-letter identifier for language defined in the ConLang Code Registry, using codes reserved for private use in ISO 639-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dénomination|dénomination]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;value of a currency or type of currency&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tretyakov Gallery artist ID|Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID|Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant FranceTerme|identifiant FranceTerme]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yediot Books book ID|Yediot Books book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/xdaforums|xdaforums]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FolkWiki ID|FolkWiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores basketball player ID|365scores basketball player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SIMBAD catalog properties (used more than 1 million times)|SIMBAD catalog properties (used more than 1 million times)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/All Musicals lyrics ID|All Musicals lyrics ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores football team ID|365scores football team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores basketball team ID|365scores basketball team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Illinois Center for the Book Author ID|Illinois Center for the Book Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ôlyrix Person ID|Ôlyrix Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ідентифікатор відеогри Gamekombo|Ідентифікатор відеогри Gamekombo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Slekt og Data grave ID|Slekt og Data grave ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/iasj article ID|iasj article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MobyGames critic ID|MobyGames critic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grand Comics Database feature ID|Grand Comics Database feature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Operabook Person ID|Operabook Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Retromags game ID|Retromags game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Retromags magazine ID|Retromags magazine ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/speedrun.com series ID|speedrun.com series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Madain Project ID|Madain Project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GameFAQs genre ID|GameFAQs genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Altar of Gaming game ID|Altar of Gaming game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Altar of Gaming company ID|Altar of Gaming company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Polygon game ID|Polygon game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Altar of Gaming franchise ID|Altar of Gaming franchise ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Altar of Gaming character ID|Altar of Gaming character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Altar of Gaming person ID|Altar of Gaming person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FOLDOC ID|FOLDOC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WE.League player ID|WE.League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WE.League manager ID|WE.League manager ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nomes e Voces ID|Nomes e Voces ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cnkgraph person ID|cnkgraph person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cnkgraph poem ID|cnkgraph poem ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cnkgraph book ID|cnkgraph book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un auteur sur Ciel d'oc|Identifiant d'un auteur sur Ciel d'oc]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/Av9N Of the official mottos of U.S. states, there are more in Latin than in English]
** [https://w.wiki/AxNL Instance/sub-classes of {{Q|115870510}} that have 3 or more non-English Wikipedia site-links]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[Wikidata:WikiProject Disambiguation|Disambiguation]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Association_football/Wanted_footballers|Wanted footballers]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: {{Q|319}}

''' Development '''
* [https://wikimedia.pt/limetestbr/index.php/547431 QuickStatements Community Consultation], until August 31st
* Wikibase REST API: We are continuing to improve error messages and handling.
* Wikipedia and co: We are working on moving the Wikidata Item link out of the sidebar ([[phab:T66315]])
* Wikidata Query Service graph split: The WMF Search Platform team is setting up the servers for the split graphs. We hope to have them ready for use soon. We also prepared the constraints checks for this.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].


'''Weekly Tasks'''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
* Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]!
* Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]].
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024_08_19|Read the full report]]''' &amp;middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &amp;middot; [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:42, 19 අගෝස්තු 2024 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27307373 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #641 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt; This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-08-26. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Gwanki|Gwanki]] - RfP scheduled to end after 26 August 2024 05:54 (UTC)
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Putnik_2|Putnik 2]] - RfP scheduled to end after 27 August 2024 23:17 (UTC)
* Closed request for adminship: Both requests successful, welcome new admins: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Mohammed_Qays|Mohammed Qays]] and [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Wüstenspringmaus|Wüstenspringmaus]]!
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] - Task/s: reminds users when their rights are to expire (see [[Phab:T370842]])
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Bot5958_1b|Bot5958 1b]] - RfP successful!
* New request for comments: 
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Citations_from_Wikidata|Citations from Wikidata]] from Author: [[d:User:Palu|Palu]]
** [[Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/audio_transcription_(P9533)|Audio Transcription (P9533)]] from Author: [[d:User:Yug|Yug]]. [[d:Property:P9533|P9533]] is described as ''transcription of the word/text being spoken in this file''. Does this exclude other communications modalities?

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* &quot;The Future of Wikidata Events&quot; report by Wikimedia Deutschland is [[c:File:The future of Wikidata Events - Research Report 2024.pdf|now available on Wikimedia Commons]]. This report provides valuable insights into the current state and future possibilities of Wikidata events. We encourage everyone to read the report and share their thoughts to help shape the future of our community events: [[d:Wikidata talk:Events#&quot;The Future of Wikidata Events&quot; Report Now Available on Wikimedia Commons|Wikidata talk:Events#&quot;The Future of Wikidata Events&quot; Report Now Available on Wikimedia Commons]].
* Wikidata's 12th Birthday is fast approaching. Do you need financial support to organize a birthday event? Here is some useful information about how to get funding: [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth_Birthday/Run_an_event/Funding|Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday/Run an event/Funding]]. The deadline to apply is September 1st.
* [[m:Wikimedia%2BLibraries_International_Convention_2025|WikiLibCon25]] The Wikimedia+Libraries International Convention 2025 takes place in Mexico City, Mexico between 15 - 17 January 2025 - Call for [[m:Wikimedia%2BLibraries_International_Convention_2025/Scholarships|Scholarships (ends 31 August0]] and [[m:Wikimedia%2BLibraries_International_Convention_2025/Call_for_Papers_WikiLib_Con_2025|Proposals (ends 15 September)]] are open. WikiLibCon25 brings together Wikimedians, Wikibrarians, information professionals, library workers and mission-aligned partners from around the globe to create a vivid community and promote cooperative projects in the Library &amp; Wikimedia sphere.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Papers
** [https://academic.oup.com/ccc/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ccc/tcae029/7739141 What does it mean to be queer in Wikidata?]: Practices of gender representation within a transnational online community. By B. Melis et al.
** [https://www.o-bib.de/bib/article/download/5894/8905?inline=1 Diversity and bias in DBpedia and Wikidata as a challenge for text-analysis tools] by B. Berendt et al. This paper explores how data sources can impact content analysis of their tool Diversity Searcher for analysing diversity in news media texts.
* Videos
** (sw) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jx6GfpK1mUw Wikipedia vs Wikidata] - Fjodor Eklund shows how wikidata works and how searches are visualized.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjocbzBwn-w Wikimania Coolest Tool Award! 2024] - Wikidata had good representation with InteGraality and Wikidata Walkabout.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxAqX2qhgcw Qichwabase: Building Knowledge Graphs for Under-Resourced Languages] Elwin Huaman discuses how Wikibase and Wikidata have helped create a KG to empower local communities and languages.
* Slides: [https://zenodo.org/records/13373746 Giving metabolites (and lipids) a chemical and biological context with open science]. This talk discusses the role of open science in providing chemical and biological context for metabolites and lipids, highlighting open-source cheminformatics, open standards, and open data to facilitate linking knowledge across databases and publications, as well as describing chemical interactions in biological pathway databases. By Egon Willighagen.
* Notebooks
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/olympic-medals-by-group-of-countries Olympic medals by group of countries 🥇🥈🥉]: Using Wikidata and IOC data to compute the share of medals for a selected groups of countries
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/unequal-distribution-of-medals Unequal distribution of medals from the Summer Olympics]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://wikidata-game.toolforge.org/distributed/#game=94 Wikidata distributed/#game=94] - Help adding missing information related to artists on BNU's catalog (Select the option that fits best).

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* New AI Project Manager to join Wikimedia Deutschland: We’re pleased to announce that a new AI project manager will be joining our team next week. Lydia and Jonathan (Director of Engineering) have been prototyping in this area and recently presented their work at the AI_dev summit ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7Qbb1yuLkE YouTube link]). Our goal is to bring knowledge graphs and generative AI closer together, making AI more equitable, truthful, participatory, and open. More updates to come soon!
''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12949|denomination]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;value of a currency or type of currency&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12935|Illinois Center for the Book author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12936|Slekt og Data grave ID]], [[:d:Property:P12937|‎FolkWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12938|iasj article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12939|365scores football team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12940|speedrun.com series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12941|All Musicals lyrics ID]], [[:d:Property:P12942|MobyGames critic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12943|Polygon game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12944|Madain Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12945|365scores basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12946|FOLDOC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12947|GameFAQs genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12948|Retromags game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12950|Nomes e Voces ID]], [[:d:Property:P12951|Altar of Gaming company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12952|Altar of Gaming franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12953|Altar of Gaming game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12954|Altar of Gaming person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12955|Ciel d'oc ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Larval host plant|Larval host plant]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Larval host plant - used only for insects - subclass of P1034&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/board game designer|board game designer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person(s) who devised and developed this game&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ACUM IDs|ACUM IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DOS Game Modding Wiki article|DOS Game Modding Wiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mapcarta|Mapcarta]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID|Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiYeshiva article ID|WikiYeshiva article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Denkmalnummer des Archivs der Stadt Linz|Denkmalnummer des Archivs der Stadt Linz]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GameSpot genre ID|GameSpot genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VideoGameGeek genre ID|VideoGameGeek genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Say Who|Identifiant Say Who]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VIRIN|VIRIN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tabletopia game ID|Tabletopia game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Board Game Arena ID|Board Game Arena ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CNES identifier|CNES identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BoardGaming.com game ID|BoardGaming.com game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish Company Number|Finnish Company Number]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/AzvB Of the 15424 existing subway stations on Earth, 5726 of them are in] [[d:Q148|People's Republic of China (Q148)]]
** [https://w.wiki/AzMm Map of tripoints known to Wikidata] ([https://x.com/slaettaratindur/status/1826982823674220733 source])
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Sweden/Banks|Sweden/Banks]] - All Swedish banks still in operation
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Antiquity/Mythology|Antiquity/Mythology]] - This WikiProject deals with everything connected to [[d:Q34726|Greek mythology]] with an outlook on the traditional tales and divinities which came before and/or inspired it, like [[d:Q205740|Ancient Egyptian mythology]], [[d:Q3859459|Mesopotamian mythology]] ([[d:Q275051|Sumerian]], [[d:Q102201772|Akkadian]] and [[d:Q3859450|Babylonian]]) and [[d:Q1142277|Hittite mythology]], as well as those of adjacent cultures and those influenced by the Greeks, most notably [[d:Q122173|Roman mythology]]).
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Aotearoa Asian Artists|Aotearoa Asian Artists]] - This project aims to improve the data available about Aotearoa Asian Artists - Asian diaspora artists from, living in, and connected to [[:en:New Zealand|Aotearoa New Zealand]].
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://wikidata-terminator.toolforge.org/?list&amp;mode=tx#/ Terminator: Articles with no interwikis in a given Wikipedia] - Wikidata Items that lack a label, description, or article in a specific language.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q3508109|Northern Transylvania Holocaust Memorial Museum]] - heritage site in Sălaj County, Romania

''' Development '''
* Not much happened this week. Many of the developers are still on vacation, and some are out sick.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:18, 26 අගෝස්තු 2024 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27350272 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #643 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt; This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-09-02.''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Project chat: [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Mass-import_policy|Wikidata:Project chat#Mass-import policy]] - A new mass-import policy has been proposed, focusing on improving the quality of existing items rather than importing new ones, with a suggested limit of 100 new items before requiring community approval.

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
*Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session 3 September, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 3 September, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1725379200 Time zone converter]). Christa Strickler will be our first Project Series lead with her joint project with the Wikidata Religion &amp; Theology Community of Practice to contribute biographical data to Wikidata from the IRFA database using the Mix’n’Match tool.  We are excited to learn more about this project, provide a forum for discussion and shared learning, and lend a hand while building new skills. Event page: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/First_Project_Series|Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Affinity Group Calls/First Project Series]]
* (id) Registration is open for the [[m:Wikimedia_Indonesia/Hibah_Riset_Wikidata_2024|Wikimedia Indonesia Research Grant 2024]] program. Open until 30 September 2024. This program opens funding opportunities for research on topics related to Wikidata, Wikipedia, or other Wiki projects, and Linked Open Data.
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZDRZDW4QKS5JKQWYGZQ6RFULGX5FZJHU/ Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team—September 4, 2024]. Time: 15:00-16:00 UTC / 08:00 PDT / 11:00 EDT / 17:00 CEST

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: (de) [https://blog.tib.eu/2024/08/29/wikibase4research-wissensdaten-einfach-verwalten-teilen-und-visualisieren/ Wikibase4Research] - Easily manage, share and visualize knowledge data, tailored for academic purposes, WB4R simplifies the installation and use of MedaWiki software. By Kolja Bailly.
* Papers
** [https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2408.14658 KGPrune: a Web Application to Extract Subgraphs of Interest from Wikidata with Analogical Pruning] (see also Videos) -  this web application when given seed entities of interest and properties to traverse, extracts neighboring subgraphs from Wikidata. By Pierre Monnin.
** [https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2408.14849 Project SHADOW: Symbolic Higher-order Associative Deductive reasoning On Wikidata using LM probing] - A fine-tuned language model trained on an intermediate task using associative deductive reasoning. By Hanna Abi Akl.
** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383606716_Transforming_higher_education_a_decade_of_integrating_wikipedia_and_wikidata_for_literacy_enhancement_and_social_impact Transforming higher education: a decade of integrating Wikipedia and Wikidata for literacy enhancement and social impact] - Demonstrating the role of Wikipedia and Wikidata in fostering knowledge creation, digital and data literacies and critical thinking, in Open Edcuational resources. By S.E. Sigalov, A. Cohen &amp; R. Nachmias.
* Videos
** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnQ_Bv7xsms Connect biodiversity to Wikimedia projects via iNaturalist?] - Tiago Lubiana presents the inat2wiki platform (https://inat2wiki.toolforge.org/), designed to connect biodiversity observations to Commons and subsequently, to Wikipedia and Wikidata.
** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuzsLc2Z7ZE Lecture on Knowledge Graphs &amp; Workshop on Querying Data] - Sebastián Ferrada presents this lecture at the Summer Institute in Computational Social Science 2023 including a SPARQL and Wikidata Query Service workshop.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LgImCismRw?t=8739 Wiki4Education Technical Training] - session 2 of the Wiki4Education training series held across 17 - 24 Aug 2024 in Uganda.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mt5gF4ZmhGY Introducing KGPrune] - a web application to extract subgraphs of interest from Wikidata with analogical pruning by Pierre Monnin.
** (ar) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSSGyYgKlvM Intro to Wikidata] at the Arabic Wikidata Days 2024, hosted by Houcemeddine Turki
** (ar) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vmd_oOaN2lg 2: Wikidata for Wikipedians] - this session of Arabic Wikidata Days 2024 shows the benefits of using Wikidata in Wikipedia.
* Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/drawing-the-adventures-of-tintin-character-network Drawing the network of Adventures of Tintin]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://toolhub.wikimedia.org/tools/wikidata-on-sister-projects/history/revision/40193 Display Wikidata Info on sister projects] by [[d:User:Yair_rand|User:Yair rand]]. This user-script will add the articles corresponding Wikidata item Label, Q-ID, Description and Short Desc. neatly under the article title. If no Wikidata item is linked, option to CreateNewItem page on Wikidata is provided.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RYYOGLIJFXKZOSU4PAS2SBO7TWKRGYU4/ Call for Projects and Mentors for Outreachy Round 29 is open!] The deadline to submit projects on the Outreachy website is September 11, 2024 at 4pm UTC and the project list will be finalized by September 18, 2024.
*  [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/MU7W6Y6K2TOSPHWEY5WIUO76JLPKLWL7/ QuickStatements Community Consultation]. Wiki Movimento Brazil as part of the [[m:Software Collaboration for Wikidata|Software Collaboration for Wikidata]] are conducting interviews to build upon the QuickStatements tool. If you're interested in helping refine the tool then get in touch with them.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P12949|denomination]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;value of a currency or type of currency&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12956|exponent of base unit]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;a qualifier of derived from base unit (P12571) used to describe the exponent of the unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12935|Illinois Center for the Book author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12936|Slekt og Data grave ID]], [[:d:Property:P12937|‎FolkWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12938|iasj article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12939|365scores football team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12940|speedrun.com series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12941|All Musicals lyrics ID]], [[:d:Property:P12942|MobyGames critic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12943|Polygon game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12944|Madain Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12945|365scores basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12946|FOLDOC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12947|GameFAQs genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12948|Retromags game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12950|Nomes e Voces ID]], [[:d:Property:P12951|Altar of Gaming company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12952|Altar of Gaming franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12953|Altar of Gaming game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12954|Altar of Gaming person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12955|Ciel d'oc ID]], [[:d:Property:P12957|VideoGameGeek genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12958|GameSpot genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12959|FranceTerme identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12960|DOS Game Modding Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12961|monument ID in the archive of Linz]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Larval host plant|Larval host plant]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Larval host plant - used only for insects - subclass of P1034&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/board game designer|board game designer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person(s) who devised and developed this game&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has reading|has reading]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;phonetic reading or pronunciation of the sinogram&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/agent of action &amp; agent class of action &amp; agents of action have role|agent of action &amp; agent class of action &amp; agents of action have role]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;particular item that initiates this action or class of actions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/formula weight|formula weight]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;molar mass of an empirical forumula unit of a chemical compound, element or isotope&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/initialism|initialism]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;abbreviation containing only first letters of an expression (regardless if pronounced as letters or as a word)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Handwriting example|Handwriting example]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Sample image of the person's handwriting.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ACUM IDs|ACUM IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mapcarta|Mapcarta]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID|Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiYeshiva article ID|WikiYeshiva article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Say Who|Identifiant Say Who]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VIRIN|VIRIN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tabletopia game ID|Tabletopia game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Board Game Arena ID|Board Game Arena ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CNES identifier|CNES identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BoardGaming.com game ID|BoardGaming.com game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish Company Number|Finnish Company Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant dans l'annuaire de l'École des chartes|Identifiant dans l'annuaire de l'École des chartes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trakt episode ID|Trakt episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Indian Express Topic ID|The Indian Express Topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NWIS site ID|NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hindustan Times Topic ID|Hindustan Times Topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lexikon der Mathematik entry ID|Lexikon der Mathematik entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteka Nauki IDs|Biblioteka Nauki IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TV Maze character ID|TV Maze character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Prosocour d'une personne|identifiant Prosocour d'une personne]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stadtwiki Karlsruhe ID|Stadtwiki Karlsruhe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/culture.ru organization ID|culture.ru organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores basketball team ID|365scores basketball team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Encyclopédie des femmes tunisiennes|identifiant Encyclopédie des femmes tunisiennes]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/B3SQ {{langSwitch|en=French nuclear tests map with their power in kt|fr=Carte des essais nucléaires français avec puissances en kt}} ]
** [https://w.wiki/6TNS What Wikidata album languages grew the most this week?] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/113057841265159018 source])
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Sitelinks to Wiktionary|Sitelinks to Wiktionary]] - List of Items with links to Wiktionary main space.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q4167410|Wikimedia disambiguation page (Q4167410)]]: type of wiki page usually in main namespace (article namespace, ns=0) containing links to articles with similar names, and very little details only, use with P31 &quot;instance of&quot; (2024-09-02)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L345714|থোড়া (L345714)]]: Bengali verb thôṛa in English imply something that is “chopped” or “minced”

''' Development '''
* Wikidata Query Service:
** The WMF Search Platform team is putting the finishing touches on the new Query Service servers that contain the two parts of the split graph.
** We are analyzing which percentage of current queries are better served by other systems like the REST API or search.
* Wikimedia projects integration:
** We have worked on moving the Wikidata Item link out of the toolbox section of the sidebar of an article. It has been rolled out to the first wikis: ukwiki, hewiki, fawiki ([[phab:T66315]])
** We are working on decreasing the amount of irrelevant changes from Wikidata in the watchlist and recent changes on Wikipedia and co by correcting the tracking behaviour of the Lua function mw.wikibase.entity:getSitelink() ([[phab:T295356]])
* Wikibase REST API: We continued improving errors and error messages.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Ghana|Ghana]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 13:10, 26 August 2024 (UTC) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:02, 2 සැප්තැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27350272 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #644 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt; week leading up to 2024-09-02. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]]. Missed the previous one?&lt;br&gt; See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#643]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/أمين|أمين]] - RfP scheduled to end 9 September 2024 11:18 (UTC).

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Next: (pt) [[:pt:Wikipédia:Edit-a-thon/Atividades_em_português/Oficina_Projeto_Saúde_Auditiva_Editatona_Wikipédia_e_Wikidata|Auditive Health Project – Workshop Wikipedia and Wikidata]] 10 September - Expand and contribute to articles and items on Audiology, this event will be held in 3 participating Universities in Brazil. [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Oficina_Projeto_Sa%C3%BAde_Auditiva_2024 Register on Etherpad].
* Upcoming: The [[m:Celtic Knot Conference 2024/Program|program for the Celtic Knot Conference 2024]] is now available to view! Whether you're interested in language preservation, digital tools for minority languages, or simply connecting with like-minded individuals, there's something for everyone. The conference will take place in Waterford City from September 25-27, 2024

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
**(de) [https://blog.tib.eu/2024/09/04/das-tib-projekt-wikiremembrance-einladung-zur-abschlussveranstaltung/ TIB Blog:The TIB project WikiRemembrance] - The aim of the project was to develop a handout on digital culture of remembrance in a collaborative and participatory process. The project will be ending soon and you can [https://www.wikiremembrance.de/registrierung/ register] for the closing event (9 Oct 2024).
** [https://blog.anj.ai/2024/09/outdated-knowledge.html Correcting outdated facts in Wikidata] - Anj Simmons takes us through an example of finding an outdated or inaccurate fact and correcting it with supporting references.
** [https://chem-bla-ics.linkedchemistry.info/2024/09/07/wikidata-citations.html Adding citations between existing articles in Wikidata] - About a command line tool written in Groovy to enrich Wikidata with citations between journal articles and other research output with DOIs
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ9fIqry7kE Wikidata Quality Toolkit:] Empowering Wikidata editors and content.  Albert Meroño introduces a suite of tools to assist editors by recommending items to edit, detect poorly-supported item references and generating EntitySchemas to find items missing information.
**(ar) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ukwbX__wWQ Arabic Wikidata Days 2024 - Session 3: SPARQL Query] - Houcemeddine Turki introduces how to forumlate and build SPARQL queries in the Wikidata Query Service.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[d:User:Teester/CheckShex.js|User:Teester/CheckShex.js]] - a Userscript that adds an input box to a Wikidata page wherein you can enter an EntitySchema (such as E10).  When you click &quot;Check&quot;, it uses pyshexy to validate the entity against the schema and displays whether the entity passes or fails.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* 🔥 Big changes are coming to the #WikidataQueryService. If you query for scholarly articles, please take a look at [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|this announcement]]!
* Is Shakespeare in German something for you? A digital version of the Schlegel/Tieck edition (Aufbau-Verlag 1975) was released with Wikidata connections. ([https://wikis.world/@umblaetterer@chaos.social/113033900869878738 source])

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes
**[[:d:Property:P12949|denomination]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;value of a currency or type of currency&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12956|exponent of base unit]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;a qualifier of derived from base unit (P12571) used to describe the exponent of the unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12969|game designer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person(s) who devised and developed this game&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12981|Handwriting exaple]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Sample image of the person's handwriting.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12935|Illinois Center for the Book author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12936|Slekt og Data grave ID]], [[:d:Property:P12937|‎FolkWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12938|iasj article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12939|365scores football team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12940|speedrun.com series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12941|All Musicals lyrics ID]], [[:d:Property:P12942|MobyGames critic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12943|Polygon game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12944|Madain Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12945|365scores basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12946|FOLDOC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12947|GameFAQs genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12948|Retromags game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12950|Nomes e Voces ID]], [[:d:Property:P12951|Altar of Gaming company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12952|Altar of Gaming franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12953|Altar of Gaming game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12954|Altar of Gaming person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12955|Ciel d'oc ID]], [[:d:Property:P12957|VideoGameGeek genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12958|GameSpot genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12959|FranceTerme identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12960|DOS Game Modding Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12961|monument ID in the archive of Linz]], [[:d:Property:P12963|‎Altar of Gaming character ID]], [[:d:Property:P12964|WikiYeshiva article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12965|Yediot Books book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12966|Mapcarta ID]], [[:d:Property:P12967|VIRIN]], [[:d:Property:P12968|cnkgraph person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12970|Tabletopia game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12971|cnkgraph book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12973|cnkgraph poem ID]], [[:d:Property:P12975|Lexikon der Mathematik entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12976|‎CNES ID]], [[:d:Property:P12977|‎Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12978|‎TV Maze character ID]], [[:d:Property:P12979|Say Who ID]], [[:d:Property:P12980|‎Finnish Business ID]], [[:d:Property:P12983|Prosocour person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Larval host plant|Larval host plant]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Larval host plant - used only for insects - subclass of P1034&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has reading|has reading]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;phonetic reading or pronunciation of the sinogram&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/agent of action &amp; agent class of action &amp; agents of action have role|agent of action &amp; agent class of action &amp; agents of action have role]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;particular item that initiates this action or class of actions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/formula weight|formula weight]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;molar mass of an empirical forumula unit of a chemical compound, element or isotope&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/initialism|initialism]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;abbreviation containing only first letters of an expression (regardless if pronounced as letters or as a word)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/magazine capacity|magazine capacity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;magazine capacity or clip size of this firearm or weapon (real or fictional)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/male mean age|male mean age]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;male mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/female mean age|female mean age]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;female mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;mummy of a person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ACUM IDs|ACUM IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID|Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Board Game Arena ID|Board Game Arena ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BoardGaming.com game ID|BoardGaming.com game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant dans l'annuaire de l'École des chartes|Identifiant dans l'annuaire de l'École des chartes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trakt episode ID|Trakt episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Indian Express Topic ID|The Indian Express Topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NWIS site ID|NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hindustan Times Topic ID|Hindustan Times Topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteka Nauki IDs|Biblioteka Nauki IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stadtwiki Karlsruhe ID|Stadtwiki Karlsruhe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/culture.ru organization ID|culture.ru organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Encyclopédie des femmes tunisiennes|identifiant Encyclopédie des femmes tunisiennes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LMFDB knowl ID|LMFDB knowl ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Athletics New Zealand athlete ID|Athletics New Zealand athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MinDat Feature ID|MinDat Feature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BoardGameGeek game mechanic ID|BoardGameGeek game mechanic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV)|Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ontobee id|Ontobee id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/newgrounds.com game ID|newgrounds.com game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/B8to Emergency number by country size]
** [https://w.wiki/B8tp Countries with most UNESCO World Heritage Sites]
** [https://w.wiki/B8tq People with songs named after them]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Ideas of queries/list of sense properties|Lexicographical data/Ideas of queries/list of sense properties]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q7066|atheism (Q7066)]] - absence of belief in the existence of deities; the opposite of theism
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1347328|𒆠𒅅𒂵𒉘 (L1347328)]] -  Sumerian verb, means 'to love'

''' Development '''
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/HWKBCPKPL5D4HN6TPJQ6PRCGAFHY7WFE/ (BREAKING CHANGE ANNOUNCEMENT) Wikidata Query Service graph split available in production; scholarly entity queries require migration by March 2025]
* We ported many WikibaseLexeme browser tests from WebdriverIO to Cypress ([[phab:T355934]])
* We’re working on improving the MUL support in the mobile termbox ([[phab:T373088]])
* We’re updating the “label in language” constraint for MUL ([[phab:T370293]])
[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Canada|Canada]]
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:45, 9 සැප්තැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27407185 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #645 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''  Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-09-16. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]]. Missed the previous one?&lt;br&gt; See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#644]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Framabot 5|Framabot 5]] - Task: update a typography error in the French description of homonym pages, seen on [https://github.com/MisterSynergy/deltabot-scripts/commit/afd4c82e04ab338b54229aeec3273dd83d6cbe47 1]. 
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Additional rights for bureaucrats|Additional rights for bureaucrats]] - The proposal suggests allowing Wikidata bureaucrats to remove admin rights, which they currently cannot do, to streamline processes, reduce reliance on stewards, and align with practices of other wikis.
* Proposal: [[d:Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Names#Mul_labels_-_proposal_of_massive_addition|Mul labels - proposal of massive addition]] - The proposal suggests massively adding &quot;mul&quot; labels to Wikidata items for given and family names, using a bot to streamline the process and reduce redundant labels.

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Next Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session 17 September, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 17 September, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1726588800 Time zone converter]). Christa Strickler will be our first Project Series lead with her joint project with the Wikidata Religion &amp; Theology Community of Practice to contribute biographical data to Wikidata from the IRFA database using the Mix’n’Match tool.  We are excited to learn more about this project, provide a forum for discussion and shared learning, and lend a hand while building new skills. Event page: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/First_Project_Series#Session_2_(September_17)_-_Working_session_using_Mix%E2%80%98n%E2%80%99Match_to_add_Wikidata_items|Session 2 (September 17) - Working session using Mix‘n’Match to add Wikidata items]]
* [[w:Wikipedia:Meetup/Seattle/Wikidata Day 2024|Wikidata Day 2024 (Seattle)]] - Agenda: Wikidata Twelfth Birthday, Training and Edit-a-thon. When: Saturday, October 26, from 12:30–4:30pm PDT

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|Looking for Aotearoa's next roving Wikipedian, a Wikidata Te Papa research expeditions publication &amp; the Wikidata WikiProject IBC follow-up workshop]] - The Aotearoa Wikipedian at Large worked with multiple institutions in 2024, contributing to Wikidata by improving museum exhibition models, creating articles, and collaborating on various projects, including biological field trips and entomology, while also engaging with the local Christchurch editing community.
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/India report|Wikimedians-in-residence assigned to add lexicographical data of 5 endangered languages of West Bengal]] - The West Bengal Wikimedians User Group, in collaboration with Jadavpur University, has appointed five linguistics students as Wikimedians-in-residence to add lexicographical data for five endangered languages of West Bengal to Wikidata, contributing to their preservation and digital accessibility.
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Czech Republic report|Cooperation between National Library and Wikimedia CR was presented at Wikimania 2024]] - Wikimedia Czech Republic presented their long-standing collaboration with the National Library at Wikimania 2024, highlighting joint educational and community initiatives, along with additional sessions on media education and successful campaigns during the event.
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Aruba report|Vacancy Wikimedian in Residence for Wikipedia on Aruba - Aruba on Wikipedia project]] - Wikimedia Nederland is seeking a Wikimedian in Residence for the &quot;Wikipedia on Aruba&quot; project, which aims to make Aruban and Dutch Caribbean culture and heritage accessible on Wikimedia platforms, with applications open until 16 September 2024.
* Presentations: [https://tiago.bio.br/phd%20defense/ The knowledge graph of Wikidata in the context of the Human Cell Atlas] - presentation by  [[d:Q90076935|Tiago Lubiana (Q90076935)]]  around their PhD defense
* Essay: [[d:User:ASarabadani (WMF)/Growth of databases of Wikidata|User:ASarabadani (WMF)/Growth of databases of Wikidata]]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[d:User:Lagewi/references.js|User:Lagewi/references.js]] - &quot;Sometimes, the data on Wikidata does not answer all your questions. Some types of information are difficult to encode in statements, or simply has not been encoded on Wikidata yet. In such cases, it might be useful to go through the references attached to claims of the entity, for additional information. To simplify this process, this user script lists all unique references based on [[d:Property:P248|stated in (P248)]] and [[d:Property:P854|reference URL (P854)]]. The references are listed in a collapsible list below the table of labels and descriptions, collapsed by default to not be obtrusive.&quot;  To enable it, include the following line in your [[d:Special:MyPage/common.js|common.js]]: &lt;code&gt;mw.loader.load('//www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lagewi/references.js&amp;oldid=2039248554&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/javascript');&lt;/code&gt;

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
* Newest General datatypes
**[[:d:Property:P12949|denomination]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;value of a currency or type of currency&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12956|exponent of base unit]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;a qualifier of derived from base unit (P12571) used to describe the exponent of the unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12969|game designer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person(s) who devised and developed this game&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12981|handwriting example]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;sample image of the person's handwriting&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12992|objects of occurrence have role]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;role that objects of this occurrence take on in the context of this occurrence. (For selectional restrictions, use &quot;object class of occurrence&quot; (P12913) instead.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12993|agents of action have role]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;role that agents of this action take on in the context of this action. (For selectional restrictions, use &quot;agent class of action&quot; (P12994) instead. )&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12994|agent class of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;class of items that may initiate this action or class of actions (For roles filled by agents of an action, use &quot;agents of action have role&quot; (P12993) instead)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P12995|agent of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;particular item that initiates this action or class of actions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12935|Illinois Center for the Book author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12936|Slekt og Data grave ID]], [[:d:Property:P12937|‎FolkWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12938|iasj article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12939|365scores football team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12940|speedrun.com series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12941|All Musicals lyrics ID]], [[:d:Property:P12942|MobyGames critic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12943|Polygon game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12944|Madain Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12945|365scores basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12946|FOLDOC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12947|GameFAQs genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12948|Retromags game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12950|Nomes e Voces ID]], [[:d:Property:P12951|Altar of Gaming company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12952|Altar of Gaming franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12953|Altar of Gaming game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12954|Altar of Gaming person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12955|Ciel d'oc ID]], [[:d:Property:P12957|VideoGameGeek genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12958|GameSpot genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12959|FranceTerme identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12960|DOS Game Modding Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12961|monument ID in the archive of Linz]], [[:d:Property:P12963|‎Altar of Gaming character ID]], [[:d:Property:P12964|WikiYeshiva article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12965|Yediot Books book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12966|Mapcarta ID]], [[:d:Property:P12967|VIRIN]], [[:d:Property:P12968|cnkgraph person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12970|Tabletopia game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12971|cnkgraph book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12973|cnkgraph poem ID]], [[:d:Property:P12975|Lexikon der Mathematik entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12976|‎CNES ID]], [[:d:Property:P12977|‎Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12978|‎TV Maze character ID]], [[:d:Property:P12979|Say Who ID]], [[:d:Property:P12980|‎Finnish Business ID]], [[:d:Property:P12983|Prosocour person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12984|Stadtwiki Karlsruhe ID]], [[:d:Property:P12985|Athletics New Zealand athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P12986|Encyclopedia of Tunisian Women person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12987|‎LMFDB knowl ID]], [[:d:Property:P12988|ACUM performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12989|ACUM creator/publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12990|ACUM Work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12991|ACUM album ID]], [[:d:Property:P12996|culture.ru organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12997|‎Hindustan Times topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12998|Newgrounds submission ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Larval host plant|Larval host plant]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Larval host plant - used only for insects - subclass of P1034&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has reading|has reading]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;phonetic reading or pronunciation of the kanji&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/formula weight|formula weight]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;molar mass of an empirical forumula unit of a chemical compound, element or isotope&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/initialism|initialism]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;abbreviation containing only first letters of an expression (regardless if pronounced as letters or as a word)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/magazine capacity|magazine capacity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;magazine capacity or clip size of this firearm or weapon (real or fictional)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/male mean age|male mean age]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;male mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/female mean age|female mean age]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;female mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;mummy of a person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/publication type of scholarly article|publication type of scholarly article]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Publication type of scholarly article&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/characteristic of|characteristic of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;(qualifier only) statement value is a characteristic, quality, property, or state of this item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Political foundation|Political foundation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The property allows a link between a political party (usually) and its related political foundation, as is common in Germany, in the Netherlands or at the European level. The reverse property (&quot;political party&quot; or &quot;political party affiliation&quot;, still different from P102 which is for individual membership) would be useful too.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Medietilsynets filmdatabase|Medietilsynets filmdatabase]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID|Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Board Game Arena ID|Board Game Arena ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BoardGaming.com game ID|BoardGaming.com game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant dans l'annuaire de l'École des chartes|Identifiant dans l'annuaire de l'École des chartes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trakt episode ID|Trakt episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Indian Express Topic ID|The Indian Express Topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NWIS site ID|NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteka Nauki IDs|Biblioteka Nauki IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MinDat Feature ID|MinDat Feature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BoardGameGeek game mechanic ID|BoardGameGeek game mechanic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV)|Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ontobee id|Ontobee id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/typeset.io journal ID|typeset.io journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LWW journal ID|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioMed Central journal ID|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Storia della civiltà europea ID|Storia della civiltà europea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NooSFere editorial collection ID|NooSFere editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/e-LIS ID|e-LIS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionnaire des guérilleros et résistants antifranquistes ID|Dictionnaire des guérilleros et résistants antifranquistes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID|Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/pomniky.npmk.cz ID|pomniky.npmk.cz ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FightTime fighters ID|FightTime fighters ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** Map of [https://w.wiki/tb9 Karens] / [https://w.wiki/thW Johns] per million according to Wikidata
** [https://query-chest.toolforge.org/redirect/mmMBW6mGYYim4w6i082q8wUOwIe04oEkqGeeI0kcsQK People with a connection to Dresden who have an anniversary today] ([[d:User:Stefan_Kühn/Dresden#Personen_mit_Bezug_zu_Dresden,_die_heute_ein_Jubiläum_haben|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Wikibooks pages|Wikibooks pages]] - The goal is to add Wikidata items for every Wikibooks page.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Couchdb|Couchdb]] - This project has the purpose to investigate how having Wikidata on CouchDb could work.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject temporärhaus|Temporärhaus]] - This project is intended to document the activities in the [[d:Q27945856|temporaerhaus (Q27945856)]] with reference to Wikidata.
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Ontology/Cleaning Task Force/Changes|Ontology/Cleaning Task Force/Changes]] - Significant actual and proposed changes to the Wikidata ontology that have come out of the cleaning task force efforts. 
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/BD4F Wikidata Statements that use a retracted article as reference]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q96417649|Among Us (Q96417649)]] - 2018 video game developed by InnerSloth
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L45436|ਕਰਨ (L45436)]] - Punjabi verb &quot;to do&quot;

''' Development '''
* The development team attended the annual WMDE Software Department retreat, so there wasn't much development activity this week.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:42, 16 සැප්තැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27450551 --&gt;

== Wikidata Weekly Summary #647 ==

&lt;languages/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' &lt;translate&gt; Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-09-30. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]]. Missed the previous one?&lt;br&gt; See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#646]]&lt;/translate&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''&lt;translate&gt;Discussions&lt;/translate&gt;'''
&lt;translate&gt;* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Andrei_Stroe|Andrei Stroe]] - Success! Welcome [[d:User:Andrei_Stroe|User:Andrei Stroe]] as Wikidata's latest Admin.
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/QichwaBot|QichwaBot]] - Task(s): Creating wikidata lexemes for the Quechua languages.
* Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Do_we_want_automatic_inverse_statement_creation_and_if_so,_how_should_they_happen%3F|Do we want automatic inverse statement creation and if so, how should they happen?]] - Closed due to lack of comments for longer than five years. Despite multiple suggestions, there is no clear consensus to move forward.&lt;/translate&gt;

'''&lt;translate&gt;[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]&lt;/translate&gt;'''
&lt;translate&gt;* [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday|Wikidata's 12th birthday]] is coming up on October 29th. Have a look at the birthday parties and more planned around the world.
* Next Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session 1 October, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 1 October, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727798400 Time zone converter]). Christa Strickler will be our first Project Series lead with her joint project with the Wikidata Religion &amp; Theology Community of Practice to contribute biographical data to Wikidata from the [https://irfa.paris/en/en-learn-about-a-missionary/ IRFA database] using the Mix’n’Match tool. We are excited to learn more about this project, provide a forum for discussion and shared learning, and lend a hand while building new skills. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/First_Project_Series#Session_3_(October_1)_-_Working_session_using_a_data_model_and_the_UseAsRef_user_script_to_enhance_items|Event page]].&lt;/translate&gt;

'''&lt;translate&gt;Press, articles, blog posts, videos&lt;/translate&gt;'''
&lt;translate&gt;* Papers
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-72440-4_4 A Systematic Review of Wikidata in GLAM Institutions: a Labs Approach] - Presents a systematic review of Wikidata use in GLAM institutions within the context of the work of the International GLAM Labs Community (glamlabs.io). The results summarise academic literature on Wikidata projects. By G. Candela et al.
** (es) [https://diff.wikimedia.org/es/2024/09/26/curso-de-wikidata-en-espanol-datos-para-el-conocimiento-colaborativo/ Wikidata course in Spanish: Data for collaborative knowledge] - Throughout October, the WikiLearn platform is hosting a course on Wikidata aimed especially at Latin Americans. [https://learn.wiki/courses/course-v1:WikimediaChile+WMC000+2024/about Enroll here].
** [https://arxiv.org/html/2408.14849v2 Project SHADOW: Symbolic Higher-order Associative Deductive reasoning On Wikidata using LM probing] - SHADOW is a fine-tuned language model trained on an intermediate task using associative deductive reasoning, its performance is measured on a knowledge base construction task using Wikidata triple completion. By Hanna Abi Akl.
** [https://easychair.org/publications/preprint/MZrm Using Wikidata for Managing Cultural Heritage Information] - The present study uses model wikidata elements as a basis and explores its dynamic formation into a cultural heritage information management tool within a museum. By D. Kyriaki-Manessi and S. Vazaiou.
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-72437-4_23 Enriching Archival Linked Data Descriptions with Information from Wikidata and DBpedia] - This paper investigates the potential to use information in archival records in a larger context for ArchOnto and aims to leverage classes and properties sourced from repositories deemed informal due to their crowd-sourcing nature. By I. Koch et al.
** [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024144799 A framework for integrating biomedical knowledge in Wikidata with open biological and biomedical ontologies and MeSH keywords] - This paper utilizes primary data sources of OBO ontologies and MeSH keywords classified using SPARQL queries for RDF knowledge graphs, to contribute to the robustness and accuracy of collaborative biomedical knowledge graphs. By H. Turki et al.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OF-kq8-rO_o&amp;t=3038s Serbian Novels on Wikidata: Project wikiELTeC &amp; Tesla] Part of Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2024 in İstanbul, this session presented by Filip Maljković charts progress on contributing Serbian literature to Wikidata.
* Dataviz
** [https://tjukanovt.github.io/notable-people Find your most famous neighbour], a world map of notable people based on Wikipedia and Wikidata.&lt;/translate&gt;

'''&lt;translate&gt;Tool of the week&lt;/translate&gt;'''
&lt;translate&gt;* [https://larsgw.blogspot.com/2023/12/three-new-userscripts-for-wikidata.html Three new Userscripts for Wikidata] - [[d:User:Lagewi|User:Lagewi]] has written 3 scripts to simplify reading references, explore property-value pairs in use for a statement or attaching a full bibliography to the end of the item page.&lt;/translate&gt;

'''&lt;translate&gt;Other Noteworthy Stuff&lt;/translate&gt;'''
&lt;translate&gt;* [https://www.opensanctions.org/datasets/wd_categories/ OpenSactions:Wikidata Persons in Relevant Categories] - Using [https://petscan.wmcloud.org/ PETScan], generates a list of profiles of politically exposed persons by querying specific categories on Wikidata and extracting the entities.&lt;/translate&gt;

'''&lt;translate&gt;Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review&lt;/translate&gt;'''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* &lt;translate&gt;Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:&lt;/translate&gt;
** &lt;translate&gt;General datatypes: &lt;/translate&gt;
***[[:d:Property:P12969|game designer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person(s) who devised and developed this game&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12981|handwriting example]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;sample image of the person's handwriting&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12992|objects of occurrence have role]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;role that objects of this occurrence take on in the context of this occurrence. (For selectional restrictions, use &quot;object class of occurrence&quot; (P12913) instead.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12993|agents of action have role]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;role that agents of this action take on in the context of this action. (For selectional restrictions, use &quot;agent class of action&quot; (P12994) instead. )&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12994|agent class of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;class of items that may initiate this action or class of actions (For roles filled by agents of an action, use &quot;agents of action have role&quot; (P12993) instead)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12995|agent of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;particular item that initiates this action or class of actions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** &lt;translate&gt;External identifiers: &lt;/translate&gt;[[:d:Property:P12963|‎Altar of Gaming character ID]], [[:d:Property:P12964|WikiYeshiva article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12965|Yediot Books book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12966|Mapcarta ID]], [[:d:Property:P12967|VIRIN]], [[:d:Property:P12968|cnkgraph person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12970|Tabletopia game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12971|cnkgraph book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12973|cnkgraph poem ID]], [[:d:Property:P12975|Lexikon der Mathematik entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12976|‎CNES ID]], [[:d:Property:P12977|‎Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12978|‎TV Maze character ID]], [[:d:Property:P12979|Say Who ID]], [[:d:Property:P12980|‎Finnish Business ID]], [[:d:Property:P12983|Prosocour person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12984|Stadtwiki Karlsruhe ID]], [[:d:Property:P12985|Athletics New Zealand athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P12986|Encyclopedia of Tunisian Women person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12987|‎LMFDB knowl ID]], [[:d:Property:P12988|ACUM performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12989|ACUM creator/publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12990|ACUM Work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12991|ACUM album ID]], [[:d:Property:P12996|culture.ru organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12997|‎Hindustan Times topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12998|Newgrounds submission ID]], [[:d:Property:P12999|Storia della civiltà europea ID]], [[:d:Property:P13000|Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID]], [[:d:Property:P13001|Linked Open Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Property:P13002|‎Ontobee ID]], [[:d:Property:P13003|‎typeset.io journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13004|NooSFere editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P13005|pomniky.npmk.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P13014|‎Dictionary of guerrillas and anti-Franco resistance fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13015|e-LIS publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13016|GameReactor company ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;** General datatypes: &lt;/translate&gt;
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Larval host plant|Larval host plant]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Larval host plant - used only for insects - subclass of P1034&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has reading|has reading]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;phonetic reading or pronunciation of the kanji&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/magazine capacity|magazine capacity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;In (real or fictional) devices like a firearm, weapon, or engineered thing, this is the default capacity or size of a devices' magazine, clip, or other container typically used to hold ammunition, bolts, cartridges, tools, etc. which pushes those items as needed usually through a spring-based mechanism into a receiver for further use by the device&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/male mean age|male mean age]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;male mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/female mean age|female mean age]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;female mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;mummy of a person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/publication type of scholarly article|publication type of scholarly article]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Publication type of scholarly article&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/characteristic of|characteristic of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;(qualifier only) statement value is a characteristic, quality, property, or state of this item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Medietilsynets filmdatabase|Medietilsynets filmdatabase]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a film in the Norwegian Medietilsynets database&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Western Australian Biographical Index|Western Australian Biographical Index]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Card ID from the Western Australian Biographical Index, a set of handwritten index cards compiled in the 1970s.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/leased to|leased to]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person or organisation that holds or was granted a lease on the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;difficulty of word by the level of JLPT&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
&lt;translate&gt;** External identifiers:&lt;/translate&gt; [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NWIS site ID|NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteka Nauki IDs|Biblioteka Nauki IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LWW journal ID|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioMed Central journal ID|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID|Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FightTime fighters ID|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korean Basketball League ID|Korean Basketball League ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association ID2|Chinese Basketball Association ID2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Koha Kütüphane ID|Koha Kütüphane ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MyWaifuList character ID|MyWaifuList character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FantLab artist ID|FantLab artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Münzkabinett|Münzkabinett]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Latgales dati person ID|Latgales dati person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Grand Est|identifiant inventaire Grand Est]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RedBA Granada authority ID|RedBA Granada authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetalTabs.com musician ID|MetalTabs.com musician ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HA! ID|HA! ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Radio France d'une émission|Identifiant Radio France d'une émission]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant France Télévisions d'une émission|Identifiant France Télévisions d'une émission]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beniabbandonati ID|beniabbandonati ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DDB person ID|DDB person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Parliament document ID|European Parliament document ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hlídač státu subject ID|Hlídač státu subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kramerius of Czech Digital Library UUID|Kramerius of Czech Digital Library UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense ID|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Persons and Names of the Middle Kingdom and early New Kingdom person ID|Persons and Names of the Middle Kingdom and early New Kingdom person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai encyclopedia entry ID|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai dictionary entry ID|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

&lt;translate&gt;You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!&lt;/translate&gt;

'''&lt;translate&gt;Did you know?'''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/BJ2c Network of European Union Independent Fiscal Institutions]
** [https://w.wiki/BNAq Opera singers who are sopranos with an article on English Wikipedia]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Popular_items_without_claims|Popular_items_without_claims]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1126190|هُئَڻُ L1126190]] Sindhi verb (to be)&lt;/translate&gt;

'''&lt;translate&gt;Development'''
* Search: The [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Extension:WikibaseCirrusSearch#Keywords|haswbstatement search magic word]] has been improved by the Search Platform Team. Previously it was limited in which Properties were indexed for it. Going forward haswbstatement:P123 will work for all Properties, regardless of their datatype. This will allow you to filter search results for Items that have a statement with a specific Property. (Searching for a specific complete statement with haswbstatement:P123=xxx will still only work for specific datatypes.) For this to work all Items have to be reindexed and this will take up to 1 month.
* Design system migration: We have migrated the Special:NewLexeme page from Wikit to Codex and are working on finishing the migration for the Query Builder.
* EntitySchemas: We finished the investigation about how to support search for EntitySchemas by label or alias when linking to an EntitySchema in a statement. ([[phab:T362005]])
* Wikibase REST API: We worked on integrating language fallbacks into the API ([[phab:T371605]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].&lt;/translate&gt;

&lt;translate&gt;'''Weekly Tasks'''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:03, 30 September 2024 (UTC)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27529326 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #648 ==

&lt;languages/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' &lt;translate&gt; Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-10-07. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/2024_10_07|Translate]]. Missed the previous one?&lt;br&gt; See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#647]]&lt;/translate&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
'''&lt;translate&gt;[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]&lt;/translate&gt;'''
&lt;translate&gt;* Upcoming:
** [https://www.eventbrite.com/e/wikidata-day-2024-tickets-1034373879117?aff=erelexpmlt Wikidata Day 2024] at the Pratt Institute Manhattan Campus, New York - To celebrate Wikidata's 12th Birthday, a mini-conference with beginner workshops, lightning talks and keynote speeches will be held. October 26, 11am - 5pm EDT (UTC-4). More info, registration and full address on this [[w:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wikidata_Day_2024|Wikipedia event page]].
** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024|The Wikidata Days 2024 in Bologna, Italy]] will take place on November 8th and 9th. Its [[d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024/Programma|program]] revolves around Wikidata for libraries and academia, and features a wide range of Wikidata-enthusiastic librarians and researchers from Italy. [[d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024/Iscrizione|Registration]] is open until October 31st.
** The next [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16th October 2024 at 18:00 CEST in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.''
** [[Wikidata:Scholia/Events/Hackathon October 2024|Scholia hackathon]] on Oct 18-20, aimed at addressing changes related to the Wikidata graph split
** [https://ktieb.org.mt/en/festival/intangible-cultural-heritage-on-wikidata-wikimedia-community-malta-wcm-wcm-stand-37/ Intangible Cultural Heritage on Wikidata] - Hosted by Wikimedia Community Malta (WCM), November 8, 2024 18:00 - 19:00 CEST, Malta Fairs and Conference Centre (MFCC) in Ta’ Qali, Malta
** [https://library.osu.edu/site/cartoons/2024/10/02/graphic-possibilities-research-workshop/wikidata-event-fall24_-chambliss_/ Edit-A-Thon: 50 States of Comics - Ohio], take part in this virtual event held October 10, 10:00 - 16:00 EST (UTC-5).&lt;/translate&gt;

&lt;translate&gt;'''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;* Blogs
** [https://www.dbreunig.com/2024/10/04/wikidata-is-a-giant-crosswalk-file.html Wikidata is a giant crosswalk file] dbreunig.com describes how with a little DuckDB and Ruby and data from Wikidata, you can produce a cross-walk file of geographic entities. 
* Videos
** (ru) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMAQtaKzH1o Wikidata Reconciliation Service] - This video shows how to add QID's to a large number of person-entities, add descriptions and  search by full name and years of life. [https://wikidata.reconci.link/ Wikidata reconciliation for OR] (Script: [https://gist.github.com/Podbrushkin/43053bf16640afce96f01721e2f71d6a Github:Podbrushkin])
**  (fr) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luIWdG9eTG0 Data recovery on Wikidata for the DataViz project] - PhilippGam presents the various methods to extract and sort data from Wikidata and use the wikidataMultiSearch tool.
** [https://youtube.com/9pPpwrK7Qq4?t=4984 Bridging the Digital Scriptorium Data Model and Wikidata to Expand Reuse of Manuscript Metadata] Rose McCandless gives this lighning talk at the LD4 2024 Conference.
* Notebooks
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/continental-and-country-diversity-in-wikipedia-art Continental and country diversity of Wikipedia art]&lt;/translate&gt;

'''&lt;translate&gt;Tool of the week&lt;/translate&gt;'''
* (fr) [https://philippegambette.github.io/wikidataMultiSearch/ wikidata MultiSearch] - search for a list of elements in Wikidata. A GPLv3 licenced tool built by Philippe Gambette  allows you to search for a list of words in Wikidata and retrieve some associated Wikidata properties.

'''&lt;translate&gt;Other Noteworthy Stuff&lt;/translate&gt;'''
* Are you building applications or services with Wikidata's data? [[d:Wikidata:Usability and usefulness/2024-Data access methods|We'd love to hear from you]] to help us figure out the future of accessing Wikidata's data.

* [[d:Wikidata:Event_Organizers|Wikidata: Event Organizers]] - If you are organizing or thinking about planning a Wikidata event, this new page listing the additional User rights the user-role 'event organizer' has will be a valuable resource. Including the process for applying for permission rights.
'''&lt;translate&gt;Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review&lt;/translate&gt;'''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes:&lt;/translate&gt; 
***[[:d:Property:P12981|handwriting example]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;sample image of the person's handwriting&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12992|objects of occurrence have role]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;role that objects of this occurrence take on in the context of this occurrence. (For selectional restrictions, use &quot;object class of occurrence&quot; (P12913) instead.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12993|agents of action have role]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;role that agents of this action take on in the context of this action. (For selectional restrictions, use &quot;agent class of action&quot; (P12994) instead. )&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12994|agent class of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;class of items that may initiate this action or class of actions (For roles filled by agents of an action, use &quot;agents of action have role&quot; (P12993) instead)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P12995|agent of action]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;particular item that initiates this action or class of actions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13044|characteristic of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;(qualifier only) statement value is a characteristic, quality, property, or state of this qualifier value&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13045|has kanji reading]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;phonetic reading or pronunciation of the kanji&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13046|publication type of scholarly work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Publication type of scholarly work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13047|leased to]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person or organisation that holds or was granted a lease on the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13048|magazine capacity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of projectiles or objects in the magazine feeding a weapon or tool&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
&lt;translate&gt;** External identifiers:&lt;/translate&gt; [[:d:Property:P12980|‎Finnish Business ID]], [[:d:Property:P12983|Prosocour person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12984|Stadtwiki Karlsruhe ID]], [[:d:Property:P12985|Athletics New Zealand athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P12986|Encyclopedia of Tunisian Women person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12987|‎LMFDB knowl ID]], [[:d:Property:P12988|ACUM performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12989|ACUM creator/publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12990|ACUM Work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12991|ACUM album ID]], [[:d:Property:P12996|culture.ru organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12997|‎Hindustan Times topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12998|Newgrounds submission ID]], [[:d:Property:P12999|Storia della civiltà europea ID]], [[:d:Property:P13000|Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID]], [[:d:Property:P13001|Linked Open Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Property:P13002|‎Ontobee ID]], [[:d:Property:P13003|‎typeset.io journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13004|NooSFere editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P13005|pomniky.npmk.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P13014|‎Dictionary of guerrillas and anti-Franco resistance fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13015|e-LIS publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13016|GameReactor company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13017|Latgales dati person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13018|‎FantLab artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13019|RedBA Granada authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13020|‎NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Property:P13021|MetalTabs.com band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13022|Koha Kütüphane ID]], [[:d:Property:P13023|HA! artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P13024|France television program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13026|Radio France program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13027|Grand Est inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P13028|Norwegian Media Authority's film rating ID]], [[:d:Property:P13029|Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13030|‎Münzkabinett ID]], [[:d:Property:P13031|MyWaifuList character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13032|‎Kramerius of Czech Digital Library UUID]], [[:d:Property:P13034|‎European Parliament document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13035|‎Western Australian Biographical Index]], [[:d:Property:P13037|beniabbandonati (detailed sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13038|beniabbandonati (summary sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13039|Biblioteka Nauki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13040|Biblioteka Nauki journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13041|Biblioteka Nauki book ID]], [[:d:Property:P13042|Biblioteka Nauki publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P13043|PNM Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13049|DDB person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
&lt;translate&gt;* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes:&lt;/translate&gt; 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Larval host plant|Larval host plant]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Larval host plant - used only for insects - subclass of P1034&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/male mean age|male mean age]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;male mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/female mean age|female mean age]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;female mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;mummy of a person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;difficulty of word by the level of JLPT&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beer style|beer style]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Classification of a beer based on its style&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has forks|has forks]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Notable software forks of this software&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Monument Counter ID|Monument Counter ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Digital memorial for women killed by violence&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
&lt;translate&gt;** External identifiers:&lt;/translate&gt; [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioMed Central journal ID|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FightTime fighters ID|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korean Basketball League ID|Korean Basketball League ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association ID2|Chinese Basketball Association ID2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KISTI institute ID|KISTI institute ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hlídač státu subject ID|Hlídač státu subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Person ID|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai encyclopedia entry ID|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai dictionary entry ID|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dwelly entry ID|Dwelly entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID|Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID|A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vardnica.aizpute.lv ID|vardnica.aizpute.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant CIRDOC d'un auteur ou d'une autrice|Identifiant CIRDOC d'un auteur ou d'une autrice]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant CIRDOC d'un document|Identifiant CIRDOC d'un document]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Department of Defense Identification Code|Department of Defense Identification Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un document audiovisuel dans le catalogue de l'Inathèque|Identifiant d'un document audiovisuel dans le catalogue de l'Inathèque]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LWW journal ID|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BAHRA ID|BAHRA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Historical Gazetteer place ID|World Historical Gazetteer place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID|Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AniSearch person ID|AniSearch person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Babelio d'un sujet|identifiant Babelio d'un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne sur Madelen|Identifiant d'une personne sur Madelen]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ITTF PTT ID|ITTF PTT ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Push Square series ID|Push Square series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VG247 series ID|VG247 series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dtf.ru person ID|dtf.ru person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

&lt;translate&gt;You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!&lt;/translate&gt;

'''&lt;translate&gt;Did you know?'''
* Query examples:&lt;/translate&gt;
** [https://w.wiki/BSj8 Winners of the Guillaume Apollinaire Prize (1941-2023)]
** [https://w.wiki/BQms Libraries in Argentina (on Wikidata)]
&lt;translate&gt;* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:Lingnan_University_Library_Wikidata_Pilot|Lingnan University Library: Wikidata Pilot Project]] - Creating and improving entries for Lingnan University academic staff, as well as generating entries for the Library's digital collections and Lingnan theses and dissertations.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_French_Literary_Prizes|French Literary Prizes]] - Aims to coordinate the development of a database on French literary prizes (list of prizes, jury members, list of winners)
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Cycling/2025_races|Cycling: 2025 Races]] - documenting the the planned Cycling races for 2025.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Abuse_filter_effectiveness|Abuse filter effectiveness]] - This DB report compiles a variety of statistics on combating vandalism.&lt;/translate&gt;

'''&lt;translate&gt;Development'''
* Data access:
** We have published [[d:Wikidata:Usability and usefulness/2024-Data access methods|a survey to better understand the future needs of application developers]] who want to work with Wikidata's data. Please take part if you are developing applications or services using data from Wikidata.
** We are analyzing query logs to better understand which queries could be moved to other services in the future.
* Design system: We continued migrating the Query Builder and Special:NewLexeme from Wikit to Codex&lt;/translate&gt;

&lt;translate&gt;[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].&lt;/translate&gt;

'''&lt;translate&gt;Weekly Tasks'''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]&lt;/translate&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:13, 07 October 2024 (UTC)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27557411 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #649 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''  Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-10-14. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 07|#648]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Upcoming:
** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session 15 October, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 15 October, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST (Time zone converter). https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1729008000 Christa Strickler will be our first Project Series lead with her joint project with the Wikidata Religion &amp; Theology Community of Practice to contribute biographical data to Wikidata from the IRFA database https://irfa.paris/en/en-learn-about-a-missionary/ using the Mix’n’Match tool.  We are excited to learn more about this project, provide a forum for discussion and shared learning, and lend a hand while building new skills. Event page: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/First_Project_Series#Session_4_(October_15)_-_Working_session_to_demonstrate_an_image_search_for_item_enhancement_and_celebrate_with_data_visualizations]
** The next [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16th October 2024 at 18:00 CEST in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.''
** [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday|Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday]]: We already have 30 events scheduled on the list 😍. As a reminder, when your event is ready, don't forget to:
*** create a wikipage with more information about the event, participants list, etc.
*** add your event to the global calendar and the map, following the instructions here: [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth_Birthday/Run_an_event/Schedule|Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday/Run an event/Schedule]]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://commonists.wordpress.com/2024/10/09/small-data-slow-data-a-snail-approach-to-wikidata/ Small data, slow data − a SNAIL approach to Wikidata]: discusses the value of small, carefully curated datasets in the era of big data. It emphasizes the importance of taking a methodical, &quot;snail-paced&quot; approach to data collection and analysis, which can lead to more meaningful and accurate insights. The blogpost also highlights how this approach can complement the broader trends of big data, ensuring that detailed, high-quality data is not overlooked.
* Papers
** &quot;[https://x.com/WikiResearch/status/1843699094579229068 WoolNet: Finding and Visualising Paths in Knowledge Graphs]&quot; given two or more entities requested by a user, the system finds and visualises paths that connect these entities, forming a topical subgraph of Wikidata (Torres Gutiérrez and Hogan)
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7j0raFQh86c Introductory workshop to Wikidata within the framework of the Latin America Contest in Wikidata 2024] (in Italian)
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_iJcKwCnZA GeoPython 2024: Bridging Worlds: Python-Powered Integration of Wikidata and OpenStreetMap]: This talk explores Python-powered tools that integrate Wikidata with OpenStreetMap, allowing users to link entries between the two platforms to enhance geospatial data accuracy while navigating legal and ethical challenges of cross-platform data sharing.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GYJ6V6ySpQ LD4 2024 Conference: Wikidata and Open Data: Enhancing the Hausa Community's Digital Presence]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X88n85Q9O5U Dynamic Mapping using Collaborative Knowledge Graphs: Real-Time SKOS Mapping from Wikidata]: This presentation introduces a workflow using SPARQL queries to dynamically map live Wikidata data to SKOS concepts, featuring a Python tool that converts CSV outputs into RDF triples for integration into linked data environments and knowledge graphs, emphasizing real-time data retrieval and interoperability.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIvp1SqPF4c How to add location coordinates to Wikidata Items] (in Dagbanli)
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Die9VnTtep8 Clean-up of problematic Dagbani lexemes]: [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical_data/Documentation/Languages/dag#Maintenance_tasks|Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation/Languages/dag#Maintenance_tasks]] (in Dagbanli)
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4jduWucxao How to link Wikidata Items to Wikipedia Articles]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPPrXFK3E10 Best Practices to editing Dagbani Lexemes on Wikidata]
* Podcasts
** [https://podcasts.apple.com/lu/podcast/could-making-wikidata-human-readable-lead-to-better-ai/id1713408769?i=1000672273741&amp;l=de-DE Could making Wikidata 'human' readable lead to better AI?]: [[User:Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)|Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)]], Portfolio Lead Product Manager at Wikidata Deutschland, discussed a new project aimed at making Wikidata more 'human' readable for Large Language Models (LLMs), which could improve AI reliability by giving these models access to high-quality, human-curated data from Wikidata.
* Notebooks
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/citizenship-concentration-in-nobel-prize Citizenship concentration in Nobel laureates]
** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/continental-and-country-diversity-in-wikipedia-art Continental and country diversity in Wikipedia articles]

''' Tool of the week '''
* '''Elemwala (এলেমওয়ালা)''' ([https://elemwala.toolforge.org https://elemwala.toolforge.org]): is a proof-of-concept interface that allows you to input abstract content and get natural language text in a given output language. There may well be errors with particular inputs, and the text may not be quite as natural as you might expect, but that's where your improvements to your language's lexemes, other Wikidata items, and the tool's [https://gitlab.com/mahir256/ninai source] [https://gitlab.com/mahir256/udiron code] come in!
* [https://github.com/johnsamuelwrites/mlscores mlscores]: Tool for calculating multilinguality score of Wikidata items (including properties). E.g. for [[d:Q2013|Wikidata (Q2013)]], the scores are - ''en'': 99.66%, ''fr'': 89.49%, ''es'': 84.07%, ''pt'': 68.47%. For [[d:Property:P31|instance of (P31)]], the scores are -  ''en'': 99.86%, ''fr'': 87.12%, ''es'': 80.83%, ''pt'': 61.37%.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Launch of [[Wikidata:WikiProject Deprecate P642|WikiProject Deprecate P642]]: The goal of this project is to prepare for deprecation, and eventual removal, of the property [[d:Property:P642|of (P642)]]. Currently, [[d:Property:P642|of (P642)]] is labeled as &quot;being deprecated&quot;, meaning its use is still allowed, but discouraged. From a peak of around 900,000 uses, the property now has around 700,000 uses (see status [https://query-chest.toolforge.org/redirect/oFt2TvlNg0iASOSOuASMuCO2wMaEqSYC6QGm2YkU08i here]). Our goal is to reduce that as much as possible in a systematic way, while ensuring that appropriate properties exist to replace all valid uses of [[d:Property:P642|of (P642)]]. The latter is key to officially deprecating the property. Before ''removing'' the property, we want to get as close to zero uses as possible.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P13044|characteristic of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;(qualifier only) statement value is a characteristic, quality, property, or state of this qualifier value&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13045|has kanji reading]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;phonetic reading or pronunciation of the kanji&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13046|publication type of scholarly work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Publication type of scholarly work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13047|leased to]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person or organisation that holds or was granted a lease on the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13048|magazine capacity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of projectiles or objects in the magazine feeding a weapon or tool&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12998|Newgrounds submission ID]], [[:d:Property:P12999|Storia della civiltà europea ID]], [[:d:Property:P13000|Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID]], [[:d:Property:P13001|Linked Open Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Property:P13002|‎Ontobee ID]], [[:d:Property:P13003|‎typeset.io journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13004|NooSFere editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P13005|pomniky.npmk.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P13014|‎Dictionary of guerrillas and anti-Franco resistance fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13015|e-LIS publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13016|GameReactor company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13017|Latgales dati person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13018|‎FantLab artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13019|RedBA Granada authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13020|‎NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Property:P13021|MetalTabs.com band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13022|Koha Kütüphane ID]], [[:d:Property:P13023|HA! artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P13024|France television program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13026|Radio France program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13027|Grand Est inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P13028|Norwegian Media Authority's film rating ID]], [[:d:Property:P13029|Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13030|‎Münzkabinett ID]], [[:d:Property:P13031|MyWaifuList character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13032|‎Kramerius of Czech Digital Library UUID]], [[:d:Property:P13034|‎European Parliament document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13035|‎Western Australian Biographical Index]], [[:d:Property:P13037|beniabbandonati (detailed sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13038|beniabbandonati (summary sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13039|Biblioteka Nauki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13040|Biblioteka Nauki journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13041|Biblioteka Nauki book ID]], [[:d:Property:P13042|Biblioteka Nauki publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P13043|PNM Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13049|DDB person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13050|CIRDOC publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13051|CIRDOC author ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/male mean age|male mean age]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;male mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/female mean age|female mean age]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;female mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;mummy of a person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;difficulty of word by the level of JLPT&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beer style|beer style]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Classification of a beer based on its style&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has forks|has forks]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Notable software forks of this software&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Monument Counter ID|Monument Counter ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Digital memorial for women killed by violence&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/most populous settlement|most populous settlement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;city, town, or other settlement with the largest population in this area (country, state, county, continent, etc.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FAO fungal entity ID|FAO fungal entity ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier from FAO ontology for fungal gross anatomy&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TEES ID|TEES ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Dictionary of Turkish literature works&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bais|bais]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Indicates a specific form of bias present in a media source, organization, or document, such as false balance, slant, or omission, affecting the representation of information.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TDK lexeme ID|TDK lexeme ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Dictionary created by the [[Q1569712|Turkish Language Association]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID|Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Online Turkish encyclopedia created by [[Q6062914]] and [[Q19610584]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurotopics ID|Eurotopics ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A database containing data on European media.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stated in unreliable source|Stated in unreliable source]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;used in the references field to refer to the database that is considered a unreliable source in which the claim is made&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioMed Central journal ID|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FightTime fighters ID|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korean Basketball League ID|Korean Basketball League ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association ID2|Chinese Basketball Association ID2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hlídač státu subject ID|Hlídač státu subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Person ID|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai encyclopedia entry ID|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai dictionary entry ID|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dwelly entry ID|Dwelly entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID|Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID|A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vardnica.aizpute.lv ID|vardnica.aizpute.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Department of Defense Identification Code|Department of Defense Identification Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un document audiovisuel dans le catalogue de l'Inathèque|Identifiant d'un document audiovisuel dans le catalogue de l'Inathèque]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LWW journal ID|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BAHRA ID|BAHRA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Historical Gazetteer place ID|World Historical Gazetteer place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID|Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AniSearch person ID|AniSearch person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Babelio d'un sujet|identifiant Babelio d'un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne sur Madelen|Identifiant d'une personne sur Madelen]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ITTF PTT ID|ITTF PTT ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Push Square series ID|Push Square series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VG247 series ID|VG247 series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dtf.ru person ID|dtf.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Libération d’un sujet|Identifiant Libération d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLI Newspaper Collection ID|NLI Newspaper Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia bresciana ID|Enciclopedia bresciana ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/obastan.com dictionary IDs|obastan.com dictionary IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Israel Railways Corporation Ltd station number|Israel Railways Corporation Ltd station number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spirit of Metal band ID|Spirit of Metal band ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rate Your Music track ID|Rate Your Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Legaseriea.it player ID|Legaseriea.it player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Actu.fr d’un sujet|Identifiant Actu.fr d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant TF1 info d’un sujet|Identifiant TF1 info d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant RTL d’un sujet|Identifiant RTL d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant France Info d’un sujet|Identifiant France Info d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/graphclasses.org ID|graphclasses.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant L’Équipe d'une équipe de basketball|identifiant L’Équipe d'une équipe de basketball]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant L'Équipe d'un basketteur|identifiant L'Équipe d'un basketteur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/eHLFL ID|eHLFL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Journalistikon.de-ID|Journalistikon.de-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NRW-Archivportal-ID|NRW-Archivportal-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Railways station number|Taiwan Railways station number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVIDS unit ID|DVIDS unit ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Professional Basketball League ID|Taiwan Professional Basketball League ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/BXjc Amount of population in cities in Israel over the last 45 years (where this information is entered)] ([https://x.com/idoklein1/status/1845525486463750598 source])
** [https://w.wiki/9J7N Real numbers with their approximate value]
** [https://w.wiki/BXkH Youngest people (born or died in Dresden)] ([[d:User:Stefan_Kühn/Dresden#Jüngsten_Personen|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject PatternsKilkenny|PatternsKilkenny]] - Patterns were devotional days on the day of the patron saint of a parish or area or at least an annually occurring day when the people of the locality held their personal devotions in a certain pattern (hence the name), i.e. &quot;doing the rounds&quot; around trees or other landmarks at the sacred site. This project tries to collate the records and memories of these patterns for County Kilkenny.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Deprecate P642|Deprecate P642]] - The goal of this project is to prepare for deprecation, and eventual removal, of the property [[d:Property:P642|of (P642)]].
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject AIDS Walks|AIDS Walks]] - This project aims to collaborate with Wiki editors across the globe to highlight AIDS Walks anywhere in the world.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Temples in Roman Britain|Temples in Roman Britain]] - The aim of the Wikiproject Temples in Roman Britain is to record and catalog sacred spaces in the Roman province Britannia between 43 to 409 CE. By sacred spaces, we include (for the moment) only built structures such as temples, sanctuaries and shrines.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LinkedReindeersAlta|LinkedReindeersAlta]] - Wikidata Entry: [[d:Q130442625|WikiProject LinkedReindeersAlta (Q130442625)]] supported by the [[d:Q73901970|Research Squirrel Engineers Network (Q73901970)]]. [[c:Category:Rock Art of Alta|Commons Category:Category:Rock Art of Alta]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Nihongo|Nihongo]] - The goal of this project is to capture the Japanese Language [[d:Q5287|Japanese (Q5287)]] in its entirety on Wikidata. We aim to give advice and establish standards for representing Japanese words as [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation|lexemes]].
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Cycling/2025 teams|Cycling/2025 teams]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Ivan A. Krestinin/Vandalized Commons links|User:Ivan A. Krestinin/Vandalized Commons links]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q20921603|Queen of Katwe (Q20921603)]] - 2016 film directed by Mira Nair
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L311934|kuiri (L311934)]] - &quot;cook&quot; in Esperanto

''' Development '''
* EntitySchemas: We are continuing the work on making it possible to find an EntitySchema by its label or aliases when linking to an EntitySchema in a statement ([[phab:T375641]])
* Design system: We are continuing the work on migrating the Query Builder from Wikit to Codex
* REST API: We finished the work on language fallback support in the REST API ([[phab:T371605]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 07|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:02, 14 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27557411 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #650 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''  Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-10-21. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 14|#649]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Addshore 3|Addshore]] (RfP scheduled to end after 23 October 2024 18:03 UTC)
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/CarbonBot|CarbonBot]] - (1) Add default mul labels to given and family names when the item has an existing default label with a mul language (2) Remove duplicated aliases matching the items mul label, when the item has a native label in with a mul language. As mul has not been fully adopted, a limited of aliases would be modified each day to ensure existing workflows are not disrupted. It is expected that these tasks will apply to roughly 800,000 given and family names.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/So9qBot 10|So9qBot 10]] - Add [[d:Property:P1922|first line (P1922)]] with the first line of the paper to all scientific papers which has a full text link or where the abstract is available.

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Upcoming: We are getting ready for [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday|Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday]] on the 29th October. We already have 30 events scheduled on the list 😍. As a reminder, when your event is ready, don't forget to (1) create a wikipage with more information about the event, participants list, etc. (2) add your event to the global calendar and the map, following the instructions here: [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth_Birthday/Run_an_event/Schedule|Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday/Run an event/Schedule]]
* Past: 
** Wikidata + Wikibase office hour log ([[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2024-10-16|16 October 2024]])
** [[:d:Wikidata:Scholia/Events/Hackathon October 2024|Scholia hackathon]] (18-20 October) exploring technical options for handling the Wikidata graph split

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://medium.com/@jsamwrites/why-and-how-i-developed-wikidata-multilingual-calculator-22d3b2d65f03 Why and How I developed Wikidata Multilinguality Calculator - mlscores?] - a Wikidata multilingual calculator to facilitate data queries in multiple languages, enhancing accessibility and usability for non-English speakers.
* Papers
** [https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/eb/article/view/99594 Catalogação em dados conectados abertos: uma experiência de biblioteca universitária com a Wikidata]
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.13707 Disjointness Violations in Wikidata]
** [https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.06010 A large collection of bioinformatics question-query pairs over federated knowledge graphs: methodology and applications]
* Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/d/2c642cad1038e5ea Who are the most frequent guests of the show Real Time with Bill Maher?]
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMDs8xnKMaA Wikidata Lexicographical Data | Lucas Werkmeister] - Introduction to Wikidata Lexicographical Data to Dagbani Wikimedians]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfN6qsEZTmg Why is Wikidata important for Wikipedia in Spanish] (in Spanish) - &quot;In this workshop we will learn about the value that Wikidata can bring us when working on eswiki articles. We will learn how knowledge is shared between platforms, and how it can save a lot of work for both the Spanish Wikipedia community and other people working on an article on another Wikipedia.&quot;
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaPy1yf9rk4 Empowering Lexicographical Data Contributions on Wikidata with Lexica] - &quot;In this session, participants will explore the fascinating world of lexicographical data on Wikidata and learn how to contribute meaningfully using Lexica, a tool designed for easy micro-edits to Lexemes from mobile devices. We will start with a brief introduction to lexicographical data and importance of linking Lexemes to Items. Next, we’ll dive into Lexica, showcasing its key features and providing a step-by-step guide on linking Lexemes to Items on Wikidata. This hands-on workshop is open to both experienced contributors and newcomers, empowering everyone with the knowledge and skills to make impactful contributions to Wikidata’s lexicographical data. By the end of the session, participants will be ready to use Lexica to enrich language data on Wikidata.&quot;
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1PssAyMfQQ Wikidata ontology, controlled vocabularies and Wikidata Graph Builder] - This video talks about the Wikidata ontology, how to connect controlled vocabularies to Wikidata, and how to use the Wikidata Graph Builder
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrP2KXJyndk How to use Wikidata for GLAM institutions... - WMCEEM 2024 Istanbul] - How to use Wikidata for GLAM institutions: Case Study for museums in Türkiye and person data
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Hc9AQU2tHI Hidden Histories: Illuminating LGBTQ+ archives at the University of Las Vegas, Nevada using Wikidata] - &quot;The University of Nevada, Las Vegas Special Collections and Archives has been strategically working to increase the discoverability, visibility, and access to collections related to marginalized communities in Southern Nevada. In the first stage of this grant-funded Wiki project, over 60 archival collections and 80 oral histories, including related people, businesses, and events associated with the Las Vegas LGBTQ+ community, have been contributed to Wikidata. In this presentation, the author continues this work by introducing UNLV's Special Collections Wiki project, &quot;LGBTQ Hidden Histories.&quot; The presentation will discuss ongoing efforts to create, expand, and enrich linked data about the Nevada LGBTQ+ community, address challenges faced during entity extraction using archival materials, and conclude with a linked data visualization exercise using Wikiframe-VG (Wikiframe Visual Graph).&quot;
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zE0QuHCgB6k Africa Wiki Women Wikidata Birthday First Session]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27WodYruHEw Africa Wiki Women Wikidata session on creating SPARQL Queries]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[m:User:Ainali/PreViewStats.js|User:Ainali/PreViewStats.js]] - is a Userscript that gives a quick glance at the pageviews in the header (and links to the full views). If you install it on your global.js on meta, it works on all projects).
* [[d:Wikidata:ProVe|Wikidata:ProVe]] - (Automated PROvenance VErification of Knowledge Graphs against Textual Sources) - is a tool for helping editors improve the references of Wikidata Items.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibase-cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/NVDXC2I2BIPF5UMV4LFVAXG6VKLTG4LS/ Deepesha Burse joins WMDE as Developer Advocate for Wikibase Suite]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibase-cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RLNHTH3EQKOOV6N53KDELMVGAN2PWL46/ Wikibase Suite: Patch releases] as the first round of patch releases for all Wikibase Suite products, including all WBS Images as well as WBS Deploy
* The CampaignEvents extension is now live on Wikidata! This means that if you are an event organizer, you can use several new tools to help manage your events more easily. By getting the Event Organizer right, you can:
** Use simple on-wiki registration for your events.
** Integrate Outreach Dashboard with your event registration page. ([[:File:Episode_4_How_To_Link_The_Outreach_Dashboard_To_Your_Event_Page.webm|see demo]])
** Communicate more easily with your registered participants. ([[:File:Episode_5_How_To_Email_Participants.webm|see demo]])
** Make your events more visible to other editors through the [[Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents page]].
** Find potential participants for your next events. ([[:File:How_to_test_the_Invitation_List_tool.webm|see demo]]), and much more!
** With this extension, you can also see all global events (past, present, and future) on the Special:AllEvents page, but only events using the event registration feature will appear there. If you are an organizer and want to use these new tools, follow the instructions on the [[d:Wikidata:Event_Organizers|Wikidata:Event_Organizers page]] to request the Event Organizer right.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13044|characteristic of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;(qualifier only) statement value is a characteristic, quality, property, or state of this qualifier value&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13045|has kanji reading]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;phonetic reading or pronunciation of the kanji&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13046|publication type of scholarly work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;type of this scholarly work (e.g. “systematic review”, “proceedings”, etc.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13047|leased to]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person or organisation that holds or was granted a lease on the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13048|magazine capacity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of projectiles or objects in the magazine feeding a weapon or tool&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13005|pomniky.npmk.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P13014|‎Dictionary of guerrillas and anti-Franco resistance fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13015|e-LIS publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13016|GameReactor company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13017|Latgales dati person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13018|‎FantLab artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13019|RedBA Granada authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13020|‎NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Property:P13021|MetalTabs.com band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13022|Koha Kütüphane ID]], [[:d:Property:P13023|HA! artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P13024|France television program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13026|Radio France program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13027|Grand Est inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P13028|Norwegian Media Authority's film rating ID]], [[:d:Property:P13029|Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13030|‎Münzkabinett ID]], [[:d:Property:P13031|MyWaifuList character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13032|‎Kramerius of Czech Digital Library UUID]], [[:d:Property:P13034|‎European Parliament document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13035|‎Western Australian Biographical Index]], [[:d:Property:P13037|beniabbandonati (detailed sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13038|beniabbandonati (summary sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13039|Biblioteka Nauki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13040|Biblioteka Nauki journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13041|Biblioteka Nauki book ID]], [[:d:Property:P13042|Biblioteka Nauki publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P13043|PNM Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13049|DDB person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13050|CIRDOC publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13051|CIRDOC author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13052|BAHRA ID]], [[:d:Property:P13053|‎AniSearch person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13055|Dwelly entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13056|Rate Your Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13057|Spirit of Metal band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13058|Madelen person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13059|Babelio subject ID]], [[:d:Property:P13060|Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13061|World Historical Gazetteer place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13062|VG247 series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13063|ITTF PTT ID]], [[:d:Property:P13064|Lega Serie A player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13065|Push Square series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13066|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13067|Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID]], [[:d:Property:P13068|Enciclopedia bresciana ID]], [[:d:Property:P13069|A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID]], [[:d:Property:P13070|Inathèque document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13071|TEES ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/male mean age|male mean age]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;male mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/female mean age|female mean age]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;female mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;mummy of a person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;difficulty of word by the level of JLPT&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beer style|beer style]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Classification of a beer based on its style&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has forks|has forks]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Notable software forks of this software&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Monument Counter ID|Monument Counter ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Digital memorial for women killed by violence&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/most populous settlement|most populous settlement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;city, town, or other settlement with the largest population in this area (country, state, county, continent, etc.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FAO fungal entity ID|FAO fungal entity ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier from FAO ontology for fungal gross anatomy&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bais|bais]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Indicates a specific form of bias present in a media source, organization, or document, such as false balance, slant, or omission, affecting the representation of information.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TDK lexeme ID|TDK lexeme ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Dictionary created by the [[Q1569712|Turkish Language Association]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID|Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Online Turkish encyclopedia created by [[Q6062914]] and [[Q19610584]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurotopics ID|Eurotopics ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A database containing data on European media.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stated in unreliable source|Stated in unreliable source]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;used in the references field to refer to the database that is considered a unreliable source in which the claim is made&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Google Plus code|Google Plus code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for a location as seen on Google Maps&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reversal of|reversal of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;reversal of, inversion of&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement|rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioMed Central journal ID|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FightTime fighters ID|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korean Basketball League ID|Korean Basketball League ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association ID2|Chinese Basketball Association ID2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Person ID|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai encyclopedia entry ID|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai dictionary entry ID|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vardnica.aizpute.lv ID|vardnica.aizpute.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Department of Defense Identification Code|Department of Defense Identification Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dtf.ru person ID|dtf.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Libération d’un sujet|Identifiant Libération d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLI Newspaper Collection ID|NLI Newspaper Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/obastan.com dictionary IDs|obastan.com dictionary IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Israel Railways Corporation Ltd station number|Israel Railways Corporation Ltd station number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Actu.fr d’un sujet|Identifiant Actu.fr d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant TF1 info d’un sujet|Identifiant TF1 info d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant RTL d’un sujet|Identifiant RTL d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant France Info d’un sujet|Identifiant France Info d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/graphclasses.org ID|graphclasses.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant L’Équipe d'une équipe de basketball|identifiant L’Équipe d'une équipe de basketball]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant L'Équipe d'un basketteur|identifiant L'Équipe d'un basketteur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/eHLFL ID|eHLFL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Journalistikon.de-ID|Journalistikon.de-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NRW-Archivportal-ID|NRW-Archivportal-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Railways station number|Taiwan Railways station number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVIDS unit ID|DVIDS unit ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Professional Basketball League ID|Taiwan Professional Basketball League ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sapere.it Italian Dictionary ID|Sapere.it Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Work of Art|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Work of Art]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DDB institution ID|DDB institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Steam tag ID|Steam tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SWERIK Party ID|SWERIK Party ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Songkick area ID|Songkick area ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Damehåndbolddatabasen ID|Damehåndbolddatabasen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KISTI institute ID|KISTI institute ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet|Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AELC author ID|AELC author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spirit of Metal IDs|Spirit of Metal IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex Maps place ID|Yandex Maps place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn ID|Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VK track ID|VK track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia medica ID|Enciclopedia medica ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GERS ID|GERS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Legislation Identifier|European Legislation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danbooru tag|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital LIMC ID|Digital LIMC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Health Facility Registry ID|Health Facility Registry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GamersGlobal genre|GamersGlobal genre]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/Baio Copyright duration by Country] ([https://t.me/c/1224298920/135958 source])
** [https://w.wiki/Bcso The Mississippi River and its tributaries] ([https://x.com/idoklein1/status/1848355287838634145 source])
** [https://w.wiki/6PAr List of countries sorted by life expectancy]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:Wikiproject Dominio Público en América Latina|Dominio Público en América Latina]] - The Public Domain in Latin America Wikiproject aims to improve the data available in Wikidata on authors and works of authorship in Latin America, with emphasis on copyright status to identify whether or not authors and their works are in the public domain.
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Reservoirs|India/Reservoirs]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject every politician/Egypt|Every politician/Egypt]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/List of properties/1-1000|Most used properties]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q18647981|Moana (Q18647981)]]: 2016 American computer animated film (2024-10-21)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L863492|rehbraun (L863492)]]: German adjective, means &quot;light brown with a slight reddish tinge&quot;

''' Development '''
* Vector 2020: We’re working on improving Wikibase’s dark mode support somewhat ([[phab:T369385]])
* We polished the automatic undo/redo messages to make them more useful ([[phab:T194402]])
* Design system: We’re close to finishing migrating Special:NewLexeme to the Codex design system
* EntitySchemas: We’re working on searching EntitySchema values by label and alias ([[phab:T375641]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 14|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:44, 21 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27557411 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #551 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''  Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-10-28. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 21|#650]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Addshore 3|Addshore]] (successful) - Welcome back, Adam!
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata_talk:Notability#Remove_the_&quot;ceb&quot;-Wikipedia_from_automatic_notability|Discussion about remove notability for ceb-Wiki]]

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Wikidata's 12th Birthday is almost here! Let’s celebrate together and make it unforgettable! 🎂 Join in for events happening across the globe in October &amp; November -- there's something for everyone! Here’s how you can be part of the fun.
** Find a local event and connect with fellow Wikidata enthusiasts!
** Give a birthday gift to the community -- whether it's a cool new tool or something fun!
** Join our big online celebration on October 29th -- don’t miss out! [[Wikidata:Twelfth_Birthday]]
** Join the special Wikidata [https://wikis.world/@wikimediaDE@social.wikimedia.de/113384930634982280 Query-party tomorrow] and win some branded Wikidata socks! 🎉
* The LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group is taking a break from our new project series format this coming Tuesday, October 29, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1730217600 Time zone converter]) to celebrate Hallowe'en! We'll be celebrating Spooky Season with a WitchyData Working Hour!  Following on Christa Strickler's recent project series, we will continue building proficiency with the Mix'n'match tool, but with a ghoulish twist. Join the fall fun by updating your [https://www.canva.com/zoom-virtual-backgrounds/templates/halloween/ Zoom background] or even coming in costume. BYOC (bring your own candy). Event page: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2024-October-29_Wikidata_Working_Hour|Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Wikidata Working Hours/2024-October-29 Wikidata Working Hour]]
''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://blog.wikimedia.de/2024/10/28/wikidata-wird-12-jahre/ Wikidata celebrates 12. Birthday – These are the coolest queries from 112 million entries] (in German) - &quot;Wikidata, the world's largest free knowledge base, celebrates the 12th of October. Birthday. The open data graph for structured knowledge collects facts about numerous terms (items). Meanwhile, Wikidata includes an impressive 112 million items – and many more facts! On the occasion of Wikidata's birthday, we put the collected knowledge to the test and present the most exciting 12 queries that were created from it.&quot;
**
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M88w_omwoHM 2024 Wikidata Cross-Domain Forum 2024] (in Chinese)
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsU0LykhRBg Wikidata Day NYC 2024 @ Pratt]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQ6dPf5kgKM Mapping the Accused Witches of Scotland in place and time]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BIq8qDT6JE What is Wikibase and what is it used for?] (in Spanish)
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lm7NWXX6qz4 Introduction to Wikidata - Wikidata Days 2024 (First day)] (in Spanish)
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YxbOPVJXvY Is there a system to capture data in Wikidata automatically?] (in Spanish)

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[Wikidata:Lexica|Lexica]] – A mobile-friendly tool that simplifies micro contributions to lexicographical data on Wikidata, making various editing tasks accessible and intuitive for contributors of all experience levels. This tool is developed by the WMDE Wikidata Software Collaboration team in Indonesia. Try Lexica through this link: https://lexica-tool.toolforge.org/

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The [[m:Global Open Initiative|Global Open Initiative]] Foundation is building an open-source web app for Supreme Court cases in Ghana. We are looking for volunteers in the following roles: Frontend Developers, Backend Developers, Wikidata/SPARQL Experts, UI/UX Designers, Quality Assurance (QA) Testers, and Legal Professionals. Join us by sendind your resume and a brief description of your expertise to globalopeninitiative{{@}}gmail.com

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13044|characteristic of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;(qualifier only) statement value is a characteristic, quality, property, or state of this qualifier value&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13045|has kanji reading]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;phonetic reading or pronunciation of the kanji&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13046|publication type of scholarly work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;type of this scholarly work (e.g. “systematic review”, “proceedings”, etc.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13047|leased to]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person or organisation that holds or was granted a lease on the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13048|magazine capacity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of projectiles or objects in the magazine feeding a weapon or tool&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13016|GameReactor company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13017|Latgales dati person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13018|‎FantLab artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13019|RedBA Granada authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13020|‎NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Property:P13021|MetalTabs.com band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13022|Koha Kütüphane ID]], [[:d:Property:P13023|HA! artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P13024|France television program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13026|Radio France program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13027|Grand Est inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P13028|Norwegian Media Authority's film rating ID]], [[:d:Property:P13029|Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13030|‎Münzkabinett ID]], [[:d:Property:P13031|MyWaifuList character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13032|‎Kramerius of Czech Digital Library UUID]], [[:d:Property:P13034|‎European Parliament document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13035|‎Western Australian Biographical Index]], [[:d:Property:P13037|beniabbandonati (detailed sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13038|beniabbandonati (summary sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13039|Biblioteka Nauki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13040|Biblioteka Nauki journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13041|Biblioteka Nauki book ID]], [[:d:Property:P13042|Biblioteka Nauki publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P13043|PNM Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13049|DDB person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13050|CIRDOC publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13051|CIRDOC author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13052|BAHRA ID]], [[:d:Property:P13053|‎AniSearch person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13055|Dwelly entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13056|Rate Your Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13057|Spirit of Metal band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13058|Madelen person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13059|Babelio subject ID]], [[:d:Property:P13060|Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13061|World Historical Gazetteer place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13062|VG247 series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13063|ITTF PTT ID]], [[:d:Property:P13064|Lega Serie A player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13065|Push Square series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13066|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13067|Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID]], [[:d:Property:P13068|Enciclopedia bresciana ID]], [[:d:Property:P13069|A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID]], [[:d:Property:P13070|Inathèque document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13071|TEES ID]], [[:d:Property:P13072|DVIDS unit ID]], [[:d:Property:P13073|Korean Basketball League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13075|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13076|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense work of art ID]], [[:d:Property:P13077|‎Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID]], [[:d:Property:P13078|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13079|‎eHLFL ID]], [[:d:Property:P13080|Songkick area ID]], [[:d:Property:P13081|DDB institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P13082|Enciclopedia medica ID]], [[:d:Property:P13083|Sapere.it Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13084|Steam tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13085|L'Équipe basketball team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13086|AELC author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13087|TF1 info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13088|RTL topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13089|Actu.fr topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13090|FAO fungal entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13091|France Info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13092|KISTI institute ID]], [[:d:Property:P13093|Israel Railways station number]], [[:d:Property:P13094|Digital LIMC ID]], [[:d:Property:P13095|TDK lexeme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13096|Yandex Maps organization ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;mummy of a person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;difficulty of word by the level of JLPT&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beer style|beer style]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Classification of a beer based on its style&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has forks|has forks]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Notable software forks of this software&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Monument Counter ID|Monument Counter ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Digital memorial for women killed by violence&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/most populous settlement|most populous settlement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;city, town, or other settlement with the largest population in this area (country, state, county, continent, etc.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurotopics ID|Eurotopics ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A database containing data on European media.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement|rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Industrial or agricultural operations generating risks to health and the environment are regulated in France. The various risks are organized into headings in the nomenclature of installations classified for environmental protection. The dangers, pollution and nuisances of each operation are listed by public authorities.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/prototypical syntactic role of argument|prototypical syntactic role of argument]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier for {{P|9971}} indicating the most basic/fundamental syntactic position of that argument for that verb sense (that is, when the argument structure is not subject to any alternations)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/operating cost|operating cost]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ongoing recurring cost for operating or using an object&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/effective life of asset|effective life of asset]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;duration of time which an object/asset is expected to be used before needing to be disposed of or replaced&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Toki Pona headnoun|Toki Pona headnoun]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Toki Pona common noun for which the name serves as a proper modifier&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioMed Central journal ID|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai dictionary entry ID|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vardnica.aizpute.lv ID|vardnica.aizpute.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Department of Defense Identification Code|Department of Defense Identification Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dtf.ru person ID|dtf.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Libération d’un sujet|Identifiant Libération d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLI Newspaper Collection ID|NLI Newspaper Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/obastan.com dictionary IDs|obastan.com dictionary IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/graphclasses.org ID|graphclasses.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant L'Équipe d'un basketteur|identifiant L'Équipe d'un basketteur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Journalistikon.de-ID|Journalistikon.de-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NRW-Archivportal-ID|NRW-Archivportal-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Railways station number|Taiwan Railways station number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Professional Basketball League ID|Taiwan Professional Basketball League ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Damehåndbolddatabasen ID|Damehåndbolddatabasen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet|Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spirit of Metal IDs|Spirit of Metal IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn ID|Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VK track ID|VK track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GERS ID|GERS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Legislation Identifier|European Legislation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danbooru tag|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Health Facility Registry ID|Health Facility Registry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GamersGlobal genre|GamersGlobal genre]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Innovating Knowledge manuscript ID|Innovating Knowledge manuscript ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PublicationsList author ID|PublicationsList author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alexander Keiller Museum ID|Alexander Keiller Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archivportal-D-ID|Archivportal-D-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative|Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FID performing arts agent GND ID|FID performing arts agent GND ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Бессмертный полк ID|Бессмертный полк ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ITV News topic ID|ITV News topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FightTime fighters ID|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Timenote.info Person ID|Timenote.info Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thai railway station identifier|Thai railway station identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of affixes used in Czech ID|Dictionary of affixes used in Czech ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/Bj6S Languages with more than one writing system]
** [https://w.wiki/Bj83 Map of all the libraries in the world present on Wikidata]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Psychology|Psychology]] - This project aims to improve items related to [[d:Q9418|psychology (Q9418)]]. 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q15975673|Loomio (Q15975673)]]: decision-making software to assist groups with collaborative decision-making processes
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L680110|کھاوَݨ / ਖਾਵਣ (L680110)]] mean to &quot;eat&quot; in in Urdu

''' Development '''
* Vector 2022: We are continuing to make Wikidata Items pages work in dark-mode ([[phab:T369385]])
* EntitySchemas: We are continuing to work on making it possible to search for an EntitySchema by its label or alias when making a statement linking to an EntitySchema
* Wikibase REST API:
** We discussed what will constitute breaking changes for the API ([[phab:T357775]])
** We are working on the endpoint for creating Properties ([[phab:T342992]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 21|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:30, 28 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27654100 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #652 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''  Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-11-04. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 28|#651]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Andrebot_2|Andrebot 2]] - Task(s):  Will check Romanian local election information on MongoDB against current relevant Items, where differences occur, will create new Items, link them and update associated information. 
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/CarbonBot|CarbonBot]] - Withdrawn by proposer.
* New request for comments:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Use_of_P2389_as_a_qualifier|Use of (P2389) as a qualifier]] - Should [[d:Property:P2389|organization directed by the office or position (P2389)]] be allowed as a qualifier?
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Rename_PeakFinder_ID_(P3770)|Rename Peakfinder ID (P3770)]] - The Peakfinder website content moved to cdnrockiesdatabases.ca, the associated Property ([[d:Property:P3770|P3770]]) has been relabeled to ''crdb peak ID''.
** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Importing_WP_&amp;_WMC_categories_into_Wikidata|Importing WP &amp; WMC categories into Wikidata]] - Project chat discussion on importing Wikipedia Category information to Wikidata items.

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Wikidata 12th Birthday happened. Special thanks to all the community members who prepared a present for Wikidata's birthday. New tools, updates, games, sparkly animations and of course plenty of maps! [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth_Birthday/Presents|Here's the list of presents, with all the links to try them]]. You can also watch the [[c:File:Wikidata%27s_12th_birthday_presents_demos.webm|demo of all the birthday presents in video]].
* Ongoing: [[m:Event:Africa_Wiki_Women-Wikidata_Birthday_Contest_2024|The Africa Wiki Women-Wikidata Birthday Contest]] ends tomorrow, 05.11.2024. If you're participating, now's your last chance to earn some points by adding [[d:Property:P106|P106]] to items on African women.
* Upcoming
** A [[d:WD:Scholia|Scholia]] hackathon will take place on Nov 15-16 online &amp;mdash; see [[d:Wikidata:Scholia/Events/Hackathon November 2024|Its documentation page]] for details.
**  [[Event:Mois_de_l%27histoire_LGBTQ%2B_2024|Mois de l'histoire LGBTQ+ (LGBTQ+ History month)]]:  A month-long edit-a-thon from November 1 to 30 for documenting, improving and translating articles on LGBTQ+ topics on Wikidata and French Wikimedia projects.
** Check out the call for papers for the &quot;Wikidata and Research&quot; Conference! It will be held at the University of Florence in Italy on June 5-6, 2025. You can submit your papers by December 9, 2024: [[m:Wikidata and research/Call|Wikidata and research/Call]]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://professional.wiki/en/articles/wikibase-strengths-and-weaknesses Is Wikibase Right for Your Project?]
** [https://www.dariah.eu/2024/11/04/dhwiki-a-new-dariah-eu-working-group-focusing-on-building-bridges-between-different-sectors/ DHwiki:a new DARIAH EU-working group focusing on building bridges between different sectors] - this working group acts as a bridge between GLAM institutions, DH researchers and Wikimedians.
** [http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/746 Using AI to add to Wikidata] - Magnus Manske discusses the challenge of integrating Wikimedia Commons artworks into Wikidata.
* Papers
** [https://arxiv.org/html/2410.13707v1 Disjointness Violations in Wikidata] Finds 51 pairs of classes on Wikidata that should be disjoint (e.g. &quot;natural object&quot; vs. &quot;artificial object&quot;) but aren't, with over 10 million violations, caused by a small number of &quot;culprits&quot; ([https://x.com/WikiResearch/status/1852081531248099796 source])
** Refining Wikidata Taxonomy using Large Language Models ([https://x.com/HimarshaJ/status/1849590078806556709 source])
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARQ22UcwJH4 LIVE Wikidata editing #116 at the 12th #WikidataBirthday] - [[d:user:ainali|User:Ainali]] and [[d:user:abbe98|User:Abbe98]] do some live editing (in english) on items related to Wikidata and the sister projects in celebration of Wikidata's 12th birthday.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wJ6D4OLUXM Women Do News at Wikidata Day] - This lightning talk from journalist Molly Stark Dean introduces the Women Do News project to increase visibility of women journalists and expand and enrich Wikipedia articles about them. The project could greatly benefit from Wikidata items being created and/or expanded.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ez1VMoFFwA Knowledge Graphs Pt.2 - Enhancing Knowledge Graphs with LLM Keywords] - Valentin Buchner and Hans Mehlin describe their collaborative project between Nobel Prize Outreach (NPO) and EQT Motherbrain utilising Nobel Prize laureate’s biographies and Nobel Prize lectures.
** (en) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biWYkba4pi0 Introduction to Wikidata|Dagbani WM UG] - [[User:Dnshitobu|User:Dnshitobu]] presents an introductory course to Wikidata, with many Ghanaian examples.
** (cz) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VrtjfgO8Dk&amp;t=3998s Wikidata in practice: document and library record structure and examples of data searches using WDQS] - Morning lecture organised by the National Library of the Czech Republic, Wikimedia CR and the Prague organization SKIP.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_0-i_qEIA8 Introduction to Wikidata and linking it to OSM] - This short introduction is presented by [[d:user:ranjithsiji|User:Ranjithsiji]] on the benefits to OpenStreetMap when connecting it to Wikidata.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[m:Wikidata One click Info Extension&quot;OCI&quot;|Wikidata One Click Info]] is a multilingual extension that enables you to search for any item or word that you come across while reading or browsing online. It's an extension that makes Wikidata's data easy to retrieve and access. Install on [https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/ooedcbicieekcihnnalhcmpenbhlfmnj Chrome browser] or [https://addons.mozilla.org/addon/wikidata-one-click-info/ Firefox browser]. A [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pM8kpIV0qALgUNZ5Yq-XYWEDXKfYlfVn/view short video] about the usage of the extension.
* [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/cat-most-frequent-properties CAT🐈: most frequent properties] a simple Observable tool which shows the most frequent properties for a set of Items.
* Are you able to learn languages with Wikidata content? In Ordia there is the &quot;[https://ordia.toolforge.org/guess-image-from-pronunciation/  Guess Image from Pronunciation]&quot; game you can use to learn a few words from various languages.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* A small project on benchmarking query engine performance on useful Wikidata queries is asking for queries from the Wikidata user community to potentially be part of the benchmark.  If you are a user of any Wikidata SPARQL service please send queries that you find useful to [mailto:pfpschneider@gmail.com Peter F. Patel-Schneider].  Say what you used the query for and whether you would like to be noted as the source of the query.  Queries that take considerable time or time out are especially welcome, particularly if the query caused you to switch from the official Wikidata Query Service to some other service.   More information about the project is available in [[Wikidata:Scaling_Wikidata/Benchmarking]].

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: none
* External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13049|DDB person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13050|CIRDOC publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13051|CIRDOC author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13052|BAHRA ID]], [[:d:Property:P13053|‎AniSearch person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13055|Dwelly entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13056|Rate Your Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13057|Spirit of Metal band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13058|Madelen person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13059|Babelio subject ID]], [[:d:Property:P13060|Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13061|World Historical Gazetteer place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13062|VG247 series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13063|ITTF PTT ID]], [[:d:Property:P13064|Lega Serie A player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13065|Push Square series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13066|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13067|Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID]], [[:d:Property:P13068|Enciclopedia bresciana ID]], [[:d:Property:P13069|A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID]], [[:d:Property:P13070|Inathèque document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13071|TEES ID]], [[:d:Property:P13072|DVIDS unit ID]], [[:d:Property:P13073|Korean Basketball League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13075|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13076|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense work of art ID]], [[:d:Property:P13077|‎Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID]], [[:d:Property:P13078|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13079|‎eHLFL ID]], [[:d:Property:P13080|Songkick area ID]], [[:d:Property:P13081|DDB institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P13082|Enciclopedia medica ID]], [[:d:Property:P13083|Sapere.it Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13084|Steam tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13085|L'Équipe basketball team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13086|AELC author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13087|TF1 info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13088|RTL topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13089|Actu.fr topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13090|FAO fungal entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13091|France Info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13092|KISTI institute ID]], [[:d:Property:P13093|Israel Railways station number]], [[:d:Property:P13094|Digital LIMC ID]], [[:d:Property:P13095|TDK lexeme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13096|Yandex Maps organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13097|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13098|Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn ID]], [[:d:Property:P13099|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13100|Innovating Knowledge manuscript ID]], [[:d:Property:P13101|L'Équipe basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13102|Damehåndbolddatabasen ID]], [[:d:Property:P13103|Journalistikon.de ID]], [[:d:Property:P13104|graphclasses.org ID]], [[:d:Property:P13105|Taiwan Professional Basketball League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13106|PublicationsList author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13107|Monument Counter ID]], [[:d:Property:P13108|Spirit of Metal album ID]], [[:d:Property:P13109|Spirit of Metal style ID]], [[:d:Property:P13110|Spirit of Metal artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13111|Spirit of Metal label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13112|Spirit of Metal place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13113|Libération topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13114|Azerbaijani Explanatory Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13115|Azerbaijani Dialect Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13116|Azerbaijani Phraseology Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13117|Lezgian Explanatory Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13118|VK Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13119|Taiwan Railways (TR) station number]], [[:d:Property:P13120|GamersGlobal genre]], [[:d:Property:P13121|Archivportal NRW ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;mummy of a person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;difficulty of word by the level of JLPT&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beer style|beer style]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;classification of a beer based on its style&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has forks|has forks]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Notable software forks of this software&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/most populous settlement|most populous settlement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;city, town, or other settlement with the largest population in this area (country, state, county, continent, etc.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurotopics ID|Eurotopics ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A database containing data on European media.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement|rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Industrial or agricultural operations generating risks to health and the environment are regulated in France. The various risks are organized into headings in the nomenclature of installations classified for environmental protection. The dangers, pollution and nuisances of each operation are listed by public authorities.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/prototypical syntactic role of argument|prototypical syntactic role of argument]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier for {{P|9971}} indicating the most basic/fundamental syntactic position of that argument for that verb sense (that is, when the argument structure is not subject to any alternations)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/operating cost|operating cost]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ongoing recurring cost for operating or using an object&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/effective life of asset|effective life of asset]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;duration of time which an object/asset is expected to be used before needing to be disposed of or replaced&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Toki Pona headnoun|Toki Pona headnoun]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Toki Pona common noun for which the name serves as a proper modifier&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Provides data for property|Provides data for property]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the dataset associated with this external id usually contains data applicable to this other wikidata property&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TOPO id|TOPO id]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;unique code, defined by the {{Q|3029562}}, to identify topographical features of France (regions, departments, citys, hamlet, thoroughfares ...) and elsewhere (Countries, Foreign Cities, ...)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISCC|ISCC]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;International Standard Content Code. Hash code that identifies a media object based on fuzzy hashing.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/romantic orientation|romantic orientation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;pattern of romantic attraction of this person or fictional character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GND-BEACON-URL|GND-BEACON-URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of a website's BEACON file&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioMed Central journal ID|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vardnica.aizpute.lv ID|vardnica.aizpute.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Department of Defense Identification Code|Department of Defense Identification Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dtf.ru person ID|dtf.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLI Newspaper Collection ID|NLI Newspaper Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet|Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GERS ID|GERS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Legislation Identifier|European Legislation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danbooru tag|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Health Facility Registry ID|Health Facility Registry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alexander Keiller Museum ID|Alexander Keiller Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archivportal-D-ID|Archivportal-D-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative|Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FID performing arts agent GND ID|FID performing arts agent GND ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Бессмертный полк ID|Бессмертный полк ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ITV News topic ID|ITV News topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Timenote.info Person ID|Timenote.info Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thai railway station identifier|Thai railway station identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of affixes used in Czech ID|Dictionary of affixes used in Czech ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Resistance in Belgium ID|Resistance in Belgium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Information System on Korean Historical Figures ID|Comprehensive Information System on Korean Historical Figures ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNCF station trigram|SNCF station trigram]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ID|The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBIS ID|DBIS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISFDB editorial collection ID|ISFDB editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Jolt username|Game Jolt username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ANID Researcher Portal ID|ANID Researcher Portal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ninilchik Russian Dictionary ID|Ninilchik Russian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Mediapart d'un blogueur|Identifiant Mediapart d'un blogueur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiBaseball ID|WikiBaseball ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kultboy editor ID|Kultboy editor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB network ID|TMDB network ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Centre d'études Picasso|identifiant Centre d'études Picasso]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ILEC World Lake Database ID|ILEC World Lake Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indo-European Lexicon ID|Indo-European Lexicon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SGES monument ID|SGES monument ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ranker ID|Ranker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID|Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Presisov večjezični slovar ID|Presisov večjezični slovar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Usito|Usito]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sanzhi Dargwa dictionary ID|Sanzhi Dargwa dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FVDP Vietnamese dictionary ID|FVDP Vietnamese dictionary ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/BpFd Individual animals counted per species], [https://w.wiki/BpG9 list of these individual animals]
** [https://w.wiki/BgKJ Chronology of deaths of mathematicians, with their theorems] ([https://x.com/Pyb75/status/1849805466643181634 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject AveburyPapers|AveburyPapers]] - The Avebury Papers is a collaborative UKRI-funded research project between University of York; University of Bristol; the National Trust; English Heritage; and Historic England. As part of this project, the team are doing several tasks which are generating data, some of which will be shared via Wikidata, in an effort to link parts of the Avebury collection with other collections.
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Schools|India/Schools]] - focused on school in India
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Video games/2025 video games|2025 video games]] - dedicated to the world of video games in 2025
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Statistics/Count of lexemes without senses|Count of lexemes without senses]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q101110072|2024 United States presidential election (Q101110072)]] - 60th quadrennial U.S. presidential election
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L352|Katze (L352)]] - &quot;domesticated feline animal&quot; in German

''' Development '''
* Mobile statement editing: We are making progress on the technical investigation for how to make it easier to edit statements on mobile. A lot more work to be done after that though.
* We fixed the sidebar link to the main page in many languages ([[phab:T184386]])
* Codex: We are continuing with the migration of the Query Builder to Codex, the new design system. The migration of Special:NewLexeme is almost finished.
* Query Service: We have updated the list of languages for the language selector in the UI ([[phab:T358572]])
* Vector 2022: We are continuing to adress issues of the Item UI in dark mode ([[phab:T369385]])
* Wikibase REST API:
** We are moving from v0 to v1.
** We have finished the work on the new endpoint for creating Properties.
* Action API: We’re improving the way the wbformatvalue API handles invalid options ([[phab:T323778]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 28|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:33, 4 නොවැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27679634 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #653 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''  Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-11-11. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 04|#652]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Upcoming
** [[d:Wikidata:Scholia/Events/Hackathon November 2024|Scholia Hackathon]] on November 15-16 (online)
** [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/harvard-events/events-calendar/?trumbaEmbed=view%3Devent%26eventid%3D178656789 Black Teacher Archive Wikidata Edit-a-thon] - 19 November 2024, 9am - 12pm, Address: Gutman Library, 6 Appian Way, Cambridge, MA.  Improve information about individual educators and their relationships with Colored Teachers Associations, HBCUs, the Divine Nine, religious institutions, and political organizations like the NAACP and Urban League.
** (German)[https://www.berliner-antike-kolleg.org/transfer/termine/2024_11_19_digital_classicist.html Seminar: Using wikibase as an integration platform for morphosyntactic and semantic annotations of Akkadian texts] - 19.11.2024, 16:00 - 18:00 CET (UTC+1), held at the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Unter den Linden 8, 10117 Berlin)
** [https://capacoa.ca/event/wikidata-in-dance-workshop/ Wikidata in dance workshop] - 3 December 2024, 1pm EST (UTC+5). A step-by-step workshop for members of the Canadian Dance Assembly. A free, expert-led series  on how open data can benefit dance companies and artists.
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VVBT5YD5I6OW4UQ37AGY2D32LATXT5ZU/ Save the date: Wikimedia Hackathon to be held in Istanbul, Turkey on May 2 - 4, 2025]
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/TUBM6WI4LHPVEXVMFKHF5ZR3QNUBRYBG/ Apply for a scholarship to attend Wikimania 2025] Scholarships open: 7th November-8th December 2024

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://blog.wikimedia.de/2024/10/31/wikidata-sprachen-im-internet-fordert/ Bridging language gaps: How Wikidata promotes languages on the Internet] (in German) about the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata Software Collaboration Project for Wikidata]
** [https://wikimedia.ch/en/news/swiss-server-helps-optimise-wikidata-in-the-field-of-medicine/ Swiss server helps optimise Wikidata in the field of medicine] - Wikimedia CH supporting Houcemeddine Turki in leveraging AI to transform Wikidata into a comprehensive, reliable biomedical resource, to bridge healthcare information gaps, especially in the Global South.
** [https://ultimategerardm.blogspot.com/2024/11/the-story-of-african-award-winning.html The story of African award winning scientists using Wikifunctions]
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcoYXJUT-zQ Wikidata's 12th birthday presents demos]
** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9h4vcrqhNd0 Open data for journalistic investigation: The cases of Wikidata and Poderopedia] - This session held by Monica Ventura and Carla Toro discusses how open-data  allow transparent analysis and evidence-based storytelling, enabling journalists to explore and verify complex information connections.
** (it) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgxpZzLrNCs AuthorityBox &amp; Alphabetica] - The use of Wikidata's data in the Alphabetica portal and in the [[d:User:Bargioni/AuthorityBox_SBN.js|SBN AuthorityBox]] gadget that can be activated via Code Injector in the [https://opac.sbn.it/ SBN OPAC].
** [https://www.youtube.com/live/7RYutAJdmLg?t=9720s Semantic Wikibase] - Kolja Bailly presents this session during the MediaWiki Users &amp; Developers Conference Fall 2024 (Day 3).
** (zh-TW) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNAWiLh2o-M Wikidata lexeme editing demonstration] - Wikidata Taiwan provide a demonstration to lexeme editing.
** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNlXZ97vb9E OpenRefine - Wikidata Days 2024] - Conducted by Omar Vega from Wikimedia Peru, learn how to create a project with a list, clean and collate data, create a Wikidata schema and upload using QuickStatements.
** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSsoKIrvg2c Merging duplicate Items in Wikidata]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biWYkba4pi0 Introduction to Wikidata for Beginners in the Mabia communities]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://wdrecentchanges.toolforge.org Wikidata Edits Heatmap]: Real-time map that visualizes recent changes in Wikidata with geospatial markers showing the location of updated Items.
* [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wwrw Western world versus the rest of the world]: a tool computing the distribution of mentioned entities in Wikipedia articles between Western world and the rest of the world.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Starting ca. today ({{ISOdate|2024-11-11}}), tools or bots which use the [[:wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wiki replicas]] (such as Quarry) will observe outdated data for up to 8-10 days, as a result of necessary database maintenance ([[phabricator:T367856|T367856]]). Tools or bots which use the APIs will not be affected.
* Job vacancy [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/50824818/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-m-f-d-?jobDbPVId=167093023&amp;l=en Product Manager: Wikibase Suite]: Wikibase Suite allows institutions to create and host their own linked knowledge base with maximum customizability, this role will be responsible for the vision and strategy of this exciting product!

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: none
* External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13052|BAHRA ID]], [[:d:Property:P13053|‎AniSearch person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13055|Dwelly entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13056|Rate Your Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13057|Spirit of Metal band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13058|Madelen person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13059|Babelio subject ID]], [[:d:Property:P13060|Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13061|World Historical Gazetteer place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13062|VG247 series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13063|ITTF PTT ID]], [[:d:Property:P13064|Lega Serie A player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13065|Push Square series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13066|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13067|Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID]], [[:d:Property:P13068|Enciclopedia bresciana ID]], [[:d:Property:P13069|A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID]], [[:d:Property:P13070|Inathèque document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13071|TEES ID]], [[:d:Property:P13072|DVIDS unit ID]], [[:d:Property:P13073|Korean Basketball League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13075|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13076|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense work of art ID]], [[:d:Property:P13077|‎Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID]], [[:d:Property:P13078|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13079|‎eHLFL ID]], [[:d:Property:P13080|Songkick area ID]], [[:d:Property:P13081|DDB institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P13082|Enciclopedia medica ID]], [[:d:Property:P13083|Sapere.it Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13084|Steam tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13085|L'Équipe basketball team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13086|AELC author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13087|TF1 info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13088|RTL topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13089|Actu.fr topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13090|FAO fungal entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13091|France Info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13092|KISTI institute ID]], [[:d:Property:P13093|Israel Railways station number]], [[:d:Property:P13094|Digital LIMC ID]], [[:d:Property:P13095|TDK lexeme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13096|Yandex Maps organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13097|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13098|Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn ID]], [[:d:Property:P13099|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13100|Innovating Knowledge manuscript ID]], [[:d:Property:P13101|L'Équipe basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13102|Damehåndbolddatabasen ID]], [[:d:Property:P13103|Journalistikon.de ID]], [[:d:Property:P13104|graphclasses.org ID]], [[:d:Property:P13105|Taiwan Professional Basketball League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13106|PublicationsList author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13107|Monument Counter ID]], [[:d:Property:P13108|Spirit of Metal album ID]], [[:d:Property:P13109|Spirit of Metal style ID]], [[:d:Property:P13110|Spirit of Metal artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13111|Spirit of Metal label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13112|Spirit of Metal place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13113|Libération topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13114|Azerbaijani Explanatory Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13115|Azerbaijani Dialect Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13116|Azerbaijani Phraseology Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13117|Lezgian Explanatory Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13118|VK Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13119|Taiwan Railways (TR) station number]], [[:d:Property:P13120|GamersGlobal genre]], [[:d:Property:P13121|Archivportal NRW ID]], [[:d:Property:P13122|Department of Defense Identification Code]], [[:d:Property:P13123|Health Facility Registry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13124|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13125|Immortal Regiment ID]], [[:d:Property:P13126|dictionary of affixes used in Czech ID]], [[:d:Property:P13127|Eurotopics ID]], [[:d:Property:P13128|TMDB network ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;mummy of a person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;difficulty of word by the level of JLPT&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beer style|beer style]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;classification of a beer based on its style&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has forks|has forks]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Notable software forks of this software&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/most populous settlement|most populous settlement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;city, town, or other settlement with the largest population in this area (country, state, county, continent, etc.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement|rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Industrial or agricultural operations generating risks to health and the environment are regulated in France. The various risks are organized into headings in the nomenclature of installations classified for environmental protection. The dangers, pollution and nuisances of each operation are listed by public authorities.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/prototypical syntactic role of argument|prototypical syntactic role of argument]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier for {{P|9971}} indicating the most basic/fundamental syntactic position of that argument for that verb sense (that is, when the argument structure is not subject to any alternations)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/operating cost|operating cost]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ongoing recurring cost for operating or using an object&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/effective life of asset|effective life of asset]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;duration of time which an object/asset is expected to be used before needing to be disposed of or replaced&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Toki Pona headnoun|Toki Pona headnoun]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Toki Pona common noun for which the name serves as a proper modifier&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Provides data for property|Provides data for property]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the dataset associated with this external id usually contains data applicable to this other wikidata property&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TOPO id|TOPO id]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;unique code, defined by the {{Q|3029562}}, to identify topographical features of France (regions, departments, citys, hamlet, thoroughfares ...) and elsewhere (Countries, Foreign Cities, ...)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISCC|ISCC]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;International Standard Content Code. Hash code that identifies a media object based on fuzzy hashing.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/romantic orientation|romantic orientation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;pattern of romantic attraction of this person or fictional character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GND-BEACON-URL|GND-BEACON-URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of an online service's BEACON file&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Railway station linear reference (line &amp; milestone)|Railway station linear reference (line &amp; milestone)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Stations are located on one or more railway routes, each at a given milestone. This makes it possible to situate them in the topology of a railway infrastructure.
A linear reference system can be used to position any object on this topology. In this case, we would add one or more route (or line) number + milestone data pairs.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Data analysis method|Data analysis method]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;methods used in the main item for inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Use data collection instrument|Use data collection instrument]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Tool used by/in the subject to facilitate the collection of qualitative or quantitative data&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Data collection method|Data collection method]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;scientific data collection procedure used in/by the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Snooker Tour tournament ID|World Snooker Tour tournament ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for a tournament on the main website of World Snooker Tour (official site)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vardnica.aizpute.lv ID|vardnica.aizpute.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dtf.ru person ID|dtf.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLI Newspaper Collection ID|NLI Newspaper Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet|Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GERS ID|GERS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Legislation Identifier|European Legislation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danbooru tag|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alexander Keiller Museum ID|Alexander Keiller Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative|Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ITV News topic ID|ITV News topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Timenote.info Person ID|Timenote.info Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thai railway station identifier|Thai railway station identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Resistance in Belgium ID|Resistance in Belgium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Information System on Korean Historical Figures ID|Comprehensive Information System on Korean Historical Figures ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNCF station trigram|SNCF station trigram]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ID|The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBIS ID|DBIS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISFDB editorial collection ID|ISFDB editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Jolt username|Game Jolt username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ANID Researcher Portal ID|ANID Researcher Portal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ninilchik Russian Dictionary ID|Ninilchik Russian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Mediapart d'un blogueur|Identifiant Mediapart d'un blogueur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiBaseball ID|WikiBaseball ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kultboy editor ID|Kultboy editor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Centre d'études Picasso|identifiant Centre d'études Picasso]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ILEC World Lake Database ID|ILEC World Lake Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indo-European Lexicon ID|Indo-European Lexicon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SGES monument ID|SGES monument ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ranker ID|Ranker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID|Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Presisov večjezični slovar ID|Presisov večjezični slovar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Usito|Usito]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sanzhi Dargwa dictionary ID|Sanzhi Dargwa dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FVDP Vietnamese dictionary ID|FVDP Vietnamese dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FNAC author ID|FNAC author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CAMRA Experience pub ID 2|CAMRA Experience pub ID 2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sage Social Science Thesaurus ID|Sage Social Science Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID|Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Everand author ID|Everand author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Phish.net Venue ID|Phish.net Venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/El Moudjahid tag ID|El Moudjahid tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bruker-ID i Store norske leksikon|bruker-ID i Store norske leksikon]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/teams.by national team ID|teams.by national team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Medieval Coin Hoards of the British Isles ID|Medieval Coin Hoards of the British Isles ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Measuring points uuid|Measuring points uuid]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DEX '09 entry ID|DEX '09 entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Marktstammdatenregisternummer (Einheit)|Marktstammdatenregisternummer (Einheit)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paramount+ video ID|Paramount+ video ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gerbang Kata ID|Gerbang Kata ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Women's Snooker player ID|World Women's Snooker player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association player ID|Chinese Basketball Association player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NBA G League player ID|NBA G League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Basketballnavi.DB player ID|Basketballnavi.DB player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Football Kit Archive ID|Football Kit Archive ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/Bsmj Recently edited lexemes since 'DATE'] (in this case Danish since 01.11.2024)
** [https://w.wiki/Bvap List films shot by filming location] - try changing the wd: Wikidata item to another country, city, or even a building or natural location.
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Public_art/Reports/Suriname|Suriname Public Art]] - public artworks and memorials in Suriname
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject HDF|HDF]] - A WikiProject for work underway at the [[d:Q106509427|The HDF Group (Q106509427)]] to connect HDF data with Wikidata. 
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject French Literary Prizes|French Literary Prizes]] - Aims to coordinate the development of a database on French literary prizes (prize list, jury members, list of winners). In 2008, Bertrand Labes listed more than 1,500 French-speaking literary prizes. To date, Wikidata has 709, including 24 including the list of winners and awarded works.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://orthohin.toolforge.org/ Languages with the most lexemes without senses] (using Toolforge tool 'Orthohin')
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q5598|Rembrandt (Q5598)]] - Dutch painter and printmaker (1606–1669)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L740318|ਜੀਵਣ/جِیوَݨ (L740318)]] - 'life' in Punjabi

''' Development '''
* Lua: We changed the Wikibase function ''getAllStatements'' logic to behave as ''getBestStatements''. When invoked, it was returning mutable direct-values, now it will return a copy of those values (which are immutable). ([[phab:T270851]])
* Wikibase REST API:
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L7CPFQRY4RC5NCXOKRN4HWBTNBJ6GS4X/ Wikibase REST API is now on version 1!]
** We've finished the work on the create Property endpoint so it is now possible to create Properties via the REST API.
* Configuration: We removed 'mainpage' from $wgForceUIMsgAsContentMsg for Wikidata as requested so translations of the main page are available ([[phab:T184386]])
* mul language code: We moved it to the top of the termbox so labels and aliases in mul are visible first ([[phab:T371802]])
* Revision table size: We are investigating the current state of the revision table of Wikidata's database and what the next steps should be to address its issues.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 28|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:32, 11 නොවැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27703854 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #654 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-11-19. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 11|#653]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session (Attn: Please fill out Pre-Participation Survey!) 19 November, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 19 November, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732035600 Time zone converter]) Wikimedian Mahir Morshed is leading a series of four sessions focused on lexicographical data in Wikidata. We are looking forward to learning more about these Wikibase entities! If you anticipate attending the workshop sessions, please fill out a brief survey linked from our [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/LD4-WDAG_Lexicographical_Data_Series LD4-WDAG Lexicographical Data Series Etherpad] to help us prepare relevant materials for you. You only need to fill it out once, no matter how many sessions you plan to attend. Sessions will be held on November 5, November 19, December 3, and December 17, 2024 at our regular time of 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET. Visit the [[Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/Second_Project_Series|event LD4 Affinity Group WikiPoject page]]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wiki-research-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YQ7CQXMFAYPWOHLEF7KLZZNR3SYIBURN/ Conference about Wikidata and research at the University of Florence in Italy - call for papers deadline December 9, 2024]
* [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2025|Wikimedia Hackathon 2025]] Registration is open until mid-April 2025 (unless event reahes capacity earlier). Hackathon takes place in Istanbul May 2 - 5, 2025.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** GLAM October Newsletter
*** (Spanish + En) [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia Report]] - exploring uses of Wikidata in the Colombian context.
*** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/Latvia_report|Stats and program of the Wikidata Workshop 2024: National Library of Latvia]]
*** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata 12th Birthday Report]]
** [https://blog.rayberger.org/wikidata-and-the-2024-open-library-community-celebration Wikidata and the 2024 Open Library Community Celebration] - Ray Berger shares their presentation for the Open Library celebration.
** [https://medium.com/@mark.reuter/a-hip-hop-world-map-7472a66da6a3 A Hip Hop World Map] - Mark Reuter uses Wikidata to create a map of Hip Hop artists birthplaces.
* Papers
** [https://www.infodocket.com/2024/11/05/journal-article-shifting-paradigms-the-impact-of-streaming-on-diversity-in-academic-library-film-collections/ Journal Article: “Shifting Paradigms: The Impact of Streaming on Diversity in Academic Library Film Collections”] - Examines the impact of academic libraries shifting collections from physical to digital medium storage, and how Wikidata is used to analyse this. By Clarkson et al.,2024.
** [https://cgscholar.com/bookstore/works/encoding-archaeological-data-models-as-wikidata-schemas?category_id=cgrn&amp;path=cgrn/296/301 Encoding Archaeological Data Models as Wikidata Schemas] - How Wikidata schema are being used to help the [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_IDEA|Duros-Europos]] archaelogical archive By Thornton et al., 2024.
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.08696 Population and Exploration of Conference Data in Wikidata using LLMs] - to automate addition of scholarly data. By extracting metadata from unstructured sources and adding over 6,000 entities, it demonstrates a scalable method to enhance Wikidata as a scholarly resource. By Mihindukulasooriya et al., 2024.
** [https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3828/paper37.pdf DBLP to Wikidata: Populating Scholarly Articles in Wikidata] Presents a tool and method for adding scholarly articles and related entities, like co-authors and conference proceedings, to Wikidata using DBLP data, promoting the enhancement of Wikidata’s scholarly coverage. By Nandana Mihindukulasooriya.
* Slides
** (Italian) all the slides of the presentations held during [[:d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024|Wikidata Days Bologna 2024]] are available in [[:commons:Category:Wikidata Days Bologna 2024 presentations]] (the links have also been added to the [[:d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024/Programma|program page]])
* Videos
** (Italian) all the videos of the presentations held during [[:d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024|Wikidata Days Bologna 2024]] in the main room are available in [[:commons:Category:Wikidata Days Bologna 2024 videos]] (the links have also been added to the [[:d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024/Programma|program page]])
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfOP3rPZCUg&amp;pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D Launch of Wikidata Lexicographical Data Contest] from the Dagaare Wikimedia Community.
** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmDgtf4YNCQ How to contribute to Wikidata with QuickStatements?] Omar Vegu of the Wikimedia Perú community will be showing how QS can be used to mass-edit Wikidata.
** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSsoKIrvg2c Wikidata - how to merge two elements that are repeated statements?] - What to do if you find more than one Wikidata item of the same, exact thing? This guide will show you what to do.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zy8kv8VGMYU&amp;pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D  WCNA 2024 Lightning talk: Designing a Wikidata Edit-a-thon for the Black Teacher Archive] - if you are interested in organising a Wikidata edit-a-thon (on any subject), this presentation shows the steps needed.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMSIok3W3io&amp;pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D  WCNA 2024: Adding authority control properties in Wikidata for writer and artist biographies] - an example of using Wikidata to enrich and expand an item for biographies.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BYF6L-D350&amp;pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D WCNA 2024: Wikidata profiling of small town art] - an example of how structured data can be used to preserve cultural history. 
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRlW2hTvCPQ MediaWiki U&amp;D Con Fall 2024 - Day 3 - Introduction to Wikibase: Managing Datasets &amp; Collections]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://dblp-to-wikidata.streamlit.app/ DBLP to Wikidata] - This tool is for adding scholarly articles to Wikidata utilizing data from DBLP. It also provides article authors with a tool to enhance Wikidata with associated entities, such as missing co-authors or conference proceeding entities. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OgrlGqoegTY Demo video] &amp; [https://github.com/scholarly-wikidata/dblp-to-wikidata Github repo]

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://observablehq.com/d/0099520872e082b9 Observable: Example SPARQL Queries Provenance Index LOD]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: none 
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13071|TEES ID]], [[:d:Property:P13072|DVIDS unit ID]], [[:d:Property:P13073|Korean Basketball League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13075|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13076|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense work of art ID]], [[:d:Property:P13077|‎Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID]], [[:d:Property:P13078|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13079|‎eHLFL ID]], [[:d:Property:P13080|Songkick area ID]], [[:d:Property:P13081|DDB institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P13082|Enciclopedia medica ID]], [[:d:Property:P13083|Sapere.it Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13084|Steam tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13085|L'Équipe basketball team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13086|AELC author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13087|TF1 info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13088|RTL topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13089|Actu.fr topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13090|FAO fungal entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13091|France Info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13092|KISTI institute ID]], [[:d:Property:P13093|Israel Railways station number]], [[:d:Property:P13094|Digital LIMC ID]], [[:d:Property:P13095|TDK lexeme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13096|Yandex Maps organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13097|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13098|Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn ID]], [[:d:Property:P13099|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13100|Innovating Knowledge manuscript ID]], [[:d:Property:P13101|L'Équipe basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13102|Damehåndbolddatabasen ID]], [[:d:Property:P13103|Journalistikon.de ID]], [[:d:Property:P13104|graphclasses.org ID]], [[:d:Property:P13105|Taiwan Professional Basketball League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13106|PublicationsList author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13107|Monument Counter ID]], [[:d:Property:P13108|Spirit of Metal album ID]], [[:d:Property:P13109|Spirit of Metal style ID]], [[:d:Property:P13110|Spirit of Metal artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13111|Spirit of Metal label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13112|Spirit of Metal place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13113|Libération topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13114|Azerbaijani Explanatory Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13115|Azerbaijani Dialect Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13116|Azerbaijani Phraseology Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13117|Lezgian Explanatory Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13118|VK Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13119|Taiwan Railways (TR) station number]], [[:d:Property:P13120|GamersGlobal genre]], [[:d:Property:P13121|Archivportal NRW ID]], [[:d:Property:P13122|Department of Defense Identification Code]], [[:d:Property:P13123|Health Facility Registry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13124|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13125|Immortal Regiment ID]], [[:d:Property:P13126|dictionary of affixes used in Czech ID]], [[:d:Property:P13127|Eurotopics ID]], [[:d:Property:P13128|TMDB network ID]], [[:d:Property:P13129|Kultboy editor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13130|WikiBaseball ID]], [[:d:Property:P13131|Ninilchik Russian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13132|ANID Researcher Portal]], [[:d:Property:P13133|TOPO ID]], [[:d:Property:P13134|DBIS Resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13135|ITV News topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13136|Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ID]], [[:d:Property:P13137|ISFDB editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P13138|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia contributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13139|ILEC World Lake Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13140|Sage Social Science Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P13141|El Moudjahid tag ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatype property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;mummy of a person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;difficulty of word by the level of JLPT&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beer style|beer style]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;classification of a beer based on its style&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has forks|has forks]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Notable software forks of this software&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/most populous settlement|most populous settlement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;city, town, or other settlement with the largest population in this area (country, state, county, continent, etc.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement|rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Industrial or agricultural operations generating risks to health and the environment are regulated in France. The various risks are organized into headings in the nomenclature of installations classified for environmental protection. The dangers, pollution and nuisances of each operation are listed by public authorities.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/prototypical syntactic role of argument|prototypical syntactic role of argument]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier for {{P|9971}} indicating the most basic/fundamental syntactic position of that argument for that verb sense (that is, when the argument structure is not subject to any alternations)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/operating cost|operating cost]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ongoing recurring cost for operating or using an object&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/effective life of asset|effective life of asset]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;duration of time which an object/asset is expected to be used before needing to be disposed of or replaced&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Toki Pona headnoun|Toki Pona headnoun]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Toki Pona common noun for which the name serves as a proper modifier&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Provides data for property|Provides data for property]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the dataset associated with this external id usually contains data applicable to this other wikidata property&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISCC|ISCC]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;International Standard Content Code. Hash code that identifies a media object based on fuzzy hashing.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/romantic orientation|romantic orientation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;pattern of romantic attraction of this person or fictional character&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GND-BEACON-URL|GND-BEACON-URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of an online service's BEACON file&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Railway station linear reference (line &amp; milestone)|Railway station linear reference (line &amp; milestone)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Stations are located on one or more railway routes, each at a given milestone. This makes it possible to situate them in the topology of a railway infrastructure.
A linear reference system can be used to position any object on this topology. In this case, we would add one or more route (or line) number + milestone data pairs.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Data analysis method|Data analysis method]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;methods used in the main item for inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Use data collection instrument|Use data collection instrument]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Tool used by/in the subject to facilitate the collection of qualitative or quantitative data&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Data collection method|Data collection method]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;scientific data collection procedure used in/by the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Snooker Tour tournament ID|World Snooker Tour tournament ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for a tournament on the main website of World Snooker Tour (official site)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/study or design for this work|study or design for this work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;preliminary work for this finished work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OAI formatter|OAI formatter]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;formatter to generate ID compatible with {{Q|2430433}} services&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Library Collection|Open Library Collection]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Link to Open Library Collection which contain manually and automaticallly collections of editions and works on certain topics&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/scientific illustration|scientific illustration]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;a scientific or technical illustration of this subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/thesis submitted for|thesis submitted for]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;academic degree for which a thesis or dissertation is submitted&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/meeting of|meeting of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;subject is a meeting or session of this body (legislature, committee, convention, etc.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vardnica.aizpute.lv ID|vardnica.aizpute.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dtf.ru person ID|dtf.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLI Newspaper Collection ID|NLI Newspaper Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet|Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GERS ID|GERS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Legislation Identifier|European Legislation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danbooru tag|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alexander Keiller Museum ID|Alexander Keiller Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative|Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Timenote.info Person ID|Timenote.info Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thai railway station identifier|Thai railway station identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Resistance in Belgium ID|Resistance in Belgium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Information System on Korean Historical Figures ID|Comprehensive Information System on Korean Historical Figures ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNCF station trigram|SNCF station trigram]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Jolt username|Game Jolt username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Mediapart d'un blogueur|Identifiant Mediapart d'un blogueur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Centre d'études Picasso|identifiant Centre d'études Picasso]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indo-European Lexicon ID|Indo-European Lexicon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SGES monument ID|SGES monument ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID|Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Presisov večjezični slovar ID|Presisov večjezični slovar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Usito|Usito]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sanzhi Dargwa dictionary ID|Sanzhi Dargwa dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FVDP Vietnamese dictionary ID|FVDP Vietnamese dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FNAC author ID|FNAC author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CAMRA Experience pub ID 2|CAMRA Experience pub ID 2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID|Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Everand author ID|Everand author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Phish.net Venue ID|Phish.net Venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/teams.by national team ID|teams.by national team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Medieval Coin Hoards of the British Isles ID|Medieval Coin Hoards of the British Isles ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Measuring points uuid|Measuring points uuid]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DEX '09 entry ID|DEX '09 entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Marktstammdatenregisternummer (Einheit)|Marktstammdatenregisternummer (Einheit)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paramount+ video ID|Paramount+ video ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gerbang Kata ID|Gerbang Kata ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Women's Snooker player ID|World Women's Snooker player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association player ID|Chinese Basketball Association player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NBA G League player ID|NBA G League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Basketballnavi.DB player ID|Basketballnavi.DB player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Football Kit Archive ID|Football Kit Archive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Electronic Language International Festival Person ID|Electronic Language International Festival Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISLRN|ISLRN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/erail.in railway station identifier|erail.in railway station identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gallimard author ID|Gallimard author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID|Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) artiste sur Reg-Arts|Identifiant d'un(e) artiste sur Reg-Arts]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eyrolles author ID|Eyrolles author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zvuk album ID|Zvuk album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chtyvo author ID|Chtyvo author ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/C6iL List Authors by work language (Latin)]
** [https://w.wiki/C6iZ Return Lexemes of Month and Day in the filtered languages]
** [https://w.wiki/C7BP Hip Hop artists by place of birth]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_HelveticArchives|Helvetic Archives]] - coordination of data ingests and workshops related to the [[d:Q98557969|HelveticArchives]], operated by the Swiss National Library.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Scholia/Surveys/2024|Scholia, 2024 Surveys]] - assists with the planning, conduct, analysis and communication of a user survey for Scholia.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Biography/Authors_by_writing_language/Latin|Authors by writing language (Latin)]] - Wikidata list for the Biography WikiProject.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Special:EntitiesWithoutDescription|Entities without description]] - find items missing a description in a chosen language.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q44387|Darius I (the Great) (QQ44387)]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L712968|Vrimle (L712968)]] This Lexeme is 'teem'ing with forms (Bokmål).

''' Development '''
* [BREAKING CHANGE ANNOUNCEMENT] [[listarchive:list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/DK3QH24M7SSZ76P7Q2QTRY4FVZOHBF7Z/|wbformatvalue API will no longer accepts most options]]
* Wikibase REST API: We are looking into how to do search in the REST API.
* Special:NewLexeme: We merged the full migration from the Wikit to the Codex design system.
* EntitySchemas: We are polishing the patches to make it possible to search for EntitySchemas by label when linking to an EntitySchema in a new statement.
* Wikidata support is now available to [[:tcy:ಮುಖ್ಯ_ಪುಟ|Tulu Wikipedia]] and [[:tcy:s:ಮುಖ್ಯ_ಪುಟ|Tulu Wikisource]]

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 11|Previous issue]] · [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 11:30, 19 November 2024 (UTC)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27703854 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #655 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''  Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-11-26. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 19|#654]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/333Bot|333Bot]] - Task(s): Add missing sitelinks to english Wikisource based on their header templates there. 
* Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Additional_rights_for_bureaucrats|Additional rights for bureaucrats]] - Closed as successful. Bureaucrats will now be able to remove Admin rights.

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] '''
* Upcoming
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KP4H3NIV4BUZU4MVFOPP656SBW7OE7P3/ 2025 Wikimedia Hackathon - registration is now open]
** Save the date: the [[d:Event:Data Reuse Days 2025|Data Reuse Days 2025]], an online event focusing on the use of Wikidata's data for tools and applications, will take place in February. You can already [[d:Event talk:Data Reuse Days 2025|propose sessions for the program]].
** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session (Attn: Please fill out Pre-Participation Survey!) 3 December 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 3 December 2024 at 9 am PT / 12 pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6 pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1733245200 Time zone converter]). Wikimedian Mahir Morshed is leading a series of four sessions focused on lexicographical data in Wikidata. We are looking forward to learning more about these Wikibase entities! If you anticipate attending the workshop sessions, please fill out a brief survey linked from our [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/LD4-WDAG_Lexicographical_Data_Series Series Etherpad] to help us prepare relevant materials for you. You only need to fill it out once, no matter how many sessions you plan to attend. Sessions will be held on November 5, November 19, December 3, and December 17, 2024, at our regular time of 9 am PT / 12 pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6 pm CET. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/Second_Project_Series|Event page]]
** [[wikimania:2025:Scholarships|Wikimania 2025 Scholarships are now open!]] This application is open until Sunday 8th December, 2024

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Colombia report|Why and for what purpose should Wikidata be used in Colombia?]]
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/Latvia_report|Wikidata Workshop 2024: National Library of Latvia]]
** [https://blog.rayberger.org/wikidata-and-the-2024-open-library-community-celebration Wikidata and the 2024 Open Library Community Celebration]
** [https://news.illinoisstate.edu/2024/11/where-the-data-may-roam-bringing-wild-west-performers-to-wikidata/ Where the data may roam]: Bringing Wild West performers to Wikidata. Author Jason Sharp documents their experience adding legendary showman Buffalo Bill to Wikidata.
** [https://blog.biodiversitylibrary.org/2024/11/meet-tiago-bhl-wikimedian-in-residence.html Advancing BHL’s Data for a Sustainable Future: Meet Tiago, Our New Wikimedian-in-Residence] The [[Wikidata:WikiProject BHL|BHL-Wiki Working Group]] has enrolled a Wikimedian-in-Residence with a focus on Wikidata and Structured Data on Commons. 
* Papers
** [https://apcz.umk.pl/FT/article/view/52732 Beyond the Library Catalogue: Connecting Library Metadata to Wikidata] -  examines how integrating Wikidata into libraries enhances resource discoverability, fosters interoperability, and empowers users within a global knowledge network. By Okuonghae, O. (2024).
** [https://content.iospress.com/articles/semantic-web/sw243686 On assessing weaker logical status claims in Wikidata cultural heritage records] - approaches to representing weaker logical status (WLS) information in Wikidata, finding limited usage, variations and ambiguities between datasets, and proposes improvements for clarity and accuracy. By Di Pasquale et al.(2024)
* Books: [https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0393-7 Tiziana Possemato, ''Entity modeling: la terza generazione della catalogazione'']: contains many references to the use of Wikidata in cataloguing
* Videos
** (Portuguese)[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60Oq6LVZCdY Wikidata &amp; OpenRefine] - Part of the “Introduction to digital platforms for research” sessions for the Centro Luís Krus of NOVA FCSH. Practical exercises for data reconciliation from the Portuguese Early Music Database using the OpenRefine tool.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8U9bheQorg NODES 2024: Using Dbpedia and Wikidata Knowledge Graphs With Neo4j] - Cuneyt Tyler presents 'Semantic Space', a project using Dbpedia and Wikidata to enhance the user experience browsing articles on the web.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGEDRHtRVtc Uploading Images From Public Sites] - Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata make great bedfellows. Margaret Donald shows how to create Commons categories, create structured data and link categories to Wikidata.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_Kry2fIHXc WCNA: LOFESQ Lots of Farmers Empty Silos Quicker]: building community through a named entity Wikibase. Experiences of the Smithsonian Libraries and Archives setting up the WikiNames Wikibase instance and breaking down knowledge silos
* Podcast series: [https://whoseknowledge.org/dsd-whose-voices/ Decolonizing structured data: a new season of Whose Voices?] including &quot;Episode 5 -- Unpacking Wikidata’s possibilities with [[d:User:Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)|Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)]]&quot;
* Other
** [[m:Research:Newsletter/2024/November#&quot;SPINACH&quot;:_LLM-based_tool_to_translate_&quot;challenging_real-world_questions&quot;_into_Wikidata_SPARQL_queries|SPINACH: AI help for asking Wikidata &quot;challenging real-world questions&quot;]]
** [[commons:File:De_Wikidata_à_Wikibase-CampusDuLibre-23-Novembre-2024-John_Samuel.pdf|De Wikidata à Wikibase : Pour une meilleure compréhension de vos données]], presentation by [[d:User:Jsamwrites|John Samuel]] at [[d:Q131312243|Le campus du libre 2024 (Q131312243)]], Lyon, November 23, 2024.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://ordia.toolforge.org/guess-image-from-pronunciation/ Guess Image from Pronunciation] is an Ordia game that uses lexicographic data in Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons. The game challenges players to match the correct image with the audio pronunciation of what the image depicts.
* [https://github.com/fusion-jena/abecto/releases/tag/v3.1.1 ABECTO] is a tool that compares #RDF data to spot errors and assess completeness. Recent changes to the tool adjust result export for #Wikidata Mismatch Finder to changed format, add reporting of qualifier mismatches to Wikidata Mismatch Finder export, and suppress illegal empty external values in Wikidata Mismatch Finder export ([https://wikis.world/@janmartinkeil@mstdn.social/113480328404817505 Tweet])
* [https://wd-infernal.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Infernal] is an API that allows you to infer new facts from Wikidata. It uses a set of rules to infer new facts from existing ones. The generated statements will have qualifiers to indicate the source and method of the inference. Output is an array of statements in JSON/Wikidata format. ([http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/750 blog])
''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
*

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13146|picture of this person doing their job]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;picture of a person in action, especially for a sportsperson, visual artist, musican, actor. P18 is normally used for portraits&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13150|ISCC]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISCC hash code that identifies a media object based on fuzzy hashing&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13129|Kultboy editor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13130|WikiBaseball ID]], [[:d:Property:P13131|Ninilchik Russian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13132|ANID Researcher Portal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13133|TOPO ID]], [[:d:Property:P13134|DBIS Resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13135|ITV News topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13136|Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ID]], [[:d:Property:P13137|ISFDB editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P13138|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia contributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13139|ILEC World Lake Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13140|Sage Social Science Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P13141|El Moudjahid tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13142|SGES monument ID]], [[:d:Property:P13143|DEX ’09 entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13144|Electronic Language International Festival person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13145|Medieval Coin Hoards of the British Isles ID]], [[:d:Property:P13147|Paramount+ video ID]], [[:d:Property:P13148|Le Club Mediapart blogger ID]], [[:d:Property:P13149|Phish.net venue ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/study or design for this work|study or design for this work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;preliminary work for this finished work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OAI formatter|OAI formatter]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;formatter to generate ID compatible with {{Q|2430433}} services&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Library Collection|Open Library Collection]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Link to Open Library Collection which contain manually and automaticallly collections of editions and works on certain topics&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/scientific illustration|scientific illustration]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;an illustration of this subject to provide a detailed reference for its appearance. It should be ideally tied to the primary literature on the item.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/thesis submitted for|thesis submitted for]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;academic degree for which a thesis or dissertation is submitted&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/meeting of|meeting of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;subject is a meeting or session of this body (legislature, committee, convention, etc.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UMC rating|UMC rating]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Age rating category as designated by the UAE Media Council (UMC)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Non-binary population|Non-binary population]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of non-binary people inhabiting the place&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/role named as|role named as]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;use as qualifier to indicate how the object's role was named in the credits of it's respective work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bequest income|bequest income]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The sum a organisations receives from bequests/legacies in a timeframe.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISLRN|ISLRN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/erail.in railway station identifier|erail.in railway station identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gallimard author ID|Gallimard author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID|Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) artiste sur Reg-Arts|Identifiant d'un(e) artiste sur Reg-Arts]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eyrolles author ID|Eyrolles author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zvuk album ID|Zvuk album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chtyvo author ID|Chtyvo author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibliothèque du Séminaire de Tournai IDs|Bibliothèque du Séminaire de Tournai IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EU Corporate body code|EU Corporate body code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SBOID|SBOID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Waymark code|Waymark code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Radio Algeria tag ID|Radio Algeria tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian entry ID|Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PBY Ben-Yehuda dictionary identifier|PBY Ben-Yehuda dictionary identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ThePWHL.com player ID|ThePWHL.com player ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [[d:User:Ainali/30_Day_Map_Challenge_2024#/map/4|Map of Swedish municipalities colored by Wikipedia article length]] ([https://social.coop/@ainali/113498913509281376 source])
** [https://w.wiki/C8KA Timeline of deaths from disasters in Spain] ([https://x.com/jmcollado/status/1861142531855032517 source])

* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Aargauer Bibliografie|Aargauer Bibliografie]] - WikiProject for the coordination of data ingests and Wikipedia workshops related to the official bibliography of the [[d:Q301235|Aargau Cantonal Library]], operated by [[d:Q113977165|Bibliothek und Archiv Aargau]] (Switzerland)
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Taiwan/Amis|WikiProject Taiwan/Amis]] - collects information related to the Ami culture, including statistics and activity records.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Rwanda|Rwanda]] - aims to be a central hub for the curation of any and all items (biographical, cultural, geographical, organizational, etc...) relating to Rwanda [[d:Q1037|Rwanda (Q1037)]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/without claims by site/enwiki|A list of Items with a sitelink to English Wikipedia but without any Statements]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q223385|Cueva de las Manos (Q223385)]] - cave with cave paintings in Santa Cruz, Argentina
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L2781|bezczelny (L2781)]] - Polish adjective that can mean &quot;impudent&quot; or &quot;brazen&quot; in English

''' Development '''
* Wikidata Query Service: The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split/Rules|graph split rules]] have been updated to now also include Items that contain a statement using &quot;[[d:Property:P13046|publication type of scholarly work]]&quot; into the scholarly article graph.
* Wikibase.cloud now allows personal userscripts ([[phab:T378627]])
* EntitySchemas: We continued the work on making it possible to search for EntitySchemas by label and aliases when making a statement linking to an EntitySchema.([[phab:T375641]])
* Ontology file: We are updating the Wikibase ontology file. ([[phab:T371196]], [[phab:T371752]])
* Property Suggester: We are updating the suggestions data ([[phab:T377986]] but first need to improve the underlying scripts ([[phab:T376604]])
* Wikibase REST API: We are prototyping the search functionality for the REST API ([[phab:T379608]])
* Revision table: We are continuing the investigation into the size limitations of the table.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Ghana|Ghana]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 19|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:43, 26 නොවැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27853794 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #656 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''  Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-12-02. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 26|#655]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Discussions'''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/ThesaurusLinguaeAegyptiaeBot|ThesaurusLinguaeAegyptiaeBot]] - Task(s): Creating and updating Hieroglyphic Ancient Egyptian and Coptic lexemes and ancient Egyptian text artifact items. It is also to maintain links to the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae project via approved properties.
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Schema_virtual_tour|Schema Virtual Tour]] - [[d:User_talk:Brechtd|User:Brechtd]] would like feedback on determining a data model and schema for Wikidata items that are an instance of [[d:Q2915546|virtual tour(Q2915546)]] - See [[d:Wikidata:Schema_proposals/virtual_tour|Schema Proposal - Virtual Tour]] for more info.
* Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Create_items_for_property_proposals|Create items for Property proposals]] - Despite a spirited discussion with many comments both in favour and opposition, no consensus was reached.

'''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]'''
* Upcoming:
** Wikimedia Deutschland is providing a total of 15 participation scholarships for Wikimania 2025 (7 individual and 4 tandem scholarships). Further information is available on [[w:de:Wikipedia:Förderung/Wikimania/English|this page]]. An overview of all questions in the application form is [[c:File:2024-11-14 Wikimania 2025 scholarship application (Wikimedia Deutschland).pdf|here]]. [https://zforms.wikimedia.de/wmde/form/Wikimania2025scholarshipapplicationform/formperma/z3vs3NSu6TildxnidcQlBrJ3YQiEDDXP0x9E3l6T6is Apply here]. Closes 8 December 2024.
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/BL5D7RN65PLSLAA3AGNI32LTCXR7UKDM/ Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team—December 4, 2024]. The time is 17:00 CET
** Tomorrow / 3rd December 2024: Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity]] Group session @ 9am PT / 12pm ET / 5pm UTC / 6pm CET. If you would like to attend, please fill out the [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/LD4-WDAG_Lexicographical_Data_Series Etherpad form] to ensure all necessary materials are provided for you.
** Deadline for the [[m:Central Asian WikiCon 2025|Central Asian WikiCon 2025]] scholarship application is  December 30, 2024. We encourage you to make Wikidata-related submissions (the deadline for submission is March 22, 2025.

'''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
* Research
** [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Research/Statement_Signals|Statement Signals: Wikidata usage on other Wikis]]: A new research report is available. Explores what trace Wikidata data is measurable on other Wiki pages and proposes initial metrics for measuring Wikidata statement usage on Wikimedia content pages. Also suggests methods to improve data analysis and collection. PDF is available on [[c:File:Statement_Signals_Measuring_Wikidata_Usage_on_Other_Wikis.pdf|Commons]]
* Blogs
** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/2024/11/28/celebrating-wikidatas-12th-birthday-across-the-world/ Celebrating Wikidata’s 12th birthday across the world] - Wikidata celebrated its 12th birthday in October and November 2024, with a series of global events and activities aimed at commemorating the platform's contributions to the open knowledge movement, engaging its community of volunteers, and highlighting the significant role Wikidata plays in the digital landscape. By Dan Shick
* Papers
** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/386043293_Beyond_the_Library_Catalogue_Connecting_Library_Metadata_to_Wikidata Beyond the Library Catalogue: Connecting Library Metadata to Wikidata] - This paper explores how libraries can leverage Wikidata to enhance resource discoverability, foster interoperability, and integrate into the global knowledge ecosystem. By Omorodion Okuonghae (2024).
** [https://www.deslab.org/publication/a-framework-for-integrating-biomedical-knowledge-in-wikidata-with-open-biological-and-biomedical-ontologies-and-mesh-keywords/ A framework for integrating biomedical knowledge in Wikidata with open biological and biomedical ontologies and MeSH keywords] - Enhancing Wikidata’s biomedical knowledge by integrating OBO ontologies and PubMed’s MeSH keywords, addressing gaps, improving classification accuracy, and verifying relations for stronger interoperability and accuracy. By Chebil et al. (2024).
** [https://arxiv.org/html/2411.15550v1 Class Order Disorder in Wikidata and First Fixes] analyzes class order violations in Wikidata's ontology using SPARQL, evaluates fixes, and offers solutions through improved tools or community involvement. By P. Patel-Schneider and E. Doğan.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey-D-oiBcx4 Edit a Wikidata Item and Lexeme] - The Tyap Wikimedia User Group produced this tutorial on editing as part of the Wikidata 12th Birthday celebrations  for the Wikidata @12 Data-a-thon.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzo6IysvZNk State of the art in combining OpenStreetMap and Linked Data] - Covers Linked Data basics, its potential with OSM, and popular methods for linking, extracting, combining, and querying data from both sources. Jump to ([https://youtube.com/watch?v=gzo6IysvZNk?t=359 Wikidata])
** (正體字, CN Trad.) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5WuyQh_m8s Getting Started with Wikidata] - An introduction and overview to Wikidata and some associated tools such as ORES and LiftWing.
** (正體字, CN Trad.) [https://youtube.com/watch?v=obvET8QyHRw Wikidata Basic Editing Tutorial] - This session was given as part of the COSCUP '24 conference on the OpenStreetMap x Wikidata Agenda Track.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s499PeolbOg LLM-based natural-language representations for SPARQL queries over Wikidata and DBpedia] - LORiS: This tool can help you understand complex SPARQL queries by converting them to natural language.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrwvxIsWRKs Towards an Open NLI LLM-based System for KGs: A Wikidata Case Study] - At the 7th ISRITI 2024 conference, Jaycent Ongris shows how RAG (retrieval-augmented generation) has been used in a natural-language question-answer platform to directly query Wikidata.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmCbTOZ4Yos How knowledge representation is changing in a world of LLM's] - Denny Vrandečić gives this keynote session at the SWIB (Semantic Web in Libraries) conference.
** [https://youtube.com/watch?v=PKk_b7zC1KA?t=1170Finding the Capacity to Grieve Once More] -  Alexandros Kosiaris of the Wikimedia Foundation explains changes made to make Wikipedia more stable and prevent outages, including how it calls and fetches data from Wikidata. Session given at SREcon24.

'''Tool of the week'''
* [https://wse-research.org/LoRiS-LLM-generated-representations-of-SPARQL-queries/ LoRiS] - Generate natural-language descriptions of SPARQL queries via LLM's.

'''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
* [[d:Wikidata:WordGraph|Wikidata:WordGraph]]: Google released the WordGraph dataset as a belated present for Wikidata’s 12th birthday. The dataset contains 968,153 forms in 39 languages.
* [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/50824818/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=171424268&amp;l=en Product Manager: Wikibase Suite]: Wikimedia Deutschland has an open and exciting vacancy for a Product Manager of Wikibase Suite. [https://jobdb.softgarden.de/jobdb/public/jobposting/applyonline/click?jp=50824818 Apply!]
* Tools or bots which use the [[:wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wiki replicas]] (such as Quarry) will observe outdated data for up to 8-10 days, as a result of necessary database maintenance ([[phabricator:T367856|T367856]]). Tools or bots which use the APIs will not be affected. (This was previously announced [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 11|2024-11-11]] but didn’t actually take place yet.)

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P13146|picture of this person doing their job]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;picture of a person in action, especially for a sportsperson, visual artist, musican, actor. P18 is normally used for portraits&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13150|ISCC]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISCC hash code that identifies a media object based on fuzzy hashing&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13129|Kultboy editor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13130|WikiBaseball ID]], [[:d:Property:P13131|Ninilchik Russian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13132|ANID Researcher Portal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13133|TOPO ID]], [[:d:Property:P13134|DBIS Resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13135|ITV News topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13136|Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ID]], [[:d:Property:P13137|ISFDB editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P13138|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia contributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13139|ILEC World Lake Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13140|Sage Social Science Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P13141|El Moudjahid tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13142|SGES monument ID]], [[:d:Property:P13143|DEX ’09 entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13144|Electronic Language International Festival person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13145|Medieval Coin Hoards of the British Isles ID]], [[:d:Property:P13147|Paramount+ video ID]], [[:d:Property:P13148|Le Club Mediapart blogger ID]], [[:d:Property:P13149|Phish.net venue ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/study or design for this work|study or design for this work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;preliminary work for this finished work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OAI formatter|OAI formatter]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;formatter to generate ID compatible with {{Q|2430433}} services&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Library Collection|Open Library Collection]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Link to Open Library Collection which contain manually and automaticallly collections of editions and works on certain topics&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/scientific illustration|scientific illustration]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;an illustration of this subject to provide a detailed reference for its appearance. It should be ideally tied to the primary literature on the item.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/thesis submitted for|thesis submitted for]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;academic degree for which a thesis or dissertation is submitted&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/meeting of|meeting of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;subject is a meeting or session of this body (legislature, committee, convention, etc.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UMC rating|UMC rating]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Age rating category as designated by the UAE Media Council (UMC)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Third-gender population|Third-gender population]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of third-gender  people inhabiting the place&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/role named as|role named as]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;use as qualifier to indicate how the object's role was named in the credits of it's respective work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bequest income|bequest income]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The sum a organisations receives from bequests/legacies in a timeframe.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Audio tour|Audio tour]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Augmented reality tour|Augmented reality tour]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Virtual reality tour|Virtual reality tour]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/extension that populates category|extension that populates category]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;analogous to {{P|4329}} for tracking cat:s populated by extensions of MediaWiki, linking to extension causing the population&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CUATM statistical code|CUATM statistical code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;7-digits code attributed to administrative-territorial units of Moldova&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CUATM unique identification code|CUATM unique identification code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;4-digits code attributed to administrative-territorial units of Moldova&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISLRN|ISLRN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/erail.in railway station identifier|erail.in railway station identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gallimard author ID|Gallimard author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID|Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) artiste sur Reg-Arts|Identifiant d'un(e) artiste sur Reg-Arts]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eyrolles author ID|Eyrolles author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zvuk album ID|Zvuk album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chtyvo author ID|Chtyvo author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibliothèque du Séminaire de Tournai IDs|Bibliothèque du Séminaire de Tournai IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EU Corporate body code|EU Corporate body code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SBOID|SBOID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Waymark code|Waymark code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Radio Algeria tag ID|Radio Algeria tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian entry ID|Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PBY Ben-Yehuda dictionary identifier|PBY Ben-Yehuda dictionary identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ThePWHL.com player ID|ThePWHL.com player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Radio Algeria tag ID (Arabic)|Radio Algeria tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'AF au champ d'honneur|Identifiant L'AF au champ d'honneur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans Vidas|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans Vidas]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ Open Source Security Foundation Best Practices Identifier| Open Source Security Foundation Best Practices Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenSSF Best Practices ID|OpenSSF Best Practices ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language entry|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant sur Mémoire des avocats|Identifiant sur Mémoire des avocats]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BCU Kirundi-English Dictionary ID|BCU Kirundi-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wurfhand|Wurfhand]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/University Bibliography Tübingen ID|University Bibliography Tübingen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ZSL Authority ID|ZSL Authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PUG authority ID|PUG authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Three Decks class ID|Three Decks class ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HCERES expert ID|HCERES expert ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

'''Did you know?'''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/CCfd Using cross-product / cross-join to produce list of categories]
**[https://w.wiki/CEmt Map of individuals charged, convicted and/or exonerated of Witchcraft with place of death in Switzerland]
**[https://w.wiki/CEn6 Names and Locations of French Castles (Château)]
**[https://w.wiki/CEnW Train Station information (with a Spanish Wikipedia article)]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Bibliotheek_UvA/HvA|Bibliothek UvA/HvA]] - documenting, archiving and creating items from collections from the UvA/AUAS Library in Amsterdam, beginning with the works of [[d:https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130736773|Allard Pierson]].
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ghana|Ghana]] - A hub for Ghanaian activities and entities, including regional languages: Dagbanli, Twi and Dagari.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Taiwan/Thao|Thao (Taiwan)]]: For collecting information related to Thao cultural themes, including statistics and activity records.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Recent_deaths|Recent Deaths]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q5682|Miguel de Cervantes]]: Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright (1547-1616)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1236574|புறவு (L1236574)]] - A Tamil lemma for dense forest, impassable jungle and a pigeon dove.
'''Development'''
* EntitySchemas: We are continuing the work on making it possible to search for an EntitySchema by its label or alias when making a new statement linking to an EntitySchema.
* PropertySuggester: We have updated the script that generates the suggestions and will update the suggestions next.
* Lexicographical data: We fixed a visual issue with search results on the Codex-based Special:NewLexeme ([[phab:T370057]])
* Vector 2022: We are working on designs to fix the remaining issues with the skin on Wikidata.
* Wikibase REST API: We are finishing the prototype for supporting search in the API.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Ghana|Ghana]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 26|Previous issue]] · [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:30, 2 December 2024 (UTC)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27853794 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #657 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''  Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the &lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-12-09. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 02|#656]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/KlaraBot|KlaraBot]] - Task(s): Append a human's lifespan to descriptions when they can be authoritatively sourced.
* Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/audio_transcription_(P9533)|Audio transcription (P9533)]] - Closed with no consensus. The discussion is ongoing on the Property [[d:Property_talk:P9533|P5933]] talk page.

''' Events '''
* Past: [[m:Amical_Wikimedia|Amical Wikimedia]], the Catalan-language and culture focused thematic Wikimedia Organization organized the [[w:ca:Viquipèdia:Celebrem_Wikidata|Celebrem Wikidata (Let's celebrate Wikidata)]] project to celebrate Wikidata's 12th anniversary, from November 10 - 30. This included a Wikidata introduction workshop to equip participants with the editing skills to tackle the project's main aim. This was presented as a game to delete duplicate info on Wikidata and [[w:ca:Portada|Catalan Viquipèdia]] infoboxes, in three areas: protected buildings, officers' positions and data related to sports teams players. At the end of the event, ~200 Wikidata-fed infoboxes and Wikidata items were improved and many Wikipedia editors edited Wikidata for the first time!
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** (Deutsch)[https://www.lhlt.mpg.de/events/40120/2368 Wikidata for Legal Historians] - Tue. 10 December, 3pm - 7pm (UTC+1). This presentation explores Wikidata as a key platform for LOD, explains its Semantic Web foundation, introduces FactGrid (a Wikidata-based platform for historical research). Highlights potential of both platforms using examples and encourages discussion for legal historical research. [https://plan.events.mpg.de/event/381/ Register here].
** '''Today''' (09.12.2024) is the last chance to submit an Abstract for the [[m:Wikidata_and_research|Wikidata and Research]] conference (5 - 6 June 2025). If you are interested in participating, please review the [[m:Wikidata_and_research/Call#Call_for_abstracts|submission acceptance format]] before submitting [https://openreview.net/group?id=wikimedia.it/Wikidata_and_Research/2025/Conference#tab-active-submissions here].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://professional.wiki/en/news/mediawiki-users-and-developers-conference-2024-vienna MediaWiki Conference Highlights], featuring Wikibase talks including one by Christos Varvantakis and Jon Amar from Wikimedia Deutschland.
** [https://professional.wiki/en/news/connecting-wikibase-and-semantic-mediawiki Semantic Wikibase 2024 Update]
** [https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20241203748270/en/Wikimedia-Deutschland-Launches-AI-Knowledge-Project-in-Collaboration-with-DataStax-Built-with-NVIDIA-AI WMDE launches AI Knowledge project in collaboration with DataStax built with NVIDIA AI]
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/07/ten-years-of-philippine-local-government-data-as-gift-to-wikidatas-12-year-anniversary/ Ten years of Philippine local Govt. data] for Wikidata's 12th Birthday. Read about SKAP's (Shared Knowledge Asia Pacific) efforts to add 10 years worth of financial data of local Government assets to Wikidata during a Datathon.
* Papers
** [https://zenodo.org/records/14313263 Developing an OCR - Wikibase Pipeline for Place Names in the RGTC Series] - introduces a semi-automated workflow for extracting and digitally storing geographically relevant information, including spatial relations and contextual details, from place names in the Répertoire géographique des textes cunéiformes. By Matthew Ong (2024).
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAJwmMrTF-M Wikibase4Research] - Kolja Bailly presents ways in which the Wikibase4Research tool by the TIB Open Science Lab supports researchers in dealing with Mediawiki software for knowledge bases such as Wikibase and facilitates better and FAIR Research Data Management. Includes a live demonstration and beginner-friendly instructions.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/cat-metrics CAT🐈: Metrics]  computing simple metrics (number of labels, number of descriptions, number of sitelinks, number of statements) for item matching a simple claim.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Image_properties Template:Image properties] New template listing properties that link to images.
* [[m:Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect|Let's Connect]] invites you to get involved in helping spread awareness and knowledge of Wikidata, potentially help organise a Wikidata Learning Clinic. Are you interested in participating? Please sign-up on this  [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdiea87tSYmB2-1XHn_u8RLe7efMJifJBzffIM-6rtpx0PWqw/viewform registration form].

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P13162|reference illustration]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;an illustration of this subject to provide a detailed reference for its appearance. It should be ideally tied to the primary literature on the item.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13151|Gallimard author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13152|Football Kit Archive ID]], [[:d:Property:P13153|Bibliothèque du Séminaire de Tournai author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13154|Bibliothèque du Séminaire de Tournai publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P13155|Reg-Arts artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13156|EU Corporate body code]], [[:d:Property:P13157|PBY Ben-Yehuda dictionary identifier]], [[:d:Property:P13158|Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13159|L'AF au champ d'honneur ID]], [[:d:Property:P13160|Radio Algeria tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Property:P13161|Radio Algeria tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Property:P13163|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13164|Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/land acknowledgement|land acknowledgement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;acknowledgement of indigenous or native people whose ancestors lived at a location&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/homonym of|homonym of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which the taxon name is an exact homonym&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/taxon known by this common name|taxon known by this common name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this common name refers&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PCGames.de product ID|PCGames.de product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AniSearch character ID|AniSearch character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hachette author ID|Hachette author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/El Watan tag ID|El Watan tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Albin Michel author ID|Albin Michel author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DNCI label ID|DNCI label ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Battle.net game ID|Battle.net game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Collectie Nederland ID|Collectie Nederland ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/CMYo Items missing Hungarian labels or description that are part of Library and Information Science (Q13420675)]
** [https://w.wiki/CMZD Items from Maori Wikipedia missing English labels or descriptions]
** [https://w.wiki/CMZL Instances of &quot;Shopping Center&quot; located in administrative territorial entity subclass of Norway]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: 
** Nonprofit Organisations in [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations/Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations/Belgium|Belgium]] and [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations/Italy|Italy]].
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Rwanda|Rwanda]] - since its creation a couple of weeks ago, it has expanded greatly with new sections for [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Rwanda/List|Lists]], [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Rwanda/Museums|Museums]] and [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Rwanda/Hospitals|Hospitals]].
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Unauthorized_bots|Unauthorized Bots]] - A list of bots and their edits, operating without a Bot flag.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q49727|Das Erste]]: A German public service television channel broadcasting for more than 70 years.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L8153|Kerzu (L8153)]] the [[d:Q12107|Breton]] word for December, directly translates from &quot;totally black&quot;, rather appropriate for the cold, dark last month of the year.

''' Development '''
*[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Ghana|Ghana]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 02|Previous issue]] · [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) ·  [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:19, 9 December 2024 (UTC)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27853794 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #658 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''  Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-12-16. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 09|#657]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/PWSBot|PWSBot]] - Task(s): Is a selfmade chatbot to answer factual questions as part of a final research project for educational purposes. 
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/CarbonBot|CarbonBot]] - ''Withdrawn by submitter''

''' Events ''' 
[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
* Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session (Attn: Please fill out Pre-Participation Survey!) 17 December 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 17 December 2024 at 9 am PT / 12 pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6 pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1734454800 Time zone converter]) Wikimedian Mahir Morshed is leading a series of four sessions focused on lexicographical data in Wikidata. We are looking forward to learning more about these Wikibase entities! If you anticipate attending the workshop sessions, please fill out a brief survey linked from our Series [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/LD4-WDAG_Lexicographical_Data_Series Etherpad] to help us prepare relevant materials for you. Sessions will be held on November 5, November 19, December 3, and December 17, 2024 at our regular time of 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/Second_Project_Series|Event page]]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/PHUQQWNZZGTPYLOGGII4HVUO63OA2MFZ/ 2025 Wikimedia Hackathon - register now]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Papers
** [[:w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-12-12/In_focus|Are Wikipedia articles representative of Western or world knowledge?]], December 12, 2024, ''[[:w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/|The Signpost]]'' 
** Baptiste de Coulon, &quot;Les don­nées liées, Wikidata et les archi­ves : une oppor­tu­nité de contri­bu­tion aux com­muns numé­riques&quot;. In: [[d:Q15751263|La Gazette des archives]], n°271, 2024-2, p.37-56 (free access online after 3 years).
* Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9byadj0uko AWS re:Invent 2024] - Wikimedia Deutschland's [[d:User:Lydia_Pintscher_(WMDE)|Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)]] and Philippe Saadé talk about [[d:Wikidata:Embedding Project]].

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://shex-validator.toolforge.org/packages/shex-webapp/doc/shex-simple.html Tabular Online Validator] - checks if SPARQL query results conform to a provided schema by validating data and highlighting potential errors, such as missing properties, invalid values, or too many values, with the option to refine the schema if issues arise. (A major update to the current ShEx validator that is expected to get integrated into the existing validator soon)
* [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/cat-overview-of-references CAT🐈: Overview if references]: looking at references for a set of Wikidata items

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://openrefine.org/blog/2024/11/25/openrefine-developer-role Now Hiring: OpenRefine Developer &amp; Contributor Engagement]
* The Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) is launching the Entity Management Cooperative (EMCO) program in 2025, aiming to unify entity management across the semantic web, including registries like Wikidata. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/PB4QXF34D5TN63QXSL6I2YIG7BKPSUYF/ Volunteers, including those with prior experience in PCC’s ISNI or Wikidata pilots, are invited to join the Early Adopters Phase by January 17, 2025].
* The Biodiversity Heritage Library Working Group has set up [[m:BHL|a page on Meta t]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;o coordinate contributions across projects, including Wikidata

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
** [[:d:Property:P13171|bequest income]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the sum a organisations receives from bequests/legacies in a timeframe&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13165|PCGames.de product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13166|PUG authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13167|Three Decks class ID]], [[:d:Property:P13168|Vidas author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13169|Usito ID]], [[:d:Property:P13170|ZSL authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13172|Collectie Nederland ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/About box|About box]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Screenshot of the About Box of the respective software (contains important information such as authors, license, version number and year(s) and is included in almost every software)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nonprofit tax status|nonprofit tax status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;country specific tax status of non-profit organisations&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Рахимов, Гафур Рахимович|Рахимов, Гафур Рахимович]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Gʻafur Rahimov&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of wich this item is the taxonomic type&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Three Decks conflict ID|Three Decks conflict ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JudaicaLink person ID|JudaicaLink person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID|Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Norsk oversettterleksikon ID|Norsk oversettterleksikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/footballdatabase.eu match ID|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID|Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Berlinische Galerie object ID|Berlinische Galerie object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Singapore Unique Entity Number|Singapore Unique Entity Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lyricfind artist ID|Lyricfind artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HonestGamers game ID|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant MACM d'un artisite|identifiant MACM d'un artisite]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Syrian Memory person ID|Syrian Memory person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paris Match ID|Paris Match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DOSBox Wiki|DOSBox Wiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Cimetières de France|Identifiant Cimetières de France]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/4fKM World map of recent censuses known at Wikidata for each decade] (select decade on the right side)
** [https://w.wiki/CS6f Timeline of inception of Ghanaian universities]
** [https://w.wiki/3Sxm Most common name in Germany by year of birth]
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Chemistry/Elements|Chemistry/Elements]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Taiwan/Truku|Taiwan/Truku]] - a compilation of information on the subject of Taroko culture, including statistics and records of activities.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/CSEU Dagbani Lexemes with Glosses which are the same as the Lemma]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q17485699|Alice Through the Looking Glass (Q17485699)]] - 2016 film directed by James Bobin where now 22-year-old Alice comes across a magical looking glass that takes her back to Wonderland.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L744998|آب‌لرزه‌یاب (L744998)]] - Persian noun, translates to &quot;hydro-seismometer&quot;

''' Development '''
* Wikibase REST API: We prototyped search support for the REST API and would like [[d:Wikidata talk:REST API feedback round#Give us feedback on the search proof of concept in the REST API!|your feedback on it]].
* Property Suggestions: We updated the underlying data so you should have more up-to-date suggestions again when making new statements.
* EntitySchemas: We continued the work on making it possible to search for EntitySchemas by their label and aliases when linking to them in a statement.
* Query Service: We are investigating if we can do something about the issue where not all edgeLabels are shown on a graph visualisation ([[phab:T381857]]) and if there are any alternatives to the library used for the graph builder in the Query Service ([[phab:T381764]])
* Under the hood: We are optimizing the server setup for the term store to accommodate its growth ([[phab:T351802]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 09|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:57, 16 දෙසැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27940631 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #659 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''  Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-12-23. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 16|#658]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New request for comments:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/P518 scope|P518 scope]] - Should scope of league or [[d:Property:P118|competition (P118)]] include forms and aspects?
** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Trying_to_get_a_consensus_on_English_label_for_Q30_--_&quot;United_States_of_America&quot;_vs_&quot;United_States&quot;|Trying to get a consensus on English label for Q30 -- &quot;United States of America&quot; vs &quot;United States&quot;]]

''' Events '''
* Ongoing: [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AATBE57724357T7QC6EAXNGO2KKBJRDE/ Wikidata Cleanup 2024] - [[d:User:Romaine|Romaine]] continues his initiative, &quot;Wikidata Cleanup,&quot; to coordinate community efforts in addressing the problem of items missing basic properties during the last ten days of 2024, when many users have extra time due to holidays. The aim is to improve data quality by focusing on ensuring all items have essential properties like &quot;instance of&quot; (P31) or &quot;subclass of&quot; (P279), adding relevant country and location data, and maintaining consistency within item series.
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: [[d:Event:Data Reuse Days 2025|Data Reuse Days]] - online event focusing on projects using Wikidata's data, 18-27 February 2025. You can submit a proposal for the program [[d:Event talk:Data Reuse Days 2025|on the talk page]] until January 12th.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://www.calishat.com/2024/12/16/exploring-youtube-channels-via-wikidata/ Exploring YouTube Channels Via Wikidata], by Tara Calishain. &quot;This time I'm playing with a way to browse YouTube channels while using Wikidata as context. And you can try it too, because it doesn't need any API keys!&quot;
** [http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/754 Wikidata Items &quot;described at URL&quot; domain ranked list], by Magnus Manske
* Papers: [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111082486-003/html Finding Female Film Editors in Wikidata: How to Query and Visualize Filmographic Records]
* Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7sK-nFiRbM How to link a Wikipedia article to Wikidata] (Spanish)

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://ordia.toolforge.org/flying-dehyphenator/ Flying Dehyphenator] is an Ordia game. Given the start part of a word, use the spacebar to move the word and hit the next part of the word. Only hyphenations described with the Unicode hyphenation character work.
* Want a wrap of your Wikidata activities in 2024? [https://wikipediayir.netlify.app Wiki Year In Review] has it for you! (use www.wikidata.org for the project URL)

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [[mw:Wikibase/Suite-Contributing-Guide|Wikibase/Suite-Contributing-Guide]]: Wikibase Suite's contributing guide has been published. This guide aims to help anyone who wants to contribute and make sure they are equipped with all the relevant information to do so.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13171|bequest income]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the sum a organisations receives from bequests/legacies in a timeframe&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13176|taxon known by this common name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this common name refers&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13177|homonymous taxon]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which the taxon name is an exact homonym&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13187|role named as]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;use as qualifier to indicate how the object's role was named in the credits of its respective work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13188|meeting of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;subject is a meeting or session of this organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13165|PCGames.de product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13166|PUG authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13167|Three Decks class ID]], [[:d:Property:P13168|Vidas author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13169|Usito ID]], [[:d:Property:P13170|ZSL authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13172|Collectie Nederland ID]], [[:d:Property:P13173|Hachette author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13174|CamerounWeb person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13175|Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13178|OpenSSF Practices ID]], [[:d:Property:P13179|Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID]], [[:d:Property:P13180|Centre d'Etudes Picasso ID]], [[:d:Property:P13181|CUATM statistical code]], [[:d:Property:P13182|CUATM unique identification code]], [[:d:Property:P13183|JudaicaLink person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13184|teams.by national team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13185|Eyrolles author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13186|Mémoire des avocats ID]], [[:d:Property:P13189|BCU Kirundi-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13190|Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13191|WHL player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13192|Indo-European Lexicon ID]], [[:d:Property:P13193|Battle.net game ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/About box|About box]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Screenshot of the About Box of the respective software (contains important information such as authors, license, version number and year(s) and is included in almost every software)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nonprofit tax status|nonprofit tax status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;country specific tax status of organisations like non-profits&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of wich this item is the taxonomic type&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Heritage type|World Heritage type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Propriety of World heritage site : the Type (Cultural, Natural, Mixed)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;DVD release is restricted to region code&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of shading units|number of shading units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Number of shading units in a graphics card.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Three Decks conflict ID|Three Decks conflict ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID|Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Norsk oversettterleksikon ID|Norsk oversettterleksikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/footballdatabase.eu match ID|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID|Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Berlinische Galerie object ID|Berlinische Galerie object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Singapore Unique Entity Number|Singapore Unique Entity Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lyricfind artist ID|Lyricfind artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HonestGamers game ID|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant MACM d'un artisite|identifiant MACM d'un artisite]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Syrian Memory person ID|Syrian Memory person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paris Match ID|Paris Match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DOSBox Wiki|DOSBox Wiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Cimetières de France|Identifiant Cimetières de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID|Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kyiv Independent Topic|Kyiv Independent Topic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lutris company ID|Lutris company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nafziger Order of Battle ID|Nafziger Order of Battle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Football Teams.com stadium ID|National Football Teams.com stadium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Play:Right genre ID|Play:Right genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID|Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Football National League player ID|Russian Football National League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gaia ID|Gaia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wellcome Collection concept ID|Wellcome Collection concept ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/CVwB Countries that have had a woman serving as Minister of Defense]
** [https://w.wiki/CUKR  Leonardo DiCaprio's partners] ([https://x.com/Michal_J_Spacek/status/1870053341436223745 source])
** [https://w.wiki/CGYX Countries that have most items with Mastodon or PeerTube (ActivityPub) social networks] ([https://wikis.world/redirect/statuses/113582298631341475 source])
** [https://w.wiki/CVwi Olympians who died during the year 2024] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Deaths_in_2024|source]])
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Nonprofit Organizations/Japan|Nonprofit Organizations/Japan]]
**
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/CVtd Items with a sitelink to Dutch Wikipedia and have no P31 and/or P279] ([https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AATBE57724357T7QC6EAXNGO2KKBJRDE/ source]) (replace 2x the &quot;nl&quot; into the language code of your language)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q66|Boeing (Q66)]] - American global aerospace and defense corporation
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L348887|julehilsen]] - Christmas greeting in Danish

''' Development '''
* With the winter holidays upon us, the development team is taking a break, and there will be no deployments for Wikidata during this time.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country:
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 16|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:01, 23 දෙසැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=27940631 --&gt;

== Weekly Summary #660 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''  Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2024-12-30. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 23|#659]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
''' Welcome to 2023’s Final Weekly Summary! '''

A huge thank you to everyone who contributed to the newsletter this year! 🎉 Each of your contributions, whether big or small, has made a difference and has helped us create a vibrant and informative resource for the Wikidata community. 🙏 Let's continue building and sharing knowledge together in the coming year! 🙌✨

'''Discussions'''
* Open request for oversight: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Oversight/Ameisenigel|Ameisenigel]] (RfP scheduled to end at 6 January 2025 21:52 UTC)

'''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
* Papers
** [https://doi.org/10.5282/o-bib/6081 Library Data in Wikimedia Projects: Case Study from the Czech Republic] by Jansová, L., Maixnerová, L., &amp; Š´tastná, P. (2024). ''&quot;The paper outlines the collaboration between the National Library of the Czech Republic and Wikimedia since 2006, focusing on linking authority records with Wikipedia articles and training librarians and users. By 2023, the National Library provided most of its databases under a CC0 license, launched a &quot;Wikimedians in Residence&quot; program, and collaborated on projects involving linked data and using authority records in Wikidata. This partnership has enhanced their cooperation for mutual benefit, identifying key factors for their successful long-term collaboration.&quot;''
** [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24701475.2024.2431798 How have you modelled my gender? Reconstructing the history of gender representation in Wikidata] by Melis, B., Fioravanti, M., Paolini, C., &amp; Metilli, D. (2024). ''&quot;The paper traces the evolution of gender representation in Wikidata, showing how the community has moved from a binary interpretation of gender to a more inclusive model for trans and non-binary identities. The Wikidata Gender Diversity project (WiGeDi) timeline highlights the significant changes influenced by external historical events and the community's increased understanding of gender complexity.&quot;''
* Videos: Arabic Wikidata Days 2024 - Data Science Course - First Practical Session: Wikibase-CLI Tool ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTkF1Y5sOPY part 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fpWNtyO9Qg part 2]) by Saeed Habishan. &quot;The Wikibase-CLI enables command-based interaction with Wikidata using shell scripts and JavaScript. The tool runs on NodeJS and enables automatic reading and editing of Wikidata.&quot;

'''Tool of the week'''
* [https://github.com/lubianat/wikiora WikiORA] - is a tool designed for gene over-representation analysis. It integrates data from Wikidata, Wikipedia, Gene Ontology, and PanglaoDB to help researchers identify significantly enriched gene sets in their data.

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13171|bequest income]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the sum a organisations receives from bequests/legacies in a timeframe&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13176|taxon known by this common name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this common name refers&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13177|homonymous taxon]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which the taxon name is an exact homonym&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13187|role named as]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;use as qualifier to indicate how the object's role was named in the credits of its respective work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13188|meeting of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;subject is a meeting or session of this organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13165|PCGames.de product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13166|PUG authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13167|Three Decks class ID]], [[:d:Property:P13168|Vidas author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13169|Usito ID]], [[:d:Property:P13170|ZSL authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13172|Collectie Nederland ID]], [[:d:Property:P13173|Hachette author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13174|CamerounWeb person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13175|Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13178|OpenSSF Practices ID]], [[:d:Property:P13179|Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID]], [[:d:Property:P13180|Centre d'Etudes Picasso ID]], [[:d:Property:P13181|CUATM statistical code]], [[:d:Property:P13182|CUATM unique identification code]], [[:d:Property:P13183|JudaicaLink person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13184|teams.by national team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13185|Eyrolles author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13186|Mémoire des avocats ID]], [[:d:Property:P13189|BCU Kirundi-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13190|Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13191|WHL player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13192|Indo-European Lexicon ID]], [[:d:Property:P13193|Battle.net game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13194|Singapore Unique Entity Number]], [[:d:Property:P13195|AniSearch character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13196|Three Decks conflict ID]], [[:d:Property:P13197|Berlinische Galerie object ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/About box|About box]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Screenshot of the About Box of the respective software (contains important information such as authors, license, version number and year(s) and is included in almost every software)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nonprofit tax status|nonprofit tax status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;country specific tax status of organisations like non-profits&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Heritage type|World Heritage type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Propriety of World heritage site : the Type (Cultural, Natural, Mixed)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;DVD release is restricted to region code&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of shading units|number of shading units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Number of shading units in a graphics card.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maximum beam energy|Maximum beam energy]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Maximum beam energy of a particle accelerator&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Accused of|Accused of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Crime or other misdeed a person has been accused of, but ''not proven or convicted''&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hat gespendet|hat gespendet]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Amount of money donated to a person or organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID|Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Norsk oversettterleksikon ID|Norsk oversettterleksikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hockey1946.ru player id|hockey1946.ru player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/footballdatabase.eu match ID|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID|Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lyricfind artist ID|Lyricfind artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HonestGamers game ID|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant MACM d'un artisite|identifiant MACM d'un artisite]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Syrian Memory person ID|Syrian Memory person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paris Match ID|Paris Match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DOSBox Wiki|DOSBox Wiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Cimetières de France|Identifiant Cimetières de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID|Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kyiv Independent Topic|Kyiv Independent Topic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lutris company ID|Lutris company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nafziger Order of Battle ID|Nafziger Order of Battle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Football Teams.com stadium ID|National Football Teams.com stadium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Play:Right genre ID|Play:Right genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID|Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Football National League player ID|Russian Football National League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gaia ID|Gaia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wellcome Collection concept ID|Wellcome Collection concept ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spanish-German Dictionary ID|Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UAF match ID|UAF match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) journaliste sur Francetvinfo|Identifiant d'un(e) journaliste sur Francetvinfo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Vortex software ID|Game Vortex software ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VG247 game ID|VG247 game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant|identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID|Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mishramilan catalog ID|Mishramilan catalog ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SearchCulture.gr ID|SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica venue ID|Cinema Belgica venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica person ID|Cinema Belgica person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica film ID|Cinema Belgica film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica company ID|Cinema Belgica company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica censorship ID|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hankook Ilbo tag ID|Hankook Ilbo tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rijksmuseum ID|Rijksmuseum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOIUSA code|SOIUSA code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/myCast work ID|myCast work ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

'''Did you know?'''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/CZYW trees of motifs described in Thompson's motif index (first two levels)]
** [https://w.wiki/CZ$T Think tanks by country] ([https://x.com/AlexHinojo/status/1873636409262670255 source])
** [https://w.wiki/Ca5f Painters that have died before 1925 but do not have a Wikimedia Commons category on their Wikidata Item] ([https://wikis.world/@magnusmanske/113583435538294677 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Uganda|Uganda]] - aims to be a central hub for the curation of any and all items (biographical, cultural, geographical, organisational, etc...) relating to [[d:Q1036|Uganda (Q1036)]]
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Narration/Folktales|Narration/Folktales]] - creation of Items for motifs described in Thompson's motif index completed
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Nonprofit Organizations/Austria|Austria]] - concerns itself with improving data from nonprofit organizations in Austria
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[D:Wikidata:Database reports/Deleted Wikidata entities used in SDC|Deleted Wikidata entities used in SDC]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q8037764|Wressle Castle (Q8037764)]] - late 14th-century quadrangular castle in East Yorkshire, England, UK
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L750580|ਲੇਟਣ (L750580)]] - in Punjabi (pa) and &quot;لیٹݨ&quot; in Punjabi Shahmukhi (pnb) transliterate to &quot;Leṭaṇ,&quot; which means &quot;to lie down&quot; or &quot;to rest&quot; in English.

'''Development'''
* Most of the development team staff are still taking a break, so no development happened.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

'''Weekly Tasks'''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 30|Read the full report]]''' · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 23|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:12, 30 දෙසැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී) ·
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28042872 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #661 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''  Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-01-06. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 30|#660]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Constraints_for_Germanies|Constraints for Germanies]] - Following from a property discussion on [[d:Property_talk:P17#German_non-states|P17 (German non-states)]], this RfC aims to find consensus on how to apply constraints that exclude items of historical periods in German history.

''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]] '''
* [https://wikimedia.pt/eventos/oficina-lexicografia-e-sustentabilidade-linguistica-documentacao-do-mirandes-com-recurso-a-wikidata/ Workshop: Lexicography and linguistic sustainability - Mirandese documentation using Wikidata] This Portuguese-language workshop takes place Thursday 16 January, 10:00 - 17:00, Room 208, 206 at the Faculty of Letters of the University of Porto.
* Please submit your proposals for the [[d:Event:Data_Reuse_Days_2025|Data Reuse Days]] online event until January 12th. See current proposals on the [[d:Event_talk:Data_Reuse_Days_2025|talk page]] and here's some ideas to inspire you: presentations/demos of tools using Wikidata's data (10mins Lightning Talk presentations), discussions and presentations connecting Wikidata editors with reusers and/or explanations and demos on how to use a specific part of the technical infrastructure to reuse Wikidata's data (APIs, dumps, etc.).
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AXIS6LCWODKBHKBBA26KTLZ2BESHWSFA/ Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team --January 8, 2025]. The Search Platform Team holds monthly meetings to discuss anything related to Wikimedia search, Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), Wikimedia Commons Query Service (WCQS), etc.! Time: 16:00-17:00 UTC / 08:00 PDT / 11:00 EDT / 17:00 CET
* The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 17:00 UTC, 15th January 2025 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/H266YWDOBVUZ3OMANPP7N7BLDHWDAO4N/ Wiki Workshop 2025 Announcement and Call for Papers]. Submission deadline: March 9, 2025 (23:59 AoE)

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: (fr) [https://george2etexte.wordpress.com/2024/12/12/autrices-au-pseudonyme-masculin/ female authors with male pseudonyms], blog post by ''Le Deuxième Texte'' including SPARQL queries to find female authors with male pseudonyms. 
* Websites :[https://matlaofmalta.github.io/PRA3006/ Global Dementia and Risk Factors], website by 'Students at the Maastricht Science Programme', includes data visualizations of the prevalence and current treatments of dementia across the world. It utilises data extracted as SPARQL Endpoints from Wikidata.  
* Papers
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.20942 Ontology-grounded Automatic Knowledge Graph Construction by LLM under Wikidata schema] - This paper proposes an ontology-driven approach to KG construction using LLMs where competency questions guide ontology creation and relation extraction, leveraging Wikidata for semantic consistency. A scalable pipeline minimizes human effort while producing high-quality, interpretable KGs interoperable with Wikidata for knowledge base expansion. By Xiaohan Feng, Xixin Wu &amp; Helen Meng (2024).
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-97-6995-7_39 Knowledge Incorporated Image Question Answering Using Wikidata Repository] - Proposes a Visual Question Answering (VQA) model that integrates external knowledge from Wikidata to address complex open-domain questions by combining image, question, and knowledge modalities. Evaluated on the VQAv2 dataset, the model outperforms prior state-of-the-art approaches, demonstrating improved reasoning and accuracy (Koshti et al., 2024).
* Videos: (arabic) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kbuks8jCyGw Part 6: SPARQL Demo Session: connecting external services] - Sparql SERVICE clause gives access to additional data such as labels via wikibase:label, interaction with MediaWiki APIs using wikibase:mwapi, and integration of data from subgraphs (such as the main graph and the scholarly articles graph). Integration of data from external SPARQL endpoints such as DBpedia.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://github.com/thadguidry/wikidata-entity-linker Wikidata Entity Linker] - is a Microsoft Edge browser extension that creates web links for matching inner HTML text based on a regex format of Q\d+ which is the format of a Wikidata Entity ID. ([https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SEM4F3VBD3SJ5URR3VXRP26FGO2LSOGN/ email])

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/karriere/stellenportal/detail/job/show/Job/research-software-engineer-wikibase-expertin-mwd Vacancy: Research Software Engineer / Wikibase-Expert] - The Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) located in Hannover has a research position open for someone interested in the deployment, administration and maintenance of open source knowledge management software such as Mediawiki, Wikibase and OpenRefine as part of the NFDI4Culture partnership within the OSL.
* January 1, 2025, marked Public Domain Day, with hundreds of 1929 films entering the public domain. [[d:User:Spinster|Sandra]] has shared [[d:User:Spinster/Work notes/202501 1929 US films for Public Domain Day|helpful notes]] to assist in making these films discoverable via [[d:Help:WikiFlix|WikiFlix]], by adding video files to Wikicommons and Wikidata. Join the effort!

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13171|bequest income]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the sum a organisations receives from bequests/legacies in a timeframe&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13176|taxon known by this common name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this common name refers&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13177|homonymous taxon]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which the taxon name is an exact homonym&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13187|role named in credits as]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;use as qualifier to indicate how the object's role was named in the credits of its respective work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13188|meeting of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;subject is a meeting or session of this organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13165|PCGames.de product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13166|PUG authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13167|Three Decks class ID]], [[:d:Property:P13168|Vidas author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13169|Usito ID]], [[:d:Property:P13170|ZSL authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13172|Collectie Nederland ID]], [[:d:Property:P13173|Hachette author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13174|CamerounWeb person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13175|Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13178|OpenSSF Practices ID]], [[:d:Property:P13179|Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID]], [[:d:Property:P13180|Centre d'Etudes Picasso ID]], [[:d:Property:P13181|CUATM statistical code]], [[:d:Property:P13182|CUATM unique identification code]], [[:d:Property:P13183|JudaicaLink person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13184|teams.by national team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13185|Eyrolles author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13186|Mémoire des avocats ID]], [[:d:Property:P13189|BCU Kirundi-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13190|Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13191|WHL player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13192|Indo-European Lexicon ID]], [[:d:Property:P13193|Battle.net game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13194|Singapore Unique Entity Number]], [[:d:Property:P13195|AniSearch character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13196|Three Decks conflict ID]], [[:d:Property:P13197|Berlinische Galerie object ID]], [[:d:Property:P13198|ThePWHL.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13199|Play:Right genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13200|Resistance in Belgium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13201|Paris Match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13202|Kyiv Independent topic]], [[:d:Property:P13203|Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13204|Wellcome Collection concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P13205|Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID]], [[:d:Property:P13206|VG247 game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13207|DNCI label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13208|National Football Teams.com stadium ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/About box|About box]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Screenshot of the About Box of the respective software (contains important information such as authors, license, version number and year(s) and is included in almost every software)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nonprofit tax status|nonprofit tax status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;country specific tax status of organisations like non-profits&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Heritage type|World Heritage type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Propriety of World heritage site : the Type (Cultural, Natural, Mixed)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;DVD release is restricted to region code&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of shading units|number of shading units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Number of shading units in a graphics card.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maximum beam energy|Maximum beam energy]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Maximum beam energy of a particle accelerator&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Accused of|Accused of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Crime or other misdeed a person has been accused of, but ''not proven or convicted''&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hat gespendet|hat gespendet]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Amount of money donated to a person or organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name starts with|name starts with]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The name that this qualifies, the full contents of which are unknown, is known to start with these characters.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/духовный сан|духовный сан]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;formal styles of address used for members of the clergy&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A2B2 user ID|A2B2 user ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;User ID on a2b2.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Norsk oversettterleksikon ID|Norsk oversettterleksikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hockey1946.ru player id|hockey1946.ru player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/footballdatabase.eu match ID|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID|Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lyricfind artist ID|Lyricfind artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HonestGamers game ID|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant MACM d'un artisite|identifiant MACM d'un artisite]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Syrian Memory person ID|Syrian Memory person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DOSBox Wiki|DOSBox Wiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Cimetières de France|Identifiant Cimetières de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lutris company ID|Lutris company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nafziger Order of Battle ID|Nafziger Order of Battle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID|Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Football National League player ID|Russian Football National League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gaia ID|Gaia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spanish-German Dictionary ID|Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UAF match ID|UAF match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) journaliste sur Francetvinfo|Identifiant d'un(e) journaliste sur Francetvinfo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Vortex software ID|Game Vortex software ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant|identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID|Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mishramilan catalog ID|Mishramilan catalog ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SearchCulture.gr ID|SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica venue ID|Cinema Belgica venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica person ID|Cinema Belgica person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica film ID|Cinema Belgica film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica company ID|Cinema Belgica company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica censorship ID|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hankook Ilbo tag ID|Hankook Ilbo tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rijksmuseum ID|Rijksmuseum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOIUSA code|SOIUSA code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/myCast work ID|myCast work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetalTabs.com track ID|MetalTabs.com track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUBI Festival ID|MUBI Festival ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Beaux Arts ID|Beaux Arts ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rutracker.org page ID|rutracker.org page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Park Merwestein Bomenwijzer ID|Park Merwestein Bomenwijzer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPG Maker game ID|RPG Maker game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RateMyProfessors ID|RateMyProfessors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PubMed author ID|PubMed author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BodyMeasurements.org ID|BodyMeasurements.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hessian Biography person ID|Hessian Biography person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn|Kvikmyndavefurinn]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluepages article ID|Bluepages article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID|A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikishia item ID|Wikishia item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EHIS educational institution ID|EHIS educational institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID|Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID|A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/Cc7k French Photographers born before 1870, who do not have a French Wikipedia article]
** [https://w.wiki/CdzY The 10 smallest countries with some kind of urban rail transit system]
** [https://w.wiki/Cdzc Last meals of people]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_French_scientific_prizes|French Scientific Prizes]] aims to list French-language awards and to ensure the mention of a source associated with each award.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Property:P641|Items with &quot;sport (P641)&quot; only]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q19455277|2015 Iditarod Q19455277)]] - sled dog race
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L478233|trekke (L478233)]] - Norwegian irregular verb &quot;to pull&quot;, &quot;to drag&quot;, or &quot;to draw&quot;

''' Development '''
* The development team is just settling back in after the holidays, so there haven’t been any significant updates yet.

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 06|Read the full report]]''' · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 30|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:00, 6 ජනවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී) ·
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28065367 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #662 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-01-13. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 06|#661]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events '''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 17:00 UTC, 15th January 2025 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.
** [https://m.facebook.com/ActivatingBotswana/photos/-join-the-wikidata-bw-2025-training-contest-date-saturday-18012025-time-1000-am-/603821475632432/ Join the Wikidata Training Event 2025] organised by Wikimedia Botswana UG for Wikidata enthusiasts of all levels. Starts 18 Jan 10:00am CAT (UTC+2), registration required.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
**[[metawiki:BHL/Our_outcomes/WiR/Status_updates/2025-01-10|Updates on the Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Biodiversity Heritage Library focusing on Structured Data on Commons and Wikidata]]
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|Wikidata module for the Hidden Figures CURE]] - The newly published Wikidata module for the Hidden Figures CURE teaches undergraduates to use Wikidata for uncovering and highlighting the contributions of hidden figures in natural history, such as women, people of color, and Indigenous peoples.
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World: Ways forward]] - Efforts to improve the representation of UNESCO's Memory of the World (MOW) international register on Wikidata include new articles, enhanced data quality, and training on creating structured data. Key contributions involve updating Wikipedia and Wikidata entries, addressing data inconsistencies, and expanding the visibility of MOW inscriptions across languages.
** [[diffblog:2025/01/12/empowering-multilingual-knowledge-the-journey-behind-the-1-click-info-extension-powered-by-wikidata/|Empowering Multilingual Knowledge: The Journey Behind the 1-Click-Info Extension Powered by Wikidata]] - Introduces the [[m:Wikidata_One_click_Info_Extension%22OCI%22|1-Click Data extension]] for your browser. A project funded by the Arcadia grant through Wikimedia Deutschland and fiscally sponsored by the Dagbani Wikimedians user group.
** [https://wikimedia.cat/2025/01/09/visibilitzacio-del-domini-public-a-wikidata/ Public domain visibility on Wikidata] (in Catalan). The article discusses how Wikidata is being used to enhance the visibility of public domain works by integrating copyright information and making it easily accessible.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_U2TDZCGBs8 Tracking Looted Art with Graphs, Graphs and Networks in the Humanities 2022 Conference]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3hBerusj198 How Wikimedia Uses AI to Vectorize its Knowledge Base]
* Presentations: ''Wikibase e Wikidata per lo studio dell'epigrafia greca'' (in Italian, i.e. Wikibase and Wikidata for the study of Greek epigraphy), presentation at SAEG (Advanced Seminar of Greek Epigraphy) IX in Rome, 10 January 2025, by [[:d:User:Pietro Ortimini|Pietro Ortimini]], [[:d:User:Anna Clara Maniero Azzolini|Anna Clara Maniero Azzolini]], [[:d:User:Epìdosis|Epìdosis]] - [[:commons:File:Wikibase e Wikidata per lo studio dell'epigrafia greca - SAEG.pdf|slides]]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://www.johl.io/dungeonofknowledge/roguelike.html Dungeon Of Knowledge] - is a roguelike game with Items generated from Wikidata that lets you crawl through the Dungeon of Knowledge in a classic ASCII interface. ([https://wikis.world/@johl@mastodon.xyz/113537541434127802 toot]) ([https://www.johl.io/dungeonofknowledge/ blog])

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [[d:User:Zita Zage (WMDE)|Zita Ursula Zage]] has joined the [https://www.wikimedia.de/ueber-uns/ansprechpartner_innen/ Software Communication team] (SCoT) at Wikimedia Deutschland as an intern until the end of June 2025. Welcome Zita!
* [https://viaf.org/ VIAF] (cf. [[:d:Q54919|Q54919]] and [[:d:Property:P214|P214]]) underwent a relevant change of interface on January 10; the way of visualizing clusters in JSON format has changed in comparison with [https://www.oclc.org/developer/api/oclc-apis/viaf/authority-cluster.en.html present OCLC documentation] and e.g. http://viaf.org/viaf/102333412/viaf.json doesn't work anymore; this broke most or all Wikidata gadgets using VIAF data; in the absence of official communications from OCLC, developers are trying to understand if the new VIAF interface is stable before changing their gadgets accordingly

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13171|bequest income]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the sum a organisations receives from bequests/legacies in a timeframe&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13176|taxon known by this common name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this common name refers&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13177|homonymous taxon]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which the taxon name is an exact homonym&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13187|role named in credits as]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;use as qualifier to indicate how the object's role was named in the credits of its respective work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13188|meeting of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;subject is a meeting or session of this organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13210|organisation tax status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;jurisdiction specific tax status of organisations like non-profits&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13172|Collectie Nederland ID]], [[:d:Property:P13173|Hachette author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13174|CamerounWeb person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13175|Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13178|OpenSSF Practices ID]], [[:d:Property:P13179|Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID]], [[:d:Property:P13180|Centre d'Etudes Picasso ID]], [[:d:Property:P13181|CUATM statistical code]], [[:d:Property:P13182|CUATM unique identification code]], [[:d:Property:P13183|JudaicaLink person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13184|teams.by national team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13185|Eyrolles author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13186|Mémoire des avocats ID]], [[:d:Property:P13189|BCU Kirundi-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13190|Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13191|WHL player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13192|Indo-European Lexicon ID]], [[:d:Property:P13193|Battle.net game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13194|Singapore Unique Entity Number]], [[:d:Property:P13195|AniSearch character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13196|Three Decks conflict ID]], [[:d:Property:P13197|Berlinische Galerie object ID]], [[:d:Property:P13198|ThePWHL.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13199|Play:Right genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13200|Resistance in Belgium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13201|Paris Match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13202|Kyiv Independent topic]], [[:d:Property:P13203|Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13204|Wellcome Collection concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P13205|Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID]], [[:d:Property:P13206|VG247 game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13207|DNCI label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13208|National Football Teams.com stadium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13209|Kamus Pelajar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13211|Dictionary of Norwegian Translators ID]], [[:d:Property:P13212|MACM artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13213|Lutris company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13214|hockey1946.ru player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13215|DOSBoxWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P13216|NBA G League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13217|World Women's Snooker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13218|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13219|GERS ID]], [[:d:Property:P13220|Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13221|SBOID]], [[:d:Property:P13222|Game Vortex software ID]], [[:d:Property:P13223|Syrian Memory Institution person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13224|Mishramilan catalog ID]], [[:d:Property:P13225|myCast work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13226|Hessian Biography person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13227|Beaux-Arts ID]], [[:d:Property:P13228|Gaia ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/About box|About box]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Screenshot of the About Box of the respective software (contains important information such as authors, license, version number and year(s) and is included in almost every software)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type (name-bearing type), e.g. the family for which this genus is the type, the genus for which this species is the type, the taxon for which this type specimen is the type, ect...&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Heritage type|World Heritage type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Propriety of World heritage site : the Type (Cultural, Natural, Mixed)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;DVD release is restricted to region code&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of shading units|number of shading units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of shading units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maximum beam energy|Maximum beam energy]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Maximum beam energy of a particle accelerator&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Accused of|Accused of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Crime or other misdeed a person has been accused of, but ''not proven or convicted''&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hat gespendet|hat gespendet]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Amount of money donated to a person or organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name starts with|name starts with]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The name that this qualifies, the full contents of which are unknown, is known to start with these characters.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/духовный сан|духовный сан]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;formal styles of address used for members of the clergy&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A2B2 user ID|A2B2 user ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;User ID on a2b2.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Source language|Source language]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;headword languge of dictionary&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Entry height|Entry height]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Height of the entrance above ground level for boarding public transport vehicles.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/location code|location code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the location code of the location item. Should be used with qualifier property {{Q|P459}} to specify which location code system being used.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIF historia player ID|DIF historia player ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for a sportsperson connected to Djurgårdens IF on difhistoria.se (official site)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of texture mapping units|number of texture mapping units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of texture mapping units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of render output units|number of render output units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of render output units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of ray tracing cores|number of ray tracing cores]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of ray tracing cores in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lyricfind artist ID|Lyricfind artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HonestGamers game ID|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Cimetières de France|Identifiant Cimetières de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nafziger Order of Battle ID|Nafziger Order of Battle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Football National League player ID|Russian Football National League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spanish-German Dictionary ID|Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UAF match ID|UAF match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) journaliste sur Francetvinfo|Identifiant d'un(e) journaliste sur Francetvinfo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant|identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID|Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SearchCulture.gr ID|SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica venue ID|Cinema Belgica venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica person ID|Cinema Belgica person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica film ID|Cinema Belgica film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica company ID|Cinema Belgica company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica censorship ID|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hankook Ilbo tag ID|Hankook Ilbo tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rijksmuseum ID|Rijksmuseum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOIUSA code|SOIUSA code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetalTabs.com track ID|MetalTabs.com track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUBI Festival ID|MUBI Festival ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rutracker.org page ID|rutracker.org page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Park Merwestein Bomenwijzer ID|Park Merwestein Bomenwijzer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPG Maker game ID|RPG Maker game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RateMyProfessors ID|RateMyProfessors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PubMed author ID|PubMed author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BodyMeasurements.org ID|BodyMeasurements.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn|Kvikmyndavefurinn]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluepages article ID|Bluepages article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID|A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikishia item ID|Wikishia item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EHIS educational institution ID|EHIS educational institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID|Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID|A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID|A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geography entry ID|A Dictionary of Geography entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DGLAi ID|DGLAi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jeune Afrique person ID|Jeune Afrique person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/norskeflyplasser.no-ID|norskeflyplasser.no-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/taz topic ID|taz topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (English)|Euronews topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (French)|Euronews topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Spanish)|Euronews topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Arabic)|Euronews topic ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Roman Inscriptions of Britain Online ID|Roman Inscriptions of Britain Online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unine thesis id|Unine thesis id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enpedia ID|Enpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID|Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number|Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish Olympic Committee ID|Finnish Olympic Committee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Norway profile ID (new)|Team Norway profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)|NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JOC profile ID (new)|JOC profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Québec|Répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Québec]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/Ci3h Search for Items where description begins with capitalised letters, filter by language, country of citizenship and occupation]
** [https://w.wiki/Ci5D Wikidata Items using the 'smells of' property]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Writing Systems|Writing Systems]] aims to standardize and enhance Wikipedia's coverage of writing systems and related subjects.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/Sitelink statistics|Some statistics about sitelinks]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q219831|The Night Watch (Q219831)]] - 1642 painting by Rembrandt
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L107276|дополнение (L107276)]] - Rusian noun (dopólnenie) that can mean &quot;addition&quot;, &quot;supplement&quot; or an &quot;an object&quot;

''' Development '''
* Wikidata Query Service UI: We fixed a long-standing issue with missing edge labels in graph visualisations ([[phab:T317702]])
* Wikibase REST API: We implemented a [[d:Wikidata talk:REST API feedback round#Give us feedback on the search proof of concept in the REST API!|proof of concept for a search endpoint]] you can try out.
* EntitySchemas: We’re working on language fallback for the heading on EntitySchema pages ([[phab:T228423]])
* Language codes: We cleaned up language codes in WikibaseLexeme after moving some of them to CLDR ([[phab:T352922]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Greenland|Greenland]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 06|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:26, 13 ජනවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28092985 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #663 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-01-20. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 13|#662]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Xezbeth|Xezbeth]] - RfP scheduled to end after 26 January 2025 09:17 (UTC).

''' Events '''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming]]:
** [https://calendar.colorado.edu/event/black-history-month-wikidata-comics-edit-a-thon Edit-A-Thon for Black History Month]: 12 February 1300 - 1500 MST (UTC+7) is an onsite event at the University of Colorado Boulder, with a theme to add or expand items on Black and African-American comics creators.
** [[d:Event:Data Reuse Days 2025|Data Reuse Days 2025]] is from February 18 to 27, 2025! This is an online event focusing on how people and organizations use Wikidata's data to build interesting applications and tools. Don't forget to register so we can know you are coming.
* Past: Missed the Q1 Wikidata+Wikibase office hour? You can catch up by reading the session log here: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram_office_hour_2025-01-15|2025-01-15 (Q1 2025)]]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [https://blog.rayberger.org/cleaning-up-legacy-wikipedia-links Cleaning up legacy Wikipedia links in Open Library]: The blog post discusses cleaning up outdated Wikipedia links to improve article accuracy and navigation, while highlighting the importance of integrating Wikidata for better data management.
* Papers
** [https://doi.org/10.36253/jlis.it-630 Tiziana Possemato, ''Recording Gender in the Person Entity: An Ongoing Discussion'']: it compares the practices of gender-registration of person-type entities in LCNAF and ISNI with the use of P21 in Wikidata. By Ray Berger
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.06699v1 Large Language Models, Knowledge Graphs and Search Engines - A Crossroads for Answering Users' Questions]: this paper seeks to establish a taxonomy of user information needs to help establish a roadmap of future research for finding synergies between LLM's, Search engines and Knowledge graphs. By Hogan et al., (2025) 
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQRKMWFK5yE Replacing deprecated Wikipedia links with Wikidata items in Open Library]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjrDTHdsWOo&amp;pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D Tracking Looted Art with Wikidata Queries] - As part of ''Art History Loves Wiki 25'', Laurel Zuckerman will show how Wikidata SPARQL queries can aid provenance researchers and historians find, identify and track looted art.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZnAp7oovlg OpenStreetMap and Wikidata in Disaster Times]: Ormat Murat Yilmaz will speak on how Wikidata and OSM play a role in coordinating relief efforts by providing a collaborative platform for providing data about affected areas. Part of WM CEE meeting 2024 Istanbul.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMDO5ZMYyLg&amp;pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D Serbian Novels on Wikidata]: Presented by Filip Maljkovič on the progress and process of adding Serbian literature into Wikidata, using OCR methods to map pages and assign Properties.
** (german)[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tL7cj6h6YZk Wikidata for NGOs: Use and network open data sensibly]: Johan Hoelderle discusses how nonprofits can benefit from the largest free knowledge base and show what potential open data offers for non-profit projects.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Khj5jIOeKHE Data partnerships and Libraries combating misinformation]: WMDE's [[d:User:Alan Ang (WMDE)|Alan Ang]] delivers a speech on how GLAM institutions can help prevent the spread of dis- and misinformation whether hallucinatory AI or malicious, part of the Wikimedia+Libraries International Convention 2025.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://fist.toolforge.org/file_candidates/#/ Wikidata file candidates📱] - This tool can show you candidate matches of Wikidata Items to files on Commons and Flickr. ([http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/509 original blog])

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://github.com/OpenRefine/OpenRefine/releases/tag/3.9-beta1 OpenRefine 3.9-beta1 was released]
* [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/50824818/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=179781902&amp;l=en Product Manager: Wikibase Suite]: Wikimedia Deutschland is looking for a PM to lead Wikibase Suite, empowering institutions like GLAMs and research groups to build customizable linked knowledge bases and contribute to the world’s largest open data graph.

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13210|organisation tax status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;jurisdiction specific tax status of organisations like non-profits&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13238|entry height]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;height of the entrance above ground level for boarding vehicles&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13194|Singapore Unique Entity Number]], [[:d:Property:P13195|AniSearch character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13196|Three Decks conflict ID]], [[:d:Property:P13197|Berlinische Galerie object ID]], [[:d:Property:P13198|ThePWHL.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13199|Play:Right genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13200|Resistance in Belgium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13201|Paris Match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13202|Kyiv Independent topic]], [[:d:Property:P13203|Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13204|Wellcome Collection concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P13205|Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID]], [[:d:Property:P13206|VG247 game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13207|DNCI label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13208|National Football Teams.com stadium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13209|Kamus Pelajar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13211|Dictionary of Norwegian Translators ID]], [[:d:Property:P13212|MACM artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13213|Lutris company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13214|hockey1946.ru player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13215|DOSBoxWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P13216|NBA G League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13217|World Women's Snooker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13218|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13219|GERS ID]], [[:d:Property:P13220|Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13221|SBOID]], [[:d:Property:P13222|Game Vortex software ID]], [[:d:Property:P13223|Syrian Memory Institution person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13224|Mishramilan catalog ID]], [[:d:Property:P13225|myCast work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13226|Hessian Biography person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13227|Beaux-Arts ID]], [[:d:Property:P13228|Gaia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13229|Franceinfo journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13230|Hankook Ilbo tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13231|Cinema Belgica person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13232|Cinema Belgica venue ID]], [[:d:Property:P13233|Ukrainian Association of Football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13234|Rijksmuseum ID]], [[:d:Property:P13235|Cinema Belgica film ID]], [[:d:Property:P13236|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Property:P13237|Russian Football National League player ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/About box|About box]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Screenshot of the About Box of the respective software (contains important information such as authors, license, version number and year(s) and is included in almost every software)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type (name-bearing type), e.g. the family for which this genus is the type, the genus for which this species is the type, the taxon for which this type specimen is the type, ect...&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Heritage type|World Heritage type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Propriety of World heritage site : the Type (Cultural, Natural, Mixed)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;DVD release is restricted to region code&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of shading units|number of shading units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of shading units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maximum beam energy|Maximum beam energy]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Maximum beam energy of a particle accelerator&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hat gespendet|hat gespendet]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Amount of money donated to a person or organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name starts with|name starts with]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The name that this qualifies, the full contents of which are unknown, is known to start with these characters.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/духовный сан|духовный сан]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;formal styles of address used for members of the clergy&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A2B2 user ID|A2B2 user ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;User ID on a2b2.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Source language|Source language]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;headword languge of dictionary&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/location code|location code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the location code of the location item. Should be used with qualifier property {{Q|P459}} to specify which location code system being used.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIF historia player ID|DIF historia player ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for a sportsperson connected to Djurgårdens IF on difhistoria.se (official site)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of texture mapping units|number of texture mapping units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of texture mapping units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of render output units|number of render output units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of render output units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of ray tracing cores|number of ray tracing cores]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of ray tracing cores in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibliography for subject|Bibliography for subject]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Wikidata property on this item providing a link to a bibliography about the subject that is a good starting point.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/likes / dislikes|likes / dislikes]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;''(no English description proposed yet)''&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of goals scored in penalty shootouts|number of goals scored in penalty shootouts]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;total number of goals scored by a team in a penalty shootout&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/broadcasting days and time|broadcasting days and time]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;days of the week in which a TV or radio program is broadcasted&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HonestGamers game ID|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nafziger Order of Battle ID|Nafziger Order of Battle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spanish-German Dictionary ID|Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant|identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID|Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SearchCulture.gr ID|SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica company ID|Cinema Belgica company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica censorship ID|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOIUSA code|SOIUSA code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetalTabs.com track ID|MetalTabs.com track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUBI Festival ID|MUBI Festival ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rutracker.org page ID|rutracker.org page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Park Merwestein Bomenwijzer ID|Park Merwestein Bomenwijzer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPG Maker game ID|RPG Maker game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RateMyProfessors ID|RateMyProfessors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PubMed author ID|PubMed author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BodyMeasurements.org ID|BodyMeasurements.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn|Kvikmyndavefurinn]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluepages article ID|Bluepages article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID|A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikishia item ID|Wikishia item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EHIS educational institution ID|EHIS educational institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID|Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID|A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID|A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geography entry ID|A Dictionary of Geography entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DGLAi ID|DGLAi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jeune Afrique person ID|Jeune Afrique person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/norskeflyplasser.no-ID|norskeflyplasser.no-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/taz topic ID|taz topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (English)|Euronews topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (French)|Euronews topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Spanish)|Euronews topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Arabic)|Euronews topic ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Roman Inscriptions of Britain Online ID|Roman Inscriptions of Britain Online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unine thesis id|Unine thesis id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enpedia ID|Enpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID|Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number|Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish Olympic Committee ID|Finnish Olympic Committee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Norway profile ID (new)|Team Norway profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)|NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JOC profile ID (new)|JOC profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Québec|Répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Québec]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (French)|RFI topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (English)|RFI topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (Spanish)|RFI topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EJU profile ID|EJU profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/University of Pécs teachers identifier|University of Pécs teachers identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ROAR id|ROAR id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPB profile ID|CPB profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TERMCAT term ID|TERMCAT term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Handle prefix|Handle prefix]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Soccer player ID|U.S. Soccer player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Celfic FC player ID|Celfic FC player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WSGF game ID|WSGF game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sutian entry ID|Sutian entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wikiHow article ID|wikiHow article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Graceful17 ID|Graceful17 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IATI Organisation Identifier|IATI Organisation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Suno artist ID|Suno artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VAi Archiefhub Agent ID|VAi Archiefhub Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soccerbase season ID|Soccerbase season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlaymakerStats season ID|PlaymakerStats season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ESPN.com football match ID|ESPN.com football match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurosport person ID|Eurosport person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newsweek topic ID|Newsweek topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New York Post topic ID|New York Post topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RaiPlay Sound IDs|RaiPlay Sound IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Church and Organization Dictionary Identifier|Chinese Church and Organization Dictionary Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DDLC entry ID|DDLC entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fluorophores.org substance ID|Fluorophores.org substance ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/CnZG Most common eponyms] (a name or noun formed after a person)
** [https://w.wiki/FRz Number of Lexemes including recordings from Lingua Libre by language]
** [https://w.wiki/CnZP Boiling point of alkanes] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Boiling_point_of_alkanes|source]])
** [https://query-chest.toolforge.org/redirect/APjvLNGJSiKismGqMmYUogq6Ieq6qgkAcSc8M2AYsKw Train station in Germany without image] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#train_stations_in_Germany_without_image|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject IIT|WikiProject IIT]] aims to describe current and former IIT faculty members. The following property schema is based on a similar schema found at [[Wikidata:WikiProject IUPUI University Library|WikiProject IUPUI University Library]]
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject sum of all paintings/Historic collections|Sum of all paintings/Historic collections]] - keep track of historic collections as part of the provenance of paintings
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-todo/project_stats.php Links per language]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q3030|4 Vesta (Q3030)]] - second largest asteroid of the main asteroid belt
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L347296|L347296]] - Tamil noun that can mean &quot;priest&quot;, &quot;teacher&quot; or &quot;preceptor&quot;

''' Development '''
* mul language code: [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata-tech@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CEANO2X2PMFMEBFY6ZTCUUYR4P6O54CD/ The &quot;mul&quot; language code for labels, descriptions and aliases will be fully enabled on #Wikidata starting 28th Jan!]
* Constraint violations:
** We’re making good progress on checking format constraints more efficiently and with fewer errors ([[phab:T380751|T380751]])
** We’re working on making distinct-values constraint checks works with the split Query Service ([[phab:T369079|T369079]])
* EntitySchemas: We’re working on making the heading on EntitySchema pages apply language fallback ([[phab:T228423|T228423]])
* Search: We’ve started working on the new search UI component which will let you search for additional entity types from the main search bar and not just Items anymore ([[phab:T338483|T338483]])
* Wikibase REST API: We're working on adding search to the API ([[phab:T383209|T383209]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/United States of America|United States of America]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 13|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:39, 20 ජනවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28136359 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #664 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-01-27. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 20|#663]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Xezbeth|Xezbeth]] (closed as successful). Welcome onboard \o/

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/UYJB44NLH4SEB6QC4LDTL6T6OG3H3C7L/ Call for Proposals: IslandoraCon 2025]. ''&quot;IslandoraCon brings together a community of librarians, archivists, cultural heritage collections managers, technologists, developers, project managers, and open source project enthusiasts in support of the Islandora framework for digital curation and asset management.&quot;'' Deadline for session proposals: February 14, 2024.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs: [http://simia.net/wiki/Progress_in_lexicographic_data_in_Wikidata_2024 Progress in lexicographic data in Wikidata 2024] by Denny Vrandečić. See also
** [http://simia.net/wiki/Languages_with_the_best_lexicographic_data_coverage_in_Wikidata_2024 Languages with the best lexicographic data coverage in Wikidata 2024]
** [http://simia.net/wiki/Wikidata_lexicographic_data_coverage_for_Croatian_in_2024 Wikidata lexicographic data coverage for Croatian in 2024]
* Videos
** (replay) [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLs-DUSOdPkl7GiF6yPQH8vYhr8trSEY-s Arabic Wikidata Days 2024] full playlist
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faUAEZBf7dA NYC Parks on Wikidata] (Wikipedia Day NYC 22nd Birthday Bash)
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znuP1Rp_YZc From books to Bytes (10): Factgrid. A Wikibase instance for historical data]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[d:User:Bamyers99/PhotoNearby.js|PhotoNearby.js]] - a user script that checks Wikimedia Commons for a nearby photo if no [[d:Property:P18|image (P18)]] statement and has [[d:Property:P625|coordinate location (P625)]]. Displays above the Statements heading. Defaults to a 500 meter radius. Displays a link to WikiShootMe.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* As part of an effort to benchmark open source SPARQL engines on Wikidata, the page [[d:Wikidata:Scaling_Wikidata/Benchmarking/Existing_Benchmarks|Wikidata:Scaling Wikidata/Benchmarking/Existing Benchmarks]] contains some initial results and analyses of benchmarking Blazegraph, MilleniumDB, QLever, and Virtuoso on several existing SPARQL query benchmarks for Wikidata. There are some surprising results there, particularly related to different answers produced by different engines. Suggestions on how to improve the effort or provide deeper explanations of the results are particularly welcome on the discussion page.
*

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13210|organisation tax status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;jurisdiction specific tax status of organisations like non-profits&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13238|entry height]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;height of the entrance above ground level for boarding vehicles&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13197|Berlinische Galerie object ID]], [[:d:Property:P13198|ThePWHL.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13199|Play:Right genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13200|Resistance in Belgium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13201|Paris Match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13202|Kyiv Independent topic]], [[:d:Property:P13203|Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13204|Wellcome Collection concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P13205|Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID]], [[:d:Property:P13206|VG247 game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13207|DNCI label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13208|National Football Teams.com stadium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13209|Kamus Pelajar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13211|Dictionary of Norwegian Translators ID]], [[:d:Property:P13212|MACM artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13213|Lutris company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13214|hockey1946.ru player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13215|DOSBoxWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P13216|NBA G League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13217|World Women's Snooker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13218|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13219|GERS ID]], [[:d:Property:P13220|Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13221|SBOID]], [[:d:Property:P13222|Game Vortex software ID]], [[:d:Property:P13223|Syrian Memory Institution person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13224|Mishramilan catalog ID]], [[:d:Property:P13225|myCast work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13226|Hessian Biography person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13227|Beaux-Arts ID]], [[:d:Property:P13228|Gaia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13229|Franceinfo journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13230|Hankook Ilbo tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13231|Cinema Belgica person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13232|Cinema Belgica venue ID]], [[:d:Property:P13233|Ukrainian Association of Football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13234|Rijksmuseum ID]], [[:d:Property:P13235|Cinema Belgica film ID]], [[:d:Property:P13236|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Property:P13237|Russian Football National League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13239|Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Property:P13240|taz ID]], [[:d:Property:P13241|Roman Inscriptions of Britain Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P13242|Répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Québec ID]], [[:d:Property:P13243|Game Jolt username]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type (name-bearing type), e.g. the family for which this genus is the type, the genus for which this species is the type, the taxon for which this type specimen is the type, ect...&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Heritage type|World Heritage type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Propriety of World heritage site : the Type (Cultural, Natural, Mixed)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;DVD release is restricted to region code&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of shading units|number of shading units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of shading units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maximum beam energy|Maximum beam energy]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Maximum beam energy of a particle accelerator&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hat gespendet|hat gespendet]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Amount of money donated to a person or organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name starts with|name starts with]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The name that this qualifies, the full contents of which are unknown, is known to start with these characters.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/духовный сан|духовный сан]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;formal styles of address used for members of the clergy&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A2B2 user ID|A2B2 user ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;User ID on a2b2.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Source language|Source language]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;headword languge of dictionary&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/location code|location code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the location code of the location item. Should be used with qualifier property {{Q|P459}} to specify which location code system being used.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIF historia player ID|DIF historia player ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for a sportsperson connected to Djurgårdens IF on difhistoria.se (official site)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of texture mapping units|number of texture mapping units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of texture mapping units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of render output units|number of render output units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of render output units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of ray tracing cores|number of ray tracing cores]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of ray tracing cores in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibliography for subject|Bibliography for subject]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Wikidata property on this item providing a link to a bibliography about the subject that is a good starting point.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/likes / dislikes|likes / dislikes]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;''(no English description proposed yet)''&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of goals scored in penalty shootouts|number of goals scored in penalty shootouts]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;total number of goals scored by a team in a penalty shootout&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/broadcasting days and time|broadcasting days and time]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;days of the week in which a TV or radio program is broadcasted&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reverse compound|reverse compound]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;compound where the parts are reversed&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cognate-citation|cognate-citation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;lexeme with with the same etymological origin and where a source supports it.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instrument de recherche (inventaire)|Instrument de recherche (inventaire)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Translate this
| fr = 
&lt;!-- | xx = descriptions dans d'autres langues --&gt;
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instrument de recherche|Instrument de recherche]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;document containing detailed information about a specific collection of papers or records within an archive&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ratsinformationssystem|Ratsinformationssystem]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Link to the council information system of the municipality&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name with acutes|name with acutes]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item name with acute accents showing stressed vowels&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HonestGamers game ID|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nafziger Order of Battle ID|Nafziger Order of Battle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spanish-German Dictionary ID|Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant|identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SearchCulture.gr ID|SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica company ID|Cinema Belgica company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica censorship ID|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOIUSA code|SOIUSA code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetalTabs.com track ID|MetalTabs.com track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUBI Festival ID|MUBI Festival ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rutracker.org page ID|rutracker.org page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPG Maker game ID|RPG Maker game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RateMyProfessors ID|RateMyProfessors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PubMed author ID|PubMed author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BodyMeasurements.org ID|BodyMeasurements.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn|Kvikmyndavefurinn]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluepages article ID|Bluepages article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID|A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikishia item ID|Wikishia item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EHIS educational institution ID|EHIS educational institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID|Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID|A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID|A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geography entry ID|A Dictionary of Geography entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DGLAi ID|DGLAi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jeune Afrique person ID|Jeune Afrique person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/norskeflyplasser.no-ID|norskeflyplasser.no-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (English)|Euronews topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (French)|Euronews topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Spanish)|Euronews topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Arabic)|Euronews topic ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unine thesis id|Unine thesis id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enpedia ID|Enpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID|Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number|Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish Olympic Committee ID|Finnish Olympic Committee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Norway profile ID (new)|Team Norway profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)|NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JOC profile ID (new)|JOC profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (French)|RFI topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (English)|RFI topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (Spanish)|RFI topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EJU profile ID|EJU profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/University of Pécs teachers identifier|University of Pécs teachers identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ROAR id|ROAR id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPB profile ID|CPB profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TERMCAT term ID|TERMCAT term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Handle prefix|Handle prefix]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Soccer player ID|U.S. Soccer player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Celfic FC player ID|Celfic FC player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WSGF game ID|WSGF game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sutian entry ID|Sutian entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wikiHow article ID|wikiHow article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Graceful17 ID|Graceful17 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IATI Organisation Identifier|IATI Organisation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Suno artist ID|Suno artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VAi Archiefhub Agent ID|VAi Archiefhub Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soccerbase season ID|Soccerbase season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlaymakerStats season ID|PlaymakerStats season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ESPN.com football match ID|ESPN.com football match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurosport person ID|Eurosport person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newsweek topic ID|Newsweek topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New York Post topic ID|New York Post topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RaiPlay Sound IDs|RaiPlay Sound IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Church and Organization Dictionary Identifier|Chinese Church and Organization Dictionary Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DDLC entry ID|DDLC entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fluorophores.org substance ID|Fluorophores.org substance ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yahoo Knowledge Graph ID|Yahoo Knowledge Graph ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (X-Boorman) ID|Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (X-Boorman) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Modern China Biographical Database ID|Modern China Biographical Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Engineers Relational Database ID|Chinese Engineers Relational Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy ID|The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letterboxd studio ID|Letterboxd studio ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Izvestia topic ID|Izvestia topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity ID|The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museum Data Service museum ID|Museum Data Service museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BGSU Historical Collections of the Great Lakes vessel ID|BGSU Historical Collections of the Great Lakes vessel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/booru tag|booru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/critify.de game ID|critify.de game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID|Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MikuWiki article ID|MikuWiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trade register Switzerland ID|Trade register Switzerland ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JSR package|JSR package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Storytel author ID|Storytel author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TvStar.info person ID|TvStar.info person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/CrWS Pairs of things, of different types, that smell of the same thing]. ([[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Smell/Tools-tasks|Source]])
** [https://w.wiki/CrfV Literary work (1700-1830) with more than 25 sitelinks] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Old_books_that_appear_on_lots_of_wikipedias?|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/Crfk What are the statistics for lexemes in language A that are derived from lexemes in language B?] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Lexeme_Etymological_data_for_language|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject No Longer at the Margins|No Longer at the Margins]] - aims to highlight and document the contributions of women in science, ensuring their visibility and recognition in the historical and archival record by addressing biases and gaps in representation.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/commonsmerge|Merge candidates based on same commons category]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q309988|Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Q309988)]] - technical university and research center in Karlsruhe, Germany
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L113869|истина (L113869)]] - Russian noun (pronounced &quot;istina&quot;), translates to &quot;truth&quot;, &quot;reality&quot; or a fact in English.

''' Development '''
*  Storage growth: We are making some changes to the terms-related database table in order to scale better ([[phab:T351802]])
* Constraint violations: We’re working on making distinct-values constraint checks works with the split Query Service ([[phab:T369079]])
* EntitySchemas: We’re working on making the heading on EntitySchema pages apply language fallback ([[phab:T228423]])
* Search: We are working on the new search UI component which will let you search for additional entity types from the main search bar and not just Items anymore ([[phab:T338483]])
* Wikibase REST API: We're continuing the work on adding search to the API ([[phab:T383209]])
* Lua: We are investigating if we can increase the Entity Usage Limit on client pages ([[phab:T381098]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/United States of America|United States of America]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 20|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 19:36, 27 ජනවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28179464 --&gt;

== Weekly Summary #665 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-02-03. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 03|#664]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Discussions'''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/WhitneyBot|WhitneyBot]] - Task: Sync artist data from the [[w:Whitney_Museum|Whitney Museum of American Art's]] collection to Wikidata. 
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/ZLBot|ZLBot]] - Closed as unsuccessful.
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Proper_names_in_multiple_languages|Proper names in multiple languages]] - This RfC seeks to address concerns regarding the recent MUL announcement for [[d:Help:Default_values_for_labels_and_aliases|default values for labels and aliases]].

'''Events''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** We are excited to reveal [[d:Wikidata:WikidataCon_2025|WikidataCon 2025]] will be returning this year, keep an eye on the project page for more details to come, and block your calendar for October 31 - November 2.
** New Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! The next [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/Starting_A_Wikidata_Project|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group project]] series session on Tuesday, 4 February, 2025 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1738688400 Time Zone Converter] Eric Willey will be facilitating a series of four sessions focused on starting a Wikidata project from the foundation up at your institution. The first session will focus on selling your project to administrators.
** Wikidata Indonesia is holding a [https://www.instagram.com/p/DFhh69fv7qg/ Datathon] (February 5 - 7) and [https://www.instagram.com/p/DFekzK5PCzE/ Quiz] (January 31 - February 7), take part!
** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #73 February 10 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at Taipei {{Q|61752245}}
** [[d:Event:Data Reuse Days 2025|Data Reuse Days]], February 18-27: online event dedicated to the applications using Wikidata's data and their technical setup. [[d:Event:Data_Reuse_Days_2025#Sessions|A first version of the program]] is now available. Make sure to [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1050|register]] to receive the event's access links.
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/DULCWTDLOMIRQYLBPSIVZZXDGTX7ZLMJ/ Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team - February 12].Time: 16:00-17:00 UTC / 08:00 PST / 11:00 EST / 17:00 CET
** [https://events.illinoisstate.edu/event/why-wikidata-introduction-and-edit-a-thon/ Why Wikidata? and edit-a-thon] hosted by Illinois State University on February 4, 1400 - 1600 CST (UTC-6). Eric Willey and Rebecca Fitzsimmons will hold a hands-on demonstration of Wikidata, at the Milner Library, ISU (Room 165).
* Past Events
** [[m:Event:Wikimedia_Canada/Wikidata_Workshop_Jan_2025|Wikidata Workshop Jan 2025]] - Hosted by Wikimedia Canada, this workshop offered 2 sessions for English and French-speaking attendees. Subjects covered include the basics of Wikidata, intro to editing, linking photos to Commons and how to query Wikidata. The workshop took place 30 January 01:00 - 03:00 UTC.

'''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
* Blogs
** Bob duCharme, author of ''Learning SPARQL'' posts a blog entry on [https://www.bobdc.com/blog/filterforeignliterals/ filtering (only) foreign labels] from a SPARQL query, using the WDQS to illustrate their example.
** (german)[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/abitech-2025-0011/html How does library work in the Wikiverse affect the use of your own holdings?] - Wikidata enthusiast Christian Erlinger  explores in this article how GLAM institutions measure their contributions to the Wikiverse and how Wikidata items and sitelinking contribute to their connectedness. 
* Papers
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-78952-6_48 Towards a Sustainable Community-Driven Documentation of Semantic Web Tools] A Wikidata-based toolkit to help knowledge engineers and developers find and document semantic web tools by categorizing them into a taxonomy and integrating GitHub metadata to track their maintenance status. By A. Reiz, F.J. Ekaputra &amp; N. Mihindukulasooriya (2025).
** [[commons:File:FOSDEM-2025-Wikidata-Wikibase-JohnSamuel.pdf|From Open Collaboration to Customized Control - Transitioning from Wikidata to Wikibase]] by John Samuel at FOSDEM 2025 (Track: Collaboration and Content Management) on  February 1, 2025.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-q8vgVOrQM Biodiversity Heritage Library Creator IDs on Wikidata via Mix'n'match] - Tiago Lubiana will demonstrate the workflow of Mix'n'Match curation and adding BHL Creator ID's to Wikidata.
** (arabic)[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zmFylVYalc  OpenRefine and QuickStatements] - In this 2nd session of the Arabic Wikidata Days 2024, advanced skills of OR such as improving and importing tabular data. QS will also be demonstrated and how it simplifies adding and editing Wikidata. Presented by Professor Qais Shraideh.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v82D_Q2MFVk Resource, Description &amp; Access &amp; STA] - Michaela Edelmann introduces the cataloging platform that runs on Wikibase for the German-speaking DACH countries.
** (Czech) 25th Annual Conference: National Archives of Czech Republic had 2 segments for Wikibases: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nssngihJCnQ&amp;t=2098s Wikibase for Welsh Authority Control] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nssngihJCnQ&amp;t=2896s Wikibase: a tool for creating/sharing LOD]
* Presentations
** [https://zenodo.org/records/14755184 New developments of Wikibase-as-a-Service] at the Open Science Lab (part of NFDI4Culture). Presented at Art Loves History Wiki Conference, it shows developments  to the WB software suite.

'''Tool of the week'''
* [https://holonetgalacticmap-frontend.vercel.app/ Holonet Galactic Map] - Explore information and facts of the planets that inhabit the Star Wars universe, powered by Wikidata.

'''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
* ⚠️ '''Wikidata Query Service graph split''': The graph split is about 2 months away. If you are doing queries that involve scholarly articles or if you have an application that does you will be affected. Please check [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split]] for details.
* We ([[d:User:Peter F. Patel-Schneider|Peter F. Patel-Schneider]] and [[User:Egezort|Egezort]]) want to run a course on the Wikidata Ontology for a limited number of participants. Designed for those already familiar with Wikidata, it will present information about ontologies and how they form the core of Wikidata, incorporating several exercises on analyses of and fixes to the Wikidata ontology. Upon successful completion (ending with a group project in consultation by us), participants will receive certificates. Please give feedback and suggestions to improve the structure and course content (found in more detail at [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|WikiProject:Ontology Course]]) which will be incorporated into our Wikimedia [[M:Grants:Project/Rapid|rapid grant application]] to support the effort. Interested in helping or want to share your thoughts? [[d:Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|Let us know]].
* Several database changes will impact Wikidata in the coming months, including the migration of the term store (&lt;code&gt;wbt_ tables&lt;/code&gt;) to a dedicated cluster to improve performance and enable future growth. This move will speed up most Wikidata SQL queries but prevent direct joins between term store data and other Wikidata tables. Additionally, the wb_type table will be removed, with its mapping hardcoded in Wikibase, simplifying the codebase. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata-tech@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7AMRB7G4CZ6BBOILAA6PK4QX44MUAHT4/ More details].
* Call for projects and mentors for Google Summer of Code 2025! Deadline: February 28th. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GQWJNAPQFXZRW2KN4AO3OV5YMVMO6SNQ/ More info]!
* [https://www.wikimedia.de/presse/europaeischer-open-source-award-fuer-lydia-pintscher-auszeichnung-fuer-ihren-beitrag-zu-wikidata/ Lydia Pintscher awarded the] [[d:Q131702864|European Open Source Award]] - Wikidata Portfolio Manager for WMDE, Lydia's contributions to the development of Wikidata have been recognised in the category of ''Advocacy and Awareness''.

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P13210|organisation tax status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;jurisdiction specific tax status of organisations like non-profits&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13238|entry height]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;height of the entrance above ground level for boarding vehicles&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13251|number of shading units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of shading units in a graphics processing unit (GPU)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13252|land acknowledgement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;acknowledgement of indigenous or native people who live and whose ancestors lived at a location&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13205|Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID]], [[:d:Property:P13206|VG247 game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13207|DNCI label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13208|National Football Teams.com stadium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13209|Kamus Pelajar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13211|Dictionary of Norwegian Translators ID]], [[:d:Property:P13212|MACM artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13213|Lutris company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13214|hockey1946.ru player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13215|DOSBoxWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P13216|NBA G League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13217|World Women's Snooker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13218|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13219|GERS ID]], [[:d:Property:P13220|Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13221|SBOID]], [[:d:Property:P13222|Game Vortex software ID]], [[:d:Property:P13223|Syrian Memory Institution person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13224|Mishramilan catalog ID]], [[:d:Property:P13225|myCast work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13226|Hessian Biography person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13227|Beaux-Arts ID]], [[:d:Property:P13228|Gaia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13229|Franceinfo journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13230|Hankook Ilbo tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13231|Cinema Belgica person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13232|Cinema Belgica venue ID]], [[:d:Property:P13233|Ukrainian Association of Football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13234|Rijksmuseum ID]], [[:d:Property:P13235|Cinema Belgica film ID]], [[:d:Property:P13236|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Property:P13237|Russian Football National League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13239|Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Property:P13240|taz ID]], [[:d:Property:P13241|Roman Inscriptions of Britain Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P13242|Répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Québec ID]], [[:d:Property:P13243|Game Jolt username]], [[:d:Property:P13244|Kvikmyndavefurinn work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13245|Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13246|EHIS educational institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P13247|WSGF game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13248|‎Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13249|‎Museum Data Service museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P13250|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13253|Pappers executive ID]], [[:d:Property:P13254|Islamic Philosophy ID]], [[:d:Property:P13255|L'Humanité topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13256|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type (name-bearing type), e.g. the family for which this genus is the type, the genus for which this species is the type, the taxon for which this type specimen is the type, ect...&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Heritage type|World Heritage type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Propriety of World heritage site : the Type (Cultural, Natural, Mixed)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;DVD release is restricted to region code&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maximum beam energy|Maximum beam energy]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Maximum beam energy of a particle accelerator&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name starts with|name starts with]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The name that this qualifies, the full contents of which are unknown, is known to start with these characters.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/духовный сан|духовный сан]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;formal styles of address used for members of the clergy&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A2B2 user ID|A2B2 user ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;User ID on a2b2.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Source language|Source language]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;headword languge of dictionary&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/location code|location code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the location code of the location item. Should either be used with qualifier property {{Q|P459}} to specify which location code system being used, or be used as the qualifier of {{P|31}}.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIF historia player ID|DIF historia player ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for a sportsperson connected to Djurgårdens IF on difhistoria.se (official site)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of texture mapping units|number of texture mapping units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of texture mapping units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of render output units|number of render output units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of render output units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of ray tracing cores|number of ray tracing cores]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of ray tracing cores in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibliography for subject|Bibliography for subject]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Wikidata property on this item providing a link to a bibliography about the subject that is a good starting point.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/likes / dislikes|likes / dislikes]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;''(no English description proposed yet)''&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of goals scored in penalty shootouts|number of goals scored in penalty shootouts]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;total number of goals scored by a team in a penalty shootout&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/broadcasting days and time|broadcasting days and time]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;days of the week in which a TV or radio program is broadcasted&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reverse compound|reverse compound]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;compound where the parts are reversed&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cognate-citation|cognate-citation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;lexeme with with the same etymological origin and where a source supports it.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instrument de recherche (inventaire)|Instrument de recherche (inventaire)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Translate this
| fr = 
&lt;!-- | xx = descriptions dans d'autres langues --&gt;
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instrument de recherche|Instrument de recherche]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;document containing detailed information about a specific collection of papers or records within an archive&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ratsinformationssystem|Ratsinformationssystem]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Link to the council information system of the municipality&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name with acutes|name with acutes]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item name with acute accents showing stressed vowels&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/doors open on the… / exit train on the…|doors open on the… / exit train on the…]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;side of the train where the doors open at this station or only side where this vehicle has doors&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/directs readers to|directs readers to]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;document or class of documents to which this item or class directs readers (aliases: is citation of {{!}} links to {{!}} refers to {{!}} target)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/items classified|items classified]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;class of items that this classification system classifies (aliases: items categorized {{!}} classifies {{!}} categorizes)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reason not to be used with instances of|reason not to be used with instances of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;clarification for why P31 (instance of) can not be used with this property&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dislikes of fictional character|dislikes of fictional character]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;''(no English description proposed yet)''&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AI-generated media prompt|AI-generated media prompt]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;exact prompt that was used to generate an AI-generated media&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Text-to-image software used for creation|Text-to-image software used for creation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;text-to-image generation software that was used to create this media or work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/schism|schism]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lemmy instance URL|Lemmy instance URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the Lemmy instance of/about the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nafziger Order of Battle ID|Nafziger Order of Battle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spanish-German Dictionary ID|Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SearchCulture.gr ID|SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica company ID|Cinema Belgica company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica censorship ID|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOIUSA code|SOIUSA code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetalTabs.com track ID|MetalTabs.com track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUBI Festival ID|MUBI Festival ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rutracker.org page ID|rutracker.org page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPG Maker game ID|RPG Maker game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RateMyProfessors ID|RateMyProfessors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PubMed author ID|PubMed author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BodyMeasurements.org ID|BodyMeasurements.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluepages article ID|Bluepages article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID|A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikishia item ID|Wikishia item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID|Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID|A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID|A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geography entry ID|A Dictionary of Geography entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DGLAi ID|DGLAi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jeune Afrique person ID|Jeune Afrique person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/norskeflyplasser.no-ID|norskeflyplasser.no-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (English)|Euronews topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (French)|Euronews topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Spanish)|Euronews topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Arabic)|Euronews topic ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unine thesis id|Unine thesis id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enpedia ID|Enpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID|Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number|Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish Olympic Committee ID|Finnish Olympic Committee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Norway profile ID (new)|Team Norway profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)|NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JOC profile ID (new)|JOC profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (French)|RFI topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (English)|RFI topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (Spanish)|RFI topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EJU profile ID|EJU profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/University of Pécs teachers identifier|University of Pécs teachers identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ROAR id|ROAR id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPB profile ID|CPB profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TERMCAT term ID|TERMCAT term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Handle prefix|Handle prefix]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Soccer player ID|U.S. Soccer player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Celfic FC player ID|Celfic FC player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sutian entry ID|Sutian entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wikiHow article ID|wikiHow article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Graceful17 ID|Graceful17 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IATI Organisation Identifier|IATI Organisation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Suno artist ID|Suno artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VAi Archiefhub Agent ID|VAi Archiefhub Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soccerbase season ID|Soccerbase season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlaymakerStats season ID|PlaymakerStats season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ESPN.com football match ID|ESPN.com football match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurosport person ID|Eurosport person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newsweek topic ID|Newsweek topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New York Post topic ID|New York Post topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RaiPlay Sound IDs|RaiPlay Sound IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Church and Organization Dictionary Identifier|Chinese Church and Organization Dictionary Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DDLC entry ID|DDLC entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fluorophores.org substance ID|Fluorophores.org substance ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yahoo Knowledge Graph ID|Yahoo Knowledge Graph ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (X-Boorman) ID|Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (X-Boorman) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Modern China Biographical Database ID|Modern China Biographical Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Engineers Relational Database ID|Chinese Engineers Relational Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letterboxd studio ID|Letterboxd studio ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Izvestia topic ID|Izvestia topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity ID|The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BGSU Historical Collections of the Great Lakes vessel ID|BGSU Historical Collections of the Great Lakes vessel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/booru tag|booru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/critify.de game ID|critify.de game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID|Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MikuWiki article ID|MikuWiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trade register Switzerland ID|Trade register Switzerland ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JSR package|JSR package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Storytel author ID|Storytel author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TvStar.info person ID|TvStar.info person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Amazon Music track ID|Amazon Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Trust Heritage Records ID|National Trust Heritage Records ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Toonopedia ID|Toonopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oorlogsbronnen-identifier|Oorlogsbronnen-identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPC Zone game ID|CPC Zone game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Patristic Text Archive|Patristic Text Archive]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteca italiana work ID|Biblioteca italiana work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant d'une œuvre au MACM|identifiant d'une œuvre au MACM]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nesdb.se game ID|nesdb.se game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne sur le site du musée du diocèse de Lyon|Identifiant d'une personne sur le site du musée du diocèse de Lyon]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Número de Identificación Tributaria|Número de Identificación Tributaria]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hiking Note trail identifier|Hiking Note trail identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hiking Note mountain identifier|Hiking Note mountain identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Video Game History Foundation Library|Video Game History Foundation Library]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex Music track ID|Yandex Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PromoDJ track ID|PromoDJ track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jamendo track ID|Jamendo track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Know Your Meme slug|Know Your Meme slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CriticDB IDs|CriticDB IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID|Euronews topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID|RFI topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service topic ID|Algeria Press Service topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hiking Note chalet identifier|Hiking Note chalet identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Marxism ID|Encyclopedia of Marxism ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

'''Did you know?'''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/Cvmf Old books (1700 - 1830) with many (+25) Sitelinks]
** [https://w.wiki/CrbD List of translated songs or musical works, with 'role named in credits' as a qualifier]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:[[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal|WikiProject Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal]] - This project with the Museum of Contemporary Art of Montreal aims to share its data model.
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Antiquity/Patristic_Text_Archive|Antiquity: Patristic Text Archive]] is a web archive for (mostly) Greek [[d:Q189380|Patristic]] archival texts.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|WikiProject: Ontology Course]] - as mentioned above, this WikiProject plans to be a certified course to teahc participants about proper Wikidata ontologies.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Mr._Ibrahem/Language_statistics_for_items|Language statistics for Items]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]:[[d:Q3554288|Valérie Masson-Delmotte (Q3554288)]] - French engineer and climatologist
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]:[[d:Lexeme:L30087|lasku(L30087)]] - Finnish noun, translates to &quot;landing&quot;, &quot;calculation&quot; or &quot;invoice&quot; in English.

'''Development'''
* Storage growth: We are continuing to make some changes to the terms-related database table in order to scale better ([[phab:T351802]])
* Wikibase REST API: We are continuing to work on bringing search to the REST API ([[phab:T383126]])
* mul language code: Support for the language code has been rolled out fully
* EntitySchemas: We finished adding language fallback to the heading of EntitySchema pages ([[phab:T228423]])
* Sitelinks: Fixed a bug that prevented linking Wikidata Items from Wikipedias ([[phab:T385261]])
* Scoped search: We continued working on improving the main search field on Wikidata in order to allow you to search for Properties, Lexemes, etc more easily with it ([[phab:T321543]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

'''Weekly Tasks'''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''·[[d:Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 27|Previous issue]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · 16:15, 3 පෙබරවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28182031 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #666 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-02-10. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 03|#665]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Discussions'''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/TiagoLubianaBot_5|TiagoLubianaBot 5]] - Task(s): Add [[d:Property:P18|image]] or [[d:Property:P13162|reference illustration]] based on categories for botanical illustrations on Wikimedia Commons. Only add when only 1 or 2 files in category.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Sapper-bot|Sapper Bot]] - Task(s): Daily updates the [[d:Q126982|Sea of Galilee]]'s [[d:Property:P2044|elevation above sea level]] based on official government data.
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/MangadexBot|MangadexBot]] - Task(s): add metadata from mangadex to manga with Mangadex manga ID - closed as relevant Property has been deprecated and marked for deletion.

'''Events''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** Data Reuse Days, starting on February 18th. [[d:Event:Data Reuse Days 2025#Sessions|Check out the program]] and don't forget to [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1050|register on wiki]] to receive the access link.
** [https://calendar.library.torontomu.ca/event/3855376 Whose (Wiki)Data is it anyway?] - Ethics &amp; Consent when cataloguing people, places and things. An on-site Library workshop of the Toronto Metropolitan University, February 12, 1200 - 1600 EST (UTC-5).
** [https://calendar.colorado.edu/event/black-history-month-wikidata-comics-edit-a-thon Comics Edit-A-Thon for Black History month], hosted by the ''Center for Research Data and Digital Scholarship'' of the University of Colorado (onsite only &amp; registration required). February 12, 1300 - 1500 MST (UTC-7).

'''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
* Blogs
** [https://www.daniel-motz.de/articles/query-by-graph Making SPARQL more accessible]: Daniel Motz's bachelor's thesis on visual query graphs, check out their project in Tool of the Week
** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/2025/02/05/glam-rockers/ GLAM Rockers: an interview with the creators of GLAMorous Europe] - Anne Mühlich and Gerd Müller speak about their project [https://www.glam-europe.de/ GLAMorous Europe] which uses Wikidata to enrich the digital art collection.
** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/2025/02/10/preserving-community-history-with-wikibase/ Preserving Community History with Wikibase] - Tan Li Qi of MyCommunity, a Singaporean nonprofit dedicated to preserving the stories of everyday people by documenting community narratives, social memories, and local heritage.
** [https://sites.harvard.edu/harvard-library-circ/2025/02/03/wikidata-edit-a-thon-for-the-black-teacher-archive/ Wikidata Edit-A-Thon for Black Teacher archive] by the Harvard Library University. A write-up of the event which saw more than 400 items edited.
* Project Chat - join the discussion
** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Should_we_certify_Wikidata_trainers?|Should Wikidata trainers be certified?]]

'''Tool of the week'''
* [https://query.daniel-motz.de/ Query by Graph] - build a SPARQL query using drag'n'drop visual elements. This is an interesting tool that provides another way to approach building SPARQL queries, especially for those that find the Query builder or raw SPARQL unintuitive or complex.
* [https://cividata.org/en/ CivData] - &quot;Cividata makes the diverse world of non-profit organizations visible. As a volunteer project, Cividata provides a comprehensive overview of non-profit organizations worldwide, based on data from Wikipedia's sister project Wikidata.&quot;

'''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
* [[m:Global_Resource_Distribution_Committee/Creation_of_the_interim_GRDC|Creation of the interim Global Resource Distribution Committee]] - Call for candidates ends February 25, [[m:Midnight_deadline|midnight (AOE)]].&lt;br /&gt;The interim GDRC is being established to oversee and adjust resource distribution for the Community Fund, aligning with the movement's evolving needs. Currently open to applications from candidates  with experience in grantmaking, budgeting and knowledge of Wikimedia's grant types. Further information on the role and how to apply can be found on the [[m:Submit_your_application|GDRC Meta page]]
* [https://www.curationist.org/news/curationist-is-seeking-a-part-time-remote-digital-archivist Curationist seeks Digital Archivist] - Curationist, a free online resource for cultural heritage seeks a part-time archiver who can navigate Wikidata, SPARQL and create metadata and support writers.
* For the upcoming [[m:Wikidata_and_research|Wikidata and Research]] conference in July, the  [https://openreview.net/group?id=wikimedia.it/Wikidata_and_Research/2025/Conference&amp;referrer=%5BHomepage%5D(%2F)#tab-accept-paper list of accepted papers] has been posted.

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P13238|entry height]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;height of the entrance above ground level for boarding vehicles&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13251|number of shading units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of shading units in a graphics processing unit (GPU)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13260|romantic orientation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;pattern of romantic attraction of this person or fictional character — use ONLY IF they have stated it themselves, unambiguously, or it has been widely agreed upon by historians after their death&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13262|location code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the location code of the location (please use more specific property if available)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13269|directs readers to]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;document or class of documents to which this item or class directs readers&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13229|Franceinfo journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13230|Hankook Ilbo tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13231|Cinema Belgica person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13232|Cinema Belgica venue ID]], [[:d:Property:P13233|Ukrainian Association of Football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13234|Rijksmuseum ID]], [[:d:Property:P13235|Cinema Belgica film ID]], [[:d:Property:P13236|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Property:P13237|Russian Football National League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13239|Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Property:P13240|taz ID]], [[:d:Property:P13241|Roman Inscriptions of Britain Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P13242|Répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Québec ID]], [[:d:Property:P13243|Game Jolt username]], [[:d:Property:P13244|Kvikmyndavefurinn work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13245|Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13246|EHIS educational institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P13247|WSGF game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13248|‎Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13249|‎Museum Data Service museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P13250|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13253|Pappers executive ID]], [[:d:Property:P13254|Islamic Philosophy ID]], [[:d:Property:P13255|L'Humanité topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13256|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga ID]], [[:d:Property:P13257|Izvestia topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13258|Presisov večjezični slovar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13259|Zvuk release ID]], [[:d:Property:P13261|Mille ans de littérature d'oc author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13263|norskeflyplasser.no ID]], [[:d:Property:P13264|HCERES expert ID]], [[:d:Property:P13265|Registre national des gels ID]], [[:d:Property:P13266|A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13267|DGLAi ID]], [[:d:Property:P13268|Finnish Olympic Committee athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P13270|Cinema Belgica company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13271|RPG Maker game ID (archived)]], [[:d:Property:P13272|Chinese Church and Organization Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13273|Letterboxd studio ID]], [[:d:Property:P13274|Biblioteca Italiana work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13275|A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13276|A Dictionary of Geography entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13277|A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13278|Jeune Afrique person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13279|Dictionary of Late Antiquity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13280|University of Pécs Almanac ID]], [[:d:Property:P13281|TERMCAT term ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type (name-bearing type), e.g. the family for which this genus is the type, the genus for which this species is the type, the taxon for which this type specimen is the type, ect...&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;DVD release is restricted to region code&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maximum beam energy|Maximum beam energy]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Maximum beam energy of a particle accelerator&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name starts with|name starts with]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The name that this qualifies, the full contents of which are unknown, is known to start with these characters.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/духовный сан|духовный сан]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;formal styles of address used for members of the clergy&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A2B2 user ID|A2B2 user ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;User ID on a2b2.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Source language|Source language]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;headword languge of dictionary&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIF historia player ID|DIF historia player ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for a sportsperson connected to Djurgårdens IF on difhistoria.se (official site)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of texture mapping units|number of texture mapping units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of texture mapping units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of render output units|number of render output units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of render output units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of ray tracing cores|number of ray tracing cores]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of ray tracing cores in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibliography for subject|Bibliography for subject]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Wikidata property on this item providing a link to a bibliography about the subject that is a good starting point.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/likes / dislikes|likes / dislikes]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;''(no English description proposed yet)''&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of goals scored in penalty shootouts|number of goals scored in penalty shootouts]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;total number of goals scored by a team in a penalty shootout&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/broadcasting days and time|broadcasting days and time]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;days of the week in which a TV or radio program is broadcasted&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reverse compound|reverse compound]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;compound where the parts are reversed&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cognate-citation|cognate-citation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;lexeme with with the same etymological origin and where a source supports it.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instrument de recherche (inventaire)|Instrument de recherche (inventaire)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Translate this
| fr = 
&lt;!-- | xx = descriptions dans d'autres langues --&gt;
 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instrument de recherche|Instrument de recherche]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;document containing detailed information about a specific collection of papers or records within an archive&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ratsinformationssystem|Ratsinformationssystem]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Link to the council information system of the municipality&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name with acutes|name with acutes]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item name with acute accents showing stressed vowels&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/doors open on the… / exit train on the…|doors open on the… / exit train on the…]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;side of the train where the doors open at this station or only side where this vehicle has doors&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/items classified|items classified]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;class of items that this classification system classifies (aliases: items categorized {{!}} classifies {{!}} categorizes)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reason not to be used with instances of|reason not to be used with instances of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;clarification for why P31 (instance of) can not be used with this property&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dislikes of fictional character|dislikes of fictional character]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;''(no English description proposed yet)''&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AI-generated media prompt|AI-generated media prompt]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;exact prompt that was used to generate an AI-generated media&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Text-to-image software used for creation|Text-to-image software used for creation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;software that was used to create this media or work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lemmy instance URL|Lemmy instance URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the Lemmy instance of/about the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reason for event cancellation|reason for event cancellation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;circumstances leading to the cancellation of the event&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/stylized title|stylized title]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;''(no English description proposed yet)''&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RAM capacity|RAM capacity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;amount of volatile random-access memory (RAM) modules used by this device&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VRAM capacity|VRAM capacity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;amount of dual-ported video RAM (VRAM) modules used by this device&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nombre anterior|nombre anterior]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Former official name used by an entity, organization, place, or object.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/earliest start date|earliest start date]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;earliest start date&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/model number|model number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Identifier for a product model&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nation Ranking (primary) and Nation Ranking (secondary)|Nation Ranking (primary) and Nation Ranking (secondary)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Nation Ranking (primary)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has license|has license]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;licenses the subject have&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/representing sports team|representing sports team]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;a sports team or club representing this organisation or geographic area&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spanish-German Dictionary ID|Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SearchCulture.gr ID|SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica censorship ID|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOIUSA code|SOIUSA code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetalTabs.com track ID|MetalTabs.com track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rutracker.org page ID|rutracker.org page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RateMyProfessors ID|RateMyProfessors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PubMed author ID|PubMed author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BodyMeasurements.org ID|BodyMeasurements.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluepages article ID|Bluepages article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikishia item ID|Wikishia item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID|Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (English)|Euronews topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (French)|Euronews topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Spanish)|Euronews topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Arabic)|Euronews topic ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unine thesis id|Unine thesis id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enpedia ID|Enpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID|Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number|Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Norway profile ID (new)|Team Norway profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)|NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JOC profile ID (new)|JOC profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (French)|RFI topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (English)|RFI topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (Spanish)|RFI topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EJU profile ID|EJU profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ROAR id|ROAR id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPB profile ID|CPB profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Soccer player ID|U.S. Soccer player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Celfic FC player ID|Celfic FC player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sutian entry ID|Sutian entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wikiHow article ID|wikiHow article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Graceful17 ID|Graceful17 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IATI Organisation Identifier|IATI Organisation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Suno artist ID|Suno artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VAi Archiefhub Agent ID|VAi Archiefhub Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soccerbase season ID|Soccerbase season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlaymakerStats season ID|PlaymakerStats season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ESPN.com football match ID|ESPN.com football match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurosport person ID|Eurosport person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newsweek topic ID|Newsweek topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New York Post topic ID|New York Post topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RaiPlay Sound IDs|RaiPlay Sound IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DDLC entry ID|DDLC entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fluorophores.org substance ID|Fluorophores.org substance ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yahoo Knowledge Graph ID|Yahoo Knowledge Graph ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (X-Boorman) ID|Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (X-Boorman) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Modern China Biographical Database ID|Modern China Biographical Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Engineers Relational Database ID|Chinese Engineers Relational Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BGSU Historical Collections of the Great Lakes vessel ID|BGSU Historical Collections of the Great Lakes vessel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/booru tag|booru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/critify.de game ID|critify.de game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID|Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MikuWiki article ID|MikuWiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JSR package|JSR package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Storytel author ID|Storytel author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TvStar.info person ID|TvStar.info person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Amazon Music track ID|Amazon Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Trust Heritage Records ID|National Trust Heritage Records ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Toonopedia ID|Toonopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oorlogsbronnen-identifier|Oorlogsbronnen-identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPC Zone game ID|CPC Zone game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Patristic Text Archive|Patristic Text Archive]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant d'une œuvre au MACM|identifiant d'une œuvre au MACM]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nesdb.se game ID|nesdb.se game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne sur le site du musée du diocèse de Lyon|Identifiant d'une personne sur le site du musée du diocèse de Lyon]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Número de Identificación Tributaria|Número de Identificación Tributaria]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hiking Note trail identifier|Hiking Note trail identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hiking Note mountain identifier|Hiking Note mountain identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Video Game History Foundation Library|Video Game History Foundation Library]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex Music track ID|Yandex Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PromoDJ track ID|PromoDJ track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jamendo track ID|Jamendo track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Know Your Meme slug|Know Your Meme slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CriticDB IDs|CriticDB IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID|Euronews topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID|RFI topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service topic ID|Algeria Press Service topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hiking Note chalet identifier|Hiking Note chalet identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Marxism ID|Encyclopedia of Marxism ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Helden van het Verzet person ID|Helden van het Verzet person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Records of Early English Drama ID|Records of Early English Drama ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The New Yorker topic ID|The New Yorker topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/top50|top50]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PBA.com player ID|PBA.com player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PWBA.com player ID|PWBA.com player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LEMAC ID|LEMAC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rate Your Music music video ID|Rate Your Music music video ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rate Your Music release issue ID|Rate Your Music release issue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nonbinary Wiki id|Nonbinary Wiki id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/goal.com football match ID|goal.com football match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LEMAV ID|LEMAV ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AllGame game ID|AllGame game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Repertorium kleine politieke partijen 1918-1967 (Partij)|Repertorium kleine politieke partijen 1918-1967 (Partij)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TechRaptor IDs|TechRaptor IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kompass company ID|Kompass company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TechSavvy.de GPU ID|TechSavvy.de GPU ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PCPartPicker hardware ID|PCPartPicker hardware ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wine AppDB ID developer ID|Wine AppDB ID developer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Memoria Chilena ID|Memoria Chilena ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism ID|The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

'''Did you know?'''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/8HMC Specifiying colours for a gender representation of Scottish witches]
** [https://w.wiki/D2TF Currently active rock metal bands, their hometowns and latest release]
** [https://w.wiki/Cwm5 Map of Global Administrative Areas with links to Xeno-canto datasets in GBIF]
** [https://w.wiki/Cxfy Map of drowned places and their images]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Events_and_Role_Frames/Game_plan|Events and Role Frames]] - the goal is to enhance Wikidata’s representation of lexemes by linking lexeme senses to PropBank role sets.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Medicine/List_of_Canadian_doctors|List of Canadian doctors (WikiProject Medicine)]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/List_of_properties/1-1000|List of most used Properties]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q634873|Newton's parakeet (Q634873)]] - extinct species of bird
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]:[[d:Lexeme:L1328922|kuchapa (L1328922)]] - Swahili noun that can mean &quot;photographic print&quot;, &quot;print&quot;, &quot;printer&quot;, &quot;act of typing&quot; or an &quot;publishing.&quot;

'''Development'''
* Search in the UI: We continued the work on adding a search UI that lets you search in Properties, Lexemes and EntitySchemas more easily ([[phab:T338483]])
* Search in the API: We are continuing our work on search in the REST API ([[phab:T383126]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

'''Weekly Tasks'''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Nigeria|Nigeria]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Wikidata:Status updates/2025_02_10|Read the full report]]''' &amp;middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &amp;middot; [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 18:13, 10 පෙබරවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28241170 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #667 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-02-17. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 10|#666]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for CheckUser: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/CheckUser/Lymantria|Lymantria]] (RfP scheduled to end at 19 February 2025 04:22 UTC)
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Anna's Archive|Anna's Archive]] - The RFC is about whether Wikidata should import and store metadata from Anna's Archive, considering legal, copyright, and technical challenges.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming]]:
** Data Reuse Days, starting on February 18th. [[d:Event:Data Reuse Days 2025#Sessions|Check out the program]] and don't forget to [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1050|register on wiki]] to receive the access link.
** How to the use the [[:w:20th Century Press Archives]] as Source ([[Wikipedia:Digitaler_Themenabend#111._DTA:_„Das_Pressearchiv_20._Jahrhundert_als_Quelle“,_18._Februar_2025,_19_Uhr|Digitaler Themenabend: Das Pressearchiv 20. Jahrhundert als Quelle]] - in German) will introduce into research in the archives and into the work of [[:de:Wikipedia:Projekt Pressearchiv|Wikipedia Projekt Pressearchiv]] - Tuesday, February 18, at 18:00 UTC (informal [[:de:Wikipedia:Digitaler_Themenabend#111._DTA:_%E2%80%9EDas_Pressearchiv_20._Jahrhundert_als_Quelle%E2%80%9C,_18._Februar_2025,_19_Uhr|registration]])
** New Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group project series session on Tuesday, 18 February, 2025 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1738688400 Time Zone Converter]. Eric Willey will be facilitating a series of four sessions focused on starting a Wikidata project from the foundation up at your institution. The second session will focus on choosing your project. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/Starting_A_Wikidata_Project|Event page]]
** (workshop) [[WMFdashboard:courses/Grupo de Usuários Wiki Movimento Brasil/Wikidata Lab XLIV|Wikidata Lab XLIV: Launch of QuickStatements 3.0]] on February 24 at 15:00 UTC. Register [[WMFdashboard:courses/Grupo de Usuários Wiki Movimento Brasil/Wikidata Lab XLIV|here]] and watch it on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHqyRynWGvQ WMB's YouTube channel]!
** Wikidata and Wikibase: Curriculum Transformation in the Digital Humanities. Talk on Wednesday, 5 March. By Information Services, University of Edinburgh. ([https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/wikidata-and-wikibase-curriculum-transformation-in-the-digital-humanities-tickets-1247440079859 register])
* Past:
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata at WikiLibCon 2025]]
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Germany report|Exploring Wikidata &amp; Building Community for Cultural Heritage Professionals]]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://addshore.com/2025/02/visualizing-wikibase-ecosystem-using-wikibase-world/ Visualising the Wikibase ecosystem using Wikibase World] by [[d:User:Addshore|Addshore]]
** [[foundationsite:news/2025/02/12/wikipedia-recognized-as-a-digital-public-good/|Wikipedia Recognized as a Digital Public Good]]
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAfpEYXb2WI From Open Collaboration to Customized Control: Transitioning from Wikidata to Wikibase]. Presented by John Samuel, this talk explores Wikibase, a self-hosted platform that brings the power of Wikidata to your own infrastructure.
** (Ukranian) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROuOz8gxMoU The Role of Wikidata in the development of the Crimean Tatar Wikipedia]. This talk discusses how Wikidata has been used to support populating a small language Wikipedia with content.
** (Portuguese) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Gw0Wdh6CNQ Mapping etymology on OpenStreetMaps with Wikidata] Tiago Lubjana demonstrates how to map etymology in OpenStreetMaps with Wikidata, using the streets of the [[d:Q971299|Butantanã Institute]] as an example.
* Podcasts: Between The Brackets Episode 173: [https://betweenthebrackets.libsyn.com/episode-173-adam-shorland-tom-arrow-and-ollie-hyde Adam Shorland, Tom Arrow and Ollie Hyde]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://rstockm.github.io/fedipol/index.html Fedipol] (Fediverse Activity Tracker) is a Wikidata-based tool used for tracking activity and analyzing accounts related to German political parties, institutions, and instances on the Fediverse.
* [https://openrefine.org/blog/2025/02/13/version-3-9-0 OpenRefine 3.9.0 was released]

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/N4RKFU6DYVJFJ3PIS3PEGKH7YJSRLRVJ/ Call for Projects and Mentors for Outreachy Round 30 is open!] The deadline to submit projects on the Outreachy website is March 4, 2025 at 4pm UTC and the project list will be finalized by March 14, 2025.

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13282|land acknowledgement]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;acknowledgement of indigenous or native people who live and whose ancestors lived at a location&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13296|study or design for this work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;preliminary work for this finished work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13283|Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID]], [[:d:Property:P13284|ESPN.com football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13285|WPBSA.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13286|World Snooker Tour tournament ID]], [[:d:Property:P13287|Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID]], [[:d:Property:P13288|EJU judoka ID]], [[:d:Property:P13289|Yandex Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13290|Video Game History Foundation Library agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P13291|Video Game History Foundation Library subject ID]], [[:d:Property:P13292|Video Game History Foundation Library resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13293|Toonopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13294|PlaymakerStats season ID]], [[:d:Property:P13295|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Property:P13297|El Watan topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13298|BGSU Historical Collections of the Great Lakes entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13299|‎CPC Zone game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13300|New York Post topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13301|National Trust Heritage Records ID]], [[:d:Property:P13302|Records of Early English Drama ID]], [[:d:Property:P13303|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13304|PWBA.com player ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The College of Cardinals Report|The College of Cardinals Report]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ID of the person on the The College of Cardinals Report website&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nation Ranking (secondary)|Nation Ranking (secondary)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Nation Ranking (primary)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Peh-oe-ji|Peh-oe-ji]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;writing system for {{Q|36778|Taiwan Taigi}} or other {{Q|36495}} language varieties in Fujian and South East Asia.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwanese Taigi Romanization System|Taiwanese Taigi Romanization System]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;romanization system for {{Q|36778|Taiwan Taigi}} or other {{Q|36495}} language varieties in Fujian and South East Asia.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/leader of organization|leader of organization]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;This property identifies the top executive leader of an organization, regardless of the specific title used by the organization.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Gallery ID|National Gallery ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SteamDB developer ID|SteamDB developer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Steam Group ID|Steam Group ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne dans le Dictionnaire de la déportation gardoise|Identifiant d'une personne dans le Dictionnaire de la déportation gardoise]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital Scriptorium Catalog item ID|Digital Scriptorium Catalog item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DRTV IDs|DRTV IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cultural Heritage Online (Japan) special ID|Cultural Heritage Online (Japan) special ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hiking Note plant identifier|Hiking Note plant identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personnalité sur Calindex|Identifiant d'une personnalité sur Calindex]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur Calindex|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur Calindex]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant dans le dictionnaire de la BnF|Identifiant dans le dictionnaire de la BnF]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Atlantic topic ID|The Atlantic topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kulturenvanteri place ID|Kulturenvanteri place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Global Energy Monitor Wiki ID|Global Energy Monitor Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VGC IDs|VGC IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Audiomack artist-ID|Audiomack artist-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Audiomack album-ID|Audiomack album-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Audiomack sang-ID|Audiomack sang-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikishire Page ID|Wikishire Page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kulturdatenbank-ID|Kulturdatenbank-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TERMDAT ID|TERMDAT ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database ID|United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Homosaurus ID (V4)|Homosaurus ID (V4)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRIS UNIL author ID|IRIS UNIL author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kantonsspital St.Gallen Author ID|Kantonsspital St.Gallen Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Platform for Taiwan Religion and Folk Culture ID|Platform for Taiwan Religion and Folk Culture ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Big Finish Release ID|Big Finish Release ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TermTerm UUID|TermTerm UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FU-Lexikon ID|FU-Lexikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Miraheze wiki ID|Miraheze wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurobasket.com club ID|Eurobasket.com club ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/domain name|domain name]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/CweX What tropical cyclones have hit Indonesia?] ([https://x.com/4sqa/status/1887868955102228579 source])
** [https://w.wiki/6CBD Cheeses named after towns]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q183529|Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex (Q183529)]] - stadium in Kyiv, Ukraine
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L39182|hacer (L39182)]] - Spanish verb that can mean &quot;do&quot;, &quot;create&quot;, &quot;pretend&quot; or &quot;play a role&quot;.

''' Development '''
* Search: We are continuing the work on the improved search that lets you limit your search more easily to other entity types besides Items like Lexemes and Properties ([[phab:T321543]])
* RDF: We are working on aligning the RDF export to the Query Service prefixes ([[phab:T384344]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Cuba|Cuba]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 17|Read the full report]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 10|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:11, 17 පෙබරවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28241170 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #668 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-02-24. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 17|#667]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/MatSuBot_10|MatSuBot_10]] - Task(s): Import aliases from [[d:Property:P2521|Female form of Label (P2521)]] and [[d:Property:P3321|Male form of Label(P3321)]].
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Trainers|Certify the Wikidata trainers?]] - Initially discussed in [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Should_we_certify_Wikidata_trainers?|Project Chat]], this RfC looks to establish a clear community-endorsed policy on how Wikidata Trainers can be appropriately certified and their skills demonstrated and recognized.

''' Events ''' 
* Ongoing events: Data Reuse Days, until February 28th: [[d:Event:Data_Reuse_Days_2025#Sessions|watch the sessions that you missed and check the program for this week]].
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Events/International Mother Language Day 2025 Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2025 Datathon]] - online event by [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India|WikiProject India]] from 21-28 February 2025.
** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #74 March 10 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at Taipei {{Q|61752245}}
* Past:
** [[:m:Wikisource Conference 2025/Submissions/Wikidata and Bangla Wikisource: When two cool kids play together!|Wikidata and Bangla Wikisource: When two cool kids play together!]] at [[:m:Wikisource Conference 2025|Wikisource Conference 2025]]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHqyRynWGvQ Wiki Movimento Brasil unveil QuickStatements 3.0] - A livetsreamed workshop showcasing the latest version of QuickStatements. Discover the new features implemented based on community research.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Videos:
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmHhcBIFQAM Live Wikidata Editing] - User:Ainali and User:Abbe98 return for a Wikidata live edit session for Data Reuse Days.
** (Czech) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TMYlp9NlMU Wikibase as a tool for database operation in a memory institution] Linda Jansová presents this session on Wikibase (first streamed 9 November, 2024) at the 13th Wikiconference 2024, hosted by WM Česká republika.
* Podcasts: [https://creators.spotify.com/pod/show/civichackerpodcast/episodes/Using-Wikidata-to-Connect-Constituents-With-Their-Government-e1or922/a-a963q1t Using Wikidata to connect constituents with their government] - User:Ainali (Co-founder of ''Wikimedians for Sustainable Development'' discusses their knowledge about Wikidata and how it underpins [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory|Govdirectory]], their vision for the future impact of Wikidata.

''' Tool of the week '''
* The [https://github.com/WikiEducationFoundation/wikidata-diff-analyzer WikidataDiffAnalyzer] is a Ruby gem designed to parse and analyze differences between Wikidata revisions, providing detailed statistics on changes to claims, labels, descriptions, aliases, site links, and more, while also supporting analysis of merges, redirects, and other edit types.
* [https://rstockm.github.io/fedipol/index.html German Political parties and politicians tracked on the Fediverse] - Powered by Wikidata, this Fediverse tracker aggregates social media links to official channels of German politicians. ([https://chaos.social/@rstockm/113982039705706466 toot])

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' 
* [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/53795746/Senior-UX-Designer-Wikidata-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=191749381&amp;l=en Job Vacancy: Senior UX Designer for Wikidata] - If you have a passion for UX design and open and free knowledge, please consider applying!
* [Wikibase] [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibaseug@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YCM3S7ZOJL6JL3BFHOM4ILWQ4PDR42LW/ Bug Fixes: Wikibase Suite Deploy 1.0.2, 3.0.4, Wikibase 1.0.2, 3.0.3]

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13308|software used for creation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;software that was used to create this media or work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13318|mode of reproduction]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13326|Toki Pona headnoun]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Toki Pona common noun for which the name serves as a proper modifier&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13304|PWBA.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13305|IATI organisation ID]], [[:d:Property:P13306|Oorlogsbronnen ID]], [[:d:Property:P13307|DIF historia player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13309|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Property:P13310|critify.de game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13311|Digital Scriptorium Catalog item ID]], [[:d:Property:P13312|Patristic Text Archive author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13313|Patristic Text Archive work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13314|Patristic Text Archive manuscript ID]], [[:d:Property:P13315|Patristic Text Archive person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13316|Patristic Text Archive organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13317|The New Yorker topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13319|CriticDB author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13320|Rate Your Music music video ID]], [[:d:Property:P13321|Eurosport person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13322|Soccerbase season ID]], [[:d:Property:P13323|nesdb.se game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13324|Albin Michel author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13325|National Gallery ID]], [[:d:Property:P13327|Wine AppDB ID developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P13328|Brussels Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Property:P13329|Brussels Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Date filed|Date filed]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Filing date for a document, e.g. a patent or court case. Alternative names include &lt;code&gt;date submitted&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;submission date&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;filing date&lt;/code&gt;, etc. These are all distinct from dates of issuance, granting, acceptance, publication, etc. that are public-facing and have to do with the last stage in a publication process. Searches for [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?search=date+filed&amp;title=Special:Search&amp;profile=advanced&amp;fulltext=1&amp;ns120=1 similar] terms yielded [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=filing&amp;ns120=1&amp;fulltext=Search+for+a+property&amp;fulltext=Search no results], so apologies if this is redundant.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/API documentation|API documentation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;API documentation URL&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID|Euronews topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NES Directory game ID|NES Directory game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Friends of Friendless Churches ID|Friends of Friendless Churches ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bane NOR station ID|Bane NOR station ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Meine Abgeordneten ID|Meine Abgeordneten ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikidot article ID|Wikidot article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Breitbart tag ID|Breitbart tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SMB-digital asset ID|SMB-digital asset ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Authority control/Korean National Species list ID|Authority control/Korean National Species list ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FMJD person ID|FMJD person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KNDB person ID|KNDB person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Radiomuseum.org vacuum tube transitor ID|Radiomuseum.org vacuum tube transitor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lenape Talking Dictionary ID|Lenape Talking Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thinky Games database game ID|Thinky Games database game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopædia Universalis index ID|Encyclopædia Universalis index ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archives in Bavaria ID|Archives in Bavaria ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CBFC record ID|CBFC record ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/DBhe Show missing alias when they exist as another gendered form]
** [https://w.wiki/DACK Items with Human Settlement, but lack a Country]
** [https://w.wiki/DByA Image gallery of works by William Hogarth] [[:d:User:MartinPoulter/queries/collections#Works_of_William_Hogarth_by_collection|(source)]]
** [https://w.wiki/DC7Q Objects in Sri Lanka] (differentiated by different color icons) ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Generating_a_list_of_subjects_for_a_photo_project|source]])
** [https://query-chest.toolforge.org/redirect/O3WoHEep4y0uC2cwkYkIq8WOIQKqEEqo6IkmAkUAEa8 Find a certain edit summary in page history] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Find_a_certain_edit_summary_in_page_history|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Wiki-PR Puerto Rican Cultural Heritage|Puerto Rican Cultural Heritage]] - serves as a central hub for various initiatives highlighting Puerto Ricans and Puerto Rican culture in Wikidata
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/Federation_report|SPARQL: Federation report]] - Check the status of different SPARQL endpoints.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q466611|The Incredible Hulk (Q466611)]] -  2008 superhero film directed by Louis Leterrier
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L743600|år (L743600)]] - Nynorsk noun that can mean &quot;a vein&quot;, &quot;road&quot;, &quot;talent&quot;, &quot;an ore&quot;, &quot;insect wing part&quot; or &quot;small stripe with a different colour from its surroundings.&quot;

''' Development '''
* Hosting the Data Reuse Days
* Wikibase REST API: We are continuing the work on a search endpoint for the API ([[phab:T383126]])
* Search: We are continuing to work on the search field that lets you search other entity types as well and not just Items ([[phab:T321543]]
* Mobile editing: We are designing prototypes for first testing sessions

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Uganda|Uganda]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''' · [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 24|Read the full report]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 17|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] ·  [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:59, 24 පෙබරවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28298643 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #669 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-03-03. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 24|#668]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Other: Email Chain [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JPY7EHO7ANRYAY7ATDZ6GR3NT2VWCU22/ &quot;Elephant in the room&quot;] - discussing the large number of Wikidata Items lacking Statements, Sitelinks or Labels/Descriptions.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** All the information you need to start working on your [[wikimania:2025:Program|Wikimania 2025 program]] submissions is now available on the Wiki. Deadline: March 31 st, Anywhere on Earth.
** New Wikidata Event! The upcoming [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|&quot;Wikidata and Sister Projects&quot;]] event (May 29–June 1) is looking for speakers to share how Wikidata connects with other Wikimedia projects - if you are interested, request more info or [[d:Event_talk:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|submit your session idea here]].
** New Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group project series session on Tuesday, March 4, 2025 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1741107600 Time Zone Converter] Eric Willey will be facilitating a series of four sessions focused on starting a Wikidata project from the foundation up at your institution. The third session will focus on making the most of your time and work. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/Starting_A_Wikidata_Project#Session_3_(March_4)_-_Making_the_Most_of_Your_Time_and_Work|Event page]].
** [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/wikidata-and-wikibase-curriculum-transformation-in-the-digital-humanities-tickets-1247440079859 Wikidata and Wikibase - Curriculum Transformation in the Digital Humanities] - Join for 4 free talks showcasing how linked open data can support teaching, research and collections. March 5, 1500 - 1700 GMT (UTC-0).
** [[m:Wiki_Workshop_2025/Call_for_Papers|Wiki Workshop 2025 CfP - Call for Papers]] (Submission deadline: March 9)
** [[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikidata Taiwan/Open Data Day Taiwan 2025|Open Data Day Taiwan 2025]] March 9 Time: 09:30-17:30 UTC+8 at Taipei [[d:Q122750631|Humanities Building (Q122750631)]]
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/U752LT3K7ZRDD6WLBB6T4IJSGH3LVQSE/ Wiki Mentor Africa (WMA) Hackathon 2025 - Registration &amp; Scholarship Now Open]. Date: 28th - 30th March 2025. Who Can Participate? African developers, Wikimedia contributors, and anyone interested in Wikimedia projects.
* Ongoing:
** [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]] - annual global contest aimed at documenting and sharing the diverse customs and traditions observed during the month of Ramadan. Date: 25 February 2025 – 16 April 2025. Register [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|here]]!
** Items with [[d:Property:P31|P31 (instance of)]] = human settlement without a country has dropped from 7600 to below 4600 Items. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/SNG4X263GJBGFNKY5LX2WDD7KU3IICQI/ You can help to get it even lower].
** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Events/Open Data Days 2025/Datathon|Wikidata &amp; OpenStreetMap Datathon &amp; Mapathon as part of International Open Data Day 2025]] from 1st - 15th March 2025 by [[d:Q11037573|WikiProject India (Q11037573)]].
* Past events: Data Reuse Days 2025: you can [[d:Event:Data_Reuse_Days_2025#Sessions|watch the sessions that you missed]] at your own pace.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2025/feb/24/uk-universities-educate-the-most-national-leaders-globally-analysis-shows UK universities educate the most national leaders globally], analysis (based on Wikidata) shows. By The Guardian
** Two Wikimedians-in-Residence appointed to increase Maltese literature representation on Wikipedia and Wikidata [https://timesofmalta.com/article/national-book-council-appoints-wikimediansinresidence.1105754 Times of Malta]
* Videos
** (French) PasseGares: Bug fixes and data imports from Wikidata [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNhmxBAryys YouTube]
** Adding Wikidata label and descriptions, from the Wali Language Art+Feminism Editathon (Ghana 2025)  [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Il7trmWUXv0 YouTube]
** Workshop showcasing QuickStatements 3.0! Learn how this updated tool streamlines your workflow and discover  new features. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHqyRynWGvQ YouTube]
** Contributing to Wikidata 101, a series of demonstrations organised by WM Community UG Uganda [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Zo8Z3_vqvM Part 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c59Z2tpEsuU Part 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTWs5fCyok8 Part 3]
** Optimize SPARQL queries to avoid timeouts: Efficiently count entities sharing values [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksj8n4IyOqQ YouTube]
** Data Reuse Days [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejMPb2P_3XWnLH4K14f7wGRd playlist] and live-editing session with User:Ainali and User:Abbe98 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoRjMUP95x4 YouTube]
** LUDAP: Shared authority file for Luxembourg's Scientific and Cultural Heritage, with Wikibase [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpwdTwteY5w YouTube]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[m:QuickStatements 3.0|QuickStatements 3.0]] - new version of the original QuickStatements with enhanced functionality, performance, and user experience.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/GQ5FOALWYP6P6JXBPDQNC4RZPIPZ5VDZ/ On March 17, Vector 2022 will become the default skin on Wikidata]
* Jobs
** Senior UX Designer for Wikidata - [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/53795746/Senior-UX-Designer-Wikidata-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=191749381&amp;l=en Apply online]
** Product Manager for Wikibase Suite - [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/53665453/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=190245769&amp;l=en Apply online]

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P13338|thesis submitted for degree]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the academic degree for which a thesis or dissertation is submitted&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13330|Korean National Species list ID]], [[:d:Property:P13331|NES Directory game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13332|Miraheze wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P13333|Global Energy Monitor Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P13334|FU-Lexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P13335|MACM artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P13336|Hiking Note chalet identifier]], [[:d:Property:P13337|domain name]], [[:d:Property:P13339|‎TechRaptor game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13340|‎TechRaptor company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13341|‎TechRaptor genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13342|Sanzhi Dargwa dictionary ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/copy present in institution|copy present in institution]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;copy present in institution&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/single extrait de l'album|single extrait de l'album]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;indicates the album from which the item is taken&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HelloAsso organization ID|HelloAsso organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/europlayers.com club ID|europlayers.com club ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/eLIBRARY Document Number|eLIBRARY Document Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LIBRIS Library ID|LIBRIS Library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/parlament.fyi person ID|parlament.fyi person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Embryo Project Encyclopedia ID|Embryo Project Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/factordb id|factordb id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yukon Register of Historic Places ID|Yukon Register of Historic Places ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Our Campaigns container ID|Our Campaigns container ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of Islam (glossary and index of terms) ID|Encyclopaedia of Islam (glossary and index of terms) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/badmintoncn.com star ID|badmintoncn.com star ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Input Database ID|Game Input Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Historia Hispánica ID|Historia Hispánica ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coasterpedia ID|Coasterpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Captain Coaster coaster ID|Captain Coaster coaster ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Captain Coaster park ID|Captain Coaster park ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dark Ride Database IDs|Dark Ride Database IDs]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/DE5f Map of Birthplace of Polish Nationals, born after 1900 who have an article on Polish Wikipedia]
** [https://w.wiki/DGqj Items with no Statement or Sitelinks] - You can help by expanding these Items!
** [https://w.wiki/DH2r Showcase lexemes and their language/lexical category] ([https://t.me/c/1325756915/35747 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Climate Change/Policies|Climate Change Policies]] - aims to model policies related to Climate change on Wikidata.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Most linked category items|Most linked category Items]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q383541|Basshunter (Q383541)]] - Swedish singer, record producer, and DJ
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L7347|baguette (L7347)]] - French noun that can mean &quot;elongated type of bread loaf&quot;, &quot;elongated type of bread loaf&quot;, &quot;conductor's baton&quot;, &quot;chopsticks&quot;, &quot;drum sticks&quot; or &quot;magic wand&quot;.

''' Development '''
* Wikibase REST API: We are continuing the work on the simple Item search ([[phab:T383126]])
* Dumps: We fixed an issue that prevented the dumps from being generated ([[phab:T386401]])
* Search: We are continuing to work on the search UI that will let you search not just Items but also other entity types ([[phab:T321543]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Australia|Australia]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 03|Read the full report]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 24|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:27, 3 මාර්තු 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28317525 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #670 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-03-10. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 03|#669]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: [https://www.unifi.it/it/eventi/incontro-donne-toscane-wikidata-laboratorio-di-inserimento-dati-una-memoria-condivisa Tuscan Women &amp; Wikidata] - data entry lab for shared memory, 5 March.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://blog.wikimedia.de/2025/03/03/data-reuse-days-2025/ WMDE Blog - Highlights of Data Reuse Days]: The post showcases 3 excellent apps: WikiFlix (public domain full-length films), KDE Itinerary (travel assistant app) and Scribe Keyboard (easier writing in secondary languages). These are just some of the applications built using Wikidata; check out more at the [[d:Event:Data_Reuse_Days_2025|Data Reuse Days]] pages.
** (German) [https://blog.wikimedia.de/2025/03/05/digitale-stolpersteine/ Digital Stumbling Blocks – How the Wiki Community Drives Remembrance Culture]: User:Cookroach highlights the efforts of Wikimedians across projects (Wikidata, Wikipedia, Commons) to digitally document the [[w:Stolperstein|Stolpersteine]], brass-plaques laid to commemorate victims of the National Socialism.
** (German) [https://dhistory.hypotheses.org/9858 Digital History Berlin: Field research with LOD] - a write-up of the methods, experiences data-model and SPARQl queries of the field research conducted as part of the [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Field_Survey_Digital_Humanities_/_Digital_History|WikiProject: Field Survey Digital Humanities]].
** (Italian) [https://www.sc-politiche.unifi.it/art-1343-progetto-wikipedia-e-wikidata-per-la-cesare-alfieri.html# Wikipedia &amp; Wikidata project for Cesare Alfieri] - an introduction to the project to expand articles and data of the archives of Cesare Alfieri University of Florence.
** [https://semlab.io/blog/communicating-ontology Communicating Ontology: Technical approaches for facilitating use of our Wikibase data] (Semantic Lab at Pratt Institute)

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://github.com/acrion/zelph zelph]: A new tool for detecting logical contradictions and making inferences in Wikidata, using a rule-based system to improve data quality and derive new facts. Check it out on GitHub or explore results on the [https://zelph.org/ project website].
* New Tool for Women’s Day: [https://scheherazade-temp.toolforge.org/ Scheherazade] identifies women without articles in your Wikipedia but present in many others, helping editors prioritize creating missing biographies.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wiki-research-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZX63E4GPQC6ZQBKGLI7XJUANKT6KOKHE/ Wikimedia Research Fund had launched]. You're encourage to submit proposals around Wikidata. The deadline to submit your proposal is April 16, 2025.
* The 4th iteration of the [[d:Wikidata:Open Online Course|Wikidata:Open Online Course]] will begin from March 17 until April 30. Whether you're a beginner taking your first steps, an individual in need of a refresher on Wikidata concepts, or a seasoned trainer looking to level up your skills - this course is right for you.

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P13351|model number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for a product model&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13353|provides data for property]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;dataset associated with this external ID usually contains data applicable to this other Wikidata property&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13359|items classified]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;class of items that this classification system classifies&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13360|presented works]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;works of art or creative works performed, displayed or presented at a given event&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13361|number of goals scored in penalty shootouts]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;total number of goals scored by a team in a penalty shootout&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13343|‎Thinky Games game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13344|Lenape Talking Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13345|Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (X-Boorman) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13346|LEMAC ID]], [[:d:Property:P13347|Bane NOR station ID]], [[:d:Property:P13348|Sutian entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13349|Platform for Taiwan Religion and Folk Culture ID]], [[:d:Property:P13350|Meine Abgeordneten ID]], [[:d:Property:P13352|Hiking Note plant ID]], [[:d:Property:P13354|VGC game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13355|VGC company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13356|VGC people ID]], [[:d:Property:P13357|Archives in Bavaria ID]], [[:d:Property:P13358|VGC theme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13362|‎Steam group ID]], [[:d:Property:P13363|AllGame game ID (archived)]]
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/kigo of|kigo of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the season the sense denotes in haiku in Japanese&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised score|Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised score]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;score that the subject have received on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised psychological assessment tool as administered by a suitably qualified and experienced clinician under scientifically controlled and licensed conditions, standardized conditions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological site (Japan) ID|Archaeological site (Japan) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hmong Studies Citations ID|Hmong Studies Citations ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GitLab topic|GitLab topic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Christchurch City Council Park ID|Christchurch City Council Park ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Clio-online researcher ID|Clio-online researcher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Clio-online web resource ID|Clio-online web resource ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Clio-online organization ID|Clio-online organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Congress.gov committee ID|Congress.gov committee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AGORHA ID|AGORHA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Crunchyroll artist ID|Crunchyroll artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ZOOM Platform product ID|ZOOM Platform product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GCMD keyword ID|GCMD keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KnowWhereGraph entity ID|KnowWhereGraph entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VejinBooks author ID|VejinBooks author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SteamDB tech ID|SteamDB tech ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Cartofaf d'une organisation|Identifiant Cartofaf d'une organisation]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Saarland Biografien ID|Saarland Biografien ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Murderpedia ID|Murderpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Big Fish Games game ID|Big Fish Games game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danskefilmstemmer.dk work ID|Danskefilmstemmer.dk work ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/DHxF Obscure units of measurement and where to find them]
** [https://w.wiki/DNQ7 Female scientists with most number of sitelinks] (but not English Wikipedia)
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject AncientCoinsAndModernMedals|AncientCoinsAndModernMedals]]
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Biology/List_of_mushrooms|WikiProject Biology: List of Mushrooms]] - revived by [[d:User:Prototyperspective|User:Prototyperspective]], help catalogue all known fungal friends, and join the subreddit (for all Wikidata topics): r/WData
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Police Stations|India/Police Stations]]
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Software/List of free software without an image set|List of free software without an image set]] - This is a table of Wikidata items about a free software missing an image.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q18406872|Doctor Strange (Q18406872)]] - 2016 film directed by Scott Derrickson 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L476372|felle (L476372)]] - Bokmål verb that can mean &quot;to make something fall&quot;, &quot;to kill&quot;, &quot;to force a resignation&quot;, &quot;to prove guilt&quot;, &quot;to let lose&quot;, &quot;to announce&quot; or &quot;to join.&quot;

''' Development '''
* Search: The search team at the WMF has added a new search keyword for Lexemes. You can use the keyword &quot;inlanguage:en&quot; or &quot;inlanguage:Q1860&quot; to limit your search to Lexemes with Lexeme language English and so on. Here is an example search for &quot;bank&quot; within English Lexemes: https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?search=L%3Abank+inlanguage%3Aen ([[phab:T271776]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''·  [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 10|Read the full report]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 03|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:02, 10 මාර්තු 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28349310 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #671 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-03-17. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 10|#670]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Deprecate_P642|Time to deprecate P642]] - [[d:Property:P642|of (P642)]] has spent 3 years marked as''deprecated''. Is it time to finally mark it as an [[d:Q18644427|obsolete Wikidata property(Q18644427)]]? 

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EDXCS7QM3QYJBORQUKBJ3NTIDUYIZSKU/ Call for Wikimania 2025 Programme reviewers]. Apply until Monday 17 March 12:00 UTC
** Wikidata Affinity Group Update: The fourth session of Starting a Wikidata Project, originally set for March 18, will now be an asynchronous Slack discussion in the #wikidata channel of the LD4 Slack Space. Join us at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742313600 9am PT / 16:00 UTC] to discuss Reporting Your Outcomes and Results. Join Slack [https://join.slack.com/t/ld4/shared_invite/zt-31379okvn-8IVWvbCZerKnN352sKCa2g here]. Note: April programming will pause as we prepare the next series.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [[d:outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Poland report|Training for the staff of the Museum of Photography in Krakow on Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata]] - &quot;The training aimed to enable the MuFo staff to effectively navigate and develop skills in editing and managing the museum's digital resources within the Wikimedia projects.&quot;
** (German) [https://temporaerhaus.de/tag/wikimedia/ Wikipedia Unterwegs - this time in Neu-Ulm]: This travelling community meetup for German Wikimedians discusses the growing ecosystem of Wikipedia, Wikidata and Commons.
** [http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/757 REST in Rust] by Magnus: &quot;A new Rust crate has been developed to simplify access to the Wikibase REST API, featuring industry-level coding standards, 248 unit tests, &gt;97% code coverage, and high maintainability. Check out the GitHub repo and contribute via the issue tracker or pull requests!&quot;
* Videos
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibase-cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2MZ7O26YWZDLNDUU5YKW3RKQHRKR6D5C/ Useful videos that explain how to set up/make use of Wikibases]. Put together by Valerie
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uk7Lfr9mAAk&amp;pp=ygUIV2lraWJhc2U%3D Wikidata and Wikibase - Curriculum Transformation in the Digital Humanities]
** (Chinese) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IT_dl08DMA Open Data Day Taiwan 2025]: more details and program agenda on the [[m:Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikidata_Taiwan/Open_Data_Day_Taiwan_2025|Wikimedia Taiwan Meta Event]] page
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQneCQUk9d8 Wikidata as an Open Data Resource]: Ian Watt at Open Source SG
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRY2mtj1MFY Bridging GLAM and Wiki: The Khalili Perspective]: Dr. Martin Poulter, WiR at Khalili Foundation.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://www.expeditia.info/ Research Expeditions on Wikidata with itineraries]  - Visualization tool for research expeditions itineraries and natural history collections.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* An [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata-tech@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KDZXE3S57G34WUHHB4R5DTQ4RLOZKLCY/ update regarding the WDQS backend] has been published, about the adoption of the new endpoints and the next steps that will take place.
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/A6OR2H5UHG6CNDE4LHIXBX4KAVK2KLKZ/ Call for Projects – Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon 2025]. Do you have a technical project that needs contributions? Or a testing initiative that could use more hands? Submit a project BY 21st March 2025.
* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Embedding_Project The Wikidata Vector Database] prototype is almost ready! Developers interested in integrating semantic search into their applications and editors looking to explore Wikidata items using natural language search are invited to reach out for more details: philippe.saade{{@}}wikimedia.de
* Join the Wikimedia Deutschland software development team: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/53665453/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=198705093&amp;l=en Product Manager Wikibase Suite] (all genders)

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P13380|OAI formatter]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;formatter to generate ID compatible with Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting services&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13381|AI-generation prompt]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;exact prompt that was used to generate this AI-generated media or work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13391|data analysis method]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;methods used in the main item for inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13364|Wikishire article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13365|HelloAsso organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13366|Dictionnaire de la déportation gardoise person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13367|Graceful17 entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13368|‎Game Input Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13369|DRTV ID]], [[:d:Property:P13370|Calindex person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13371|Historia Hispánica ID]], [[:d:Property:P13372|‎TERMDAT ID]], [[:d:Property:P13373|Kulturdatenbank ID]], [[:d:Property:P13374|DDLC entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13375|Chinese Basketball Association player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13376|‎Captain Coaster coaster ID]], [[:d:Property:P13377|Memoria Chilena ID]], [[:d:Property:P13378|Jamendo track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13379|MikuWiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13382|‎ZOOM Platform product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13383|Clio-online researcher ID]], [[:d:Property:P13384|Clio-online organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13385|‎SteamDB tech ID]], [[:d:Property:P13386|‎Big Fish Games game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13387|Clio-online web resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13388|Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Property:P13389|Newsweek topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13390|booru tag]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/watercraft prefix|watercraft prefix]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;prefix applied to watercraft operated by different organisations&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/accused|accused]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person or organization who has been accused of carrying out this harmful, illegal, or immoral act without having received a criminal conviction or where the accused have been acquitted in a court of law&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/applies to volume|applies to volume]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;volume of the item (usually edition of a work) to which the claim applies&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/oxygen endurance|oxygen endurance]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The maximum time a submarine, spacecraft or enclosed vehicle can sustain life using its onboard oxygen supply.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coefficient of thermal expansion|Coefficient of thermal expansion]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fracture toughness|fracture toughness]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danskefilmstemmer.dk work ID|Danskefilmstemmer.dk work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danskefilmstemmer.dk character ID|Danskefilmstemmer.dk character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet-Portal „Westfälische Geschichte“ person ID|Internet-Portal „Westfälische Geschichte“ person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kosovo NGO registration number|Kosovo NGO registration number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yale LUX ID|Yale LUX ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/geraldika.ru symbol ID|geraldika.ru symbol ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swimcloud swimmer ID|Swimcloud swimmer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CACI company ID|CACI company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VD 16 ID|VD 16 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Higher Education Database ID|World Higher Education Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Qur'an Wiki article ID|Qur'an Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JSIC code|JSIC code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Macrotransactions game ID|Macrotransactions game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Landtag Tirol person ID|Landtag Tirol person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NexusMods mod ID|NexusMods mod ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thunderstore game ID|Thunderstore game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideQuest app ID|SideQuest app ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IndExs Exsiccata ID|IndExs Exsiccata ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Academy of Engineering member ID|National Academy of Engineering member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DGO ID|DGO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain ID|The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Audiovisual Identity Database page|Audiovisual Identity Database page]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of Islam (Arabic edition) ID|Encyclopaedia of Islam (Arabic edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rodovid family ID|Rodovid family ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cultural Heritage Azerbaijan ID|Cultural Heritage Azerbaijan ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zurich Kantonsrat and Regierungsrat member ID|Zurich Kantonsrat and Regierungsrat member ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/D4EV Location of fire stations in Spain] ([https://x.com/angelobregons/status/1889979376768614743 source])
** [https://w.wiki/DTc9 Oldest known individual per taxon] (pre-20th century) ([https://wikis.world/@WikidataFacts@mastodon.social/114173501080142856 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject AncientMaths|AncientMaths]]
* WikiProject Highlights: New country page for [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations/Poland|Poland]] in [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations|WikiProject Nonprofit Organizations]], and on [https://cividata.org/en/poland/ cividata.org]. Help expanding it!
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/DQWP German lexemes without forms divided by lexical category] ([https://t.me/c/1325756915/35931 source])
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q915|Perm (Q915)]] - city in Russia
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L298686|Knoten (L298686)]] - German noun that can mean &quot;knot&quot;, &quot;fundamental unit of which graphs (in graph theory) are formed&quot;, &quot;point where an orbit crosses a plane of reference to which it is inclined&quot;, or &quot;hair wrapped in a circular coil around itself (bun).&quot;

''' Development '''
* Wikibase REST API: We continued the work on adding search to the API ([[phab:T383126]])
* Search: We are continuing the work on making it easier to search for entities other than Items in the search box ([[phab:T338483]])
* Query Service: We set up the constraint checks to use the split graph instead of the full graph ([[phab:T374021]])
* Integration in the other Wikimedia projects: We are looking into how changes from Wikidata are represented on the other Wikimedia projects and how that can be improved ([[phab:T386200]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 17|Read the full report]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 10|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:55, 17 මාර්තු 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28385923 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #672 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-03-17. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 10|#670]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Deprecate_P642|Time to deprecate P642]] - [[d:Property:P642|of (P642)]] has spent 3 years marked as''deprecated''. Is it time to finally mark it as an [[d:Q18644427|obsolete Wikidata property(Q18644427)]]? 

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EDXCS7QM3QYJBORQUKBJ3NTIDUYIZSKU/ Call for Wikimania 2025 Programme reviewers]. Apply until Monday 17 March 12:00 UTC
** Wikidata Affinity Group Update: The fourth session of Starting a Wikidata Project, originally set for March 18, will now be an asynchronous Slack discussion in the #wikidata channel of the LD4 Slack Space. Join us at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742313600 9am PT / 16:00 UTC] to discuss Reporting Your Outcomes and Results. Join Slack [https://join.slack.com/t/ld4/shared_invite/zt-31379okvn-8IVWvbCZerKnN352sKCa2g here]. Note: April programming will pause as we prepare the next series.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [[d:outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Poland report|Training for the staff of the Museum of Photography in Krakow on Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata]] - &quot;The training aimed to enable the MuFo staff to effectively navigate and develop skills in editing and managing the museum's digital resources within the Wikimedia projects.&quot;
** (German) [https://temporaerhaus.de/tag/wikimedia/ Wikipedia Unterwegs - this time in Neu-Ulm]: This travelling community meetup for German Wikimedians discusses the growing ecosystem of Wikipedia, Wikidata and Commons.
** [http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/757 REST in Rust] by Magnus: &quot;A new Rust crate has been developed to simplify access to the Wikibase REST API, featuring industry-level coding standards, 248 unit tests, &gt;97% code coverage, and high maintainability. Check out the GitHub repo and contribute via the issue tracker or pull requests!&quot;
* Videos
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibase-cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2MZ7O26YWZDLNDUU5YKW3RKQHRKR6D5C/ Useful videos that explain how to set up/make use of Wikibases]. Put together by Valerie
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uk7Lfr9mAAk&amp;pp=ygUIV2lraWJhc2U%3D Wikidata and Wikibase - Curriculum Transformation in the Digital Humanities]
** (Chinese) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IT_dl08DMA Open Data Day Taiwan 2025]: more details and program agenda on the [[m:Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikidata_Taiwan/Open_Data_Day_Taiwan_2025|Wikimedia Taiwan Meta Event]] page
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQneCQUk9d8 Wikidata as an Open Data Resource]: Ian Watt at Open Source SG
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRY2mtj1MFY Bridging GLAM and Wiki: The Khalili Perspective]: Dr. Martin Poulter, WiR at Khalili Foundation.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://www.expeditia.info/ Research Expeditions on Wikidata with itineraries]  - Visualization tool for research expeditions itineraries and natural history collections.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* An [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata-tech@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KDZXE3S57G34WUHHB4R5DTQ4RLOZKLCY/ update regarding the WDQS backend] has been published, about the adoption of the new endpoints and the next steps that will take place.
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/A6OR2H5UHG6CNDE4LHIXBX4KAVK2KLKZ/ Call for Projects – Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon 2025]. Do you have a technical project that needs contributions? Or a testing initiative that could use more hands? Submit a project BY 21st March 2025.
* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Embedding_Project The Wikidata Vector Database] prototype is almost ready! Developers interested in integrating semantic search into their applications and editors looking to explore Wikidata items using natural language search are invited to reach out for more details: philippe.saade{{@}}wikimedia.de
* Join the Wikimedia Deutschland software development team: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.career.softgarden.de/jobs/53665453/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-all-genders-/ Product Manager Wikibase Suite] (all genders)

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
* Newest General datatypes: 
**[[:d:Property:P13380|OAI formatter]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;formatter to generate ID compatible with Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting services&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13381|AI-generation prompt]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;exact prompt that was used to generate this AI-generated media or work&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13391|data analysis method]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;methods used in the main item for inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13364|Wikishire article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13365|HelloAsso organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13366|Dictionnaire de la déportation gardoise person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13367|Graceful17 entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13368|‎Game Input Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13369|DRTV ID]], [[:d:Property:P13370|Calindex person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13371|Historia Hispánica ID]], [[:d:Property:P13372|‎TERMDAT ID]], [[:d:Property:P13373|Kulturdatenbank ID]], [[:d:Property:P13374|DDLC entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13375|Chinese Basketball Association player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13376|‎Captain Coaster coaster ID]], [[:d:Property:P13377|Memoria Chilena ID]], [[:d:Property:P13378|Jamendo track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13379|MikuWiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13382|‎ZOOM Platform product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13383|Clio-online researcher ID]], [[:d:Property:P13384|Clio-online organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13385|‎SteamDB tech ID]], [[:d:Property:P13386|‎Big Fish Games game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13387|Clio-online web resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13388|Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Property:P13389|Newsweek topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13390|booru tag]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review: 
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/watercraft prefix|watercraft prefix]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;prefix applied to watercraft operated by different organisations&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/accused|accused]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person or organization who has been accused of carrying out this harmful, illegal, or immoral act without having received a criminal conviction or where the accused have been acquitted in a court of law&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/applies to volume|applies to volume]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;volume of the item (usually edition of a work) to which the claim applies&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/oxygen endurance|oxygen endurance]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The maximum time a submarine, spacecraft or enclosed vehicle can sustain life using its onboard oxygen supply.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coefficient of thermal expansion|Coefficient of thermal expansion]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fracture toughness|fracture toughness]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danskefilmstemmer.dk work ID|Danskefilmstemmer.dk work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danskefilmstemmer.dk character ID|Danskefilmstemmer.dk character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet-Portal „Westfälische Geschichte“ person ID|Internet-Portal „Westfälische Geschichte“ person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kosovo NGO registration number|Kosovo NGO registration number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yale LUX ID|Yale LUX ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/geraldika.ru symbol ID|geraldika.ru symbol ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swimcloud swimmer ID|Swimcloud swimmer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CACI company ID|CACI company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VD 16 ID|VD 16 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Higher Education Database ID|World Higher Education Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Qur'an Wiki article ID|Qur'an Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JSIC code|JSIC code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Macrotransactions game ID|Macrotransactions game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Landtag Tirol person ID|Landtag Tirol person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NexusMods mod ID|NexusMods mod ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thunderstore game ID|Thunderstore game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideQuest app ID|SideQuest app ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IndExs Exsiccata ID|IndExs Exsiccata ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Academy of Engineering member ID|National Academy of Engineering member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DGO ID|DGO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain ID|The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Audiovisual Identity Database page|Audiovisual Identity Database page]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of Islam (Arabic edition) ID|Encyclopaedia of Islam (Arabic edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rodovid family ID|Rodovid family ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cultural Heritage Azerbaijan ID|Cultural Heritage Azerbaijan ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zurich Kantonsrat and Regierungsrat member ID|Zurich Kantonsrat and Regierungsrat member ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/D4EV Location of fire stations in Spain] ([https://x.com/angelobregons/status/1889979376768614743 source])
** [https://w.wiki/DTc9 Oldest known individual per taxon] (pre-20th century) ([https://wikis.world/@WikidataFacts@mastodon.social/114173501080142856 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject AncientMaths|AncientMaths]]
* WikiProject Highlights: New country page for [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations/Poland|Poland]] in [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations|WikiProject Nonprofit Organizations]], and on [https://cividata.org/en/poland/ cividata.org]. Help expanding it!
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/DQWP German lexemes without forms divided by lexical category] ([https://t.me/c/1325756915/35931 source])
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q915|Perm (Q915)]] - city in Russia
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L298686|Knoten (L298686)]] - German noun that can mean &quot;knot&quot;, &quot;fundamental unit of which graphs (in graph theory) are formed&quot;, &quot;point where an orbit crosses a plane of reference to which it is inclined&quot;, or &quot;hair wrapped in a circular coil around itself (bun).&quot;

''' Development '''
* Wikibase REST API: We continued the work on adding search to the API ([[phab:T383126]])
* Search: We are continuing the work on making it easier to search for entities other than Items in the search box ([[phab:T338483]])
* Query Service: We set up the constraint checks to use the split graph instead of the full graph ([[phab:T374021]])
* Integration in the other Wikimedia projects: We are looking into how changes from Wikidata are represented on the other Wikimedia projects and how that can be improved ([[phab:T386200]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''·   [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 10|Previous issue]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] ·'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28439177 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #672 (correct version!) ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-03-24. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 17|#671]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Discussions'''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/MsynABot (2025)|Request for admin flag for MsynBot]] - From 2021 through 2024, this bot has implemented the 2019 RfC “[[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/semi-protection to prevent vandalism on most used Items|semi-protection to prevent vandalism on most used Items]]” by maintaining page protections based on the outcome, [[d:Wikidata:Protection policy#Highly used items]]. The admin flag got lost due to bot inactivity but the bot operation could be resumed immediately if the admin flag is given back.

'''Events''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: 
** [[d:Event:AAFRennes2025|AAFRennes2025, 26-28 Mars 2025]]
** 5-6 April &amp; 12 April: [[d:Wikidata:Scholia/Events/Hackathon April 2025|Scholia Hackathon]]
** [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] to take place '''May 29 - June 1'''. Please send us your session ideas, we still have lots of space for proposals. This is a great chance to highlight the benefits of Wikidata use in other WM projects. See [[d:Event_talk:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Talk page]] for proposals.

'''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
* Blogs
** [https://professional.wiki/en/articles/wikibase-extensions Enhance Your Wikibase With Extensions]
** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/2025/03/21/editing-lexemes-with-your-little-finger/ Editing Lexemes with your little finger]
** [https://commonists.wordpress.com/2025/03/24/wikidata-and-the-sum-of-all-video-games-2024-edition/ Wikidata and the sum of all video games − 2024 edition] by [[User:Jean-Frédéric|Jean-Fred]]
* [https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1902026975210025181.html Thread: Who wins in a Wikipedia race between GPT-4.5, o1, Claude 3.7 Sonnet, and @OpenAI's new Computer-Using Agent?]

'''Tool of the week'''
* [[d:Wikidata:Lexica|Lexica]]  - a mobile-friendly tool that simplifies micro contributions to lexicographical data on Wikidata, making various editing tasks accessible and intuitive for contributors of all experience levels.

'''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
*[[d:Wikidata:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements | Mobile Editing of Statements]] - You have been asking for the ability to edit statements from mobile devices for years, this project will make editing statements on Wikidata Items more accessible and user-friendly for mobile users. [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/bo2e7e2a/apply Sign up to participate in prototype testing and interviews with our UX team]
*Join the Wikimedia Deutschland software development team: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.career.softgarden.de/jobs/53665453/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-all-genders-/ Product Manager Wikibase Suite] (all genders)

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P13391|data analysis method]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;methods used in the main item for inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13390|booru tag]], [[:d:Property:P13392|Steam Group numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P13393|Kompass company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13394|‎Macrotransactions game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13395|Thunderstore game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13396|‎JSR package ID]], [[:d:Property:P13397|‎GitLab topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13398|Amazon Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13399|Crunchyroll artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13400|SideQuest app ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/levels|levels]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;levels, maps, episodes, chapters or stages of this video game&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scilit scholar ID|Scilit scholar ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;author identifier on {{Q|77125337}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/وزن صرفي عربي|وزن صرفي عربي]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A feature to adjust the pattern of Arabic words in lexemes&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/باب صرفي للأفعال العربية الثلاثية المجردة|باب صرفي للأفعال العربية الثلاثية المجردة]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Morphology of the Arabic triliteral verbs&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/land degradation|land degradation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The amount of land that is degraded by an object. Mainly for infrastructure projects&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Research projects that contributed to this data set|Research projects that contributed to this data set]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;This property allows to identify research projects that they have contributed to or created an item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Platform height|Platform height]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;platform height above the top of the rail (or above the road for buses)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/extended by (addons for this item)|extended by (addons for this item)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Class of software this software is extended by&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Congressional Medal of Honor Society recipient ID|Congressional Medal of Honor Society recipient ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Delfi.ee theme ID|Delfi.ee theme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Dezède d'un individu|identifiant Dezède d'un individu]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SeqCode Registry ID|SeqCode Registry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Openalfa street ID|Openalfa street ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of Music entry ID|The Oxford Dictionary of Music entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Education entry ID|A Dictionary of Education entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TDKIV wikibase ID|TDKIV wikibase ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

'''Did you know?'''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/DZF7 2024 Population Census in Uganda] ([https://x.com/kateregga1/status/1900953102976512383 source])
* WikiProject Highlights:
**[[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal/Liste des artistes de la collection|Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal/Liste des artistes de la collection]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q15046091|Cinderella (Q15046091)]] - 2015 film directed by Kenneth Branagh
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L166968|страсть (L166968)]] - Russian noun that can mean &quot;love&quot;, &quot;passion&quot;, &quot;desire&quot;, or &quot;suffering.&quot;

'''Development'''
* Wikibase REST API: We finished work on the simple Item search ([[phab:T383126]]) and started on the one for Properties ([[phab:T386377]])
* Vector 2022 skin: We fixed a number of the remaining issues with dark mode ([[phab:T385039]]) and sitelink positioning ([[phab:T316797]])
* Search: We continued the work on making it easier to search in other entity types (Properties, Lexemes, EntitySchemas) besides Items ([[phab:T321543]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

'''Weekly Tasks'''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

Anything to add? Please share! :)

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''·   [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 10|Previous issue]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] ·'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28449306 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #673 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-04-01. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 24|#672]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Discussions'''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/BRPever_2|BRPever 2]] adminship request closes tomorrow.

'''Events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [https://www.mcls.org/news/2025/03/31/mclss-linked-data-users-group-invites-you-to-the-annual-wikidata-edit-a-thon-from-april-7-11-2025/ MCL's Linked Data Usergroup's Wikidata Edit-A-Thon] - The Midwest Collaborative for Library Services is hosting an editathon between April 7 - 11, 2025. This is an onsite event and only available to USA states: Indiana and Michigan.
** (German) [https://sammlungen.io/termine/digitale-provenienzforschung-in-universitaetssammlungen-werkstattberichte-im-sommersemester-2025/yann-legall Wikidata models on colonial looting and African cultural heritage] - June 4, 2025, 1300 UTC+2. This event will be presented in German.
** [https://www.instagram.com/wikimediauganda/p/DH3ZdaHxNo2/ Wikidata Training Workshop by WM Uganda] - on April 26, discover how Wikidata powers Wikipedia and beyond! [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScmrjO-SkG4Y1-O8G5I5dMH97PMQNaMWxJZN-kJHHSmouM-wQ/viewform Register here]

'''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
* Blogs
** [https://diginomica.com/wikidata-adds-ai-vectors-graph-and-knowledge-bases-heres-why Diginomica: Wikidata adds AI vectors graph and knowledge bases, here's why]
** [https://diginomica.com/something-weekend-differing-versions-reality-what-can-we-learn-how-wikidata-navigating-conflicting Diginomica: Differing versions of reality; how Wikidata navigates conflicting accounts]
* Papers
** [https://www.iastatedigitalpress.com/jlsc/article/id/18295/ The New Zealand Thesis Project: Connecting a nation’s dissertations using Wikidata]
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.10294v1 Wikipedia is Not a Dictionary, Delete! Text Classification as a Proxy for Analysing Wiki Deletion Discussions] - includes Wikidata.
* Presentations
** [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15109700 Using chemistry data in Wikidata in AI], at the [https://www.acs.org/meetings/acs-meetings/spring.html American Chemical Society Spring 2025] meeting
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVI4jwmRS64&amp;pp=ygUId2lraWRhdGE%3D Live Wikidata editing - creating Property proposals] with Jan Ainali.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvHVlK_3qJ8 Entity Management Cooperative meeting, with Wikidata]
** (Taiwanese) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTcKU2K-Vqw Seediq Wikimedia 2024 Annual Conference] - hosted by Wikidata Taiwan, here are the opening remarks by Principal Zhan Su'e's opening speech.
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ac7laU1WH7o Open translations in mathematics (Oxford Seminar)] - This presentation from Tim Osgood discusses the utility of mathematics for translations, a community-driven approach, and how Wikidata is contributing.
** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IDUzn5sC9g Socialisation: Literary Data in Bogota 2015 - 2020] - The Colombian Publishing Observatory of the Caro y Cuervo Institute presents &quot;Metadata Model for Independent Publishing in Bogotá&quot;, containing over 31,500 data points, all catalogued in Wikidata.
** (Italian) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaZno818m5o Tools for Visualising Wikidata] - Carlo Bianchini presents some useful tools for visualising data and queries from Wikidata, with a focus on Digital Humanities.

'''Tool of the week'''
* [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth_Birthday/Presents|Revisiting the Twelfth Birthday Presents]] - if you haven't seen the birthday presents already, go check them out!

'''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
* '''[BREAKING CHANGE ANNOUNCEMENT]''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ Please find full information here]
* [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|Wikidata Ontology Course]] Peter Patel-Schneider and Ege Doğan will run a seven-week Wikidata Ontology Course starting late April / early May. It aims to expand the Wikidata community’s knowledge of the Wikidata ontology through lectures, exercises, and group projects. Participants should have prior Wikidata experience and are expected to attend lectures, complete exercises (about one hour per week), and contribute to a group project. More details [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course||available here]].

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: none
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13399|Crunchyroll artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13400|SideQuest app ID]], [[:d:Property:P13401|The Atlantic topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13402|TechSavvy.de GPU ID]], [[:d:Property:P13403|‎Delfi.ee theme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13404|The College of Cardinals Report ID]], [[:d:Property:P13405|NexusMods mod ID]], [[:d:Property:P13406|Hiking Note Trail identifier]], [[:d:Property:P13407|Hiking Note mountain identifier]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SWIS-WEM Facility Code|SWIS-WEM Facility Code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Unique identifier for facilities registered with the Australian Energy Market Operator for facilities operating in the South West Interconnected System Wholesale Electricity Market (SWIS-WEM Facility Code)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of downloads (2)|number of downloads (2)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of downloads of times this application or creative work have been downloaded&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/species protection status|species protection status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Links species, habitat or biotope type with the regulation international or national that protects this species&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Number of Heads of Families|Number of Heads of Families]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of family cards (KK) in an area&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mother's maiden name|mother's maiden name]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maiden name of this person’s mother&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FirstCycling team season ID|FirstCycling team season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FirstCycling race ID|FirstCycling race ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario della Musica in Italia ID|Dizionario della Musica in Italia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ethnologue language family ID|Ethnologue language family ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Untappd beer ID|Untappd beer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Catálogo Histórico de Teses e Dissertações da Área de História ID|Catálogo Histórico de Teses e Dissertações da Área de História ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Sun topic ID|The Sun topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Databáze her platform ID|Databáze her platform ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rekhta Gujarati author ID|Rekhta Gujarati author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Itch.io tag ID|Itch.io tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Jerusalem Post topic ID|The Jerusalem Post topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVIDS Photo ID|DVIDS Photo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LUX person ID|LUX person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LUX group ID|LUX group ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LUX place ID|LUX place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shazoo tag ID|Shazoo tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ідентифікатор особи в Бібліометрика української науки|ідентифікатор особи в Бібліометрика української науки]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SCImago Institutions Rankings ID|SCImago Institutions Rankings ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UniRank ID|UniRank ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Climate Policy Radar ID|Climate Policy Radar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LUX concept ID|LUX concept ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/iNaturalist photo ID|iNaturalist photo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Ordre national du Québec|identifiant Ordre national du Québec]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LUX event ID|LUX event ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cabinet minutes of the Federal Government ID|Cabinet minutes of the Federal Government ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/R-Sport match ID|R-Sport match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sport Express football match ID|Sport Express football match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPJ topic ID|CPJ topic ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

'''Did you know?'''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/Dfaf Find Good or Featured Articles in Spanish and Portuguese Wikipedia]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Rwanda|Govdirectory: Rwanda]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q252320|Pleinfeld (Q252320)]] - market municipality in Germany
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]:[[d:Lexeme:L322138|humpback (L322138)]] - English noun that can mean &quot;	kyphosis (condition of the spine)&quot;, &quot;a person with an abnormal curvature of the spine&quot;, &quot;humpback whale, a particular marine mammal variety&quot;, &quot;pink salmon&quot;, &quot;lake skygazer, a type of ray-finned fish&quot;, &quot;	type of arch bridge where the span is larger than the ramps on either side&quot;, or &quot;	humpback dolphin, a particular variety of marine mammal.&quot;

'''Development'''
* Search: We continued the work on making it easier to search entity types other than Items (Lexemes, Properties, EntitySchemas) in the search box ([[phab:T321543]])
* Vector 2022 theme: We are fixing remaining issues with dark mode ([[phab:T385039]])
* Wikibase REST API: We are continuing to build out the simple Item search endpoint ([[phab:T386228]]) and are looking into the one for Properties ([[phab:T386377]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

'''Weekly Tasks'''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Australia|Australia]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

Anything to add? Please share! :)
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[:d:Special:Wikidata:Status updates/2025_04_01|Read the full report]]''' &amp;middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &amp;middot; [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 16:39, 1 අප්‍රේල් 2025 (යූටීසී)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28449306 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #674 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.&lt;br&gt;This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2025-04-07. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''&lt;/div&gt;

''' &lt;!--T:1--&gt; Events ''' 
&lt;!--T:2--&gt;
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wiki-research-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GQR2VT7LONW5AHMHUT7RGMZFUQBGYJCF/ Wiki Workshop Registration is Now Open!] The event will be held virtually over two days on May 21 &amp; 22, 2025.
** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #75 April 14 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at  [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Q61752245|Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]] 
** (French) [https://geographie-cites.cnrs.fr/collecte-et-usages-de-donnees-issues-de-wikipedia-et-wikidata-dans-les-recherches-en-shs/ Collection and use of Wikipedia and Wikidata data in SHS searches] - 17 June, 2025. Participation via video-conference available, [https://framaforms.org/je-collecte-et-usages-des-donnees-wikipedia-dans-les-recherches-en-shs-1741892154 register here] and [https://site-fef6fe.gitpages.huma-num.fr/journee/wikipedia.html program info here].

''' &lt;!--T:3--&gt; Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
&lt;!--T:4--&gt;
* Blogs
** Inference, continued - Magnus Manske adds 2 new functions to WD-infernal. [http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/777 The Whelming]
** (French) Illustrious women in public spaces. Streets, buildings and other places overwhelmingly feature men [https://porte-plume.app/projet/challenge-wikidata-en-classe/blog/billet/b69566ea-713d-44d0-845c-3501d5bb5ff2 Porte Plumpe]
** [https://www.veradekok.nl/en/2025/03/kahle-receives-projectuil-from-wikipedia/ Brewster Kahle (Internet Archive) receives ProjectUil from Dutch Wikipedia]
* Papers: Enabling disaggregation of Asian American subgroups: a dataset of Wikidata names for disparity estimation [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-04753-y - Paper] by Lin, Q. et al (2025).
* Videos
** Curationist: What is it and how does it work? - Curationist utilises Wikidata to help discover, curate and share public-domian art and cultural heritage content. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kj9FDIX0JSg YouTube]
** (Swedish) Connecting Wikidata, OpenStreetMap and the National Archives with Magnus Sälgö [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byqopx1aQLI YouTube]
** (French) Focus on Wikidata, Wikifying Science, a presentation from Delphine Montagne and Pierre-Yves Beaudouin. [https://www.canal-u.tv/chaines/renatis/cfe-renatis-focus-sur-wikidata-wikifier-la-science Canal-U TV: C@fé Renatis]
* Other
** (Portuguese) Wikidata at School: expanding access to knowledge and tackling gender gaps! [https://www.instagram.com/p/DH9qZcENJ75/ Instagram: Projeto Mais]


''' &lt;!--T:5--&gt; Tool of the week '''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Tools/Wikidata for Web|Wikidata:Tools/Wikidata for Web]] - &lt;!--T:6--&gt; also known as Wikidata for Firefox is a browser extension for Mozilla Firefox that displays data from Wikidata on various websites, enhancing the information you are already looking at, and also allows extraction of data from these websites.

''' &lt;!--T:7--&gt; Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
&lt;!--T:8--&gt;
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|Wikidata Ontology Course]] Peter Patel-Schneider and Ege Doğan will run a seven-week Wikidata Ontology Course starting late April / early May. It aims to expand the Wikidata community’s knowledge of the Wikidata ontology through lectures, exercises, and group projects. Participants should have prior Wikidata experience and are expected to attend lectures, complete exercises (about one hour per week), and contribute to a group project. More details [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|available here]].
* Job Vacancy - Are you interested in helping shape the technical future of Wikimedia's knowledge graph? We are looking for a [https://wikimedia-deutschland.career.softgarden.de/jobs/55063868/Staff-Engineer-Wikidata-all-genders-/ Staff Engineer (Wikidata)]

''' &lt;!--T:9--&gt; Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
&lt;!--T:10--&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P13413|beam energy]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;kinetic energy of elementary or composite particles moving together (for example in a particle accelerator)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13408|National Academy of Engineering member ID]], [[:d:Property:P13409|Murderpedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13410|Cultural Heritage Azerbaijan ID]], [[:d:Property:P13411|‎TDKIV Wikibase ID]], [[:d:Property:P13412|Landtag Tirol person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* &lt;!--T:11--&gt; New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/interior decorator|interior decorator]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A property for the interior decorator of notable buildings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/incompatible with|incompatible with]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;significant elements with which an entity is incompatible and indicates a significant property of this entity&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/warranty period|warranty period]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;warranty period of this product as covered by the original manufacturer or creator&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trafikplatssignatur|Trafikplatssignatur]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Swedish station code&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/outcome 2|outcome 2]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;outcome of a criminal charge or a civil complaint&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** &lt;!--T:12--&gt; External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TechPowerup GPU ID|TechPowerup GPU ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISFDB category of an award ID|ISFDB category of an award ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/L'Expression topic ID|L'Expression topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue de la bibliothèque du Saulchoir|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue de la bibliothèque du Saulchoir]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Gallery (London) PID|National Gallery (London) PID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant sur Orthodox World|Identifiant sur Orthodox World]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;
&lt;!--T:13--&gt;
You can comment on [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!


''' &lt;!--T:14--&gt; Did you know? '''
&lt;!--T:15--&gt;
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/DjTs Plants missing a French description]
** [https://w.wiki/DjTv Sorting Organisations by the no. of subsidiaries it owns]
** [https://w.wiki/DhPF Popular German Family names]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:
** [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Chile|Govdirectory: Chile]]
** [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject_Bahamas|WikiProject: Bahamas]]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Database_reports/identical_birth_and_death_dates|Items with identical Birth and Death dates]] - another way to identify duplicate items.
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q23572|Game of Thrones (Q23572)]] - American fantasy drama television series 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1215369|umuyagankuba (L1215369)]] - &quot;electricity&quot; in Kirundi

''' &lt;!--T:16--&gt; Development '''
&lt;!--T:17--&gt;
* We made some progress on the ScopedTypeaheadSearch feature by improving the UI, and making it translatable ([[phab:T390269]])
* We continued working on dark mode support ([[phab:T389633]])
* Wikibase REST API: We are almost done adding the last [[phab:T389013|few features]] on the simple item and property search endpoint. We'll be happy to get feedback on these from 15.04 when they're completed
* We will begin user testing to improve Mobile Editing Experience: [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|Mobile editing of statements]] 

&lt;!--T:18--&gt;
[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' &lt;!--T:19--&gt; Weekly Tasks '''
&lt;!--T:20--&gt;
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/European Union|European Union]]
* Summarize your [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''·   [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 01|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:19, 7 අප්‍රේල් 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28449306 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #675 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-04-14. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 07|#674]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events '''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16:00 UTC, 16th April 2025 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://lucaswerkmeister.de/posts/2025/04/12/introducing-m3api/ Introducing m3api], By Lucas Werkmeister
** [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/04/08/wikidata-query-service-graph-database-reload-at-home-2025-edition/ Wikidata Query Service graph database reload at home, 2025 edition]. By Adam Baso
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVqCEeVuzTQ Understanding Why Your OPTIONAL Properties in Wikidata Queries Might Be Ignored]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eh6hi94Imn8 Playing with LEGO on Wikidata]. By Tiago Lubiana
* Other: [[d:User:Spinster/Wikidata references made easier|Wikidata references made easier]]. &quot;Several tricks to make it easier and faster, using various scripts and gadgets&quot; to add references to Wikidata statements. By [[d:User:Spinster|Spinster]]

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://topic-curator.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Topic Curator] is a React-based web application. It’s a new and improved version of [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Tools/ItemSubjector ItemSubjector] created to help Wikimedians connect items on Wikidata to the right topics. By entering a topic QID, it finds related articles using the topic’s label, aliases, or custom terms.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Join the Wikidata development team at Wikimedia Deutschland
** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.career.softgarden.de/jobs/55063868/Staff-Engineer-Wikidata-all-genders-/ Staff Engineer Wikidata (all genders)]
** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.career.softgarden.de/jobs/53795746/Senior-UX-Designer-Wikidata-all-genders-/ Senior UX Designer Wikidata (all genders)]

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13413|beam energy]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;kinetic energy of elementary or composite particles moving together (for example in a particle accelerator)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13414|number of downloads]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of downloads of times this application or creative work have been downloaded&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13415|Taiwanese Taigi Romanization System]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Romanization system for Taiwan Taigi or other Southern Min language varieties in Fujian and South East Asia&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13408|National Academy of Engineering member ID]], [[:d:Property:P13409|Murderpedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13410|Cultural Heritage Azerbaijan ID]], [[:d:Property:P13411|‎TDKIV Wikibase ID]], [[:d:Property:P13412|Landtag Tirol person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13416|Fluorophores.org substance ID]], [[:d:Property:P13417|Kosovo NGO registration number]], [[:d:Property:P13418|TechPowerUp GPU Specs Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13419|iNaturalist photo ID]], [[:d:Property:P13420|Climate Policy Radar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13421|LIBRIS library ID]], [[:d:Property:P13422|Dizionario della Musica in Italia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13423|Untappd beer ID]], [[:d:Property:P13424|Bahamut Animation Crazy ID]], [[:d:Property:P13425|KnowWhereGraph entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13426|GCMD keyword ID]], [[:d:Property:P13427|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P13428|CBFC record ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/interior decorator|interior decorator]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;A property for the interior decorator of notable buildings&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/incompatible with|incompatible with]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;significant elements with which an entity is incompatible and indicates a significant property of this entity&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/warranty period|warranty period]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;warranty period of this product as covered by the original manufacturer or creator&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trafikplatssignatur|Trafikplatssignatur]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Swedish station code&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/outcome 2|outcome 2]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;outcome of a criminal charge or a civil complaint&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/output color|output color]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;color of the generated images&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/proposal of|proposal of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Qualifier for the statement {{P|31}} {{Q|64728694}} to state what the proposed thing is.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/floral diagram|floral diagram]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;picture on commons of a floral diagram of a Taxon&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/member of sequence or class of number|member of sequence or class of number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The number is of a special form or class or member of a sequence&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISFDB category of an award ID|ISFDB category of an award ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/L'Expression topic ID|L'Expression topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue de la bibliothèque du Saulchoir|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue de la bibliothèque du Saulchoir]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Gallery (London) PID|National Gallery (London) PID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant sur Orthodox World|Identifiant sur Orthodox World]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Steam Deck HQ game ID|Steam Deck HQ game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hardcore gaming 101 ID|Hardcore gaming 101 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/torial username|torial username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BirdLife DataZone species ID|BirdLife DataZone species ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BirdLife DataZone site ID|BirdLife DataZone site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Schulnummer Schleswig-Holstein|Schulnummer Schleswig-Holstein]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kunstkamera ID|Kunstkamera ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Corago singer ID|Corago singer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MoNA spectrum ID|MoNA spectrum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans La Croix|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans La Croix]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Meta-Doctrinal.org|identifiant Meta-Doctrinal.org]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CvLAC ID|CvLAC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OGDB genre ID|OGDB genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IGDB genre ID|IGDB genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WSGF taxonomy term ID|WSGF taxonomy term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GameSpot platform ID|GameSpot platform ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PerformArt ID|PerformArt ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Billie Jean King Cup player ID 2024|Billie Jean King Cup player ID 2024]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/Doco Top 10 items instance of Wikimedia category ordered by number of Sitelinks] ([https://t.me/c/1224298920/141683 source])
** [https://w.wiki/Dor5 Twitter accounts of biologists]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject USC Libraries|WikiProject USC Libraries]] A WikiProject for work done at University of Southern California Libraries to connect library data with Wikidata. 
* WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Nonprofit Organizations/Kosovo|Nonprofit Organizations/Kosovo]] - Add the most important NGOs of Kosovo
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/Connectivity|User:Pasleim/Connectivity]] - Connectivity between Wikimedia projects
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q714581|Nea Salamis Famagusta FC (Q714581)]] - professional association football club based in Ammochostos (Famagusta)
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L44061|Straße (L44061)]] - German noun that can mean &quot;road&quot;, &quot;straight&quot;, &quot;street&quot;, &quot;strait&quot;, &quot;group of people inhabiting buildings along a perticular street&quot; or &quot;production line&quot;.

''' Development '''
* We merged and prepared changes to rename &lt;code&gt;wikibase:EntitySchema&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;wikibase:WikibaseEntitySchema&lt;/code&gt; in RDF ([[phab:T371196]]) – this has been [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AAKO2VGVKJXEDH2HPZBGMAUDVGC7SA7R/ announced as a breaking change] and will be deployed to Wikidata on 24 April
* We made some more improvements to dark mode support ([[phab:T389633]])
* We’re working on tests for the &lt;code&gt;ScopedTypeaheadSearch&lt;/code&gt; feature ([[phab:T385790]])
* Wikibase REST API: We're going to wrap up pagination on the simple Item and property search endpoint and are working to improve our test architecture for search ([[phab:T386691]]). We're going to pick up prefix search for Items and phrase matching next!

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Chile|Chile]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 07|Read the full report]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 07|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:33, 14 අප්‍රේල් 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28532948 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #676 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-04-22. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 14|#675]].&lt;br&gt;&lt;translate&gt;Translations are [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|available]]&lt;/translate&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' &lt;translate&gt;Events&lt;/translate&gt; '''
* &lt;translate&gt;[[&lt;tvar name=&quot;1&quot;&gt;d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events&lt;/tvar&gt;|Upcoming]]:&lt;/translate&gt; [[Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikidata Taiwan/2025年4月雲林維基街景踏查團暨工作坊| &lt;translate&gt;Yunlin Liu Fang Tien Shang Sheng Mu OpenStreetMap x Wikidata Workshop&lt;/translate&gt; ]] &lt;translate&gt; April 27 Time: 09:30-17:00 UTC+8 at {{Q|708809}} Red Altar (Hongtan)&lt;/translate&gt;.
* &lt;translate&gt;Past: Missed the Q2 Wikidata+Wikibase office hour? You can catch up by reading the session log here: [[&lt;tvar name=&quot;2&quot;&gt;d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2025-04-16&lt;/tvar&gt;|2025-04-16 (Q2 2025)]]&lt;/translate&gt;

''' &lt;translate&gt; Press, articles, blog posts, videos &lt;/translate&gt;'''
* &lt;translate&gt;Blogs&lt;/translate&gt;
** [https://thottingal.in/blog/2025/04/15/qjson/ qjson: &lt;translate&gt;Fetching all properties of a Wikidata item in a single API call&lt;/translate&gt;] &lt;translate&gt;By Santhosh Thottingal&lt;/translate&gt;
** [https://olea.org/diario/2025/04/14/Wikimedia_Hackathon_2025-proposals-Wikibase.html &lt;translate&gt; A Wikibase call for action at the Wikimedia Hackathon 2025&lt;/translate&gt;] &lt;translate&gt;By Ismael Olea &lt;/translate&gt;
** [https://museumdata.uk/blog/putting-uk-collections-on-the-map/ &lt;translate&gt; Putting UK collections on the map&lt;/translate&gt;] &lt;translate&gt;by the Museum Data Service&lt;/translate&gt;
** [https://chem-bla-ics.linkedchemistry.info/2025/04/20/the-april-2025-scholia-hackathon.html The April 2025 Scholia Hackathon] by Egon Willighagen
* &lt;translate&gt;Papers&lt;/translate&gt;
** [https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/talking-wikidata-communication-patterns-and-their-impact-on-commu  &lt;translate&gt;Talking Wikidata: Communication Patterns and Their Impact on Community Engagement in Collaborative Knowledge Graphs&lt;/translate&gt;] - &lt;translate&gt; Investigative study on Wikidata discussions, revealing that the community is generally inclusive and conflict is rare, but many controversial topics lack consensus, and valuable contributors disengage early. By Koutsiana et. al., (2025)&lt;/translate&gt;
**[https://zenodo.org/records/15226371 &lt;translate&gt;Natural history specimens collected and/or identified and deposited&lt;/translate&gt;] - &lt;translate&gt;By Latham (2025)&lt;/translate&gt;
*&lt;translate&gt;Videos&lt;/translate&gt;
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWoNZLBj7mM Wiki Workshop 2025 - Wikidata Inconsistencies with Language Models and Data Mining in a Pipeline] by Houcemeddine Turki
** (Italian) [https://youtube.com/dL9JEfHpU68?si=RXymgDS8-ZE687aE Cla-G, an instance of Wikibase as a tool to support game classification] by Carlo Bianchini
* &lt;translate&gt;Other&lt;/translate&gt;
** [https://x.com/afliacon/status/1908928893727211669?s=46 &lt;translate&gt;Wikidata &amp; Wikibase for Authority Control &amp; Knowledge Organization Workshop&lt;/translate&gt;] &lt;translate&gt;By AfLIA&lt;/translate&gt;
** [https://github.com/oolonek/daily-lotus &lt;translate&gt;Mastodon bot&lt;/translate&gt;] &lt;translate&gt; that &quot;highlights natural compounds found in plants, fungi, bacteria or animals — and includes Wikidata references and visual structure depictions.&quot;&lt;/translate&gt;

'''&lt;translate&gt;Tool of the week&lt;/translate&gt;'''
* &lt;translate&gt;[[&lt;tvar name=&quot;3&quot;&gt;d:Special:MyLanguage/User:Spinster/Wikidata_references_made_easier&lt;/tvar&gt;|User:Spinster/Wikidata references made easier]]:  The script helps in adding references to statements, in order to provide context for our data, make the data more reliable, transparent and trustworthy for anyone who uses it &lt;/translate&gt;.

''' &lt;translate&gt;Other Noteworthy Stuff&lt;/translate&gt;'''
* &lt;translate&gt;Registration is open for a Wikidata ontology course led by Peter Patel-Schneider and Ege Doğan.&lt;/translate&gt; &lt;translate&gt;To register, email pfpschneider{{@}}gmail.com with your Wikidata username and a brief note on your interest. The course starts 1 May, with weekly lectures on Thursdays from 1–3pm EDT (skipping 29 May and 12 June).&lt;/translate&gt; &lt;translate&gt;Space may be limited; priority goes to those already interested. Participants should know Wikidata, attend sessions, complete weekly exercises (~1 hour), and join a group project&lt;/translate&gt;. &lt;translate&gt;Details: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|Course page]]&lt;/translate&gt;
* [[wikifunctions:Wikifunctions:Main_Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with Dagbani Wikipedia since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call functions from Wikifunctions and integrate them in articles.
* &lt;translate&gt;Wikidata job openings at the The Wikimedia Foundation&lt;/translate&gt;
** [https://job-boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/6814912 &lt;translate&gt;Lead Product Manager, Wikidata Platform&lt;/translate&gt;] (&lt;translate&gt;remote&lt;/translate&gt;)
** [https://job-boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/6816145 &lt;translate&gt;Tech Lead, Wikidata Platform&lt;/translate&gt;] (&lt;translate&gt;remote&lt;/translate&gt;)

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13430|number of texture mapping units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of texture mapping units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13429|Saarland Biografien ID]], [[:d:Property:P13431|A Dictionary of Education entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13432|Cultural Heritage in Japan site ID]], [[:d:Property:P13433|BirdLife DataZone site ID]], [[:d:Property:P13434|BirdLife DataZone species ID]], [[:d:Property:P13435|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Property:P13436|Internet-Portal „Westfälische Geschichte“ person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13437|Chtyvo author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13438|Homosaurus ID (V4)]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/terminal speaker|terminal speaker]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/organization code|organization code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the organization code of the organization item. Should either be used with qualifier property {{Q|P459}} to specify which system being used, or be used as the qualifier of {{P|31}}.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/organization unit code|organization unit code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the organization unit code of the organization unit/part/(sub)division item. Should either be used with qualifier property {{Q|P459}} to specify which system being used, or be used as the qualifier of {{P|31}}.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Picture composition|Picture composition]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Description of a picture composition (design rules) analogous to the Commons category “[[:commons:Category:Picture composition]]”&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MANDALA Tibetan Living Dictionary ID|MANDALA Tibetan Living Dictionary ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;entry for a lexeme in the Tibetan Living Dictionary by MANDALA&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Monarque régnant|Monarque régnant]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Person who has held or is holding the role of king, queen, sultan, or other monarch at the head of a kingdom or empire.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Moure's Catalog ID|Moure's Catalog ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MobyGames attribute ID|MobyGames attribute ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Número RPJ|Número RPJ]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identificador de obra no Catálogo Mourisco|Identificador de obra no Catálogo Mourisco]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IPRESS ID|IPRESS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TeamUSA.com athlete ID|TeamUSA.com athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IEC document kind classification code|IEC document kind classification code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Europe PMC Preprint identifier|Europe PMC Preprint identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Snopes ID|Snopes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Media and Communication entry ID|A Dictionary of Media and Communication entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Black Sea Cultural Inventory ID|Black Sea Cultural Inventory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PyPI organization name|PyPI organization name]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlayStation Museum product ID|PlayStation Museum product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology entry ID|The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Public Health entry ID|A Dictionary of Public Health entry ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

'''&lt;translate&gt;Did you know?&lt;/translate&gt; '''
*&lt;translate&gt; Query examples&lt;/translate&gt;:
**[https://w.wiki/Dk9f All Genres of Classical Musical Compositions and their Labels in English and German] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#All_Genres_of_Classical_Musical_Compositions_and_their_Labels_in_English_and_German|source]])
* &lt;translate&gt;WikiProject Highlights&lt;/translate&gt;: &lt;translate&gt;[[&lt;tvar name=&quot;51&quot;&gt;d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject Taiwan/Travel&lt;/tvar&gt;|Taiwan Travel]]&lt;/translate&gt; - &lt;translate&gt;aims to create travel related items about Taiwan&lt;/translate&gt;
* &lt;translate&gt;[[&lt;tvar name=&quot;6&quot;&gt;d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items&lt;/tvar&gt;|Showcase Items]] &lt;/translate&gt;: [[d:Q18786473|Pete's Dragon (Q18786473)]] - 2016, film by David Lowery
* &lt;translate&gt;[[&lt;tvar name=&quot;7&quot;&gt;d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes&lt;/tvar&gt;|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L3855|Bill (L3855)]] - English noun (/bɪl/) that can mean &quot;invoice&quot;, &quot;proposed law&quot;, &quot;bird's beak&quot;, or &quot;a given name&quot;&lt;/translate&gt;:

''' &lt;translate&gt;Development&lt;/translate&gt; '''
* &lt;translate&gt;Wikidata changes in watchlist and recent changes on Wikipedia and co: We are continuing the work on making the edit summaries more understandable &lt;/translate&gt;([[phab:T386200]])
* &lt;translate&gt;Wikibase REST API: We are continuing to build out the simple search functionality&lt;/translate&gt; ([[phab:T389011]])
* &lt;translate&gt;Dark mode: We are fixing a few remaining issues with dark mode support in the Vector 2022 theme&lt;/translate&gt; ([[phab:T389633]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|&lt;translate&gt;You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here&lt;/translate&gt;]]. &lt;translate&gt;If you want to help, you can also have a look at&lt;/translate&gt; [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority &lt;translate&gt;the tasks needing a volunteer&lt;/translate&gt;].

''' &lt;translate&gt;Weekly Tasks&lt;/translate&gt; '''
* &lt;translate&gt; Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[&lt;tvar name=&quot;8&quot;&gt;d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review&lt;/tvar&gt;|above]] &lt;/translate&gt;.
* &lt;translate&gt;Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[&lt;tvar name=&quot;9&quot;&gt;d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?&lt;/tvar&gt;|above]]&lt;/translate&gt;.
* &lt;translate&gt;Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[&lt;tvar name=&quot;10&quot;&gt;d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Chile&lt;/tvar&gt;|Chile]]&lt;/translate&gt;
* &lt;translate&gt; Summarize your [[&lt;tvar name=&quot;11&quot;&gt;d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?&lt;/tvar&gt;|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences&lt;/translate&gt;.
* &lt;translate&gt;Help [[&lt;tvar name=&quot;11&quot;&gt;d:Special:LanguageStats&lt;/tvar&gt;|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!&lt;/translate&gt; 
* &lt;translate&gt; [[&lt;tvar name=&quot;12&quot;&gt;d:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pasleim/projectmerge&lt;/tvar&gt;|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects &lt;/translate&gt;.
* &lt;translate&gt;Help [[&lt;tvar name=&quot;13&quot;&gt;d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Next&lt;/tvar&gt;|write the next summary!]]&lt;/translate&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 14|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:23, 22 අප්‍රේල් 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28574345 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #677 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-04-28. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 22|#676]].&lt;br&gt; Translations are [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|available]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions  '''
* Open request for bureaucrat: [[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bureaucrat/Wüstenspringmaus|Wüstenspringmaus]]

''' Events '''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: 
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata_and_research|Wikidata and Research Conference]] June 5-6, 2025 at the University of Florence.
** [https://wikidataworkshop.github.io/2025/ The 5th Wikidata Workshop] taking place November 2-3, 2025 during the [https://iswc2025.semanticweb.org/ 25th International Semantic Web Conference] hosted in Nara, Japan. Call for Papers is open until 23:59 [[w:Special:MyLanguage/Anywhere_on_Earth|AoE]], August 2. This year, the program tracks are ''1. Novel Work'' and ''2. Previously Published Work''. Submission template and guidelines are [https://www.overleaf.com/read/pwspggxsbdvy available here] and you can [https://openreview.net/group?id=swsa.semanticweb.org/ISWC/2025/Workshop/Wikidata submit your topic here].
** The [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] online conference approaches: May 29 - July 1, 2025. Have you [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|registered]] yet?

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos  '''
* Blogs 
** [https://datascientistsdiary.com/how-to-build-a-production-ready-knowledge-graph/ How to Build a Production-Ready Knowledge Graph(with Code): A Practical Guide ] By Amit Yadav
** [https://nearby.hypotheses.org/2478  Who are the Cardinal Electors of 2025 papal conclave? A typical question for Wikidata? ] by {{Q|67173261}}
* Papers
** [https://dl.acm.org/doi/proceedings/10.1145/3696410?tocHeading=heading2 Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery on Web Conference 2025.] By Guodong et. al., (2025)
** [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3696410.3714757 Passage: Ensuring Completeness and Responsiveness of Public SPARQL Endpoints with SPARQL Continuation Queries ] By Thi Hoang et. al., (2025)

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://quarry.wmcloud.org/ quarry.wmcloud.org] is a public querying interface for Wiki Replicas, a set of live replica SQL databases of public Wikimedia Wikis. Quarry is designed to make running queries against Wiki Replicas easy. Quarry can also be used to query public databases stored in ToolsDB.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://scholia.toolforge.org/ Scholia] is running a [https://survey.wikimedia.it/index.php/179555 user survey] until the end of May .
* Researchers from the University of Regina in Canada invite you to participate in the Open Data Community Survey 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XHXV4P6DILOUG6QFAO22FEJHXAWOS7YH/ Read more]!

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13449|BEACON file URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;URL of an online service's BEACON file, a data interchange format for large numbers of uniform links.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13459|research projects that contributed to this data set]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;research projects that have contributed to or otherwise created an item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13464|‎terminal speaker]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the last person able to speak the language fluently&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13478|‎nomenclatural type of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type (name-bearing type), e.g. the family for which this genus is the type, the genus for which this species is the type, the taxon for which this type specimen is the type, ect...&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13497|interior designer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person responsible for the interior design of a notable building or structure&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13504|‎kigo of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;season which denotes the sense in haiku in Japanese&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13438|Homosaurus ID (V4)]], [[:d:Property:P13439|Helden van het Verzet person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13440|Our Campaigns container ID]], [[:d:Property:P13441|Catálogo Histórico de Tese e Dissertações da Área de História ID]], [[:d:Property:P13442|Congress.gov committee ID]], [[:d:Property:P13443|Congressional Medal of Honor Society recipient ID]], [[:d:Property:P13444|Israeli Governmental Data Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P13445|Deutsche Genbank Obst (‎DGO) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13446|DVIDS photo ID]], [[:d:Property:P13447|FirstCycling race ID]], [[:d:Property:P13448|FirstCycling team season ID]], [[:d:Property:P13450|Hmong Studies Citations ID]], [[:d:Property:P13451|Cartofaf organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13452|Calindex author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13453|Diocese of Lyon Museum person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13454|BnF dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13455|Dezède person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13456|Meta-Doctrinal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13457|Ordre national du Québec ID]], [[:d:Property:P13458|‎Internet Game Database  genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13460|Shazoo tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13461|‎OGDB genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13465|Tax Identification Number (Colombia)]], [[:d:Property:P13466|‎National Gallery (London) PID]], [[:d:Property:P13467|Kunstkamera ID]], [[:d:Property:P13468|Zurich Kantonsrat and Regierungsrat member ID]], [[:d:Property:P13469|‎WSGF taxonomy term ID]], [[:d:Property:P13470|World Higher Education Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13471|‎VD 16 ID]], [[:d:Property:P13472|United Nations Terminology Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13473|Trafikplatssignatur]], [[:d:Property:P13474|Top50 system ID]], [[:d:Property:P13475|IndExs exsiccata ID]], [[:d:Property:P13476|Markstammdatenregister ID]], [[:d:Property:P13479|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13480|‎SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Property:P13481|RaiPlay Sound program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13482|RaiPlay Sound playlist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13483|Modern China Biographical Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13484|Know Your Meme slug]], [[:d:Property:P13485|LEMAV ID]], [[:d:Property:P13486|PerformArt ID]], [[:d:Property:P13487|Chilean NPO number]], [[:d:Property:P13488|TermTerm UUID]], [[:d:Property:P13489|Steam Deck HQ game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13490|‎SeqCode Registry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13491|School ID Schleswig-Holstein]], [[:d:Property:P13492|Rodovid family ID]], [[:d:Property:P13493|Repertorium kleine politieke partijen 1918-1967 (Party)]], [[:d:Property:P13494|Captain Coaster park ID]], [[:d:Property:P13495|Scilit scholar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13496|The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain ID]], [[:d:Property:P13498|PCPartPicker product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13499|goal.com football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13500|The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism ID]], [[:d:Property:P13501|Cultural Heritage Online (Japan) special ID]], [[:d:Property:P13502|Eurobasket.com club ID]], [[:d:Property:P13503|europlayers.com club ID]], [[:d:Property:P13505|badmintoncn.com star ID]], [[:d:Property:P13506|‎Danskefilmstemmer.dk work or dubbing ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/defined for|defined for]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the subject takes the object as parameter (or parameter tuple)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Long Distance Walkers Association|The Long Distance Walkers Association]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;External Identifier (URL slug) for a hiking route on The Long Distance Walkers Association website (United Kingdom only)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IEC CDD for electronics|IEC CDD for electronics]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GOG Dreamlist ID|GOG Dreamlist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IEC CDD units|IEC CDD units]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Urban Dictionary ID (2)|Urban Dictionary ID (2)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RCI number|RCI number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portable Antiquities Scheme image ID|Portable Antiquities Scheme image ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/myCast person ID|myCast person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Personality Database category ID|Personality Database category ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/parliament.uk bill ID|parliament.uk bill ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bierista beer ID|Bierista beer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of the Serbian National Theatre ID|Encyclopedia of the Serbian National Theatre ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/Dv$w All national parties that are members of a European party and whose country is a member of the European Union] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Query_on_national_parties_and_their_seats|source]])
**[https://w.wiki/Dw23 Related works from co-citation analysis] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Scholia's_&quot;Related_works_from_co-citation_analysis&quot;_as_federated_query|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]] : [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Saint_Mary%27s_College_(IN)|WikiProject Saint Mary's College (IN)]] aims to improve the coverage of Saint Mary's and the scholarly works being created at Saint Mary's. 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L642328|Córdoba (L642328)]] -  Spanish noun (kór-do-ba) that can mean &quot;a city in Spain&quot;, &quot;a city in Argentina&quot;, or &quot;a Mexican city&quot;

''' Development '''
* Bug: We fixed an issue where newly created Properties became inaccessible after adding a statement with a Property linking to an Item or Lexeme. The fix will go live on Wednesday. ([[phab:T374230]])
* Search: We continued implementing the new search that will make it easier to search for Properties and Lexemes in the UI ([[phab:T321543]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 22|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:48, 28 අප්‍රේල් 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28574345 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #678 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-05-05. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 28|#677]].&lt;br&gt;Translations are [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|available]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

'''Discussions'''
* Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Mr_Robot|Mr Robot]] - No consensus reached.

'''Events'''
* Past events: [[m:Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|Wikimedia Hackathon in Istanbul]]
*[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events:]]
**[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Volunteer_Supporters_Network/Wikidata_pour_les_débutants_2025-05-16 Volunteer Supporters Network/Wikidata for beginners] May 16, 2025 
**[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects| Wikidata and Sister Projects]] May 29 - June 1, 2025. [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register here]]
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata_and_research|Wikidata and Research Conference]] June 5-6, 2025 at the University of Florence.
** [https://pretalx.coscup.org/coscup-2025/ Call for Proposals]:[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikidata Taiwan/COSCUP 2025|Wikidata Taiwan x OpenStreetMap Taiwam @ COSCUP 2025]],Submission Deadline: May 10, 2025 (AoE).
**[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon_2025| WikidataCon 2025]] Oct 31 - Nov 2, 2025. [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|Register here]]

*Ongoing event: [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events/Coordinate_Me_2025| Coordinate Me 2025]] May 1 - May 31, 2025

'''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
* Blogs 
** [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event_talk:WikidataCon_2025#WikidataCon_update_-_May_2025|WikidataCon 2025 - programme track categories are ready]] - time to start thinking about session proposals!
**  [https://r.iresmi.net/posts/2025/osm_Wikidata/Cross checking OSM IDs between OSM and Wikidata] By Michaël 
** [https://www.advanced-television.com/2025/05/02/wikiflix-goes-live/ WikiFlix, a new free streaming platform goes live] 
*  Papers 
**  [https://hackernoon.com/how-to-develop-a-privacy-first-entity-recognition-system How to Develop a Privacy-First Entity Recognition System] By Papadopoulou et. al., (2025) 
**  [https://hackernoon.com/detecting-and-masking-personal-data-in-text Detecting and Masking Personal Data in Text] By Papadopoulou et. al., (2025) 
** [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10840323 EA2N:  Evidence-Based AMR Attention Network for Fake News Detection ] By Gupta et. al., (2025)

'''Tool of the week'''
* [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Main_Page OpenStreetMap]: OpenStreetMap, is a project that creates and distributes free geographic data for the world. It was started because most maps you think of as free actually have legal or technical restrictions on their use, holding back people from using them in creative, productive, or unexpected ways .

'''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
*  Ever played Redactle? [[d:User:Lucas Werkmeister|Lucas]] put together a Wikidata version of it. Can you guess the Item? Still needs a bit of work but you can [https://wdactle.toolforge.org/ try it out now]. 
*  [https://mamot.fr/@pintoch/114449249307450950 EditGroups has a new maintainer ]

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P13517|organization unit code]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;organization unit code of the organization unit/part/(sub)division item&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13518|likes of fictional character]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;particular likes which applies to this fictional character as (usually) stated in their official profile or biography&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13519|dislikes of fictional character]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;particular dislikes which applies to this fictional character as stated in their official profile or biography&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13522|number of render output units]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of render output units in a graphics processing unit&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13525|RAM capacity]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;amount of volatile random-access memory (RAM) modules used by this device&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13549|species protection status]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Links species, habitat or biotope type with the regulation international or national that protects this species&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13551|Nation Ranking (primary)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;main/general ranking for a cycling tournament season&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13552|Nation Ranking (secondary)]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;youth/U23 ranking for this cycling tournament season&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13505|badmintoncn.com star ID]], [[:d:Property:P13506|‎Danskefilmstemmer.dk work or dubbing ID]], [[:d:Property:P13507|geraldika.ru symbol ID]], [[:d:Property:P13508|‎JSIC code]], [[:d:Property:P13509|The Oxford Dictionary of Music entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13510|Dark Ride Database ride ID]], [[:d:Property:P13511|Dark Ride Database park ID]], [[:d:Property:P13512|Dark Ride Database manufacturer ID]], [[:d:Property:P13513|‎Databáze her platform ID]], [[:d:Property:P13514|Mourisco Catalogue work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13515|Radiomuseum vacuum tube/transistor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13516|‎CAMRA pub ID]], [[:d:Property:P13520|MobyGames attribute ID]], [[:d:Property:P13521|MetalTabs.com track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13523|Moure's Catalog ID]], [[:d:Property:P13524|PromoDJ track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13526|Euronews topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13527|Audiomack artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13528|Audiomack album ID]], [[:d:Property:P13529|Europe PMC preprint ID]], [[:d:Property:P13531|‎SMB-digital asset ID]], [[:d:Property:P13532|Audiomack song ID]], [[:d:Property:P13533|Encyclopaedia of Islam (glossary and index of terms) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13534|Qur'an Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13535|Itch.io tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13536|Corago singer ID]], [[:d:Property:P13537|‎MoNA spectrum ID]], [[:d:Property:P13538|La Croix author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13539|‎Billie Jean King Cup player ID 2024]], [[:d:Property:P13540|‎TeamUSA.com athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P13541|‎Snopes ID]], [[:d:Property:P13542|A Dictionary of Media and Communication entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13544|Black Sea Cultural Inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P13545|‎PyPI organization name]], [[:d:Property:P13546|The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13550|‎PlayStation Museum product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13553|Urban Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13554|‎GOG Dreamlist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13555|RCI number]], [[:d:Property:P13556|‎Portable Antiquities Scheme image ID]], [[:d:Property:P13557|Orthodox World ID]], [[:d:Property:P13558|‎Coasterpedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13559|Ethnologue language family ID]], [[:d:Property:P13560|‎factordb ID]], [[:d:Property:P13561|SCImago Institutions Rankings ID]], [[:d:Property:P13562|UniRank ID]], [[:d:Property:P13563|Bibliometrics of Ukrainian science person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Context Window|Context Window]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The maximum length of an input token in the language model.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/contains nutrient|contains nutrient]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Food contains nutrient&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/underlying data|underlying data]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;this mathematical structure has these data as part&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/échelle de Beaufort|échelle de Beaufort]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;empirical measure describing wind speed based on observed conditions&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vlaamsekunstcollectie.be ID|vlaamsekunstcollectie.be ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mobility Database ID|Mobility Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Patrimonio Galego ID|Patrimonio Galego ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Substack username|Substack username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Private Enterprise Number|Private Enterprise Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ComputerLanguage.com definition|ComputerLanguage.com definition]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/otzovik.com review ID|otzovik.com review ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Repertorium kleine politieke partijen 1918-1967 (Persoon)|Repertorium kleine politieke partijen 1918-1967 (Persoon)]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

'''Did you know ?'''
*  Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]] :
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations/Ukraine|Nonprofit Organisations: Ukraine]]
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Stockholm_Archipelago_Trail|Stockholm Archilepago Trail]]
*  Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]] : [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Descriptions_with_Q|Descriptions with QID]] - These Item descriptions contain a QID or Item ID. 
*  [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q288771|Hans van Mierlo (Q288771)]] - Dutch politician (1931–2010) 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L28956|Tribe (L28956)]] - English noun (trīb) that can mean &quot;a social division in traditional society&quot;, &quot;a political subdivision&quot;, or &quot;a genre of Techno Music&quot;:

'''Development'''
* Wikidata Query Service: The search platform team finished the remaining work for the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|graph split]] and it is going live [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZLIUAGRLPQLLBVJSC2AEG7FNTTOER66I/ this week].
* We took part in the [[m:Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|Wikimedia Hackathon in Istanbul]]
* Wikipedia and co: We continued working on improving how Wikidata edits are shown on the watchlist on Wikipedia and co. We are focusing on showing labels instead of IDs for the entities (Items, Properties, ...) linked in the edit summaries ([[phab:T388685]])
* UI: We continued doing small fixes for dark mode support in the UI ([[phab:T385039]])
* Wikibase REST API: We are continuing the work on the search endpoint ([[phab:T383126]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R| You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

'''Weekly Tasks'''
*  Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed  [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Philippines|Philippines]]
* Summarize your [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 28|Previous issue]] ·
[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] ·
[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] ·
[[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 
[[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:07, 5 මැයි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28574345 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #679 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-05-12. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#678]].&lt;br&gt;Translations are [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|available]]''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming]]:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Taiwan/噶哈巫 Wikidata 工作坊|Kaxabu Wikidata Workshop]] May 17 at Puli DOC, Nantou 
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Taiwan/賽德克 Wikidata Lexeme 工作坊|Seediq Wikidata Lexeme Workshop]] May 18 at Puli DOC, Nantou
* Past: Wikimedia Hackathon happened on May 4. Check out the closing showcase that included some Wikidata-related projects: [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Wikimedia_Hackathon_2025_Closing_Showcase Etherpad (Hackaton 2025)]

'''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''
* Blogs
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April_2025/Contents/Serbia_report|GLAM and Wikidata: The &quot;GLAMorous Wikidata&quot; Campaign]]: In March 2025, Wikimedia Serbia launched a local thematic campaign called GLAMurous Wikidata, focused on improving data about cultural and heritage institutions on Wikidata.
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April_2025/Contents/Netherlands_report|Project &quot;Open Topstukken&quot; (&quot;Open Collection Highlights&quot;) - Maastricht University and Radboud University]]: The &quot;Open Topstukken&quot; project is a collaboration between Maastricht University and Radboud University to digitize and publish rare books and manuscripts, with metadata from their Omeka S systems automatically transferred to Wikidata by Wikidata specialists.
** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April_2025/Contents/Italy_report|Wikidata and Research]]: The programme for the “Wikidata and Research” conference is now available online. Scheduled for 5–6 June 2025 at the University of Florence, this event is convened by a volunteer Scientific Committee in collaboration with Wikimedia Italia and the University of Florence. 
* Papers
** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391431150_Capacitating_Librarians_with_Wikidata_Literacy_for_Managing_Wikipedia_Information_Resources_Implications_to_Libraries Capacitating Librarians with Wikidata Literacy for Managing Wikipedia Information Resources: Implications to Libraries] By Oyighan et. al., (2025)
** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391461181_Social_Biases_in_Knowledge_Representations_of_Wikidata_separates_Global_North_from_Global_South Social Biases in Knowledge Representations of Wikidata separates Global North from Global South] By Das et. al., (2025)
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-89366-7_6 Automatic Curriculum Cohesion Analysis Based on Knowledge Graphs] By Gacek &amp; Adrian (2025).
* Videos
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2i2w0L2rcRI African Wiki Women Wikidata training for the gender equality campaign]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=_8JbA1AC4yY Using Listeria tool to create Wikidata lists from Wikidata]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=OZXEtUrjJrY Using the Mix'n'match tool to match external datasets to Wikidata items.]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a57QK4rARpw Connecting the World’s Knowledge with Abstract Wikipedia] By Denny Vrandečić

'''Tool of the week'''
* [https://wdactle.toolforge.org/ Wdactle game] -- is a Wikidata version of Redactle! It's a game where you are shown a Wikidata Item with all labels and words redacted and have to figure out what it is. Guessing a word reveals all the places where it is used. Built by Luca Werkmeister during the Wikimedia Hackathon 2025.

'''Other Noteworthy Stuff'''
* ⚠️ Wikidata Query Service graph split: As you know Wikidata Query Service was no longer able to handle the complete set of data Wikidata has. To address this the graph in Wikidata Query Service has now been split into a main graph (that continues to be at query.wikidata.org) and a scholarly graph (that is at query-scholarly.wikidata.org). For more details please see [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split]].
*Join the [[d:Wikidata:Impact stories|Wikidata:Impact stories]] global campiagn. We're celebrating the amazing Wikidata community - editors, developers, librarians, and creators - and inviting you to share how Wikidata is used. Your story can inspire others and grow the community. Submit yours or nominate a cool project by June 6.

'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review'''
* Newest General datatypes:
**[[:d:Property:P13564|‎third-gender population]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of third-gender  people inhabiting the place&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13565|Encyclopedia of the Serbian National Theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13566|vlaamsekunstcollectie.be ID]], [[:d:Property:P13567|Patrimonio Galego ID]], [[:d:Property:P13568|‎Substack handle]], [[:d:Property:P13569|Sport Express football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13570|R-Sport match ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/related video|related video]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;less fitting video, used only because a better alternative is not available. If an appropriate video of the item is available, use P10 instead. Value should not be a generic placeholder.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cosplay of|cosplay of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;character(s) that are cosplayed in this image or video&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI station ID (timetables)|RFI station ID (timetables)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/registration number of japanese invoice system|registration number of japanese invoice system]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jesuit Online Necrology ID|Jesuit Online Necrology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Geographicus-cartographer|Geographicus-cartographer]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Harper's tag|Harper's tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Czech Librarians ID|Database of Czech Librarians ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Location Code|Open Location Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CABR-identifier|CABR-identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Onsland-identifier|Onsland-identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library of Spain Alma ID (BNE v2.0)|National Library of Spain Alma ID (BNE v2.0)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PC98 Images game ID|PC98 Images game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stadtwiki Meißen ID|Stadtwiki Meißen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rhein-Neckar-Wiki-ID|Rhein-Neckar-Wiki-ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

'''Did you know?'''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/E3Yi All you want to know about] [[d:Q1030833|The Blue Coats (Q1030833)]]
** [https://w.wiki/97bM Birthplace of Colombians in the Public Domain]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q18386245|Soir d'été sur la plage de Skagen – l'artiste et sa femme (Q18386245)]] - painting by Peder Severin Krøyer from 1899
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L494436|Projektion (L494436)]] - German noun (pro-yek-tsi̯oːn) that can mean &quot;projection&quot;, &quot;image display&quot;, or &quot;defence mechanism in Psychoanalysis&quot;

'''Development'''
* mul language code: We are fixing an issue where Items can't be found by their mul language label or alias ([[phab:T392058]])
* Wikibase REST API: We are working on phrase matching for the simple search ([[phab:T389011]])
* Dark mode: We fixed a color contrast bug with the entity selector when making new statements ([[phab:T393641]])
* Ontology: We’re working on an updated, more complete version of the wikibase.owl ontology file ([[phab:T371752]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

'''Weekly Tasks'''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Italy|Italy]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;
'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] ·
[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] ·
[[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] ·
[[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 
[[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:02, 12 මැයි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28671619 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #680 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-05-19. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#679]].&lt;br&gt; Help with [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]].''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/THEbotIT 2|THEbotIT 2]] - New functional aspect to [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/THEbotIT 1|automatic creation of items]] describing lexicographical articles of [[s:de:Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft|Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] (RE). The described topics of an RE article should also link back to the article.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** On Thursday, 22 May 2025, from 10:00 to 12:00 (CEST), [https://www.digis-berlin.de/ digiS Berlin] will offer an online workshop titled &quot;Wikidata for GLAMs.&quot; The event is free, open to all, and conducted in German. More information and registration is [https://www.digis-berlin.de/wikidata-workshop-am-22-05-2025/ here].
** (Italian) [https://www.attoppa.it/event/introduzione-a-wikidata-e-ai-progetti-wikimedia-lm43 Introduction to Wikidata and Wikimedia projects - LM43] May 29, 2025 12:00 PM to 2:00 PM
** The [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] online event is nearly here! Four days of sessions on the use of Wikidata in the Wikimedia Projects, join us from '''May 29 - June 1'''. [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|Register here]]. [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects#Sessions|See the Program schedule]].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/05/15/wikilearn-news-may-2025/ Diff Blog: Spotlight on Wikidata in the WikiLearn newsletter]: WikiLearn's May 2025 update highlights how its online courses, including Wikidata 101, are effectively helping Wikimedians develop key skills, reduce edit reversion rates, and foster engagement across multiple language communities.
** [https://googlemapsmania.blogspot.com/2025/05/the-meaning-behind-our-place-names.html The Meaning Behind Our Place Names] - The Open Etymology Map uses Wikidata-linked etymology tags in OpenStreetMap to reveal the origins of place names, offering an interactive way to explore the historical and linguistic roots of streets, towns, and landmarks
* Papers
** Preprint: [https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2025-53n0w Scholia Chemistry: access to chemistry in Wikidata] - This study explores Wikidata's role in chemistry, highlighting how thousands of new chemicals were added, how new properties and database links enhance chemical representation, and how Scholia
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-91428-7_15 Making an Under-Resourced Language Available on the Wikidata Knowledge Graph: Quechua Language] By Huaman et. al., (2025) - This study integrates Quechua lexical data into Wikidata, adding 1,591 lexemes along with senses, forms, and pronunciation audio, demonstrating how Wikidata can support under-resourced languages in AI-driven Knowledge Graphs to promote linguistic diversity and inclusivity.
** [https://arxiv.org/html/2505.10142v1 Knowledge-Based Aerospace Engineering - A Systematic Literature Review] By Wittenborg et al., (2025) - This study systematically reviews Knowledge-Based Aerospace Engineering, analyzing over 1,000 articles, constructing a knowledge graph mapped to Wikidata, and demonstrating how structured, semantic-based approaches can enhance aerospace design, collaboration, and sustainable aviation
* Videos
** (Italian) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=9ELzahfQqY8 Introduction to Wikidata for archives]
** (Sweden) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=sGbFNnZi7Pk Stockholm Archipelago Trail OSM Wikidata SDC] By Magnus Salgo
** (German) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Zbq0Y0PnTE0 Instructional video on SPARQL queries in Wikidata] By OER4SDI

''' Tool of the week '''
*[https://www.npmjs.com/package/wikidata-taxonomy Wikidata-Taxonomy] is a Command-line tool and library to extract taxonomies from Wikidata.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* We are improving and expanding our Help and documentation pages, please tell us what you think: [[d:Wikidata:How_to_use_data_on_Wikimedia_projects/Parser_function|Parser Functions]]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
* Newest General datatypes
**[[:d:Property:P13564|third-gender population]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;number of third-gender  people inhabiting the place&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13571|context window]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;maximum length of an input token in the language model&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13574|‎most populous urban area]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;city or town with the largest population in this area (country, state, county, continent, etc.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13565|Encyclopedia of the Serbian National Theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13566|vlaamsekunstcollectie.be ID]], [[:d:Property:P13567|Patrimonio Galego ID]], [[:d:Property:P13568|‎Substack handle]], [[:d:Property:P13569|Sport Express football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13570|R-Sport match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13572|‎ComputerLanguage.com definition]], [[:d:Property:P13573|Repertorium kleine politieke partijen 1918-1967 (Person)]], [[:d:Property:P13575|‎RFI station ID (timetables)]], [[:d:Property:P13576|Geographicus cartographer ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/related video|related video]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;less fitting video, used only because a better alternative is not available. If an appropriate video of the item is available, use P10 instead. Value should not be a generic placeholder.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cosplay of|cosplay of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;character(s) that are cosplayed in this image or video&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/breed belongs to taxon|breed belongs to taxon]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon to which members of this breed (or these breeds) belong&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Reason for no value|Reason for no value]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier property to be used with statements having the object &quot;no value&quot;, given to provide a reason for &quot;no value&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/over|over]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;base field of this vector space, base ring of this module, pair of base rings for this bimodule, base monoidal category of this enriched category, etc.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has WikiProject|has WikiProject]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;WikiProject which has this topic as its main subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mixing engineer|mixing engineer]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;person responsible for mixing the different sonic elements of a piece of recorded music into a final version of a track&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/normally caused by|normally caused by]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;item that normally causes this effect, but that is not necessarily the cause here&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/criminal motive|criminal motive]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;verified reasoning behind a crime&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/registration number of japanese invoice system|registration number of japanese invoice system]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jesuit Online Necrology ID|Jesuit Online Necrology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Harper's tag|Harper's tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Czech Librarians ID|Database of Czech Librarians ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Location Code|Open Location Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CABR-identifier|CABR-identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Onsland-identifier|Onsland-identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library of Spain Alma ID (BNE v2.0)|National Library of Spain Alma ID (BNE v2.0)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PC98 Images game ID|PC98 Images game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stadtwiki Meißen ID|Stadtwiki Meißen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rhein-Neckar-Wiki-ID|Rhein-Neckar-Wiki-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/R-Sport team ID|R-Sport team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WürzburgWiki ID|WürzburgWiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AW-Wiki ID|AW-Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wetzipedia ID|Wetzipedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OberpfalzWiki article ID|OberpfalzWiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tüik village id|Tüik village id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/viberate.com Artist Id|viberate.com Artist Id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/African Music Library Band ID|African Music Library Band ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Delfi.lv theme ID|Delfi.lv theme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ESPN soccer team ID|ESPN soccer team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/15min.lt theme ID|15min.lt theme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/trove.scot ID|trove.scot ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne sur PRET19|Identifiant d'une personne sur PRET19]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Židovski biografski leksikon ID|Židovski biografski leksikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IMDb Interest ID|IMDb Interest ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/E4T9 Map of pubs in Scotland] ([https://wikis.world/@AllyD@mastodon.online/114482324831243753 source])
** [https://w.wiki/EC5v Data about all 60 members of the European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education] ([https://x.com/AlexHinojo/status/1923605850607735114 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_zelph |WikiProject_zelph]] - WikiProject zelph focuses on integrating a semantic network system with Wikidata to enhance data quality.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]:[[d:Q16857406| The Jungle Book (Q16857406)]] - 2016 film directed by Jon Favreau 
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L339628|pukka (L339628)]] - English adjective (puh-kuh) that can mean &quot;genuine&quot;, &quot;highest class&quot;, or &quot;complete&quot;

''' Development '''
* UI: We are putting the finishing touches on the new search box that will make it easier to search for Properties, Lexemes and EntitySchemas as well ([[phab:T321543]])
* Dark mode: We fixed the last known issues and are getting ready to roll it out
* Mobile statement editing: We are refining prototypes for testing and started technical investigations
* Wikibase REST API: We are continuing the work on simple search, focusing on phrase matching now ([[phab:T389011]])
* Query Service: We are working on a small experiment to show a notification for simple queries that are better run on other APIs ([[phab:T391264]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:46, 19 මැයි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28740206 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #681 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-05-27. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#680]].&lt;br&gt; Help with [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]].''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;
''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/William_Avery_Bot_12|William Avery Bot 12]] - Task(s): Add [[d:Property:P698|PubMed publication ID(P698)]] to items that lack it, but have [[d:Property:P356|DOI(P356)]], which allows it to be looked up using the [https://biopython.org/docs/1.76/api/Bio.Entrez.html PubMed API].
* [[:d:Wikidata talk:Identifiers#Novalue for missing IDs|Talk: Wikidata Identifiers (No value for missing Ids)]]: about how to indicate that a certain entity is absent in a given database

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]]&lt;br/&gt;During 4 half-days of sessions showcasing and showing how Wikidata supports and is integrated to the other Wikimedia projects&lt;br/&gt;From Thursday, May 29 from 16:00 UTC to Sunday, June 1 13:30 UTC.&lt;br/&gt; [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|Registration link]] - [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects#Sessions|Program]] - [[d:Event_talk:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Questions? (Talk page)]]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://www.openstreetmap.org/user/s8321414/diary/406703 Taiwan Street-view Expedition (Huwei and Tuku, Yunlin, Taiwan)] - joint OSM and Wikidata activity
** 
* Papers
** (Italian) [https://www.datocms-assets.com/103094/1747654189-imagines-n-12-cencetti_pellizzari_viti.pdf ''Termini, dati e collegamenti: ‘conversazioni’ tra il Thesaurus del Nuovo soggettario e Wikidata'']: This study is about the history of the cooperation between the [[:d:Q16583225|Thesaurus del Nuovo soggettario]] (the main [[:d:Q17152639|thesaurus]] used by Italian libraries for subject indexing) and Wikimedia projects, initially Wikipedia and now mainly Wikidata
** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.16635 WikiDBGraph: Large-Scale Database Graph of Wikidata for Collaborative Learning] By Wu et al., (2025) — This study introduces WikiDBGraph, a network of 100,000 linked databases from Wikidata, using 17 million connections to improve AI learning and reveal challenges in handling interconnected data.
** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.16383 Filling in the Blanks? A Systematic Review and Theoretical Conceptualisation for Measuring WikiData Content Gaps] By Ripoll et al., (2025) – The paper systematically reviews content gaps in Wikidata, proposing a typology of missing data and a framework to measure these gaps, highlighting their impact on knowledge quality and completeness.
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-91705-9_5 AI in Data Management and Analysis] By Haber et al., (2025) – This paper explores how AI streamlines academic data tasks like cleaning and analysis, whike tools like Google DataPrep, Airtable and Wikidata help researchers, but human oversight is key to maintaining accuracy and ethics in research.
* Videos
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=CBCgyF-WAP4&amp;pp=0gcJCdgAo7VqN5tD Using PetScan to create lists from Wikipedia and Wikidata] By Tamsin Braisher ([[d:User:DrThneed|Dr Thneed]]).
** (Spanish) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=nxgB7LvG1N0 Connecting Collections: Wikidata as a Bridge between Museums and Communities] By Museo de los Museos and Carla Toro.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata_Toolkit|Wikidata Toolkit]] The Wikidata Toolkit is an open-source Java library for using data from Wikidata and other Wikibase sites. Its main goal is to make it easy for external developers to take advantage of this data in their own applications.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* A discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Some of the hypothesis involve Wikidata. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]].

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: none
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13576|Geographicus cartographer ID]], [[:d:Property:P13577|‎Wikibase of Czech Librarians ID]], [[:d:Property:P13578|Jesuit Online Necrology ID]], [[:d:Property:P13579|Ons Land ID]], [[:d:Property:P13580|‎VejinBooks author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13581|‎PC98 Images game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13582|Rhein-Neckar-Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P13583|CvLAC ID]], [[:d:Property:P13584|‎Stadtwiki Meißen ID]], [[:d:Property:P13585|‎WürzburgWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P13586|Wetzipedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13587|AW-Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P13588|‎Tüik village ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LSF rating|LSF rating]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Indonesia film classification administered by the Indonesian Film Censorship Board&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/image of cosplay|image of cosplay]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;cosplay that depicts this character or person&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Classificazione Guizzi degli strumenti musicali|Classificazione Guizzi degli strumenti musicali]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Guizzi's classification system of musical instruments&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name translation|name translation]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;translation into native language&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Concertzender ID|Concertzender ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MCW-PL article ID|MCW-PL article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Polska Biblioteka Muzyczna PBM|Polska Biblioteka Muzyczna PBM]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/norsk soldatregister person ID|norsk soldatregister person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Databank verkiezingsuitslagen|Databank verkiezingsuitslagen]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TNT Sports soccer team ID|TNT Sports soccer team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NHK Archives Portal Broadcasting History ID|NHK Archives Portal Broadcasting History ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lithuanian lake ID|Lithuanian lake ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sierra Wiki article ID|Sierra Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fondazione Ragghianti Fototeca image ID|Fondazione Ragghianti Fototeca image ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/archive creator archieven.nl|archive creator archieven.nl]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples: [https://w.wiki/EFJi Exemplars of the Magna Carta]  ([[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Manuscripts#Magna_Carta |source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Revitalizing_UK_History|Revitalizing UK History]]- A wikiproject with the aim of enriching UK historical figures.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]:[[d:Q19689203|The BFG (Q19689203)]] - 2016 film by Steven Spielberg
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L580449|trucco (L580449)]] - Italian noun (ˈtruk.ko) meaning &quot;deceptive ploy&quot;, &quot;makeup&quot;, or &quot;strategic maneuver&quot;

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:47, 27 මැයි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28755133 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #682 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-06-02. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#681]].&lt;br&gt; Help with [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]].''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Wikidata_Translation_Bot|Wikidata Translation Bot]] - task/s: Automate translation of Item Labels and Descriptions across supported languages and submit them using the official Wikidata API. 
* New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Mass-editing policy|Mass-editing policy]]
* Closed request for comments:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Rename_PeakFinder_ID_(P3770)|Rename PeakFinder ID (P3770)]] - Property was renamed.
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Domain_name_as_data|Domain name as data]] - property [[d:Property:P13337|domain name (P13337)]] was created.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** New Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group event series on the Wikidata Graph Split project. Our first event will include guests from the Wikidata Search team to discuss the recent graph split project.  Join us Tuesday, June 3, 2025 at 9am PT/ 12pm ET/ 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST (Time zone converter).  Please see our [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/GraphSplit project page] for more information and Zoom links.
** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #77 June 9 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at  [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Q61752245|Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]]
** Revitalizing UK History  #June 7 Time 16:00 UTC [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Revitalizing_UK_History Revitalizing UK History]
* Just missed it?
** Wikidata and Sister Projects: [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects#Sessions|full day videos and presentation slides are being made available on the program page]].
** [https://wikimedia.es/evento/concurso-coordinate-me-2025-online/ Coordinate Me 2025], the contest to add [[d:Property:P625|geographic coordinates (P625)]] for countries with low representation has ended. Who will be declared winner?

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://osl.hypotheses.org/16774 Wikidata promotes Sister Projects through interwiki links] SLUB Open Science Lab writer Jens Bemme has put together a comprehensive article covering the recent online event and many examples of Wikidata being used.
* Papers
** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.21693 MAKIEVAL: A Multilingual Automatic Wikidata-based Framework for Cultural Awareness Evaluation for LLMs] By Zhao et al., (2025) - This paper presents MAKIEVAL, a framework for evaluating cultural awareness in LLMs across languages, showing that models exhibit stronger cultural awareness when prompted in English.
** [https://www.arxiv.org/pdf/2505.19971 Conversational Lexicography: Querying Lexicographic Data on Knowledge Graphs with SPARQL through Natural Language] By Sennrich &amp; Ahmadi (2025) - This paper develops a natural language interface for retrieving lexicographic data from Wikidata, creating a taxonomy and dataset, and evaluating language models, with GPT-3.5-Turbo showing the best generalization despite scalability challenges.
** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.23461 UAQFact: Evaluating Factual Knowledge Utilization of LLMs on Unanswerable Questions] By Tan et al., (2025) - This paper introduces UAQFact, a bilingual dataset for evaluating LLMs on unanswerable questions, showing that models struggle to fully utilize stored factual knowledge even with external support.
* Videos
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NC6zkOznAeM Listful Thinking:Using Wikidata to support editing workflows] By Dr Thneed
** (French) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=sdsPS8Af6YE Using Wikidata to gain visibility on the internet?] By Nelly Darbois
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=BY_2T6yB56Q How to create a SPARQL Query to search Wikidata Item Description] By vlogize
** (Spanish) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=1j6pHOBRqt0 Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata tutorial for the subject of Virreinal Art] By Luis Alvaz
** [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejPiMknpyQFM43rivJbn33Ff&amp;si=F7kedfs1h48e-xQ7 Wikidata and Sister Projects (YouTube Playlist)] - full daily recordings from the Wikidata and Sister Projects event.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://github.com/brawer/wikidata-qrank Wikidata Qrank]  is a ranking signal for Wikidata entities. It gets computed by aggregating page view statistics for Wikipedia, Wikitravel, Wikibooks, Wikispecies and other Wikimedia projects. For example, according to the QRank signal, the fictional character Pippi Longstocking ranks lower than Harry Potter, but still much higher than the obscure Äffle &amp; Pferdle.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* [https://www.should-i-watch-this.com Should I watch this?] - Enter a film title or IMDb ID to get a recommendation, uses data from Wikidata.
* Job Openings - want to help shape the future of Wikidata or Wikibase?
** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/56640059/Software-Engineer-Wikidata-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=220899039&amp;l=en Software Engineer (Wikidata)] 
** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/55063868/Staff-Engineer-Wikidata-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=209936577&amp;l=en Staff Engineer (Wikidata)]
** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/56244967/UX-Designer-Wikibase-Cloud-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=216209752&amp;l=en UX Designer (Wikibase Cloud)]

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Property:P13589|‎reason for no value]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;qualifier property to be used with statements having the object &quot;no value&quot;, given to provide a reason for &quot;no value&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Property:P13593|cosplay of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;characters that are cosplayed in this image or video&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13590|espn.com soccer team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13591|‎Yale LUX ID]], [[:d:Property:P13592|Židovski biografski leksikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P13594|verkiezingsuitslagen database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13595|Norwegian soldier register 1940 ID]], [[:d:Property:P13596|Polish Music Library PBM ID]], [[:d:Property:P13597|‎MCW-PL article ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UK Mutual Registration Number|UK Mutual Registration Number]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for an organisation in the UK's Mutuals Public Register&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scilit organization ID|Scilit organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/paleo.ru person ID|paleo.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Assemblée nationale du Québec non-élu|identifiant Assemblée nationale du Québec non-élu]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ThinkyGames genre ID|ThinkyGames genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letopis of MSU person ID|Letopis of MSU person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MAI person ID|MAI person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/istina.msu.ru journal ID|istina.msu.ru journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MultimediaWiki page ID|MultimediaWiki page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Submarine Cable Map ID|Submarine Cable Map ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nederlands Film Festival person ID|Nederlands Film Festival person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CTS URN|CTS URN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scientific heritage of Russia person ID|Scientific heritage of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Virtual necropolis of Ukrainian emigration person ID|Virtual necropolis of Ukrainian emigration person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Cycling Federation person ID|Russian Cycling Federation person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Memories of the Gulag and Their Authors person ID|The Memories of the Gulag and Their Authors person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex Books author ID|Yandex Books author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Theatre museums of Russia person ID|Theatre museums of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Reabilitovani istoriyeyu person ID|Reabilitovani istoriyeyu person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CARLA ID|CARLA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Boosty author ID|Boosty author ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/ELXS All lexemes in Minangkabau (sorted chronologically by their entry time)]
** [https://w.wiki/EMbF Film Directors who are still alive]
* Schema examples:
**
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next WikiProject WordNet]
* WikiProject Highlights:
**
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]:[[Wikidata:Database reports/Most linked category items|list of the most linked category page items]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]:[[d:Q18407657|
Captain America: Civil War (Q18407657)]] - 22016 film by Anthony and Joe Russo
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1250690|(L1250690)
spegnere (L1250690)]] - Italian verb &quot;switch off&quot; or &quot;to die&quot;

''' Development '''
* Vector 2022 skin: We enabled dark mode for Items, Properties and Lexemes on Wikidata ([[phab:T389330]])
* Mobile statement editing: We are continuing with the technical investigation.
* Diffs: We merged a volunteer patch by Matěj Suchánek to format quantity diffs a bit more sensibly ([[phab:T394585]])
* Search in the UI: We enabled the new search on https://test.wikidata.org and https://wikidata.beta.wmflabs.org. It lets you easily search in other entity types as well now, not just Items. Please give it a try.
* Wikibase REST API: We are continuing the work on integrating simple search, specifically phrase matching ([[phab:T389011]])
* Query Service: We are working on an experiment to add a small dialog to inform people about alternative access methods for very simple queries that don't require SPARQL ([[phab:T391261]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:17, 2 ජූනි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28806202 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #683 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-06-10. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#682]].&lt;br&gt; Help with [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]].''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Coinhote|Coinhoe]] - RfP scheduled to end after 10 June 2025 23:49 (UTC)

''' Events '''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: New Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group event series on the Wikidata Graph Split project. Our second event will be a conversation with Daniel Mietchen and Lane Rasberry about [https://scholia.toolforge.org/ Scholia], the Wikidata frontend which generates and presents scholarly profiles based on WikiCite content. They'll speak to Scholia's current state and roadmap, with consideration for the recent Wikidata graph split. Tuesday, June 10, 2025 at 9am PT/ 12pm ET/ 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST. More info and Zoom links: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/GraphSplit|project page]].

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://github.com/trokhymovych/wikidata-vandalism-detection Graph-Linguistic Fusion: Using Language Models for Wikidata Vandalism Detection]: resources to reproduce training and evaluation procedure for the paper Graph-Linguistic Fusion: Using Language Models for Wikidata Vandalism Detection
** [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EyInxNXvz3rmmlTeYOKg6Sr5EKG--4mzBXlaz_HhYRY/edit?usp=sharing Cataloguing guidelines for representing the Memory of the World International Register on Wikidata] Google Doc to shape the process of a coming data upload: comments are open.
** [https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/GLAM/Newsletter/May_2025/Contents/Memory_of_the_World_report GLAM:Memory of the World Report:] Hannah Drummen at UNESCO, alongside data expert Martin, has completed a structured dataset of 496 International Register items, ready for bulk upload to Wikidata in June, with an aim to enhance accessibility and define best practices for future updates.
** [[d:outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May_2025/Contents/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_report|Wikidata QID updates to BHL catalogue]]: The BHL Lead Developer, Mike Lichtenberg, is ensuring periodic Wikidata Qid refreshes in the BHL Catalogue, with the working group advising a downloadable post-refresh report for OpenRefine integration, to be sent to the BHL Metacat group for reconciliation by Siobhan or other Wikidata editors.
** [[d:outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May_2025/Contents/Indonesia_report GLAM Wiki|Wikidata training &amp; Datathon in Indonesia]]: Wikimedia Indonesia hosts WikiLatih Wikidata training to enhance skills in editing Indonesian cultural heritage data on Wikidata, while Datathon challenges participants to make the most edits on museum-related topics in Indonesia.
* Papers
** [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40481658/ Wikidata for Botanists: Benefits of collaborating and sharing Linked Open Data] By von Mering et al., (2025) - This paper explores Wikidata as a multilingual open knowledge base for botany, highlighting its role in connecting botanical information across sources, and calling on the botanical community to enhance its content.
** [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-05200-8 CS-KG 2.0: A Large-scale Knowledge Graph of Computer Science] By Dessí et al., (2025) - This paper introduces CS-KG 2.0, an advanced AI-powered knowledge graph built from 15 million research papers, designed to enhance scientific exploration by structuring and interconnecting vast amounts of computer science literature.
* Videos
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHhvcvvFPsA Using the Wiki List tool] - GoogleSheet with formulae for retrieving Wikidata values and writing QuickStatements commands.
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=0eGNxqvW89M Introduction to Wikidata] By Robin Isadora Brown and Lane Rasberry
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ijwiYthh6CY Wikidata Editing] By Kusaal Wikipedia Community
** (Portuguese) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=UWuRQstMm8E Federating academic SPARQL searches in Wikidata] By Tiago Lubiana

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://phonemes.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Phonemes] This is the web application developed specifically for Wikidata IOLab. In here you can add phonemes to a whole bunch of languages, basing your work on the work that the brazilian students of their national olympiad did while editing Wikipedia.
* [https://www.should-i-watch-this.com/Mission%20Imposible/2018 Should I watch this?] is a tool that helps users decide whether a movie or show is worth watching.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
* Newest General datatypes 
**[[:d:Property:P13598|Guizzi's classification of musical instruments]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Guizzi's classification system of musical instruments&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Property:P13602|single taken from the album]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;indicates the album from which the item is taken&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13599|‎GameSpot platform ID]], [[:d:Property:P13600|‎OberpfalzWiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13601|‎Private Enterprise Number]], [[:d:Property:P13603|TNT Sports soccer team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13604|‎Fondazione Ragghianti Fototeca image ID]], [[:d:Property:P13605|ROAR ID]], [[:d:Property:P13606|‎15min.lt theme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13607|FMJD person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13608|NAQ non-elected person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13609|paleo.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13610|‎Sierra Wiki article ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New External identifier property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteca Pública|Biblioteca Pública]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{TranslateThis&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Libretexts ID|Libretexts ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;the world's largest collection of free OER textbooks online&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Évêques suisses|identifiant Évêques suisses]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia Galega Universal ID|Enciclopedia Galega Universal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Deaf Movie Database|Deaf Movie Database]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Affiliated Dissemination of Literacy among Georgians ID|Biographical Dictionary of Affiliated Dissemination of Literacy among Georgians ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Physicians of Georgia ID|Biographical Dictionary of Physicians of Georgia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Athletes of Georgia ID|Biographical Dictionary of Athletes of Georgia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Winemakers of Georgia ID|Biographical Dictionary of Winemakers of Georgia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/matricule number|matricule number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/inn|inn]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Debian Wiki article|Debian Wiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Desura game ID (archived)|Desura game ID (archived)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de derecho ID|Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de derecho ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/QUDT dimension ID|QUDT dimension ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/ERgB Wikisource transcriptions of texts on the Memory of the World International Register], ([[d:User:MartinPoulter/queries/memory_of_the_world#Wikisource_transcriptions_of_individual_texts|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/4cn2 Bills and coins of Brazilian Real (with pictures)]
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProject]] highlights: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Names/be-tarask Names/Belarusian] - This WikiProject aims to add structured and linguistic data to Wikidata to enable the study of people's names across all time periods, regions, and languages.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q5901134|Ant-Man (Q5901134)]] - 2015 film directed by Peyton Reed

''' Development '''
* Mobile editing of statements: We are doing initial development focusing on technical investigations and basic UI elements ([[phab:T394292]], [[phab:T394886]])
* Lexemes: We are looking into a rare error when trying to do undo certain Lexeme edits ([[phab:T392372]])
* Watchlist/Recent changes on Wikipedia: We continued working on showing labels instead of IDs in the edit summaries of Wikidata changes that are shown in the watchlist and recent changes of Wikipedia and co ([[phab:T388685]])
* Wikibase REST API: Finishing touches on simple search ([[phab:T383126]])
* Query Service UI: Added experimental popup to point people running very simple queries to other available access methods ([[phab:T391264]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:22, 10 ජූනි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28846270 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #684 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-06-16. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#683]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events '''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7ZEIMLZEQXFLSXPT2N6FROB2TCMMKVVW/ GLAM Wiki Conference 2025] - Program Call-for-Proposals: Deadline 15 June.
** [[d:Q134950534|COSCUP 2025 (Q134950534)]]  [[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikidata Taiwan/COSCUP 2025|Open Street Map x Wikidata Track]] - [[d:Q699543|National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (Q699543)]] 9 August - 10 August.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://professional.wiki/en/news/wikibase-faceted-search-released Wikibase Faceted Search Released] ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxKWpTQBrqk demo video])
** [https://github.com/watmildon/DecomissionedAircraftMap DecomissionedAircraftMap] (see tool below) - The Decommissioned Aircraft Map project uses Wikidata to enhance its mapping of historic aircraft by pulling images from linked Wikidata entries. Users can contribute by adding or correcting Wikidata tags on OpenStreetMap, ensuring accurate representation of aircraft locations and visuals. By Watmildon.
* Videos: [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=aDVeeym9Dpg Querying Wikidata using tools such as QuickStatements and Petscan] - Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://dataviz.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Visualization]: a visualization tool for Wikidata SPARQL queries
* [https://overpass-ultra.us/#map&amp;query=url:https://raw.githubusercontent.com/watmildon/DecomissionedAircraftMap/refs/heads/main/AircraftMap.ultra&amp;m=0.87/0/0 DecomissionedAircraftMap] (as a demonstration of the power of OpenStreetMap into Wikidata): pulls geodata for displayed aircraft from OpenStreetMap and generates thumbnails from linked Wikidata entries.
* [http://tiago.bio.br/query-split-tester Query split tester] (Beta): webtool to see the impact on the graph split on your SPARQL query.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* Nominations for the [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tools Award]] 2025 are open. Nominate your favorite tool! Nominations are due by the 25th of this month already.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
* Newest General datatypes 
**[[:d:Property:P13612|‎breed belongs to taxon]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;taxon to which members of this breed (or these breeds) belong&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13611|CARLA ID]], [[:d:Property:P13613|Enciclopedia Galega Universal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13614|ThinkyGames genre ID]]
* New External identifier property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/worn on|worn on]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;part of the body where an item of clothing, equipment, or jewelry is worn&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rewards this type of work|rewards this type of work]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;kind of work for which an award is given&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sign meaning|sign meaning]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/trailer of|trailer of]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;works that this trailer video represents&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Facebook image ID|Facebook image ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DE-BIAS ID|DE-BIAS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Author identifier in FragTrag|Author identifier in FragTrag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Niedersächsische Personen-ID|Niedersächsische Personen-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FBref match ID|FBref match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FBref competition ID|FBref competition ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/EKb5 A visual representation of the birthplaces and death places of women medical doctors who qualified in the UK between 1877 and 1914.] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Place_of_birth_to_Place_of_Death_-_arrow_indicator?|source]])
** [https://w.wiki/6RiP Distinct languages of Wikidata Lexemes]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_PCC_EMCO_Wikidata_CoP|EMCO Wikidata CoP]] - EMCO promotes the discovery and use of the world’s knowledge by supporting metadata producers in library and other cultural heritage communities.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q50008|The Times (Q50008)]] - British daily national newspaper based in London
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L3348|right (L3348)]] - English adjective (rīt) meaning &quot;opposite of left&quot;, &quot;correct/just&quot;, or &quot;politically conservative&quot;

''' Development '''
* Mobile editing:
** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GX3FR7E6ASLEOP7LLKXTYCJ6O34QX3QJ/ Share your feedback on the new prototype that brings statement editing on Items to mobile].
** We continued base work for making editing statements on mobile possible.
* Simple search is now available in the Wikibase REST API! You can find information and leave feedback [[d:Wikidata talk:REST API feedback round|here]].
* Lexemes: We’re working on a WikibaseLexeme error that happens when trying to revert the deletion of a form that was already undeleted ([[phab:T392372]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: 
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:29, 16 ජූනි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28856554 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #685 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-06-23. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#684]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events '''
* Join us for the third [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] event on the Wikidata Graph Split project, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750780800 Tuesday, June 24 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST]. We’ll share updates on the Query Service, tools, and SPARQL learning resources. Stanford researchers Shicheng Liu and Sina Jandaghi Semnani will present their Spinach Wikidata Agent, which translates complex questions into SPARQL queries [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/GraphSplit|Project page]]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Presentations
** [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15690771 Slides of the panel] ''MediaWiki-based tools and services in Digital Humanities workflows'', part of the DARIAH-EU Annual Event 2025 in Göttingen: (the panel was about Wikibase instances, including Wikidata)
* Blogs
** [https://stefan.bloggt.es/2025/06/wer-war-wie-oft-bei-lanz-schoener-leben-mit-linked-data/ Who appeared how often on Lanz?] (in German)
** [https://techinformed.com/wikidata-leader-on-open-data-in-age-of-ai/ Wikidata’s Lydia Pintscher on importance of open data in the age of AI]
* Papers
** [https://www.psypost.org/scientists-uncover-surprisingly-consistent-pattern-of-scholarly-curiosity-throughout-history/ Scientists uncover surprisingly consistent pattern of scholarly curiosity throughout history]
** [https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.70050 ''The women honoured in flowering plant genera: From myth to reality'']  by [[User:Ambrosia10|Ambrosia10]] and colleagues used Wikidata to publicly curate the information.  
* Videos
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=j8hxYuqCVm4 Holy wells and OpenData - a talk about Wikidata et al.]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Ek629n_-2v4&amp;pp=0gcJCfwAo7VqN5tD Wikidata Graph Split - Writing an FAQ] - By Tiago Lubiana
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=mI9KmLI_NNA Taller introducción a Wikidata - Erika Guetti Suca]
** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2177TktBLok Wikidata Lab XLV: Quick Statements 3.0 - Part II] By Wikimedia Brasil
** (Spanish) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=W74pw00i4IQ ¿Qué es Wikidata y cómo se edita?] By Wikimedia Colombia

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://femiber.upf.edu/ FEMIber]: a digital humanities tool that uses structured data aligned with Wikidata principles to document and analyze how women are represented in medieval Iberian chronicles.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''
* Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13615|The Memories of the Gulag and Their Authors person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13616|Debian Wiki article]], [[:d:Property:P13617|UK Parliament bill ID]], [[:d:Property:P13618|CPJ topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13619|Desura game ID (archived)]], [[:d:Property:P13620|Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de derecho ID]], [[:d:Property:P13621|Swiss Bishops ID]], [[:d:Property:P13622|KNDB person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13623|MAI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13624|necropolis.uinp.gov.ua person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New General datatypes property proposals to review:
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/état|état]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;state of the matrix while printing&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Federal Tax Service ID|Russian Federal Tax Service ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier of Russian Tax Service for people or organization&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
**[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/donation URL|donation URL]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;official URL for making donations to the subject&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ukrainian Memorial person ID|Ukrainian Memorial person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Memorial Platform person ID|Memorial Platform person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Klimadashboard.de region ID|Klimadashboard.de region ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Central News Agency News topic id|Taiwan Central News Agency News topic id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant HAL d'une collection|identifiant HAL d'une collection]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CoreTennis.net player ID|CoreTennis.net player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant sujet du dictionnaire biographique du Canada|identifiant sujet du dictionnaire biographique du Canada]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AMNH entity ID|AMNH entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nasljerseys.com player ID|nasljerseys.com player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portal Decentralization hromada ID|Portal Decentralization hromada ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portal of united hromadas of Ukraine hromada ID|Portal of united hromadas of Ukraine hromada ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archive of Our Own story ID|Archive of Our Own story ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rada.info council ID|rada.info council ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/International Tennis Federation player ID|International Tennis Federation player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Confederation of African Tennis player ID|Confederation of African Tennis player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Artvee artwork ID|Artvee artwork ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/EKb5 Place of birth to Place of Death - arrow indicator] ([https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Request_a_query source])
** [https://w.wiki/tZJ Map with place of birth and years of cartographers] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Place_of_birth_to_Place_of_Death_-_arrow_indicator?|source]])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Personal_Collections WikiProject Personal Collections] - The WikiProject Personal Collections aims to develop standardized terms, multilingual ontologies, and best practices for consistently describing personal collections and archives on Wikidata.
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q484365|David Duchovny (Q484365)]] - American actor and writer
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L183915|газ (L183915)]] - Russian noun (ɡas) meaning &quot;gas (physical state)&quot;, &quot;natural gas&quot;, or &quot;accelerator pedal&quot;

''' Development '''
* Query Service: It is now possible to download query results in Wikidata Query Service that include coordinates as GeoJSON (KML &amp; GPX should also be available soon). Thanks to Atom.oil.2 for the patch. ([[phab:T216601]])
* Wikidata integration in Wikipedia and co: We are continuing the work on improving how Wikidata changes show up in watchlist and recent changes, specifically showing labels instead of IDs in the future. ([[phab:T388685]])
* Search: We enabled the new search box that makes it easier to search in Properties, Lexemes and EntitySchemas as well. We are working on minor fixes based on feedback.
* Mobile statement editing: We are working on showing the first statements in the new way - mostly tech demo and nothing to see yet ([[phab:T394886]])
* Federation: We are looking into measuring and better understanding queries that use SPARQL federation.
* REST API: We continued working on prefix search for Items in the API ([[phab:T388209]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Norway|Norway]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Current issue]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:12, 23 ජූනි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28856554 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #686 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-06-30. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#685]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** 8-11 September: [https://openrefine.org/blog/2025/06/10/OpenRefine-2025-Barcamp OpenRefine Barcamp] - fully virtual, registrations and call for sessions are open
** [[d:Event:WikidataCon_2025|WikidataCon 2025]] returns this year on the theme of Connecting People through Linked Open Data...on the links below you can
*** [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|Register to the event]] to get updates and news
*** Submit now, the [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp Call for Proposals is open!]
** [https://www.hsozkult.de/event/id/event-155988 Wikidata for Jewish Studies], a hands-on Wikidata workshop at the  Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz from September 8-9, 2025. (Registration by July 18)
** [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Drop_in_and_Wikidata_-_June_2025 Drop in and Wikidata] - This regular online meeting has moved to the last Thursday of every month. [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/88415120219 Join via Zoom]

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Blogs
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/28/visualizing-knowledge-how-indonesians-turn-wikidata-into-stories-that-matter/ Visualizing Knowledge] - how Indonesians turn Wikidata into stories that matter. This article details the efforts and winners of a WM Indonesia organised 30-day competition to create cool visualizations powered through Wikidata.
** [https://www.lpi.org/blog/2025/06/25/openrefine-data-workflow-via-open-source-collaboration/ OpenRefine: Data workflow via open source collaboration] - the Linux Professional Institute interview the project manager of OR, Martin Magdinier, on the journey developing this data manipulation tool.

''' Tool of the week '''
* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Jon_Harald_S%C3%B8by/senseItemLabel.js User:Jon Harald Søby/senseItemLabel.js] What it does is that when you add a P5137 statement in a lexeme, it will let you add the lemma as a label to the item in one click, if the item doesn't have a label in that language yet, or if the label is different (very useful for case differences, for instance)

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* The [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course Wikidata Ontology Course] has finished its course sessions.  The slides for all sessions of the course are available on the course page. Part of participating in the course was to set up a project related to the Wikidata Ontology.  Current information on the projects, many of which are continuing after the end of the course is now [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course#Projects available].  If you are interested in one or more of the projects please follow the project, add something to its discussion page, or contribute to it.
* [https://wissenschaftlichestellenangebote.com/phd-position-in-history,i18518.html PhD Position in Digital History] at the University of Luxembourg is seeking someone with experience in Wikibase and Linked Open Data.

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: none
** External identifiers: none
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/defining Prolog formula|defining Prolog formula]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Prolog rule expressing the intended logical behavior of a property, for use in ontology formalization and rule-based reasoning.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Codes for the administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China|Codes for the administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;identifier for administrative divisions of People's Republic of China, published by Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ENTSO-E resource type|ENTSO-E resource type]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ENTSO-E code for type of Power System Resource. Alias: PSR type, electrical aset type&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Film Atlas ID|Film Atlas ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FLBB player ID|FLBB player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MarathonView person ID|MarathonView person ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
**[https://w.wiki/EYkW UNESCO Memory of the World International Register (now complete up to 2023)] ([[d:User:MartinPoulter/queries/memory_of_the_world|source]])
**[https://w.wiki/EZ9o Largest collections on the MoW International Register]
** [https://w.wiki/EcAw Featured and Good Articles in Korean or Chinese Wikipedia, with no English version] - [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Articles_that_are_GA_or_FA_on_zh_or_ko_wiki_but_not_on_en|source]]
** [https://w.wiki/EcAy Ugandan Female Footballers] - [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Query_on_Ugandan_female_Footballers|source]]
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Personal_Collections WikiProject Personal Collections] - The WikiProject Personal Collections aims to develop structured, multilingual standards and best practices for describing personal collections and archives on Wikidata.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]:
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q170599|Arctic Monkeys (Q170599)]] - English rock band
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L713097|ਸਿਫ਼ਤ (L713097)]] - Punjabi noun (si-fat) meaning &quot;praise/glorification&quot;, &quot;virtue&quot;, or &quot;attribute&quot;

''' Development '''
* Wikibase REST API: We continued working on Item prefix search ([[phab:T388209]]) and started working on stemming support ([[phab:T397605]])
* Integration in Wikipedia and co: The improved edit summaries are now live on the first wikis (ca, uk, he). We are now showing the labels for linked entities instead of just their IDs ([[phab:T388685]])
* Mobile statement editing: We are continuing working on the basics of showing statements in the new way - nothing useful to see yet ([[phab:T394886]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/New Zealand|New Zealand]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 19:57, 30 ජූනි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28906317 --&gt;

== Wikidata weekly summary #687 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the&lt;br&gt;week leading up to 2025-067-07. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#686]].&lt;br&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;&quot;&gt;

''' Discussions '''
* New requests for permissions/Bot:
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Bovlbbot|Bovlbbot]] - Task(s): this bot request asks for admin access (or access to deleted revisions if  possible) so it can move the updater task for User:Bovlb/wd-deleted. 
** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Andrebot_3|Andrebot 3]] - Task(s): Fill in historic countries for the settlements, communes, towns and cities of Romania.

''' Events ''' 
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]:
** New Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! Mark your calendars for our final session of our event series on the Wikidata graph split project and SPARQL skills!  We will be diving into the mechanics of federated SPARQL queries and look forward to a hands-on and interactive session exploring how to use the scholarly article query service. Join us Tuesday, July 8th at 9am PT/ 12pm ET/ 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST (Time zone converter https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1751990400). Please see our [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/GraphSplit project page] for more information and Zoom links.
** Hackathon announced for Wikimania 2025, Nairobi. Call for Projects is now open! Includes a ''newcomer track'' for first-time participants. Add yourself to the ''[https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2025:Hackathon/Participants_List participants list]'' or see the ''[https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2025:Hackathon/Resources resources page]'' for further event info.

''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos '''
* Press
** [https://www.theregister.com/2025/07/04/wikidata_foss_democracy Wikidata: Attempting to bridge FOSS ideals and direct democracy] - by ''The Register'', this article highlights examples of Wikidata serving and powering a growing ecosystem of FOSS projects, outside of Wikipedia.
** (Italian) [https://en.pusc.it/article/wikilib-bibliotecari-romani-e-vaticani WikiLib: Roman+Vatican Librarians compared on Wikidata] - 
* Blogs
** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/13/preserving-indonesian-galleries-libraries-archives-and-museums-glam-assets-through-wikidata-in-glam-wiki-month/ Preserving Indonesian GLAM Assets in Wikidata] - This article documents how Indonesian users collaborated in preserving Indonesian GLAM assets by adding its metadata to Wikidata during [[m:Wikimedia Indonesia/Bulan Wiki GLAM 2025|2025 GLAM Wiki Month]] organized by Wikimedia Indonesia.
* Papers
** [[:d:Q135216852|''Linking Challenges for Pseudonyms: The Studies of VIAF, ISNI, Wikidata, Meridian, and Beyond'']] by Charlene Chou
* Thesis
** [[:d:Q135208119|The ''Dictionary of Italian contemporary pseudonym writers'' in Wikidata. Methodology and results]]: MA thesis (discussed on 29 May) regarding the systematic addition in Wikidata of all the nearly 500 Italian writers described in a [[:d:Q130597718|biographical dictionary]], with a first introductory part, a second part describing the editing methodology, including the [[:d:Q118455746|authority work]] done both in Wikidata and in some major authority files ([[:d:Property:P396|SBN]], [[:d:Property:P227|GND]], [[:d:Property:P269|IDREF]]) to disambiguate the main homonyms, and a third part analysing through SPARQL queries the data about these writers
*** full thesis (in Italian) published in the [https://etd.adm.unipi.it/theses/available/etd-05132025-160428/ University of Pisa thesis repository]; work materials available in the [[:d:User:SaraDeMonaco/Tesi magistrale|Wikidata usersubpage]] of [[:d:User:SaraDeMonaco|Sara De Monaco]]; slides (in Italian) used in the discussion available in [[:commons:File:Presentazione Tesi Magistrale - De Monaco.pdf|Wikimedia Commons]]; related datasets available in [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15474928 Zenodo]
* Videos
** (mostly Italian, with some parts in English) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QdTYnBPEn4 ''Wikidata &amp; Research'' International Conference] (video of 5 June session) - held at the University of Florence 5-6 June 2025, the conference touched on role of Wikidata in academic research (cf. [[m:Wikidata_and_research|Wikidata and research]]]), building on past initiatives such as [[:d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024|Wikidata Days Bologna 2024]].
** (Portuguese) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2f3jg8LiFs How to add Wikidata-powered Infoboxes to Wikipedia] - a short tutorial video from the University of São Paolo Institute of Mathematics and Statistics.

''' Tool of the week '''
* 
[[d:User:Kod_B/ArchiveExternaLinks.js|User:Kod B - ArchiveExternaLinks.js]] This script automatically archives external links found in the statements of Wikidata items, in order to improve source durability and reduce the risk of broken links (link rot), similar to what already exists on Wikipedia.

''' Other Noteworthy Stuff '''
* What belongs where in the Wikibase Ecosystem? There is ongoing research to better understand what people are currently thinking about this and [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/BUMGCMKFFNMJQVZXD4K6Z23LLBHAHCCT/ you can take part by sorting some scenarios].
* How to properly cite a Newspaper article? [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#What's_the_right_way_to_cite_a_newspaper_article?|Project Chat discussion]].

''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review '''

&lt;!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:
** General datatypes: none
** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13625|QUDT dimension ID]], [[:d:Property:P13626|istina.msu.ru journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13627|Niedersächsische Personen ID]], [[:d:Property:P13628|Submarine Cable Map ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --&gt;
&lt;!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --&gt;
* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:
** General datatypes: 
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MediaWiki page revision ID|MediaWiki page revision ID]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;ID for a MediaWiki wiki revision, Wikimedia projects should use {{P|7569}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/applies if VIN matches regular expression|applies if VIN matches regular expression]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;this statement is only true if the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) of a vehicle matches this regular expression&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cadastral areas|Cadastral areas]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;List of cadastral areas of municipality&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/settlement classification|settlement classification]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;settlement classification&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Modern Shrine Ranking|Modern Shrine Ranking]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Rank in the [[Q712534|Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Divine Rank|Divine Rank]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;The [[Q11591025|Shinkai (divine rank)]] of a Shrine&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Engishiki celebration category|Engishiki celebration category]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Celebration category mentioned in the engishiki&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Engishiki Rank|Engishiki Rank]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Rank of a shrine in the Engishiki Jinmyocho.&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Honji Buddha|Honji Buddha]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Buddha that this kami is identified with&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Suijaku Kami|Suijaku Kami]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;Kami that this Buddha is believed to have manifested as&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Generation MSX d'une société ou d'un groupe de démo|identifiant Generation MSX d'une société ou d'un groupe de démo]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;company or demo group identifier in the Generation MSX database of MSX videogames&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Knowledge Graph for Irish History ID|Knowledge Graph for Irish History ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library of Uruguay book ID|National Library of Uruguay book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kokugakuin University Shrine Database ID|Kokugakuin University Shrine Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Observer tag|Observer tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Observer contributor ID|Observer contributor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Geoguessr ID|Geoguessr ID]]
&lt;!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --&gt;

You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!

''' Did you know? '''
* Query examples:
** [https://w.wiki/EcBz Uganda's hydropower plants] ([https://x.com/kateregga1/status/1939789382099071298 source])
* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]] [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Postcards|Postcards]] was created, including a list of project-specific [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Postcards/Queries|Queries]]
* WikiProject Highlights:
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Type_watchlist|GovDirectory]] added a Type watchlist.
** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Taiwan/GLAM/Library_List|WikiProject Taiwan]] added a Library List.
* Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Abuse_filter_effectiveness|Abuse Filter effectiveness]]
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q2740012|Stefan Löfven (Q2740012)]] - Swedish politician, Prime Minister of Sweden between 2014–2021
* [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L453737|sterk (L453737)]] - Norwegian Bokmål adjective (stæʁk) meaning &quot;strong&quot;, &quot;intense&quot;, or &quot;durable&quot;

''' Development '''
* Wikibase REST API: We finished the Item prefix search ([[phab:T388209]]). It'll go live later when we are also done with the Property prefix search.
* Search: We are fixing a bug when pasting into the new search box ([[phab:T397608]])
* Mobile statement editing: We are working on basic viewing of statements ([[phab:T394886]]) - nothing useful to see yet
* Dumps: There was an issue with the last dumps not being generated. The Data Platform SRE team is looking into it ([[phab:T398756]])

[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&amp;order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].

''' Weekly Tasks '''
* Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]].
* Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]].
* Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Austria|Austria]]
* Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences.
* Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
* [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects.
* Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:43, 7 ජූලි 2025 (යූටීසී)'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&amp;oldid=28906317 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ewaoog17ns5yhrchjjw83v7e75eme0f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123127</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754368</id>
      <parentid>754212</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:34:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Titanciwiki</username>
        <id>17542</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>More info</comment>
      <origin>754368</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14165" sha1="k4rimnysldavi5y2w47h602friewtk6" xml:space="preserve">{{තොරතුරුකොටුව තනතුරුධාරි
| honorific-prefix = [[ගරු]]
| name             = ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ
| native_name      = {{nobold|{{lang|en|Gamini Lokuge}}}}
| image            = GaminiLoukge.png
| caption             = 2019 වසරෙහි ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ මහතා
| office              = බලශක්ති අමාත්‍ය&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiru0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Minister Gamini Lokuge appointed as the Minister of Energy|url=https://www.hirunews.lk/en/298583/minister-gamini-lokuge-appointed-as-the-minster-of-energy-video|access-date=1 July 2025|website=[[Hiru TV|Hiru News]]|date=3 March 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| term_start          = 2022 මාර්තු 3
| term_end            = 2022 අප්‍රේල් 3
| president           = [[ගෝඨාභය රාජපක්ෂ]]
| primeminister       = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]
| predecessor         = [[උදය ගම්මන්පිල]]
| successor           = [[කංචන විජේසේකර]]&lt;ref group=&quot;N&quot;&gt;විදුලිබල හා බලශක්ති අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙසය&lt;/ref&gt;
| office1          = විදුලිබල අමාත්‍ය&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Minister Gamini Lokuge contracts COVID-19|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/78621/minister-gamini-lokuge-contracts-covid-19|website=Ada Derana|access-date=1 July 2025 |language=si |date=23 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| president1       = [[ගෝඨාභය රාජපක්ෂ]]
| primeminister1   = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]
| predecessor1     = [[ඩලස් අලහප්පෙරුම]]
| successor1       = [[පවිත්‍රා වන්නිආරච්චි]]
| term_start1      = 2021 අගෝස්තු 16
| term_end1        = 2022 මාර්තු 3
| office2          = ප්‍රවාහන අමාත්‍ය
| president2       = [[ගෝඨාභය රාජපක්ෂ]]
| primeminister2   = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]
| predecessor2     = [[මහින්ද අමරවීර]]
| successor2       = [[පවිත්‍රා වන්නිආරච්චි]]
| term_start2      = 2020 අගෝස්තු 12
| term_end2        = 2021 අගෝස්තු 16
| office3          = නාගරික සංවර්ධන රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍ය
| president3       = [[ගෝඨාභය රාජපක්ෂ]]
| primeminister3   = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]
| minister3        = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]	
| predecessor3     = 
| successor3       = [[නාලක ගොඩහේවා]]
| term_start3      = 2019 නොවැම්බර් 27
| term_end3        = 2020 අගෝස්තු 12
| office4          = කම්කරු අමාත්‍ය
| president4       = [[මෛත්‍රීපාල සිරිසේන]]
| primeminister4   = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]
| deputy4          = [[මනූෂ නානායක්කාර]]	
| predecessor4     = [[රවීන්ද්‍ර සමරවීර]]
| successor4       = [[දයා ගමගේ]]
| term_start4      = 2018 නොවැම්බර් 9
| term_end4        = 2018 දෙසැම්බර් 15
| president5        = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]
| primeminister5    = [[දි.මු. ජයරත්න]]
| predecessor5      = [[අතාවුද සෙනෙවිරත්න]]
| successor5        = [[එස්. බී. නාවින්න]]
| term_start5       = 2010 අප්‍රේල් 23
| term_end5         = 2015 ජනවාරි 12
| office6          = ක්‍රීඩා හා පොදු විනෝදාත්මක කටයුතු අමාත්‍ය
| president6       = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]
| primeminister6   = [[රත්නසිරි වික්‍රමනායක]]
| predecessor6     = [[ජීවන් කුමාරණතුංග]]
| successor6       = [[සී. බී. රත්නායක]]
| term_start6      = 2007 ජනවාරි 28
| term_end6        = 2010 අප්‍රේල් 23
| office7          = සංචාරක අමාත්‍ය
| president7       = [[චන්ද්‍රිකා කුමාරතුංග]]
| primeminister7   = [[රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ]]
| predecessor7     = [[ලක්ෂ්මන් කිරිඇල්ල]]
| successor7       = [[අනුර බණ්ඩාරනායක]]
| term_start7      = 2001 දෙසැම්බර් 12
| term_end7        = 2004 අප්‍රේල් 8
| office8          = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව|පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රී]], [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව]]
| constituency8 = [[කොළඹ මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය|කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
| parliament8      = ශ්‍රී ලංකාව
| majority8        = 
| predecessor8     = 
| successor8       = 
| term_start8      = 1989 මාර්තු 9
| term_end8        = 2024 සැප්තැම්බර් 24
| constituency9    = [[කැස්බෑව මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය|කැස්බෑව]]
| majority9        = 27,821
| predecessor9     = [[ධර්මසේන ආටිගල]]
| successor9       = 
| term_start9      = 1983 මැයි 18&lt;ref name=&quot;Election Commission1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-by-elections-1947-1988.pdf |title=RESULTS OF THE PARLIAMENTARY BY ELECTIONS HELD BETWEEN 1947 – 1988 |publisher=Election Commission of Sri Lanka|access-date=1 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| term_end9        = 1988 දෙසැම්බර් 20
| birth_name       = ගාමිණී කුලවංශ ලොකුගේ
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1943|5|8|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[පිළියන්දල]], [[බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාව]]&lt;br /&gt;(දැන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාව)
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2025|6|30|1943|5|8|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[කොළඹ]], ශ්‍රී ලංකාව&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Former Minister Gamini Lokuge passes away|url=https://www.dinamina.lk/2025/06/30/breaking-news/199569/%e0%b7%84%e0%b7%92%e0%b6%a7%e0%b6%b4%e0%b7%94-%e0%b6%85%e0%b6%b8%e0%b7%8f%e0%b6%ad%e0%b7%8a%e0%b6%ba-%e0%b6%9c%e0%b7%8f%e0%b6%b8%e0%b7%92%e0%b6%ab%e0%b7%92-%e0%b6%bd%e0%b7%9c%e0%b6%9a/|website=[[Dinamina]]|access-date=1 July 2025 |language=si |date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| nationality      = {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[ශ්‍රී ලාංකික]]
| spouse           =
| party            = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකා පොදුජන පෙරමුණ]] (2019–2025)
| otherparty       = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පොදුජන සන්ධානය]] (2019–2022)&lt;br /&gt;[[එක්සත් ජනතා නිදහස් සන්ධානය]] (2007–2019)&lt;br /&gt;[[එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය]] (1960–2007)
| relations        =
| children         =
| residence        = 
| alma_mater       = {{nobr|[[ආනන්ද ශාස්ත්‍රාලය, කෝට්ටේ]]}}
| occupation       = දේශපාලනඥ
| profession       = ව්‍යාපාරික
| website          = 
| footnotes        =
}}
'''ගාමිණී කුලවංශ ලොකුගේ''', ({{බස-en|Gamini Lokuge}}; උපත  1943 මැයි 8 - 2025 ජූනි 30), යනු [[ශ්‍රී ලාංකික]] දේශපාලනඥයෙකු වෙයි.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiru1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=හිටපු ඇමති ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ අභාවප්‍රාප්ත වෙයි|url=https://hirunews.lk/408852/former-minister-gamini-lokuge-passes-away|access-date=1 July 2025|website=[[Hiru TV|Hiru News]]|date=30 June 2025|language=si}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ: හොඳ, නරක සහ ආන්දෝලන|url=https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/articles/c15wwx85gdeo|access-date=3 July 2025|website=BBC|date=1 July 2025|language=si}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ළමා අවධිය ==
ලොකුගේ 1943 මැයි 8 වැනිදා [[පිළියන්දල|පිළියන්දලදී]] මධ්‍යම පාන්තික දෙමාපියන්ට දාව උපත ලැබීය. ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය පිළියන්දල දී ලැබූ ඔහු උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය හැදෑරුවේ [[පිළියන්දල මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය|පිළියන්දල මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලයෙනි]].

== දේශපාලන ජීවිතය ==
ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ මහතා දේශපාලනයට පිවිසියේ 1960 දී [[එක්සත් ජාතික පක්‍ෂය|එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයේ]] සාමාජිකයෙකු ලෙසය. ඔහු ප්‍රථම වරට [[පාර්ලිමේන්තුවට]] තේරී පත් වූයේ 1983දී [[කැස්බෑව]] ආසනයේ පැවති අතුරු මැතිවරණයකදීය. එම ඡන්ද විමසීමේදී ඡන්ද 27,821 ක ජනවරමක් ලැබූ ඒ මහතා, කෑස්බෑව මන්ත්‍රීවරයකු ලෙස ඔහු එම ආසනය නගර සංවර්ධනය වෙනුවෙන් පෙනී සිටි බවට ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.&lt;ref name=&quot;Election Commission1&quot;/&gt; 1989දී එවක ජනාධිපති [[රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස]] මහතා විසින් සංචාරක රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍ය ධුරය ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ මහතාට පිරිනමන ලදී. [[ශ්‍රී ලාංකික පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණය, 1994|1994 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන්]] [[එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය]] ලැබූ පරාජයෙන් පසු, ඔහු විපක්ෂයේ අසුන්වල අසුන් ගැනීමට සිදුවිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schaffer|first1=Howard B.|date= May 1995|title=The Sri Lankan Elections of 1994: The Chandrika Factor|journal=Asian Survey |volume=35|issue=5 |publisher=JSTOR |pages=409–425 |doi=10.2307/2645745 |jstor=2645745}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ශ්‍රී ලාංකික පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණය, 2001|2001 මහ මැතිවරණයේ]] [[එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය]] සාර්ථකව ආණ්ඩු බලය ලබා ගැනීමේ පසුබිම තුළ, එවක ජනාධිපතිනි [[චන්ද්‍රිකා බණ්ඩාරනායක කුමාරතුංග]] මහත්මිය ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ මහතා සංචාරක අමාත්‍ය ධුරයට පත් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New Ministers|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2001/12/13/new11.html|work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|date=13 December 2001|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202034840/http://www.dailynews.lk/2001/12/13/new11.html|archivedate=2 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2006දී ඒ මහතා එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයෙන් වෙන්වී එවක ජනාධිපති [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ|මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂගේ]] ආණ්ඩුවට එක්විය. [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]] මහතාගේ පාලන සමයේදී ඔහු ප්‍රබල තනතුරු කිහිපයක් හෙබවීය.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiru1&quot;/&gt; 2007 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]] ජනාධිපතිවරයා ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ මහතා ක්‍රීඩා හා පොදු විනෝදාස්වාද අමාත්‍ය ධුරයට පත් කළ අතර 2010දී ඔහුගේ විෂය කම්කරු අමාත්‍යවරයා බවට වෙනස් වුණි. 2015 ජනාධිපතිවරණය තෙක් ඒ මහතා එම තනතුර දැරීය.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiru1&quot;/&gt; ඔහු 2010 සහ 2015 දී නැවත තේරී පත් විය. 2019 නොවැම්බර් 27 වන දින ඔහු නාගරික සංවර්ධන රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී.  2020 අගෝස්තු 12 වන දින ඔහු ප්‍රවාහන කැබිනට් අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී. ලොකුගේ 2020 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ස්ථාවර කමිටුවට පත් කරන ලදී.

== සටහන් ==
&lt;references group=&quot;N&quot; /&gt;

== මූලාශ්‍ර ==
{{ආශ්‍රලැයිස්තුව}}
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1943 උපත්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 12වන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරු]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 11වන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරු]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 10වන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරු]]</text>
      <sha1>k4rimnysldavi5y2w47h602friewtk6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754370</id>
      <parentid>754368</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:36:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Titanciwiki</username>
        <id>17542</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>754370</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14154" sha1="lqra4u47bysf4esfhiliaqm8pbfrp8v" xml:space="preserve">{{තොරතුරුකොටුව තනතුරුධාරි
| honorific-prefix = [[ගරු]]
| name             = ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ
| native_name      = {{nobold|{{lang|en|Gamini Lokuge}}}}
| image            = GaminiLoukge.png
| caption             = 2019 වසරෙහි ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ මහතා
| office              = බලශක්ති අමාත්‍ය&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiru0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Minister Gamini Lokuge appointed as the Minister of Energy|url=https://www.hirunews.lk/en/298583/minister-gamini-lokuge-appointed-as-the-minster-of-energy-video|access-date=1 July 2025|website=[[Hiru TV|Hiru News]]|date=3 March 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| term_start          = 2022 මාර්තු 3
| term_end            = 2022 අප්‍රේල් 3
| president           = [[ගෝඨාභය රාජපක්ෂ]]
| primeminister       = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]
| predecessor         = [[උදය ගම්මන්පිල]]
| successor           = [[කංචන විජේසේකර]]&lt;ref group=&quot;N&quot;&gt;විදුලිබල හා බලශක්ති අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙසය&lt;/ref&gt;
| office1          = විදුලිබල අමාත්‍ය&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Minister Gamini Lokuge contracts COVID-19|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/78621/minister-gamini-lokuge-contracts-covid-19|website=Ada Derana|access-date=1 July 2025 |language=si |date=23 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| president1       = [[ගෝඨාභය රාජපක්ෂ]]
| primeminister1   = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]
| predecessor1     = [[ඩලස් අලහප්පෙරුම]]
| successor1       = [[පවිත්‍රා වන්නිආරච්චි]]
| term_start1      = 2021 අගෝස්තු 16
| term_end1        = 2022 මාර්තු 3
| office2          = ප්‍රවාහන අමාත්‍ය
| president2       = [[ගෝඨාභය රාජපක්ෂ]]
| primeminister2   = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]
| predecessor2     = [[මහින්ද අමරවීර]]
| successor2       = [[පවිත්‍රා වන්නිආරච්චි]]
| term_start2      = 2020 අගෝස්තු 12
| term_end2        = 2021 අගෝස්තු 16
| office3          = නාගරික සංවර්ධන රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍ය
| president3       = [[ගෝඨාභය රාජපක්ෂ]]
| primeminister3   = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]
| minister3        = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]	
| predecessor3     = 
| successor3       = [[නාලක ගොඩහේවා]]
| term_start3      = 2019 නොවැම්බර් 27
| term_end3        = 2020 අගෝස්තු 12
| office4          = කම්කරු අමාත්‍ය
| president4       = [[මෛත්‍රීපාල සිරිසේන]]
| primeminister4   = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]
| deputy4          = [[මනූෂ නානායක්කාර]]	
| predecessor4     = [[රවීන්ද්‍ර සමරවීර]]
| successor4       = [[දයා ගමගේ]]
| term_start4      = 2018 නොවැම්බර් 9
| term_end4        = 2018 දෙසැම්බර් 15
| president5        = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]
| primeminister5    = [[දි.මු. ජයරත්න]]
| predecessor5      = [[අතාවුද සෙනෙවිරත්න]]
| successor5        = [[එස්. බී. නාවින්න]]
| term_start5       = 2010 අප්‍රේල් 23
| term_end5         = 2015 ජනවාරි 12
| office6          = ක්‍රීඩා හා පොදු විනෝදාත්මක කටයුතු අමාත්‍ය
| president6       = [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]]
| primeminister6   = [[රත්නසිරි වික්‍රමනායක]]
| predecessor6     = [[ජීවන් කුමාරණතුංග]]
| successor6       = [[සී. බී. රත්නායක]]
| term_start6      = 2007 ජනවාරි 28
| term_end6        = 2010 අප්‍රේල් 23
| office7          = සංචාරක අමාත්‍ය
| president7       = [[චන්ද්‍රිකා කුමාරතුංග]]
| primeminister7   = [[රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ]]
| predecessor7     = [[ලක්ෂ්මන් කිරිඇල්ල]]
| successor7       = [[අනුර බණ්ඩාරනායක]]
| term_start7      = 2001 දෙසැම්බර් 12
| term_end7        = 2004 අප්‍රේල් 8
| office8          = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව|පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රී]], [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව]]
| constituency8 = [[කොළඹ මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය|කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
| parliament8      = ශ්‍රී ලංකාව
| majority8        = 
| predecessor8     = 
| successor8       = 
| term_start8      = 1989 මාර්තු 9
| term_end8        = 2024 සැප්තැම්බර් 24
| constituency9    = [[කැස්බෑව මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය|කැස්බෑව]]
| majority9        = 27,821
| predecessor9     = [[ධර්මසේන ආටිගල]]
| successor9       = 
| term_start9      = 1983 මැයි 18&lt;ref name=&quot;Election Commission1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-by-elections-1947-1988.pdf |title=RESULTS OF THE PARLIAMENTARY BY ELECTIONS HELD BETWEEN 1947 – 1988 |publisher=Election Commission of Sri Lanka|access-date=1 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| term_end9        = 1988 දෙසැම්බර් 20
| birth_name       = ගාමිණී කුලවංශ ලොකුගේ
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1943|5|8|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[පිළියන්දල]], [[බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාව]]&lt;br /&gt;(දැන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාව)
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2025|6|30|1943|5|8|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[කොළඹ]], ශ්‍රී ලංකාව&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Former Minister Gamini Lokuge passes away|url=https://www.dinamina.lk/2025/06/30/breaking-news/199569/%e0%b7%84%e0%b7%92%e0%b6%a7%e0%b6%b4%e0%b7%94-%e0%b6%85%e0%b6%b8%e0%b7%8f%e0%b6%ad%e0%b7%8a%e0%b6%ba-%e0%b6%9c%e0%b7%8f%e0%b6%b8%e0%b7%92%e0%b6%ab%e0%b7%92-%e0%b6%bd%e0%b7%9c%e0%b6%9a/|website=[[Dinamina]]|access-date=1 July 2025 |language=si |date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| nationality      = {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[ශ්‍රී ලාංකික]]
| spouse           =
| party            = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකා පොදුජන පෙරමුණ]] (2019–2025)
| otherparty       = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පොදුජන සන්ධානය]] (2019–2022)&lt;br /&gt;[[එක්සත් ජනතා නිදහස් සන්ධානය]] (2007–2019)&lt;br /&gt;[[එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය]] (1960–2007)
| relations        =
| children         =
| residence        = 
| alma_mater       = {{nobr|[[ආනන්ද ශාස්ත්‍රාලය, කෝට්ටේ]]}}
| occupation       = දේශපාලනඥ
| profession       = ව්‍යාපාරික
| website          = 
| footnotes        =
}}
'''ගාමිණී කුලවංශ ලොකුගේ''', ({{බස-en|Gamini Lokuge}}; 1943 මැයි 8 - 2025 ජූනි 30), යනු [[ශ්‍රී ලාංකික]] දේශපාලනඥයෙකු වෙයි.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiru1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=හිටපු ඇමති ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ අභාවප්‍රාප්ත වෙයි|url=https://hirunews.lk/408852/former-minister-gamini-lokuge-passes-away|access-date=1 July 2025|website=[[Hiru TV|Hiru News]]|date=30 June 2025|language=si}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ: හොඳ, නරක සහ ආන්දෝලන|url=https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/articles/c15wwx85gdeo|access-date=3 July 2025|website=BBC|date=1 July 2025|language=si}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ළමා අවධිය ==
ලොකුගේ 1943 මැයි 8 වැනිදා [[පිළියන්දල|පිළියන්දලදී]] මධ්‍යම පාන්තික දෙමාපියන්ට දාව උපත ලැබීය. ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය පිළියන්දල දී ලැබූ ඔහු උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය හැදෑරුවේ [[පිළියන්දල මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය|පිළියන්දල මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලයෙනි]].

== දේශපාලන ජීවිතය ==
ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ මහතා දේශපාලනයට පිවිසියේ 1960 දී [[එක්සත් ජාතික පක්‍ෂය|එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයේ]] සාමාජිකයෙකු ලෙසය. ඔහු ප්‍රථම වරට [[පාර්ලිමේන්තුවට]] තේරී පත් වූයේ 1983දී [[කැස්බෑව]] ආසනයේ පැවති අතුරු මැතිවරණයකදීය. එම ඡන්ද විමසීමේදී ඡන්ද 27,821 ක ජනවරමක් ලැබූ ඒ මහතා, කෑස්බෑව මන්ත්‍රීවරයකු ලෙස ඔහු එම ආසනය නගර සංවර්ධනය වෙනුවෙන් පෙනී සිටි බවට ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.&lt;ref name=&quot;Election Commission1&quot;/&gt; 1989දී එවක ජනාධිපති [[රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස]] මහතා විසින් සංචාරක රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍ය ධුරය ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ මහතාට පිරිනමන ලදී. [[ශ්‍රී ලාංකික පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණය, 1994|1994 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන්]] [[එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය]] ලැබූ පරාජයෙන් පසු, ඔහු විපක්ෂයේ අසුන්වල අසුන් ගැනීමට සිදුවිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schaffer|first1=Howard B.|date= May 1995|title=The Sri Lankan Elections of 1994: The Chandrika Factor|journal=Asian Survey |volume=35|issue=5 |publisher=JSTOR |pages=409–425 |doi=10.2307/2645745 |jstor=2645745}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ශ්‍රී ලාංකික පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණය, 2001|2001 මහ මැතිවරණයේ]] [[එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය]] සාර්ථකව ආණ්ඩු බලය ලබා ගැනීමේ පසුබිම තුළ, එවක ජනාධිපතිනි [[චන්ද්‍රිකා බණ්ඩාරනායක කුමාරතුංග]] මහත්මිය ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ මහතා සංචාරක අමාත්‍ය ධුරයට පත් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New Ministers|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2001/12/13/new11.html|work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|date=13 December 2001|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202034840/http://www.dailynews.lk/2001/12/13/new11.html|archivedate=2 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2006දී ඒ මහතා එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයෙන් වෙන්වී එවක ජනාධිපති [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ|මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂගේ]] ආණ්ඩුවට එක්විය. [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]] මහතාගේ පාලන සමයේදී ඔහු ප්‍රබල තනතුරු කිහිපයක් හෙබවීය.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiru1&quot;/&gt; 2007 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී [[මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ]] ජනාධිපතිවරයා ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ මහතා ක්‍රීඩා හා පොදු විනෝදාස්වාද අමාත්‍ය ධුරයට පත් කළ අතර 2010දී ඔහුගේ විෂය කම්කරු අමාත්‍යවරයා බවට වෙනස් වුණි. 2015 ජනාධිපතිවරණය තෙක් ඒ මහතා එම තනතුර දැරීය.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiru1&quot;/&gt; ඔහු 2010 සහ 2015 දී නැවත තේරී පත් විය. 2019 නොවැම්බර් 27 වන දින ඔහු නාගරික සංවර්ධන රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී.  2020 අගෝස්තු 12 වන දින ඔහු ප්‍රවාහන කැබිනට් අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී. ලොකුගේ 2020 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ස්ථාවර කමිටුවට පත් කරන ලදී.

== සටහන් ==
&lt;references group=&quot;N&quot; /&gt;

== මූලාශ්‍ර ==
{{ආශ්‍රලැයිස්තුව}}
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1943 උපත්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 12වන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරු]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 11වන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරු]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 10වන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරු]]</text>
      <sha1>lqra4u47bysf4esfhiliaqm8pbfrp8v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>පේරු</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>164820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754248</id>
      <parentid>753488</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T03:43:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* සටහන් */</comment>
      <origin>754248</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28174" sha1="bjw48j6dklq0hite1kgd4xb3jgukt0v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = පේරු ජනරජය
| native_name            = {{nobold|{{native name|es|República del Perú}}}}
| common_name            = පේරු
| name                   = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;line-height:normal;text-align:center;font-size:84%; |title = {{resize|1.0 em|Co-official names}}{{efn|name=a|In Peru, [[Languages of Peru|other languages]] have been officially recognized as legitimate [[Indigenous language|autochthonous languages]], which are co-official alongside [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in those areas where they predominate.
* [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw Ripuwlika''&lt;!-- , {{IPA|qu|xx|}} --&gt;
* {{langx|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}&lt;!-- , {{IPA|ay|xx|}} --&gt;}}
|{{Infobox
 |subbox=yes
 |bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;
 |rowclass1 = mergedrow
 |label1=[[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]:
 |data1={{lang|qu|Piruw Ripuwlika}}
 |rowclass2 = mergedrow
 |label2=[[Aymara language|Aymara]]:
 |data2={{lang|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}
}}
}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Peru.svg
| flag_caption           = ධජය
| image_coat             = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
| other_symbol           = &lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px]]&lt;/div&gt;{{native phrase|es|[[Coat of arms of Peru#Variants|Gran Sello del Estado]]|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;රාජ්‍යයේ මහා මුද්‍රාව
| other_symbol_type      = ජාතික මුද්‍රාව
| national_motto         = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Firm and Happy for the Union|Firme y feliz por la unión]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;සංගමය වෙනුවෙන් ස්ථිර සහ සතුටුයි&quot;
| national_anthem        = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[National Anthem of Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;පේරු ජාතික ගීය&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| march                  = &lt;br /&gt;{{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Flag of Peru#The Marcha de Banderas|Marcha de Banderas]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;March of Flags&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:Marcha de banderas (José Sabas Libornio Ibarra, 1895).ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map              = PER orthographic.svg
| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}}
| image_map2             = 
| capital                = [[ලීමා]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|region:PE-LIM_type:city(9,500,000)}}
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]]
| languages_type         = සම-නිල භාෂා{{efn|name=b|In those areas where they predominate.}}
| languages              = {{Plainlist|
* [[ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා|ක්වෙචුවා]]
* [[අයිමාරා භාෂාව|අයිමාරා]]
* [[පේරු භාෂා|වෙනත් දේශීය භාෂා]]
}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
|60.20% [[බහු වාර්ගික ජනතාව|මිශ්‍ර]]
|25.75% [[පේරුහි ආදිවාසී ජනතාව|ස්වදේශික]]
|5.89% [[යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති පේරු ජාතිකයන්|සුදු]]
|3.57% [[කළු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|කළු]]
|0.16% [[ආසියානු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු]]
|1.10% වෙනත්
|3.32% පිළිතුරක් නැත
}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2017
| ethnic_groups_ref      = {{efn|name=c|The [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] included, for the first time, a question of [[Ethnic group|ethnic self-identification]] that was addressed to people aged 12 and over considering elements such as their ancestry, their customs and their family origin to visualize and better understand the cultural reality of the country.}}
| demonym                = පේරු ජාතිකයන්
| government_type        = ඒකීය [[අර්ධ ජනාධිපති ජනරජය]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Draft&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dual&quot; /&gt;
| leader_title1          = ජනාධිපති
| leader_name1           = [[ඩිනා බොලුආර්ටේ]]
| leader_title2          = උප ජනාධිපති
| leader_name2           = ''පුරප්පාඩුයි''
| leader_title3          = අගමැති
| leader_name3           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ අරානා යිසා]]
| leader_title4          = කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති
| leader_name4           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ සල්හුවානා]]
| legislature            = ජනරජයේ සම්මේලනය
| sovereignty_type       = ස්වාධීනත්වය
| sovereignty_note       = ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන්
| established_event1     = ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date1      = 1821 ජූලි 28
| established_event2     = ඒකාබද්ධ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date2      = 1824 දෙසැම්බර් 9
| established_event3     = හඳුනා ගන්නා ලද්දේ
| established_date3      = 1879 අගෝස්තු 14
| area_km2               = 1,285,216&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/#geography|title=Peru|date=27 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru#geography|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| area_rank              = 19 වෙනි
| area_sq_mi             = 496,225 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]] --&gt;
| percent_water          = 0.41 &lt;!-- CIA World Factbook --&gt;
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 34,352,720&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 43 වෙනි
| population_density_km2 = 23 &lt;!--UN World Population Prospects--&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi = 57 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--&gt;
| population_density_rank = 197 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 643.05&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 18,689&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 99 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 303.3&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 8,814&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 86 වෙනි
| Gini                   = 40.2 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2022
| Gini_change            = decrease &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303115916/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.794
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/PER|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 79 වෙනි
| currency               = [[පේරු සොල්]]
| currency_code          = PEN
| time_zone              = [[Time in Peru|PET]]
| utc_offset             = −05:00
| date_format            = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව
| drives_on              = දකුණ
| calling_code           = +51
| iso3166code            = PE
| cctld                  = [[.pe]]
| religion               = {{unbulleted list
 |{{Tree list}}
*94.5% [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම]]
**76.0% [[කතෝලික ආගම]]
**18.5% වෙනත් [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|5.1% ආගමක් නැත
|0.4% වෙනත්}}
| religion_ref           = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year          = 2017{{efn|name=d| The question about religion included in the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] was addressed to people aged 12 and over.}}
}}
'''පේරු''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Peru.ogg|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː}} {{respell|pə|ROO}}; {{langx|es|link=no|Perú}} {{IPA|es|peˈɾu|}}; [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw'' {{IPA|qu|pɪɾʊw|}};&lt;ref&gt;Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm |date=30 July 2010}} and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf but common Quechua name is ''Piruw'']&lt;/ref&gt; {{langx|ay|Piruw}} {{IPA|ay|pɪɾʊw|}}}} නිල වශයෙන් '''පේරු ජනරජය''', යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බටහිර දෙසින් පිහිටි රටකි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ දකුණින් සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන් මායිම් වේ. පේරු යනු මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටක් වන අතර, බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලා සිට, රටේ උතුරේ සිට ගිනිකොන දක්වා විහිදෙන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා, ඇමසන් ගඟ සමඟ නැගෙනහිරින් නිවර්තන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියේ වැසි වනාන්තර දක්වා වාසස්ථාන විහිදේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: País megadiverso |trans-title=Peru: Megadiverse country |url=http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන 32 ඉක්මවන අතර, එහි අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම නගරය ලීමා වේ. වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 1,285,216 සහිත පේරු යනු ලෝකයේ 19 වන විශාලතම රට වන අතර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ තුන්වන විශාලතම රට වේ.

පුරාණ හා මධ්‍යතන යුගයන්හිදී පේරු භූමිය සංස්කෘතීන් කිහිපයකට නිවහන වූ අතර, ඕනෑම රටක ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ දීර්ඝතම ඉතිහාසයක් ඇති එකක් ඇති අතර, එහි උරුමය ක්‍රි.පූ. 10 වන සහස්‍රයේ කැරල්–සුපේ ශිෂ්ටාචාරය දක්වා දිව යයි, එය ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම ශිෂ්ටාචාරය වන අතර ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ තොටිල්ලක් ලෙස සැලකේ. කැපී පෙනෙන අනුප්‍රාප්තික සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ශිෂ්ටාචාර අතරට නස්කා සංස්කෘතිය, වාරි සහ තිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යයන්, කුස්කෝ රාජධානිය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම දන්නා රාජ්‍යය වන ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යය ඇතුළත් වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යය 16 වන සියවසේදී කලාපය යටත් කරගත් අතර පස්වන චාල්ස් පේරු රාජධානියේ නිල නාමය සහිත උපරාජයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එය එහි දකුණු ඇමරිකානු භූමි ප්‍රදේශ බොහොමයක් ආවරණය කළේය, එහි අගනුවර ලීමා හි විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Wilmer Angel|first1=Aguilar Pereda|date=2019|title=Establecimiento y organización del virreinato del Perú|url=https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|url-status=live|journal=[[Universidad Nacional de Trujillo]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319041111/https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|archive-date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1551 දී ලීමා හි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ ඇමරිකාවේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය ආරම්භ විය.

පේරු රාජ්‍යය 1821 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ අතර, බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස්, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාරවලින් මෙන්ම අයකුචෝ හි තීරණාත්මක සටනින් පසුව, එය 1824 දී එහි නිදහස සම්පූර්ණ කළේය. ඊළඟ වසරවලදී, පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් (1879–1884) අවසන් වූ ගුවානෝ සූරාකෑම හේතුවෙන් සාපේක්ෂ ආර්ථික හා දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වයක් ඇති වන තෙක් රට මුලින්ම දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයෙන් පීඩා වින්දා. 20 වන සියවස පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යය සහ ගරිල්ලා කණ්ඩායම් අතර අභ්‍යන්තර ගැටුම ඇතුළුව, ආර්ථික වර්ධනයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වූ දේශපාලන හා සමාජ අස්ථාවරත්වය සමඟ පොරබදමින් සිටියේය. 1990 ගණන්වල ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස්ගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය යටතේ පේරු නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව දෙසට යොමු කිරීමට ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ්&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt |title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5 |pages=114–118 |chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru |quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan}}&lt;/ref&gt; සමත් වූ අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පිළිබඳ හිටපු දේශපාලන දෘෂ්ටිවාදය අද දක්වාම පවතින රටේ පාලනය කෙරෙහි කල් පවතින සලකුණක් ඉතිරි කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Asensio |first1=Raúl |url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación |last2=Camacho |first2=Gabriela |last3=González |first3=Natalia |last4=Grompone |first4=Romeo |last5=Pajuelo Teves |first5=Ramón |last6=Peña Jimenez |first6=Omayra |last7=Moscoso |first7=Macarena |last8=Vásquez |first8=Yerel |last9=Sosa Villagarcia |first9=Paolo |date=August 2021 |publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]] |isbn=978-612-326-084-2 |edition=1 |location=[[Lima, Peru]] |pages=92 |language=es |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081352/https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |archive-date=5 November 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 දශකය ආර්ථික ව්‍යාප්තිය සහ දරිද්‍රතාවය අඩු කිරීම සනිටුහන් කළ නමුත්, ඊළඟ දශකය තුළ දිගුකාලීන සමාජ දේශපාලනික දුර්වලතා හෙළිදරව් වූ අතර, එය කොංග්‍රසය සහ COVID-19 වසංගතය විසින් ඇති කරන ලද දේශපාලන අර්බුදයක් මගින් උග්‍ර කරන ලද අතර එය 2022 දී ආරම්භ වන නොසන්සුන්තා කාල පරිච්ඡේදයට හේතු විය.

පේරු ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය කලාප 25 කට බෙදා ඇති නියෝජිත ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ජනරජයකි. එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර පතල් කැණීම, නිෂ්පාදනය, කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සහ ධීවර කර්මාන්තය මෙන්ම විදුලි සංදේශ සහ ජෛව තාක්‍ෂණය වැනි අනෙකුත් වර්ධනය වන අංශ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=David E. Castro Garro |title=Módulo de capacitación en recursos genéticos y bioseguridad |trans-title=Training module on genetic resources and biosafety |url=http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072625/http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment (Peru)|Ministerio de Ambiente de la República de Perú]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ රටවල දේශපාලන හා ආර්ථික කණ්ඩායම්කරණයක් වන පැසිෆික් පූමාස් හි කොටසක් මෙම රට වේ. ධනාත්මක වර්ධනය, ස්ථාවර සාර්ව ආර්ථික පදනම්, වැඩිදියුණු කළ පාලනය සහ ගෝලීය ඒකාබද්ධතාවයට විවෘතභාවය යන පොදු ප්‍රවණතා බෙදා ගන්නා රටවල් සමූහයකි. සමාජ නිදහස අතින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඉහළ ස්ථානයක සිටී;&lt;ref&gt;[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf &quot;Freedom in the World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727054703/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf|date=27 July 2017}} by [[Freedom House]], 31 January 2017&lt;/ref&gt; එය ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, ට්‍රාන්ස්-පැසිෆික් හවුල්කාරිත්වය සඳහා වූ විස්තීර්ණ සහ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ගිවිසුම සහ ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකි; සහ මධ්‍යම බලවතෙකු ලෙස සැලකේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=McKercher |first1=B. J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136664366 |language=en |quote=a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources... |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043716/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි ජනගහනයට මෙස්ටිසෝස්, ඇමරින්ඩියන්, යුරෝපීයයන්, අප්‍රිකානුවන් සහ ආසියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු සංඛ්‍යාවක් ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා, අයිමාරා හෝ වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කතා කළද, ප්‍රධාන කථන භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ වේ. සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ගේ මෙම මිශ්‍රණය කලාව, ආහාර, සාහිත්‍යය සහ සංගීතය වැනි ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ප්‍රකාශනවල පුළුල් විවිධත්වයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු වී තිබේ. පේරු මෑතකදී එහි සජීවී ආහාර විද්‍යාව සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර පිළිගැනීමක් ලබා ඇති අතර, ස්වදේශික, ස්පාඤ්ඤ, අප්‍රිකානු සහ ආසියානු බලපෑම් මිශ්‍ර කරයි. ලීමා දැන් ගෝලීය සූපශාස්ත්‍ර අගනුවරක් ලෙස සැලකේ, සෙන්ට්‍රල් සහ මයිඩෝ වැනි සම්මානලාභී අවන්හල්වල නිවහන වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=A guide to Lima: South America's culinary capital |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/lima-culinary-guide-south-america |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Travel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== නිරුක්තිය ==

== ඉතිහාසය ==

=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===

=== නිදහස ===

=== 19 වන සියවස ===

=== 20 වන සියවස ===

=== 21 වන සියවස ===

== භූගෝලය ==

=== දේශගුණය ===

=== වනජීවීන් ===

== රජය සහ දේශපාලනය ==

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===

== ආර්ථිකය ==

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===

=== කර්මාන්තය ===

== යටිතල පහසුකම් ==

=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===

=== බලශක්තිය ===

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===

== ජන විකාශනය ==

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===

=== භාෂාව ===

=== ආගම ===

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===

== සංස්කෘතිය ==

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====

=== සාහිත්‍යය ===

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===

=== සංගීතය ===

=== සිනමාව ===

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===

== සටහන් ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}}</text>
      <sha1>bjw48j6dklq0hite1kgd4xb3jgukt0v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754249</id>
      <parentid>754248</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T03:46:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* නිරුක්තිය */</comment>
      <origin>754249</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28698" sha1="cze5thfa0i4r62nibqov3ycw7da4fi9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = පේරු ජනරජය
| native_name            = {{nobold|{{native name|es|República del Perú}}}}
| common_name            = පේරු
| name                   = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;line-height:normal;text-align:center;font-size:84%; |title = {{resize|1.0 em|Co-official names}}{{efn|name=a|In Peru, [[Languages of Peru|other languages]] have been officially recognized as legitimate [[Indigenous language|autochthonous languages]], which are co-official alongside [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in those areas where they predominate.
* [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw Ripuwlika''&lt;!-- , {{IPA|qu|xx|}} --&gt;
* {{langx|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}&lt;!-- , {{IPA|ay|xx|}} --&gt;}}
|{{Infobox
 |subbox=yes
 |bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;
 |rowclass1 = mergedrow
 |label1=[[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]:
 |data1={{lang|qu|Piruw Ripuwlika}}
 |rowclass2 = mergedrow
 |label2=[[Aymara language|Aymara]]:
 |data2={{lang|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}
}}
}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Peru.svg
| flag_caption           = ධජය
| image_coat             = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
| other_symbol           = &lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px]]&lt;/div&gt;{{native phrase|es|[[Coat of arms of Peru#Variants|Gran Sello del Estado]]|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;රාජ්‍යයේ මහා මුද්‍රාව
| other_symbol_type      = ජාතික මුද්‍රාව
| national_motto         = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Firm and Happy for the Union|Firme y feliz por la unión]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;සංගමය වෙනුවෙන් ස්ථිර සහ සතුටුයි&quot;
| national_anthem        = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[National Anthem of Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;පේරු ජාතික ගීය&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| march                  = &lt;br /&gt;{{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Flag of Peru#The Marcha de Banderas|Marcha de Banderas]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;March of Flags&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:Marcha de banderas (José Sabas Libornio Ibarra, 1895).ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map              = PER orthographic.svg
| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}}
| image_map2             = 
| capital                = [[ලීමා]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|region:PE-LIM_type:city(9,500,000)}}
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]]
| languages_type         = සම-නිල භාෂා{{efn|name=b|In those areas where they predominate.}}
| languages              = {{Plainlist|
* [[ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා|ක්වෙචුවා]]
* [[අයිමාරා භාෂාව|අයිමාරා]]
* [[පේරු භාෂා|වෙනත් දේශීය භාෂා]]
}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
|60.20% [[බහු වාර්ගික ජනතාව|මිශ්‍ර]]
|25.75% [[පේරුහි ආදිවාසී ජනතාව|ස්වදේශික]]
|5.89% [[යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති පේරු ජාතිකයන්|සුදු]]
|3.57% [[කළු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|කළු]]
|0.16% [[ආසියානු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු]]
|1.10% වෙනත්
|3.32% පිළිතුරක් නැත
}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2017
| ethnic_groups_ref      = {{efn|name=c|The [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] included, for the first time, a question of [[Ethnic group|ethnic self-identification]] that was addressed to people aged 12 and over considering elements such as their ancestry, their customs and their family origin to visualize and better understand the cultural reality of the country.}}
| demonym                = පේරු ජාතිකයන්
| government_type        = ඒකීය [[අර්ධ ජනාධිපති ජනරජය]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Draft&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dual&quot; /&gt;
| leader_title1          = ජනාධිපති
| leader_name1           = [[ඩිනා බොලුආර්ටේ]]
| leader_title2          = උප ජනාධිපති
| leader_name2           = ''පුරප්පාඩුයි''
| leader_title3          = අගමැති
| leader_name3           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ අරානා යිසා]]
| leader_title4          = කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති
| leader_name4           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ සල්හුවානා]]
| legislature            = ජනරජයේ සම්මේලනය
| sovereignty_type       = ස්වාධීනත්වය
| sovereignty_note       = ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන්
| established_event1     = ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date1      = 1821 ජූලි 28
| established_event2     = ඒකාබද්ධ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date2      = 1824 දෙසැම්බර් 9
| established_event3     = හඳුනා ගන්නා ලද්දේ
| established_date3      = 1879 අගෝස්තු 14
| area_km2               = 1,285,216&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/#geography|title=Peru|date=27 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru#geography|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| area_rank              = 19 වෙනි
| area_sq_mi             = 496,225 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]] --&gt;
| percent_water          = 0.41 &lt;!-- CIA World Factbook --&gt;
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 34,352,720&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 43 වෙනි
| population_density_km2 = 23 &lt;!--UN World Population Prospects--&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi = 57 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--&gt;
| population_density_rank = 197 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 643.05&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 18,689&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 99 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 303.3&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 8,814&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 86 වෙනි
| Gini                   = 40.2 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2022
| Gini_change            = decrease &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303115916/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.794
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/PER|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 79 වෙනි
| currency               = [[පේරු සොල්]]
| currency_code          = PEN
| time_zone              = [[Time in Peru|PET]]
| utc_offset             = −05:00
| date_format            = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව
| drives_on              = දකුණ
| calling_code           = +51
| iso3166code            = PE
| cctld                  = [[.pe]]
| religion               = {{unbulleted list
 |{{Tree list}}
*94.5% [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම]]
**76.0% [[කතෝලික ආගම]]
**18.5% වෙනත් [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|5.1% ආගමක් නැත
|0.4% වෙනත්}}
| religion_ref           = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year          = 2017{{efn|name=d| The question about religion included in the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] was addressed to people aged 12 and over.}}
}}
'''පේරු''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Peru.ogg|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː}} {{respell|pə|ROO}}; {{langx|es|link=no|Perú}} {{IPA|es|peˈɾu|}}; [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw'' {{IPA|qu|pɪɾʊw|}};&lt;ref&gt;Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm |date=30 July 2010}} and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf but common Quechua name is ''Piruw'']&lt;/ref&gt; {{langx|ay|Piruw}} {{IPA|ay|pɪɾʊw|}}}} නිල වශයෙන් '''පේරු ජනරජය''', යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බටහිර දෙසින් පිහිටි රටකි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ දකුණින් සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන් මායිම් වේ. පේරු යනු මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටක් වන අතර, බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලා සිට, රටේ උතුරේ සිට ගිනිකොන දක්වා විහිදෙන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා, ඇමසන් ගඟ සමඟ නැගෙනහිරින් නිවර්තන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියේ වැසි වනාන්තර දක්වා වාසස්ථාන විහිදේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: País megadiverso |trans-title=Peru: Megadiverse country |url=http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන 32 ඉක්මවන අතර, එහි අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම නගරය ලීමා වේ. වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 1,285,216 සහිත පේරු යනු ලෝකයේ 19 වන විශාලතම රට වන අතර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ තුන්වන විශාලතම රට වේ.

පුරාණ හා මධ්‍යතන යුගයන්හිදී පේරු භූමිය සංස්කෘතීන් කිහිපයකට නිවහන වූ අතර, ඕනෑම රටක ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ දීර්ඝතම ඉතිහාසයක් ඇති එකක් ඇති අතර, එහි උරුමය ක්‍රි.පූ. 10 වන සහස්‍රයේ කැරල්–සුපේ ශිෂ්ටාචාරය දක්වා දිව යයි, එය ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම ශිෂ්ටාචාරය වන අතර ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ තොටිල්ලක් ලෙස සැලකේ. කැපී පෙනෙන අනුප්‍රාප්තික සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ශිෂ්ටාචාර අතරට නස්කා සංස්කෘතිය, වාරි සහ තිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යයන්, කුස්කෝ රාජධානිය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම දන්නා රාජ්‍යය වන ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යය ඇතුළත් වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යය 16 වන සියවසේදී කලාපය යටත් කරගත් අතර පස්වන චාල්ස් පේරු රාජධානියේ නිල නාමය සහිත උපරාජයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එය එහි දකුණු ඇමරිකානු භූමි ප්‍රදේශ බොහොමයක් ආවරණය කළේය, එහි අගනුවර ලීමා හි විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Wilmer Angel|first1=Aguilar Pereda|date=2019|title=Establecimiento y organización del virreinato del Perú|url=https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|url-status=live|journal=[[Universidad Nacional de Trujillo]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319041111/https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|archive-date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1551 දී ලීමා හි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ ඇමරිකාවේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය ආරම්භ විය.

පේරු රාජ්‍යය 1821 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ අතර, බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස්, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාරවලින් මෙන්ම අයකුචෝ හි තීරණාත්මක සටනින් පසුව, එය 1824 දී එහි නිදහස සම්පූර්ණ කළේය. ඊළඟ වසරවලදී, පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් (1879–1884) අවසන් වූ ගුවානෝ සූරාකෑම හේතුවෙන් සාපේක්ෂ ආර්ථික හා දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වයක් ඇති වන තෙක් රට මුලින්ම දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයෙන් පීඩා වින්දා. 20 වන සියවස පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යය සහ ගරිල්ලා කණ්ඩායම් අතර අභ්‍යන්තර ගැටුම ඇතුළුව, ආර්ථික වර්ධනයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වූ දේශපාලන හා සමාජ අස්ථාවරත්වය සමඟ පොරබදමින් සිටියේය. 1990 ගණන්වල ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස්ගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය යටතේ පේරු නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව දෙසට යොමු කිරීමට ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ්&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt |title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5 |pages=114–118 |chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru |quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan}}&lt;/ref&gt; සමත් වූ අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පිළිබඳ හිටපු දේශපාලන දෘෂ්ටිවාදය අද දක්වාම පවතින රටේ පාලනය කෙරෙහි කල් පවතින සලකුණක් ඉතිරි කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Asensio |first1=Raúl |url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación |last2=Camacho |first2=Gabriela |last3=González |first3=Natalia |last4=Grompone |first4=Romeo |last5=Pajuelo Teves |first5=Ramón |last6=Peña Jimenez |first6=Omayra |last7=Moscoso |first7=Macarena |last8=Vásquez |first8=Yerel |last9=Sosa Villagarcia |first9=Paolo |date=August 2021 |publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]] |isbn=978-612-326-084-2 |edition=1 |location=[[Lima, Peru]] |pages=92 |language=es |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081352/https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |archive-date=5 November 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 දශකය ආර්ථික ව්‍යාප්තිය සහ දරිද්‍රතාවය අඩු කිරීම සනිටුහන් කළ නමුත්, ඊළඟ දශකය තුළ දිගුකාලීන සමාජ දේශපාලනික දුර්වලතා හෙළිදරව් වූ අතර, එය කොංග්‍රසය සහ COVID-19 වසංගතය විසින් ඇති කරන ලද දේශපාලන අර්බුදයක් මගින් උග්‍ර කරන ලද අතර එය 2022 දී ආරම්භ වන නොසන්සුන්තා කාල පරිච්ඡේදයට හේතු විය.

පේරු ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය කලාප 25 කට බෙදා ඇති නියෝජිත ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ජනරජයකි. එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර පතල් කැණීම, නිෂ්පාදනය, කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සහ ධීවර කර්මාන්තය මෙන්ම විදුලි සංදේශ සහ ජෛව තාක්‍ෂණය වැනි අනෙකුත් වර්ධනය වන අංශ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=David E. Castro Garro |title=Módulo de capacitación en recursos genéticos y bioseguridad |trans-title=Training module on genetic resources and biosafety |url=http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072625/http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment (Peru)|Ministerio de Ambiente de la República de Perú]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ රටවල දේශපාලන හා ආර්ථික කණ්ඩායම්කරණයක් වන පැසිෆික් පූමාස් හි කොටසක් මෙම රට වේ. ධනාත්මක වර්ධනය, ස්ථාවර සාර්ව ආර්ථික පදනම්, වැඩිදියුණු කළ පාලනය සහ ගෝලීය ඒකාබද්ධතාවයට විවෘතභාවය යන පොදු ප්‍රවණතා බෙදා ගන්නා රටවල් සමූහයකි. සමාජ නිදහස අතින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඉහළ ස්ථානයක සිටී;&lt;ref&gt;[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf &quot;Freedom in the World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727054703/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf|date=27 July 2017}} by [[Freedom House]], 31 January 2017&lt;/ref&gt; එය ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, ට්‍රාන්ස්-පැසිෆික් හවුල්කාරිත්වය සඳහා වූ විස්තීර්ණ සහ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ගිවිසුම සහ ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකි; සහ මධ්‍යම බලවතෙකු ලෙස සැලකේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=McKercher |first1=B. J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136664366 |language=en |quote=a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources... |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043716/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි ජනගහනයට මෙස්ටිසෝස්, ඇමරින්ඩියන්, යුරෝපීයයන්, අප්‍රිකානුවන් සහ ආසියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු සංඛ්‍යාවක් ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා, අයිමාරා හෝ වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කතා කළද, ප්‍රධාන කථන භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ වේ. සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ගේ මෙම මිශ්‍රණය කලාව, ආහාර, සාහිත්‍යය සහ සංගීතය වැනි ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ප්‍රකාශනවල පුළුල් විවිධත්වයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු වී තිබේ. පේරු මෑතකදී එහි සජීවී ආහාර විද්‍යාව සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර පිළිගැනීමක් ලබා ඇති අතර, ස්වදේශික, ස්පාඤ්ඤ, අප්‍රිකානු සහ ආසියානු බලපෑම් මිශ්‍ර කරයි. ලීමා දැන් ගෝලීය සූපශාස්ත්‍ර අගනුවරක් ලෙස සැලකේ, සෙන්ට්‍රල් සහ මයිඩෝ වැනි සම්මානලාභී අවන්හල්වල නිවහන වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=A guide to Lima: South America's culinary capital |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/lima-culinary-guide-south-america |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Travel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== නිරුක්තිය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු නිරුක්තිය||inline=yes}}

== ඉතිහාසය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය||inline=yes}}

=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===

=== නිදහස ===

=== 19 වන සියවස ===

=== 20 වන සියවස ===

=== 21 වන සියවස ===

== භූගෝලය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය||inline=yes}}

=== දේශගුණය ===

=== වනජීවීන් ===

== රජය සහ දේශපාලනය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===

== ආර්ථිකය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}}

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===

=== කර්මාන්තය ===

== යටිතල පහසුකම් ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්||inline=yes}}

=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===

=== බලශක්තිය ===

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===

== ජන විකාශනය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===

=== භාෂාව ===

=== ආගම ===

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===

== සංස්කෘතිය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====

=== සාහිත්‍යය ===

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===

=== සංගීතය ===

=== සිනමාව ===

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===

== සටහන් ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}}</text>
      <sha1>cze5thfa0i4r62nibqov3ycw7da4fi9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754302</id>
      <parentid>754249</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:39:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ඉතිහාසය */</comment>
      <origin>754302</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30791" sha1="tb0e38ujakt1okpbdt57z81jxxrigjv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = පේරු ජනරජය
| native_name            = {{nobold|{{native name|es|República del Perú}}}}
| common_name            = පේරු
| name                   = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;line-height:normal;text-align:center;font-size:84%; |title = {{resize|1.0 em|Co-official names}}{{efn|name=a|In Peru, [[Languages of Peru|other languages]] have been officially recognized as legitimate [[Indigenous language|autochthonous languages]], which are co-official alongside [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in those areas where they predominate.
* [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw Ripuwlika''&lt;!-- , {{IPA|qu|xx|}} --&gt;
* {{langx|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}&lt;!-- , {{IPA|ay|xx|}} --&gt;}}
|{{Infobox
 |subbox=yes
 |bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;
 |rowclass1 = mergedrow
 |label1=[[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]:
 |data1={{lang|qu|Piruw Ripuwlika}}
 |rowclass2 = mergedrow
 |label2=[[Aymara language|Aymara]]:
 |data2={{lang|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}
}}
}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Peru.svg
| flag_caption           = ධජය
| image_coat             = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
| other_symbol           = &lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px]]&lt;/div&gt;{{native phrase|es|[[Coat of arms of Peru#Variants|Gran Sello del Estado]]|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;රාජ්‍යයේ මහා මුද්‍රාව
| other_symbol_type      = ජාතික මුද්‍රාව
| national_motto         = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Firm and Happy for the Union|Firme y feliz por la unión]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;සංගමය වෙනුවෙන් ස්ථිර සහ සතුටුයි&quot;
| national_anthem        = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[National Anthem of Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;පේරු ජාතික ගීය&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| march                  = &lt;br /&gt;{{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Flag of Peru#The Marcha de Banderas|Marcha de Banderas]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;March of Flags&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:Marcha de banderas (José Sabas Libornio Ibarra, 1895).ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map              = PER orthographic.svg
| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}}
| image_map2             = 
| capital                = [[ලීමා]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|region:PE-LIM_type:city(9,500,000)}}
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]]
| languages_type         = සම-නිල භාෂා{{efn|name=b|In those areas where they predominate.}}
| languages              = {{Plainlist|
* [[ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා|ක්වෙචුවා]]
* [[අයිමාරා භාෂාව|අයිමාරා]]
* [[පේරු භාෂා|වෙනත් දේශීය භාෂා]]
}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
|60.20% [[බහු වාර්ගික ජනතාව|මිශ්‍ර]]
|25.75% [[පේරුහි ආදිවාසී ජනතාව|ස්වදේශික]]
|5.89% [[යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති පේරු ජාතිකයන්|සුදු]]
|3.57% [[කළු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|කළු]]
|0.16% [[ආසියානු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු]]
|1.10% වෙනත්
|3.32% පිළිතුරක් නැත
}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2017
| ethnic_groups_ref      = {{efn|name=c|The [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] included, for the first time, a question of [[Ethnic group|ethnic self-identification]] that was addressed to people aged 12 and over considering elements such as their ancestry, their customs and their family origin to visualize and better understand the cultural reality of the country.}}
| demonym                = පේරු ජාතිකයන්
| government_type        = ඒකීය [[අර්ධ ජනාධිපති ජනරජය]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Draft&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dual&quot; /&gt;
| leader_title1          = ජනාධිපති
| leader_name1           = [[ඩිනා බොලුආර්ටේ]]
| leader_title2          = උප ජනාධිපති
| leader_name2           = ''පුරප්පාඩුයි''
| leader_title3          = අගමැති
| leader_name3           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ අරානා යිසා]]
| leader_title4          = කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති
| leader_name4           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ සල්හුවානා]]
| legislature            = ජනරජයේ සම්මේලනය
| sovereignty_type       = ස්වාධීනත්වය
| sovereignty_note       = ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන්
| established_event1     = ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date1      = 1821 ජූලි 28
| established_event2     = ඒකාබද්ධ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date2      = 1824 දෙසැම්බර් 9
| established_event3     = හඳුනා ගන්නා ලද්දේ
| established_date3      = 1879 අගෝස්තු 14
| area_km2               = 1,285,216&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/#geography|title=Peru|date=27 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru#geography|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| area_rank              = 19 වෙනි
| area_sq_mi             = 496,225 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]] --&gt;
| percent_water          = 0.41 &lt;!-- CIA World Factbook --&gt;
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 34,352,720&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 43 වෙනි
| population_density_km2 = 23 &lt;!--UN World Population Prospects--&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi = 57 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--&gt;
| population_density_rank = 197 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 643.05&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 18,689&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 99 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 303.3&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 8,814&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 86 වෙනි
| Gini                   = 40.2 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2022
| Gini_change            = decrease &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303115916/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.794
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/PER|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 79 වෙනි
| currency               = [[පේරු සොල්]]
| currency_code          = PEN
| time_zone              = [[Time in Peru|PET]]
| utc_offset             = −05:00
| date_format            = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව
| drives_on              = දකුණ
| calling_code           = +51
| iso3166code            = PE
| cctld                  = [[.pe]]
| religion               = {{unbulleted list
 |{{Tree list}}
*94.5% [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම]]
**76.0% [[කතෝලික ආගම]]
**18.5% වෙනත් [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|5.1% ආගමක් නැත
|0.4% වෙනත්}}
| religion_ref           = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year          = 2017{{efn|name=d| The question about religion included in the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] was addressed to people aged 12 and over.}}
}}
'''පේරු''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Peru.ogg|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː}} {{respell|pə|ROO}}; {{langx|es|link=no|Perú}} {{IPA|es|peˈɾu|}}; [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw'' {{IPA|qu|pɪɾʊw|}};&lt;ref&gt;Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm |date=30 July 2010}} and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf but common Quechua name is ''Piruw'']&lt;/ref&gt; {{langx|ay|Piruw}} {{IPA|ay|pɪɾʊw|}}}} නිල වශයෙන් '''පේරු ජනරජය''', යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බටහිර දෙසින් පිහිටි රටකි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ දකුණින් සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන් මායිම් වේ. පේරු යනු මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටක් වන අතර, බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලා සිට, රටේ උතුරේ සිට ගිනිකොන දක්වා විහිදෙන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා, ඇමසන් ගඟ සමඟ නැගෙනහිරින් නිවර්තන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියේ වැසි වනාන්තර දක්වා වාසස්ථාන විහිදේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: País megadiverso |trans-title=Peru: Megadiverse country |url=http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන 32 ඉක්මවන අතර, එහි අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම නගරය ලීමා වේ. වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 1,285,216 සහිත පේරු යනු ලෝකයේ 19 වන විශාලතම රට වන අතර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ තුන්වන විශාලතම රට වේ.

පුරාණ හා මධ්‍යතන යුගයන්හිදී පේරු භූමිය සංස්කෘතීන් කිහිපයකට නිවහන වූ අතර, ඕනෑම රටක ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ දීර්ඝතම ඉතිහාසයක් ඇති එකක් ඇති අතර, එහි උරුමය ක්‍රි.පූ. 10 වන සහස්‍රයේ කැරල්–සුපේ ශිෂ්ටාචාරය දක්වා දිව යයි, එය ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම ශිෂ්ටාචාරය වන අතර ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ තොටිල්ලක් ලෙස සැලකේ. කැපී පෙනෙන අනුප්‍රාප්තික සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ශිෂ්ටාචාර අතරට නස්කා සංස්කෘතිය, වාරි සහ තිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යයන්, කුස්කෝ රාජධානිය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම දන්නා රාජ්‍යය වන ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යය ඇතුළත් වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යය 16 වන සියවසේදී කලාපය යටත් කරගත් අතර පස්වන චාල්ස් පේරු රාජධානියේ නිල නාමය සහිත උපරාජයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එය එහි දකුණු ඇමරිකානු භූමි ප්‍රදේශ බොහොමයක් ආවරණය කළේය, එහි අගනුවර ලීමා හි විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Wilmer Angel|first1=Aguilar Pereda|date=2019|title=Establecimiento y organización del virreinato del Perú|url=https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|url-status=live|journal=[[Universidad Nacional de Trujillo]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319041111/https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|archive-date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1551 දී ලීමා හි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ ඇමරිකාවේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය ආරම්භ විය.

පේරු රාජ්‍යය 1821 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ අතර, බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස්, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාරවලින් මෙන්ම අයකුචෝ හි තීරණාත්මක සටනින් පසුව, එය 1824 දී එහි නිදහස සම්පූර්ණ කළේය. ඊළඟ වසරවලදී, පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් (1879–1884) අවසන් වූ ගුවානෝ සූරාකෑම හේතුවෙන් සාපේක්ෂ ආර්ථික හා දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වයක් ඇති වන තෙක් රට මුලින්ම දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයෙන් පීඩා වින්දා. 20 වන සියවස පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යය සහ ගරිල්ලා කණ්ඩායම් අතර අභ්‍යන්තර ගැටුම ඇතුළුව, ආර්ථික වර්ධනයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වූ දේශපාලන හා සමාජ අස්ථාවරත්වය සමඟ පොරබදමින් සිටියේය. 1990 ගණන්වල ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස්ගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය යටතේ පේරු නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව දෙසට යොමු කිරීමට ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ්&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt |title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5 |pages=114–118 |chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru |quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan}}&lt;/ref&gt; සමත් වූ අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පිළිබඳ හිටපු දේශපාලන දෘෂ්ටිවාදය අද දක්වාම පවතින රටේ පාලනය කෙරෙහි කල් පවතින සලකුණක් ඉතිරි කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Asensio |first1=Raúl |url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación |last2=Camacho |first2=Gabriela |last3=González |first3=Natalia |last4=Grompone |first4=Romeo |last5=Pajuelo Teves |first5=Ramón |last6=Peña Jimenez |first6=Omayra |last7=Moscoso |first7=Macarena |last8=Vásquez |first8=Yerel |last9=Sosa Villagarcia |first9=Paolo |date=August 2021 |publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]] |isbn=978-612-326-084-2 |edition=1 |location=[[Lima, Peru]] |pages=92 |language=es |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081352/https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |archive-date=5 November 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 දශකය ආර්ථික ව්‍යාප්තිය සහ දරිද්‍රතාවය අඩු කිරීම සනිටුහන් කළ නමුත්, ඊළඟ දශකය තුළ දිගුකාලීන සමාජ දේශපාලනික දුර්වලතා හෙළිදරව් වූ අතර, එය කොංග්‍රසය සහ COVID-19 වසංගතය විසින් ඇති කරන ලද දේශපාලන අර්බුදයක් මගින් උග්‍ර කරන ලද අතර එය 2022 දී ආරම්භ වන නොසන්සුන්තා කාල පරිච්ඡේදයට හේතු විය.

පේරු ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය කලාප 25 කට බෙදා ඇති නියෝජිත ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ජනරජයකි. එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර පතල් කැණීම, නිෂ්පාදනය, කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සහ ධීවර කර්මාන්තය මෙන්ම විදුලි සංදේශ සහ ජෛව තාක්‍ෂණය වැනි අනෙකුත් වර්ධනය වන අංශ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=David E. Castro Garro |title=Módulo de capacitación en recursos genéticos y bioseguridad |trans-title=Training module on genetic resources and biosafety |url=http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072625/http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment (Peru)|Ministerio de Ambiente de la República de Perú]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ රටවල දේශපාලන හා ආර්ථික කණ්ඩායම්කරණයක් වන පැසිෆික් පූමාස් හි කොටසක් මෙම රට වේ. ධනාත්මක වර්ධනය, ස්ථාවර සාර්ව ආර්ථික පදනම්, වැඩිදියුණු කළ පාලනය සහ ගෝලීය ඒකාබද්ධතාවයට විවෘතභාවය යන පොදු ප්‍රවණතා බෙදා ගන්නා රටවල් සමූහයකි. සමාජ නිදහස අතින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඉහළ ස්ථානයක සිටී;&lt;ref&gt;[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf &quot;Freedom in the World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727054703/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf|date=27 July 2017}} by [[Freedom House]], 31 January 2017&lt;/ref&gt; එය ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, ට්‍රාන්ස්-පැසිෆික් හවුල්කාරිත්වය සඳහා වූ විස්තීර්ණ සහ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ගිවිසුම සහ ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකි; සහ මධ්‍යම බලවතෙකු ලෙස සැලකේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=McKercher |first1=B. J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136664366 |language=en |quote=a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources... |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043716/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි ජනගහනයට මෙස්ටිසෝස්, ඇමරින්ඩියන්, යුරෝපීයයන්, අප්‍රිකානුවන් සහ ආසියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු සංඛ්‍යාවක් ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා, අයිමාරා හෝ වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කතා කළද, ප්‍රධාන කථන භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ වේ. සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ගේ මෙම මිශ්‍රණය කලාව, ආහාර, සාහිත්‍යය සහ සංගීතය වැනි ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ප්‍රකාශනවල පුළුල් විවිධත්වයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු වී තිබේ. පේරු මෑතකදී එහි සජීවී ආහාර විද්‍යාව සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර පිළිගැනීමක් ලබා ඇති අතර, ස්වදේශික, ස්පාඤ්ඤ, අප්‍රිකානු සහ ආසියානු බලපෑම් මිශ්‍ර කරයි. ලීමා දැන් ගෝලීය සූපශාස්ත්‍ර අගනුවරක් ලෙස සැලකේ, සෙන්ට්‍රල් සහ මයිඩෝ වැනි සම්මානලාභී අවන්හල්වල නිවහන වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=A guide to Lima: South America's culinary capital |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/lima-culinary-guide-south-america |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Travel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== නිරුක්තිය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු නිරුක්තිය||inline=yes}}

== ඉතිහාසය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය||inline=yes}}

=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය||inline=yes}}

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය||inline=yes}}

=== නිදහස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය||inline=yes}}

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය||inline=yes}}

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය||inline=yes}}

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය||inline=yes}}

== භූගෝලය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය||inline=yes}}

=== දේශගුණය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය||inline=yes}}

=== වනජීවීන් ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය||inline=yes}}

== රජය සහ දේශපාලනය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

== ආර්ථිකය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}}

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}}

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}}

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}}

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}}

== යටිතල පහසුකම් ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්||inline=yes}}

=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්||inline=yes}}

=== බලශක්තිය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්||inline=yes}}

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්||inline=yes}}

== ජන විකාශනය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}}

=== භාෂාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}}

=== ආගම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}}

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}}

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}}

== සංස්කෘතිය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

=== සංගීතය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

=== සිනමාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

== සටහන් ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}}</text>
      <sha1>tb0e38ujakt1okpbdt57z81jxxrigjv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754303</id>
      <parentid>754302</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:44:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ඉතිහාසය */</comment>
      <origin>754303</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31726" sha1="bf325qnr5rejy1s3stl7f8sey2wq1kk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = පේරු ජනරජය
| native_name            = {{nobold|{{native name|es|República del Perú}}}}
| common_name            = පේරු
| name                   = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;line-height:normal;text-align:center;font-size:84%; |title = {{resize|1.0 em|Co-official names}}{{efn|name=a|In Peru, [[Languages of Peru|other languages]] have been officially recognized as legitimate [[Indigenous language|autochthonous languages]], which are co-official alongside [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in those areas where they predominate.
* [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw Ripuwlika''&lt;!-- , {{IPA|qu|xx|}} --&gt;
* {{langx|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}&lt;!-- , {{IPA|ay|xx|}} --&gt;}}
|{{Infobox
 |subbox=yes
 |bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;
 |rowclass1 = mergedrow
 |label1=[[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]:
 |data1={{lang|qu|Piruw Ripuwlika}}
 |rowclass2 = mergedrow
 |label2=[[Aymara language|Aymara]]:
 |data2={{lang|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}
}}
}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Peru.svg
| flag_caption           = ධජය
| image_coat             = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
| other_symbol           = &lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px]]&lt;/div&gt;{{native phrase|es|[[Coat of arms of Peru#Variants|Gran Sello del Estado]]|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;රාජ්‍යයේ මහා මුද්‍රාව
| other_symbol_type      = ජාතික මුද්‍රාව
| national_motto         = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Firm and Happy for the Union|Firme y feliz por la unión]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;සංගමය වෙනුවෙන් ස්ථිර සහ සතුටුයි&quot;
| national_anthem        = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[National Anthem of Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;පේරු ජාතික ගීය&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| march                  = &lt;br /&gt;{{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Flag of Peru#The Marcha de Banderas|Marcha de Banderas]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;March of Flags&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:Marcha de banderas (José Sabas Libornio Ibarra, 1895).ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map              = PER orthographic.svg
| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}}
| image_map2             = 
| capital                = [[ලීමා]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|region:PE-LIM_type:city(9,500,000)}}
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]]
| languages_type         = සම-නිල භාෂා{{efn|name=b|In those areas where they predominate.}}
| languages              = {{Plainlist|
* [[ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා|ක්වෙචුවා]]
* [[අයිමාරා භාෂාව|අයිමාරා]]
* [[පේරු භාෂා|වෙනත් දේශීය භාෂා]]
}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
|60.20% [[බහු වාර්ගික ජනතාව|මිශ්‍ර]]
|25.75% [[පේරුහි ආදිවාසී ජනතාව|ස්වදේශික]]
|5.89% [[යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති පේරු ජාතිකයන්|සුදු]]
|3.57% [[කළු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|කළු]]
|0.16% [[ආසියානු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු]]
|1.10% වෙනත්
|3.32% පිළිතුරක් නැත
}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2017
| ethnic_groups_ref      = {{efn|name=c|The [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] included, for the first time, a question of [[Ethnic group|ethnic self-identification]] that was addressed to people aged 12 and over considering elements such as their ancestry, their customs and their family origin to visualize and better understand the cultural reality of the country.}}
| demonym                = පේරු ජාතිකයන්
| government_type        = ඒකීය [[අර්ධ ජනාධිපති ජනරජය]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Draft&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dual&quot; /&gt;
| leader_title1          = ජනාධිපති
| leader_name1           = [[ඩිනා බොලුආර්ටේ]]
| leader_title2          = උප ජනාධිපති
| leader_name2           = ''පුරප්පාඩුයි''
| leader_title3          = අගමැති
| leader_name3           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ අරානා යිසා]]
| leader_title4          = කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති
| leader_name4           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ සල්හුවානා]]
| legislature            = ජනරජයේ සම්මේලනය
| sovereignty_type       = ස්වාධීනත්වය
| sovereignty_note       = ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන්
| established_event1     = ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date1      = 1821 ජූලි 28
| established_event2     = ඒකාබද්ධ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date2      = 1824 දෙසැම්බර් 9
| established_event3     = හඳුනා ගන්නා ලද්දේ
| established_date3      = 1879 අගෝස්තු 14
| area_km2               = 1,285,216&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/#geography|title=Peru|date=27 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru#geography|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| area_rank              = 19 වෙනි
| area_sq_mi             = 496,225 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]] --&gt;
| percent_water          = 0.41 &lt;!-- CIA World Factbook --&gt;
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 34,352,720&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 43 වෙනි
| population_density_km2 = 23 &lt;!--UN World Population Prospects--&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi = 57 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--&gt;
| population_density_rank = 197 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 643.05&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 18,689&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 99 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 303.3&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 8,814&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 86 වෙනි
| Gini                   = 40.2 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2022
| Gini_change            = decrease &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303115916/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.794
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/PER|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 79 වෙනි
| currency               = [[පේරු සොල්]]
| currency_code          = PEN
| time_zone              = [[Time in Peru|PET]]
| utc_offset             = −05:00
| date_format            = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව
| drives_on              = දකුණ
| calling_code           = +51
| iso3166code            = PE
| cctld                  = [[.pe]]
| religion               = {{unbulleted list
 |{{Tree list}}
*94.5% [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම]]
**76.0% [[කතෝලික ආගම]]
**18.5% වෙනත් [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|5.1% ආගමක් නැත
|0.4% වෙනත්}}
| religion_ref           = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year          = 2017{{efn|name=d| The question about religion included in the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] was addressed to people aged 12 and over.}}
}}
'''පේරු''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Peru.ogg|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː}} {{respell|pə|ROO}}; {{langx|es|link=no|Perú}} {{IPA|es|peˈɾu|}}; [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw'' {{IPA|qu|pɪɾʊw|}};&lt;ref&gt;Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm |date=30 July 2010}} and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf but common Quechua name is ''Piruw'']&lt;/ref&gt; {{langx|ay|Piruw}} {{IPA|ay|pɪɾʊw|}}}} නිල වශයෙන් '''පේරු ජනරජය''', යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බටහිර දෙසින් පිහිටි රටකි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ දකුණින් සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන් මායිම් වේ. පේරු යනු මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටක් වන අතර, බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලා සිට, රටේ උතුරේ සිට ගිනිකොන දක්වා විහිදෙන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා, ඇමසන් ගඟ සමඟ නැගෙනහිරින් නිවර්තන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියේ වැසි වනාන්තර දක්වා වාසස්ථාන විහිදේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: País megadiverso |trans-title=Peru: Megadiverse country |url=http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන 32 ඉක්මවන අතර, එහි අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම නගරය ලීමා වේ. වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 1,285,216 සහිත පේරු යනු ලෝකයේ 19 වන විශාලතම රට වන අතර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ තුන්වන විශාලතම රට වේ.

පුරාණ හා මධ්‍යතන යුගයන්හිදී පේරු භූමිය සංස්කෘතීන් කිහිපයකට නිවහන වූ අතර, ඕනෑම රටක ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ දීර්ඝතම ඉතිහාසයක් ඇති එකක් ඇති අතර, එහි උරුමය ක්‍රි.පූ. 10 වන සහස්‍රයේ කැරල්–සුපේ ශිෂ්ටාචාරය දක්වා දිව යයි, එය ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම ශිෂ්ටාචාරය වන අතර ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ තොටිල්ලක් ලෙස සැලකේ. කැපී පෙනෙන අනුප්‍රාප්තික සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ශිෂ්ටාචාර අතරට නස්කා සංස්කෘතිය, වාරි සහ තිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යයන්, කුස්කෝ රාජධානිය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම දන්නා රාජ්‍යය වන ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යය ඇතුළත් වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යය 16 වන සියවසේදී කලාපය යටත් කරගත් අතර පස්වන චාල්ස් පේරු රාජධානියේ නිල නාමය සහිත උපරාජයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එය එහි දකුණු ඇමරිකානු භූමි ප්‍රදේශ බොහොමයක් ආවරණය කළේය, එහි අගනුවර ලීමා හි විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Wilmer Angel|first1=Aguilar Pereda|date=2019|title=Establecimiento y organización del virreinato del Perú|url=https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|url-status=live|journal=[[Universidad Nacional de Trujillo]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319041111/https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|archive-date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1551 දී ලීමා හි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ ඇමරිකාවේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය ආරම්භ විය.

පේරු රාජ්‍යය 1821 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ අතර, බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස්, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාරවලින් මෙන්ම අයකුචෝ හි තීරණාත්මක සටනින් පසුව, එය 1824 දී එහි නිදහස සම්පූර්ණ කළේය. ඊළඟ වසරවලදී, පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් (1879–1884) අවසන් වූ ගුවානෝ සූරාකෑම හේතුවෙන් සාපේක්ෂ ආර්ථික හා දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වයක් ඇති වන තෙක් රට මුලින්ම දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයෙන් පීඩා වින්දා. 20 වන සියවස පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යය සහ ගරිල්ලා කණ්ඩායම් අතර අභ්‍යන්තර ගැටුම ඇතුළුව, ආර්ථික වර්ධනයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වූ දේශපාලන හා සමාජ අස්ථාවරත්වය සමඟ පොරබදමින් සිටියේය. 1990 ගණන්වල ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස්ගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය යටතේ පේරු නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව දෙසට යොමු කිරීමට ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ්&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt |title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5 |pages=114–118 |chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru |quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan}}&lt;/ref&gt; සමත් වූ අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පිළිබඳ හිටපු දේශපාලන දෘෂ්ටිවාදය අද දක්වාම පවතින රටේ පාලනය කෙරෙහි කල් පවතින සලකුණක් ඉතිරි කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Asensio |first1=Raúl |url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación |last2=Camacho |first2=Gabriela |last3=González |first3=Natalia |last4=Grompone |first4=Romeo |last5=Pajuelo Teves |first5=Ramón |last6=Peña Jimenez |first6=Omayra |last7=Moscoso |first7=Macarena |last8=Vásquez |first8=Yerel |last9=Sosa Villagarcia |first9=Paolo |date=August 2021 |publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]] |isbn=978-612-326-084-2 |edition=1 |location=[[Lima, Peru]] |pages=92 |language=es |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081352/https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |archive-date=5 November 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 දශකය ආර්ථික ව්‍යාප්තිය සහ දරිද්‍රතාවය අඩු කිරීම සනිටුහන් කළ නමුත්, ඊළඟ දශකය තුළ දිගුකාලීන සමාජ දේශපාලනික දුර්වලතා හෙළිදරව් වූ අතර, එය කොංග්‍රසය සහ COVID-19 වසංගතය විසින් ඇති කරන ලද දේශපාලන අර්බුදයක් මගින් උග්‍ර කරන ලද අතර එය 2022 දී ආරම්භ වන නොසන්සුන්තා කාල පරිච්ඡේදයට හේතු විය.

පේරු ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය කලාප 25 කට බෙදා ඇති නියෝජිත ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ජනරජයකි. එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර පතල් කැණීම, නිෂ්පාදනය, කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සහ ධීවර කර්මාන්තය මෙන්ම විදුලි සංදේශ සහ ජෛව තාක්‍ෂණය වැනි අනෙකුත් වර්ධනය වන අංශ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=David E. Castro Garro |title=Módulo de capacitación en recursos genéticos y bioseguridad |trans-title=Training module on genetic resources and biosafety |url=http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072625/http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment (Peru)|Ministerio de Ambiente de la República de Perú]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ රටවල දේශපාලන හා ආර්ථික කණ්ඩායම්කරණයක් වන පැසිෆික් පූමාස් හි කොටසක් මෙම රට වේ. ධනාත්මක වර්ධනය, ස්ථාවර සාර්ව ආර්ථික පදනම්, වැඩිදියුණු කළ පාලනය සහ ගෝලීය ඒකාබද්ධතාවයට විවෘතභාවය යන පොදු ප්‍රවණතා බෙදා ගන්නා රටවල් සමූහයකි. සමාජ නිදහස අතින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඉහළ ස්ථානයක සිටී;&lt;ref&gt;[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf &quot;Freedom in the World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727054703/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf|date=27 July 2017}} by [[Freedom House]], 31 January 2017&lt;/ref&gt; එය ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, ට්‍රාන්ස්-පැසිෆික් හවුල්කාරිත්වය සඳහා වූ විස්තීර්ණ සහ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ගිවිසුම සහ ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකි; සහ මධ්‍යම බලවතෙකු ලෙස සැලකේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=McKercher |first1=B. J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136664366 |language=en |quote=a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources... |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043716/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි ජනගහනයට මෙස්ටිසෝස්, ඇමරින්ඩියන්, යුරෝපීයයන්, අප්‍රිකානුවන් සහ ආසියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු සංඛ්‍යාවක් ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා, අයිමාරා හෝ වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කතා කළද, ප්‍රධාන කථන භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ වේ. සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ගේ මෙම මිශ්‍රණය කලාව, ආහාර, සාහිත්‍යය සහ සංගීතය වැනි ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ප්‍රකාශනවල පුළුල් විවිධත්වයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු වී තිබේ. පේරු මෑතකදී එහි සජීවී ආහාර විද්‍යාව සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර පිළිගැනීමක් ලබා ඇති අතර, ස්වදේශික, ස්පාඤ්ඤ, අප්‍රිකානු සහ ආසියානු බලපෑම් මිශ්‍ර කරයි. ලීමා දැන් ගෝලීය සූපශාස්ත්‍ර අගනුවරක් ලෙස සැලකේ, සෙන්ට්‍රල් සහ මයිඩෝ වැනි සම්මානලාභී අවන්හල්වල නිවහන වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=A guide to Lima: South America's culinary capital |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/lima-culinary-guide-south-america |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Travel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== නිරුක්තිය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු නිරුක්තිය||inline=yes}}

== ඉතිහාසය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය||inline=yes}}

=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු|inline=yes}}

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය|inline=yes}}

=== නිදහස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|නිදහස|inline=yes}}

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|19 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|20 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|21 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

== භූගෝලය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය||inline=yes}}

=== දේශගුණය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය|දේශගුණය|inline=yes}}

=== වනජීවීන් ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය|වනජීවීන්|inline=yes}}

== රජය සහ දේශපාලනය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

== ආර්ථිකය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}}

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|පතල් කර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය|inline=yes}}

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|කර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

== යටිතල පහසුකම් ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්||inline=yes}}

=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|ප්‍රවාහනය|inline=yes}}

=== බලශක්තිය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|බලශක්තිය|inline=yes}}

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා|inline=yes}}

== ජන විකාශනය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්|inline=yes}}

=== භාෂාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|භාෂාව|inline=yes}}

=== ආගම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ආගම|inline=yes}}

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|අධ්‍යාපනය|inline=yes}}

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ස්ථාන නාම|inline=yes}}

== සංස්කෘතිය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|දෘශ්‍ය කලා|inline=yes}}

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව|inline=yes}}

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|යටත් විජිත කලාව|inline=yes}}

=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සාහිත්‍යය|inline=yes}}

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|ආහාර පිසීම|inline=yes}}

=== සංගීතය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සංගීතය|inline=yes}}

=== සිනමාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සිනමාව|inline=yes}}

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|ක්‍රීඩාව|inline=yes}}

== සටහන් ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}}</text>
      <sha1>bf325qnr5rejy1s3stl7f8sey2wq1kk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754304</id>
      <parentid>754303</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:45:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ඉතිහාසය */</comment>
      <origin>754304</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31666" sha1="79ubtqbep5uxs0xim3pujl7d0sp5eu4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = පේරු ජනරජය
| native_name            = {{nobold|{{native name|es|República del Perú}}}}
| common_name            = පේරු
| name                   = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;line-height:normal;text-align:center;font-size:84%; |title = {{resize|1.0 em|Co-official names}}{{efn|name=a|In Peru, [[Languages of Peru|other languages]] have been officially recognized as legitimate [[Indigenous language|autochthonous languages]], which are co-official alongside [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in those areas where they predominate.
* [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw Ripuwlika''&lt;!-- , {{IPA|qu|xx|}} --&gt;
* {{langx|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}&lt;!-- , {{IPA|ay|xx|}} --&gt;}}
|{{Infobox
 |subbox=yes
 |bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;
 |rowclass1 = mergedrow
 |label1=[[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]:
 |data1={{lang|qu|Piruw Ripuwlika}}
 |rowclass2 = mergedrow
 |label2=[[Aymara language|Aymara]]:
 |data2={{lang|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}
}}
}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Peru.svg
| flag_caption           = ධජය
| image_coat             = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
| other_symbol           = &lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px]]&lt;/div&gt;{{native phrase|es|[[Coat of arms of Peru#Variants|Gran Sello del Estado]]|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;රාජ්‍යයේ මහා මුද්‍රාව
| other_symbol_type      = ජාතික මුද්‍රාව
| national_motto         = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Firm and Happy for the Union|Firme y feliz por la unión]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;සංගමය වෙනුවෙන් ස්ථිර සහ සතුටුයි&quot;
| national_anthem        = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[National Anthem of Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;පේරු ජාතික ගීය&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| march                  = &lt;br /&gt;{{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Flag of Peru#The Marcha de Banderas|Marcha de Banderas]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;March of Flags&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:Marcha de banderas (José Sabas Libornio Ibarra, 1895).ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map              = PER orthographic.svg
| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}}
| image_map2             = 
| capital                = [[ලීමා]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|region:PE-LIM_type:city(9,500,000)}}
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]]
| languages_type         = සම-නිල භාෂා{{efn|name=b|In those areas where they predominate.}}
| languages              = {{Plainlist|
* [[ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා|ක්වෙචුවා]]
* [[අයිමාරා භාෂාව|අයිමාරා]]
* [[පේරු භාෂා|වෙනත් දේශීය භාෂා]]
}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
|60.20% [[බහු වාර්ගික ජනතාව|මිශ්‍ර]]
|25.75% [[පේරුහි ආදිවාසී ජනතාව|ස්වදේශික]]
|5.89% [[යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති පේරු ජාතිකයන්|සුදු]]
|3.57% [[කළු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|කළු]]
|0.16% [[ආසියානු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු]]
|1.10% වෙනත්
|3.32% පිළිතුරක් නැත
}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2017
| ethnic_groups_ref      = {{efn|name=c|The [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] included, for the first time, a question of [[Ethnic group|ethnic self-identification]] that was addressed to people aged 12 and over considering elements such as their ancestry, their customs and their family origin to visualize and better understand the cultural reality of the country.}}
| demonym                = පේරු ජාතිකයන්
| government_type        = ඒකීය [[අර්ධ ජනාධිපති ජනරජය]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Draft&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dual&quot; /&gt;
| leader_title1          = ජනාධිපති
| leader_name1           = [[ඩිනා බොලුආර්ටේ]]
| leader_title2          = උප ජනාධිපති
| leader_name2           = ''පුරප්පාඩුයි''
| leader_title3          = අගමැති
| leader_name3           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ අරානා යිසා]]
| leader_title4          = කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති
| leader_name4           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ සල්හුවානා]]
| legislature            = ජනරජයේ සම්මේලනය
| sovereignty_type       = ස්වාධීනත්වය
| sovereignty_note       = ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන්
| established_event1     = ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date1      = 1821 ජූලි 28
| established_event2     = ඒකාබද්ධ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date2      = 1824 දෙසැම්බර් 9
| established_event3     = හඳුනා ගන්නා ලද්දේ
| established_date3      = 1879 අගෝස්තු 14
| area_km2               = 1,285,216&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/#geography|title=Peru|date=27 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru#geography|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| area_rank              = 19 වෙනි
| area_sq_mi             = 496,225 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]] --&gt;
| percent_water          = 0.41 &lt;!-- CIA World Factbook --&gt;
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 34,352,720&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 43 වෙනි
| population_density_km2 = 23 &lt;!--UN World Population Prospects--&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi = 57 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--&gt;
| population_density_rank = 197 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 643.05&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 18,689&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 99 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 303.3&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 8,814&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 86 වෙනි
| Gini                   = 40.2 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2022
| Gini_change            = decrease &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303115916/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.794
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/PER|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 79 වෙනි
| currency               = [[පේරු සොල්]]
| currency_code          = PEN
| time_zone              = [[Time in Peru|PET]]
| utc_offset             = −05:00
| date_format            = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව
| drives_on              = දකුණ
| calling_code           = +51
| iso3166code            = PE
| cctld                  = [[.pe]]
| religion               = {{unbulleted list
 |{{Tree list}}
*94.5% [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම]]
**76.0% [[කතෝලික ආගම]]
**18.5% වෙනත් [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|5.1% ආගමක් නැත
|0.4% වෙනත්}}
| religion_ref           = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year          = 2017{{efn|name=d| The question about religion included in the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] was addressed to people aged 12 and over.}}
}}
'''පේරු''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Peru.ogg|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː}} {{respell|pə|ROO}}; {{langx|es|link=no|Perú}} {{IPA|es|peˈɾu|}}; [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw'' {{IPA|qu|pɪɾʊw|}};&lt;ref&gt;Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm |date=30 July 2010}} and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf but common Quechua name is ''Piruw'']&lt;/ref&gt; {{langx|ay|Piruw}} {{IPA|ay|pɪɾʊw|}}}} නිල වශයෙන් '''පේරු ජනරජය''', යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බටහිර දෙසින් පිහිටි රටකි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ දකුණින් සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන් මායිම් වේ. පේරු යනු මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටක් වන අතර, බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලා සිට, රටේ උතුරේ සිට ගිනිකොන දක්වා විහිදෙන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා, ඇමසන් ගඟ සමඟ නැගෙනහිරින් නිවර්තන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියේ වැසි වනාන්තර දක්වා වාසස්ථාන විහිදේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: País megadiverso |trans-title=Peru: Megadiverse country |url=http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන 32 ඉක්මවන අතර, එහි අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම නගරය ලීමා වේ. වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 1,285,216 සහිත පේරු යනු ලෝකයේ 19 වන විශාලතම රට වන අතර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ තුන්වන විශාලතම රට වේ.

පුරාණ හා මධ්‍යතන යුගයන්හිදී පේරු භූමිය සංස්කෘතීන් කිහිපයකට නිවහන වූ අතර, ඕනෑම රටක ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ දීර්ඝතම ඉතිහාසයක් ඇති එකක් ඇති අතර, එහි උරුමය ක්‍රි.පූ. 10 වන සහස්‍රයේ කැරල්–සුපේ ශිෂ්ටාචාරය දක්වා දිව යයි, එය ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම ශිෂ්ටාචාරය වන අතර ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ තොටිල්ලක් ලෙස සැලකේ. කැපී පෙනෙන අනුප්‍රාප්තික සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ශිෂ්ටාචාර අතරට නස්කා සංස්කෘතිය, වාරි සහ තිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යයන්, කුස්කෝ රාජධානිය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම දන්නා රාජ්‍යය වන ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යය ඇතුළත් වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යය 16 වන සියවසේදී කලාපය යටත් කරගත් අතර පස්වන චාල්ස් පේරු රාජධානියේ නිල නාමය සහිත උපරාජයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එය එහි දකුණු ඇමරිකානු භූමි ප්‍රදේශ බොහොමයක් ආවරණය කළේය, එහි අගනුවර ලීමා හි විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Wilmer Angel|first1=Aguilar Pereda|date=2019|title=Establecimiento y organización del virreinato del Perú|url=https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|url-status=live|journal=[[Universidad Nacional de Trujillo]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319041111/https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|archive-date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1551 දී ලීමා හි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ ඇමරිකාවේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය ආරම්භ විය.

පේරු රාජ්‍යය 1821 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ අතර, බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස්, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාරවලින් මෙන්ම අයකුචෝ හි තීරණාත්මක සටනින් පසුව, එය 1824 දී එහි නිදහස සම්පූර්ණ කළේය. ඊළඟ වසරවලදී, පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් (1879–1884) අවසන් වූ ගුවානෝ සූරාකෑම හේතුවෙන් සාපේක්ෂ ආර්ථික හා දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වයක් ඇති වන තෙක් රට මුලින්ම දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයෙන් පීඩා වින්දා. 20 වන සියවස පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යය සහ ගරිල්ලා කණ්ඩායම් අතර අභ්‍යන්තර ගැටුම ඇතුළුව, ආර්ථික වර්ධනයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වූ දේශපාලන හා සමාජ අස්ථාවරත්වය සමඟ පොරබදමින් සිටියේය. 1990 ගණන්වල ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස්ගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය යටතේ පේරු නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව දෙසට යොමු කිරීමට ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ්&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt |title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5 |pages=114–118 |chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru |quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan}}&lt;/ref&gt; සමත් වූ අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පිළිබඳ හිටපු දේශපාලන දෘෂ්ටිවාදය අද දක්වාම පවතින රටේ පාලනය කෙරෙහි කල් පවතින සලකුණක් ඉතිරි කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Asensio |first1=Raúl |url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación |last2=Camacho |first2=Gabriela |last3=González |first3=Natalia |last4=Grompone |first4=Romeo |last5=Pajuelo Teves |first5=Ramón |last6=Peña Jimenez |first6=Omayra |last7=Moscoso |first7=Macarena |last8=Vásquez |first8=Yerel |last9=Sosa Villagarcia |first9=Paolo |date=August 2021 |publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]] |isbn=978-612-326-084-2 |edition=1 |location=[[Lima, Peru]] |pages=92 |language=es |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081352/https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |archive-date=5 November 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 දශකය ආර්ථික ව්‍යාප්තිය සහ දරිද්‍රතාවය අඩු කිරීම සනිටුහන් කළ නමුත්, ඊළඟ දශකය තුළ දිගුකාලීන සමාජ දේශපාලනික දුර්වලතා හෙළිදරව් වූ අතර, එය කොංග්‍රසය සහ COVID-19 වසංගතය විසින් ඇති කරන ලද දේශපාලන අර්බුදයක් මගින් උග්‍ර කරන ලද අතර එය 2022 දී ආරම්භ වන නොසන්සුන්තා කාල පරිච්ඡේදයට හේතු විය.

පේරු ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය කලාප 25 කට බෙදා ඇති නියෝජිත ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ජනරජයකි. එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර පතල් කැණීම, නිෂ්පාදනය, කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සහ ධීවර කර්මාන්තය මෙන්ම විදුලි සංදේශ සහ ජෛව තාක්‍ෂණය වැනි අනෙකුත් වර්ධනය වන අංශ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=David E. Castro Garro |title=Módulo de capacitación en recursos genéticos y bioseguridad |trans-title=Training module on genetic resources and biosafety |url=http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072625/http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment (Peru)|Ministerio de Ambiente de la República de Perú]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ රටවල දේශපාලන හා ආර්ථික කණ්ඩායම්කරණයක් වන පැසිෆික් පූමාස් හි කොටසක් මෙම රට වේ. ධනාත්මක වර්ධනය, ස්ථාවර සාර්ව ආර්ථික පදනම්, වැඩිදියුණු කළ පාලනය සහ ගෝලීය ඒකාබද්ධතාවයට විවෘතභාවය යන පොදු ප්‍රවණතා බෙදා ගන්නා රටවල් සමූහයකි. සමාජ නිදහස අතින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඉහළ ස්ථානයක සිටී;&lt;ref&gt;[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf &quot;Freedom in the World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727054703/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf|date=27 July 2017}} by [[Freedom House]], 31 January 2017&lt;/ref&gt; එය ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, ට්‍රාන්ස්-පැසිෆික් හවුල්කාරිත්වය සඳහා වූ විස්තීර්ණ සහ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ගිවිසුම සහ ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකි; සහ මධ්‍යම බලවතෙකු ලෙස සැලකේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=McKercher |first1=B. J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136664366 |language=en |quote=a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources... |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043716/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි ජනගහනයට මෙස්ටිසෝස්, ඇමරින්ඩියන්, යුරෝපීයයන්, අප්‍රිකානුවන් සහ ආසියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු සංඛ්‍යාවක් ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා, අයිමාරා හෝ වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කතා කළද, ප්‍රධාන කථන භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ වේ. සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ගේ මෙම මිශ්‍රණය කලාව, ආහාර, සාහිත්‍යය සහ සංගීතය වැනි ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ප්‍රකාශනවල පුළුල් විවිධත්වයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු වී තිබේ. පේරු මෑතකදී එහි සජීවී ආහාර විද්‍යාව සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර පිළිගැනීමක් ලබා ඇති අතර, ස්වදේශික, ස්පාඤ්ඤ, අප්‍රිකානු සහ ආසියානු බලපෑම් මිශ්‍ර කරයි. ලීමා දැන් ගෝලීය සූපශාස්ත්‍ර අගනුවරක් ලෙස සැලකේ, සෙන්ට්‍රල් සහ මයිඩෝ වැනි සම්මානලාභී අවන්හල්වල නිවහන වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=A guide to Lima: South America's culinary capital |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/lima-culinary-guide-south-america |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Travel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== නිරුක්තිය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු නිරුක්තිය||inline=yes}}

== ඉතිහාසය ==
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු|inline=yes}}

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය|inline=yes}}

=== නිදහස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|නිදහස|inline=yes}}

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|19 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|20 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|21 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

== භූගෝලය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය||inline=yes}}

=== දේශගුණය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය|දේශගුණය|inline=yes}}

=== වනජීවීන් ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය|වනජීවීන්|inline=yes}}

== රජය සහ දේශපාලනය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

== ආර්ථිකය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}}

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|පතල් කර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය|inline=yes}}

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|කර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

== යටිතල පහසුකම් ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්||inline=yes}}

=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|ප්‍රවාහනය|inline=yes}}

=== බලශක්තිය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|බලශක්තිය|inline=yes}}

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා|inline=yes}}

== ජන විකාශනය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්|inline=yes}}

=== භාෂාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|භාෂාව|inline=yes}}

=== ආගම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ආගම|inline=yes}}

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|අධ්‍යාපනය|inline=yes}}

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ස්ථාන නාම|inline=yes}}

== සංස්කෘතිය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|දෘශ්‍ය කලා|inline=yes}}

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව|inline=yes}}

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|යටත් විජිත කලාව|inline=yes}}

=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සාහිත්‍යය|inline=yes}}

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|ආහාර පිසීම|inline=yes}}

=== සංගීතය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සංගීතය|inline=yes}}

=== සිනමාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සිනමාව|inline=yes}}

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|ක්‍රීඩාව|inline=yes}}

== සටහන් ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}}</text>
      <sha1>79ubtqbep5uxs0xim3pujl7d0sp5eu4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754336</id>
      <parentid>754304</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:59:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන්</comment>
      <origin>754336</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31712" sha1="ef4eteqf2aj3hxzgr52pz75urzh2wgp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = පේරු ජනරජය
| native_name            = {{nobold|{{native name|es|República del Perú}}}}
| common_name            = පේරු
| name                   = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;line-height:normal;text-align:center;font-size:84%; |title = {{resize|1.0 em|Co-official names}}{{efn|name=a|In Peru, [[Languages of Peru|other languages]] have been officially recognized as legitimate [[Indigenous language|autochthonous languages]], which are co-official alongside [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in those areas where they predominate.
* [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw Ripuwlika''&lt;!-- , {{IPA|qu|xx|}} --&gt;
* {{langx|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}&lt;!-- , {{IPA|ay|xx|}} --&gt;}}
|{{Infobox
 |subbox=yes
 |bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;
 |rowclass1 = mergedrow
 |label1=[[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]:
 |data1={{lang|qu|Piruw Ripuwlika}}
 |rowclass2 = mergedrow
 |label2=[[Aymara language|Aymara]]:
 |data2={{lang|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}
}}
}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Peru.svg
| flag_caption           = ධජය
| image_coat             = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
| other_symbol           = &lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px]]&lt;/div&gt;{{native phrase|es|[[Coat of arms of Peru#Variants|Gran Sello del Estado]]|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;රාජ්‍යයේ මහා මුද්‍රාව
| other_symbol_type      = ජාතික මුද්‍රාව
| national_motto         = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Firm and Happy for the Union|Firme y feliz por la unión]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;සංගමය වෙනුවෙන් ස්ථිර සහ සතුටුයි&quot;
| national_anthem        = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[National Anthem of Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;පේරු ජාතික ගීය&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| march                  = &lt;br /&gt;{{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Flag of Peru#The Marcha de Banderas|Marcha de Banderas]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;March of Flags&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:Marcha de banderas (José Sabas Libornio Ibarra, 1895).ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map              = PER orthographic.svg
| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}}
| image_map2             = 
| capital                = [[ලීමා]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|region:PE-LIM_type:city(9,500,000)}}
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]]
| languages_type         = සම-නිල භාෂා{{efn|name=b|In those areas where they predominate.}}
| languages              = {{Plainlist|
* [[ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා|ක්වෙචුවා]]
* [[අයිමාරා භාෂාව|අයිමාරා]]
* [[පේරු භාෂා|වෙනත් දේශීය භාෂා]]
}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
|60.20% [[බහු වාර්ගික ජනතාව|මිශ්‍ර]]
|25.75% [[පේරුහි ආදිවාසී ජනතාව|ස්වදේශික]]
|5.89% [[යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති පේරු ජාතිකයන්|සුදු]]
|3.57% [[කළු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|කළු]]
|0.16% [[ආසියානු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු]]
|1.10% වෙනත්
|3.32% පිළිතුරක් නැත
}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2017
| ethnic_groups_ref      = {{efn|name=c|The [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] included, for the first time, a question of [[Ethnic group|ethnic self-identification]] that was addressed to people aged 12 and over considering elements such as their ancestry, their customs and their family origin to visualize and better understand the cultural reality of the country.}}
| demonym                = පේරු ජාතිකයන්
| government_type        = ඒකීය [[අර්ධ ජනාධිපති ජනරජය]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Draft&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dual&quot; /&gt;
| leader_title1          = ජනාධිපති
| leader_name1           = [[ඩිනා බොලුආර්ටේ]]
| leader_title2          = උප ජනාධිපති
| leader_name2           = ''පුරප්පාඩුයි''
| leader_title3          = අගමැති
| leader_name3           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ අරානා යිසා]]
| leader_title4          = කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති
| leader_name4           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ සල්හුවානා]]
| legislature            = ජනරජයේ සම්මේලනය
| sovereignty_type       = ස්වාධීනත්වය
| sovereignty_note       = ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන්
| established_event1     = ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date1      = 1821 ජූලි 28
| established_event2     = ඒකාබද්ධ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date2      = 1824 දෙසැම්බර් 9
| established_event3     = හඳුනා ගන්නා ලද්දේ
| established_date3      = 1879 අගෝස්තු 14
| area_km2               = 1,285,216&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/#geography|title=Peru|date=27 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru#geography|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| area_rank              = 19 වෙනි
| area_sq_mi             = 496,225 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]] --&gt;
| percent_water          = 0.41 &lt;!-- CIA World Factbook --&gt;
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 34,352,720&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 43 වෙනි
| population_density_km2 = 23 &lt;!--UN World Population Prospects--&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi = 57 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--&gt;
| population_density_rank = 197 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 643.05&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 18,689&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 99 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 303.3&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 8,814&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 86 වෙනි
| Gini                   = 40.2 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2022
| Gini_change            = decrease &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303115916/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.794
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/PER|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 79 වෙනි
| currency               = [[පේරු සොල්]]
| currency_code          = PEN
| time_zone              = [[Time in Peru|PET]]
| utc_offset             = −05:00
| date_format            = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව
| drives_on              = දකුණ
| calling_code           = +51
| iso3166code            = PE
| cctld                  = [[.pe]]
| religion               = {{unbulleted list
 |{{Tree list}}
*94.5% [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම]]
**76.0% [[කතෝලික ආගම]]
**18.5% වෙනත් [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|5.1% ආගමක් නැත
|0.4% වෙනත්}}
| religion_ref           = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year          = 2017{{efn|name=d| The question about religion included in the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] was addressed to people aged 12 and over.}}
}}
'''පේරු''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Peru.ogg|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː}} {{respell|pə|ROO}}; {{langx|es|link=no|Perú}} {{IPA|es|peˈɾu|}}; [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw'' {{IPA|qu|pɪɾʊw|}};&lt;ref&gt;Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm |date=30 July 2010}} and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf but common Quechua name is ''Piruw'']&lt;/ref&gt; {{langx|ay|Piruw}} {{IPA|ay|pɪɾʊw|}}}} නිල වශයෙන් '''පේරු ජනරජය''', යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බටහිර දෙසින් පිහිටි රටකි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ දකුණින් සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන් මායිම් වේ. පේරු යනු මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටක් වන අතර, බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලා සිට, රටේ උතුරේ සිට ගිනිකොන දක්වා විහිදෙන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා, ඇමසන් ගඟ සමඟ නැගෙනහිරින් නිවර්තන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියේ වැසි වනාන්තර දක්වා වාසස්ථාන විහිදේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: País megadiverso |trans-title=Peru: Megadiverse country |url=http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන 32 ඉක්මවන අතර, එහි අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම නගරය ලීමා වේ. වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 1,285,216 සහිත පේරු යනු ලෝකයේ 19 වන විශාලතම රට වන අතර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ තුන්වන විශාලතම රට වේ.

පුරාණ හා මධ්‍යතන යුගයන්හිදී පේරු භූමිය සංස්කෘතීන් කිහිපයකට නිවහන වූ අතර, ඕනෑම රටක ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ දීර්ඝතම ඉතිහාසයක් ඇති එකක් ඇති අතර, එහි උරුමය ක්‍රි.පූ. 10 වන සහස්‍රයේ කැරල්–සුපේ ශිෂ්ටාචාරය දක්වා දිව යයි, එය ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම ශිෂ්ටාචාරය වන අතර ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ තොටිල්ලක් ලෙස සැලකේ. කැපී පෙනෙන අනුප්‍රාප්තික සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ශිෂ්ටාචාර අතරට නස්කා සංස්කෘතිය, වාරි සහ තිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යයන්, කුස්කෝ රාජධානිය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම දන්නා රාජ්‍යය වන ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යය ඇතුළත් වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යය 16 වන සියවසේදී කලාපය යටත් කරගත් අතර පස්වන චාල්ස් පේරු රාජධානියේ නිල නාමය සහිත උපරාජයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එය එහි දකුණු ඇමරිකානු භූමි ප්‍රදේශ බොහොමයක් ආවරණය කළේය, එහි අගනුවර ලීමා හි විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Wilmer Angel|first1=Aguilar Pereda|date=2019|title=Establecimiento y organización del virreinato del Perú|url=https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|url-status=live|journal=[[Universidad Nacional de Trujillo]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319041111/https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|archive-date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1551 දී ලීමා හි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ ඇමරිකාවේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය ආරම්භ විය.

පේරු රාජ්‍යය 1821 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ අතර, බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස්, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාරවලින් මෙන්ම අයකුචෝ හි තීරණාත්මක සටනින් පසුව, එය 1824 දී එහි නිදහස සම්පූර්ණ කළේය. ඊළඟ වසරවලදී, පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් (1879–1884) අවසන් වූ ගුවානෝ සූරාකෑම හේතුවෙන් සාපේක්ෂ ආර්ථික හා දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වයක් ඇති වන තෙක් රට මුලින්ම දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයෙන් පීඩා වින්දා. 20 වන සියවස පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යය සහ ගරිල්ලා කණ්ඩායම් අතර අභ්‍යන්තර ගැටුම ඇතුළුව, ආර්ථික වර්ධනයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වූ දේශපාලන හා සමාජ අස්ථාවරත්වය සමඟ පොරබදමින් සිටියේය. 1990 ගණන්වල ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස්ගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය යටතේ පේරු නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව දෙසට යොමු කිරීමට ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ්&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt |title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5 |pages=114–118 |chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru |quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan}}&lt;/ref&gt; සමත් වූ අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පිළිබඳ හිටපු දේශපාලන දෘෂ්ටිවාදය අද දක්වාම පවතින රටේ පාලනය කෙරෙහි කල් පවතින සලකුණක් ඉතිරි කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Asensio |first1=Raúl |url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación |last2=Camacho |first2=Gabriela |last3=González |first3=Natalia |last4=Grompone |first4=Romeo |last5=Pajuelo Teves |first5=Ramón |last6=Peña Jimenez |first6=Omayra |last7=Moscoso |first7=Macarena |last8=Vásquez |first8=Yerel |last9=Sosa Villagarcia |first9=Paolo |date=August 2021 |publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]] |isbn=978-612-326-084-2 |edition=1 |location=[[Lima, Peru]] |pages=92 |language=es |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081352/https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |archive-date=5 November 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 දශකය ආර්ථික ව්‍යාප්තිය සහ දරිද්‍රතාවය අඩු කිරීම සනිටුහන් කළ නමුත්, ඊළඟ දශකය තුළ දිගුකාලීන සමාජ දේශපාලනික දුර්වලතා හෙළිදරව් වූ අතර, එය කොංග්‍රසය සහ COVID-19 වසංගතය විසින් ඇති කරන ලද දේශපාලන අර්බුදයක් මගින් උග්‍ර කරන ලද අතර එය 2022 දී ආරම්භ වන නොසන්සුන්තා කාල පරිච්ඡේදයට හේතු විය.

පේරු ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය කලාප 25 කට බෙදා ඇති නියෝජිත ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ජනරජයකි. එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර පතල් කැණීම, නිෂ්පාදනය, කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සහ ධීවර කර්මාන්තය මෙන්ම විදුලි සංදේශ සහ ජෛව තාක්‍ෂණය වැනි අනෙකුත් වර්ධනය වන අංශ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=David E. Castro Garro |title=Módulo de capacitación en recursos genéticos y bioseguridad |trans-title=Training module on genetic resources and biosafety |url=http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072625/http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment (Peru)|Ministerio de Ambiente de la República de Perú]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ රටවල දේශපාලන හා ආර්ථික කණ්ඩායම්කරණයක් වන පැසිෆික් පූමාස් හි කොටසක් මෙම රට වේ. ධනාත්මක වර්ධනය, ස්ථාවර සාර්ව ආර්ථික පදනම්, වැඩිදියුණු කළ පාලනය සහ ගෝලීය ඒකාබද්ධතාවයට විවෘතභාවය යන පොදු ප්‍රවණතා බෙදා ගන්නා රටවල් සමූහයකි. සමාජ නිදහස අතින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඉහළ ස්ථානයක සිටී;&lt;ref&gt;[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf &quot;Freedom in the World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727054703/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf|date=27 July 2017}} by [[Freedom House]], 31 January 2017&lt;/ref&gt; එය ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, ට්‍රාන්ස්-පැසිෆික් හවුල්කාරිත්වය සඳහා වූ විස්තීර්ණ සහ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ගිවිසුම සහ ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකි; සහ මධ්‍යම බලවතෙකු ලෙස සැලකේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=McKercher |first1=B. J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136664366 |language=en |quote=a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources... |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043716/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි ජනගහනයට මෙස්ටිසෝස්, ඇමරින්ඩියන්, යුරෝපීයයන්, අප්‍රිකානුවන් සහ ආසියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු සංඛ්‍යාවක් ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා, අයිමාරා හෝ වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කතා කළද, ප්‍රධාන කථන භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ වේ. සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ගේ මෙම මිශ්‍රණය කලාව, ආහාර, සාහිත්‍යය සහ සංගීතය වැනි ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ප්‍රකාශනවල පුළුල් විවිධත්වයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු වී තිබේ. පේරු මෑතකදී එහි සජීවී ආහාර විද්‍යාව සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර පිළිගැනීමක් ලබා ඇති අතර, ස්වදේශික, ස්පාඤ්ඤ, අප්‍රිකානු සහ ආසියානු බලපෑම් මිශ්‍ර කරයි. ලීමා දැන් ගෝලීය සූපශාස්ත්‍ර අගනුවරක් ලෙස සැලකේ, සෙන්ට්‍රල් සහ මයිඩෝ වැනි සම්මානලාභී අවන්හල්වල නිවහන වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=A guide to Lima: South America's culinary capital |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/lima-culinary-guide-south-america |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Travel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== නිරුක්තිය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු නිරුක්තිය||inline=yes}}

== ඉතිහාසය ==
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු|inline=yes}}

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය|inline=yes}}

=== නිදහස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|නිදහස|inline=yes}}

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|19 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|20 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|21 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

== භූගෝලය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය||inline=yes}}

=== දේශගුණය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය|දේශගුණය|inline=yes}}

=== වනජීවීන් ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය|වනජීවීන්|inline=yes}}

== රජය සහ දේශපාලනය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

== ආර්ථිකය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}}

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|පතල් කර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය|inline=yes}}

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|කර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

== යටිතල පහසුකම් ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්||inline=yes}}

=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|ප්‍රවාහනය|inline=yes}}

=== බලශක්තිය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|බලශක්තිය|inline=yes}}

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා|inline=yes}}

== ජන විකාශනය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්|inline=yes}}

=== භාෂාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|භාෂාව|inline=yes}}

=== ආගම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ආගම|inline=yes}}

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|අධ්‍යාපනය|inline=yes}}

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ස්ථාන නාම|inline=yes}}

== සංස්කෘතිය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|දෘශ්‍ය කලා|inline=yes}}

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව|inline=yes}}

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|යටත් විජිත කලාව|inline=yes}}

=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සාහිත්‍යය|inline=yes}}

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|ආහාර පිසීම|inline=yes}}

=== සංගීතය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සංගීතය|inline=yes}}

=== සිනමාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සිනමාව|inline=yes}}

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|ක්‍රීඩාව|inline=yes}}

== සටහන් ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}}

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]]</text>
      <sha1>ef4eteqf2aj3hxzgr52pz75urzh2wgp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754343</id>
      <parentid>754336</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:05:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* යටිතල පහසුකම් */</comment>
      <origin>754343</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31636" sha1="6ete6bscg8vt2ltinnypaeky8r1quw2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = පේරු ජනරජය
| native_name            = {{nobold|{{native name|es|República del Perú}}}}
| common_name            = පේරු
| name                   = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;line-height:normal;text-align:center;font-size:84%; |title = {{resize|1.0 em|Co-official names}}{{efn|name=a|In Peru, [[Languages of Peru|other languages]] have been officially recognized as legitimate [[Indigenous language|autochthonous languages]], which are co-official alongside [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in those areas where they predominate.
* [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw Ripuwlika''&lt;!-- , {{IPA|qu|xx|}} --&gt;
* {{langx|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}&lt;!-- , {{IPA|ay|xx|}} --&gt;}}
|{{Infobox
 |subbox=yes
 |bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;
 |rowclass1 = mergedrow
 |label1=[[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]:
 |data1={{lang|qu|Piruw Ripuwlika}}
 |rowclass2 = mergedrow
 |label2=[[Aymara language|Aymara]]:
 |data2={{lang|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}
}}
}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Peru.svg
| flag_caption           = ධජය
| image_coat             = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
| other_symbol           = &lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px]]&lt;/div&gt;{{native phrase|es|[[Coat of arms of Peru#Variants|Gran Sello del Estado]]|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;රාජ්‍යයේ මහා මුද්‍රාව
| other_symbol_type      = ජාතික මුද්‍රාව
| national_motto         = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Firm and Happy for the Union|Firme y feliz por la unión]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;සංගමය වෙනුවෙන් ස්ථිර සහ සතුටුයි&quot;
| national_anthem        = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[National Anthem of Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;පේරු ජාතික ගීය&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| march                  = &lt;br /&gt;{{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Flag of Peru#The Marcha de Banderas|Marcha de Banderas]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;March of Flags&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:Marcha de banderas (José Sabas Libornio Ibarra, 1895).ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map              = PER orthographic.svg
| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}}
| image_map2             = 
| capital                = [[ලීමා]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|region:PE-LIM_type:city(9,500,000)}}
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]]
| languages_type         = සම-නිල භාෂා{{efn|name=b|In those areas where they predominate.}}
| languages              = {{Plainlist|
* [[ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා|ක්වෙචුවා]]
* [[අයිමාරා භාෂාව|අයිමාරා]]
* [[පේරු භාෂා|වෙනත් දේශීය භාෂා]]
}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
|60.20% [[බහු වාර්ගික ජනතාව|මිශ්‍ර]]
|25.75% [[පේරුහි ආදිවාසී ජනතාව|ස්වදේශික]]
|5.89% [[යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති පේරු ජාතිකයන්|සුදු]]
|3.57% [[කළු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|කළු]]
|0.16% [[ආසියානු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු]]
|1.10% වෙනත්
|3.32% පිළිතුරක් නැත
}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2017
| ethnic_groups_ref      = {{efn|name=c|The [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] included, for the first time, a question of [[Ethnic group|ethnic self-identification]] that was addressed to people aged 12 and over considering elements such as their ancestry, their customs and their family origin to visualize and better understand the cultural reality of the country.}}
| demonym                = පේරු ජාතිකයන්
| government_type        = ඒකීය [[අර්ධ ජනාධිපති ජනරජය]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Draft&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dual&quot; /&gt;
| leader_title1          = ජනාධිපති
| leader_name1           = [[ඩිනා බොලුආර්ටේ]]
| leader_title2          = උප ජනාධිපති
| leader_name2           = ''පුරප්පාඩුයි''
| leader_title3          = අගමැති
| leader_name3           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ අරානා යිසා]]
| leader_title4          = කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති
| leader_name4           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ සල්හුවානා]]
| legislature            = ජනරජයේ සම්මේලනය
| sovereignty_type       = ස්වාධීනත්වය
| sovereignty_note       = ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන්
| established_event1     = ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date1      = 1821 ජූලි 28
| established_event2     = ඒකාබද්ධ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date2      = 1824 දෙසැම්බර් 9
| established_event3     = හඳුනා ගන්නා ලද්දේ
| established_date3      = 1879 අගෝස්තු 14
| area_km2               = 1,285,216&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/#geography|title=Peru|date=27 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru#geography|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| area_rank              = 19 වෙනි
| area_sq_mi             = 496,225 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]] --&gt;
| percent_water          = 0.41 &lt;!-- CIA World Factbook --&gt;
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 34,352,720&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 43 වෙනි
| population_density_km2 = 23 &lt;!--UN World Population Prospects--&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi = 57 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--&gt;
| population_density_rank = 197 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 643.05&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 18,689&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 99 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 303.3&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 8,814&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 86 වෙනි
| Gini                   = 40.2 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2022
| Gini_change            = decrease &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303115916/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.794
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/PER|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 79 වෙනි
| currency               = [[පේරු සොල්]]
| currency_code          = PEN
| time_zone              = [[Time in Peru|PET]]
| utc_offset             = −05:00
| date_format            = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව
| drives_on              = දකුණ
| calling_code           = +51
| iso3166code            = PE
| cctld                  = [[.pe]]
| religion               = {{unbulleted list
 |{{Tree list}}
*94.5% [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම]]
**76.0% [[කතෝලික ආගම]]
**18.5% වෙනත් [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|5.1% ආගමක් නැත
|0.4% වෙනත්}}
| religion_ref           = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year          = 2017{{efn|name=d| The question about religion included in the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] was addressed to people aged 12 and over.}}
}}
'''පේරු''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Peru.ogg|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː}} {{respell|pə|ROO}}; {{langx|es|link=no|Perú}} {{IPA|es|peˈɾu|}}; [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw'' {{IPA|qu|pɪɾʊw|}};&lt;ref&gt;Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm |date=30 July 2010}} and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf but common Quechua name is ''Piruw'']&lt;/ref&gt; {{langx|ay|Piruw}} {{IPA|ay|pɪɾʊw|}}}} නිල වශයෙන් '''පේරු ජනරජය''', යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බටහිර දෙසින් පිහිටි රටකි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ දකුණින් සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන් මායිම් වේ. පේරු යනු මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටක් වන අතර, බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලා සිට, රටේ උතුරේ සිට ගිනිකොන දක්වා විහිදෙන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා, ඇමසන් ගඟ සමඟ නැගෙනහිරින් නිවර්තන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියේ වැසි වනාන්තර දක්වා වාසස්ථාන විහිදේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: País megadiverso |trans-title=Peru: Megadiverse country |url=http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන 32 ඉක්මවන අතර, එහි අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම නගරය ලීමා වේ. වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 1,285,216 සහිත පේරු යනු ලෝකයේ 19 වන විශාලතම රට වන අතර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ තුන්වන විශාලතම රට වේ.

පුරාණ හා මධ්‍යතන යුගයන්හිදී පේරු භූමිය සංස්කෘතීන් කිහිපයකට නිවහන වූ අතර, ඕනෑම රටක ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ දීර්ඝතම ඉතිහාසයක් ඇති එකක් ඇති අතර, එහි උරුමය ක්‍රි.පූ. 10 වන සහස්‍රයේ කැරල්–සුපේ ශිෂ්ටාචාරය දක්වා දිව යයි, එය ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම ශිෂ්ටාචාරය වන අතර ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ තොටිල්ලක් ලෙස සැලකේ. කැපී පෙනෙන අනුප්‍රාප්තික සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ශිෂ්ටාචාර අතරට නස්කා සංස්කෘතිය, වාරි සහ තිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යයන්, කුස්කෝ රාජධානිය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම දන්නා රාජ්‍යය වන ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යය ඇතුළත් වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යය 16 වන සියවසේදී කලාපය යටත් කරගත් අතර පස්වන චාල්ස් පේරු රාජධානියේ නිල නාමය සහිත උපරාජයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එය එහි දකුණු ඇමරිකානු භූමි ප්‍රදේශ බොහොමයක් ආවරණය කළේය, එහි අගනුවර ලීමා හි විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Wilmer Angel|first1=Aguilar Pereda|date=2019|title=Establecimiento y organización del virreinato del Perú|url=https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|url-status=live|journal=[[Universidad Nacional de Trujillo]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319041111/https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|archive-date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1551 දී ලීමා හි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ ඇමරිකාවේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය ආරම්භ විය.

පේරු රාජ්‍යය 1821 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ අතර, බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස්, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාරවලින් මෙන්ම අයකුචෝ හි තීරණාත්මක සටනින් පසුව, එය 1824 දී එහි නිදහස සම්පූර්ණ කළේය. ඊළඟ වසරවලදී, පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් (1879–1884) අවසන් වූ ගුවානෝ සූරාකෑම හේතුවෙන් සාපේක්ෂ ආර්ථික හා දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වයක් ඇති වන තෙක් රට මුලින්ම දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයෙන් පීඩා වින්දා. 20 වන සියවස පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යය සහ ගරිල්ලා කණ්ඩායම් අතර අභ්‍යන්තර ගැටුම ඇතුළුව, ආර්ථික වර්ධනයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වූ දේශපාලන හා සමාජ අස්ථාවරත්වය සමඟ පොරබදමින් සිටියේය. 1990 ගණන්වල ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස්ගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය යටතේ පේරු නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව දෙසට යොමු කිරීමට ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ්&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt |title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5 |pages=114–118 |chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru |quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan}}&lt;/ref&gt; සමත් වූ අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පිළිබඳ හිටපු දේශපාලන දෘෂ්ටිවාදය අද දක්වාම පවතින රටේ පාලනය කෙරෙහි කල් පවතින සලකුණක් ඉතිරි කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Asensio |first1=Raúl |url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación |last2=Camacho |first2=Gabriela |last3=González |first3=Natalia |last4=Grompone |first4=Romeo |last5=Pajuelo Teves |first5=Ramón |last6=Peña Jimenez |first6=Omayra |last7=Moscoso |first7=Macarena |last8=Vásquez |first8=Yerel |last9=Sosa Villagarcia |first9=Paolo |date=August 2021 |publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]] |isbn=978-612-326-084-2 |edition=1 |location=[[Lima, Peru]] |pages=92 |language=es |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081352/https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |archive-date=5 November 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 දශකය ආර්ථික ව්‍යාප්තිය සහ දරිද්‍රතාවය අඩු කිරීම සනිටුහන් කළ නමුත්, ඊළඟ දශකය තුළ දිගුකාලීන සමාජ දේශපාලනික දුර්වලතා හෙළිදරව් වූ අතර, එය කොංග්‍රසය සහ COVID-19 වසංගතය විසින් ඇති කරන ලද දේශපාලන අර්බුදයක් මගින් උග්‍ර කරන ලද අතර එය 2022 දී ආරම්භ වන නොසන්සුන්තා කාල පරිච්ඡේදයට හේතු විය.

පේරු ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය කලාප 25 කට බෙදා ඇති නියෝජිත ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ජනරජයකි. එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර පතල් කැණීම, නිෂ්පාදනය, කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සහ ධීවර කර්මාන්තය මෙන්ම විදුලි සංදේශ සහ ජෛව තාක්‍ෂණය වැනි අනෙකුත් වර්ධනය වන අංශ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=David E. Castro Garro |title=Módulo de capacitación en recursos genéticos y bioseguridad |trans-title=Training module on genetic resources and biosafety |url=http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072625/http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment (Peru)|Ministerio de Ambiente de la República de Perú]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ රටවල දේශපාලන හා ආර්ථික කණ්ඩායම්කරණයක් වන පැසිෆික් පූමාස් හි කොටසක් මෙම රට වේ. ධනාත්මක වර්ධනය, ස්ථාවර සාර්ව ආර්ථික පදනම්, වැඩිදියුණු කළ පාලනය සහ ගෝලීය ඒකාබද්ධතාවයට විවෘතභාවය යන පොදු ප්‍රවණතා බෙදා ගන්නා රටවල් සමූහයකි. සමාජ නිදහස අතින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඉහළ ස්ථානයක සිටී;&lt;ref&gt;[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf &quot;Freedom in the World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727054703/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf|date=27 July 2017}} by [[Freedom House]], 31 January 2017&lt;/ref&gt; එය ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, ට්‍රාන්ස්-පැසිෆික් හවුල්කාරිත්වය සඳහා වූ විස්තීර්ණ සහ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ගිවිසුම සහ ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකි; සහ මධ්‍යම බලවතෙකු ලෙස සැලකේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=McKercher |first1=B. J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136664366 |language=en |quote=a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources... |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043716/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි ජනගහනයට මෙස්ටිසෝස්, ඇමරින්ඩියන්, යුරෝපීයයන්, අප්‍රිකානුවන් සහ ආසියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු සංඛ්‍යාවක් ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා, අයිමාරා හෝ වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කතා කළද, ප්‍රධාන කථන භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ වේ. සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ගේ මෙම මිශ්‍රණය කලාව, ආහාර, සාහිත්‍යය සහ සංගීතය වැනි ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ප්‍රකාශනවල පුළුල් විවිධත්වයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු වී තිබේ. පේරු මෑතකදී එහි සජීවී ආහාර විද්‍යාව සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර පිළිගැනීමක් ලබා ඇති අතර, ස්වදේශික, ස්පාඤ්ඤ, අප්‍රිකානු සහ ආසියානු බලපෑම් මිශ්‍ර කරයි. ලීමා දැන් ගෝලීය සූපශාස්ත්‍ර අගනුවරක් ලෙස සැලකේ, සෙන්ට්‍රල් සහ මයිඩෝ වැනි සම්මානලාභී අවන්හල්වල නිවහන වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=A guide to Lima: South America's culinary capital |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/lima-culinary-guide-south-america |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Travel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== නිරුක්තිය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු නිරුක්තිය||inline=yes}}

== ඉතිහාසය ==
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු|inline=yes}}

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය|inline=yes}}

=== නිදහස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|නිදහස|inline=yes}}

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|19 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|20 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|21 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

== භූගෝලය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය||inline=yes}}

=== දේශගුණය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය|දේශගුණය|inline=yes}}

=== වනජීවීන් ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය|වනජීවීන්|inline=yes}}

== රජය සහ දේශපාලනය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

== ආර්ථිකය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}}

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|පතල් කර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය|inline=yes}}

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|කර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

== යටිතල පහසුකම් ==
=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|ප්‍රවාහනය|inline=yes}}

=== බලශක්තිය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|බලශක්තිය|inline=yes}}

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා|inline=yes}}

== ජන විකාශනය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්|inline=yes}}

=== භාෂාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|භාෂාව|inline=yes}}

=== ආගම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ආගම|inline=yes}}

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|අධ්‍යාපනය|inline=yes}}

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ස්ථාන නාම|inline=yes}}

== සංස්කෘතිය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|දෘශ්‍ය කලා|inline=yes}}

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව|inline=yes}}

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|යටත් විජිත කලාව|inline=yes}}

=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සාහිත්‍යය|inline=yes}}

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|ආහාර පිසීම|inline=yes}}

=== සංගීතය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සංගීතය|inline=yes}}

=== සිනමාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සිනමාව|inline=yes}}

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|ක්‍රීඩාව|inline=yes}}

== සටහන් ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}}

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]]</text>
      <sha1>6ete6bscg8vt2ltinnypaeky8r1quw2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754367</id>
      <parentid>754343</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:32:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* රජය සහ දේශපාලනය */</comment>
      <origin>754367</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31842" sha1="ss67y3ihdckfgzklgyl72tb4msnyaqw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = පේරු ජනරජය
| native_name            = {{nobold|{{native name|es|República del Perú}}}}
| common_name            = පේරු
| name                   = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;line-height:normal;text-align:center;font-size:84%; |title = {{resize|1.0 em|Co-official names}}{{efn|name=a|In Peru, [[Languages of Peru|other languages]] have been officially recognized as legitimate [[Indigenous language|autochthonous languages]], which are co-official alongside [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in those areas where they predominate.
* [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw Ripuwlika''&lt;!-- , {{IPA|qu|xx|}} --&gt;
* {{langx|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}&lt;!-- , {{IPA|ay|xx|}} --&gt;}}
|{{Infobox
 |subbox=yes
 |bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;
 |rowclass1 = mergedrow
 |label1=[[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]:
 |data1={{lang|qu|Piruw Ripuwlika}}
 |rowclass2 = mergedrow
 |label2=[[Aymara language|Aymara]]:
 |data2={{lang|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}
}}
}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Peru.svg
| flag_caption           = ධජය
| image_coat             = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
| other_symbol           = &lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px]]&lt;/div&gt;{{native phrase|es|[[Coat of arms of Peru#Variants|Gran Sello del Estado]]|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;රාජ්‍යයේ මහා මුද්‍රාව
| other_symbol_type      = ජාතික මුද්‍රාව
| national_motto         = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Firm and Happy for the Union|Firme y feliz por la unión]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;සංගමය වෙනුවෙන් ස්ථිර සහ සතුටුයි&quot;
| national_anthem        = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[National Anthem of Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;පේරු ජාතික ගීය&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| march                  = &lt;br /&gt;{{native name|es|{{noitalic|&quot;}}[[Flag of Peru#The Marcha de Banderas|Marcha de Banderas]]{{noitalic|&quot;}}|nolink=on}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;March of Flags&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:Marcha de banderas (José Sabas Libornio Ibarra, 1895).ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map              = PER orthographic.svg
| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}}
| image_map2             = 
| capital                = [[ලීමා]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|region:PE-LIM_type:city(9,500,000)}}
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]]
| languages_type         = සම-නිල භාෂා{{efn|name=b|In those areas where they predominate.}}
| languages              = {{Plainlist|
* [[ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා|ක්වෙචුවා]]
* [[අයිමාරා භාෂාව|අයිමාරා]]
* [[පේරු භාෂා|වෙනත් දේශීය භාෂා]]
}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
|60.20% [[බහු වාර්ගික ජනතාව|මිශ්‍ර]]
|25.75% [[පේරුහි ආදිවාසී ජනතාව|ස්වදේශික]]
|5.89% [[යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති පේරු ජාතිකයන්|සුදු]]
|3.57% [[කළු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|කළු]]
|0.16% [[ආසියානු පේරු ජාතිකයන්|නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු]]
|1.10% වෙනත්
|3.32% පිළිතුරක් නැත
}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2017
| ethnic_groups_ref      = {{efn|name=c|The [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] included, for the first time, a question of [[Ethnic group|ethnic self-identification]] that was addressed to people aged 12 and over considering elements such as their ancestry, their customs and their family origin to visualize and better understand the cultural reality of the country.}}
| demonym                = පේරු ජාතිකයන්
| government_type        = ඒකීය [[අර්ධ ජනාධිපති ජනරජය]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Draft&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dual&quot; /&gt;
| leader_title1          = ජනාධිපති
| leader_name1           = [[ඩිනා බොලුආර්ටේ]]
| leader_title2          = උප ජනාධිපති
| leader_name2           = ''පුරප්පාඩුයි''
| leader_title3          = අගමැති
| leader_name3           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ අරානා යිසා]]
| leader_title4          = කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති
| leader_name4           = [[එඩ්වාඩෝ සල්හුවානා]]
| legislature            = ජනරජයේ සම්මේලනය
| sovereignty_type       = ස්වාධීනත්වය
| sovereignty_note       = ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන්
| established_event1     = ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date1      = 1821 ජූලි 28
| established_event2     = ඒකාබද්ධ කරන ලද්දේ
| established_date2      = 1824 දෙසැම්බර් 9
| established_event3     = හඳුනා ගන්නා ලද්දේ
| established_date3      = 1879 අගෝස්තු 14
| area_km2               = 1,285,216&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/#geography|title=Peru|date=27 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru#geography|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| area_rank              = 19 වෙනි
| area_sq_mi             = 496,225 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]] --&gt;
| percent_water          = 0.41 &lt;!-- CIA World Factbook --&gt;
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 34,352,720&lt;ref name=&quot;IfKRF&quot; /&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 43 වෙනි
| population_density_km2 = 23 &lt;!--UN World Population Prospects--&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi = 57 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--&gt;
| population_density_rank = 197 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 643.05&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 18,689&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 99 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 303.3&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47 වෙනි
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 8,814&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PE&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 86 වෙනි
| Gini                   = 40.2 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2022
| Gini_change            = decrease &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303115916/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.794
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/PER|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 79 වෙනි
| currency               = [[පේරු සොල්]]
| currency_code          = PEN
| time_zone              = [[Time in Peru|PET]]
| utc_offset             = −05:00
| date_format            = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව
| drives_on              = දකුණ
| calling_code           = +51
| iso3166code            = PE
| cctld                  = [[.pe]]
| religion               = {{unbulleted list
 |{{Tree list}}
*94.5% [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම]]
**76.0% [[කතෝලික ආගම]]
**18.5% වෙනත් [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|5.1% ආගමක් නැත
|0.4% වෙනත්}}
| religion_ref           = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year          = 2017{{efn|name=d| The question about religion included in the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] was addressed to people aged 12 and over.}}
}}
'''පේරු''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Peru.ogg|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː}} {{respell|pə|ROO}}; {{langx|es|link=no|Perú}} {{IPA|es|peˈɾu|}}; [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw'' {{IPA|qu|pɪɾʊw|}};&lt;ref&gt;Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm |date=30 July 2010}} and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf but common Quechua name is ''Piruw'']&lt;/ref&gt; {{langx|ay|Piruw}} {{IPA|ay|pɪɾʊw|}}}} නිල වශයෙන් '''පේරු ජනරජය''', යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බටහිර දෙසින් පිහිටි රටකි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ දකුණින් සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන් මායිම් වේ. පේරු යනු මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටක් වන අතර, බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලා සිට, රටේ උතුරේ සිට ගිනිකොන දක්වා විහිදෙන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා, ඇමසන් ගඟ සමඟ නැගෙනහිරින් නිවර්තන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියේ වැසි වනාන්තර දක්වා වාසස්ථාන විහිදේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: País megadiverso |trans-title=Peru: Megadiverse country |url=http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන 32 ඉක්මවන අතර, එහි අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම නගරය ලීමා වේ. වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 1,285,216 සහිත පේරු යනු ලෝකයේ 19 වන විශාලතම රට වන අතර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ තුන්වන විශාලතම රට වේ.

පුරාණ හා මධ්‍යතන යුගයන්හිදී පේරු භූමිය සංස්කෘතීන් කිහිපයකට නිවහන වූ අතර, ඕනෑම රටක ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ දීර්ඝතම ඉතිහාසයක් ඇති එකක් ඇති අතර, එහි උරුමය ක්‍රි.පූ. 10 වන සහස්‍රයේ කැරල්–සුපේ ශිෂ්ටාචාරය දක්වා දිව යයි, එය ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම ශිෂ්ටාචාරය වන අතර ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ තොටිල්ලක් ලෙස සැලකේ. කැපී පෙනෙන අනුප්‍රාප්තික සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ශිෂ්ටාචාර අතරට නස්කා සංස්කෘතිය, වාරි සහ තිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යයන්, කුස්කෝ රාජධානිය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම දන්නා රාජ්‍යය වන ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යය ඇතුළත් වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යය 16 වන සියවසේදී කලාපය යටත් කරගත් අතර පස්වන චාල්ස් පේරු රාජධානියේ නිල නාමය සහිත උපරාජයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එය එහි දකුණු ඇමරිකානු භූමි ප්‍රදේශ බොහොමයක් ආවරණය කළේය, එහි අගනුවර ලීමා හි විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Wilmer Angel|first1=Aguilar Pereda|date=2019|title=Establecimiento y organización del virreinato del Perú|url=https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|url-status=live|journal=[[Universidad Nacional de Trujillo]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319041111/https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content|archive-date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1551 දී ලීමා හි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ ඇමරිකාවේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය ආරම්භ විය.

පේරු රාජ්‍යය 1821 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ අතර, බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස්, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාරවලින් මෙන්ම අයකුචෝ හි තීරණාත්මක සටනින් පසුව, එය 1824 දී එහි නිදහස සම්පූර්ණ කළේය. ඊළඟ වසරවලදී, පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් (1879–1884) අවසන් වූ ගුවානෝ සූරාකෑම හේතුවෙන් සාපේක්ෂ ආර්ථික හා දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වයක් ඇති වන තෙක් රට මුලින්ම දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයෙන් පීඩා වින්දා. 20 වන සියවස පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යය සහ ගරිල්ලා කණ්ඩායම් අතර අභ්‍යන්තර ගැටුම ඇතුළුව, ආර්ථික වර්ධනයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වූ දේශපාලන හා සමාජ අස්ථාවරත්වය සමඟ පොරබදමින් සිටියේය. 1990 ගණන්වල ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස්ගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය යටතේ පේරු නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව දෙසට යොමු කිරීමට ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ්&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt |title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5 |pages=114–118 |chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru |quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan}}&lt;/ref&gt; සමත් වූ අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පිළිබඳ හිටපු දේශපාලන දෘෂ්ටිවාදය අද දක්වාම පවතින රටේ පාලනය කෙරෙහි කල් පවතින සලකුණක් ඉතිරි කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Asensio |first1=Raúl |url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación |last2=Camacho |first2=Gabriela |last3=González |first3=Natalia |last4=Grompone |first4=Romeo |last5=Pajuelo Teves |first5=Ramón |last6=Peña Jimenez |first6=Omayra |last7=Moscoso |first7=Macarena |last8=Vásquez |first8=Yerel |last9=Sosa Villagarcia |first9=Paolo |date=August 2021 |publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]] |isbn=978-612-326-084-2 |edition=1 |location=[[Lima, Peru]] |pages=92 |language=es |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081352/https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |archive-date=5 November 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 දශකය ආර්ථික ව්‍යාප්තිය සහ දරිද්‍රතාවය අඩු කිරීම සනිටුහන් කළ නමුත්, ඊළඟ දශකය තුළ දිගුකාලීන සමාජ දේශපාලනික දුර්වලතා හෙළිදරව් වූ අතර, එය කොංග්‍රසය සහ COVID-19 වසංගතය විසින් ඇති කරන ලද දේශපාලන අර්බුදයක් මගින් උග්‍ර කරන ලද අතර එය 2022 දී ආරම්භ වන නොසන්සුන්තා කාල පරිච්ඡේදයට හේතු විය.

පේරු ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය කලාප 25 කට බෙදා ඇති නියෝජිත ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ජනරජයකි. එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර පතල් කැණීම, නිෂ්පාදනය, කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සහ ධීවර කර්මාන්තය මෙන්ම විදුලි සංදේශ සහ ජෛව තාක්‍ෂණය වැනි අනෙකුත් වර්ධනය වන අංශ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=David E. Castro Garro |title=Módulo de capacitación en recursos genéticos y bioseguridad |trans-title=Training module on genetic resources and biosafety |url=http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072625/http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment (Peru)|Ministerio de Ambiente de la República de Perú]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ රටවල දේශපාලන හා ආර්ථික කණ්ඩායම්කරණයක් වන පැසිෆික් පූමාස් හි කොටසක් මෙම රට වේ. ධනාත්මක වර්ධනය, ස්ථාවර සාර්ව ආර්ථික පදනම්, වැඩිදියුණු කළ පාලනය සහ ගෝලීය ඒකාබද්ධතාවයට විවෘතභාවය යන පොදු ප්‍රවණතා බෙදා ගන්නා රටවල් සමූහයකි. සමාජ නිදහස අතින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඉහළ ස්ථානයක සිටී;&lt;ref&gt;[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf &quot;Freedom in the World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727054703/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf|date=27 July 2017}} by [[Freedom House]], 31 January 2017&lt;/ref&gt; එය ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, ට්‍රාන්ස්-පැසිෆික් හවුල්කාරිත්වය සඳහා වූ විස්තීර්ණ සහ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ගිවිසුම සහ ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකි; සහ මධ්‍යම බලවතෙකු ලෙස සැලකේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=McKercher |first1=B. J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136664366 |language=en |quote=a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources... |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043716/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි ජනගහනයට මෙස්ටිසෝස්, ඇමරින්ඩියන්, යුරෝපීයයන්, අප්‍රිකානුවන් සහ ආසියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු සංඛ්‍යාවක් ක්වෙචුවාන් භාෂා, අයිමාරා හෝ වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කතා කළද, ප්‍රධාන කථන භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ වේ. සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ගේ මෙම මිශ්‍රණය කලාව, ආහාර, සාහිත්‍යය සහ සංගීතය වැනි ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ප්‍රකාශනවල පුළුල් විවිධත්වයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු වී තිබේ. පේරු මෑතකදී එහි සජීවී ආහාර විද්‍යාව සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර පිළිගැනීමක් ලබා ඇති අතර, ස්වදේශික, ස්පාඤ්ඤ, අප්‍රිකානු සහ ආසියානු බලපෑම් මිශ්‍ර කරයි. ලීමා දැන් ගෝලීය සූපශාස්ත්‍ර අගනුවරක් ලෙස සැලකේ, සෙන්ට්‍රල් සහ මයිඩෝ වැනි සම්මානලාභී අවන්හල්වල නිවහන වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=A guide to Lima: South America's culinary capital |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/lima-culinary-guide-south-america |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Travel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== නිරුක්තිය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු නිරුක්තිය||inline=yes}}

== ඉතිහාසය ==
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු|inline=yes}}

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය|inline=yes}}

=== නිදහස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|නිදහස|inline=yes}}

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|19 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|20 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ඉතිහාසය|21 වන සියවස|inline=yes}}

== භූගෝලය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය||inline=yes}}

=== දේශගුණය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය|දේශගුණය|inline=yes}}

=== වනජීවීන් ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු භූගෝලය|වනජීවීන්|inline=yes}}

== රජය සහ දේශපාලනය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}}

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා|inline=yes}}

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|පරිපාලන අංශ|inline=yes}}

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|විදේශ සබඳතා|inline=yes}}

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම|inline=yes}}

== ආර්ථිකය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}}

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|පතල් කර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය|inline=yes}}

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ආර්ථිකය|කර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}}

== යටිතල පහසුකම් ==
=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|ප්‍රවාහනය|inline=yes}}

=== බලශක්තිය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|බලශක්තිය|inline=yes}}

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්|සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා|inline=yes}}

== ජන විකාශනය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්|inline=yes}}

=== භාෂාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|භාෂාව|inline=yes}}

=== ආගම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ආගම|inline=yes}}

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|අධ්‍යාපනය|inline=yes}}

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු ජන විකාශනය|ස්ථාන නාම|inline=yes}}

== සංස්කෘතිය ==
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}}

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|දෘශ්‍ය කලා|inline=yes}}

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව|inline=yes}}

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|යටත් විජිත කලාව|inline=yes}}

=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සාහිත්‍යය|inline=yes}}

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|ආහාර පිසීම|inline=yes}}

=== සංගීතය ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සංගීතය|inline=yes}}

=== සිනමාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|සිනමාව|inline=yes}}

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
{{Excerpt|පේරු සංස්කෘතිය|ක්‍රීඩාව|inline=yes}}

== සටහන් ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}}

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]]</text>
      <sha1>ss67y3ihdckfgzklgyl72tb4msnyaqw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>බිමල් ජයකොඩී</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183121</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754222</id>
      <parentid>753850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T13:52:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>212.104.231.209</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754222</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="598" sha1="i96omx4jta333fm5mvxr4134dgzswx9" xml:space="preserve">===සිනමාව===
* 2011  -   [[ගාමනි]]
* 2016  -   [[ආදරණීය කතාවක්]]
* 2017  -   දේදුණූ ආකාසේ
* 2018  -   ටවුමේ ඉස්කෝලේ
* 2019  -   [[ජනාධිපති සුපර් ස්ටාර්]]
* 2021  -   කවුරුවත් දන්නේ නෑ
* 2022  -   ආශාවරී
* 2024  -   කම්බිලි
* 2024  -   මන්දාරා
* 2025  -   රාණි


===ටෙලි නිර්මාණ===
* ''තඹපාට හැන්දෑව''
* ''[[දෙවෙනි ඉනිම]]''</text>
      <sha1>i96omx4jta333fm5mvxr4134dgzswx9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754223</id>
      <parentid>754222</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T13:58:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>212.104.231.204</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* සිනමාව */</comment>
      <origin>754223</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="649" sha1="ao3gem5vos0ivhfghr4n7qvokrgj8s9" xml:space="preserve">===සිනමාව===
* 2011  -   [[ගාමනි]]
* 2016  -   [[ආදරණීය කතාවක්]]
* 2017  -   දේදුණූ ආකාසේ
* 2018  -   ටවුමේ ඉස්කෝලේ
* 2019  -   [[ජනාධිපති සුපර් ස්ටාර්]]
* 2021  -   කවුරුවත් දන්නේ නෑ
* 2022  -   ආශාවරී
* 2024  -   කම්බිලි
* 2024  -   මන්දාරා
* 2025  -   රාණි
* ළඟදීම  - ධර්මයුද්ධය 2

===ටෙලි නිර්මාණ===
* ''තඹපාට හැන්දෑව''
* ''[[දෙවෙනි ඉනිම]]''</text>
      <sha1>ao3gem5vos0ivhfghr4n7qvokrgj8s9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754224</id>
      <parentid>754223</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T14:00:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>212.104.228.238</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754224</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="651" sha1="6tb9y645qjwap0a3wenjhtx6vuw72ve" xml:space="preserve">===සිනමාව===
* 2011  -   [[ගාමනි]]
* 2016  -   [[ආදරණීය කතාවක්]]
* 2017  -   දේදුණූ ආකාසේ
* 2018  -   ටවුමේ ඉස්කෝලේ
* 2019  -   [[ජනාධිපති සුපර් ස්ටාර්]]
* 2021  -   කවුරුවත් දන්නේ නෑ
* 2022  -   ආශාවරී
* 2024  -   කම්බිලි
* 2024  -   මන්දාරා
* 2025  -   රාණි
* ළඟදීම  - ධර්මයුද්ධය 2


===ටෙලි නිර්මාණ===
* ''තඹපාට හැන්දෑව''
* ''[[දෙවෙනි ඉනිම]]''</text>
      <sha1>6tb9y645qjwap0a3wenjhtx6vuw72ve</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:චිලී</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>183129</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754227</id>
      <timestamp>2025-04-01T18:42:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;JJMC89 bot III</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Removing [[:Category:Wikipedia categories named after countries]] per [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2025 February 21#Category:Wikipedia categories named after countries]]</comment>
      <origin>754227</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="251" sha1="1b4yumkb1cmb6thz5oudpon15bzwpyl" xml:space="preserve">{{Commons category}}
{{Portal|Chile}}
{{topic cat|Chile}}

{{Chile topics|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Countries in South America]]
[[Category:Countries in Latin America]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1818]]</text>
      <sha1>1b4yumkb1cmb6thz5oudpon15bzwpyl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754228</id>
      <parentid>754227</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T14:57:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Category:Chile]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
      <origin>754227</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="251" sha1="1b4yumkb1cmb6thz5oudpon15bzwpyl" xml:space="preserve">{{Commons category}}
{{Portal|Chile}}
{{topic cat|Chile}}

{{Chile topics|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Countries in South America]]
[[Category:Countries in Latin America]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1818]]</text>
      <sha1>1b4yumkb1cmb6thz5oudpon15bzwpyl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754231</id>
      <parentid>754228</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T14:59:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754231</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="343" sha1="4opyu74p8b9951fzf4eijatebf0pmlt" xml:space="preserve">{{Commons category}}
{{Portal|Chile}}
{{topic cat|Chile}}

{{Chile topics|state=collapsed}}

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දකුණු ඇමෙරිකානු රටවල්]]
[[Category:Countries in South America]]
[[Category:Countries in Latin America]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1818]]</text>
      <sha1>4opyu74p8b9951fzf4eijatebf0pmlt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754232</id>
      <parentid>750754</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T15:00:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:චිලි]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:චිලී]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>750754</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754234</id>
      <parentid>754231</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T15:01:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Chile]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:චිලී]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>754231</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="343" sha1="4opyu74p8b9951fzf4eijatebf0pmlt" xml:space="preserve">{{Commons category}}
{{Portal|Chile}}
{{topic cat|Chile}}

{{Chile topics|state=collapsed}}

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දකුණු ඇමෙරිකානු රටවල්]]
[[Category:Countries in South America]]
[[Category:Countries in Latin America]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1818]]</text>
      <sha1>4opyu74p8b9951fzf4eijatebf0pmlt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754246</id>
      <parentid>754234</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T17:33:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ttheek</username>
        <id>66430</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>chile -&gt; චිලී</comment>
      <origin>754246</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="350" sha1="9of16zap5fqs45qzrv3mr0ouyv71qy2" xml:space="preserve">{{Commons category}}
{{Portal|Chile}}
{{topic cat|චිලී}}

{{Chile topics|state=collapsed}}

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දකුණු ඇමෙරිකානු රටවල්]]
[[Category:Countries in South America]]
[[Category:Countries in Latin America]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1818]]</text>
      <sha1>9of16zap5fqs45qzrv3mr0ouyv71qy2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:Chile topics</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>183130</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754229</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-02T15:32:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Ingminatacam</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754229</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5589" sha1="cb8rfg46zsmw7f7icj5fqj2g6grk0sk" xml:space="preserve">{{Country topics
| country = Chile
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|collapsed&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| adjective = Chilean

| history =
 {{Navbox |subgroup |groupstyle=padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;

 | group1 = [[Timeline of Chilean history|Timeline]]
 | list1 = {{Navbox|child
  | group1 = Periods
  | list1 =
* [[Prehispanic history of Chile|Prehispanic]] {{small|([[Ante Christum natum|ACN]]–1536 [[Anno Domini|AD]])}}
* [[Discovery of Chile|Spanish Discovery]] {{small|(1536–1540)}}
* [[Conquest of Chile|Spanish Conquest]] {{small|(1540–1600)}}
* [[Colonial Chile|Colonial]] {{small|(1600–1810)}}
* [[Chilean War of Independence|Independence]] {{small|(1810–1826)}}
* [[Organization of the Chilean Republic|Republic Organization]] {{small|(1823–1831)}}
* [[Conservative Republic]] {{small|(1831–1861)}}
* [[Liberal Republic]] {{small|(1861–1891)}}
* [[History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)|Parliamentary Era]] {{small|(1891–1925)}}
* [[Presidential Republic (1925–1973)|Presidential Republic]] {{small|(1925–1973)}}
* [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)|Pinochet Regime]] {{small|(1973–1990)}}
* [[Chilean transition to democracy|Democracy Transition]] {{small|(1990–Present)}}

  | group2 = By topic
  | list2 = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[History of agriculture in Chile|Agriculture]]
* [[Banditry in Chile|Banditry]]
* [[Economic history of Chile|Economic]]
* [[Chilean expansionism|Expansionism]]
* [[History of mining in Chile|Mining]]
* [[Maritime history of Chile|Maritime]]
* [[List of wars involving Chile|Wars]]
}}
}}

| geography = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[List of cities in Chile|Cities]]
* [[Climate of Chile|Climate]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Chile|Earthquakes]]
* [[Environmental issues in Chile|Environment]]
* [[List of extreme points of Chile|Extreme points]]
* [[List of fjords, channels, sounds and straits of Chile|Fjords, channels, sounds and straits]]
* [[Geology of Chile|Geology]]
* [[List of islands of Chile|Islands]]
* [[List of national parks of Chile|National parks]]
* [[Natural regions of Chile|Natural regions]]
* [[Provinces of Chile|Provinces]]
* [[Regions of Chile|Regions]]
* [[List of rivers of Chile|Rivers]]
* [[List of lakes of Chile|Lakes]]
* [[List of volcanoes in Chile|Volcanoes]]
* [[List of lighthouses and lightvessels in Chile|Lighthouses]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in Chile|World Heritage Sites]] 

| politics =
 {{Navbox |subgroup |groupstyle=padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;
  | list1 = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[National Congress of Chile|National Congress]]
* [[Elections in Chile|Elections]]
* [[Foreign relations of Chile|Foreign relations]]
* [[Government of Chile|Government]]
* [[List of political parties in Chile|Political parties]]
* [[President of Chile|President]]
* [[Ministries of Chile|Ministries]]

  | group2 = [[Law of Chile|Law]]
  | list2 = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Chilean Civil Code|Civil Code]]
* [[Chilean Constitution of 1980|Constitution]]
** [[Constitutional history of Chile|History]]
* [[Human rights in Chile|Human rights]]
** [[LGBT rights in Chile|LGBT]]
** [[Intersex rights in Chile|Intersex]]
* [[Carabineros de Chile|Law enforcement]]
* [[Supreme Court of Chile|Supreme Court]]
* [[Constitutional Court of Chile|Constitutional Court]]
* [[Comptroller General of Chile]]

  | group3 = Public safety
  | list3 =
* [[Carabineros de Chile|Carabineros]]
* [[Chilean Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]]
* [[Investigations Police of Chile|Investigations Police]]
 }}

| military =
* [[Chilean Air Force|Air Force]]
* [[Chilean Army|Army]]
* [[Chilean Navy|Navy]]
* [[Ministry of National Defense (Chile)|Ministry of Defence]]

| economy = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Agriculture in Chile|Agriculture]]
* [[Aquaculture in Chile|Aquaculture]]
* [[Central Bank of Chile|Central Bank]]
* [[List of companies of Chile|Companies]]
* [[Energy in Chile|Energy]]
* [[Forestry in Chile|Forestry]]
* [[Chilean peso|Peso {{small|(currency)}}]]
* [[Santiago Stock Exchange|Stock Exchange]]
* [[Mining in Chile|Mining]] 
** [[Copper mining in Chile|Copper]]
** [[Gold mining in Chile|Gold]]
** [[Iron mining in Chile|Iron]]
* [[Telecommunications in Chile|Telecommunications]]
* [[Tourism in Chile|Tourism]]
* [[Transport in Chile|Transport]]

| society = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Crime in Chile|Crime]]
** [[Illegal mining in Chile|Illegal mining]]
* [[Demographics of Chile|Demographics]]
* [[Education in Chile|Education]]
* [[Healthcare in Chile|Healthcare]]
* [[Immigration to Chile|Immigration]]
** [[Illegal immigration to Chile|Illegal]]
* [[Languages of Chile|Languages]]
* [[Chileans|People]]
** [[Indigenous peoples in Chile|Indigenous]]
* [[Religion in Chile|Religion]]
* [[Squatting in Chile|Squatting]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation in Chile|Water supply and sanitation]]
* [[Women in Chile|Women]]

| culture = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[:Category:Arts in Chile|Arts]]
* [[:Category:Beauty pageants in Chile|Beauty pageants]]
* [[Cinema of Chile|Cinema]]
* [[Chilean cuisine|Cuisine]]
* [[Chilean literature|Literature]]
* [[Music of Chile|Music]]
* [[Chilean mythology|Mythology]]
* [[List of newspapers in Chile|Newspapers]]
* [[Public holidays in Chile|Public holidays]]
* [[Sport in Chile|Sports]]
* [[Television in Chile|Television]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation
 |content =
{{WikiProject tag check|Chile}}
{{collapsible option |statename=optional}}
}}&lt;!--(end documentation)--&gt;

[[Category:Chile templates| ]]
[[Category:South America country and territory topics templates|Chile]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cb8rfg46zsmw7f7icj5fqj2g6grk0sk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754230</id>
      <parentid>754229</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T14:58:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Template:Chile_topics]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
      <origin>754229</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5589" sha1="cb8rfg46zsmw7f7icj5fqj2g6grk0sk" xml:space="preserve">{{Country topics
| country = Chile
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|collapsed&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| adjective = Chilean

| history =
 {{Navbox |subgroup |groupstyle=padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;

 | group1 = [[Timeline of Chilean history|Timeline]]
 | list1 = {{Navbox|child
  | group1 = Periods
  | list1 =
* [[Prehispanic history of Chile|Prehispanic]] {{small|([[Ante Christum natum|ACN]]–1536 [[Anno Domini|AD]])}}
* [[Discovery of Chile|Spanish Discovery]] {{small|(1536–1540)}}
* [[Conquest of Chile|Spanish Conquest]] {{small|(1540–1600)}}
* [[Colonial Chile|Colonial]] {{small|(1600–1810)}}
* [[Chilean War of Independence|Independence]] {{small|(1810–1826)}}
* [[Organization of the Chilean Republic|Republic Organization]] {{small|(1823–1831)}}
* [[Conservative Republic]] {{small|(1831–1861)}}
* [[Liberal Republic]] {{small|(1861–1891)}}
* [[History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)|Parliamentary Era]] {{small|(1891–1925)}}
* [[Presidential Republic (1925–1973)|Presidential Republic]] {{small|(1925–1973)}}
* [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)|Pinochet Regime]] {{small|(1973–1990)}}
* [[Chilean transition to democracy|Democracy Transition]] {{small|(1990–Present)}}

  | group2 = By topic
  | list2 = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[History of agriculture in Chile|Agriculture]]
* [[Banditry in Chile|Banditry]]
* [[Economic history of Chile|Economic]]
* [[Chilean expansionism|Expansionism]]
* [[History of mining in Chile|Mining]]
* [[Maritime history of Chile|Maritime]]
* [[List of wars involving Chile|Wars]]
}}
}}

| geography = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[List of cities in Chile|Cities]]
* [[Climate of Chile|Climate]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Chile|Earthquakes]]
* [[Environmental issues in Chile|Environment]]
* [[List of extreme points of Chile|Extreme points]]
* [[List of fjords, channels, sounds and straits of Chile|Fjords, channels, sounds and straits]]
* [[Geology of Chile|Geology]]
* [[List of islands of Chile|Islands]]
* [[List of national parks of Chile|National parks]]
* [[Natural regions of Chile|Natural regions]]
* [[Provinces of Chile|Provinces]]
* [[Regions of Chile|Regions]]
* [[List of rivers of Chile|Rivers]]
* [[List of lakes of Chile|Lakes]]
* [[List of volcanoes in Chile|Volcanoes]]
* [[List of lighthouses and lightvessels in Chile|Lighthouses]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in Chile|World Heritage Sites]] 

| politics =
 {{Navbox |subgroup |groupstyle=padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;
  | list1 = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[National Congress of Chile|National Congress]]
* [[Elections in Chile|Elections]]
* [[Foreign relations of Chile|Foreign relations]]
* [[Government of Chile|Government]]
* [[List of political parties in Chile|Political parties]]
* [[President of Chile|President]]
* [[Ministries of Chile|Ministries]]

  | group2 = [[Law of Chile|Law]]
  | list2 = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Chilean Civil Code|Civil Code]]
* [[Chilean Constitution of 1980|Constitution]]
** [[Constitutional history of Chile|History]]
* [[Human rights in Chile|Human rights]]
** [[LGBT rights in Chile|LGBT]]
** [[Intersex rights in Chile|Intersex]]
* [[Carabineros de Chile|Law enforcement]]
* [[Supreme Court of Chile|Supreme Court]]
* [[Constitutional Court of Chile|Constitutional Court]]
* [[Comptroller General of Chile]]

  | group3 = Public safety
  | list3 =
* [[Carabineros de Chile|Carabineros]]
* [[Chilean Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]]
* [[Investigations Police of Chile|Investigations Police]]
 }}

| military =
* [[Chilean Air Force|Air Force]]
* [[Chilean Army|Army]]
* [[Chilean Navy|Navy]]
* [[Ministry of National Defense (Chile)|Ministry of Defence]]

| economy = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Agriculture in Chile|Agriculture]]
* [[Aquaculture in Chile|Aquaculture]]
* [[Central Bank of Chile|Central Bank]]
* [[List of companies of Chile|Companies]]
* [[Energy in Chile|Energy]]
* [[Forestry in Chile|Forestry]]
* [[Chilean peso|Peso {{small|(currency)}}]]
* [[Santiago Stock Exchange|Stock Exchange]]
* [[Mining in Chile|Mining]] 
** [[Copper mining in Chile|Copper]]
** [[Gold mining in Chile|Gold]]
** [[Iron mining in Chile|Iron]]
* [[Telecommunications in Chile|Telecommunications]]
* [[Tourism in Chile|Tourism]]
* [[Transport in Chile|Transport]]

| society = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Crime in Chile|Crime]]
** [[Illegal mining in Chile|Illegal mining]]
* [[Demographics of Chile|Demographics]]
* [[Education in Chile|Education]]
* [[Healthcare in Chile|Healthcare]]
* [[Immigration to Chile|Immigration]]
** [[Illegal immigration to Chile|Illegal]]
* [[Languages of Chile|Languages]]
* [[Chileans|People]]
** [[Indigenous peoples in Chile|Indigenous]]
* [[Religion in Chile|Religion]]
* [[Squatting in Chile|Squatting]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation in Chile|Water supply and sanitation]]
* [[Women in Chile|Women]]

| culture = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[:Category:Arts in Chile|Arts]]
* [[:Category:Beauty pageants in Chile|Beauty pageants]]
* [[Cinema of Chile|Cinema]]
* [[Chilean cuisine|Cuisine]]
* [[Chilean literature|Literature]]
* [[Music of Chile|Music]]
* [[Chilean mythology|Mythology]]
* [[List of newspapers in Chile|Newspapers]]
* [[Public holidays in Chile|Public holidays]]
* [[Sport in Chile|Sports]]
* [[Television in Chile|Television]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation
 |content =
{{WikiProject tag check|Chile}}
{{collapsible option |statename=optional}}
}}&lt;!--(end documentation)--&gt;

[[Category:Chile templates| ]]
[[Category:South America country and territory topics templates|Chile]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cb8rfg46zsmw7f7icj5fqj2g6grk0sk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:චිලි</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>183131</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754233</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T15:00:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:චිලි]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:චිලී]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>754233</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="71" sha1="pmnusczu3qahte255ut5g2viiw0xizx" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:චිලී]]</text>
      <sha1>pmnusczu3qahte255ut5g2viiw0xizx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754238</id>
      <parentid>754233</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T15:04:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>754238</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="3v0n1ak8ndfdo9tddctyyub5ohiz28o" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|චිලී}}</text>
      <sha1>3v0n1ak8ndfdo9tddctyyub5ohiz28o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Chile</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>183132</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754235</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T15:01:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Chile]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:චිලී]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>754235</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="71" sha1="pmnusczu3qahte255ut5g2viiw0xizx" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:චිලී]]</text>
      <sha1>pmnusczu3qahte255ut5g2viiw0xizx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754237</id>
      <parentid>754235</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T15:04:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>754237</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="3v0n1ak8ndfdo9tddctyyub5ohiz28o" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|චිලී}}</text>
      <sha1>3v0n1ak8ndfdo9tddctyyub5ohiz28o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Chile templates</title>
    <ns>15</ns>
    <id>183134</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754236</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T15:04:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Chile templates]]</comment>
      <origin>754236</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2501" sha1="jmgw42ivmsnvwbo5yltqglwbk8r2cbw" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary
|----
| 982837000 || 2020-10-10T17:26:50Z || Andrybak || &lt;nowiki&gt;not just navboxes (via [[WP:JWB]])&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 979753255 || 2020-09-22T16:01:21Z || TerraCyprus || &lt;nowiki&gt;removed [[Category:Country templates]]; added [[Category:Templates by country]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 975589134 || 2020-08-29T10:34:04Z || BrownHairedGirl || &lt;nowiki&gt;removed [[Category:Chile]]  -- remove templates and project pages and user pages from content categories&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 689359406 || 2015-11-06T16:56:26Z || Giso6150 || &lt;nowiki&gt;added [[Category:Chile]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 547794435 || 2013-03-30T11:00:20Z || EmausBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;Bot: Migrating 17 langlinks, now provided by Wikidata on [[d:Q8842295]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 528305799 || 2012-12-16T13:38:42Z || Makecat-bot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding [[pl:Kategoria:Szablony nawigacyjne - Chile]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 520825962 || 2012-11-01T00:12:54Z || EmausBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding [[fr:Catégorie:Modèle Chili]]; modifying [[nl:Categorie:Wikipedia:Sjablonen Chili]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 502310448 || 2012-07-14T22:59:24Z || Xqbot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding [[be:Катэгорыя:Шаблоны:Чылі]], [[tr:Kategori:Şili şablonları]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 480700994 || 2012-03-07T18:13:35Z || Jaba1977 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 434788589 || 2011-06-17T16:49:36Z || Sverigekillen || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 422558436 || 2011-04-05T18:48:34Z || 189.100.205.228 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 414124005 || 2011-02-15T20:45:53Z || EmausBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.6.4) (robot Adding: [[ja:Category:チリ関連のテンプレート]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 413946218 || 2011-02-14T21:24:07Z || Luckas-bot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.1) (robot Adding: [[os:Категори:Шаблонтæ:Чили]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 320865613 || 2009-10-19T20:29:48Z || Aidas || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 313005254 || 2009-09-10T14:58:53Z || Mircea || &lt;nowiki&gt;+cs wiki&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 295812995 || 2009-06-11T17:06:59Z || BotMultichill || &lt;nowiki&gt;robot Adding: [[nl:Categorie:Sjablonen Chili]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 291777592 || 2009-05-23T08:34:21Z || דוד55 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 261443371 || 2009-01-02T12:35:56Z || Obersachsebot || &lt;nowiki&gt;robot  Adding: de, no, pt, ro&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 240600965 || 2008-09-24T03:14:12Z || EugeneZelenko || &lt;nowiki&gt;+ ru:&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 229257093 || 2008-08-01T17:10:38Z || Sardanaphalus || &lt;nowiki&gt;created category&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}</text>
      <sha1>jmgw42ivmsnvwbo5yltqglwbk8r2cbw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Chile templates</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>183135</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754239</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T15:04:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Chile templates]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Chile templates|history]])</comment>
      <origin>754239</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="388" sha1="rwpe20t32v6glsravxs0tsqza23y1b3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!---
For consistency, the name of this and similar categories use country/continent/regional names rather than adjectives or adjectivals, as some of these adjectives and adjectivals are less than straightforward (see [[List of adjectival forms of place names]]).
--&gt;{{Template category
|topic = [[Chile]]
}}

[[Category:South America country templates]]
[[Category:Templates by country]]</text>
      <sha1>rwpe20t32v6glsravxs0tsqza23y1b3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් හමුදා බලඝණ ලැයිස්තුව</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183136</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754242</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T15:43:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ttheek</username>
        <id>66430</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>නව ලැයිස්තුව</comment>
      <origin>754242</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="912" sha1="gckfwqckjusym3intjyk53clhfc3rm0" xml:space="preserve">==වත්මන් පියාසර බලඝණ==
*[[අංක 1 පියාසර පුහුණු පක්ෂාංගය]]
*[[අංක 2 බර ප්‍රවාහන බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 3 සමුද්‍රීය බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 4 ප්‍රභූ හෙලිකොප්ටර් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 5 ජෙට් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 6 හෙලිකොප්ටර් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 7 හෙලිකොප්ටර් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 8 සැහැල්ලු ප්‍රවාහන බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 9 ප්‍රහාරක හෙලිකොප්ටර් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 10 ප්‍රහාරක බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 111 ගුවන් නිරීක්ෂණ බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 112 ගුවන් නිරීක්ෂණ බලඝණය]]</text>
      <sha1>gckfwqckjusym3intjyk53clhfc3rm0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754243</id>
      <parentid>754242</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T15:57:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ttheek</username>
        <id>66430</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක බලඝණ*/</comment>
      <origin>754243</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2166" sha1="ms7f0hv6gzppc2mz9orq0awalqv9nb8" xml:space="preserve">==වත්මන් පියාසර බලඝණ==
*[[අංක 1 පියාසර පුහුණු පක්ෂාංගය]]
*[[අංක 2 බර ප්‍රවාහන බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 3 සමුද්‍රීය බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 4 ප්‍රභූ හෙලිකොප්ටර් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 5 ජෙට් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 6 හෙලිකොප්ටර් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 7 හෙලිකොප්ටර් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 8 සැහැල්ලු ප්‍රවාහන බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 9 ප්‍රහාරක හෙලිකොප්ටර් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 10 ප්‍රහාරක බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 111 ගුවන් නිරීක්ෂණ බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 112 ගුවන් නිරීක්ෂණ බලඝණය]]

==ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක බලඝණ==
*අංක 01 ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක රේඩාර් බලඝණය, [[කටුනායක ගුවන් හමුදා කඳවුර|කටුනායක]] 
*අංක 02 ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක රේඩාර් බලඝණය, [[වවුනියාව ගුවන් හමුදා කඳවුර|වවුනියාව]]
*අංක 03 ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක රේඩාර් බලඝණය, [[විරවිල ගුවන් හමුදා කඳවුර|විරවිල]]
*අංක 04 ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක රේඩාර් බලඝණය, [[මිරිගම ගුවන් හමුදා කඳවුර|මිරිගම]]
*අංක 05 ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක රේඩාර් බලඝණය, [[පාලවිය ගුවන් හමුදා කඳවුර |පාලවිය]]
*අංක 06 ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක රේඩාර් බලඝණය, [[චීන වරාය ගුවන් හමුදා කඳවුර|චීන වරාය]]
*අංක 07 ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක රේඩාර් බලඝණය, [[පිදුරුතලාගල]]</text>
      <sha1>ms7f0hv6gzppc2mz9orq0awalqv9nb8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754244</id>
      <parentid>754243</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-07T15:59:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ttheek</username>
        <id>66430</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් හමුදාව]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන්</comment>
      <origin>754244</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2263" sha1="2k21qhnfg73mibrk3vx3in9z9vjyejt" xml:space="preserve">==වත්මන් පියාසර බලඝණ==
*[[අංක 1 පියාසර පුහුණු පක්ෂාංගය]]
*[[අංක 2 බර ප්‍රවාහන බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 3 සමුද්‍රීය බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 4 ප්‍රභූ හෙලිකොප්ටර් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 5 ජෙට් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 6 හෙලිකොප්ටර් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 7 හෙලිකොප්ටර් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 8 සැහැල්ලු ප්‍රවාහන බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 9 ප්‍රහාරක හෙලිකොප්ටර් බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 10 ප්‍රහාරක බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 111 ගුවන් නිරීක්ෂණ බලඝණය]]
*[[අංක 112 ගුවන් නිරීක්ෂණ බලඝණය]]

==ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක බලඝණ==
*අංක 01 ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක රේඩාර් බලඝණය, [[කටුනායක ගුවන් හමුදා කඳවුර|කටුනායක]] 
*අංක 02 ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක රේඩාර් බලඝණය, [[වවුනියාව ගුවන් හමුදා කඳවුර|වවුනියාව]]
*අංක 03 ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක රේඩාර් බලඝණය, [[විරවිල ගුවන් හමුදා කඳවුර|විරවිල]]
*අංක 04 ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක රේඩාර් බලඝණය, [[මිරිගම ගුවන් හමුදා කඳවුර|මිරිගම]]
*අංක 05 ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක රේඩාර් බලඝණය, [[පාලවිය ගුවන් හමුදා කඳවුර |පාලවිය]]
*අංක 06 ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක රේඩාර් බලඝණය, [[චීන වරාය ගුවන් හමුදා කඳවුර|චීන වරාය]]
*අංක 07 ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක රේඩාර් බලඝණය, [[පිදුරුතලාගල]]

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් හමුදාව]]</text>
      <sha1>2k21qhnfg73mibrk3vx3in9z9vjyejt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>පේරු නිරුක්තිය</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183137</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754250</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T03:49:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'The name of the country may be derived from ''Birú'', the name of a local ruler who lived near the [[:en:Bay_of_San_Miguel|Bay of San Miguel]], Panama City, in the early 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. ''El nombre del Perú''. Lima: Talleres Gráficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968, p. 83.&lt;/ref&gt; Spanish [[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]], who arrived in 1522, believed this was the southernmost part of the :en:Ne...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි</comment>
      <origin>754250</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2220" sha1="mdkt0x6ci42h10s2nh0dg0lvudkpgmc" xml:space="preserve">The name of the country may be derived from ''Birú'', the name of a local ruler who lived near the [[:en:Bay_of_San_Miguel|Bay of San Miguel]], Panama City, in the early 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. ''El nombre del Perú''. Lima: Talleres Gráficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968, p. 83.&lt;/ref&gt; Spanish [[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]], who arrived in 1522, believed this was the southernmost part of the [[:en:New_World|New World]].&lt;ref&gt;Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; When [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] invaded the regions farther south, they came to be designated ''Birú'' or ''Perú''.&lt;ref&gt;Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 86.&lt;/ref&gt;

An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer [[:en:Inca_Garcilaso_de_la_Vega|Inca Garcilaso de la Vega]], son of an Inca princess and a conquistador. He said the name ''Birú'' was that of a common Amerindian who was happened upon by the crew of a ship on an exploratory mission for governor [[:en:Pedro_Arias_Dávila|Pedro Arias Dávila]] and went on to relate more instances of misunderstandings due to the lack of a common language.&lt;ref&gt;Vega, Garcilasco, ''Commentarios Reales de los Incas'', Editorial Mantaro, Lima, ed. 1998. pp. 14–15. First published in Lisbon in 1609.&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[:en:Spanish_empire|Spanish crown]] gave the name legal status with the 1529 ''[[:en:Francisco_Pizarro#Capitulaci%C3%B3n_de_Toledo|Capitulación de Toledo]]'', which designated the newly encountered [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca Empire]] as the province of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 87.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1561, the rebel [[:en:Lope_de_Aguirre|Lope de Aguirre]] declared himself the &quot;Prince&quot; of an independent Peru, which was cut short by his arrest and execution. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination ''[[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]'', which became the ''Peruvian Republic'' from its [[:en:Peruvian_War_of_Independence|independence]] until [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru#1979_Constitution|1979]], when it adopted its current name of ''Republic of Peru''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite constitution|article=I|polity=Peru|date=1979}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== සටහන් ==</text>
      <sha1>mdkt0x6ci42h10s2nh0dg0lvudkpgmc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754251</id>
      <parentid>754250</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T03:50:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754251</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5167" sha1="gwp0uii250yhwsep0tvyrqx4ofcvv84" xml:space="preserve">The name of the country may be derived from ''Birú'', the name of a local ruler who lived near the [[:en:Bay_of_San_Miguel|Bay of San Miguel]], Panama City, in the early 16th century. Spanish [[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]], who arrived in 1522, believed this was the southernmost part of the [[:en:New_World|New World]]. When [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] invaded the regions farther south, they came to be designated ''Birú'' or ''Perú''.

An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer [[:en:Inca_Garcilaso_de_la_Vega|Inca Garcilaso de la Vega]], son of an Inca princess and a conquistador. He said the name ''Birú'' was that of a common Amerindian who was happened upon by the crew of a ship on an exploratory mission for governor [[:en:Pedro_Arias_Dávila|Pedro Arias Dávila]] and went on to relate more instances of misunderstandings due to the lack of a common language.

The [[:en:Spanish_empire|Spanish crown]] gave the name legal status with the 1529 ''[[:en:Francisco_Pizarro#Capitulaci%C3%B3n_de_Toledo|Capitulación de Toledo]]'', which designated the newly encountered [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca Empire]] as the province of Peru. In 1561, the rebel [[:en:Lope_de_Aguirre|Lope de Aguirre]] declared himself the &quot;Prince&quot; of an independent Peru, which was cut short by his arrest and execution. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination ''[[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]'', which became the ''Peruvian Republic'' from its [[:en:Peruvian_War_of_Independence|independence]] until [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru#1979_Constitution|1979]], when it adopted its current name of ''Republic of Peru''.

16 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ පැනමා නගරයේ සැන් මිගෙල් බොක්ක අසල ජීවත් වූ ප්‍රාදේශීය පාලකයෙකුගේ නමක් වන බිරුගෙන් රටේ නම ව්‍යුත්පන්න විය හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. ''El nombre del Perú''. Lima: Talleres Gráficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968, p. 83.&lt;/ref&gt; 1522 දී පැමිණි ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන් විශ්වාස කළේ මෙය නව ලෝකයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ කොටස බවයි.&lt;ref&gt;Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ තවත් දකුණට ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විට, ඔවුන් බිරු හෝ පේරු ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 86.&lt;/ref&gt;

ඉන්කා කුමරියකගේ සහ ජයග්‍රාහකයෙකුගේ පුතෙකු වන සමකාලීන ලේඛක ඉන්කා ගාර්සිලාසෝ ඩි ලා වේගා විසින් විකල්ප ඉතිහාසයක් සපයනු ලැබේ. බිරු යන නම පොදු ඇමරින්ඩියන් ජාතිකයෙකුගේ බවත්, ආණ්ඩුකාර පේද්‍රෝ ඇරියස් ඩාවිලා සඳහා ගවේෂණ මෙහෙයුමක යෙදී සිටි නැවක කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය විසින් ඔහුට හමු වූ බවත්, පොදු භාෂාවක් නොමැතිකම හේතුවෙන් තවත් වරදවා වටහාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ අවස්ථා විස්තර කළ බවත් ඔහු පැවසීය.&lt;ref&gt;Vega, Garcilasco, ''Commentarios Reales de los Incas'', Editorial Mantaro, Lima, ed. 1998. pp. 14–15. First published in Lisbon in 1609.&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරුළ මෙම නමට 1529 කැපිටුලසියන් ඩි ටොලෙඩෝ සමඟ නීතිමය තත්ත්වය ලබා දුන් අතර, එය අලුතින් හමු වූ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යය පේරු පළාත ලෙස නම් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 87.&lt;/ref&gt; 1561 දී, කැරලිකාර ලෝප් ඩි අගුවර් තමා ස්වාධීන පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ &quot;කුමාරයා&quot; ලෙස ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ඔහු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන මරණ දඬුවම නියම කිරීමෙන් එය කෙටි විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පාලනය යටතේ, රට පේරු උපරාජ පදවිය යන නිකාය සම්මත කරගත් අතර, එය නිදහසේ සිට 1979 දක්වා පේරු ජනරජය බවට පත් වූ අතර, එය එහි වර්තමාන නම පේරු ජනරජය ලෙස භාවිතා කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite constitution|article=I|polity=Peru|date=1979}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== සටහන් ==</text>
      <sha1>gwp0uii250yhwsep0tvyrqx4ofcvv84</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754252</id>
      <parentid>754251</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:17:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754252</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3502" sha1="4vr5l9d93jpib32ure02wu1yuarthcz" xml:space="preserve">16 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ පැනමා නගරයේ සැන් මිගෙල් බොක්ක අසල ජීවත් වූ ප්‍රාදේශීය පාලකයෙකුගේ නමක් වන බිරුගෙන් රටේ නම ව්‍යුත්පන්න විය හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. ''El nombre del Perú''. Lima: Talleres Gráficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968, p. 83.&lt;/ref&gt; 1522 දී පැමිණි ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන් විශ්වාස කළේ මෙය නව ලෝකයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ කොටස බවයි.&lt;ref&gt;Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ තවත් දකුණට ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විට, ඔවුන් බිරු හෝ පේරු ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 86.&lt;/ref&gt;

ඉන්කා කුමරියකගේ සහ ජයග්‍රාහකයෙකුගේ පුතෙකු වන සමකාලීන ලේඛක ඉන්කා ගාර්සිලාසෝ ඩි ලා වේගා විසින් විකල්ප ඉතිහාසයක් සපයනු ලැබේ. බිරු යන නම පොදු ඇමරින්ඩියන් ජාතිකයෙකුගේ බවත්, ආණ්ඩුකාර පේද්‍රෝ ඇරියස් ඩාවිලා සඳහා ගවේෂණ මෙහෙයුමක යෙදී සිටි නැවක කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය විසින් ඔහුට හමු වූ බවත්, පොදු භාෂාවක් නොමැතිකම හේතුවෙන් තවත් වරදවා වටහාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ අවස්ථා විස්තර කළ බවත් ඔහු පැවසීය.&lt;ref&gt;Vega, Garcilasco, ''Commentarios Reales de los Incas'', Editorial Mantaro, Lima, ed. 1998. pp. 14–15. First published in Lisbon in 1609.&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරුළ මෙම නමට 1529 කැපිටුලසියන් ඩි ටොලෙඩෝ සමඟ නීතිමය තත්ත්වය ලබා දුන් අතර, එය අලුතින් හමු වූ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යය පේරු පළාත ලෙස නම් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 87.&lt;/ref&gt; 1561 දී, කැරලිකාර ලෝප් ඩි අගුවර් තමා ස්වාධීන පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ &quot;කුමාරයා&quot; ලෙස ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ඔහු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන මරණ දඬුවම නියම කිරීමෙන් එය කෙටි විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පාලනය යටතේ, රට පේරු උපරාජ පදවිය යන නිකාය සම්මත කරගත් අතර, එය නිදහසේ සිට 1979 දක්වා පේරු ජනරජය බවට පත් වූ අතර, එය එහි වර්තමාන නම පේරු ජනරජය ලෙස භාවිතා කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite constitution|article=I|polity=Peru|date=1979}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== සටහන් ==</text>
      <sha1>4vr5l9d93jpib32ure02wu1yuarthcz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754340</id>
      <parentid>754252</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:00:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන්</comment>
      <origin>754340</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3548" sha1="b7yitntb32nt7xbmqu7r9yuklitpcia" xml:space="preserve">16 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ පැනමා නගරයේ සැන් මිගෙල් බොක්ක අසල ජීවත් වූ ප්‍රාදේශීය පාලකයෙකුගේ නමක් වන බිරුගෙන් රටේ නම ව්‍යුත්පන්න විය හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. ''El nombre del Perú''. Lima: Talleres Gráficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968, p. 83.&lt;/ref&gt; 1522 දී පැමිණි ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන් විශ්වාස කළේ මෙය නව ලෝකයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ කොටස බවයි.&lt;ref&gt;Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ තවත් දකුණට ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විට, ඔවුන් බිරු හෝ පේරු ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 86.&lt;/ref&gt;

ඉන්කා කුමරියකගේ සහ ජයග්‍රාහකයෙකුගේ පුතෙකු වන සමකාලීන ලේඛක ඉන්කා ගාර්සිලාසෝ ඩි ලා වේගා විසින් විකල්ප ඉතිහාසයක් සපයනු ලැබේ. බිරු යන නම පොදු ඇමරින්ඩියන් ජාතිකයෙකුගේ බවත්, ආණ්ඩුකාර පේද්‍රෝ ඇරියස් ඩාවිලා සඳහා ගවේෂණ මෙහෙයුමක යෙදී සිටි නැවක කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය විසින් ඔහුට හමු වූ බවත්, පොදු භාෂාවක් නොමැතිකම හේතුවෙන් තවත් වරදවා වටහාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ අවස්ථා විස්තර කළ බවත් ඔහු පැවසීය.&lt;ref&gt;Vega, Garcilasco, ''Commentarios Reales de los Incas'', Editorial Mantaro, Lima, ed. 1998. pp. 14–15. First published in Lisbon in 1609.&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරුළ මෙම නමට 1529 කැපිටුලසියන් ඩි ටොලෙඩෝ සමඟ නීතිමය තත්ත්වය ලබා දුන් අතර, එය අලුතින් හමු වූ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යය පේරු පළාත ලෙස නම් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 87.&lt;/ref&gt; 1561 දී, කැරලිකාර ලෝප් ඩි අගුවර් තමා ස්වාධීන පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ &quot;කුමාරයා&quot; ලෙස ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ඔහු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන මරණ දඬුවම නියම කිරීමෙන් එය කෙටි විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පාලනය යටතේ, රට පේරු උපරාජ පදවිය යන නිකාය සම්මත කරගත් අතර, එය නිදහසේ සිට 1979 දක්වා පේරු ජනරජය බවට පත් වූ අතර, එය එහි වර්තමාන නම පේරු ජනරජය ලෙස භාවිතා කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite constitution|article=I|polity=Peru|date=1979}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== සටහන් ==

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]]</text>
      <sha1>b7yitntb32nt7xbmqu7r9yuklitpcia</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>පේරු ඉතිහාසය</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183138</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754253</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:19:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>' == History == &lt;!--lots of paragraphs without citations--&gt; {{main|History of Peru}}  {{see also|Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru|Agricultural history of Peru|Economic history of Peru}}  === Prehistory and Pre-Columbian Peru === {{main|Pre-Columbian Peru|Andean civilizations}} File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|Remains of a [[:en:Norte_Chico_civilization|Caral/N...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි</comment>
      <origin>754253</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="65506" sha1="j6dvqyboo6i3wczm0ln61i1rx9wiu7w" xml:space="preserve">
== History ==
&lt;!--lots of paragraphs without citations--&gt; {{main|History of Peru}}

{{see also|Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru|Agricultural history of Peru|Economic history of Peru}}

=== Prehistory and Pre-Columbian Peru ===
{{main|Pre-Columbian Peru|Andean civilizations}}
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|Remains of a [[:en:Norte_Chico_civilization|Caral/Norte Chico]] pyramid in the arid Supe Valley]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]] earrings depicting warriors, made of turquoise and gold (1–800 CE)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|The citadel of [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]], an iconic symbol of pre-Columbian Peru]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Conquest and colonial period ===
{{main|Spanish conquest of Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru}}
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''Los funerales de Atahualpa'' (1867) by Luis Montero. [[:en:Atahualpa|Atahualpa]] was the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], executed by the Spaniards on 29 August 1533.]]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|[[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]]]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Independence ===
&lt;!--4 paragraphs with no citations--&gt; {{main|Peruvian War of Independence}}
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|The [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] was decisive in ensuring Peruvian independence.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|San Martín proclaiming the independence of Peru. Painting by [[:en:Juan_Lepiani|Juan Lepiani]].]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19th century ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

From the 1840s to the 1860s Peru enjoyed [[:en:Guano_Era|a period of stability]] under the presidency of [[:en:Ramón_Castilla|Ramón Castilla]], through increased state revenues from [[:en:Guano|guano]] exports.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1864, a Spanish expedition occupied the Chincha Islands (guano producers) and unleashed an international incident with great consequences in Peruvian internal politics, which led to a coup d'état against President [[:en:Juan_Antonio_Pezet|Juan Antonio Pezet]], Mariano's government. Peru, with the help of [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[:en:Chile|Chile]] and [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]], sent a declaration of war on Spain. After the battle of Callao on May 2, 1866, the Spanish Navy withdrew from Peru. The government of José Balta was lavish in infrastructure works (construction of the Central Railway) although the first signs of excess government spending were already perceived. By the 1870s the guano resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[:en:Battle_of_Angamos|Battle of Angamos]], during the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]]]]
By 1859, some 41,000 Peruvians had died in the constant civil wars that shook the country since 1829. Thanks to the money from the sale of guano, Peru began to modernize with different public works such as railways; the civil and military bureaucracy grew; The indigenous people stopped paying tribute and the slaves achieved their freedom; The migration policy of Germans, Austrians, Irish and Italians began.

On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of ''this'' war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru. In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor [[:en:Huáscar_(ironclad)|Huáscar]], the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero.

In 1879 Peru entered the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]], which lasted until 1884. [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]] invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The [[:en:Politics_of_Peru|Peruvian Government]] tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia.
[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Battle_of_Arica|Battle of Arica]], painted by [[:en:Juan_Lepiani|Juan Lepiani]]]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.

=== 20th century ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|The signing of the [[:en:Rio_Protocol|Rio Protocol]] in January 1942]]
Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the [[:en:Civilista_Party|Civilista Party]], which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of [[:en:Augusto_B._Leguía|Augusto B. Leguía]]. The [[:en:Great_Depression|Great Depression]] caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the [[:en:American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance]] (APRA).&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades. A final peace treaty in 1929, signed between Peru and Chile called the [[:en:Treaty_of_Lima_(1929)|Treaty of Lima]], returned [[:en:Tacna|Tacna]] to Peru. Between 1932 and 1933, Peru was engulfed in a [[:en:Leticia_Incident|year-long war with Colombia]] over a territorial dispute involving the [[:en:Amazonas_(Colombian_department)|Amazonas Department]] and its capital [[:en:Leticia,_Amazonas|Leticia]].

In 1941 Peru and Ecuador fought the [[:en:Ecuadorian–Peruvian_War|Ecuadorian–Peruvian War]], after which the [[:en:Rio_Protocol|Rio Protocol]] sought to formalize the boundary between those two countries. In a military coup on 29 October 1948, General [[:en:Manuel_A._Odría|Manuel A. Odría]] became president. Odría's presidency was known as the ''Ochenio''. He came down hard on APRA, momentarily pleasing the oligarchy and all others on the right, but followed a [[:en:Populism|populist]] course that won him great favor with the poor and lower classes. A thriving economy allowed him to indulge in expensive but crowd-pleasing social policies. At the same time, however, [[:en:Civil_and_political_rights|civil rights]] were severely restricted and corruption was rampant throughout his regime. Odría was succeeded by [[:en:Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche|Manuel Prado Ugarteche]]. However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, via a [[:en:1962_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by [[:en:Ricardo_Pérez_Godoy|Ricardo Pérez Godoy]]. Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new elections in 1963, which were won by [[:en:Fernando_Belaúnde_Terry|Fernando Belaúnde Terry]] who assumed presidency until 1968. Belaúnde was recognized for his commitment to the democratic process.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|Military Junta of 1968]]
On 3 October 1968 another [[:en:1968_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by a group of officers led by General [[:en:Juan_Velasco_Alvarado|Juan Velasco Alvarado]] brought the army to power with the aim of applying a doctrine of &quot;social progress and integral development&quot;, nationalist and reformist, influenced by the                     ''Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe'' ([[:en:CEPAL|CEPAL]]), i.e. the                     “United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribean” theses on dependence and underdevelopment. Six days after the golpe, Velasco proceeded to nationalize the ''International Petroleum Corporation'' (IPC), the North American company that exploited Peruvian oil, and then launched a reform of the state apparatus, an agrarian reform. It was the biggest agrarian reform ever undertaken in Latin America: it abolished the [[:en:Latifundium|latifunda]] system and modernized agriculture through a more equitable redistribution of land (90% of the peasants formed cooperatives or agricultural societies of social interest). Land was to be owned by those who cultivated it, and large landowners were expropriated. The only large properties allowed were cooperatives.

Between 1969 and 1976, 325,000 families received land from the state with an average size of {{convert|73.6|acre|hectare}}. The &quot;revolutionary government&quot; also planned massive investments in education, elevated the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] language – spoken by nearly half the population but hitherto despised by the authorities – to a status equivalent to that of Spanish and established equal rights for natural children. Peru wished to free itself from any dependence and carried out a third-world foreign policy. The [[:en:United_States|United States]] responded with commercial, economic and diplomatic pressure. In 1973 Peru seemed to triumph over the financial blockade imposed by Washington by negotiating a loan from the International Development Bank to finance its agricultural and mining development policy. The relations with Chile became very tense after the coup d'état of the [[:en:General_Pinochet|general Pinochet]]. General [[:en:Edgardo_Mercado_Jarrín|Edgardo Mercado Jarrin]] (Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Army) and Admiral Guillermo Faura Gaig (Minister of the Navy) both escaped assassination attempts within weeks of each other. In 1975 General [[:en:Francisco_Morales_Bermúdez_Cerruti|Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti]] seized power and broke with the policies of his predecessor. His regime occasionally participated in [[:en:Operation_Condor|Operation Condor]] in collaboration with other American military dictatorships.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

President [[:en:Alan_García|Alan García]]'s economic policies distanced Peru from international markets further, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the country experienced [[:en:Chronic_inflation|chronic inflation]], in mid-1985, the Peruvian [[:en:Peruvian_sol_(1863–1985)|sol]] was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_inti|inti]], which itself was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_sol|nuevo sol]] in July 1991 (the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion old soles). At the end of the 1980s, the per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20%, with national reserves running a $900 million deficit. The economic turbulence of the time acerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of violent rebel rural insurgent movements, like [[:en:Shining_Path|Sendero Luminoso]] (Shining Path) and [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement|MRTA]], which caused [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|great havoc]] throughout the country.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|President [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] during his first term]]
The Peruvian armed forces, frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises, drafted the [[:en:Plan_Verde|Plan Verde]], which involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of the [[:en:Media_in_Peru|media in Peru]], and the establishment of a [[:en:Neoliberal|neoliberal]] economy controlled by a [[:en:Military_junta|military junta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] assumed the presidency in 1990 and, according to the head of the [[:en:National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)|National Intelligence Service (SIN)]] Rospigliosi, an understanding was established between Fujimori, [[:en:Vladimiro_Montesinos|Vladimiro Montesinos]], and some of the military officers involved in Plan Verde to abide by the military's demands prior to Fujimori's inauguration. Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde, which led to a precitious drop in inflation from 7,650% at the start of 1990 to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992. When Fujimori faced opposition to his reform efforts, he dissolved Congress, suspending the judiciary, arresting several opposition leaders and assuming full powers in the ''[[:en:Self-coup|auto-golpe]]'' (&quot;self-coup&quot;) of 5 April 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then revised the constitution, called new congressional elections, and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Nonetheless, these policies did not benefit the poorest much, and inequality persisted despite Fujimori's economic achievements.

Fujimori's administration was dogged by [[:en:Insurgency|insurgent]] groups, most notably Shining Path, which carried out attacks across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the [[:en:Barrios_Altos_massacre|Barrios Altos massacre]] and [[:en:La_Cantuta_massacre|La Cantuta massacre]] by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of [[:en:Tarata_bombing|Tarata]] and [[:en:Frecuencia_Latina_bombing|Frecuencia Latina]] by Sendero Luminoso. Fujimori would also broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions possible to persecute left-wing political opponents. Using the ''[[:en:Terruqueo|terruqueo]]'', a [[:en:Fearmongering|fearmongering]] tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a [[:en:Cult_of_personality|cult of personality]] by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru. Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the [[:en:Human_rights_in_Peru|human rights]] violations committed in the last years of violence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; His ''[[:en:Programa_Nacional_de_Población|Programa Nacional de Población]]'', 'National Population Program' also resulted with the [[:en:Forced_sterilization|forced sterilization]] of at least 300,000 poor and indigenous women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In early 1995, once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the [[:en:Cenepa_War|Cenepa War]], but in 1998 the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, initially avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities.

=== 21st century ===
{{See also|Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)|Peruvian protests (2022–2023)}}

Peru tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth at the start of the 21st century, though [[:en:Fujimorism|Fujimorism]] held power over much of Peruvian society through maintaining control of institutions and legislation created in the 1993 constitution, which was written by Fujimori and his supporters without opposition participation. In spite of human rights progress since the time of insurgency, many problems are still visible and show the continued marginalization of those who suffered through the violence of the Peruvian conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A caretaker government presided over by [[:en:Valentín_Paniagua|Valentín Paniagua]] took on the responsibility of conducting new presidential and congressional elections. Afterwards [[:en:Alejandro_Toledo|Alejandro Toledo]] became president in 2001 to 2006. On 28 July 2006, former president [[:en:Alan_García|Alan García]] became President of Peru after winning the [[:en:2006_Peruvian_general_election|2006 elections]]. In 2006, Alberto Fujimori's daughter, [[:en:Keiko_Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]], entered Peru's political arena to continue her father's legacy and espouse Fujimorism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2008, Peru became a member of the [[:en:Union_of_South_American_Nations|Union of South American Nations]]. In April 2009, former president [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] was convicted of human rights violations and [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial|sentenced]] to 25 years in prison for his role in killings and kidnappings by the [[:en:Grupo_Colina|Grupo Colina]] [[:en:Death_squad|death squad]] during his government's battle against leftist guerrillas in the 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the presidencies of [[:en:Ollanta_Humala|Ollanta Humala]], [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] and [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]], the right-wing Congress led by Keiko Fujimori obstructed much of the actions performed by the presidents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 June 2011, [[:en:Ollanta_Humala|Ollanta Humala]] was elected president, with his cabinet being [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|successfully censured]] by the Fujimorist Congress. Beginning with [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], Congress used [[:en:Vacancy_due_to_moral_incapacity_(Peru)|broadly interpreted]] [[:en:Impeachment|impeachment]] wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru that allowed impeachment of the president without cause to place pressure on the president, forcing him to [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski#Resignation|resign]] in 2018 amid various controversies surrounding his administration. Vice president [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]] then assumed office in March 2018 with generally favorable approval ratings as he led the anti-corruption [[:en:2018_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum|constitutional referendum]] movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted with Peru experiencing the highest death rate from COVID-19 in the world, exposing much of the inequality that persisted since the Fujimori administration and triggering an economic crisis that led to [[:en:Removal_of_Martín_Vizcarra|Vizcara's removal from the presidency by Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Widely seen as a coup by Congress, its head, the newly seated President [[:en:Manuel_Merino|Manuel Merino]], faced [[:en:2020_Peruvian_protests|protests]] across the country, and after five days, Merino resigned from the presidency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Merino was replaced by President [[:en:Francisco_Sagasti|Francisco Sagasti]], who led a provisional, centrist government, and enforced many of Vizcarra's former policies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:2021_Peruvian_general_election|Elections]] were held on 11 April 2021, and [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] of the [[:en:Free_Peru|Free Peru]] party won the first round, followed closely by Keiko Fujimori, with right-wing parties allied with Fujimori maintaining positions in Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|Demonstrations in Lima during the [[:en:2022–2023_Peruvian_political_protests|2022–2023 Peruvian political protests]]]]
On 28 July 2021, Pedro Castillo was sworn in as the new [[:en:President_of_Peru|president of Peru]] after a narrow win in a tightly contested run-off election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, Peru celebrated the [[:en:Bicentennial_of_the_Independence_of_Peru|bicentenary of independence]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Castillo [[:en:Pedro_Castillo#Removal_attempts|faced multiple impeachment votes]] during his presidency from the right-wing controlled Congress and on 7 December 2022, just hours before Congress was set to begin a [[:en:Third_impeachment_and_removal_of_Pedro_Castillo|third impeachment effort]], Castillo tried to prevent this by attempting to [[:en:2022_Peruvian_self-coup_d'état_attempt|dissolve]] the opposition-controlled legislature and create an &quot;exceptional emergency government.&quot; In response, Congress quickly held an emergency session on the same day, during which it voted 101–6 (with 10 abstentions) to remove Castillo from office and replace him with Vice President [[:en:Dina_Boluarte|Dina Boluarte]]. She became the country's first female president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Castillo was arrested after trying to flee to the [[:en:Mexico|Mexican]] embassy and was charged with the crime of rebellion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Boluarte government proved unpopular as she allied herself with the right-wing Congress and the military, betraying her constituents. This resentment led to the [[:en:2022–2023_Peruvian_political_protests|2022–2023 Peruvian political protests]], which sought the removal of Boluarte and Congress, immediate general elections and the writing of a new constitution. Authorities responded to the protests violently, with the [[:en:Ayacucho_massacre|Ayacucho massacre]] and [[:en:Juliaca_massacre|Juliaca massacre]] occurring at this time, resulting with the most violence experienced in the nation in over two decades. The strong response by the political elite in Lima raised concerns that they sought to establish an [[:en:Authoritarian|authoritarian]] or [[:en:Military_junta|civilian-military government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>j6dvqyboo6i3wczm0ln61i1rx9wiu7w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754254</id>
      <parentid>754253</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:23:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754254</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="65989" sha1="muzg4ay3mn85ggemx3cq1yli3kehpb2" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

From the 1840s to the 1860s Peru enjoyed [[:en:Guano_Era|a period of stability]] under the presidency of [[:en:Ramón_Castilla|Ramón Castilla]], through increased state revenues from [[:en:Guano|guano]] exports.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1864, a Spanish expedition occupied the Chincha Islands (guano producers) and unleashed an international incident with great consequences in Peruvian internal politics, which led to a coup d'état against President [[:en:Juan_Antonio_Pezet|Juan Antonio Pezet]], Mariano's government. Peru, with the help of [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[:en:Chile|Chile]] and [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]], sent a declaration of war on Spain. After the battle of Callao on May 2, 1866, the Spanish Navy withdrew from Peru. The government of José Balta was lavish in infrastructure works (construction of the Central Railway) although the first signs of excess government spending were already perceived. By the 1870s the guano resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
By 1859, some 41,000 Peruvians had died in the constant civil wars that shook the country since 1829. Thanks to the money from the sale of guano, Peru began to modernize with different public works such as railways; the civil and military bureaucracy grew; The indigenous people stopped paying tribute and the slaves achieved their freedom; The migration policy of Germans, Austrians, Irish and Italians began.

On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of ''this'' war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru. In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor [[:en:Huáscar_(ironclad)|Huáscar]], the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero.

In 1879 Peru entered the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]], which lasted until 1884. [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]] invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The [[:en:Politics_of_Peru|Peruvian Government]] tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia.
[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the [[:en:Civilista_Party|Civilista Party]], which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of [[:en:Augusto_B._Leguía|Augusto B. Leguía]]. The [[:en:Great_Depression|Great Depression]] caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the [[:en:American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance]] (APRA).&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades. A final peace treaty in 1929, signed between Peru and Chile called the [[:en:Treaty_of_Lima_(1929)|Treaty of Lima]], returned [[:en:Tacna|Tacna]] to Peru. Between 1932 and 1933, Peru was engulfed in a [[:en:Leticia_Incident|year-long war with Colombia]] over a territorial dispute involving the [[:en:Amazonas_(Colombian_department)|Amazonas Department]] and its capital [[:en:Leticia,_Amazonas|Leticia]].

In 1941 Peru and Ecuador fought the [[:en:Ecuadorian–Peruvian_War|Ecuadorian–Peruvian War]], after which the [[:en:Rio_Protocol|Rio Protocol]] sought to formalize the boundary between those two countries. In a military coup on 29 October 1948, General [[:en:Manuel_A._Odría|Manuel A. Odría]] became president. Odría's presidency was known as the ''Ochenio''. He came down hard on APRA, momentarily pleasing the oligarchy and all others on the right, but followed a [[:en:Populism|populist]] course that won him great favor with the poor and lower classes. A thriving economy allowed him to indulge in expensive but crowd-pleasing social policies. At the same time, however, [[:en:Civil_and_political_rights|civil rights]] were severely restricted and corruption was rampant throughout his regime. Odría was succeeded by [[:en:Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche|Manuel Prado Ugarteche]]. However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, via a [[:en:1962_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by [[:en:Ricardo_Pérez_Godoy|Ricardo Pérez Godoy]]. Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new elections in 1963, which were won by [[:en:Fernando_Belaúnde_Terry|Fernando Belaúnde Terry]] who assumed presidency until 1968. Belaúnde was recognized for his commitment to the democratic process.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
On 3 October 1968 another [[:en:1968_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by a group of officers led by General [[:en:Juan_Velasco_Alvarado|Juan Velasco Alvarado]] brought the army to power with the aim of applying a doctrine of &quot;social progress and integral development&quot;, nationalist and reformist, influenced by the                     ''Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe'' ([[:en:CEPAL|CEPAL]]), i.e. the                     “United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribean” theses on dependence and underdevelopment. Six days after the golpe, Velasco proceeded to nationalize the ''International Petroleum Corporation'' (IPC), the North American company that exploited Peruvian oil, and then launched a reform of the state apparatus, an agrarian reform. It was the biggest agrarian reform ever undertaken in Latin America: it abolished the [[:en:Latifundium|latifunda]] system and modernized agriculture through a more equitable redistribution of land (90% of the peasants formed cooperatives or agricultural societies of social interest). Land was to be owned by those who cultivated it, and large landowners were expropriated. The only large properties allowed were cooperatives.

Between 1969 and 1976, 325,000 families received land from the state with an average size of {{convert|73.6|acre|hectare}}. The &quot;revolutionary government&quot; also planned massive investments in education, elevated the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] language – spoken by nearly half the population but hitherto despised by the authorities – to a status equivalent to that of Spanish and established equal rights for natural children. Peru wished to free itself from any dependence and carried out a third-world foreign policy. The [[:en:United_States|United States]] responded with commercial, economic and diplomatic pressure. In 1973 Peru seemed to triumph over the financial blockade imposed by Washington by negotiating a loan from the International Development Bank to finance its agricultural and mining development policy. The relations with Chile became very tense after the coup d'état of the [[:en:General_Pinochet|general Pinochet]]. General [[:en:Edgardo_Mercado_Jarrín|Edgardo Mercado Jarrin]] (Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Army) and Admiral Guillermo Faura Gaig (Minister of the Navy) both escaped assassination attempts within weeks of each other. In 1975 General [[:en:Francisco_Morales_Bermúdez_Cerruti|Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti]] seized power and broke with the policies of his predecessor. His regime occasionally participated in [[:en:Operation_Condor|Operation Condor]] in collaboration with other American military dictatorships.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

President [[:en:Alan_García|Alan García]]'s economic policies distanced Peru from international markets further, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the country experienced [[:en:Chronic_inflation|chronic inflation]], in mid-1985, the Peruvian [[:en:Peruvian_sol_(1863–1985)|sol]] was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_inti|inti]], which itself was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_sol|nuevo sol]] in July 1991 (the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion old soles). At the end of the 1980s, the per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20%, with national reserves running a $900 million deficit. The economic turbulence of the time acerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of violent rebel rural insurgent movements, like [[:en:Shining_Path|Sendero Luminoso]] (Shining Path) and [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement|MRTA]], which caused [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|great havoc]] throughout the country.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
The Peruvian armed forces, frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises, drafted the [[:en:Plan_Verde|Plan Verde]], which involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of the [[:en:Media_in_Peru|media in Peru]], and the establishment of a [[:en:Neoliberal|neoliberal]] economy controlled by a [[:en:Military_junta|military junta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] assumed the presidency in 1990 and, according to the head of the [[:en:National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)|National Intelligence Service (SIN)]] Rospigliosi, an understanding was established between Fujimori, [[:en:Vladimiro_Montesinos|Vladimiro Montesinos]], and some of the military officers involved in Plan Verde to abide by the military's demands prior to Fujimori's inauguration. Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde, which led to a precitious drop in inflation from 7,650% at the start of 1990 to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992. When Fujimori faced opposition to his reform efforts, he dissolved Congress, suspending the judiciary, arresting several opposition leaders and assuming full powers in the ''[[:en:Self-coup|auto-golpe]]'' (&quot;self-coup&quot;) of 5 April 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then revised the constitution, called new congressional elections, and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Nonetheless, these policies did not benefit the poorest much, and inequality persisted despite Fujimori's economic achievements.

Fujimori's administration was dogged by [[:en:Insurgency|insurgent]] groups, most notably Shining Path, which carried out attacks across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the [[:en:Barrios_Altos_massacre|Barrios Altos massacre]] and [[:en:La_Cantuta_massacre|La Cantuta massacre]] by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of [[:en:Tarata_bombing|Tarata]] and [[:en:Frecuencia_Latina_bombing|Frecuencia Latina]] by Sendero Luminoso. Fujimori would also broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions possible to persecute left-wing political opponents. Using the ''[[:en:Terruqueo|terruqueo]]'', a [[:en:Fearmongering|fearmongering]] tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a [[:en:Cult_of_personality|cult of personality]] by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru. Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the [[:en:Human_rights_in_Peru|human rights]] violations committed in the last years of violence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; His ''[[:en:Programa_Nacional_de_Población|Programa Nacional de Población]]'', 'National Population Program' also resulted with the [[:en:Forced_sterilization|forced sterilization]] of at least 300,000 poor and indigenous women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In early 1995, once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the [[:en:Cenepa_War|Cenepa War]], but in 1998 the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, initially avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
Peru tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth at the start of the 21st century, though [[:en:Fujimorism|Fujimorism]] held power over much of Peruvian society through maintaining control of institutions and legislation created in the 1993 constitution, which was written by Fujimori and his supporters without opposition participation. In spite of human rights progress since the time of insurgency, many problems are still visible and show the continued marginalization of those who suffered through the violence of the Peruvian conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A caretaker government presided over by [[:en:Valentín_Paniagua|Valentín Paniagua]] took on the responsibility of conducting new presidential and congressional elections. Afterwards [[:en:Alejandro_Toledo|Alejandro Toledo]] became president in 2001 to 2006. On 28 July 2006, former president [[:en:Alan_García|Alan García]] became President of Peru after winning the [[:en:2006_Peruvian_general_election|2006 elections]]. In 2006, Alberto Fujimori's daughter, [[:en:Keiko_Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]], entered Peru's political arena to continue her father's legacy and espouse Fujimorism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2008, Peru became a member of the [[:en:Union_of_South_American_Nations|Union of South American Nations]]. In April 2009, former president [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] was convicted of human rights violations and [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial|sentenced]] to 25 years in prison for his role in killings and kidnappings by the [[:en:Grupo_Colina|Grupo Colina]] [[:en:Death_squad|death squad]] during his government's battle against leftist guerrillas in the 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the presidencies of [[:en:Ollanta_Humala|Ollanta Humala]], [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] and [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]], the right-wing Congress led by Keiko Fujimori obstructed much of the actions performed by the presidents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 June 2011, [[:en:Ollanta_Humala|Ollanta Humala]] was elected president, with his cabinet being [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|successfully censured]] by the Fujimorist Congress. Beginning with [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], Congress used [[:en:Vacancy_due_to_moral_incapacity_(Peru)|broadly interpreted]] [[:en:Impeachment|impeachment]] wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru that allowed impeachment of the president without cause to place pressure on the president, forcing him to [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski#Resignation|resign]] in 2018 amid various controversies surrounding his administration. Vice president [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]] then assumed office in March 2018 with generally favorable approval ratings as he led the anti-corruption [[:en:2018_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum|constitutional referendum]] movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted with Peru experiencing the highest death rate from COVID-19 in the world, exposing much of the inequality that persisted since the Fujimori administration and triggering an economic crisis that led to [[:en:Removal_of_Martín_Vizcarra|Vizcara's removal from the presidency by Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Widely seen as a coup by Congress, its head, the newly seated President [[:en:Manuel_Merino|Manuel Merino]], faced [[:en:2020_Peruvian_protests|protests]] across the country, and after five days, Merino resigned from the presidency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Merino was replaced by President [[:en:Francisco_Sagasti|Francisco Sagasti]], who led a provisional, centrist government, and enforced many of Vizcarra's former policies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:2021_Peruvian_general_election|Elections]] were held on 11 April 2021, and [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] of the [[:en:Free_Peru|Free Peru]] party won the first round, followed closely by Keiko Fujimori, with right-wing parties allied with Fujimori maintaining positions in Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]
On 28 July 2021, Pedro Castillo was sworn in as the new [[:en:President_of_Peru|president of Peru]] after a narrow win in a tightly contested run-off election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, Peru celebrated the [[:en:Bicentennial_of_the_Independence_of_Peru|bicentenary of independence]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Castillo [[:en:Pedro_Castillo#Removal_attempts|faced multiple impeachment votes]] during his presidency from the right-wing controlled Congress and on 7 December 2022, just hours before Congress was set to begin a [[:en:Third_impeachment_and_removal_of_Pedro_Castillo|third impeachment effort]], Castillo tried to prevent this by attempting to [[:en:2022_Peruvian_self-coup_d'état_attempt|dissolve]] the opposition-controlled legislature and create an &quot;exceptional emergency government.&quot; In response, Congress quickly held an emergency session on the same day, during which it voted 101–6 (with 10 abstentions) to remove Castillo from office and replace him with Vice President [[:en:Dina_Boluarte|Dina Boluarte]]. She became the country's first female president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Castillo was arrested after trying to flee to the [[:en:Mexico|Mexican]] embassy and was charged with the crime of rebellion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Boluarte government proved unpopular as she allied herself with the right-wing Congress and the military, betraying her constituents. This resentment led to the [[:en:2022–2023_Peruvian_political_protests|2022–2023 Peruvian political protests]], which sought the removal of Boluarte and Congress, immediate general elections and the writing of a new constitution. Authorities responded to the protests violently, with the [[:en:Ayacucho_massacre|Ayacucho massacre]] and [[:en:Juliaca_massacre|Juliaca massacre]] occurring at this time, resulting with the most violence experienced in the nation in over two decades. The strong response by the political elite in Lima raised concerns that they sought to establish an [[:en:Authoritarian|authoritarian]] or [[:en:Military_junta|civilian-military government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>muzg4ay3mn85ggemx3cq1yli3kehpb2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754255</id>
      <parentid>754254</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:30:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 21 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754255</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="107155" sha1="gnh7s4qwd0iqp97q7ot8ogqcuqkagf9" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

From the 1840s to the 1860s Peru enjoyed [[:en:Guano_Era|a period of stability]] under the presidency of [[:en:Ramón_Castilla|Ramón Castilla]], through increased state revenues from [[:en:Guano|guano]] exports.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1864, a Spanish expedition occupied the Chincha Islands (guano producers) and unleashed an international incident with great consequences in Peruvian internal politics, which led to a coup d'état against President [[:en:Juan_Antonio_Pezet|Juan Antonio Pezet]], Mariano's government. Peru, with the help of [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[:en:Chile|Chile]] and [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]], sent a declaration of war on Spain. After the battle of Callao on May 2, 1866, the Spanish Navy withdrew from Peru. The government of José Balta was lavish in infrastructure works (construction of the Central Railway) although the first signs of excess government spending were already perceived. By the 1870s the guano resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය. [33] 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු, ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු වෙතින් ඉවත් විය. අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් වටහාගෙන තිබුණද, ජෝස් බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා सामान විය. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.[34]
[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
By 1859, some 41,000 Peruvians had died in the constant civil wars that shook the country since 1829. Thanks to the money from the sale of guano, Peru began to modernize with different public works such as railways; the civil and military bureaucracy grew; The indigenous people stopped paying tribute and the slaves achieved their freedom; The migration policy of Germans, Austrians, Irish and Italians began.


1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of ''this'' war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru. In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor [[:en:Huáscar_(ironclad)|Huáscar]], the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero.

In 1879 Peru entered the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]], which lasted until 1884. [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]] invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The [[:en:Politics_of_Peru|Peruvian Government]] tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia.


1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.


ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන

වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. Francisco Bolognesi සහ Miguel Grau යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the [[:en:Civilista_Party|Civilista Party]], which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of [[:en:Augusto_B._Leguía|Augusto B. Leguía]]. The [[:en:Great_Depression|Great Depression]] caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the [[:en:American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance]] (APRA).&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades. A final peace treaty in 1929, signed between Peru and Chile called the [[:en:Treaty_of_Lima_(1929)|Treaty of Lima]], returned [[:en:Tacna|Tacna]] to Peru. Between 1932 and 1933, Peru was engulfed in a [[:en:Leticia_Incident|year-long war with Colombia]] over a territorial dispute involving the [[:en:Amazonas_(Colombian_department)|Amazonas Department]] and its capital [[:en:Leticia,_Amazonas|Leticia]].

In 1941 Peru and Ecuador fought the [[:en:Ecuadorian–Peruvian_War|Ecuadorian–Peruvian War]], after which the [[:en:Rio_Protocol|Rio Protocol]] sought to formalize the boundary between those two countries. In a military coup on 29 October 1948, General [[:en:Manuel_A._Odría|Manuel A. Odría]] became president. Odría's presidency was known as the ''Ochenio''. He came down hard on APRA, momentarily pleasing the oligarchy and all others on the right, but followed a [[:en:Populism|populist]] course that won him great favor with the poor and lower classes. A thriving economy allowed him to indulge in expensive but crowd-pleasing social policies. At the same time, however, [[:en:Civil_and_political_rights|civil rights]] were severely restricted and corruption was rampant throughout his regime. Odría was succeeded by [[:en:Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche|Manuel Prado Ugarteche]]. However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, via a [[:en:1962_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by [[:en:Ricardo_Pérez_Godoy|Ricardo Pérez Godoy]]. Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new elections in 1963, which were won by [[:en:Fernando_Belaúnde_Terry|Fernando Belaúnde Terry]] who assumed presidency until 1968. Belaúnde was recognized for his commitment to the democratic process.


20 වන සියවස

යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.[35] මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
On 3 October 1968 another [[:en:1968_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by a group of officers led by General [[:en:Juan_Velasco_Alvarado|Juan Velasco Alvarado]] brought the army to power with the aim of applying a doctrine of &quot;social progress and integral development&quot;, nationalist and reformist, influenced by the                     ''Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe'' ([[:en:CEPAL|CEPAL]]), i.e. the                     “United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribean” theses on dependence and underdevelopment. Six days after the golpe, Velasco proceeded to nationalize the ''International Petroleum Corporation'' (IPC), the North American company that exploited Peruvian oil, and then launched a reform of the state apparatus, an agrarian reform. It was the biggest agrarian reform ever undertaken in Latin America: it abolished the [[:en:Latifundium|latifunda]] system and modernized agriculture through a more equitable redistribution of land (90% of the peasants formed cooperatives or agricultural societies of social interest). Land was to be owned by those who cultivated it, and large landowners were expropriated. The only large properties allowed were cooperatives.

Between 1969 and 1976, 325,000 families received land from the state with an average size of {{convert|73.6|acre|hectare}}. The &quot;revolutionary government&quot; also planned massive investments in education, elevated the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] language – spoken by nearly half the population but hitherto despised by the authorities – to a status equivalent to that of Spanish and established equal rights for natural children. Peru wished to free itself from any dependence and carried out a third-world foreign policy. The [[:en:United_States|United States]] responded with commercial, economic and diplomatic pressure. In 1973 Peru seemed to triumph over the financial blockade imposed by Washington by negotiating a loan from the International Development Bank to finance its agricultural and mining development policy. The relations with Chile became very tense after the coup d'état of the [[:en:General_Pinochet|general Pinochet]]. General [[:en:Edgardo_Mercado_Jarrín|Edgardo Mercado Jarrin]] (Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Army) and Admiral Guillermo Faura Gaig (Minister of the Navy) both escaped assassination attempts within weeks of each other. In 1975 General [[:en:Francisco_Morales_Bermúdez_Cerruti|Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti]] seized power and broke with the policies of his predecessor. His regime occasionally participated in [[:en:Operation_Condor|Operation Condor]] in collaboration with other American military dictatorships.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව

1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.[36][37]


President [[:en:Alan_García|Alan García]]'s economic policies distanced Peru from international markets further, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the country experienced [[:en:Chronic_inflation|chronic inflation]], in mid-1985, the Peruvian [[:en:Peruvian_sol_(1863–1985)|sol]] was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_inti|inti]], which itself was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_sol|nuevo sol]] in July 1991 (the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion old soles). At the end of the 1980s, the per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20%, with national reserves running a $900 million deficit. The economic turbulence of the time acerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of violent rebel rural insurgent movements, like [[:en:Shining_Path|Sendero Luminoso]] (Shining Path) and [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement|MRTA]], which caused [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|great havoc]] throughout the country.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.[38] රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.[39]

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
The Peruvian armed forces, frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises, drafted the [[:en:Plan_Verde|Plan Verde]], which involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of the [[:en:Media_in_Peru|media in Peru]], and the establishment of a [[:en:Neoliberal|neoliberal]] economy controlled by a [[:en:Military_junta|military junta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] assumed the presidency in 1990 and, according to the head of the [[:en:National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)|National Intelligence Service (SIN)]] Rospigliosi, an understanding was established between Fujimori, [[:en:Vladimiro_Montesinos|Vladimiro Montesinos]], and some of the military officers involved in Plan Verde to abide by the military's demands prior to Fujimori's inauguration. Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde, which led to a precitious drop in inflation from 7,650% at the start of 1990 to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992. When Fujimori faced opposition to his reform efforts, he dissolved Congress, suspending the judiciary, arresting several opposition leaders and assuming full powers in the ''[[:en:Self-coup|auto-golpe]]'' (&quot;self-coup&quot;) of 5 April 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then revised the constitution, called new congressional elections, and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Nonetheless, these policies did not benefit the poorest much, and inequality persisted despite Fujimori's economic achievements.

ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ. [40][41][42] ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය. [43][44] ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

Fujimori's administration was dogged by [[:en:Insurgency|insurgent]] groups, most notably Shining Path, which carried out attacks across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the [[:en:Barrios_Altos_massacre|Barrios Altos massacre]] and [[:en:La_Cantuta_massacre|La Cantuta massacre]] by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of [[:en:Tarata_bombing|Tarata]] and [[:en:Frecuencia_Latina_bombing|Frecuencia Latina]] by Sendero Luminoso. Fujimori would also broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions possible to persecute left-wing political opponents. Using the ''[[:en:Terruqueo|terruqueo]]'', a [[:en:Fearmongering|fearmongering]] tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a [[:en:Cult_of_personality|cult of personality]] by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru. Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the [[:en:Human_rights_in_Peru|human rights]] violations committed in the last years of violence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; His ''[[:en:Programa_Nacional_de_Población|Programa Nacional de Población]]'', 'National Population Program' also resulted with the [[:en:Forced_sterilization|forced sterilization]] of at least 300,000 poor and indigenous women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In early 1995, once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the [[:en:Cenepa_War|Cenepa War]], but in 1998 the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, initially avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.[45] ඔහුගේ Programa Nacional de Población, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.[46][47]

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
Peru tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth at the start of the 21st century, though [[:en:Fujimorism|Fujimorism]] held power over much of Peruvian society through maintaining control of institutions and legislation created in the 1993 constitution, which was written by Fujimori and his supporters without opposition participation. In spite of human rights progress since the time of insurgency, many problems are still visible and show the continued marginalization of those who suffered through the violence of the Peruvian conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A caretaker government presided over by [[:en:Valentín_Paniagua|Valentín Paniagua]] took on the responsibility of conducting new presidential and congressional elections. Afterwards [[:en:Alejandro_Toledo|Alejandro Toledo]] became president in 2001 to 2006. On 28 July 2006, former president [[:en:Alan_García|Alan García]] became President of Peru after winning the [[:en:2006_Peruvian_general_election|2006 elections]]. In 2006, Alberto Fujimori's daughter, [[:en:Keiko_Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]], entered Peru's political arena to continue her father's legacy and espouse Fujimorism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2008, Peru became a member of the [[:en:Union_of_South_American_Nations|Union of South American Nations]]. In April 2009, former president [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] was convicted of human rights violations and [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial|sentenced]] to 25 years in prison for his role in killings and kidnappings by the [[:en:Grupo_Colina|Grupo Colina]] [[:en:Death_squad|death squad]] during his government's battle against leftist guerrillas in the 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.[48] වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.[49][50][51] 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.[52]

During the presidencies of [[:en:Ollanta_Humala|Ollanta Humala]], [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] and [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]], the right-wing Congress led by Keiko Fujimori obstructed much of the actions performed by the presidents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 June 2011, [[:en:Ollanta_Humala|Ollanta Humala]] was elected president, with his cabinet being [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|successfully censured]] by the Fujimorist Congress. Beginning with [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], Congress used [[:en:Vacancy_due_to_moral_incapacity_(Peru)|broadly interpreted]] [[:en:Impeachment|impeachment]] wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru that allowed impeachment of the president without cause to place pressure on the president, forcing him to [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski#Resignation|resign]] in 2018 amid various controversies surrounding his administration. Vice president [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]] then assumed office in March 2018 with generally favorable approval ratings as he led the anti-corruption [[:en:2018_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum|constitutional referendum]] movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted with Peru experiencing the highest death rate from COVID-19 in the world, exposing much of the inequality that persisted since the Fujimori administration and triggering an economic crisis that led to [[:en:Removal_of_Martín_Vizcarra|Vizcara's removal from the presidency by Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Widely seen as a coup by Congress, its head, the newly seated President [[:en:Manuel_Merino|Manuel Merino]], faced [[:en:2020_Peruvian_protests|protests]] across the country, and after five days, Merino resigned from the presidency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Merino was replaced by President [[:en:Francisco_Sagasti|Francisco Sagasti]], who led a provisional, centrist government, and enforced many of Vizcarra's former policies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:2021_Peruvian_general_election|Elections]] were held on 11 April 2021, and [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] of the [[:en:Free_Peru|Free Peru]] party won the first round, followed closely by Keiko Fujimori, with right-wing parties allied with Fujimori maintaining positions in Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;


21 වන සියවස


ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.[53][54] 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි. [55][56]

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය. [57] කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය. [58] තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී. [59] 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. [60]
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]
On 28 July 2021, Pedro Castillo was sworn in as the new [[:en:President_of_Peru|president of Peru]] after a narrow win in a tightly contested run-off election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, Peru celebrated the [[:en:Bicentennial_of_the_Independence_of_Peru|bicentenary of independence]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Castillo [[:en:Pedro_Castillo#Removal_attempts|faced multiple impeachment votes]] during his presidency from the right-wing controlled Congress and on 7 December 2022, just hours before Congress was set to begin a [[:en:Third_impeachment_and_removal_of_Pedro_Castillo|third impeachment effort]], Castillo tried to prevent this by attempting to [[:en:2022_Peruvian_self-coup_d'état_attempt|dissolve]] the opposition-controlled legislature and create an &quot;exceptional emergency government.&quot; In response, Congress quickly held an emergency session on the same day, during which it voted 101–6 (with 10 abstentions) to remove Castillo from office and replace him with Vice President [[:en:Dina_Boluarte|Dina Boluarte]]. She became the country's first female president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Castillo was arrested after trying to flee to the [[:en:Mexico|Mexican]] embassy and was charged with the crime of rebellion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Boluarte government proved unpopular as she allied herself with the right-wing Congress and the military, betraying her constituents. This resentment led to the [[:en:2022–2023_Peruvian_political_protests|2022–2023 Peruvian political protests]], which sought the removal of Boluarte and Congress, immediate general elections and the writing of a new constitution. Authorities responded to the protests violently, with the [[:en:Ayacucho_massacre|Ayacucho massacre]] and [[:en:Juliaca_massacre|Juliaca massacre]] occurring at this time, resulting with the most violence experienced in the nation in over two decades. The strong response by the political elite in Lima raised concerns that they sought to establish an [[:en:Authoritarian|authoritarian]] or [[:en:Military_junta|civilian-military government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;


2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී. [61] එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.[62] කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.[63][64] මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.[65]

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.[66]

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>gnh7s4qwd0iqp97q7ot8ogqcuqkagf9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754256</id>
      <parentid>754255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:45:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 19 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754256</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="107099" sha1="n0x6ie98doxujyd47hohs0nglal4cxc" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

From the 1840s to the 1860s Peru enjoyed [[:en:Guano_Era|a period of stability]] under the presidency of [[:en:Ramón_Castilla|Ramón Castilla]], through increased state revenues from [[:en:Guano|guano]] exports. In 1864, a Spanish expedition occupied the Chincha Islands (guano producers) and unleashed an international incident with great consequences in Peruvian internal politics, which led to a coup d'état against President [[:en:Juan_Antonio_Pezet|Juan Antonio Pezet]], Mariano's government. Peru, with the help of [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[:en:Chile|Chile]] and [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]], sent a declaration of war on Spain. After the battle of Callao on May 2, 1866, the Spanish Navy withdrew from Peru. The government of José Balta was lavish in infrastructure works (construction of the Central Railway) although the first signs of excess government spending were already perceived. By the 1870s the guano resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
By 1859, some 41,000 Peruvians had died in the constant civil wars that shook the country since 1829. Thanks to the money from the sale of guano, Peru began to modernize with different public works such as railways; the civil and military bureaucracy grew; The indigenous people stopped paying tribute and the slaves achieved their freedom; The migration policy of Germans, Austrians, Irish and Italians began.


1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of ''this'' war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru. In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor [[:en:Huáscar_(ironclad)|Huáscar]], the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero.

In 1879 Peru entered the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]], which lasted until 1884. [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]] invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The [[:en:Politics_of_Peru|Peruvian Government]] tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia.


1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.

වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the [[:en:Civilista_Party|Civilista Party]], which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of [[:en:Augusto_B._Leguía|Augusto B. Leguía]]. The [[:en:Great_Depression|Great Depression]] caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the [[:en:American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance]] (APRA). The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades. A final peace treaty in 1929, signed between Peru and Chile called the [[:en:Treaty_of_Lima_(1929)|Treaty of Lima]], returned [[:en:Tacna|Tacna]] to Peru. Between 1932 and 1933, Peru was engulfed in a [[:en:Leticia_Incident|year-long war with Colombia]] over a territorial dispute involving the [[:en:Amazonas_(Colombian_department)|Amazonas Department]] and its capital [[:en:Leticia,_Amazonas|Leticia]].

In 1941 Peru and Ecuador fought the [[:en:Ecuadorian–Peruvian_War|Ecuadorian–Peruvian War]], after which the [[:en:Rio_Protocol|Rio Protocol]] sought to formalize the boundary between those two countries. In a military coup on 29 October 1948, General [[:en:Manuel_A._Odría|Manuel A. Odría]] became president. Odría's presidency was known as the ''Ochenio''. He came down hard on APRA, momentarily pleasing the oligarchy and all others on the right, but followed a [[:en:Populism|populist]] course that won him great favor with the poor and lower classes. A thriving economy allowed him to indulge in expensive but crowd-pleasing social policies. At the same time, however, [[:en:Civil_and_political_rights|civil rights]] were severely restricted and corruption was rampant throughout his regime. Odría was succeeded by [[:en:Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche|Manuel Prado Ugarteche]]. However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, via a [[:en:1962_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by [[:en:Ricardo_Pérez_Godoy|Ricardo Pérez Godoy]]. Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new elections in 1963, which were won by [[:en:Fernando_Belaúnde_Terry|Fernando Belaúnde Terry]] who assumed presidency until 1968. Belaúnde was recognized for his commitment to the democratic process.


20 වන සියවස

යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
On 3 October 1968 another [[:en:1968_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by a group of officers led by General [[:en:Juan_Velasco_Alvarado|Juan Velasco Alvarado]] brought the army to power with the aim of applying a doctrine of &quot;social progress and integral development&quot;, nationalist and reformist, influenced by the                     ''Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe'' ([[:en:CEPAL|CEPAL]]), i.e. the                     “United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribean” theses on dependence and underdevelopment. Six days after the golpe, Velasco proceeded to nationalize the ''International Petroleum Corporation'' (IPC), the North American company that exploited Peruvian oil, and then launched a reform of the state apparatus, an agrarian reform. It was the biggest agrarian reform ever undertaken in Latin America: it abolished the [[:en:Latifundium|latifunda]] system and modernized agriculture through a more equitable redistribution of land (90% of the peasants formed cooperatives or agricultural societies of social interest). Land was to be owned by those who cultivated it, and large landowners were expropriated. The only large properties allowed were cooperatives.

Between 1969 and 1976, 325,000 families received land from the state with an average size of {{convert|73.6|acre|hectare}}. The &quot;revolutionary government&quot; also planned massive investments in education, elevated the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] language – spoken by nearly half the population but hitherto despised by the authorities – to a status equivalent to that of Spanish and established equal rights for natural children. Peru wished to free itself from any dependence and carried out a third-world foreign policy. The [[:en:United_States|United States]] responded with commercial, economic and diplomatic pressure. In 1973 Peru seemed to triumph over the financial blockade imposed by Washington by negotiating a loan from the International Development Bank to finance its agricultural and mining development policy. The relations with Chile became very tense after the coup d'état of the [[:en:General_Pinochet|general Pinochet]]. General [[:en:Edgardo_Mercado_Jarrín|Edgardo Mercado Jarrin]] (Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Army) and Admiral Guillermo Faura Gaig (Minister of the Navy) both escaped assassination attempts within weeks of each other. In 1975 General [[:en:Francisco_Morales_Bermúdez_Cerruti|Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti]] seized power and broke with the policies of his predecessor. His regime occasionally participated in [[:en:Operation_Condor|Operation Condor]] in collaboration with other American military dictatorships

1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව

1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;


President [[:en:Alan_García|Alan García]]'s economic policies distanced Peru from international markets further, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country. After the country experienced [[:en:Chronic_inflation|chronic inflation]], in mid-1985, the Peruvian [[:en:Peruvian_sol_(1863–1985)|sol]] was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_inti|inti]], which itself was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_sol|nuevo sol]] in July 1991 (the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion old soles). At the end of the 1980s, the per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20%, with national reserves running a $900 million deficit. The economic turbulence of the time acerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of violent rebel rural insurgent movements, like [[:en:Shining_Path|Sendero Luminoso]] (Shining Path) and [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement|MRTA]], which caused [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|great havoc]] throughout the country.

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
The Peruvian armed forces, frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises, drafted the [[:en:Plan_Verde|Plan Verde]], which involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of the [[:en:Media_in_Peru|media in Peru]], and the establishment of a [[:en:Neoliberal|neoliberal]] economy controlled by a [[:en:Military_junta|military junta]][[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] assumed the presidency in 1990 and, according to the head of the [[:en:National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)|National Intelligence Service (SIN)]] Rospigliosi, an understanding was established between Fujimori, [[:en:Vladimiro_Montesinos|Vladimiro Montesinos]], and some of the military officers involved in Plan Verde to abide by the military's demands prior to Fujimori's inauguration. Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde, which led to a precitious drop in inflation from 7,650% at the start of 1990 to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992. When Fujimori faced opposition to his reform efforts, he dissolved Congress, suspending the judiciary, arresting several opposition leaders and assuming full powers in the ''[[:en:Self-coup|auto-golpe]]'' (&quot;self-coup&quot;) of 5 April 1992 He then revised the constitution, called new congressional elections, and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Nonetheless, these policies did not benefit the poorest much, and inequality persisted despite Fujimori's economic achievements.

ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

Fujimori's administration was dogged by [[:en:Insurgency|insurgent]] groups, most notably Shining Path, which carried out attacks across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the [[:en:Barrios_Altos_massacre|Barrios Altos massacre]] and [[:en:La_Cantuta_massacre|La Cantuta massacre]] by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of [[:en:Tarata_bombing|Tarata]] and [[:en:Frecuencia_Latina_bombing|Frecuencia Latina]] by Sendero Luminoso. Fujimori would also broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions possible to persecute left-wing political opponents. Using the ''[[:en:Terruqueo|terruqueo]]'', a [[:en:Fearmongering|fearmongering]] tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a [[:en:Cult_of_personality|cult of personality]] by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru. Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the [[:en:Human_rights_in_Peru|human rights]] violations committed in the last years of violence. His ''[[:en:Programa_Nacional_de_Población|Programa Nacional de Población]]'', 'National Population Program' also resulted with the [[:en:Forced_sterilization|forced sterilization]] of at least 300,000 poor and indigenous women.

In early 1995, once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the [[:en:Cenepa_War|Cenepa War]], but in 1998 the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, initially avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
Peru tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth at the start of the 21st century, though [[:en:Fujimorism|Fujimorism]] held power over much of Peruvian society through maintaining control of institutions and legislation created in the 1993 constitution, which was written by Fujimori and his supporters without opposition participation. In spite of human rights progress since the time of insurgency, many problems are still visible and show the continued marginalization of those who suffered through the violence of the Peruvian conflict. A caretaker government presided over by [[:en:Valentín_Paniagua|Valentín Paniagua]] took on the responsibility of conducting new presidential and congressional elections. Afterwards [[:en:Alejandro_Toledo|Alejandro Toledo]] became president in 2001 to 2006. On 28 July 2006, former president [[:en:Alan_García|Alan García]] became President of Peru after winning the [[:en:2006_Peruvian_general_election|2006 elections]]. In 2006, Alberto Fujimori's daughter, [[:en:Keiko_Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]], entered Peru's political arena to continue her father's legacy and espouse Fujimorism In May 2008, Peru became a member of the [[:en:Union_of_South_American_Nations|Union of South American Nations]]. In April 2009, former president [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] was convicted of human rights violations and [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial|sentenced]] to 25 years in prison for his role in killings and kidnappings by the [[:en:Grupo_Colina|Grupo Colina]] [[:en:Death_squad|death squad]] during his government's battle against leftist guerrillas in the 1990s.

21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the presidencies of [[:en:Ollanta_Humala|Ollanta Humala]], [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] and [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]], the right-wing Congress led by Keiko Fujimori obstructed much of the actions performed by the presidents. On 5 June 2011, [[:en:Ollanta_Humala|Ollanta Humala]] was elected president, with his cabinet being [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|successfully censured]] by the Fujimorist Congress. Beginning with [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], Congress used [[:en:Vacancy_due_to_moral_incapacity_(Peru)|broadly interpreted]] [[:en:Impeachment|impeachment]] wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru that allowed impeachment of the president without cause to place pressure on the president, forcing him to [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski#Resignation|resign]] in 2018 amid various controversies surrounding his administration. Vice president [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]] then assumed office in March 2018 with generally favorable approval ratings as he led the anti-corruption [[:en:2018_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum|constitutional referendum]] movement

The [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted with Peru experiencing the highest death rate from COVID-19 in the world, exposing much of the inequality that persisted since the Fujimori administration and triggering an economic crisis that led to [[:en:Removal_of_Martín_Vizcarra|Vizcara's removal from the presidency by Congress]]. Widely seen as a coup by Congress, its head, the newly seated President [[:en:Manuel_Merino|Manuel Merino]], faced [[:en:2020_Peruvian_protests|protests]] across the country, and after five days, Merino resigned from the presidency. Merino was replaced by President [[:en:Francisco_Sagasti|Francisco Sagasti]], who led a provisional, centrist government, and enforced many of Vizcarra's former policies. [[:en:2021_Peruvian_general_election|Elections]] were held on 11 April 2021, and [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] of the [[:en:Free_Peru|Free Peru]] party won the first round, followed closely by Keiko Fujimori, with right-wing parties allied with Fujimori maintaining positions in Congress.


21 වන සියවස


ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]
On 28 July 2021, Pedro Castillo was sworn in as the new [[:en:President_of_Peru|president of Peru]] after a narrow win in a tightly contested run-off election. That same year, Peru celebrated the [[:en:Bicentennial_of_the_Independence_of_Peru|bicentenary of independence]]. Castillo [[:en:Pedro_Castillo#Removal_attempts|faced multiple impeachment votes]] during his presidency from the right-wing controlled Congress and on 7 December 2022, just hours before Congress was set to begin a [[:en:Third_impeachment_and_removal_of_Pedro_Castillo|third impeachment effort]], Castillo tried to prevent this by attempting to [[:en:2022_Peruvian_self-coup_d'état_attempt|dissolve]] the opposition-controlled legislature and create an &quot;exceptional emergency government.&quot; In response, Congress quickly held an emergency session on the same day, during which it voted 101–6 (with 10 abstentions) to remove Castillo from office and replace him with Vice President [[:en:Dina_Boluarte|Dina Boluarte]]. She became the country's first female president Castillo was arrested after trying to flee to the [[:en:Mexico|Mexican]] embassy and was charged with the crime of rebellion.

The Boluarte government proved unpopular as she allied herself with the right-wing Congress and the military, betraying her constituents. This resentment led to the [[:en:2022–2023_Peruvian_political_protests|2022–2023 Peruvian political protests]], which sought the removal of Boluarte and Congress, immediate general elections and the writing of a new constitution. Authorities responded to the protests violently, with the [[:en:Ayacucho_massacre|Ayacucho massacre]] and [[:en:Juliaca_massacre|Juliaca massacre]] occurring at this time, resulting with the most violence experienced in the nation in over two decades. The strong response by the political elite in Lima raised concerns that they sought to establish an [[:en:Authoritarian|authoritarian]] or [[:en:Military_junta|civilian-military government]].


2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>n0x6ie98doxujyd47hohs0nglal4cxc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754257</id>
      <parentid>754256</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:49:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 21 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754257</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="105457" sha1="ct5egeqzj1fvzmho5j6u3klp56fp9m4" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

From the 1840s to the 1860s Peru enjoyed [[:en:Guano_Era|a period of stability]] under the presidency of [[:en:Ramón_Castilla|Ramón Castilla]], through increased state revenues from [[:en:Guano|guano]] exports. In 1864, a Spanish expedition occupied the Chincha Islands (guano producers) and unleashed an international incident with great consequences in Peruvian internal politics, which led to a coup d'état against President [[:en:Juan_Antonio_Pezet|Juan Antonio Pezet]], Mariano's government. Peru, with the help of [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[:en:Chile|Chile]] and [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]], sent a declaration of war on Spain. After the battle of Callao on May 2, 1866, the Spanish Navy withdrew from Peru. The government of José Balta was lavish in infrastructure works (construction of the Central Railway) although the first signs of excess government spending were already perceived. By the 1870s the guano resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
By 1859, some 41,000 Peruvians had died in the constant civil wars that shook the country since 1829. Thanks to the money from the sale of guano, Peru began to modernize with different public works such as railways; the civil and military bureaucracy grew; The indigenous people stopped paying tribute and the slaves achieved their freedom; The migration policy of Germans, Austrians, Irish and Italians began.


1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of ''this'' war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru. In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor [[:en:Huáscar_(ironclad)|Huáscar]], the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero.

In 1879 Peru entered the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]], which lasted until 1884. [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]] invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The [[:en:Politics_of_Peru|Peruvian Government]] tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia.


1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.

වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the [[:en:Civilista_Party|Civilista Party]], which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of [[:en:Augusto_B._Leguía|Augusto B. Leguía]]. The [[:en:Great_Depression|Great Depression]] caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the [[:en:American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance]] (APRA). The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades. A final peace treaty in 1929, signed between Peru and Chile called the [[:en:Treaty_of_Lima_(1929)|Treaty of Lima]], returned [[:en:Tacna|Tacna]] to Peru. Between 1932 and 1933, Peru was engulfed in a [[:en:Leticia_Incident|year-long war with Colombia]] over a territorial dispute involving the [[:en:Amazonas_(Colombian_department)|Amazonas Department]] and its capital [[:en:Leticia,_Amazonas|Leticia]].

In 1941 Peru and Ecuador fought the [[:en:Ecuadorian–Peruvian_War|Ecuadorian–Peruvian War]], after which the [[:en:Rio_Protocol|Rio Protocol]] sought to formalize the boundary between those two countries. In a military coup on 29 October 1948, General [[:en:Manuel_A._Odría|Manuel A. Odría]] became president. Odría's presidency was known as the ''Ochenio''. He came down hard on APRA, momentarily pleasing the oligarchy and all others on the right, but followed a [[:en:Populism|populist]] course that won him great favor with the poor and lower classes. A thriving economy allowed him to indulge in expensive but crowd-pleasing social policies. At the same time, however, [[:en:Civil_and_political_rights|civil rights]] were severely restricted and corruption was rampant throughout his regime. Odría was succeeded by [[:en:Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche|Manuel Prado Ugarteche]]. However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, via a [[:en:1962_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by [[:en:Ricardo_Pérez_Godoy|Ricardo Pérez Godoy]]. Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new elections in 1963, which were won by [[:en:Fernando_Belaúnde_Terry|Fernando Belaúnde Terry]] who assumed presidency until 1968. Belaúnde was recognized for his commitment to the democratic process.


20 වන සියවස

යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
On 3 October 1968 another [[:en:1968_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by a group of officers led by General [[:en:Juan_Velasco_Alvarado|Juan Velasco Alvarado]] brought the army to power with the aim of applying a doctrine of &quot;social progress and integral development&quot;, nationalist and reformist, influenced by the                     ''Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe'' ([[:en:CEPAL|CEPAL]]), i.e. the                     “United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribean” theses on dependence and underdevelopment. Six days after the golpe, Velasco proceeded to nationalize the ''International Petroleum Corporation'' (IPC), the North American company that exploited Peruvian oil, and then launched a reform of the state apparatus, an agrarian reform. It was the biggest agrarian reform ever undertaken in Latin America: it abolished the [[:en:Latifundium|latifunda]] system and modernized agriculture through a more equitable redistribution of land (90% of the peasants formed cooperatives or agricultural societies of social interest). Land was to be owned by those who cultivated it, and large landowners were expropriated. The only large properties allowed were cooperatives.

Between 1969 and 1976, 325,000 families received land from the state with an average size of {{convert|73.6|acre|hectare}}. The &quot;revolutionary government&quot; also planned massive investments in education, elevated the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] language – spoken by nearly half the population but hitherto despised by the authorities – to a status equivalent to that of Spanish and established equal rights for natural children. Peru wished to free itself from any dependence and carried out a third-world foreign policy. The [[:en:United_States|United States]] responded with commercial, economic and diplomatic pressure. In 1973 Peru seemed to triumph over the financial blockade imposed by Washington by negotiating a loan from the International Development Bank to finance its agricultural and mining development policy. The relations with Chile became very tense after the coup d'état of the [[:en:General_Pinochet|general Pinochet]]. General [[:en:Edgardo_Mercado_Jarrín|Edgardo Mercado Jarrin]] (Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Army) and Admiral Guillermo Faura Gaig (Minister of the Navy) both escaped assassination attempts within weeks of each other. In 1975 General [[:en:Francisco_Morales_Bermúdez_Cerruti|Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti]] seized power and broke with the policies of his predecessor. His regime occasionally participated in [[:en:Operation_Condor|Operation Condor]] in collaboration with other American military dictatorships

1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව

1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;


President [[:en:Alan_García|Alan García]]'s economic policies distanced Peru from international markets further, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country. After the country experienced [[:en:Chronic_inflation|chronic inflation]], in mid-1985, the Peruvian [[:en:Peruvian_sol_(1863–1985)|sol]] was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_inti|inti]], which itself was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_sol|nuevo sol]] in July 1991 (the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion old soles). At the end of the 1980s, the per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20%, with national reserves running a $900 million deficit. The economic turbulence of the time acerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of violent rebel rural insurgent movements, like [[:en:Shining_Path|Sendero Luminoso]] (Shining Path) and [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement|MRTA]], which caused [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|great havoc]] throughout the country.

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
The Peruvian armed forces, frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises, drafted the [[:en:Plan_Verde|Plan Verde]], which involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of the [[:en:Media_in_Peru|media in Peru]], and the establishment of a [[:en:Neoliberal|neoliberal]] economy controlled by a [[:en:Military_junta|military junta]][[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] assumed the presidency in 1990 and, according to the head of the [[:en:National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)|National Intelligence Service (SIN)]] Rospigliosi, an understanding was established between Fujimori, [[:en:Vladimiro_Montesinos|Vladimiro Montesinos]], and some of the military officers involved in Plan Verde to abide by the military's demands prior to Fujimori's inauguration. Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde, which led to a precitious drop in inflation from 7,650% at the start of 1990 to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992. When Fujimori faced opposition to his reform efforts, he dissolved Congress, suspending the judiciary, arresting several opposition leaders and assuming full powers in the ''[[:en:Self-coup|auto-golpe]]'' (&quot;self-coup&quot;) of 5 April 1992 He then revised the constitution, called new congressional elections, and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Nonetheless, these policies did not benefit the poorest much, and inequality persisted despite Fujimori's economic achievements.

ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

Fujimori's administration was dogged by [[:en:Insurgency|insurgent]] groups, most notably Shining Path, which carried out attacks across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the [[:en:Barrios_Altos_massacre|Barrios Altos massacre]] and [[:en:La_Cantuta_massacre|La Cantuta massacre]] by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of [[:en:Tarata_bombing|Tarata]] and [[:en:Frecuencia_Latina_bombing|Frecuencia Latina]] by Sendero Luminoso. Fujimori would also broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions possible to persecute left-wing political opponents. Using the ''[[:en:Terruqueo|terruqueo]]'', a [[:en:Fearmongering|fearmongering]] tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a [[:en:Cult_of_personality|cult of personality]] by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru. Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the [[:en:Human_rights_in_Peru|human rights]] violations committed in the last years of violence. His ''[[:en:Programa_Nacional_de_Población|Programa Nacional de Población]]'', 'National Population Program' also resulted with the [[:en:Forced_sterilization|forced sterilization]] of at least 300,000 poor and indigenous women.

In early 1995, once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the [[:en:Cenepa_War|Cenepa War]], but in 1998 the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, initially avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the presidencies of [[:en:Ollanta_Humala|Ollanta Humala]], [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] and [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]], the right-wing Congress led by Keiko Fujimori obstructed much of the actions performed by the presidents. On 5 June 2011, [[:en:Ollanta_Humala|Ollanta Humala]] was elected president, with his cabinet being [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|successfully censured]] by the Fujimorist Congress. Beginning with [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], Congress used [[:en:Vacancy_due_to_moral_incapacity_(Peru)|broadly interpreted]] [[:en:Impeachment|impeachment]] wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru that allowed impeachment of the president without cause to place pressure on the president, forcing him to [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski#Resignation|resign]] in 2018 amid various controversies surrounding his administration. Vice president [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]] then assumed office in March 2018 with generally favorable approval ratings as he led the anti-corruption [[:en:2018_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum|constitutional referendum]] movement

The [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted with Peru experiencing the highest death rate from COVID-19 in the world, exposing much of the inequality that persisted since the Fujimori administration and triggering an economic crisis that led to [[:en:Removal_of_Martín_Vizcarra|Vizcara's removal from the presidency by Congress]]. Widely seen as a coup by Congress, its head, the newly seated President [[:en:Manuel_Merino|Manuel Merino]], faced [[:en:2020_Peruvian_protests|protests]] across the country, and after five days, Merino resigned from the presidency. Merino was replaced by President [[:en:Francisco_Sagasti|Francisco Sagasti]], who led a provisional, centrist government, and enforced many of Vizcarra's former policies. [[:en:2021_Peruvian_general_election|Elections]] were held on 11 April 2021, and [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] of the [[:en:Free_Peru|Free Peru]] party won the first round, followed closely by Keiko Fujimori, with right-wing parties allied with Fujimori maintaining positions in Congress.


21 වන සියවස


ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]
On 28 July 2021, Pedro Castillo was sworn in as the new [[:en:President_of_Peru|president of Peru]] after a narrow win in a tightly contested run-off election. That same year, Peru celebrated the [[:en:Bicentennial_of_the_Independence_of_Peru|bicentenary of independence]]. Castillo [[:en:Pedro_Castillo#Removal_attempts|faced multiple impeachment votes]] during his presidency from the right-wing controlled Congress and on 7 December 2022, just hours before Congress was set to begin a [[:en:Third_impeachment_and_removal_of_Pedro_Castillo|third impeachment effort]], Castillo tried to prevent this by attempting to [[:en:2022_Peruvian_self-coup_d'état_attempt|dissolve]] the opposition-controlled legislature and create an &quot;exceptional emergency government.&quot; In response, Congress quickly held an emergency session on the same day, during which it voted 101–6 (with 10 abstentions) to remove Castillo from office and replace him with Vice President [[:en:Dina_Boluarte|Dina Boluarte]]. She became the country's first female president Castillo was arrested after trying to flee to the [[:en:Mexico|Mexican]] embassy and was charged with the crime of rebellion.

The Boluarte government proved unpopular as she allied herself with the right-wing Congress and the military, betraying her constituents. This resentment led to the [[:en:2022–2023_Peruvian_political_protests|2022–2023 Peruvian political protests]], which sought the removal of Boluarte and Congress, immediate general elections and the writing of a new constitution. Authorities responded to the protests violently, with the [[:en:Ayacucho_massacre|Ayacucho massacre]] and [[:en:Juliaca_massacre|Juliaca massacre]] occurring at this time, resulting with the most violence experienced in the nation in over two decades. The strong response by the political elite in Lima raised concerns that they sought to establish an [[:en:Authoritarian|authoritarian]] or [[:en:Military_junta|civilian-military government]].


2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>ct5egeqzj1fvzmho5j6u3klp56fp9m4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754258</id>
      <parentid>754257</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:50:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 21 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754258</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="103226" sha1="qudhwere6tnssuuph2zikqcarhavxzv" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

From the 1840s to the 1860s Peru enjoyed [[:en:Guano_Era|a period of stability]] under the presidency of [[:en:Ramón_Castilla|Ramón Castilla]], through increased state revenues from [[:en:Guano|guano]] exports. In 1864, a Spanish expedition occupied the Chincha Islands (guano producers) and unleashed an international incident with great consequences in Peruvian internal politics, which led to a coup d'état against President [[:en:Juan_Antonio_Pezet|Juan Antonio Pezet]], Mariano's government. Peru, with the help of [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[:en:Chile|Chile]] and [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]], sent a declaration of war on Spain. After the battle of Callao on May 2, 1866, the Spanish Navy withdrew from Peru. The government of José Balta was lavish in infrastructure works (construction of the Central Railway) although the first signs of excess government spending were already perceived. By the 1870s the guano resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
By 1859, some 41,000 Peruvians had died in the constant civil wars that shook the country since 1829. Thanks to the money from the sale of guano, Peru began to modernize with different public works such as railways; the civil and military bureaucracy grew; The indigenous people stopped paying tribute and the slaves achieved their freedom; The migration policy of Germans, Austrians, Irish and Italians began.


1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of ''this'' war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru. In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor [[:en:Huáscar_(ironclad)|Huáscar]], the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero.

In 1879 Peru entered the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]], which lasted until 1884. [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]] invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The [[:en:Politics_of_Peru|Peruvian Government]] tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia.


1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.

වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the [[:en:Civilista_Party|Civilista Party]], which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of [[:en:Augusto_B._Leguía|Augusto B. Leguía]]. The [[:en:Great_Depression|Great Depression]] caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the [[:en:American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance]] (APRA). The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades. A final peace treaty in 1929, signed between Peru and Chile called the [[:en:Treaty_of_Lima_(1929)|Treaty of Lima]], returned [[:en:Tacna|Tacna]] to Peru. Between 1932 and 1933, Peru was engulfed in a [[:en:Leticia_Incident|year-long war with Colombia]] over a territorial dispute involving the [[:en:Amazonas_(Colombian_department)|Amazonas Department]] and its capital [[:en:Leticia,_Amazonas|Leticia]].

In 1941 Peru and Ecuador fought the [[:en:Ecuadorian–Peruvian_War|Ecuadorian–Peruvian War]], after which the [[:en:Rio_Protocol|Rio Protocol]] sought to formalize the boundary between those two countries. In a military coup on 29 October 1948, General [[:en:Manuel_A._Odría|Manuel A. Odría]] became president. Odría's presidency was known as the ''Ochenio''. He came down hard on APRA, momentarily pleasing the oligarchy and all others on the right, but followed a [[:en:Populism|populist]] course that won him great favor with the poor and lower classes. A thriving economy allowed him to indulge in expensive but crowd-pleasing social policies. At the same time, however, [[:en:Civil_and_political_rights|civil rights]] were severely restricted and corruption was rampant throughout his regime. Odría was succeeded by [[:en:Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche|Manuel Prado Ugarteche]]. However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, via a [[:en:1962_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by [[:en:Ricardo_Pérez_Godoy|Ricardo Pérez Godoy]]. Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new elections in 1963, which were won by [[:en:Fernando_Belaúnde_Terry|Fernando Belaúnde Terry]] who assumed presidency until 1968. Belaúnde was recognized for his commitment to the democratic process.


20 වන සියවස

යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
On 3 October 1968 another [[:en:1968_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by a group of officers led by General [[:en:Juan_Velasco_Alvarado|Juan Velasco Alvarado]] brought the army to power with the aim of applying a doctrine of &quot;social progress and integral development&quot;, nationalist and reformist, influenced by the                     ''Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe'' ([[:en:CEPAL|CEPAL]]), i.e. the                     “United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribean” theses on dependence and underdevelopment. Six days after the golpe, Velasco proceeded to nationalize the ''International Petroleum Corporation'' (IPC), the North American company that exploited Peruvian oil, and then launched a reform of the state apparatus, an agrarian reform. It was the biggest agrarian reform ever undertaken in Latin America: it abolished the [[:en:Latifundium|latifunda]] system and modernized agriculture through a more equitable redistribution of land (90% of the peasants formed cooperatives or agricultural societies of social interest). Land was to be owned by those who cultivated it, and large landowners were expropriated. The only large properties allowed were cooperatives.

Between 1969 and 1976, 325,000 families received land from the state with an average size of {{convert|73.6|acre|hectare}}. The &quot;revolutionary government&quot; also planned massive investments in education, elevated the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] language – spoken by nearly half the population but hitherto despised by the authorities – to a status equivalent to that of Spanish and established equal rights for natural children. Peru wished to free itself from any dependence and carried out a third-world foreign policy. The [[:en:United_States|United States]] responded with commercial, economic and diplomatic pressure. In 1973 Peru seemed to triumph over the financial blockade imposed by Washington by negotiating a loan from the International Development Bank to finance its agricultural and mining development policy. The relations with Chile became very tense after the coup d'état of the [[:en:General_Pinochet|general Pinochet]]. General [[:en:Edgardo_Mercado_Jarrín|Edgardo Mercado Jarrin]] (Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Army) and Admiral Guillermo Faura Gaig (Minister of the Navy) both escaped assassination attempts within weeks of each other. In 1975 General [[:en:Francisco_Morales_Bermúdez_Cerruti|Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti]] seized power and broke with the policies of his predecessor. His regime occasionally participated in [[:en:Operation_Condor|Operation Condor]] in collaboration with other American military dictatorships

1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව

1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;


President [[:en:Alan_García|Alan García]]'s economic policies distanced Peru from international markets further, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country. After the country experienced [[:en:Chronic_inflation|chronic inflation]], in mid-1985, the Peruvian [[:en:Peruvian_sol_(1863–1985)|sol]] was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_inti|inti]], which itself was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_sol|nuevo sol]] in July 1991 (the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion old soles). At the end of the 1980s, the per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20%, with national reserves running a $900 million deficit. The economic turbulence of the time acerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of violent rebel rural insurgent movements, like [[:en:Shining_Path|Sendero Luminoso]] (Shining Path) and [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement|MRTA]], which caused [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|great havoc]] throughout the country.

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
The Peruvian armed forces, frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises, drafted the [[:en:Plan_Verde|Plan Verde]], which involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of the [[:en:Media_in_Peru|media in Peru]], and the establishment of a [[:en:Neoliberal|neoliberal]] economy controlled by a [[:en:Military_junta|military junta]][[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] assumed the presidency in 1990 and, according to the head of the [[:en:National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)|National Intelligence Service (SIN)]] Rospigliosi, an understanding was established between Fujimori, [[:en:Vladimiro_Montesinos|Vladimiro Montesinos]], and some of the military officers involved in Plan Verde to abide by the military's demands prior to Fujimori's inauguration. Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde, which led to a precitious drop in inflation from 7,650% at the start of 1990 to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992. When Fujimori faced opposition to his reform efforts, he dissolved Congress, suspending the judiciary, arresting several opposition leaders and assuming full powers in the ''[[:en:Self-coup|auto-golpe]]'' (&quot;self-coup&quot;) of 5 April 1992 He then revised the constitution, called new congressional elections, and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Nonetheless, these policies did not benefit the poorest much, and inequality persisted despite Fujimori's economic achievements.

ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

Fujimori's administration was dogged by [[:en:Insurgency|insurgent]] groups, most notably Shining Path, which carried out attacks across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the [[:en:Barrios_Altos_massacre|Barrios Altos massacre]] and [[:en:La_Cantuta_massacre|La Cantuta massacre]] by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of [[:en:Tarata_bombing|Tarata]] and [[:en:Frecuencia_Latina_bombing|Frecuencia Latina]] by Sendero Luminoso. Fujimori would also broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions possible to persecute left-wing political opponents. Using the ''[[:en:Terruqueo|terruqueo]]'', a [[:en:Fearmongering|fearmongering]] tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a [[:en:Cult_of_personality|cult of personality]] by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru. Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the [[:en:Human_rights_in_Peru|human rights]] violations committed in the last years of violence. His ''[[:en:Programa_Nacional_de_Población|Programa Nacional de Población]]'', 'National Population Program' also resulted with the [[:en:Forced_sterilization|forced sterilization]] of at least 300,000 poor and indigenous women.

In early 1995, once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the [[:en:Cenepa_War|Cenepa War]], but in 1998 the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, initially avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]
On 28 July 2021, Pedro Castillo was sworn in as the new [[:en:President_of_Peru|president of Peru]] after a narrow win in a tightly contested run-off election. That same year, Peru celebrated the [[:en:Bicentennial_of_the_Independence_of_Peru|bicentenary of independence]]. Castillo [[:en:Pedro_Castillo#Removal_attempts|faced multiple impeachment votes]] during his presidency from the right-wing controlled Congress and on 7 December 2022, just hours before Congress was set to begin a [[:en:Third_impeachment_and_removal_of_Pedro_Castillo|third impeachment effort]], Castillo tried to prevent this by attempting to [[:en:2022_Peruvian_self-coup_d'état_attempt|dissolve]] the opposition-controlled legislature and create an &quot;exceptional emergency government.&quot; In response, Congress quickly held an emergency session on the same day, during which it voted 101–6 (with 10 abstentions) to remove Castillo from office and replace him with Vice President [[:en:Dina_Boluarte|Dina Boluarte]]. She became the country's first female president Castillo was arrested after trying to flee to the [[:en:Mexico|Mexican]] embassy and was charged with the crime of rebellion.

The Boluarte government proved unpopular as she allied herself with the right-wing Congress and the military, betraying her constituents. This resentment led to the [[:en:2022–2023_Peruvian_political_protests|2022–2023 Peruvian political protests]], which sought the removal of Boluarte and Congress, immediate general elections and the writing of a new constitution. Authorities responded to the protests violently, with the [[:en:Ayacucho_massacre|Ayacucho massacre]] and [[:en:Juliaca_massacre|Juliaca massacre]] occurring at this time, resulting with the most violence experienced in the nation in over two decades. The strong response by the political elite in Lima raised concerns that they sought to establish an [[:en:Authoritarian|authoritarian]] or [[:en:Military_junta|civilian-military government]].


2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>qudhwere6tnssuuph2zikqcarhavxzv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754259</id>
      <parentid>754258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:50:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 21 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754259</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="101240" sha1="q1izuuvvxri47uthtx0lv7xy3u43s87" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

From the 1840s to the 1860s Peru enjoyed [[:en:Guano_Era|a period of stability]] under the presidency of [[:en:Ramón_Castilla|Ramón Castilla]], through increased state revenues from [[:en:Guano|guano]] exports. In 1864, a Spanish expedition occupied the Chincha Islands (guano producers) and unleashed an international incident with great consequences in Peruvian internal politics, which led to a coup d'état against President [[:en:Juan_Antonio_Pezet|Juan Antonio Pezet]], Mariano's government. Peru, with the help of [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[:en:Chile|Chile]] and [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]], sent a declaration of war on Spain. After the battle of Callao on May 2, 1866, the Spanish Navy withdrew from Peru. The government of José Balta was lavish in infrastructure works (construction of the Central Railway) although the first signs of excess government spending were already perceived. By the 1870s the guano resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
By 1859, some 41,000 Peruvians had died in the constant civil wars that shook the country since 1829. Thanks to the money from the sale of guano, Peru began to modernize with different public works such as railways; the civil and military bureaucracy grew; The indigenous people stopped paying tribute and the slaves achieved their freedom; The migration policy of Germans, Austrians, Irish and Italians began.


1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of ''this'' war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru. In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor [[:en:Huáscar_(ironclad)|Huáscar]], the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero.

In 1879 Peru entered the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]], which lasted until 1884. [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]] invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The [[:en:Politics_of_Peru|Peruvian Government]] tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia.


1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.

වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the [[:en:Civilista_Party|Civilista Party]], which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of [[:en:Augusto_B._Leguía|Augusto B. Leguía]]. The [[:en:Great_Depression|Great Depression]] caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the [[:en:American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance]] (APRA). The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades. A final peace treaty in 1929, signed between Peru and Chile called the [[:en:Treaty_of_Lima_(1929)|Treaty of Lima]], returned [[:en:Tacna|Tacna]] to Peru. Between 1932 and 1933, Peru was engulfed in a [[:en:Leticia_Incident|year-long war with Colombia]] over a territorial dispute involving the [[:en:Amazonas_(Colombian_department)|Amazonas Department]] and its capital [[:en:Leticia,_Amazonas|Leticia]].

In 1941 Peru and Ecuador fought the [[:en:Ecuadorian–Peruvian_War|Ecuadorian–Peruvian War]], after which the [[:en:Rio_Protocol|Rio Protocol]] sought to formalize the boundary between those two countries. In a military coup on 29 October 1948, General [[:en:Manuel_A._Odría|Manuel A. Odría]] became president. Odría's presidency was known as the ''Ochenio''. He came down hard on APRA, momentarily pleasing the oligarchy and all others on the right, but followed a [[:en:Populism|populist]] course that won him great favor with the poor and lower classes. A thriving economy allowed him to indulge in expensive but crowd-pleasing social policies. At the same time, however, [[:en:Civil_and_political_rights|civil rights]] were severely restricted and corruption was rampant throughout his regime. Odría was succeeded by [[:en:Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche|Manuel Prado Ugarteche]]. However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, via a [[:en:1962_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by [[:en:Ricardo_Pérez_Godoy|Ricardo Pérez Godoy]]. Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new elections in 1963, which were won by [[:en:Fernando_Belaúnde_Terry|Fernando Belaúnde Terry]] who assumed presidency until 1968. Belaúnde was recognized for his commitment to the democratic process.


20 වන සියවස

යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
On 3 October 1968 another [[:en:1968_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by a group of officers led by General [[:en:Juan_Velasco_Alvarado|Juan Velasco Alvarado]] brought the army to power with the aim of applying a doctrine of &quot;social progress and integral development&quot;, nationalist and reformist, influenced by the                     ''Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe'' ([[:en:CEPAL|CEPAL]]), i.e. the                     “United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribean” theses on dependence and underdevelopment. Six days after the golpe, Velasco proceeded to nationalize the ''International Petroleum Corporation'' (IPC), the North American company that exploited Peruvian oil, and then launched a reform of the state apparatus, an agrarian reform. It was the biggest agrarian reform ever undertaken in Latin America: it abolished the [[:en:Latifundium|latifunda]] system and modernized agriculture through a more equitable redistribution of land (90% of the peasants formed cooperatives or agricultural societies of social interest). Land was to be owned by those who cultivated it, and large landowners were expropriated. The only large properties allowed were cooperatives.

Between 1969 and 1976, 325,000 families received land from the state with an average size of {{convert|73.6|acre|hectare}}. The &quot;revolutionary government&quot; also planned massive investments in education, elevated the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] language – spoken by nearly half the population but hitherto despised by the authorities – to a status equivalent to that of Spanish and established equal rights for natural children. Peru wished to free itself from any dependence and carried out a third-world foreign policy. The [[:en:United_States|United States]] responded with commercial, economic and diplomatic pressure. In 1973 Peru seemed to triumph over the financial blockade imposed by Washington by negotiating a loan from the International Development Bank to finance its agricultural and mining development policy. The relations with Chile became very tense after the coup d'état of the [[:en:General_Pinochet|general Pinochet]]. General [[:en:Edgardo_Mercado_Jarrín|Edgardo Mercado Jarrin]] (Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Army) and Admiral Guillermo Faura Gaig (Minister of the Navy) both escaped assassination attempts within weeks of each other. In 1975 General [[:en:Francisco_Morales_Bermúdez_Cerruti|Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti]] seized power and broke with the policies of his predecessor. His regime occasionally participated in [[:en:Operation_Condor|Operation Condor]] in collaboration with other American military dictatorships

1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව

1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;


President [[:en:Alan_García|Alan García]]'s economic policies distanced Peru from international markets further, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country. After the country experienced [[:en:Chronic_inflation|chronic inflation]], in mid-1985, the Peruvian [[:en:Peruvian_sol_(1863–1985)|sol]] was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_inti|inti]], which itself was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_sol|nuevo sol]] in July 1991 (the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion old soles). At the end of the 1980s, the per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20%, with national reserves running a $900 million deficit. The economic turbulence of the time acerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of violent rebel rural insurgent movements, like [[:en:Shining_Path|Sendero Luminoso]] (Shining Path) and [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement|MRTA]], which caused [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|great havoc]] throughout the country.

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
The Peruvian armed forces, frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises, drafted the [[:en:Plan_Verde|Plan Verde]], which involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of the [[:en:Media_in_Peru|media in Peru]], and the establishment of a [[:en:Neoliberal|neoliberal]] economy controlled by a [[:en:Military_junta|military junta]][[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] assumed the presidency in 1990 and, according to the head of the [[:en:National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)|National Intelligence Service (SIN)]] Rospigliosi, an understanding was established between Fujimori, [[:en:Vladimiro_Montesinos|Vladimiro Montesinos]], and some of the military officers involved in Plan Verde to abide by the military's demands prior to Fujimori's inauguration. Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde, which led to a precitious drop in inflation from 7,650% at the start of 1990 to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992. When Fujimori faced opposition to his reform efforts, he dissolved Congress, suspending the judiciary, arresting several opposition leaders and assuming full powers in the ''[[:en:Self-coup|auto-golpe]]'' (&quot;self-coup&quot;) of 5 April 1992 He then revised the constitution, called new congressional elections, and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Nonetheless, these policies did not benefit the poorest much, and inequality persisted despite Fujimori's economic achievements.

ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

Fujimori's administration was dogged by [[:en:Insurgency|insurgent]] groups, most notably Shining Path, which carried out attacks across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the [[:en:Barrios_Altos_massacre|Barrios Altos massacre]] and [[:en:La_Cantuta_massacre|La Cantuta massacre]] by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of [[:en:Tarata_bombing|Tarata]] and [[:en:Frecuencia_Latina_bombing|Frecuencia Latina]] by Sendero Luminoso. Fujimori would also broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions possible to persecute left-wing political opponents. Using the ''[[:en:Terruqueo|terruqueo]]'', a [[:en:Fearmongering|fearmongering]] tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a [[:en:Cult_of_personality|cult of personality]] by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru. Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the [[:en:Human_rights_in_Peru|human rights]] violations committed in the last years of violence. His ''[[:en:Programa_Nacional_de_Población|Programa Nacional de Población]]'', 'National Population Program' also resulted with the [[:en:Forced_sterilization|forced sterilization]] of at least 300,000 poor and indigenous women.

In early 1995, once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the [[:en:Cenepa_War|Cenepa War]], but in 1998 the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, initially avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>q1izuuvvxri47uthtx0lv7xy3u43s87</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754260</id>
      <parentid>754259</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:51:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 20 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754260</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="98836" sha1="7e8sjpc7zo9cpe06nf0057upw0jnejp" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

From the 1840s to the 1860s Peru enjoyed [[:en:Guano_Era|a period of stability]] under the presidency of [[:en:Ramón_Castilla|Ramón Castilla]], through increased state revenues from [[:en:Guano|guano]] exports. In 1864, a Spanish expedition occupied the Chincha Islands (guano producers) and unleashed an international incident with great consequences in Peruvian internal politics, which led to a coup d'état against President [[:en:Juan_Antonio_Pezet|Juan Antonio Pezet]], Mariano's government. Peru, with the help of [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[:en:Chile|Chile]] and [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]], sent a declaration of war on Spain. After the battle of Callao on May 2, 1866, the Spanish Navy withdrew from Peru. The government of José Balta was lavish in infrastructure works (construction of the Central Railway) although the first signs of excess government spending were already perceived. By the 1870s the guano resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
By 1859, some 41,000 Peruvians had died in the constant civil wars that shook the country since 1829. Thanks to the money from the sale of guano, Peru began to modernize with different public works such as railways; the civil and military bureaucracy grew; The indigenous people stopped paying tribute and the slaves achieved their freedom; The migration policy of Germans, Austrians, Irish and Italians began.


1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of ''this'' war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru. In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor [[:en:Huáscar_(ironclad)|Huáscar]], the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero.

In 1879 Peru entered the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]], which lasted until 1884. [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]] invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The [[:en:Politics_of_Peru|Peruvian Government]] tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia.


1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.

වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
On 3 October 1968 another [[:en:1968_Peruvian_coup_d'état|coup d'état]] led by a group of officers led by General [[:en:Juan_Velasco_Alvarado|Juan Velasco Alvarado]] brought the army to power with the aim of applying a doctrine of &quot;social progress and integral development&quot;, nationalist and reformist, influenced by the                     ''Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe'' ([[:en:CEPAL|CEPAL]]), i.e. the                     “United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribean” theses on dependence and underdevelopment. Six days after the golpe, Velasco proceeded to nationalize the ''International Petroleum Corporation'' (IPC), the North American company that exploited Peruvian oil, and then launched a reform of the state apparatus, an agrarian reform. It was the biggest agrarian reform ever undertaken in Latin America: it abolished the [[:en:Latifundium|latifunda]] system and modernized agriculture through a more equitable redistribution of land (90% of the peasants formed cooperatives or agricultural societies of social interest). Land was to be owned by those who cultivated it, and large landowners were expropriated. The only large properties allowed were cooperatives.

Between 1969 and 1976, 325,000 families received land from the state with an average size of {{convert|73.6|acre|hectare}}. The &quot;revolutionary government&quot; also planned massive investments in education, elevated the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] language – spoken by nearly half the population but hitherto despised by the authorities – to a status equivalent to that of Spanish and established equal rights for natural children. Peru wished to free itself from any dependence and carried out a third-world foreign policy. The [[:en:United_States|United States]] responded with commercial, economic and diplomatic pressure. In 1973 Peru seemed to triumph over the financial blockade imposed by Washington by negotiating a loan from the International Development Bank to finance its agricultural and mining development policy. The relations with Chile became very tense after the coup d'état of the [[:en:General_Pinochet|general Pinochet]]. General [[:en:Edgardo_Mercado_Jarrín|Edgardo Mercado Jarrin]] (Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Army) and Admiral Guillermo Faura Gaig (Minister of the Navy) both escaped assassination attempts within weeks of each other. In 1975 General [[:en:Francisco_Morales_Bermúdez_Cerruti|Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti]] seized power and broke with the policies of his predecessor. His regime occasionally participated in [[:en:Operation_Condor|Operation Condor]] in collaboration with other American military dictatorships

1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව

1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;


President [[:en:Alan_García|Alan García]]'s economic policies distanced Peru from international markets further, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country. After the country experienced [[:en:Chronic_inflation|chronic inflation]], in mid-1985, the Peruvian [[:en:Peruvian_sol_(1863–1985)|sol]] was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_inti|inti]], which itself was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_sol|nuevo sol]] in July 1991 (the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion old soles). At the end of the 1980s, the per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20%, with national reserves running a $900 million deficit. The economic turbulence of the time acerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of violent rebel rural insurgent movements, like [[:en:Shining_Path|Sendero Luminoso]] (Shining Path) and [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement|MRTA]], which caused [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|great havoc]] throughout the country.

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
The Peruvian armed forces, frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises, drafted the [[:en:Plan_Verde|Plan Verde]], which involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of the [[:en:Media_in_Peru|media in Peru]], and the establishment of a [[:en:Neoliberal|neoliberal]] economy controlled by a [[:en:Military_junta|military junta]][[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] assumed the presidency in 1990 and, according to the head of the [[:en:National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)|National Intelligence Service (SIN)]] Rospigliosi, an understanding was established between Fujimori, [[:en:Vladimiro_Montesinos|Vladimiro Montesinos]], and some of the military officers involved in Plan Verde to abide by the military's demands prior to Fujimori's inauguration. Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde, which led to a precitious drop in inflation from 7,650% at the start of 1990 to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992. When Fujimori faced opposition to his reform efforts, he dissolved Congress, suspending the judiciary, arresting several opposition leaders and assuming full powers in the ''[[:en:Self-coup|auto-golpe]]'' (&quot;self-coup&quot;) of 5 April 1992 He then revised the constitution, called new congressional elections, and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Nonetheless, these policies did not benefit the poorest much, and inequality persisted despite Fujimori's economic achievements.

ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

Fujimori's administration was dogged by [[:en:Insurgency|insurgent]] groups, most notably Shining Path, which carried out attacks across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the [[:en:Barrios_Altos_massacre|Barrios Altos massacre]] and [[:en:La_Cantuta_massacre|La Cantuta massacre]] by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of [[:en:Tarata_bombing|Tarata]] and [[:en:Frecuencia_Latina_bombing|Frecuencia Latina]] by Sendero Luminoso. Fujimori would also broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions possible to persecute left-wing political opponents. Using the ''[[:en:Terruqueo|terruqueo]]'', a [[:en:Fearmongering|fearmongering]] tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a [[:en:Cult_of_personality|cult of personality]] by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru. Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the [[:en:Human_rights_in_Peru|human rights]] violations committed in the last years of violence. His ''[[:en:Programa_Nacional_de_Población|Programa Nacional de Población]]'', 'National Population Program' also resulted with the [[:en:Forced_sterilization|forced sterilization]] of at least 300,000 poor and indigenous women.

In early 1995, once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the [[:en:Cenepa_War|Cenepa War]], but in 1998 the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, initially avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>7e8sjpc7zo9cpe06nf0057upw0jnejp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754261</id>
      <parentid>754260</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:52:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 20 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754261</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="96070" sha1="dzawngylxbkrt4ocvevcv0ntsx8sy18" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

From the 1840s to the 1860s Peru enjoyed [[:en:Guano_Era|a period of stability]] under the presidency of [[:en:Ramón_Castilla|Ramón Castilla]], through increased state revenues from [[:en:Guano|guano]] exports. In 1864, a Spanish expedition occupied the Chincha Islands (guano producers) and unleashed an international incident with great consequences in Peruvian internal politics, which led to a coup d'état against President [[:en:Juan_Antonio_Pezet|Juan Antonio Pezet]], Mariano's government. Peru, with the help of [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[:en:Chile|Chile]] and [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]], sent a declaration of war on Spain. After the battle of Callao on May 2, 1866, the Spanish Navy withdrew from Peru. The government of José Balta was lavish in infrastructure works (construction of the Central Railway) although the first signs of excess government spending were already perceived. By the 1870s the guano resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
By 1859, some 41,000 Peruvians had died in the constant civil wars that shook the country since 1829. Thanks to the money from the sale of guano, Peru began to modernize with different public works such as railways; the civil and military bureaucracy grew; The indigenous people stopped paying tribute and the slaves achieved their freedom; The migration policy of Germans, Austrians, Irish and Italians began.


1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of ''this'' war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru. In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor [[:en:Huáscar_(ironclad)|Huáscar]], the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero.

In 1879 Peru entered the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]], which lasted until 1884. [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]] invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The [[:en:Politics_of_Peru|Peruvian Government]] tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia.


1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.

වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;


President [[:en:Alan_García|Alan García]]'s economic policies distanced Peru from international markets further, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country. After the country experienced [[:en:Chronic_inflation|chronic inflation]], in mid-1985, the Peruvian [[:en:Peruvian_sol_(1863–1985)|sol]] was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_inti|inti]], which itself was replaced by the [[:en:Peruvian_sol|nuevo sol]] in July 1991 (the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion old soles). At the end of the 1980s, the per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20%, with national reserves running a $900 million deficit. The economic turbulence of the time acerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of violent rebel rural insurgent movements, like [[:en:Shining_Path|Sendero Luminoso]] (Shining Path) and [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement|MRTA]], which caused [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|great havoc]] throughout the country.

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
The Peruvian armed forces, frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises, drafted the [[:en:Plan_Verde|Plan Verde]], which involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of the [[:en:Media_in_Peru|media in Peru]], and the establishment of a [[:en:Neoliberal|neoliberal]] economy controlled by a [[:en:Military_junta|military junta]][[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] assumed the presidency in 1990 and, according to the head of the [[:en:National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)|National Intelligence Service (SIN)]] Rospigliosi, an understanding was established between Fujimori, [[:en:Vladimiro_Montesinos|Vladimiro Montesinos]], and some of the military officers involved in Plan Verde to abide by the military's demands prior to Fujimori's inauguration. Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde, which led to a precitious drop in inflation from 7,650% at the start of 1990 to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992. When Fujimori faced opposition to his reform efforts, he dissolved Congress, suspending the judiciary, arresting several opposition leaders and assuming full powers in the ''[[:en:Self-coup|auto-golpe]]'' (&quot;self-coup&quot;) of 5 April 1992 He then revised the constitution, called new congressional elections, and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Nonetheless, these policies did not benefit the poorest much, and inequality persisted despite Fujimori's economic achievements.

ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

Fujimori's administration was dogged by [[:en:Insurgency|insurgent]] groups, most notably Shining Path, which carried out attacks across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the [[:en:Barrios_Altos_massacre|Barrios Altos massacre]] and [[:en:La_Cantuta_massacre|La Cantuta massacre]] by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of [[:en:Tarata_bombing|Tarata]] and [[:en:Frecuencia_Latina_bombing|Frecuencia Latina]] by Sendero Luminoso. Fujimori would also broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions possible to persecute left-wing political opponents. Using the ''[[:en:Terruqueo|terruqueo]]'', a [[:en:Fearmongering|fearmongering]] tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a [[:en:Cult_of_personality|cult of personality]] by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru. Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the [[:en:Human_rights_in_Peru|human rights]] violations committed in the last years of violence. His ''[[:en:Programa_Nacional_de_Población|Programa Nacional de Población]]'', 'National Population Program' also resulted with the [[:en:Forced_sterilization|forced sterilization]] of at least 300,000 poor and indigenous women.

In early 1995, once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the [[:en:Cenepa_War|Cenepa War]], but in 1998 the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, initially avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>dzawngylxbkrt4ocvevcv0ntsx8sy18</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754262</id>
      <parentid>754261</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:53:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 20 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754262</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="95037" sha1="fm5t29jhl06bmcvhp0ejabis0ydzuj6" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

From the 1840s to the 1860s Peru enjoyed [[:en:Guano_Era|a period of stability]] under the presidency of [[:en:Ramón_Castilla|Ramón Castilla]], through increased state revenues from [[:en:Guano|guano]] exports. In 1864, a Spanish expedition occupied the Chincha Islands (guano producers) and unleashed an international incident with great consequences in Peruvian internal politics, which led to a coup d'état against President [[:en:Juan_Antonio_Pezet|Juan Antonio Pezet]], Mariano's government. Peru, with the help of [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[:en:Chile|Chile]] and [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]], sent a declaration of war on Spain. After the battle of Callao on May 2, 1866, the Spanish Navy withdrew from Peru. The government of José Balta was lavish in infrastructure works (construction of the Central Railway) although the first signs of excess government spending were already perceived. By the 1870s the guano resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
By 1859, some 41,000 Peruvians had died in the constant civil wars that shook the country since 1829. Thanks to the money from the sale of guano, Peru began to modernize with different public works such as railways; the civil and military bureaucracy grew; The indigenous people stopped paying tribute and the slaves achieved their freedom; The migration policy of Germans, Austrians, Irish and Italians began.


1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of ''this'' war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru. In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor [[:en:Huáscar_(ironclad)|Huáscar]], the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero.

In 1879 Peru entered the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]], which lasted until 1884. [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]] invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The [[:en:Politics_of_Peru|Peruvian Government]] tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia.


1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.

වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
The Peruvian armed forces, frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises, drafted the [[:en:Plan_Verde|Plan Verde]], which involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of the [[:en:Media_in_Peru|media in Peru]], and the establishment of a [[:en:Neoliberal|neoliberal]] economy controlled by a [[:en:Military_junta|military junta]][[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] assumed the presidency in 1990 and, according to the head of the [[:en:National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)|National Intelligence Service (SIN)]] Rospigliosi, an understanding was established between Fujimori, [[:en:Vladimiro_Montesinos|Vladimiro Montesinos]], and some of the military officers involved in Plan Verde to abide by the military's demands prior to Fujimori's inauguration. Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde, which led to a precitious drop in inflation from 7,650% at the start of 1990 to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992. When Fujimori faced opposition to his reform efforts, he dissolved Congress, suspending the judiciary, arresting several opposition leaders and assuming full powers in the ''[[:en:Self-coup|auto-golpe]]'' (&quot;self-coup&quot;) of 5 April 1992 He then revised the constitution, called new congressional elections, and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Nonetheless, these policies did not benefit the poorest much, and inequality persisted despite Fujimori's economic achievements.

ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

Fujimori's administration was dogged by [[:en:Insurgency|insurgent]] groups, most notably Shining Path, which carried out attacks across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the [[:en:Barrios_Altos_massacre|Barrios Altos massacre]] and [[:en:La_Cantuta_massacre|La Cantuta massacre]] by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of [[:en:Tarata_bombing|Tarata]] and [[:en:Frecuencia_Latina_bombing|Frecuencia Latina]] by Sendero Luminoso. Fujimori would also broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions possible to persecute left-wing political opponents. Using the ''[[:en:Terruqueo|terruqueo]]'', a [[:en:Fearmongering|fearmongering]] tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a [[:en:Cult_of_personality|cult of personality]] by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru. Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the [[:en:Human_rights_in_Peru|human rights]] violations committed in the last years of violence. His ''[[:en:Programa_Nacional_de_Población|Programa Nacional de Población]]'', 'National Population Program' also resulted with the [[:en:Forced_sterilization|forced sterilization]] of at least 300,000 poor and indigenous women.

In early 1995, once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the [[:en:Cenepa_War|Cenepa War]], but in 1998 the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, initially avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>fm5t29jhl06bmcvhp0ejabis0ydzuj6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754263</id>
      <parentid>754262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:53:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 20 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754263</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="93384" sha1="ja8lxa5g2f43dm5to9rbpd450tcnm47" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

From the 1840s to the 1860s Peru enjoyed [[:en:Guano_Era|a period of stability]] under the presidency of [[:en:Ramón_Castilla|Ramón Castilla]], through increased state revenues from [[:en:Guano|guano]] exports. In 1864, a Spanish expedition occupied the Chincha Islands (guano producers) and unleashed an international incident with great consequences in Peruvian internal politics, which led to a coup d'état against President [[:en:Juan_Antonio_Pezet|Juan Antonio Pezet]], Mariano's government. Peru, with the help of [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[:en:Chile|Chile]] and [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]], sent a declaration of war on Spain. After the battle of Callao on May 2, 1866, the Spanish Navy withdrew from Peru. The government of José Balta was lavish in infrastructure works (construction of the Central Railway) although the first signs of excess government spending were already perceived. By the 1870s the guano resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
By 1859, some 41,000 Peruvians had died in the constant civil wars that shook the country since 1829. Thanks to the money from the sale of guano, Peru began to modernize with different public works such as railways; the civil and military bureaucracy grew; The indigenous people stopped paying tribute and the slaves achieved their freedom; The migration policy of Germans, Austrians, Irish and Italians began.


1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of ''this'' war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru. In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor [[:en:Huáscar_(ironclad)|Huáscar]], the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero.

In 1879 Peru entered the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]], which lasted until 1884. [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]] invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The [[:en:Politics_of_Peru|Peruvian Government]] tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia.


1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.

වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

Fujimori's administration was dogged by [[:en:Insurgency|insurgent]] groups, most notably Shining Path, which carried out attacks across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the [[:en:Barrios_Altos_massacre|Barrios Altos massacre]] and [[:en:La_Cantuta_massacre|La Cantuta massacre]] by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of [[:en:Tarata_bombing|Tarata]] and [[:en:Frecuencia_Latina_bombing|Frecuencia Latina]] by Sendero Luminoso. Fujimori would also broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions possible to persecute left-wing political opponents. Using the ''[[:en:Terruqueo|terruqueo]]'', a [[:en:Fearmongering|fearmongering]] tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a [[:en:Cult_of_personality|cult of personality]] by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru. Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the [[:en:Human_rights_in_Peru|human rights]] violations committed in the last years of violence. His ''[[:en:Programa_Nacional_de_Población|Programa Nacional de Población]]'', 'National Population Program' also resulted with the [[:en:Forced_sterilization|forced sterilization]] of at least 300,000 poor and indigenous women.

In early 1995, once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the [[:en:Cenepa_War|Cenepa War]], but in 1998 the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, initially avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>ja8lxa5g2f43dm5to9rbpd450tcnm47</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754264</id>
      <parentid>754263</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:53:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 20 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754264</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="91477" sha1="4kgl8c3l4wagyu3y93hzwfkoy47qslx" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

From the 1840s to the 1860s Peru enjoyed [[:en:Guano_Era|a period of stability]] under the presidency of [[:en:Ramón_Castilla|Ramón Castilla]], through increased state revenues from [[:en:Guano|guano]] exports. In 1864, a Spanish expedition occupied the Chincha Islands (guano producers) and unleashed an international incident with great consequences in Peruvian internal politics, which led to a coup d'état against President [[:en:Juan_Antonio_Pezet|Juan Antonio Pezet]], Mariano's government. Peru, with the help of [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[:en:Chile|Chile]] and [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]], sent a declaration of war on Spain. After the battle of Callao on May 2, 1866, the Spanish Navy withdrew from Peru. The government of José Balta was lavish in infrastructure works (construction of the Central Railway) although the first signs of excess government spending were already perceived. By the 1870s the guano resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
By 1859, some 41,000 Peruvians had died in the constant civil wars that shook the country since 1829. Thanks to the money from the sale of guano, Peru began to modernize with different public works such as railways; the civil and military bureaucracy grew; The indigenous people stopped paying tribute and the slaves achieved their freedom; The migration policy of Germans, Austrians, Irish and Italians began.


1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of ''this'' war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru. In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor [[:en:Huáscar_(ironclad)|Huáscar]], the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero.

In 1879 Peru entered the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]], which lasted until 1884. [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]] invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The [[:en:Politics_of_Peru|Peruvian Government]] tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia.


1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.

වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>4kgl8c3l4wagyu3y93hzwfkoy47qslx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754265</id>
      <parentid>754264</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:54:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 19 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754265</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="90445" sha1="ljn17h16wpt3mpbuh541up3hk5nbnoi" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
By 1859, some 41,000 Peruvians had died in the constant civil wars that shook the country since 1829. Thanks to the money from the sale of guano, Peru began to modernize with different public works such as railways; the civil and military bureaucracy grew; The indigenous people stopped paying tribute and the slaves achieved their freedom; The migration policy of Germans, Austrians, Irish and Italians began.


1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of ''this'' war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru. In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor [[:en:Huáscar_(ironclad)|Huáscar]], the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero.

In 1879 Peru entered the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]], which lasted until 1884. [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]] invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The [[:en:Politics_of_Peru|Peruvian Government]] tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia.


1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.

වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>ljn17h16wpt3mpbuh541up3hk5nbnoi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754266</id>
      <parentid>754265</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:55:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 19 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754266</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="90032" sha1="c1jqcvo9r4u4rstix0mjh8w2yuxv010" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of ''this'' war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru. In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor [[:en:Huáscar_(ironclad)|Huáscar]], the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero.

In 1879 Peru entered the [[:en:War_of_the_Pacific|War of the Pacific]], which lasted until 1884. [[:en:Bolivia|Bolivia]] invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The [[:en:Politics_of_Peru|Peruvian Government]] tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia.


1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.

වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>c1jqcvo9r4u4rstix0mjh8w2yuxv010</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754267</id>
      <parentid>754266</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:55:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 19 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754267</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="88589" sha1="rue147h1atu0by22s5q516a9nk6p9gv" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.


1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the [[:en:Tarapacá_Department_(Peru)|department of Tarapacá]] and the provinces of [[:en:Tacna_Province|Tacna]] and [[:en:Arica_Province_(Peru)|Arica]], in the Atacama region. [[:en:Francisco_Bolognesi|Francisco Bolognesi]] and [[:en:Miguel_Grau_Seminario|Miguel Grau]] are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.

වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>rue147h1atu0by22s5q516a9nk6p9gv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754268</id>
      <parentid>754267</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:55:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 19 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754268</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="87657" sha1="gmnwgsj9bxpz0vczqh1knwewumvkone" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.
[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.
[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>gmnwgsj9bxpz0vczqh1knwewumvkone</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754269</id>
      <parentid>754268</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T04:59:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 19 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754269</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="112943" sha1="g7618nvut1phfv4p7svqgfsael4ehms" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

අවසාන සාපා ඉන්කා වන අටහුල්පා (හෝ අටහුල්පා) අධිරාජ්‍යයා බවට පත් වූයේ ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් අර්ධ සහෝදරයා වන හුවාස්කාර් ඔවුන්ගේ පියා වන [21] ඉන්කා හුවායිනා කැපැක්ගේ මරණයෙන් ඇති වූ සිවිල් යුද්ධයකදී පරාජය කර මරා දැමීමෙනි. 1532 දෙසැම්බරයේදී, ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද (චන්කාස්, හුවාන්කාස්, කනාරිස් සහ චචපොයාස් විසින් ඉන්දියානු සහායකයින් ලෙස සහාය දක්වන ලද) ජයග්‍රාහී පක්ෂයක් කැජමාර්කා සටනේදී ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයා අටහුල්පා පරාජය කර අල්ලා ගත්හ. [22] වසර ගණනාවක මූලික ගවේෂණ සහ හමුදා ගැටුම් වලින් පසුව, එය දශක ගණනාවක් සටන් කිරීමට සිදු වූ දිගු මෙහෙයුමක පළමු පියවර වූ නමුත් ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් සහ පේරු හි උපරාජිකත්වය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය යටත් විජිතකරණයෙන් අවසන් වූ අතර එහි අගනුවර ලීමා වන අතර එය එවකට &quot;ලා සියුඩාඩ් ඩි ලොස් රෙයිස්&quot; (රජවරුන්ගේ නගරය) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. පේරු රාජ්‍යය අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, උපරාජයාණන්ගේ පාලන සමය පුරා භ්‍රමණ ව්‍යාපාරවලට මෙන්ම ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය දෙසට ගවේෂණවලට ද හේතු විය. ඇමරින්දියානු ප්‍රතිරෝධය මැඩපැවැත්වීම සඳහා ස්පාඤ්ඤ උත්සාහයන් සිදු වූ විට මෙන්. 1572 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විල්කබම්බා හි නව-ඉන්කා රාජ්‍යය විනාශ කළ විට අවසාන ඉන්කා ප්‍රතිරෝධය මර්දනය කරන ලදී.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.


ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් වසංගත රෝග මෙන්ම සූරාකෑම සහ සමාජ-ආර්ථික වෙනස්කම් හේතුවෙන් ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය නාටකාකාර ලෙස බිඳ වැටුණි.[23] වයිස්රෝයි ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩි ටොලිඩෝ 1570 ගණන්වල රන් හා රිදී කැණීම එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම ලෙස සහ ඇමරින්දියානු බලහත්කාර ශ්‍රමය එහි ප්‍රාථමික ශ්‍රම බලකාය ලෙස ප්‍රතිසංවිධානය කළේය. පොටෝසි (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) සහ හුවාන්කාවෙලිකා හි මහා රිදී සහ රන් ලෝඩ් සොයා ගැනීමත් සමඟ, උපරාජ රාජ්‍යය ඛනිජ සම්පත් සපයන වැදගත් සැපයුම්කරුවෙකු ලෙස සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. පේරු බුලියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට ආදායමක් ලබා දුන් අතර යුරෝපය සහ පිලිපීනය දක්වා විහිදුණු සංකීර්ණ වෙළඳ ජාලයකට ඉන්ධන සැපයීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වාණිජ හා ජනගහන හුවමාරු ඇකපුල්කෝ හරහා ගමන් කරන මැනිලා ගැලියන් හරහා සිදු වූ අතර, ඇමරිකාවේ වෙළඳ මාර්ගයේ දුරස්ථම අන්තය ලෙස පේරු හි කැලාඕ තිබුණි. [24] මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පැනමාවේ ආණ්ඩුකාර දොන් සෙබස්තියන් හර්ටාඩෝ ද කෝර්කුවේරා ද පේරු සොල්දාදුවන් සහ ජනපදිකයන් යොදවා පිලිපීනයේ සැම්බෝන්ගා නගරය පදිංචි කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු විය. [25] ශ්‍රම බලකාය පුළුල් කිරීම සඳහා අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන් ශ්‍රම ජනගහනයට එකතු කරන ලදී. යටත් විජිත පරිපාලන උපකරණයක් සහ නිලධාරිවාදයේ ව්‍යාප්තිය ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංවිධානයට සමාන්තර විය.

ජයග්‍රහණයත් සමඟ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය පැතිරීම ආරම්භ විය; බොහෝ මිනිසුන් බලහත්කාරයෙන් කතෝලික ආගමට හරවා ගන්නා ලද අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ පූජකවරු පසුව ඉංග්‍රීසි යටත් විජිතවල පියුරිටන් දේවතාවන් මෙන් විශ්වාස කළේ ස්වදේශික ජනතාව &quot;යක්ෂයා විසින් දූෂිත කර ඇති බවත්, ඔවුන් හරහා ඔවුන්ගේ අත්තිවාරම් අවුල් කිරීමට&quot; කටයුතු කළ බවත්ය. [26] ජනගහනය පරිවර්තනය කිරීමට පරම්පරාවක් ගත විය. ඔවුන් සෑම නගරයකම පල්ලි ඉදි කළ අතර කුස්කෝ නගරයේ කොරිකන්චා වැනි ඉන්කා දේවාල කිහිපයක් පල්ලි වලින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළහ. අලුතින් පරිවර්තනය වූ කතෝලිකයන් වෙනත් ආගම් හෝ විශ්වාසයන් වෙත යොමු නොවන බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා වධහිංසා පැමිණවීම සහ ආරාම පාසල් භාවිතා කරමින්, විශේෂයෙන් ඉන්කා වංශවත් සහ ඉහළ පන්තියේ ගැහැණු ළමයින්ට අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීම, &quot;[කන්‍යා සොහොයුරියක් වීමට] ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට හෝ ආරාමයෙන් ඉවත් වී පේරු හි ඔවුන්ගේ පියවරුන් ගොඩනඟා ගැනීමට සැලසුම් කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි සමාජයේ ('estado') භූමිකාව භාර ගැනීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් වයසට යන තුරු&quot; පල්ලිය ඉන්ක්විසිෂන් භාවිතා කළේය. [27] පේරු කතෝලික ධර්මය බොහෝ ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල දක්නට ලැබෙන සමමුහුර්තකරණය අනුගමනය කරන අතර, එහි ආගමික ස්වදේශික චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර ක්‍රිස්තියානි සැමරුම් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කර ඇත. මෙම උත්සාහයේදී, පල්ලිය ස්වදේශිකයන්ගේ සංස්කෘතිය තුළ වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික කක්ෂයට ඔවුන්ව ඇද ගැනීම.[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;


ටුපැක් අමරු II

18 වන සියවස වන විට, රිදී නිෂ්පාදනය පහත වැටීම සහ ආර්ථික විවිධාංගීකරණය රාජකීය ආදායම බෙහෙවින් අඩු කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කිරීටය විසින් බදු වැඩි කරන ලද සහ උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදා වෙන් කරන ලද ආඥා මාලාවක් වන බෝර්බන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. නව නීති මගින් දෙවන ටුපැක් අමරුගේ කැරැල්ල සහ අනෙකුත් කැරලි ඇති වූ අතර, ඒ සියල්ල මර්දනය කරන ලදී. මෙම සහ වෙනත් වෙනස්කම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රියෝල් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයින් භූමිය මත පාලනය ඒකාධිකාරී කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, දැවැන්ත ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය අඩුවීම නිසා අතහැර දැමූ හොඳම ඉඩම් බොහොමයක් අල්ලා ගත්හ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මෙරිඩියන් හරහා බ්‍රසීලය පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට විරුද්ධ වූයේ නැත. ස්පාඤ්ඤය පෘතුගාලය පාලනය කළ අතරතුර ටෝර්ඩසිලාස් ගිවිසුම 1580 සහ 1640 අතර කාලය තුළ අර්ථ විරහිත විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤය සමඟ සන්නිවේදනය සහ වෙළඳාම ලිහිල් කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදීමට සහ නව ග්‍රැනඩා සහ රියෝ ඩි හි නව උපරාජ පක්ෂයන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට හේතු විය. පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවන ලද භූමිවල වියදමින් ලා ප්ලාටා; මෙය උපරාජ අගනුවර ලෙස ලීමා හි බලය, ප්‍රමුඛත්වය සහ වැදගත්කම අඩු කළ අතර ලාභදායී ඇන්ඩියන් වෙළඳාම බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් සහ බොගෝටා වෙත මාරු කළ අතර පතල් හා රෙදිපිළි නිෂ්පාදනයේ බිඳවැටීම පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවියේ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ක්ෂය වීම වේගවත් කළේය.

අවසානයේදී, දහනව වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ජාතික නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අභියෝගයට ලක් වූ විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ වැඩි කොටසක් මෙන්, උපරාජ පදවිය විසුරුවා හරින ලදී. මෙම ව්‍යාපාර, එක් අවස්ථාවක හෝ තවත් අවස්ථාවක පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවා තිබූ භූමිවල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ නූතන රටවල් බහුතරයක් ගොඩනැගීමට හේතු විය.[28] යටත් විජිතය සහ යටත් විජිතය ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පේරු භූමිය යටත් කර ගැනීමට පෙර නොතිබූ සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ජනවාර්ගික මිශ්‍රණයක් ගෙන ආවේය. ඉන්කා සම්ප්‍රදායන් බොහොමයක් නැති වී හෝ තනුක කර තිබුණද, නව සිරිත් විරිත්, සම්ප්‍රදායන් සහ දැනුම එකතු කරන ලද අතර, පොහොසත් මිශ්‍ර පේරු සංස්කෘතියක් නිර්මාණය විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ට එරෙහි වැදගත්ම ස්වදේශික කැරලි දෙකක් වූයේ 1742 දී ජුවාන් සැන්ටොස් අටහුල්පා සහ 1742 දී ටුපැක් අමරු II කැරැල්ලයි. 1780 දී කුස්කෝ අසල උස්බිම් වටා.[29]

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.

19 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, බොහෝ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් නිදහස් යුද්ධවලින් අතුගා දැමූ අතර, පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාජකීය බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තිය විමුක්තිය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රාජාණ්ඩුවට පක්ෂපාතීත්වය අතර දෝලනය වෙමින් සිටියදී, නිදහස ලබා ගත්තේ ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසුව පමණි.

ආර්ථික අර්බුද, යුරෝපයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ බලය අහිමි වීම, උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ නිදහස් යුද්ධය සහ ස්වදේශික නැගිටීම් යන සියල්ලම දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රියෝලෝ ජනගහනය අතර විමුක්ති අදහස් වර්ධනය කිරීමට හිතකර වාතාවරණයක් ඇති කිරීමට දායක විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පේරු හි ක්‍රියෝලෝ කතිපයාධිකාරය වරප්‍රසාද භුක්ති විඳි අතර ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට පක්ෂපාතීව සිටියේය. විමුක්ති ව්‍යාපාරය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වන අතර එහිදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ යටත් විජිත කෙරෙහි ඇති අධිකාරිය අහිමි වීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ස්වාධීන ජුන්ටා නිර්මාණය විය.

රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිදහස සඳහා සටන් කිරීමෙන් පසු, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් ඇන්ඩීස් හමුදාව නිර්මාණය කර දින 21 කින් ඇන්ඩීස් තරණය කළේය. චිලීයට පැමිණි පසු, ඔහු චිලී හමුදාවේ ජෙනරාල් බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස් සමඟ එකතු වී 1818 දී චකබුකෝ සහ මයිපු සටන් වලදී රට නිදහස් කර ගත්තේය.[30] 1820 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 වන දින, චිලී නාවික හමුදාවේ සේවය කළ ජෙනරාල් ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ තෝමස් කොක්රේන්ගේ අණ යටතේ යුධ නැව් අටකින් යුත් බලඇණියක් පැරකාස් වරායට පැමිණියේය. ඔක්තෝබර් 26 වන දින වහාම ඔවුන් පිස්කෝ නගරය පාලනය කළහ. නොවැම්බර් 12 වන දින සැන් මාටින් හුවාචෝ හි පදිංචි වූ අතර, කොක්රේන් උතුරට යාත්‍රා කර ලීමා හි කැලාඕ වරාය අවහිර කරන අතරතුර ඔහු එහි තම මූලස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. ඒ සමඟම උතුරේ, ග්‍රෙගෝරියෝ එස්කොබෙඩෝගේ අණ යටතේ කැරලිකාර හමුදා විසින් ගුවායාකිල් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලදී. පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ බලකොටුව වූ බැවින්, පේරු නිදහස් කර ගැනීම සඳහා සැන් මාටින්ගේ උපාය මාර්ගය වූයේ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකභාවය භාවිතා කිරීමයි. පේරුට නිදහස ලබා දෙන ලෙස වයිස්රෝයිගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට ඔහු ලීමා වෙත නියෝජිතයින් යැවීය, කෙසේ වෙතත්, සියලු සාකච්ඡා අසාර්ථක විය.[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;


පේරුහි උපරාජයා වූ ජෝකින් ඩි ලා පැසුවේලා, සැන් මාර්ටින්ගේ තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් ලීමාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා පක්ෂපාතී හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා පත් කළේය. ජනවාරි 29 වන දින, ඩි ලා සර්නා ඩි ලා පස්වේලාට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් සංවිධානය කළ අතර, එය ස්පාඤ්ඤය විසින් පිළිගනු ලැබූ අතර ඔහු පේරුහි උපරාජයා ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. මෙම අභ්‍යන්තර බල අරගලය විමුක්ති හමුදාවේ සාර්ථකත්වයට දායක විය. මිලිටරි ගැටුමක් වළක්වා ගැනීම සඳහා, සැන් මාර්ටින් අලුතින් පත් කරන ලද උපරාජයා වූ ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා හමුවී ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාජාණ්ඩුවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළ අතර, එම යෝජනාව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී. ඩි ලා සර්නා නගරය අතහැර දැමූ අතර, 1821 ජූලි 12 වන දින, සැන් මාර්ටින් ලීමා අල්ලාගෙන 1821 ජූලි 28 වන දින පේරු නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය. ඔහු පළමු පේරු ධජය නිර්මාණය කළේය. ඉහළ පේරු (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) වසර තුනකට පසු සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදාව එය නිදහස් කරන තෙක් ස්පාඤ්ඤ බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ජෝසේ ඩි සැන් මාර්ටින් පේරුහි ආරක්ෂකයා ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු සම්මේලනයක් සඳහා වූ බොලිවේරියානු ව්‍යාපෘති අසාර්ථක වූ අතර බොලිවියාව සමඟ සන්ධානයක් තාවකාලික බව ඔප්පු වූ බැවින්, මෙම කාලය තුළ පේරු ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවය ගොඩනඟා ගන්නා ලදී.[31]

සයිමන් බොලිවර් උතුරේ සිට තම ව්‍යාපාරය දියත් කළ අතර, 1821 දී කැරබෝබෝ සටන්වලදී සහ වසරකට පසුව පිචින්චා සටන්වලදී නිව් ග්‍රැනඩාවේ උපරාජ පක්ෂය නිදහස් කළේය. 1822 ජූලි මාසයේදී, බොලිවර් සහ සැන් මාටින් ගුවායාකිල් සමුළුවට රැස් වූහ. පළමු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව රැස් කිරීමෙන් පසු සැන් මාටින් දේශපාලනයෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගිය අතර, පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිදහස් කිරීමේ වගකීම බොලිවර්ට පැවරුණි. අලුතින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද පේරු කොංග්‍රසය පේරුහි බොලිවර් ආඥාදායකයා ලෙස නම් කළ අතර, ඔහුට හමුදාව සංවිධානය කිරීමේ බලය ලබා දුන්නේය.

ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ජෝස් ද සුක්‍රේගේ සහාය ඇතිව, ඔවුන් 1824 අගෝස්තු 6 වන දින ජූනින් සටනේදී සහ එම වසරේම දෙසැම්බර් 9 වන දින තීරණාත්මක අයකුචෝ සටනේදී විශාල ස්පාඤ්ඤ හමුදාව පරාජය කරමින් පේරු සහ ඉහළ පේරුහි නිදහස තහවුරු කළහ. ඉහළ පේරු පසුව බොලිවියාව ලෙස ස්ථාපිත විය. ජනරජයේ මුල් වසරවලදී, හමුදා නායකයින් අතර බලය සඳහා ආවේණික අරගල දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයට හේතු විය.[32]

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library (in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Ministry of War and Navy]], to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue.


19 වන සියවස

නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ පසු, 1821 අගෝස්තු 3 වන දින ලබා දුන් නියෝගයකට අනුව, ආරක්ෂකයා යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ, පේරු හි නිදහස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වල හමුදා-දේශපාලන අණ භාර ගත්තේය. ආරක්ෂකයාගේ කෘති ජාතික පුස්තකාලය (දැනුම වෙනුවෙන්) නිර්මාණය කිරීමට, ජාතික ගීය අනුමත කිරීමට සහ මිටා අහෝසි කිරීමට (ආදිවාසීන් වෙනුවෙන්) දායක විය. 1821 දෙසැම්බර් 27 වන දින, සැන් මාටින් අමාත්‍යාංශ තුනක් නිර්මාණය කළේය: රාජ්‍ය හා විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය, ජුවාන් ගාර්ෂියා ඩෙල් රියෝට; යුද හා නාවික අමාත්‍යාංශය බර්නාඩෝ ඩි මොන්ටෙගුඩෝට; සහ මුදල් අමාත්‍යාංශය හිපොලිටෝ උනනුට.


1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>g7618nvut1phfv4p7svqgfsael4ehms</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754270</id>
      <parentid>754269</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:00:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 19 වන සියවස */</comment>
      <origin>754270</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="112248" sha1="k22gfj2drmmk4l7tm9crk4gpjla6o88" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

අවසාන සාපා ඉන්කා වන අටහුල්පා (හෝ අටහුල්පා) අධිරාජ්‍යයා බවට පත් වූයේ ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් අර්ධ සහෝදරයා වන හුවාස්කාර් ඔවුන්ගේ පියා වන [21] ඉන්කා හුවායිනා කැපැක්ගේ මරණයෙන් ඇති වූ සිවිල් යුද්ධයකදී පරාජය කර මරා දැමීමෙනි. 1532 දෙසැම්බරයේදී, ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද (චන්කාස්, හුවාන්කාස්, කනාරිස් සහ චචපොයාස් විසින් ඉන්දියානු සහායකයින් ලෙස සහාය දක්වන ලද) ජයග්‍රාහී පක්ෂයක් කැජමාර්කා සටනේදී ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයා අටහුල්පා පරාජය කර අල්ලා ගත්හ. [22] වසර ගණනාවක මූලික ගවේෂණ සහ හමුදා ගැටුම් වලින් පසුව, එය දශක ගණනාවක් සටන් කිරීමට සිදු වූ දිගු මෙහෙයුමක පළමු පියවර වූ නමුත් ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් සහ පේරු හි උපරාජිකත්වය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය යටත් විජිතකරණයෙන් අවසන් වූ අතර එහි අගනුවර ලීමා වන අතර එය එවකට &quot;ලා සියුඩාඩ් ඩි ලොස් රෙයිස්&quot; (රජවරුන්ගේ නගරය) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. පේරු රාජ්‍යය අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, උපරාජයාණන්ගේ පාලන සමය පුරා භ්‍රමණ ව්‍යාපාරවලට මෙන්ම ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය දෙසට ගවේෂණවලට ද හේතු විය. ඇමරින්දියානු ප්‍රතිරෝධය මැඩපැවැත්වීම සඳහා ස්පාඤ්ඤ උත්සාහයන් සිදු වූ විට මෙන්. 1572 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විල්කබම්බා හි නව-ඉන්කා රාජ්‍යය විනාශ කළ විට අවසාන ඉන්කා ප්‍රතිරෝධය මර්දනය කරන ලදී.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.


ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් වසංගත රෝග මෙන්ම සූරාකෑම සහ සමාජ-ආර්ථික වෙනස්කම් හේතුවෙන් ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය නාටකාකාර ලෙස බිඳ වැටුණි.[23] වයිස්රෝයි ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩි ටොලිඩෝ 1570 ගණන්වල රන් හා රිදී කැණීම එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම ලෙස සහ ඇමරින්දියානු බලහත්කාර ශ්‍රමය එහි ප්‍රාථමික ශ්‍රම බලකාය ලෙස ප්‍රතිසංවිධානය කළේය. පොටෝසි (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) සහ හුවාන්කාවෙලිකා හි මහා රිදී සහ රන් ලෝඩ් සොයා ගැනීමත් සමඟ, උපරාජ රාජ්‍යය ඛනිජ සම්පත් සපයන වැදගත් සැපයුම්කරුවෙකු ලෙස සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. පේරු බුලියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට ආදායමක් ලබා දුන් අතර යුරෝපය සහ පිලිපීනය දක්වා විහිදුණු සංකීර්ණ වෙළඳ ජාලයකට ඉන්ධන සැපයීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වාණිජ හා ජනගහන හුවමාරු ඇකපුල්කෝ හරහා ගමන් කරන මැනිලා ගැලියන් හරහා සිදු වූ අතර, ඇමරිකාවේ වෙළඳ මාර්ගයේ දුරස්ථම අන්තය ලෙස පේරු හි කැලාඕ තිබුණි. [24] මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පැනමාවේ ආණ්ඩුකාර දොන් සෙබස්තියන් හර්ටාඩෝ ද කෝර්කුවේරා ද පේරු සොල්දාදුවන් සහ ජනපදිකයන් යොදවා පිලිපීනයේ සැම්බෝන්ගා නගරය පදිංචි කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු විය. [25] ශ්‍රම බලකාය පුළුල් කිරීම සඳහා අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන් ශ්‍රම ජනගහනයට එකතු කරන ලදී. යටත් විජිත පරිපාලන උපකරණයක් සහ නිලධාරිවාදයේ ව්‍යාප්තිය ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංවිධානයට සමාන්තර විය.

ජයග්‍රහණයත් සමඟ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය පැතිරීම ආරම්භ විය; බොහෝ මිනිසුන් බලහත්කාරයෙන් කතෝලික ආගමට හරවා ගන්නා ලද අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ පූජකවරු පසුව ඉංග්‍රීසි යටත් විජිතවල පියුරිටන් දේවතාවන් මෙන් විශ්වාස කළේ ස්වදේශික ජනතාව &quot;යක්ෂයා විසින් දූෂිත කර ඇති බවත්, ඔවුන් හරහා ඔවුන්ගේ අත්තිවාරම් අවුල් කිරීමට&quot; කටයුතු කළ බවත්ය. [26] ජනගහනය පරිවර්තනය කිරීමට පරම්පරාවක් ගත විය. ඔවුන් සෑම නගරයකම පල්ලි ඉදි කළ අතර කුස්කෝ නගරයේ කොරිකන්චා වැනි ඉන්කා දේවාල කිහිපයක් පල්ලි වලින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළහ. අලුතින් පරිවර්තනය වූ කතෝලිකයන් වෙනත් ආගම් හෝ විශ්වාසයන් වෙත යොමු නොවන බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා වධහිංසා පැමිණවීම සහ ආරාම පාසල් භාවිතා කරමින්, විශේෂයෙන් ඉන්කා වංශවත් සහ ඉහළ පන්තියේ ගැහැණු ළමයින්ට අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීම, &quot;[කන්‍යා සොහොයුරියක් වීමට] ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට හෝ ආරාමයෙන් ඉවත් වී පේරු හි ඔවුන්ගේ පියවරුන් ගොඩනඟා ගැනීමට සැලසුම් කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි සමාජයේ ('estado') භූමිකාව භාර ගැනීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් වයසට යන තුරු&quot; පල්ලිය ඉන්ක්විසිෂන් භාවිතා කළේය. [27] පේරු කතෝලික ධර්මය බොහෝ ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල දක්නට ලැබෙන සමමුහුර්තකරණය අනුගමනය කරන අතර, එහි ආගමික ස්වදේශික චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර ක්‍රිස්තියානි සැමරුම් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කර ඇත. මෙම උත්සාහයේදී, පල්ලිය ස්වදේශිකයන්ගේ සංස්කෘතිය තුළ වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික කක්ෂයට ඔවුන්ව ඇද ගැනීම.[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;


ටුපැක් අමරු II

18 වන සියවස වන විට, රිදී නිෂ්පාදනය පහත වැටීම සහ ආර්ථික විවිධාංගීකරණය රාජකීය ආදායම බෙහෙවින් අඩු කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කිරීටය විසින් බදු වැඩි කරන ලද සහ උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදා වෙන් කරන ලද ආඥා මාලාවක් වන බෝර්බන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. නව නීති මගින් දෙවන ටුපැක් අමරුගේ කැරැල්ල සහ අනෙකුත් කැරලි ඇති වූ අතර, ඒ සියල්ල මර්දනය කරන ලදී. මෙම සහ වෙනත් වෙනස්කම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රියෝල් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයින් භූමිය මත පාලනය ඒකාධිකාරී කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, දැවැන්ත ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය අඩුවීම නිසා අතහැර දැමූ හොඳම ඉඩම් බොහොමයක් අල්ලා ගත්හ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මෙරිඩියන් හරහා බ්‍රසීලය පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට විරුද්ධ වූයේ නැත. ස්පාඤ්ඤය පෘතුගාලය පාලනය කළ අතරතුර ටෝර්ඩසිලාස් ගිවිසුම 1580 සහ 1640 අතර කාලය තුළ අර්ථ විරහිත විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤය සමඟ සන්නිවේදනය සහ වෙළඳාම ලිහිල් කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදීමට සහ නව ග්‍රැනඩා සහ රියෝ ඩි හි නව උපරාජ පක්ෂයන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට හේතු විය. පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවන ලද භූමිවල වියදමින් ලා ප්ලාටා; මෙය උපරාජ අගනුවර ලෙස ලීමා හි බලය, ප්‍රමුඛත්වය සහ වැදගත්කම අඩු කළ අතර ලාභදායී ඇන්ඩියන් වෙළඳාම බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් සහ බොගෝටා වෙත මාරු කළ අතර පතල් හා රෙදිපිළි නිෂ්පාදනයේ බිඳවැටීම පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවියේ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ක්ෂය වීම වේගවත් කළේය.

අවසානයේදී, දහනව වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ජාතික නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අභියෝගයට ලක් වූ විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ වැඩි කොටසක් මෙන්, උපරාජ පදවිය විසුරුවා හරින ලදී. මෙම ව්‍යාපාර, එක් අවස්ථාවක හෝ තවත් අවස්ථාවක පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවා තිබූ භූමිවල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ නූතන රටවල් බහුතරයක් ගොඩනැගීමට හේතු විය.[28] යටත් විජිතය සහ යටත් විජිතය ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පේරු භූමිය යටත් කර ගැනීමට පෙර නොතිබූ සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ජනවාර්ගික මිශ්‍රණයක් ගෙන ආවේය. ඉන්කා සම්ප්‍රදායන් බොහොමයක් නැති වී හෝ තනුක කර තිබුණද, නව සිරිත් විරිත්, සම්ප්‍රදායන් සහ දැනුම එකතු කරන ලද අතර, පොහොසත් මිශ්‍ර පේරු සංස්කෘතියක් නිර්මාණය විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ට එරෙහි වැදගත්ම ස්වදේශික කැරලි දෙකක් වූයේ 1742 දී ජුවාන් සැන්ටොස් අටහුල්පා සහ 1742 දී ටුපැක් අමරු II කැරැල්ලයි. 1780 දී කුස්කෝ අසල උස්බිම් වටා.[29]

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by [[:en:Decolonization_of_the_Americas|wars of independence]], Peru remained a [[:en:Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)|royalist]] stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, [[:en:Independence_of_Peru|independence]] was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] and [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]].

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the [[:en:American_Revolutionary_War|war of independence in North America]], and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the [[:en:Criollo_people|C''riollo'']] population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, [[:en:José_de_San_Martín|José de San Martín]] created the [[:en:Army_of_the_Andes|Army of the Andes]] and [[:en:Crossing_of_the_Andes|crossed the Andes]] in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General [[:en:Bernardo_O'Higgins|Bernardo O'Higgins]] and liberated the country in the battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Chacabuco|Chacabuco]] and [[:en:Battle_of_Maipú|Maipú]] in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of [[:en:Paracas_(municipality)|Paracas]] under the command of General José de San Martín and [[:en:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of [[:en:Pisco,_Peru|Pisco]]. San Martín settled in [[:en:Huacho|Huacho]] on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of [[:en:Callao|Callao]] in Lima. At the same time in the north, [[:en:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the [[:en:Viceroy|Viceroy]] that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.

19 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, බොහෝ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් නිදහස් යුද්ධවලින් අතුගා දැමූ අතර, පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාජකීය බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තිය විමුක්තිය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රාජාණ්ඩුවට පක්ෂපාතීත්වය අතර දෝලනය වෙමින් සිටියදී, නිදහස ලබා ගත්තේ ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසුව පමණි.

ආර්ථික අර්බුද, යුරෝපයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ බලය අහිමි වීම, උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ නිදහස් යුද්ධය සහ ස්වදේශික නැගිටීම් යන සියල්ලම දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රියෝලෝ ජනගහනය අතර විමුක්ති අදහස් වර්ධනය කිරීමට හිතකර වාතාවරණයක් ඇති කිරීමට දායක විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පේරු හි ක්‍රියෝලෝ කතිපයාධිකාරය වරප්‍රසාද භුක්ති විඳි අතර ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට පක්ෂපාතීව සිටියේය. විමුක්ති ව්‍යාපාරය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වන අතර එහිදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ යටත් විජිත කෙරෙහි ඇති අධිකාරිය අහිමි වීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ස්වාධීන ජුන්ටා නිර්මාණය විය.

රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිදහස සඳහා සටන් කිරීමෙන් පසු, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් ඇන්ඩීස් හමුදාව නිර්මාණය කර දින 21 කින් ඇන්ඩීස් තරණය කළේය. චිලීයට පැමිණි පසු, ඔහු චිලී හමුදාවේ ජෙනරාල් බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස් සමඟ එකතු වී 1818 දී චකබුකෝ සහ මයිපු සටන් වලදී රට නිදහස් කර ගත්තේය.[30] 1820 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 වන දින, චිලී නාවික හමුදාවේ සේවය කළ ජෙනරාල් ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ තෝමස් කොක්රේන්ගේ අණ යටතේ යුධ නැව් අටකින් යුත් බලඇණියක් පැරකාස් වරායට පැමිණියේය. ඔක්තෝබර් 26 වන දින වහාම ඔවුන් පිස්කෝ නගරය පාලනය කළහ. නොවැම්බර් 12 වන දින සැන් මාටින් හුවාචෝ හි පදිංචි වූ අතර, කොක්රේන් උතුරට යාත්‍රා කර ලීමා හි කැලාඕ වරාය අවහිර කරන අතරතුර ඔහු එහි තම මූලස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. ඒ සමඟම උතුරේ, ග්‍රෙගෝරියෝ එස්කොබෙඩෝගේ අණ යටතේ කැරලිකාර හමුදා විසින් ගුවායාකිල් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලදී. පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ බලකොටුව වූ බැවින්, පේරු නිදහස් කර ගැනීම සඳහා සැන් මාටින්ගේ උපාය මාර්ගය වූයේ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකභාවය භාවිතා කිරීමයි. පේරුට නිදහස ලබා දෙන ලෙස වයිස්රෝයිගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට ඔහු ලීමා වෙත නියෝජිතයින් යැවීය, කෙසේ වෙතත්, සියලු සාකච්ඡා අසාර්ථක විය.[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;


පේරුහි උපරාජයා වූ ජෝකින් ඩි ලා පැසුවේලා, සැන් මාර්ටින්ගේ තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් ලීමාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා පක්ෂපාතී හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා පත් කළේය. ජනවාරි 29 වන දින, ඩි ලා සර්නා ඩි ලා පස්වේලාට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් සංවිධානය කළ අතර, එය ස්පාඤ්ඤය විසින් පිළිගනු ලැබූ අතර ඔහු පේරුහි උපරාජයා ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. මෙම අභ්‍යන්තර බල අරගලය විමුක්ති හමුදාවේ සාර්ථකත්වයට දායක විය. මිලිටරි ගැටුමක් වළක්වා ගැනීම සඳහා, සැන් මාර්ටින් අලුතින් පත් කරන ලද උපරාජයා වූ ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා හමුවී ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාජාණ්ඩුවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළ අතර, එම යෝජනාව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී. ඩි ලා සර්නා නගරය අතහැර දැමූ අතර, 1821 ජූලි 12 වන දින, සැන් මාර්ටින් ලීමා අල්ලාගෙන 1821 ජූලි 28 වන දින පේරු නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය. ඔහු පළමු පේරු ධජය නිර්මාණය කළේය. ඉහළ පේරු (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) වසර තුනකට පසු සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදාව එය නිදහස් කරන තෙක් ස්පාඤ්ඤ බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ජෝසේ ඩි සැන් මාර්ටින් පේරුහි ආරක්ෂකයා ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු සම්මේලනයක් සඳහා වූ බොලිවේරියානු ව්‍යාපෘති අසාර්ථක වූ අතර බොලිවියාව සමඟ සන්ධානයක් තාවකාලික බව ඔප්පු වූ බැවින්, මෙම කාලය තුළ පේරු ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවය ගොඩනඟා ගන්නා ලදී.[31]

සයිමන් බොලිවර් උතුරේ සිට තම ව්‍යාපාරය දියත් කළ අතර, 1821 දී කැරබෝබෝ සටන්වලදී සහ වසරකට පසුව පිචින්චා සටන්වලදී නිව් ග්‍රැනඩාවේ උපරාජ පක්ෂය නිදහස් කළේය. 1822 ජූලි මාසයේදී, බොලිවර් සහ සැන් මාටින් ගුවායාකිල් සමුළුවට රැස් වූහ. පළමු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව රැස් කිරීමෙන් පසු සැන් මාටින් දේශපාලනයෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගිය අතර, පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිදහස් කිරීමේ වගකීම බොලිවර්ට පැවරුණි. අලුතින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද පේරු කොංග්‍රසය පේරුහි බොලිවර් ආඥාදායකයා ලෙස නම් කළ අතර, ඔහුට හමුදාව සංවිධානය කිරීමේ බලය ලබා දුන්නේය.

ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ජෝස් ද සුක්‍රේගේ සහාය ඇතිව, ඔවුන් 1824 අගෝස්තු 6 වන දින ජූනින් සටනේදී සහ එම වසරේම දෙසැම්බර් 9 වන දින තීරණාත්මක අයකුචෝ සටනේදී විශාල ස්පාඤ්ඤ හමුදාව පරාජය කරමින් පේරු සහ ඉහළ පේරුහි නිදහස තහවුරු කළහ. ඉහළ පේරු පසුව බොලිවියාව ලෙස ස්ථාපිත විය. ජනරජයේ මුල් වසරවලදී, හමුදා නායකයින් අතර බලය සඳහා ආවේණික අරගල දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයට හේතු විය.[32]

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ පසු, 1821 අගෝස්තු 3 වන දින ලබා දුන් නියෝගයකට අනුව, ආරක්ෂකයා යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ, පේරු හි නිදහස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වල හමුදා-දේශපාලන අණ භාර ගත්තේය. ආරක්ෂකයාගේ කෘති ජාතික පුස්තකාලය (දැනුම වෙනුවෙන්) නිර්මාණය කිරීමට, ජාතික ගීය අනුමත කිරීමට සහ මිටා අහෝසි කිරීමට (ආදිවාසීන් වෙනුවෙන්) දායක විය. 1821 දෙසැම්බර් 27 වන දින, සැන් මාටින් අමාත්‍යාංශ තුනක් නිර්මාණය කළේය: රාජ්‍ය හා විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය, ජුවාන් ගාර්ෂියා ඩෙල් රියෝට; යුද හා නාවික අමාත්‍යාංශය බර්නාඩෝ ඩි මොන්ටෙගුඩෝට; සහ මුදල් අමාත්‍යාංශය හිපොලිටෝ උනනුට.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>k22gfj2drmmk4l7tm9crk4gpjla6o88</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754271</id>
      <parentid>754270</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:01:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* නිදහස */</comment>
      <origin>754271</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="109731" sha1="870rmqd933e5f7sb3i4mjm91ps9o69i" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

අවසාන සාපා ඉන්කා වන අටහුල්පා (හෝ අටහුල්පා) අධිරාජ්‍යයා බවට පත් වූයේ ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් අර්ධ සහෝදරයා වන හුවාස්කාර් ඔවුන්ගේ පියා වන [21] ඉන්කා හුවායිනා කැපැක්ගේ මරණයෙන් ඇති වූ සිවිල් යුද්ධයකදී පරාජය කර මරා දැමීමෙනි. 1532 දෙසැම්බරයේදී, ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද (චන්කාස්, හුවාන්කාස්, කනාරිස් සහ චචපොයාස් විසින් ඉන්දියානු සහායකයින් ලෙස සහාය දක්වන ලද) ජයග්‍රාහී පක්ෂයක් කැජමාර්කා සටනේදී ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයා අටහුල්පා පරාජය කර අල්ලා ගත්හ. [22] වසර ගණනාවක මූලික ගවේෂණ සහ හමුදා ගැටුම් වලින් පසුව, එය දශක ගණනාවක් සටන් කිරීමට සිදු වූ දිගු මෙහෙයුමක පළමු පියවර වූ නමුත් ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් සහ පේරු හි උපරාජිකත්වය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය යටත් විජිතකරණයෙන් අවසන් වූ අතර එහි අගනුවර ලීමා වන අතර එය එවකට &quot;ලා සියුඩාඩ් ඩි ලොස් රෙයිස්&quot; (රජවරුන්ගේ නගරය) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. පේරු රාජ්‍යය අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, උපරාජයාණන්ගේ පාලන සමය පුරා භ්‍රමණ ව්‍යාපාරවලට මෙන්ම ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය දෙසට ගවේෂණවලට ද හේතු විය. ඇමරින්දියානු ප්‍රතිරෝධය මැඩපැවැත්වීම සඳහා ස්පාඤ්ඤ උත්සාහයන් සිදු වූ විට මෙන්. 1572 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විල්කබම්බා හි නව-ඉන්කා රාජ්‍යය විනාශ කළ විට අවසාන ඉන්කා ප්‍රතිරෝධය මර්දනය කරන ලදී.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.


ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් වසංගත රෝග මෙන්ම සූරාකෑම සහ සමාජ-ආර්ථික වෙනස්කම් හේතුවෙන් ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය නාටකාකාර ලෙස බිඳ වැටුණි.[23] වයිස්රෝයි ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩි ටොලිඩෝ 1570 ගණන්වල රන් හා රිදී කැණීම එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම ලෙස සහ ඇමරින්දියානු බලහත්කාර ශ්‍රමය එහි ප්‍රාථමික ශ්‍රම බලකාය ලෙස ප්‍රතිසංවිධානය කළේය. පොටෝසි (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) සහ හුවාන්කාවෙලිකා හි මහා රිදී සහ රන් ලෝඩ් සොයා ගැනීමත් සමඟ, උපරාජ රාජ්‍යය ඛනිජ සම්පත් සපයන වැදගත් සැපයුම්කරුවෙකු ලෙස සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. පේරු බුලියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට ආදායමක් ලබා දුන් අතර යුරෝපය සහ පිලිපීනය දක්වා විහිදුණු සංකීර්ණ වෙළඳ ජාලයකට ඉන්ධන සැපයීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වාණිජ හා ජනගහන හුවමාරු ඇකපුල්කෝ හරහා ගමන් කරන මැනිලා ගැලියන් හරහා සිදු වූ අතර, ඇමරිකාවේ වෙළඳ මාර්ගයේ දුරස්ථම අන්තය ලෙස පේරු හි කැලාඕ තිබුණි. [24] මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පැනමාවේ ආණ්ඩුකාර දොන් සෙබස්තියන් හර්ටාඩෝ ද කෝර්කුවේරා ද පේරු සොල්දාදුවන් සහ ජනපදිකයන් යොදවා පිලිපීනයේ සැම්බෝන්ගා නගරය පදිංචි කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු විය. [25] ශ්‍රම බලකාය පුළුල් කිරීම සඳහා අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන් ශ්‍රම ජනගහනයට එකතු කරන ලදී. යටත් විජිත පරිපාලන උපකරණයක් සහ නිලධාරිවාදයේ ව්‍යාප්තිය ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංවිධානයට සමාන්තර විය.

ජයග්‍රහණයත් සමඟ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය පැතිරීම ආරම්භ විය; බොහෝ මිනිසුන් බලහත්කාරයෙන් කතෝලික ආගමට හරවා ගන්නා ලද අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ පූජකවරු පසුව ඉංග්‍රීසි යටත් විජිතවල පියුරිටන් දේවතාවන් මෙන් විශ්වාස කළේ ස්වදේශික ජනතාව &quot;යක්ෂයා විසින් දූෂිත කර ඇති බවත්, ඔවුන් හරහා ඔවුන්ගේ අත්තිවාරම් අවුල් කිරීමට&quot; කටයුතු කළ බවත්ය. [26] ජනගහනය පරිවර්තනය කිරීමට පරම්පරාවක් ගත විය. ඔවුන් සෑම නගරයකම පල්ලි ඉදි කළ අතර කුස්කෝ නගරයේ කොරිකන්චා වැනි ඉන්කා දේවාල කිහිපයක් පල්ලි වලින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළහ. අලුතින් පරිවර්තනය වූ කතෝලිකයන් වෙනත් ආගම් හෝ විශ්වාසයන් වෙත යොමු නොවන බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා වධහිංසා පැමිණවීම සහ ආරාම පාසල් භාවිතා කරමින්, විශේෂයෙන් ඉන්කා වංශවත් සහ ඉහළ පන්තියේ ගැහැණු ළමයින්ට අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීම, &quot;[කන්‍යා සොහොයුරියක් වීමට] ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට හෝ ආරාමයෙන් ඉවත් වී පේරු හි ඔවුන්ගේ පියවරුන් ගොඩනඟා ගැනීමට සැලසුම් කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි සමාජයේ ('estado') භූමිකාව භාර ගැනීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් වයසට යන තුරු&quot; පල්ලිය ඉන්ක්විසිෂන් භාවිතා කළේය. [27] පේරු කතෝලික ධර්මය බොහෝ ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල දක්නට ලැබෙන සමමුහුර්තකරණය අනුගමනය කරන අතර, එහි ආගමික ස්වදේශික චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර ක්‍රිස්තියානි සැමරුම් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කර ඇත. මෙම උත්සාහයේදී, පල්ලිය ස්වදේශිකයන්ගේ සංස්කෘතිය තුළ වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික කක්ෂයට ඔවුන්ව ඇද ගැනීම.[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;


ටුපැක් අමරු II

18 වන සියවස වන විට, රිදී නිෂ්පාදනය පහත වැටීම සහ ආර්ථික විවිධාංගීකරණය රාජකීය ආදායම බෙහෙවින් අඩු කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කිරීටය විසින් බදු වැඩි කරන ලද සහ උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදා වෙන් කරන ලද ආඥා මාලාවක් වන බෝර්බන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. නව නීති මගින් දෙවන ටුපැක් අමරුගේ කැරැල්ල සහ අනෙකුත් කැරලි ඇති වූ අතර, ඒ සියල්ල මර්දනය කරන ලදී. මෙම සහ වෙනත් වෙනස්කම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රියෝල් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයින් භූමිය මත පාලනය ඒකාධිකාරී කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, දැවැන්ත ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය අඩුවීම නිසා අතහැර දැමූ හොඳම ඉඩම් බොහොමයක් අල්ලා ගත්හ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මෙරිඩියන් හරහා බ්‍රසීලය පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට විරුද්ධ වූයේ නැත. ස්පාඤ්ඤය පෘතුගාලය පාලනය කළ අතරතුර ටෝර්ඩසිලාස් ගිවිසුම 1580 සහ 1640 අතර කාලය තුළ අර්ථ විරහිත විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤය සමඟ සන්නිවේදනය සහ වෙළඳාම ලිහිල් කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදීමට සහ නව ග්‍රැනඩා සහ රියෝ ඩි හි නව උපරාජ පක්ෂයන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට හේතු විය. පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවන ලද භූමිවල වියදමින් ලා ප්ලාටා; මෙය උපරාජ අගනුවර ලෙස ලීමා හි බලය, ප්‍රමුඛත්වය සහ වැදගත්කම අඩු කළ අතර ලාභදායී ඇන්ඩියන් වෙළඳාම බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් සහ බොගෝටා වෙත මාරු කළ අතර පතල් හා රෙදිපිළි නිෂ්පාදනයේ බිඳවැටීම පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවියේ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ක්ෂය වීම වේගවත් කළේය.

අවසානයේදී, දහනව වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ජාතික නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අභියෝගයට ලක් වූ විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ වැඩි කොටසක් මෙන්, උපරාජ පදවිය විසුරුවා හරින ලදී. මෙම ව්‍යාපාර, එක් අවස්ථාවක හෝ තවත් අවස්ථාවක පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවා තිබූ භූමිවල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ නූතන රටවල් බහුතරයක් ගොඩනැගීමට හේතු විය.[28] යටත් විජිතය සහ යටත් විජිතය ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පේරු භූමිය යටත් කර ගැනීමට පෙර නොතිබූ සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ජනවාර්ගික මිශ්‍රණයක් ගෙන ආවේය. ඉන්කා සම්ප්‍රදායන් බොහොමයක් නැති වී හෝ තනුක කර තිබුණද, නව සිරිත් විරිත්, සම්ප්‍රදායන් සහ දැනුම එකතු කරන ලද අතර, පොහොසත් මිශ්‍ර පේරු සංස්කෘතියක් නිර්මාණය විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ට එරෙහි වැදගත්ම ස්වදේශික කැරලි දෙකක් වූයේ 1742 දී ජුවාන් සැන්ටොස් අටහුල්පා සහ 1742 දී ටුපැක් අමරු II කැරැල්ලයි. 1780 දී කුස්කෝ අසල උස්බිම් වටා.[29]

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
19 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, බොහෝ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් නිදහස් යුද්ධවලින් අතුගා දැමූ අතර, පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාජකීය බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තිය විමුක්තිය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රාජාණ්ඩුවට පක්ෂපාතීත්වය අතර දෝලනය වෙමින් සිටියදී, නිදහස ලබා ගත්තේ ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසුව පමණි.

ආර්ථික අර්බුද, යුරෝපයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ බලය අහිමි වීම, උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ නිදහස් යුද්ධය සහ ස්වදේශික නැගිටීම් යන සියල්ලම දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රියෝලෝ ජනගහනය අතර විමුක්ති අදහස් වර්ධනය කිරීමට හිතකර වාතාවරණයක් ඇති කිරීමට දායක විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පේරු හි ක්‍රියෝලෝ කතිපයාධිකාරය වරප්‍රසාද භුක්ති විඳි අතර ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට පක්ෂපාතීව සිටියේය. විමුක්ති ව්‍යාපාරය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වන අතර එහිදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ යටත් විජිත කෙරෙහි ඇති අධිකාරිය අහිමි වීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ස්වාධීන ජුන්ටා නිර්මාණය විය.

රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිදහස සඳහා සටන් කිරීමෙන් පසු, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් ඇන්ඩීස් හමුදාව නිර්මාණය කර දින 21 කින් ඇන්ඩීස් තරණය කළේය. චිලීයට පැමිණි පසු, ඔහු චිලී හමුදාවේ ජෙනරාල් බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස් සමඟ එකතු වී 1818 දී චකබුකෝ සහ මයිපු සටන් වලදී රට නිදහස් කර ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; 1820 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 වන දින, චිලී නාවික හමුදාවේ සේවය කළ ජෙනරාල් ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ තෝමස් කොක්රේන්ගේ අණ යටතේ යුධ නැව් අටකින් යුත් බලඇණියක් පැරකාස් වරායට පැමිණියේය. ඔක්තෝබර් 26 වන දින වහාම ඔවුන් පිස්කෝ නගරය පාලනය කළහ. නොවැම්බර් 12 වන දින සැන් මාටින් හුවාචෝ හි පදිංචි වූ අතර, කොක්රේන් උතුරට යාත්‍රා කර ලීමා හි කැලාඕ වරාය අවහිර කරන අතරතුර ඔහු එහි තම මූලස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. ඒ සමඟම උතුරේ, ග්‍රෙගෝරියෝ එස්කොබෙඩෝගේ අණ යටතේ කැරලිකාර හමුදා විසින් ගුවායාකිල් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලදී. පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ බලකොටුව වූ බැවින්, පේරු නිදහස් කර ගැනීම සඳහා සැන් මාටින්ගේ උපාය මාර්ගය වූයේ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකභාවය භාවිතා කිරීමයි. පේරුට නිදහස ලබා දෙන ලෙස වයිස්රෝයිගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට ඔහු ලීමා වෙත නියෝජිතයින් යැවීය, කෙසේ වෙතත්, සියලු සාකච්ඡා අසාර්ථක විය.[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]
The Viceroy of Peru, [[:en:Joaquín_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma|Joaquín de la Pazuela]] named [[:en:José_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes|José de la Serna]] commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a [[:en:Coup_d'état|coup]] against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a [[:en:Constitutional_monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. [[:en:Upper_Peru|Upper Peru]] (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of [[:en:Simón_Bolívar|Simón Bolívar]] liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a [[:en:Congress_of_Panama|Latin American Confederation]] floundered and a [[:en:Peru–Bolivian_Confederation|union with Bolivia]] proved ephemeral.

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in the Battles of [[:en:Battle_of_Carabobo|Carabobo]] in 1821 and [[:en:Battle_of_Pichincha|Pichincha]] a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the [[:en:Guayaquil_Conference|Guayaquil Conference]]. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Peruvian Congress]] named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

With the help of [[:en:Antonio_José_de_Sucre|Antonio José de Sucre]], they defeated the larger Spanish army in the [[:en:Battle_of_Junín|Battle of Junín]] on 6 August 1824 and the decisive [[:en:Battle_of_Ayacucho|Battle of Ayacucho]] on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.


පේරුහි උපරාජයා වූ ජෝකින් ඩි ලා පැසුවේලා, සැන් මාර්ටින්ගේ තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් ලීමාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා පක්ෂපාතී හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා පත් කළේය. ජනවාරි 29 වන දින, ඩි ලා සර්නා ඩි ලා පස්වේලාට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් සංවිධානය කළ අතර, එය ස්පාඤ්ඤය විසින් පිළිගනු ලැබූ අතර ඔහු පේරුහි උපරාජයා ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. මෙම අභ්‍යන්තර බල අරගලය විමුක්ති හමුදාවේ සාර්ථකත්වයට දායක විය. මිලිටරි ගැටුමක් වළක්වා ගැනීම සඳහා, සැන් මාර්ටින් අලුතින් පත් කරන ලද උපරාජයා වූ ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා හමුවී ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාජාණ්ඩුවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළ අතර, එම යෝජනාව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී. ඩි ලා සර්නා නගරය අතහැර දැමූ අතර, 1821 ජූලි 12 වන දින, සැන් මාර්ටින් ලීමා අල්ලාගෙන 1821 ජූලි 28 වන දින පේරු නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය. ඔහු පළමු පේරු ධජය නිර්මාණය කළේය. ඉහළ පේරු (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) වසර තුනකට පසු සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදාව එය නිදහස් කරන තෙක් ස්පාඤ්ඤ බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ජෝසේ ඩි සැන් මාර්ටින් පේරුහි ආරක්ෂකයා ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු සම්මේලනයක් සඳහා වූ බොලිවේරියානු ව්‍යාපෘති අසාර්ථක වූ අතර බොලිවියාව සමඟ සන්ධානයක් තාවකාලික බව ඔප්පු වූ බැවින්, මෙම කාලය තුළ පේරු ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවය ගොඩනඟා ගන්නා ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

සයිමන් බොලිවර් උතුරේ සිට තම ව්‍යාපාරය දියත් කළ අතර, 1821 දී කැරබෝබෝ සටන්වලදී සහ වසරකට පසුව පිචින්චා සටන්වලදී නිව් ග්‍රැනඩාවේ උපරාජ පක්ෂය නිදහස් කළේය. 1822 ජූලි මාසයේදී, බොලිවර් සහ සැන් මාටින් ගුවායාකිල් සමුළුවට රැස් වූහ. පළමු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව රැස් කිරීමෙන් පසු සැන් මාටින් දේශපාලනයෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගිය අතර, පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිදහස් කිරීමේ වගකීම බොලිවර්ට පැවරුණි. අලුතින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද පේරු කොංග්‍රසය පේරුහි බොලිවර් ආඥාදායකයා ලෙස නම් කළ අතර, ඔහුට හමුදාව සංවිධානය කිරීමේ බලය ලබා දුන්නේය.

ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ජෝස් ද සුක්‍රේගේ සහාය ඇතිව, ඔවුන් 1824 අගෝස්තු 6 වන දින ජූනින් සටනේදී සහ එම වසරේම දෙසැම්බර් 9 වන දින තීරණාත්මක අයකුචෝ සටනේදී විශාල ස්පාඤ්ඤ හමුදාව පරාජය කරමින් පේරු සහ ඉහළ පේරුහි නිදහස තහවුරු කළහ. ඉහළ පේරු පසුව බොලිවියාව ලෙස ස්ථාපිත විය. ජනරජයේ මුල් වසරවලදී, හමුදා නායකයින් අතර බලය සඳහා ආවේණික අරගල දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ පසු, 1821 අගෝස්තු 3 වන දින ලබා දුන් නියෝගයකට අනුව, ආරක්ෂකයා යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ, පේරු හි නිදහස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වල හමුදා-දේශපාලන අණ භාර ගත්තේය. ආරක්ෂකයාගේ කෘති ජාතික පුස්තකාලය (දැනුම වෙනුවෙන්) නිර්මාණය කිරීමට, ජාතික ගීය අනුමත කිරීමට සහ මිටා අහෝසි කිරීමට (ආදිවාසීන් වෙනුවෙන්) දායක විය. 1821 දෙසැම්බර් 27 වන දින, සැන් මාටින් අමාත්‍යාංශ තුනක් නිර්මාණය කළේය: රාජ්‍ය හා විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය, ජුවාන් ගාර්ෂියා ඩෙල් රියෝට; යුද හා නාවික අමාත්‍යාංශය බර්නාඩෝ ඩි මොන්ටෙගුඩෝට; සහ මුදල් අමාත්‍යාංශය හිපොලිටෝ උනනුට.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>870rmqd933e5f7sb3i4mjm91ps9o69i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754272</id>
      <parentid>754271</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:01:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* නිදහස */</comment>
      <origin>754272</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="107235" sha1="n38d9dizt520mi1hhilyvx9v4eckbsp" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

අවසාන සාපා ඉන්කා වන අටහුල්පා (හෝ අටහුල්පා) අධිරාජ්‍යයා බවට පත් වූයේ ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් අර්ධ සහෝදරයා වන හුවාස්කාර් ඔවුන්ගේ පියා වන [21] ඉන්කා හුවායිනා කැපැක්ගේ මරණයෙන් ඇති වූ සිවිල් යුද්ධයකදී පරාජය කර මරා දැමීමෙනි. 1532 දෙසැම්බරයේදී, ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද (චන්කාස්, හුවාන්කාස්, කනාරිස් සහ චචපොයාස් විසින් ඉන්දියානු සහායකයින් ලෙස සහාය දක්වන ලද) ජයග්‍රාහී පක්ෂයක් කැජමාර්කා සටනේදී ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයා අටහුල්පා පරාජය කර අල්ලා ගත්හ. [22] වසර ගණනාවක මූලික ගවේෂණ සහ හමුදා ගැටුම් වලින් පසුව, එය දශක ගණනාවක් සටන් කිරීමට සිදු වූ දිගු මෙහෙයුමක පළමු පියවර වූ නමුත් ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් සහ පේරු හි උපරාජිකත්වය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය යටත් විජිතකරණයෙන් අවසන් වූ අතර එහි අගනුවර ලීමා වන අතර එය එවකට &quot;ලා සියුඩාඩ් ඩි ලොස් රෙයිස්&quot; (රජවරුන්ගේ නගරය) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. පේරු රාජ්‍යය අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, උපරාජයාණන්ගේ පාලන සමය පුරා භ්‍රමණ ව්‍යාපාරවලට මෙන්ම ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය දෙසට ගවේෂණවලට ද හේතු විය. ඇමරින්දියානු ප්‍රතිරෝධය මැඩපැවැත්වීම සඳහා ස්පාඤ්ඤ උත්සාහයන් සිදු වූ විට මෙන්. 1572 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විල්කබම්බා හි නව-ඉන්කා රාජ්‍යය විනාශ කළ විට අවසාන ඉන්කා ප්‍රතිරෝධය මර්දනය කරන ලදී.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.


ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් වසංගත රෝග මෙන්ම සූරාකෑම සහ සමාජ-ආර්ථික වෙනස්කම් හේතුවෙන් ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය නාටකාකාර ලෙස බිඳ වැටුණි.[23] වයිස්රෝයි ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩි ටොලිඩෝ 1570 ගණන්වල රන් හා රිදී කැණීම එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම ලෙස සහ ඇමරින්දියානු බලහත්කාර ශ්‍රමය එහි ප්‍රාථමික ශ්‍රම බලකාය ලෙස ප්‍රතිසංවිධානය කළේය. පොටෝසි (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) සහ හුවාන්කාවෙලිකා හි මහා රිදී සහ රන් ලෝඩ් සොයා ගැනීමත් සමඟ, උපරාජ රාජ්‍යය ඛනිජ සම්පත් සපයන වැදගත් සැපයුම්කරුවෙකු ලෙස සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. පේරු බුලියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට ආදායමක් ලබා දුන් අතර යුරෝපය සහ පිලිපීනය දක්වා විහිදුණු සංකීර්ණ වෙළඳ ජාලයකට ඉන්ධන සැපයීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වාණිජ හා ජනගහන හුවමාරු ඇකපුල්කෝ හරහා ගමන් කරන මැනිලා ගැලියන් හරහා සිදු වූ අතර, ඇමරිකාවේ වෙළඳ මාර්ගයේ දුරස්ථම අන්තය ලෙස පේරු හි කැලාඕ තිබුණි. [24] මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පැනමාවේ ආණ්ඩුකාර දොන් සෙබස්තියන් හර්ටාඩෝ ද කෝර්කුවේරා ද පේරු සොල්දාදුවන් සහ ජනපදිකයන් යොදවා පිලිපීනයේ සැම්බෝන්ගා නගරය පදිංචි කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු විය. [25] ශ්‍රම බලකාය පුළුල් කිරීම සඳහා අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන් ශ්‍රම ජනගහනයට එකතු කරන ලදී. යටත් විජිත පරිපාලන උපකරණයක් සහ නිලධාරිවාදයේ ව්‍යාප්තිය ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංවිධානයට සමාන්තර විය.

ජයග්‍රහණයත් සමඟ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය පැතිරීම ආරම්භ විය; බොහෝ මිනිසුන් බලහත්කාරයෙන් කතෝලික ආගමට හරවා ගන්නා ලද අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ පූජකවරු පසුව ඉංග්‍රීසි යටත් විජිතවල පියුරිටන් දේවතාවන් මෙන් විශ්වාස කළේ ස්වදේශික ජනතාව &quot;යක්ෂයා විසින් දූෂිත කර ඇති බවත්, ඔවුන් හරහා ඔවුන්ගේ අත්තිවාරම් අවුල් කිරීමට&quot; කටයුතු කළ බවත්ය. [26] ජනගහනය පරිවර්තනය කිරීමට පරම්පරාවක් ගත විය. ඔවුන් සෑම නගරයකම පල්ලි ඉදි කළ අතර කුස්කෝ නගරයේ කොරිකන්චා වැනි ඉන්කා දේවාල කිහිපයක් පල්ලි වලින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළහ. අලුතින් පරිවර්තනය වූ කතෝලිකයන් වෙනත් ආගම් හෝ විශ්වාසයන් වෙත යොමු නොවන බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා වධහිංසා පැමිණවීම සහ ආරාම පාසල් භාවිතා කරමින්, විශේෂයෙන් ඉන්කා වංශවත් සහ ඉහළ පන්තියේ ගැහැණු ළමයින්ට අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීම, &quot;[කන්‍යා සොහොයුරියක් වීමට] ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට හෝ ආරාමයෙන් ඉවත් වී පේරු හි ඔවුන්ගේ පියවරුන් ගොඩනඟා ගැනීමට සැලසුම් කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි සමාජයේ ('estado') භූමිකාව භාර ගැනීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් වයසට යන තුරු&quot; පල්ලිය ඉන්ක්විසිෂන් භාවිතා කළේය. [27] පේරු කතෝලික ධර්මය බොහෝ ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල දක්නට ලැබෙන සමමුහුර්තකරණය අනුගමනය කරන අතර, එහි ආගමික ස්වදේශික චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර ක්‍රිස්තියානි සැමරුම් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කර ඇත. මෙම උත්සාහයේදී, පල්ලිය ස්වදේශිකයන්ගේ සංස්කෘතිය තුළ වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික කක්ෂයට ඔවුන්ව ඇද ගැනීම.[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;


ටුපැක් අමරු II

18 වන සියවස වන විට, රිදී නිෂ්පාදනය පහත වැටීම සහ ආර්ථික විවිධාංගීකරණය රාජකීය ආදායම බෙහෙවින් අඩු කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කිරීටය විසින් බදු වැඩි කරන ලද සහ උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදා වෙන් කරන ලද ආඥා මාලාවක් වන බෝර්බන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. නව නීති මගින් දෙවන ටුපැක් අමරුගේ කැරැල්ල සහ අනෙකුත් කැරලි ඇති වූ අතර, ඒ සියල්ල මර්දනය කරන ලදී. මෙම සහ වෙනත් වෙනස්කම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රියෝල් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයින් භූමිය මත පාලනය ඒකාධිකාරී කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, දැවැන්ත ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය අඩුවීම නිසා අතහැර දැමූ හොඳම ඉඩම් බොහොමයක් අල්ලා ගත්හ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මෙරිඩියන් හරහා බ්‍රසීලය පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට විරුද්ධ වූයේ නැත. ස්පාඤ්ඤය පෘතුගාලය පාලනය කළ අතරතුර ටෝර්ඩසිලාස් ගිවිසුම 1580 සහ 1640 අතර කාලය තුළ අර්ථ විරහිත විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤය සමඟ සන්නිවේදනය සහ වෙළඳාම ලිහිල් කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදීමට සහ නව ග්‍රැනඩා සහ රියෝ ඩි හි නව උපරාජ පක්ෂයන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට හේතු විය. පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවන ලද භූමිවල වියදමින් ලා ප්ලාටා; මෙය උපරාජ අගනුවර ලෙස ලීමා හි බලය, ප්‍රමුඛත්වය සහ වැදගත්කම අඩු කළ අතර ලාභදායී ඇන්ඩියන් වෙළඳාම බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් සහ බොගෝටා වෙත මාරු කළ අතර පතල් හා රෙදිපිළි නිෂ්පාදනයේ බිඳවැටීම පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවියේ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ක්ෂය වීම වේගවත් කළේය.

අවසානයේදී, දහනව වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ජාතික නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අභියෝගයට ලක් වූ විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ වැඩි කොටසක් මෙන්, උපරාජ පදවිය විසුරුවා හරින ලදී. මෙම ව්‍යාපාර, එක් අවස්ථාවක හෝ තවත් අවස්ථාවක පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවා තිබූ භූමිවල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ නූතන රටවල් බහුතරයක් ගොඩනැගීමට හේතු විය.[28] යටත් විජිතය සහ යටත් විජිතය ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පේරු භූමිය යටත් කර ගැනීමට පෙර නොතිබූ සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ජනවාර්ගික මිශ්‍රණයක් ගෙන ආවේය. ඉන්කා සම්ප්‍රදායන් බොහොමයක් නැති වී හෝ තනුක කර තිබුණද, නව සිරිත් විරිත්, සම්ප්‍රදායන් සහ දැනුම එකතු කරන ලද අතර, පොහොසත් මිශ්‍ර පේරු සංස්කෘතියක් නිර්මාණය විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ට එරෙහි වැදගත්ම ස්වදේශික කැරලි දෙකක් වූයේ 1742 දී ජුවාන් සැන්ටොස් අටහුල්පා සහ 1742 දී ටුපැක් අමරු II කැරැල්ලයි. 1780 දී කුස්කෝ අසල උස්බිම් වටා.[29]

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
19 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, බොහෝ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් නිදහස් යුද්ධවලින් අතුගා දැමූ අතර, පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාජකීය බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තිය විමුක්තිය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රාජාණ්ඩුවට පක්ෂපාතීත්වය අතර දෝලනය වෙමින් සිටියදී, නිදහස ලබා ගත්තේ ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසුව පමණි.

ආර්ථික අර්බුද, යුරෝපයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ බලය අහිමි වීම, උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ නිදහස් යුද්ධය සහ ස්වදේශික නැගිටීම් යන සියල්ලම දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රියෝලෝ ජනගහනය අතර විමුක්ති අදහස් වර්ධනය කිරීමට හිතකර වාතාවරණයක් ඇති කිරීමට දායක විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පේරු හි ක්‍රියෝලෝ කතිපයාධිකාරය වරප්‍රසාද භුක්ති විඳි අතර ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට පක්ෂපාතීව සිටියේය. විමුක්ති ව්‍යාපාරය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වන අතර එහිදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ යටත් විජිත කෙරෙහි ඇති අධිකාරිය අහිමි වීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ස්වාධීන ජුන්ටා නිර්මාණය විය.

රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිදහස සඳහා සටන් කිරීමෙන් පසු, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් ඇන්ඩීස් හමුදාව නිර්මාණය කර දින 21 කින් ඇන්ඩීස් තරණය කළේය. චිලීයට පැමිණි පසු, ඔහු චිලී හමුදාවේ ජෙනරාල් බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස් සමඟ එකතු වී 1818 දී චකබුකෝ සහ මයිපු සටන් වලදී රට නිදහස් කර ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; 1820 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 වන දින, චිලී නාවික හමුදාවේ සේවය කළ ජෙනරාල් ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ තෝමස් කොක්රේන්ගේ අණ යටතේ යුධ නැව් අටකින් යුත් බලඇණියක් පැරකාස් වරායට පැමිණියේය. ඔක්තෝබර් 26 වන දින වහාම ඔවුන් පිස්කෝ නගරය පාලනය කළහ. නොවැම්බර් 12 වන දින සැන් මාටින් හුවාචෝ හි පදිංචි වූ අතර, කොක්රේන් උතුරට යාත්‍රා කර ලීමා හි කැලාඕ වරාය අවහිර කරන අතරතුර ඔහු එහි තම මූලස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. ඒ සමඟම උතුරේ, ග්‍රෙගෝරියෝ එස්කොබෙඩෝගේ අණ යටතේ කැරලිකාර හමුදා විසින් ගුවායාකිල් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලදී. පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ බලකොටුව වූ බැවින්, පේරු නිදහස් කර ගැනීම සඳහා සැන් මාටින්ගේ උපාය මාර්ගය වූයේ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකභාවය භාවිතා කිරීමයි. පේරුට නිදහස ලබා දෙන ලෙස වයිස්රෝයිගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට ඔහු ලීමා වෙත නියෝජිතයින් යැවීය, කෙසේ වෙතත්, සියලු සාකච්ඡා අසාර්ථක විය.[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]

පේරුහි උපරාජයා වූ ජෝකින් ඩි ලා පැසුවේලා, සැන් මාර්ටින්ගේ තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් ලීමාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා පක්ෂපාතී හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා පත් කළේය. ජනවාරි 29 වන දින, ඩි ලා සර්නා ඩි ලා පස්වේලාට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් සංවිධානය කළ අතර, එය ස්පාඤ්ඤය විසින් පිළිගනු ලැබූ අතර ඔහු පේරුහි උපරාජයා ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. මෙම අභ්‍යන්තර බල අරගලය විමුක්ති හමුදාවේ සාර්ථකත්වයට දායක විය. මිලිටරි ගැටුමක් වළක්වා ගැනීම සඳහා, සැන් මාර්ටින් අලුතින් පත් කරන ලද උපරාජයා වූ ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා හමුවී ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාජාණ්ඩුවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළ අතර, එම යෝජනාව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී. ඩි ලා සර්නා නගරය අතහැර දැමූ අතර, 1821 ජූලි 12 වන දින, සැන් මාර්ටින් ලීමා අල්ලාගෙන 1821 ජූලි 28 වන දින පේරු නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය. ඔහු පළමු පේරු ධජය නිර්මාණය කළේය. ඉහළ පේරු (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) වසර තුනකට පසු සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදාව එය නිදහස් කරන තෙක් ස්පාඤ්ඤ බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ජෝසේ ඩි සැන් මාර්ටින් පේරුහි ආරක්ෂකයා ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු සම්මේලනයක් සඳහා වූ බොලිවේරියානු ව්‍යාපෘති අසාර්ථක වූ අතර බොලිවියාව සමඟ සන්ධානයක් තාවකාලික බව ඔප්පු වූ බැවින්, මෙම කාලය තුළ පේරු ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවය ගොඩනඟා ගන්නා ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

සයිමන් බොලිවර් උතුරේ සිට තම ව්‍යාපාරය දියත් කළ අතර, 1821 දී කැරබෝබෝ සටන්වලදී සහ වසරකට පසුව පිචින්චා සටන්වලදී නිව් ග්‍රැනඩාවේ උපරාජ පක්ෂය නිදහස් කළේය. 1822 ජූලි මාසයේදී, බොලිවර් සහ සැන් මාටින් ගුවායාකිල් සමුළුවට රැස් වූහ. පළමු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව රැස් කිරීමෙන් පසු සැන් මාටින් දේශපාලනයෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගිය අතර, පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිදහස් කිරීමේ වගකීම බොලිවර්ට පැවරුණි. අලුතින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද පේරු කොංග්‍රසය පේරුහි බොලිවර් ආඥාදායකයා ලෙස නම් කළ අතර, ඔහුට හමුදාව සංවිධානය කිරීමේ බලය ලබා දුන්නේය.

ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ජෝස් ද සුක්‍රේගේ සහාය ඇතිව, ඔවුන් 1824 අගෝස්තු 6 වන දින ජූනින් සටනේදී සහ එම වසරේම දෙසැම්බර් 9 වන දින තීරණාත්මක අයකුචෝ සටනේදී විශාල ස්පාඤ්ඤ හමුදාව පරාජය කරමින් පේරු සහ ඉහළ පේරුහි නිදහස තහවුරු කළහ. ඉහළ පේරු පසුව බොලිවියාව ලෙස ස්ථාපිත විය. ජනරජයේ මුල් වසරවලදී, හමුදා නායකයින් අතර බලය සඳහා ආවේණික අරගල දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ පසු, 1821 අගෝස්තු 3 වන දින ලබා දුන් නියෝගයකට අනුව, ආරක්ෂකයා යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ, පේරු හි නිදහස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වල හමුදා-දේශපාලන අණ භාර ගත්තේය. ආරක්ෂකයාගේ කෘති ජාතික පුස්තකාලය (දැනුම වෙනුවෙන්) නිර්මාණය කිරීමට, ජාතික ගීය අනුමත කිරීමට සහ මිටා අහෝසි කිරීමට (ආදිවාසීන් වෙනුවෙන්) දායක විය. 1821 දෙසැම්බර් 27 වන දින, සැන් මාටින් අමාත්‍යාංශ තුනක් නිර්මාණය කළේය: රාජ්‍ය හා විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය, ජුවාන් ගාර්ෂියා ඩෙල් රියෝට; යුද හා නාවික අමාත්‍යාංශය බර්නාඩෝ ඩි මොන්ටෙගුඩෝට; සහ මුදල් අමාත්‍යාංශය හිපොලිටෝ උනනුට.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>n38d9dizt520mi1hhilyvx9v4eckbsp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754273</id>
      <parentid>754272</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:03:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය */</comment>
      <origin>754273</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="107195" sha1="i0mr5ey0f0odcqph5ngex3jp813yf8n" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother [[:en:Huáscar|Huáscar]] in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of ''[[:en:Conquistador|conquistadors]]'' (supported by the [[:en:Chanka|Chankas]], [[:en:Huanca_people|Huancas]], [[:en:Cañari|Cañaris]] and [[:en:Chachapoya_culture|Chachapoyas]] as [[:en:Indian_auxiliaries|Indian auxiliaries]]) led by [[:en:Francisco_Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the [[:en:Battle_of_Cajamarca|Battle of Cajamarca]]. After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] with its capital at [[:en:Lima|Lima]], which was then known as &quot;La Ciudad de los Reyes&quot; (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the [[:en:Neo-Inca_State|Neo-Inca State]] in [[:en:Vilcabamba,_Peru|Vilcabamba]] in 1572.

අවසාන සාපා ඉන්කා වන අටහුල්පා (හෝ අටහුල්පා) අධිරාජ්‍යයා බවට පත් වූයේ ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් අර්ධ සහෝදරයා වන හුවාස්කාර් ඔවුන්ගේ පියා වන&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්කා හුවායිනා කැපැක්ගේ මරණයෙන් ඇති වූ සිවිල් යුද්ධයකදී පරාජය කර මරා දැමීමෙනි. 1532 දෙසැම්බරයේදී, ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද (චන්කාස්, හුවාන්කාස්, කනාරිස් සහ චචපොයාස් විසින් ඉන්දියානු සහායකයින් ලෙස සහාය දක්වන ලද) ජයග්‍රාහී පක්ෂයක් කැජමාර්කා සටනේදී ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයා අටහුල්පා පරාජය කර අල්ලා ගත්හ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; වසර ගණනාවක මූලික ගවේෂණ සහ හමුදා ගැටුම් වලින් පසුව, එය දශක ගණනාවක් සටන් කිරීමට සිදු වූ දිගු මෙහෙයුමක පළමු පියවර වූ නමුත් ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් සහ පේරු හි උපරාජිකත්වය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය යටත් විජිතකරණයෙන් අවසන් වූ අතර එහි අගනුවර ලීමා වන අතර එය එවකට &quot;ලා සියුඩාඩ් ඩි ලොස් රෙයිස්&quot; (රජවරුන්ගේ නගරය) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. පේරු රාජ්‍යය අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, උපරාජයාණන්ගේ පාලන සමය පුරා භ්‍රමණ ව්‍යාපාරවලට මෙන්ම ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය දෙසට ගවේෂණවලට ද හේතු විය. ඇමරින්දියානු ප්‍රතිරෝධය මැඩපැවැත්වීම සඳහා ස්පාඤ්ඤ උත්සාහයන් සිදු වූ විට මෙන්. 1572 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විල්කබම්බා හි නව-ඉන්කා රාජ්‍යය විනාශ කළ විට අවසාන ඉන්කා ප්‍රතිරෝධය මර්දනය කරන ලදී.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change. Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas. In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists. [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations. It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru. Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.


ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් වසංගත රෝග මෙන්ම සූරාකෑම සහ සමාජ-ආර්ථික වෙනස්කම් හේතුවෙන් ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය නාටකාකාර ලෙස බිඳ වැටුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; වයිස්රෝයි ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩි ටොලිඩෝ 1570 ගණන්වල රන් හා රිදී කැණීම එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම ලෙස සහ ඇමරින්දියානු බලහත්කාර ශ්‍රමය එහි ප්‍රාථමික ශ්‍රම බලකාය ලෙස ප්‍රතිසංවිධානය කළේය. පොටෝසි (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) සහ හුවාන්කාවෙලිකා හි මහා රිදී සහ රන් ලෝඩ් සොයා ගැනීමත් සමඟ, උපරාජ රාජ්‍යය ඛනිජ සම්පත් සපයන වැදගත් සැපයුම්කරුවෙකු ලෙස සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. පේරු බුලියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට ආදායමක් ලබා දුන් අතර යුරෝපය සහ පිලිපීනය දක්වා විහිදුණු සංකීර්ණ වෙළඳ ජාලයකට ඉන්ධන සැපයීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වාණිජ හා ජනගහන හුවමාරු ඇකපුල්කෝ හරහා ගමන් කරන මැනිලා ගැලියන් හරහා සිදු වූ අතර, ඇමරිකාවේ වෙළඳ මාර්ගයේ දුරස්ථම අන්තය ලෙස පේරු හි කැලාඕ තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පැනමාවේ ආණ්ඩුකාර දොන් සෙබස්තියන් හර්ටාඩෝ ද කෝර්කුවේරා ද පේරු සොල්දාදුවන් සහ ජනපදිකයන් යොදවා පිලිපීනයේ සැම්බෝන්ගා නගරය පදිංචි කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ශ්‍රම බලකාය පුළුල් කිරීම සඳහා අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන් ශ්‍රම ජනගහනයට එකතු කරන ලදී. යටත් විජිත පරිපාලන උපකරණයක් සහ නිලධාරිවාදයේ ව්‍යාප්තිය ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංවිධානයට සමාන්තර විය.

ජයග්‍රහණයත් සමඟ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය පැතිරීම ආරම්භ විය; බොහෝ මිනිසුන් බලහත්කාරයෙන් කතෝලික ආගමට හරවා ගන්නා ලද අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ පූජකවරු පසුව ඉංග්‍රීසි යටත් විජිතවල පියුරිටන් දේවතාවන් මෙන් විශ්වාස කළේ ස්වදේශික ජනතාව &quot;යක්ෂයා විසින් දූෂිත කර ඇති බවත්, ඔවුන් හරහා ඔවුන්ගේ අත්තිවාරම් අවුල් කිරීමට&quot; කටයුතු කළ බවත්ය.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනගහනය පරිවර්තනය කිරීමට පරම්පරාවක් ගත විය. ඔවුන් සෑම නගරයකම පල්ලි ඉදි කළ අතර කුස්කෝ නගරයේ කොරිකන්චා වැනි ඉන්කා දේවාල කිහිපයක් පල්ලි වලින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළහ. අලුතින් පරිවර්තනය වූ කතෝලිකයන් වෙනත් ආගම් හෝ විශ්වාසයන් වෙත යොමු නොවන බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා වධහිංසා පැමිණවීම සහ ආරාම පාසල් භාවිතා කරමින්, විශේෂයෙන් ඉන්කා වංශවත් සහ ඉහළ පන්තියේ ගැහැණු ළමයින්ට අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීම, &quot;[කන්‍යා සොහොයුරියක් වීමට] ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට හෝ ආරාමයෙන් ඉවත් වී පේරු හි ඔවුන්ගේ පියවරුන් ගොඩනඟා ගැනීමට සැලසුම් කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි සමාජයේ ('estado') භූමිකාව භාර ගැනීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් වයසට යන තුරු&quot; පල්ලිය ඉන්ක්විසිෂන් භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කතෝලික ධර්මය බොහෝ ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල දක්නට ලැබෙන සමමුහුර්තකරණය අනුගමනය කරන අතර, එහි ආගමික ස්වදේශික චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර ක්‍රිස්තියානි සැමරුම් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කර ඇත. මෙම උත්සාහයේදී, පල්ලිය ස්වදේශිකයන්ගේ සංස්කෘතිය තුළ වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික කක්ෂයට ඔවුන්ව ඇද ගැනීම.[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.


ටුපැක් අමරු II

18 වන සියවස වන විට, රිදී නිෂ්පාදනය පහත වැටීම සහ ආර්ථික විවිධාංගීකරණය රාජකීය ආදායම බෙහෙවින් අඩු කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කිරීටය විසින් බදු වැඩි කරන ලද සහ උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදා වෙන් කරන ලද ආඥා මාලාවක් වන බෝර්බන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. නව නීති මගින් දෙවන ටුපැක් අමරුගේ කැරැල්ල සහ අනෙකුත් කැරලි ඇති වූ අතර, ඒ සියල්ල මර්දනය කරන ලදී. මෙම සහ වෙනත් වෙනස්කම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රියෝල් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයින් භූමිය මත පාලනය ඒකාධිකාරී කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, දැවැන්ත ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය අඩුවීම නිසා අතහැර දැමූ හොඳම ඉඩම් බොහොමයක් අල්ලා ගත්හ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මෙරිඩියන් හරහා බ්‍රසීලය පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට විරුද්ධ වූයේ නැත. ස්පාඤ්ඤය පෘතුගාලය පාලනය කළ අතරතුර ටෝර්ඩසිලාස් ගිවිසුම 1580 සහ 1640 අතර කාලය තුළ අර්ථ විරහිත විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤය සමඟ සන්නිවේදනය සහ වෙළඳාම ලිහිල් කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදීමට සහ නව ග්‍රැනඩා සහ රියෝ ඩි හි නව උපරාජ පක්ෂයන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට හේතු විය. පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවන ලද භූමිවල වියදමින් ලා ප්ලාටා; මෙය උපරාජ අගනුවර ලෙස ලීමා හි බලය, ප්‍රමුඛත්වය සහ වැදගත්කම අඩු කළ අතර ලාභදායී ඇන්ඩියන් වෙළඳාම බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් සහ බොගෝටා වෙත මාරු කළ අතර පතල් හා රෙදිපිළි නිෂ්පාදනයේ බිඳවැටීම පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවියේ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ක්ෂය වීම වේගවත් කළේය.

අවසානයේදී, දහනව වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ජාතික නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අභියෝගයට ලක් වූ විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ වැඩි කොටසක් මෙන්, උපරාජ පදවිය විසුරුවා හරින ලදී. මෙම ව්‍යාපාර, එක් අවස්ථාවක හෝ තවත් අවස්ථාවක පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවා තිබූ භූමිවල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ නූතන රටවල් බහුතරයක් ගොඩනැගීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; යටත් විජිතය සහ යටත් විජිතය ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පේරු භූමිය යටත් කර ගැනීමට පෙර නොතිබූ සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ජනවාර්ගික මිශ්‍රණයක් ගෙන ආවේය. ඉන්කා සම්ප්‍රදායන් බොහොමයක් නැති වී හෝ තනුක කර තිබුණද, නව සිරිත් විරිත්, සම්ප්‍රදායන් සහ දැනුම එකතු කරන ලද අතර, පොහොසත් මිශ්‍ර පේරු සංස්කෘතියක් නිර්මාණය විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ට එරෙහි වැදගත්ම ස්වදේශික කැරලි දෙකක් වූයේ 1742 දී ජුවාන් සැන්ටොස් අටහුල්පා සහ 1742 දී ටුපැක් අමරු II කැරැල්ලයි. 1780 දී කුස්කෝ අසල උස්බිම් වටා.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
19 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, බොහෝ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් නිදහස් යුද්ධවලින් අතුගා දැමූ අතර, පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාජකීය බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තිය විමුක්තිය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රාජාණ්ඩුවට පක්ෂපාතීත්වය අතර දෝලනය වෙමින් සිටියදී, නිදහස ලබා ගත්තේ ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසුව පමණි.

ආර්ථික අර්බුද, යුරෝපයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ බලය අහිමි වීම, උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ නිදහස් යුද්ධය සහ ස්වදේශික නැගිටීම් යන සියල්ලම දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රියෝලෝ ජනගහනය අතර විමුක්ති අදහස් වර්ධනය කිරීමට හිතකර වාතාවරණයක් ඇති කිරීමට දායක විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පේරු හි ක්‍රියෝලෝ කතිපයාධිකාරය වරප්‍රසාද භුක්ති විඳි අතර ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට පක්ෂපාතීව සිටියේය. විමුක්ති ව්‍යාපාරය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වන අතර එහිදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ යටත් විජිත කෙරෙහි ඇති අධිකාරිය අහිමි වීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ස්වාධීන ජුන්ටා නිර්මාණය විය.

රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිදහස සඳහා සටන් කිරීමෙන් පසු, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් ඇන්ඩීස් හමුදාව නිර්මාණය කර දින 21 කින් ඇන්ඩීස් තරණය කළේය. චිලීයට පැමිණි පසු, ඔහු චිලී හමුදාවේ ජෙනරාල් බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස් සමඟ එකතු වී 1818 දී චකබුකෝ සහ මයිපු සටන් වලදී රට නිදහස් කර ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; 1820 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 වන දින, චිලී නාවික හමුදාවේ සේවය කළ ජෙනරාල් ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ තෝමස් කොක්රේන්ගේ අණ යටතේ යුධ නැව් අටකින් යුත් බලඇණියක් පැරකාස් වරායට පැමිණියේය. ඔක්තෝබර් 26 වන දින වහාම ඔවුන් පිස්කෝ නගරය පාලනය කළහ. නොවැම්බර් 12 වන දින සැන් මාටින් හුවාචෝ හි පදිංචි වූ අතර, කොක්රේන් උතුරට යාත්‍රා කර ලීමා හි කැලාඕ වරාය අවහිර කරන අතරතුර ඔහු එහි තම මූලස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. ඒ සමඟම උතුරේ, ග්‍රෙගෝරියෝ එස්කොබෙඩෝගේ අණ යටතේ කැරලිකාර හමුදා විසින් ගුවායාකිල් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලදී. පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ බලකොටුව වූ බැවින්, පේරු නිදහස් කර ගැනීම සඳහා සැන් මාටින්ගේ උපාය මාර්ගය වූයේ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකභාවය භාවිතා කිරීමයි. පේරුට නිදහස ලබා දෙන ලෙස වයිස්රෝයිගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට ඔහු ලීමා වෙත නියෝජිතයින් යැවීය, කෙසේ වෙතත්, සියලු සාකච්ඡා අසාර්ථක විය.[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]

පේරුහි උපරාජයා වූ ජෝකින් ඩි ලා පැසුවේලා, සැන් මාර්ටින්ගේ තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් ලීමාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා පක්ෂපාතී හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා පත් කළේය. ජනවාරි 29 වන දින, ඩි ලා සර්නා ඩි ලා පස්වේලාට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් සංවිධානය කළ අතර, එය ස්පාඤ්ඤය විසින් පිළිගනු ලැබූ අතර ඔහු පේරුහි උපරාජයා ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. මෙම අභ්‍යන්තර බල අරගලය විමුක්ති හමුදාවේ සාර්ථකත්වයට දායක විය. මිලිටරි ගැටුමක් වළක්වා ගැනීම සඳහා, සැන් මාර්ටින් අලුතින් පත් කරන ලද උපරාජයා වූ ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා හමුවී ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාජාණ්ඩුවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළ අතර, එම යෝජනාව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී. ඩි ලා සර්නා නගරය අතහැර දැමූ අතර, 1821 ජූලි 12 වන දින, සැන් මාර්ටින් ලීමා අල්ලාගෙන 1821 ජූලි 28 වන දින පේරු නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය. ඔහු පළමු පේරු ධජය නිර්මාණය කළේය. ඉහළ පේරු (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) වසර තුනකට පසු සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදාව එය නිදහස් කරන තෙක් ස්පාඤ්ඤ බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ජෝසේ ඩි සැන් මාර්ටින් පේරුහි ආරක්ෂකයා ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු සම්මේලනයක් සඳහා වූ බොලිවේරියානු ව්‍යාපෘති අසාර්ථක වූ අතර බොලිවියාව සමඟ සන්ධානයක් තාවකාලික බව ඔප්පු වූ බැවින්, මෙම කාලය තුළ පේරු ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවය ගොඩනඟා ගන්නා ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

සයිමන් බොලිවර් උතුරේ සිට තම ව්‍යාපාරය දියත් කළ අතර, 1821 දී කැරබෝබෝ සටන්වලදී සහ වසරකට පසුව පිචින්චා සටන්වලදී නිව් ග්‍රැනඩාවේ උපරාජ පක්ෂය නිදහස් කළේය. 1822 ජූලි මාසයේදී, බොලිවර් සහ සැන් මාටින් ගුවායාකිල් සමුළුවට රැස් වූහ. පළමු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව රැස් කිරීමෙන් පසු සැන් මාටින් දේශපාලනයෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගිය අතර, පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිදහස් කිරීමේ වගකීම බොලිවර්ට පැවරුණි. අලුතින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද පේරු කොංග්‍රසය පේරුහි බොලිවර් ආඥාදායකයා ලෙස නම් කළ අතර, ඔහුට හමුදාව සංවිධානය කිරීමේ බලය ලබා දුන්නේය.

ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ජෝස් ද සුක්‍රේගේ සහාය ඇතිව, ඔවුන් 1824 අගෝස්තු 6 වන දින ජූනින් සටනේදී සහ එම වසරේම දෙසැම්බර් 9 වන දින තීරණාත්මක අයකුචෝ සටනේදී විශාල ස්පාඤ්ඤ හමුදාව පරාජය කරමින් පේරු සහ ඉහළ පේරුහි නිදහස තහවුරු කළහ. ඉහළ පේරු පසුව බොලිවියාව ලෙස ස්ථාපිත විය. ජනරජයේ මුල් වසරවලදී, හමුදා නායකයින් අතර බලය සඳහා ආවේණික අරගල දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ පසු, 1821 අගෝස්තු 3 වන දින ලබා දුන් නියෝගයකට අනුව, ආරක්ෂකයා යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ, පේරු හි නිදහස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වල හමුදා-දේශපාලන අණ භාර ගත්තේය. ආරක්ෂකයාගේ කෘති ජාතික පුස්තකාලය (දැනුම වෙනුවෙන්) නිර්මාණය කිරීමට, ජාතික ගීය අනුමත කිරීමට සහ මිටා අහෝසි කිරීමට (ආදිවාසීන් වෙනුවෙන්) දායක විය. 1821 දෙසැම්බර් 27 වන දින, සැන් මාටින් අමාත්‍යාංශ තුනක් නිර්මාණය කළේය: රාජ්‍ය හා විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය, ජුවාන් ගාර්ෂියා ඩෙල් රියෝට; යුද හා නාවික අමාත්‍යාංශය බර්නාඩෝ ඩි මොන්ටෙගුඩෝට; සහ මුදල් අමාත්‍යාංශය හිපොලිටෝ උනනුට.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>i0mr5ey0f0odcqph5ngex3jp813yf8n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754274</id>
      <parentid>754273</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:03:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය */</comment>
      <origin>754274</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="105835" sha1="q6pr08nl00esrz22qx6o2bqtb43vyb1" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
අවසාන සාපා ඉන්කා වන අටහුල්පා (හෝ අටහුල්පා) අධිරාජ්‍යයා බවට පත් වූයේ ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් අර්ධ සහෝදරයා වන හුවාස්කාර් ඔවුන්ගේ පියා වන&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්කා හුවායිනා කැපැක්ගේ මරණයෙන් ඇති වූ සිවිල් යුද්ධයකදී පරාජය කර මරා දැමීමෙනි. 1532 දෙසැම්බරයේදී, ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද (චන්කාස්, හුවාන්කාස්, කනාරිස් සහ චචපොයාස් විසින් ඉන්දියානු සහායකයින් ලෙස සහාය දක්වන ලද) ජයග්‍රාහී පක්ෂයක් කැජමාර්කා සටනේදී ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයා අටහුල්පා පරාජය කර අල්ලා ගත්හ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; වසර ගණනාවක මූලික ගවේෂණ සහ හමුදා ගැටුම් වලින් පසුව, එය දශක ගණනාවක් සටන් කිරීමට සිදු වූ දිගු මෙහෙයුමක පළමු පියවර වූ නමුත් ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් සහ පේරු හි උපරාජිකත්වය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය යටත් විජිතකරණයෙන් අවසන් වූ අතර එහි අගනුවර ලීමා වන අතර එය එවකට &quot;ලා සියුඩාඩ් ඩි ලොස් රෙයිස්&quot; (රජවරුන්ගේ නගරය) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. පේරු රාජ්‍යය අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, උපරාජයාණන්ගේ පාලන සමය පුරා භ්‍රමණ ව්‍යාපාරවලට මෙන්ම ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය දෙසට ගවේෂණවලට ද හේතු විය. ඇමරින්දියානු ප්‍රතිරෝධය මැඩපැවැත්වීම සඳහා ස්පාඤ්ඤ උත්සාහයන් සිදු වූ විට මෙන්. 1572 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විල්කබම්බා හි නව-ඉන්කා රාජ්‍යය විනාශ කළ විට අවසාන ඉන්කා ප්‍රතිරෝධය මර්දනය කරන ලදී.

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change. Viceroy [[:en:Francisco_de_Toledo|Francisco de Toledo]] reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian [[:en:Mit'a|forced labor]] as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at [[:en:Potosí|Potosí]] (present-day Bolivia) and [[:en:Huancavelica|Huancavelica]], the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian [[:en:Bullion|bullion]] provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the [[:en:Manila_Galleon|Manila Galleons]] transiting through Acapulco, had [[:en:Callao|Callao]] at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas. In relation to this, Don [[:en:Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera|Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera]], governor of Panama was also responsible for settling [[:en:Zamboanga_City|Zamboanga City]] in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists. [[:en:History_of_slavery#Americas|African slaves]] were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization.

With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholicism]], with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples &quot;had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working &quot;through them to frustrate&quot; their foundations. It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the [[:en:Coricancha|Coricancha]] in the city of Cusco. The church employed the [[:en:Inquisition|Inquisition]], making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, &quot;until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect&quot; in Peru. Peruvian Catholicism follows the [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the [[:en:Acculturation|acculturation]] of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.


ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් වසංගත රෝග මෙන්ම සූරාකෑම සහ සමාජ-ආර්ථික වෙනස්කම් හේතුවෙන් ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය නාටකාකාර ලෙස බිඳ වැටුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; වයිස්රෝයි ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩි ටොලිඩෝ 1570 ගණන්වල රන් හා රිදී කැණීම එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම ලෙස සහ ඇමරින්දියානු බලහත්කාර ශ්‍රමය එහි ප්‍රාථමික ශ්‍රම බලකාය ලෙස ප්‍රතිසංවිධානය කළේය. පොටෝසි (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) සහ හුවාන්කාවෙලිකා හි මහා රිදී සහ රන් ලෝඩ් සොයා ගැනීමත් සමඟ, උපරාජ රාජ්‍යය ඛනිජ සම්පත් සපයන වැදගත් සැපයුම්කරුවෙකු ලෙස සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. පේරු බුලියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට ආදායමක් ලබා දුන් අතර යුරෝපය සහ පිලිපීනය දක්වා විහිදුණු සංකීර්ණ වෙළඳ ජාලයකට ඉන්ධන සැපයීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වාණිජ හා ජනගහන හුවමාරු ඇකපුල්කෝ හරහා ගමන් කරන මැනිලා ගැලියන් හරහා සිදු වූ අතර, ඇමරිකාවේ වෙළඳ මාර්ගයේ දුරස්ථම අන්තය ලෙස පේරු හි කැලාඕ තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පැනමාවේ ආණ්ඩුකාර දොන් සෙබස්තියන් හර්ටාඩෝ ද කෝර්කුවේරා ද පේරු සොල්දාදුවන් සහ ජනපදිකයන් යොදවා පිලිපීනයේ සැම්බෝන්ගා නගරය පදිංචි කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ශ්‍රම බලකාය පුළුල් කිරීම සඳහා අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන් ශ්‍රම ජනගහනයට එකතු කරන ලදී. යටත් විජිත පරිපාලන උපකරණයක් සහ නිලධාරිවාදයේ ව්‍යාප්තිය ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංවිධානයට සමාන්තර විය.

ජයග්‍රහණයත් සමඟ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය පැතිරීම ආරම්භ විය; බොහෝ මිනිසුන් බලහත්කාරයෙන් කතෝලික ආගමට හරවා ගන්නා ලද අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ පූජකවරු පසුව ඉංග්‍රීසි යටත් විජිතවල පියුරිටන් දේවතාවන් මෙන් විශ්වාස කළේ ස්වදේශික ජනතාව &quot;යක්ෂයා විසින් දූෂිත කර ඇති බවත්, ඔවුන් හරහා ඔවුන්ගේ අත්තිවාරම් අවුල් කිරීමට&quot; කටයුතු කළ බවත්ය.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනගහනය පරිවර්තනය කිරීමට පරම්පරාවක් ගත විය. ඔවුන් සෑම නගරයකම පල්ලි ඉදි කළ අතර කුස්කෝ නගරයේ කොරිකන්චා වැනි ඉන්කා දේවාල කිහිපයක් පල්ලි වලින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළහ. අලුතින් පරිවර්තනය වූ කතෝලිකයන් වෙනත් ආගම් හෝ විශ්වාසයන් වෙත යොමු නොවන බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා වධහිංසා පැමිණවීම සහ ආරාම පාසල් භාවිතා කරමින්, විශේෂයෙන් ඉන්කා වංශවත් සහ ඉහළ පන්තියේ ගැහැණු ළමයින්ට අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීම, &quot;[කන්‍යා සොහොයුරියක් වීමට] ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට හෝ ආරාමයෙන් ඉවත් වී පේරු හි ඔවුන්ගේ පියවරුන් ගොඩනඟා ගැනීමට සැලසුම් කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි සමාජයේ ('estado') භූමිකාව භාර ගැනීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් වයසට යන තුරු&quot; පල්ලිය ඉන්ක්විසිෂන් භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කතෝලික ධර්මය බොහෝ ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල දක්නට ලැබෙන සමමුහුර්තකරණය අනුගමනය කරන අතර, එහි ආගමික ස්වදේශික චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර ක්‍රිස්තියානි සැමරුම් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කර ඇත. මෙම උත්සාහයේදී, පල්ලිය ස්වදේශිකයන්ගේ සංස්කෘතිය තුළ වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික කක්ෂයට ඔවුන්ව ඇද ගැනීම.[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.


ටුපැක් අමරු II

18 වන සියවස වන විට, රිදී නිෂ්පාදනය පහත වැටීම සහ ආර්ථික විවිධාංගීකරණය රාජකීය ආදායම බෙහෙවින් අඩු කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කිරීටය විසින් බදු වැඩි කරන ලද සහ උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදා වෙන් කරන ලද ආඥා මාලාවක් වන බෝර්බන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. නව නීති මගින් දෙවන ටුපැක් අමරුගේ කැරැල්ල සහ අනෙකුත් කැරලි ඇති වූ අතර, ඒ සියල්ල මර්දනය කරන ලදී. මෙම සහ වෙනත් වෙනස්කම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රියෝල් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයින් භූමිය මත පාලනය ඒකාධිකාරී කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, දැවැන්ත ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය අඩුවීම නිසා අතහැර දැමූ හොඳම ඉඩම් බොහොමයක් අල්ලා ගත්හ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මෙරිඩියන් හරහා බ්‍රසීලය පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට විරුද්ධ වූයේ නැත. ස්පාඤ්ඤය පෘතුගාලය පාලනය කළ අතරතුර ටෝර්ඩසිලාස් ගිවිසුම 1580 සහ 1640 අතර කාලය තුළ අර්ථ විරහිත විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤය සමඟ සන්නිවේදනය සහ වෙළඳාම ලිහිල් කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදීමට සහ නව ග්‍රැනඩා සහ රියෝ ඩි හි නව උපරාජ පක්ෂයන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට හේතු විය. පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවන ලද භූමිවල වියදමින් ලා ප්ලාටා; මෙය උපරාජ අගනුවර ලෙස ලීමා හි බලය, ප්‍රමුඛත්වය සහ වැදගත්කම අඩු කළ අතර ලාභදායී ඇන්ඩියන් වෙළඳාම බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් සහ බොගෝටා වෙත මාරු කළ අතර පතල් හා රෙදිපිළි නිෂ්පාදනයේ බිඳවැටීම පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවියේ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ක්ෂය වීම වේගවත් කළේය.

අවසානයේදී, දහනව වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ජාතික නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අභියෝගයට ලක් වූ විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ වැඩි කොටසක් මෙන්, උපරාජ පදවිය විසුරුවා හරින ලදී. මෙම ව්‍යාපාර, එක් අවස්ථාවක හෝ තවත් අවස්ථාවක පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවා තිබූ භූමිවල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ නූතන රටවල් බහුතරයක් ගොඩනැගීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; යටත් විජිතය සහ යටත් විජිතය ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පේරු භූමිය යටත් කර ගැනීමට පෙර නොතිබූ සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ජනවාර්ගික මිශ්‍රණයක් ගෙන ආවේය. ඉන්කා සම්ප්‍රදායන් බොහොමයක් නැති වී හෝ තනුක කර තිබුණද, නව සිරිත් විරිත්, සම්ප්‍රදායන් සහ දැනුම එකතු කරන ලද අතර, පොහොසත් මිශ්‍ර පේරු සංස්කෘතියක් නිර්මාණය විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ට එරෙහි වැදගත්ම ස්වදේශික කැරලි දෙකක් වූයේ 1742 දී ජුවාන් සැන්ටොස් අටහුල්පා සහ 1742 දී ටුපැක් අමරු II කැරැල්ලයි. 1780 දී කුස්කෝ අසල උස්බිම් වටා.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
19 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, බොහෝ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් නිදහස් යුද්ධවලින් අතුගා දැමූ අතර, පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාජකීය බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තිය විමුක්තිය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රාජාණ්ඩුවට පක්ෂපාතීත්වය අතර දෝලනය වෙමින් සිටියදී, නිදහස ලබා ගත්තේ ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසුව පමණි.

ආර්ථික අර්බුද, යුරෝපයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ බලය අහිමි වීම, උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ නිදහස් යුද්ධය සහ ස්වදේශික නැගිටීම් යන සියල්ලම දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රියෝලෝ ජනගහනය අතර විමුක්ති අදහස් වර්ධනය කිරීමට හිතකර වාතාවරණයක් ඇති කිරීමට දායක විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පේරු හි ක්‍රියෝලෝ කතිපයාධිකාරය වරප්‍රසාද භුක්ති විඳි අතර ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට පක්ෂපාතීව සිටියේය. විමුක්ති ව්‍යාපාරය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වන අතර එහිදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ යටත් විජිත කෙරෙහි ඇති අධිකාරිය අහිමි වීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ස්වාධීන ජුන්ටා නිර්මාණය විය.

රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිදහස සඳහා සටන් කිරීමෙන් පසු, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් ඇන්ඩීස් හමුදාව නිර්මාණය කර දින 21 කින් ඇන්ඩීස් තරණය කළේය. චිලීයට පැමිණි පසු, ඔහු චිලී හමුදාවේ ජෙනරාල් බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස් සමඟ එකතු වී 1818 දී චකබුකෝ සහ මයිපු සටන් වලදී රට නිදහස් කර ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; 1820 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 වන දින, චිලී නාවික හමුදාවේ සේවය කළ ජෙනරාල් ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ තෝමස් කොක්රේන්ගේ අණ යටතේ යුධ නැව් අටකින් යුත් බලඇණියක් පැරකාස් වරායට පැමිණියේය. ඔක්තෝබර් 26 වන දින වහාම ඔවුන් පිස්කෝ නගරය පාලනය කළහ. නොවැම්බර් 12 වන දින සැන් මාටින් හුවාචෝ හි පදිංචි වූ අතර, කොක්රේන් උතුරට යාත්‍රා කර ලීමා හි කැලාඕ වරාය අවහිර කරන අතරතුර ඔහු එහි තම මූලස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. ඒ සමඟම උතුරේ, ග්‍රෙගෝරියෝ එස්කොබෙඩෝගේ අණ යටතේ කැරලිකාර හමුදා විසින් ගුවායාකිල් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලදී. පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ බලකොටුව වූ බැවින්, පේරු නිදහස් කර ගැනීම සඳහා සැන් මාටින්ගේ උපාය මාර්ගය වූයේ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකභාවය භාවිතා කිරීමයි. පේරුට නිදහස ලබා දෙන ලෙස වයිස්රෝයිගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට ඔහු ලීමා වෙත නියෝජිතයින් යැවීය, කෙසේ වෙතත්, සියලු සාකච්ඡා අසාර්ථක විය.[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]

පේරුහි උපරාජයා වූ ජෝකින් ඩි ලා පැසුවේලා, සැන් මාර්ටින්ගේ තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් ලීමාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා පක්ෂපාතී හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා පත් කළේය. ජනවාරි 29 වන දින, ඩි ලා සර්නා ඩි ලා පස්වේලාට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් සංවිධානය කළ අතර, එය ස්පාඤ්ඤය විසින් පිළිගනු ලැබූ අතර ඔහු පේරුහි උපරාජයා ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. මෙම අභ්‍යන්තර බල අරගලය විමුක්ති හමුදාවේ සාර්ථකත්වයට දායක විය. මිලිටරි ගැටුමක් වළක්වා ගැනීම සඳහා, සැන් මාර්ටින් අලුතින් පත් කරන ලද උපරාජයා වූ ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා හමුවී ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාජාණ්ඩුවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළ අතර, එම යෝජනාව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී. ඩි ලා සර්නා නගරය අතහැර දැමූ අතර, 1821 ජූලි 12 වන දින, සැන් මාර්ටින් ලීමා අල්ලාගෙන 1821 ජූලි 28 වන දින පේරු නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය. ඔහු පළමු පේරු ධජය නිර්මාණය කළේය. ඉහළ පේරු (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) වසර තුනකට පසු සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදාව එය නිදහස් කරන තෙක් ස්පාඤ්ඤ බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ජෝසේ ඩි සැන් මාර්ටින් පේරුහි ආරක්ෂකයා ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු සම්මේලනයක් සඳහා වූ බොලිවේරියානු ව්‍යාපෘති අසාර්ථක වූ අතර බොලිවියාව සමඟ සන්ධානයක් තාවකාලික බව ඔප්පු වූ බැවින්, මෙම කාලය තුළ පේරු ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවය ගොඩනඟා ගන්නා ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

සයිමන් බොලිවර් උතුරේ සිට තම ව්‍යාපාරය දියත් කළ අතර, 1821 දී කැරබෝබෝ සටන්වලදී සහ වසරකට පසුව පිචින්චා සටන්වලදී නිව් ග්‍රැනඩාවේ උපරාජ පක්ෂය නිදහස් කළේය. 1822 ජූලි මාසයේදී, බොලිවර් සහ සැන් මාටින් ගුවායාකිල් සමුළුවට රැස් වූහ. පළමු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව රැස් කිරීමෙන් පසු සැන් මාටින් දේශපාලනයෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගිය අතර, පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිදහස් කිරීමේ වගකීම බොලිවර්ට පැවරුණි. අලුතින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද පේරු කොංග්‍රසය පේරුහි බොලිවර් ආඥාදායකයා ලෙස නම් කළ අතර, ඔහුට හමුදාව සංවිධානය කිරීමේ බලය ලබා දුන්නේය.

ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ජෝස් ද සුක්‍රේගේ සහාය ඇතිව, ඔවුන් 1824 අගෝස්තු 6 වන දින ජූනින් සටනේදී සහ එම වසරේම දෙසැම්බර් 9 වන දින තීරණාත්මක අයකුචෝ සටනේදී විශාල ස්පාඤ්ඤ හමුදාව පරාජය කරමින් පේරු සහ ඉහළ පේරුහි නිදහස තහවුරු කළහ. ඉහළ පේරු පසුව බොලිවියාව ලෙස ස්ථාපිත විය. ජනරජයේ මුල් වසරවලදී, හමුදා නායකයින් අතර බලය සඳහා ආවේණික අරගල දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ පසු, 1821 අගෝස්තු 3 වන දින ලබා දුන් නියෝගයකට අනුව, ආරක්ෂකයා යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ, පේරු හි නිදහස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වල හමුදා-දේශපාලන අණ භාර ගත්තේය. ආරක්ෂකයාගේ කෘති ජාතික පුස්තකාලය (දැනුම වෙනුවෙන්) නිර්මාණය කිරීමට, ජාතික ගීය අනුමත කිරීමට සහ මිටා අහෝසි කිරීමට (ආදිවාසීන් වෙනුවෙන්) දායක විය. 1821 දෙසැම්බර් 27 වන දින, සැන් මාටින් අමාත්‍යාංශ තුනක් නිර්මාණය කළේය: රාජ්‍ය හා විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය, ජුවාන් ගාර්ෂියා ඩෙල් රියෝට; යුද හා නාවික අමාත්‍යාංශය බර්නාඩෝ ඩි මොන්ටෙගුඩෝට; සහ මුදල් අමාත්‍යාංශය හිපොලිටෝ උනනුට.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>q6pr08nl00esrz22qx6o2bqtb43vyb1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754275</id>
      <parentid>754274</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:04:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය */</comment>
      <origin>754275</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="102985" sha1="d6joz0rvww3n87s8uoamcd09a7zgi0s" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
අවසාන සාපා ඉන්කා වන අටහුල්පා (හෝ අටහුල්පා) අධිරාජ්‍යයා බවට පත් වූයේ ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් අර්ධ සහෝදරයා වන හුවාස්කාර් ඔවුන්ගේ පියා වන&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්කා හුවායිනා කැපැක්ගේ මරණයෙන් ඇති වූ සිවිල් යුද්ධයකදී පරාජය කර මරා දැමීමෙනි. 1532 දෙසැම්බරයේදී, ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද (චන්කාස්, හුවාන්කාස්, කනාරිස් සහ චචපොයාස් විසින් ඉන්දියානු සහායකයින් ලෙස සහාය දක්වන ලද) ජයග්‍රාහී පක්ෂයක් කැජමාර්කා සටනේදී ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයා අටහුල්පා පරාජය කර අල්ලා ගත්හ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; වසර ගණනාවක මූලික ගවේෂණ සහ හමුදා ගැටුම් වලින් පසුව, එය දශක ගණනාවක් සටන් කිරීමට සිදු වූ දිගු මෙහෙයුමක පළමු පියවර වූ නමුත් ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් සහ පේරු හි උපරාජිකත්වය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය යටත් විජිතකරණයෙන් අවසන් වූ අතර එහි අගනුවර ලීමා වන අතර එය එවකට &quot;ලා සියුඩාඩ් ඩි ලොස් රෙයිස්&quot; (රජවරුන්ගේ නගරය) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. පේරු රාජ්‍යය අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, උපරාජයාණන්ගේ පාලන සමය පුරා භ්‍රමණ ව්‍යාපාරවලට මෙන්ම ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය දෙසට ගවේෂණවලට ද හේතු විය. ඇමරින්දියානු ප්‍රතිරෝධය මැඩපැවැත්වීම සඳහා ස්පාඤ්ඤ උත්සාහයන් සිදු වූ විට මෙන්. 1572 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විල්කබම්බා හි නව-ඉන්කා රාජ්‍යය විනාශ කළ විට අවසාන ඉන්කා ප්‍රතිරෝධය මර්දනය කරන ලදී.

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් වසංගත රෝග මෙන්ම සූරාකෑම සහ සමාජ-ආර්ථික වෙනස්කම් හේතුවෙන් ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය නාටකාකාර ලෙස බිඳ වැටුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; වයිස්රෝයි ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩි ටොලිඩෝ 1570 ගණන්වල රන් හා රිදී කැණීම එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම ලෙස සහ ඇමරින්දියානු බලහත්කාර ශ්‍රමය එහි ප්‍රාථමික ශ්‍රම බලකාය ලෙස ප්‍රතිසංවිධානය කළේය. පොටෝසි (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) සහ හුවාන්කාවෙලිකා හි මහා රිදී සහ රන් ලෝඩ් සොයා ගැනීමත් සමඟ, උපරාජ රාජ්‍යය ඛනිජ සම්පත් සපයන වැදගත් සැපයුම්කරුවෙකු ලෙස සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. පේරු බුලියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට ආදායමක් ලබා දුන් අතර යුරෝපය සහ පිලිපීනය දක්වා විහිදුණු සංකීර්ණ වෙළඳ ජාලයකට ඉන්ධන සැපයීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වාණිජ හා ජනගහන හුවමාරු ඇකපුල්කෝ හරහා ගමන් කරන මැනිලා ගැලියන් හරහා සිදු වූ අතර, ඇමරිකාවේ වෙළඳ මාර්ගයේ දුරස්ථම අන්තය ලෙස පේරු හි කැලාඕ තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පැනමාවේ ආණ්ඩුකාර දොන් සෙබස්තියන් හර්ටාඩෝ ද කෝර්කුවේරා ද පේරු සොල්දාදුවන් සහ ජනපදිකයන් යොදවා පිලිපීනයේ සැම්බෝන්ගා නගරය පදිංචි කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ශ්‍රම බලකාය පුළුල් කිරීම සඳහා අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන් ශ්‍රම ජනගහනයට එකතු කරන ලදී. යටත් විජිත පරිපාලන උපකරණයක් සහ නිලධාරිවාදයේ ව්‍යාප්තිය ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංවිධානයට සමාන්තර විය.


ජයග්‍රහණයත් සමඟ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය පැතිරීම ආරම්භ විය; බොහෝ මිනිසුන් බලහත්කාරයෙන් කතෝලික ආගමට හරවා ගන්නා ලද අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ පූජකවරු පසුව ඉංග්‍රීසි යටත් විජිතවල පියුරිටන් දේවතාවන් මෙන් විශ්වාස කළේ ස්වදේශික ජනතාව &quot;යක්ෂයා විසින් දූෂිත කර ඇති බවත්, ඔවුන් හරහා ඔවුන්ගේ අත්තිවාරම් අවුල් කිරීමට&quot; කටයුතු කළ බවත්ය.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනගහනය පරිවර්තනය කිරීමට පරම්පරාවක් ගත විය. ඔවුන් සෑම නගරයකම පල්ලි ඉදි කළ අතර කුස්කෝ නගරයේ කොරිකන්චා වැනි ඉන්කා දේවාල කිහිපයක් පල්ලි වලින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළහ. අලුතින් පරිවර්තනය වූ කතෝලිකයන් වෙනත් ආගම් හෝ විශ්වාසයන් වෙත යොමු නොවන බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා වධහිංසා පැමිණවීම සහ ආරාම පාසල් භාවිතා කරමින්, විශේෂයෙන් ඉන්කා වංශවත් සහ ඉහළ පන්තියේ ගැහැණු ළමයින්ට අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීම, &quot;[කන්‍යා සොහොයුරියක් වීමට] ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට හෝ ආරාමයෙන් ඉවත් වී පේරු හි ඔවුන්ගේ පියවරුන් ගොඩනඟා ගැනීමට සැලසුම් කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි සමාජයේ ('estado') භූමිකාව භාර ගැනීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් වයසට යන තුරු&quot; පල්ලිය ඉන්ක්විසිෂන් භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කතෝලික ධර්මය බොහෝ ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල දක්නට ලැබෙන සමමුහුර්තකරණය අනුගමනය කරන අතර, එහි ආගමික ස්වදේශික චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර ක්‍රිස්තියානි සැමරුම් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කර ඇත. මෙම උත්සාහයේදී, පල්ලිය ස්වදේශිකයන්ගේ සංස්කෘතිය තුළ වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික කක්ෂයට ඔවුන්ව ඇද ගැනීම.[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the [[:en:Bourbon_Reforms|Bourbon Reforms]], a series of [[:en:Edict|edicts]] that increased taxes and partitioned the [[:en:Viceroyalty|Viceroyalty]]. The new laws provoked [[:en:Rebellion_of_Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II's rebellion]] and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their [[:en:Creole_peoples|creole]] successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the [[:en:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas|Portuguese expansion of Brazil]] across the meridian. The [[:en:Treaty_of_Tordesillas|Treaty of Tordesillas]] was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while [[:en:Iberian_Union|Spain controlled Portugal]]. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada|New Granada]] and [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata|Rio de la Plata]] at the expense of the territories that formed the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]]; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative [[:en:Andes|Andean]] trade to [[:en:Buenos_Aires|Buenos Aires]] and [[:en:Bogotá|Bogotá]], while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of [[:en:Juan_Santos_Atahualpa|Juan Santos Atahualpa]] in 1742, and Rebellion of [[:en:Túpac_Amaru_II|Túpac Amaru II]] in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.


ටුපැක් අමරු II

18 වන සියවස වන විට, රිදී නිෂ්පාදනය පහත වැටීම සහ ආර්ථික විවිධාංගීකරණය රාජකීය ආදායම බෙහෙවින් අඩු කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කිරීටය විසින් බදු වැඩි කරන ලද සහ උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදා වෙන් කරන ලද ආඥා මාලාවක් වන බෝර්බන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. නව නීති මගින් දෙවන ටුපැක් අමරුගේ කැරැල්ල සහ අනෙකුත් කැරලි ඇති වූ අතර, ඒ සියල්ල මර්දනය කරන ලදී. මෙම සහ වෙනත් වෙනස්කම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රියෝල් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයින් භූමිය මත පාලනය ඒකාධිකාරී කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, දැවැන්ත ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය අඩුවීම නිසා අතහැර දැමූ හොඳම ඉඩම් බොහොමයක් අල්ලා ගත්හ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මෙරිඩියන් හරහා බ්‍රසීලය පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට විරුද්ධ වූයේ නැත. ස්පාඤ්ඤය පෘතුගාලය පාලනය කළ අතරතුර ටෝර්ඩසිලාස් ගිවිසුම 1580 සහ 1640 අතර කාලය තුළ අර්ථ විරහිත විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤය සමඟ සන්නිවේදනය සහ වෙළඳාම ලිහිල් කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදීමට සහ නව ග්‍රැනඩා සහ රියෝ ඩි හි නව උපරාජ පක්ෂයන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට හේතු විය. පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවන ලද භූමිවල වියදමින් ලා ප්ලාටා; මෙය උපරාජ අගනුවර ලෙස ලීමා හි බලය, ප්‍රමුඛත්වය සහ වැදගත්කම අඩු කළ අතර ලාභදායී ඇන්ඩියන් වෙළඳාම බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් සහ බොගෝටා වෙත මාරු කළ අතර පතල් හා රෙදිපිළි නිෂ්පාදනයේ බිඳවැටීම පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවියේ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ක්ෂය වීම වේගවත් කළේය.

අවසානයේදී, දහනව වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ජාතික නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අභියෝගයට ලක් වූ විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ වැඩි කොටසක් මෙන්, උපරාජ පදවිය විසුරුවා හරින ලදී. මෙම ව්‍යාපාර, එක් අවස්ථාවක හෝ තවත් අවස්ථාවක පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවා තිබූ භූමිවල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ නූතන රටවල් බහුතරයක් ගොඩනැගීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; යටත් විජිතය සහ යටත් විජිතය ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පේරු භූමිය යටත් කර ගැනීමට පෙර නොතිබූ සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ජනවාර්ගික මිශ්‍රණයක් ගෙන ආවේය. ඉන්කා සම්ප්‍රදායන් බොහොමයක් නැති වී හෝ තනුක කර තිබුණද, නව සිරිත් විරිත්, සම්ප්‍රදායන් සහ දැනුම එකතු කරන ලද අතර, පොහොසත් මිශ්‍ර පේරු සංස්කෘතියක් නිර්මාණය විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ට එරෙහි වැදගත්ම ස්වදේශික කැරලි දෙකක් වූයේ 1742 දී ජුවාන් සැන්ටොස් අටහුල්පා සහ 1742 දී ටුපැක් අමරු II කැරැල්ලයි. 1780 දී කුස්කෝ අසල උස්බිම් වටා.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
19 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, බොහෝ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් නිදහස් යුද්ධවලින් අතුගා දැමූ අතර, පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාජකීය බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තිය විමුක්තිය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රාජාණ්ඩුවට පක්ෂපාතීත්වය අතර දෝලනය වෙමින් සිටියදී, නිදහස ලබා ගත්තේ ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසුව පමණි.

ආර්ථික අර්බුද, යුරෝපයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ බලය අහිමි වීම, උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ නිදහස් යුද්ධය සහ ස්වදේශික නැගිටීම් යන සියල්ලම දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රියෝලෝ ජනගහනය අතර විමුක්ති අදහස් වර්ධනය කිරීමට හිතකර වාතාවරණයක් ඇති කිරීමට දායක විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පේරු හි ක්‍රියෝලෝ කතිපයාධිකාරය වරප්‍රසාද භුක්ති විඳි අතර ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට පක්ෂපාතීව සිටියේය. විමුක්ති ව්‍යාපාරය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වන අතර එහිදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ යටත් විජිත කෙරෙහි ඇති අධිකාරිය අහිමි වීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ස්වාධීන ජුන්ටා නිර්මාණය විය.

රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිදහස සඳහා සටන් කිරීමෙන් පසු, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් ඇන්ඩීස් හමුදාව නිර්මාණය කර දින 21 කින් ඇන්ඩීස් තරණය කළේය. චිලීයට පැමිණි පසු, ඔහු චිලී හමුදාවේ ජෙනරාල් බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස් සමඟ එකතු වී 1818 දී චකබුකෝ සහ මයිපු සටන් වලදී රට නිදහස් කර ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; 1820 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 වන දින, චිලී නාවික හමුදාවේ සේවය කළ ජෙනරාල් ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ තෝමස් කොක්රේන්ගේ අණ යටතේ යුධ නැව් අටකින් යුත් බලඇණියක් පැරකාස් වරායට පැමිණියේය. ඔක්තෝබර් 26 වන දින වහාම ඔවුන් පිස්කෝ නගරය පාලනය කළහ. නොවැම්බර් 12 වන දින සැන් මාටින් හුවාචෝ හි පදිංචි වූ අතර, කොක්රේන් උතුරට යාත්‍රා කර ලීමා හි කැලාඕ වරාය අවහිර කරන අතරතුර ඔහු එහි තම මූලස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. ඒ සමඟම උතුරේ, ග්‍රෙගෝරියෝ එස්කොබෙඩෝගේ අණ යටතේ කැරලිකාර හමුදා විසින් ගුවායාකිල් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලදී. පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ බලකොටුව වූ බැවින්, පේරු නිදහස් කර ගැනීම සඳහා සැන් මාටින්ගේ උපාය මාර්ගය වූයේ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකභාවය භාවිතා කිරීමයි. පේරුට නිදහස ලබා දෙන ලෙස වයිස්රෝයිගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට ඔහු ලීමා වෙත නියෝජිතයින් යැවීය, කෙසේ වෙතත්, සියලු සාකච්ඡා අසාර්ථක විය.[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]

පේරුහි උපරාජයා වූ ජෝකින් ඩි ලා පැසුවේලා, සැන් මාර්ටින්ගේ තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් ලීමාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා පක්ෂපාතී හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා පත් කළේය. ජනවාරි 29 වන දින, ඩි ලා සර්නා ඩි ලා පස්වේලාට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් සංවිධානය කළ අතර, එය ස්පාඤ්ඤය විසින් පිළිගනු ලැබූ අතර ඔහු පේරුහි උපරාජයා ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. මෙම අභ්‍යන්තර බල අරගලය විමුක්ති හමුදාවේ සාර්ථකත්වයට දායක විය. මිලිටරි ගැටුමක් වළක්වා ගැනීම සඳහා, සැන් මාර්ටින් අලුතින් පත් කරන ලද උපරාජයා වූ ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා හමුවී ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාජාණ්ඩුවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළ අතර, එම යෝජනාව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී. ඩි ලා සර්නා නගරය අතහැර දැමූ අතර, 1821 ජූලි 12 වන දින, සැන් මාර්ටින් ලීමා අල්ලාගෙන 1821 ජූලි 28 වන දින පේරු නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය. ඔහු පළමු පේරු ධජය නිර්මාණය කළේය. ඉහළ පේරු (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) වසර තුනකට පසු සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදාව එය නිදහස් කරන තෙක් ස්පාඤ්ඤ බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ජෝසේ ඩි සැන් මාර්ටින් පේරුහි ආරක්ෂකයා ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු සම්මේලනයක් සඳහා වූ බොලිවේරියානු ව්‍යාපෘති අසාර්ථක වූ අතර බොලිවියාව සමඟ සන්ධානයක් තාවකාලික බව ඔප්පු වූ බැවින්, මෙම කාලය තුළ පේරු ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවය ගොඩනඟා ගන්නා ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

සයිමන් බොලිවර් උතුරේ සිට තම ව්‍යාපාරය දියත් කළ අතර, 1821 දී කැරබෝබෝ සටන්වලදී සහ වසරකට පසුව පිචින්චා සටන්වලදී නිව් ග්‍රැනඩාවේ උපරාජ පක්ෂය නිදහස් කළේය. 1822 ජූලි මාසයේදී, බොලිවර් සහ සැන් මාටින් ගුවායාකිල් සමුළුවට රැස් වූහ. පළමු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව රැස් කිරීමෙන් පසු සැන් මාටින් දේශපාලනයෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගිය අතර, පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිදහස් කිරීමේ වගකීම බොලිවර්ට පැවරුණි. අලුතින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද පේරු කොංග්‍රසය පේරුහි බොලිවර් ආඥාදායකයා ලෙස නම් කළ අතර, ඔහුට හමුදාව සංවිධානය කිරීමේ බලය ලබා දුන්නේය.

ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ජෝස් ද සුක්‍රේගේ සහාය ඇතිව, ඔවුන් 1824 අගෝස්තු 6 වන දින ජූනින් සටනේදී සහ එම වසරේම දෙසැම්බර් 9 වන දින තීරණාත්මක අයකුචෝ සටනේදී විශාල ස්පාඤ්ඤ හමුදාව පරාජය කරමින් පේරු සහ ඉහළ පේරුහි නිදහස තහවුරු කළහ. ඉහළ පේරු පසුව බොලිවියාව ලෙස ස්ථාපිත විය. ජනරජයේ මුල් වසරවලදී, හමුදා නායකයින් අතර බලය සඳහා ආවේණික අරගල දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ පසු, 1821 අගෝස්තු 3 වන දින ලබා දුන් නියෝගයකට අනුව, ආරක්ෂකයා යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ, පේරු හි නිදහස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වල හමුදා-දේශපාලන අණ භාර ගත්තේය. ආරක්ෂකයාගේ කෘති ජාතික පුස්තකාලය (දැනුම වෙනුවෙන්) නිර්මාණය කිරීමට, ජාතික ගීය අනුමත කිරීමට සහ මිටා අහෝසි කිරීමට (ආදිවාසීන් වෙනුවෙන්) දායක විය. 1821 දෙසැම්බර් 27 වන දින, සැන් මාටින් අමාත්‍යාංශ තුනක් නිර්මාණය කළේය: රාජ්‍ය හා විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය, ජුවාන් ගාර්ෂියා ඩෙල් රියෝට; යුද හා නාවික අමාත්‍යාංශය බර්නාඩෝ ඩි මොන්ටෙගුඩෝට; සහ මුදල් අමාත්‍යාංශය හිපොලිටෝ උනනුට.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>d6joz0rvww3n87s8uoamcd09a7zgi0s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754276</id>
      <parentid>754275</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:04:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය */</comment>
      <origin>754276</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="100448" sha1="09n3omg3te4yt35b2h4yb37wkskegr0" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 [[:en:Common_Era|BCE]] in the [[:en:Huaca_Prieta|Huaca Prieta]] settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] and [[:en:Terrace_(earthworks)|terracing]]; [[:en:Camelid|camelid]] husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on [[:en:Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)|reciprocity]] and [[:en:Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)|redistribution]] because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the [[:en:Caral–Supe_civilization|Caral-Supe civilization]], flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; along what is now Peru's [[:en:Pacific_coast|Pacific coast]] was an example of early pre-[[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca culture]].
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]].&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]],&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
අවසාන සාපා ඉන්කා වන අටහුල්පා (හෝ අටහුල්පා) අධිරාජ්‍යයා බවට පත් වූයේ ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් අර්ධ සහෝදරයා වන හුවාස්කාර් ඔවුන්ගේ පියා වන&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්කා හුවායිනා කැපැක්ගේ මරණයෙන් ඇති වූ සිවිල් යුද්ධයකදී පරාජය කර මරා දැමීමෙනි. 1532 දෙසැම්බරයේදී, ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද (චන්කාස්, හුවාන්කාස්, කනාරිස් සහ චචපොයාස් විසින් ඉන්දියානු සහායකයින් ලෙස සහාය දක්වන ලද) ජයග්‍රාහී පක්ෂයක් කැජමාර්කා සටනේදී ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයා අටහුල්පා පරාජය කර අල්ලා ගත්හ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; වසර ගණනාවක මූලික ගවේෂණ සහ හමුදා ගැටුම් වලින් පසුව, එය දශක ගණනාවක් සටන් කිරීමට සිදු වූ දිගු මෙහෙයුමක පළමු පියවර වූ නමුත් ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් සහ පේරු හි උපරාජිකත්වය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය යටත් විජිතකරණයෙන් අවසන් වූ අතර එහි අගනුවර ලීමා වන අතර එය එවකට &quot;ලා සියුඩාඩ් ඩි ලොස් රෙයිස්&quot; (රජවරුන්ගේ නගරය) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. පේරු රාජ්‍යය අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, උපරාජයාණන්ගේ පාලන සමය පුරා භ්‍රමණ ව්‍යාපාරවලට මෙන්ම ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය දෙසට ගවේෂණවලට ද හේතු විය. ඇමරින්දියානු ප්‍රතිරෝධය මැඩපැවැත්වීම සඳහා ස්පාඤ්ඤ උත්සාහයන් සිදු වූ විට මෙන්. 1572 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විල්කබම්බා හි නව-ඉන්කා රාජ්‍යය විනාශ කළ විට අවසාන ඉන්කා ප්‍රතිරෝධය මර්දනය කරන ලදී.

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් වසංගත රෝග මෙන්ම සූරාකෑම සහ සමාජ-ආර්ථික වෙනස්කම් හේතුවෙන් ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය නාටකාකාර ලෙස බිඳ වැටුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; වයිස්රෝයි ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩි ටොලිඩෝ 1570 ගණන්වල රන් හා රිදී කැණීම එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම ලෙස සහ ඇමරින්දියානු බලහත්කාර ශ්‍රමය එහි ප්‍රාථමික ශ්‍රම බලකාය ලෙස ප්‍රතිසංවිධානය කළේය. පොටෝසි (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) සහ හුවාන්කාවෙලිකා හි මහා රිදී සහ රන් ලෝඩ් සොයා ගැනීමත් සමඟ, උපරාජ රාජ්‍යය ඛනිජ සම්පත් සපයන වැදගත් සැපයුම්කරුවෙකු ලෙස සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. පේරු බුලියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට ආදායමක් ලබා දුන් අතර යුරෝපය සහ පිලිපීනය දක්වා විහිදුණු සංකීර්ණ වෙළඳ ජාලයකට ඉන්ධන සැපයීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වාණිජ හා ජනගහන හුවමාරු ඇකපුල්කෝ හරහා ගමන් කරන මැනිලා ගැලියන් හරහා සිදු වූ අතර, ඇමරිකාවේ වෙළඳ මාර්ගයේ දුරස්ථම අන්තය ලෙස පේරු හි කැලාඕ තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පැනමාවේ ආණ්ඩුකාර දොන් සෙබස්තියන් හර්ටාඩෝ ද කෝර්කුවේරා ද පේරු සොල්දාදුවන් සහ ජනපදිකයන් යොදවා පිලිපීනයේ සැම්බෝන්ගා නගරය පදිංචි කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ශ්‍රම බලකාය පුළුල් කිරීම සඳහා අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන් ශ්‍රම ජනගහනයට එකතු කරන ලදී. යටත් විජිත පරිපාලන උපකරණයක් සහ නිලධාරිවාදයේ ව්‍යාප්තිය ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංවිධානයට සමාන්තර විය.

ජයග්‍රහණයත් සමඟ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය පැතිරීම ආරම්භ විය; බොහෝ මිනිසුන් බලහත්කාරයෙන් කතෝලික ආගමට හරවා ගන්නා ලද අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ පූජකවරු පසුව ඉංග්‍රීසි යටත් විජිතවල පියුරිටන් දේවතාවන් මෙන් විශ්වාස කළේ ස්වදේශික ජනතාව &quot;යක්ෂයා විසින් දූෂිත කර ඇති බවත්, ඔවුන් හරහා ඔවුන්ගේ අත්තිවාරම් අවුල් කිරීමට&quot; කටයුතු කළ බවත්ය.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනගහනය පරිවර්තනය කිරීමට පරම්පරාවක් ගත විය. ඔවුන් සෑම නගරයකම පල්ලි ඉදි කළ අතර කුස්කෝ නගරයේ කොරිකන්චා වැනි ඉන්කා දේවාල කිහිපයක් පල්ලි වලින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළහ. අලුතින් පරිවර්තනය වූ කතෝලිකයන් වෙනත් ආගම් හෝ විශ්වාසයන් වෙත යොමු නොවන බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා වධහිංසා පැමිණවීම සහ ආරාම පාසල් භාවිතා කරමින්, විශේෂයෙන් ඉන්කා වංශවත් සහ ඉහළ පන්තියේ ගැහැණු ළමයින්ට අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීම, &quot;[කන්‍යා සොහොයුරියක් වීමට] ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට හෝ ආරාමයෙන් ඉවත් වී පේරු හි ඔවුන්ගේ පියවරුන් ගොඩනඟා ගැනීමට සැලසුම් කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි සමාජයේ ('estado') භූමිකාව භාර ගැනීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් වයසට යන තුරු&quot; පල්ලිය ඉන්ක්විසිෂන් භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කතෝලික ධර්මය බොහෝ ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල දක්නට ලැබෙන සමමුහුර්තකරණය අනුගමනය කරන අතර, එහි ආගමික ස්වදේශික චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර ක්‍රිස්තියානි සැමරුම් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කර ඇත. මෙම උත්සාහයේදී, පල්ලිය ස්වදේශිකයන්ගේ සංස්කෘතිය තුළ වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික කක්ෂයට ඔවුන්ව ඇද ගැනීම.[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
18 වන සියවස වන විට, රිදී නිෂ්පාදනය පහත වැටීම සහ ආර්ථික විවිධාංගීකරණය රාජකීය ආදායම බෙහෙවින් අඩු කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කිරීටය විසින් බදු වැඩි කරන ලද සහ උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදා වෙන් කරන ලද ආඥා මාලාවක් වන බෝර්බන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. නව නීති මගින් දෙවන ටුපැක් අමරුගේ කැරැල්ල සහ අනෙකුත් කැරලි ඇති වූ අතර, ඒ සියල්ල මර්දනය කරන ලදී. මෙම සහ වෙනත් වෙනස්කම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රියෝල් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයින් භූමිය මත පාලනය ඒකාධිකාරී කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, දැවැන්ත ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය අඩුවීම නිසා අතහැර දැමූ හොඳම ඉඩම් බොහොමයක් අල්ලා ගත්හ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මෙරිඩියන් හරහා බ්‍රසීලය පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට විරුද්ධ වූයේ නැත. ස්පාඤ්ඤය පෘතුගාලය පාලනය කළ අතරතුර ටෝර්ඩසිලාස් ගිවිසුම 1580 සහ 1640 අතර කාලය තුළ අර්ථ විරහිත විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤය සමඟ සන්නිවේදනය සහ වෙළඳාම ලිහිල් කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදීමට සහ නව ග්‍රැනඩා සහ රියෝ ඩි හි නව උපරාජ පක්ෂයන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට හේතු විය. පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවන ලද භූමිවල වියදමින් ලා ප්ලාටා; මෙය උපරාජ අගනුවර ලෙස ලීමා හි බලය, ප්‍රමුඛත්වය සහ වැදගත්කම අඩු කළ අතර ලාභදායී ඇන්ඩියන් වෙළඳාම බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් සහ බොගෝටා වෙත මාරු කළ අතර පතල් හා රෙදිපිළි නිෂ්පාදනයේ බිඳවැටීම පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවියේ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ක්ෂය වීම වේගවත් කළේය.

අවසානයේදී, දහනව වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ජාතික නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අභියෝගයට ලක් වූ විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ වැඩි කොටසක් මෙන්, උපරාජ පදවිය විසුරුවා හරින ලදී. මෙම ව්‍යාපාර, එක් අවස්ථාවක හෝ තවත් අවස්ථාවක පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවා තිබූ භූමිවල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ නූතන රටවල් බහුතරයක් ගොඩනැගීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; යටත් විජිතය සහ යටත් විජිතය ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පේරු භූමිය යටත් කර ගැනීමට පෙර නොතිබූ සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ජනවාර්ගික මිශ්‍රණයක් ගෙන ආවේය. ඉන්කා සම්ප්‍රදායන් බොහොමයක් නැති වී හෝ තනුක කර තිබුණද, නව සිරිත් විරිත්, සම්ප්‍රදායන් සහ දැනුම එකතු කරන ලද අතර, පොහොසත් මිශ්‍ර පේරු සංස්කෘතියක් නිර්මාණය විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ට එරෙහි වැදගත්ම ස්වදේශික කැරලි දෙකක් වූයේ 1742 දී ජුවාන් සැන්ටොස් අටහුල්පා සහ 1742 දී ටුපැක් අමරු II කැරැල්ලයි. 1780 දී කුස්කෝ අසල උස්බිම් වටා.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
19 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, බොහෝ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් නිදහස් යුද්ධවලින් අතුගා දැමූ අතර, පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාජකීය බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තිය විමුක්තිය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රාජාණ්ඩුවට පක්ෂපාතීත්වය අතර දෝලනය වෙමින් සිටියදී, නිදහස ලබා ගත්තේ ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසුව පමණි.

ආර්ථික අර්බුද, යුරෝපයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ බලය අහිමි වීම, උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ නිදහස් යුද්ධය සහ ස්වදේශික නැගිටීම් යන සියල්ලම දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රියෝලෝ ජනගහනය අතර විමුක්ති අදහස් වර්ධනය කිරීමට හිතකර වාතාවරණයක් ඇති කිරීමට දායක විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පේරු හි ක්‍රියෝලෝ කතිපයාධිකාරය වරප්‍රසාද භුක්ති විඳි අතර ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට පක්ෂපාතීව සිටියේය. විමුක්ති ව්‍යාපාරය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වන අතර එහිදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ යටත් විජිත කෙරෙහි ඇති අධිකාරිය අහිමි වීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ස්වාධීන ජුන්ටා නිර්මාණය විය.

රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිදහස සඳහා සටන් කිරීමෙන් පසු, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් ඇන්ඩීස් හමුදාව නිර්මාණය කර දින 21 කින් ඇන්ඩීස් තරණය කළේය. චිලීයට පැමිණි පසු, ඔහු චිලී හමුදාවේ ජෙනරාල් බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස් සමඟ එකතු වී 1818 දී චකබුකෝ සහ මයිපු සටන් වලදී රට නිදහස් කර ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; 1820 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 වන දින, චිලී නාවික හමුදාවේ සේවය කළ ජෙනරාල් ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ තෝමස් කොක්රේන්ගේ අණ යටතේ යුධ නැව් අටකින් යුත් බලඇණියක් පැරකාස් වරායට පැමිණියේය. ඔක්තෝබර් 26 වන දින වහාම ඔවුන් පිස්කෝ නගරය පාලනය කළහ. නොවැම්බර් 12 වන දින සැන් මාටින් හුවාචෝ හි පදිංචි වූ අතර, කොක්රේන් උතුරට යාත්‍රා කර ලීමා හි කැලාඕ වරාය අවහිර කරන අතරතුර ඔහු එහි තම මූලස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. ඒ සමඟම උතුරේ, ග්‍රෙගෝරියෝ එස්කොබෙඩෝගේ අණ යටතේ කැරලිකාර හමුදා විසින් ගුවායාකිල් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලදී. පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ බලකොටුව වූ බැවින්, පේරු නිදහස් කර ගැනීම සඳහා සැන් මාටින්ගේ උපාය මාර්ගය වූයේ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකභාවය භාවිතා කිරීමයි. පේරුට නිදහස ලබා දෙන ලෙස වයිස්රෝයිගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට ඔහු ලීමා වෙත නියෝජිතයින් යැවීය, කෙසේ වෙතත්, සියලු සාකච්ඡා අසාර්ථක විය.[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]

පේරුහි උපරාජයා වූ ජෝකින් ඩි ලා පැසුවේලා, සැන් මාර්ටින්ගේ තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් ලීමාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා පක්ෂපාතී හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා පත් කළේය. ජනවාරි 29 වන දින, ඩි ලා සර්නා ඩි ලා පස්වේලාට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් සංවිධානය කළ අතර, එය ස්පාඤ්ඤය විසින් පිළිගනු ලැබූ අතර ඔහු පේරුහි උපරාජයා ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. මෙම අභ්‍යන්තර බල අරගලය විමුක්ති හමුදාවේ සාර්ථකත්වයට දායක විය. මිලිටරි ගැටුමක් වළක්වා ගැනීම සඳහා, සැන් මාර්ටින් අලුතින් පත් කරන ලද උපරාජයා වූ ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා හමුවී ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාජාණ්ඩුවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළ අතර, එම යෝජනාව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී. ඩි ලා සර්නා නගරය අතහැර දැමූ අතර, 1821 ජූලි 12 වන දින, සැන් මාර්ටින් ලීමා අල්ලාගෙන 1821 ජූලි 28 වන දින පේරු නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය. ඔහු පළමු පේරු ධජය නිර්මාණය කළේය. ඉහළ පේරු (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) වසර තුනකට පසු සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදාව එය නිදහස් කරන තෙක් ස්පාඤ්ඤ බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ජෝසේ ඩි සැන් මාර්ටින් පේරුහි ආරක්ෂකයා ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු සම්මේලනයක් සඳහා වූ බොලිවේරියානු ව්‍යාපෘති අසාර්ථක වූ අතර බොලිවියාව සමඟ සන්ධානයක් තාවකාලික බව ඔප්පු වූ බැවින්, මෙම කාලය තුළ පේරු ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවය ගොඩනඟා ගන්නා ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

සයිමන් බොලිවර් උතුරේ සිට තම ව්‍යාපාරය දියත් කළ අතර, 1821 දී කැරබෝබෝ සටන්වලදී සහ වසරකට පසුව පිචින්චා සටන්වලදී නිව් ග්‍රැනඩාවේ උපරාජ පක්ෂය නිදහස් කළේය. 1822 ජූලි මාසයේදී, බොලිවර් සහ සැන් මාටින් ගුවායාකිල් සමුළුවට රැස් වූහ. පළමු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව රැස් කිරීමෙන් පසු සැන් මාටින් දේශපාලනයෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගිය අතර, පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිදහස් කිරීමේ වගකීම බොලිවර්ට පැවරුණි. අලුතින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද පේරු කොංග්‍රසය පේරුහි බොලිවර් ආඥාදායකයා ලෙස නම් කළ අතර, ඔහුට හමුදාව සංවිධානය කිරීමේ බලය ලබා දුන්නේය.

ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ජෝස් ද සුක්‍රේගේ සහාය ඇතිව, ඔවුන් 1824 අගෝස්තු 6 වන දින ජූනින් සටනේදී සහ එම වසරේම දෙසැම්බර් 9 වන දින තීරණාත්මක අයකුචෝ සටනේදී විශාල ස්පාඤ්ඤ හමුදාව පරාජය කරමින් පේරු සහ ඉහළ පේරුහි නිදහස තහවුරු කළහ. ඉහළ පේරු පසුව බොලිවියාව ලෙස ස්ථාපිත විය. ජනරජයේ මුල් වසරවලදී, හමුදා නායකයින් අතර බලය සඳහා ආවේණික අරගල දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ පසු, 1821 අගෝස්තු 3 වන දින ලබා දුන් නියෝගයකට අනුව, ආරක්ෂකයා යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ, පේරු හි නිදහස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වල හමුදා-දේශපාලන අණ භාර ගත්තේය. ආරක්ෂකයාගේ කෘති ජාතික පුස්තකාලය (දැනුම වෙනුවෙන්) නිර්මාණය කිරීමට, ජාතික ගීය අනුමත කිරීමට සහ මිටා අහෝසි කිරීමට (ආදිවාසීන් වෙනුවෙන්) දායක විය. 1821 දෙසැම්බර් 27 වන දින, සැන් මාටින් අමාත්‍යාංශ තුනක් නිර්මාණය කළේය: රාජ්‍ය හා විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය, ජුවාන් ගාර්ෂියා ඩෙල් රියෝට; යුද හා නාවික අමාත්‍යාංශය බර්නාඩෝ ඩි මොන්ටෙගුඩෝට; සහ මුදල් අමාත්‍යාංශය හිපොලිටෝ උනනුට.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>09n3omg3te4yt35b2h4yb37wkskegr0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754277</id>
      <parentid>754276</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:07:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754277</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="108689" sha1="l174654jgk8355jge83ug5gc0sicx85" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
පේරු භූමියේ මානව පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳ පැරණිතම සාක්ෂි ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 12,500 දී හුවාකා ප්‍රීටා ජනාවාසයේ දී කාල නිර්ණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇන්ඩියන් සමාජ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය මත පදනම් වූ අතර, වාරිමාර්ග සහ ටෙරස් වැනි ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම භාවිතා කරන ලදී; ඔටුවන් පාලනය සහ මසුන් ඇල්ලීම ද වැදගත් විය. මෙම සමාජවලට වෙළඳපොළ හෝ මුදල් පිළිබඳ අදහසක් නොතිබූ බැවින් සංවිධානය අන්‍යෝන්‍යභාවය සහ නැවත බෙදා හැරීම මත රඳා පැවතුනි. පේරු හි පැරණිතම සංකීර්ණ සමාජය වන කැරල්-සුපේ ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ක්‍රි.පූ. 3,000 සහ 1,800 අතර පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ වෙරළ තීරයේ සමෘද්ධිමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම මුල් වර්ධනයන් අනුගමනය කළේ පේරු පුරා වෙරළබඩ සහ ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රදේශ වටා බොහෝ දුරට වර්ධනය වූ පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක සංස්කෘතීන් විසිනි. වර්තමානයේ පේරු හි පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරය දිගේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 1000 සිට 200 දක්වා&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; සමෘද්ධිමත් වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතිය, මුල් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතියට උදාහරණයකි.


[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
The [[:en:Chavín_culture|Chavín culture]] that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in [[:en:Chavín_de_Huantar|Chavín de Huantar]]. After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]], [[:en:Nazca_culture|Nazca]], [[:en:Wari_culture|Wari]], and the more outstanding [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimu]] and [[:en:Moche_culture|Moche]].

The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450. Their capital was at [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] outside of modern-day [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]]. In the highlands, both the [[:en:Tiwanaku_Empire|Tiahuanaco]] culture, near [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]] in both Peru and Bolivia, and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE

ක්‍රි.පූ. 1500 සිට 300 දක්වා වර්ධනය වූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතිය දේශපාලනික සංසිද්ධියකට වඩා ආගමික එකක් විය හැකි අතර, ඔවුන්ගේ ආගමික මධ්‍යස්ථානය චාවින් ඩි හුවාන්ටාර් හි විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; ක්‍රි.ව. 1 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී චාවින් සංස්කෘතියේ පරිහානියෙන් පසු, ඊළඟ වසර දහස තුළ වෙරළ තීරයේ සහ උස්බිම් දෙකෙහිම දේශීයකරණය වූ සහ විශේෂිත සංස්කෘතීන් මාලාවක් නැඟී වැටුණි. වෙරළ තීරයේ, මේවාට පැරකාස්, නස්කා, වාරි සහ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනෙන චිමු සහ මොචේ ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඇතුළත් විය.

ක්‍රි.ව. පළමු සහස්‍රයේ ඔවුන්ගේ උච්චතම අවස්ථාවට ළඟා වූ මෝචේ, ඔවුන්ගේ ශුෂ්ක භූමි ප්‍රදේශය සාරවත් කළ වාරිමාර්ග පද්ධතිය, ඔවුන්ගේ සංකීර්ණ සෙරමික් මැටි භාණ්ඩ, ඔවුන්ගේ උස් ගොඩනැගිලි සහ දක්ෂ ලෝහ වැඩ සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; චිමු යනු පූර්ව-ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ මහා නගර තනන්නන් ය; උතුරු පේරු වෙරළ තීරයේ විසිරී ඇති බිත්ති සහිත නගරවල ලිහිල් සම්මේලනයක් ලෙස, චිමු 1140 සිට 1450 දක්වා පමණ සමෘද්ධිමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන්ගේ අගනුවර නූතන ටෘජිලෝ නගරයෙන් පිටත චුන් චෑන් හි විය. උස්බිම් වල, පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; යන දෙරටේම ටිටිකාකා විල අසල ටියාහුවානාකෝ සංස්කෘතිය සහ වර්තමාන අයකුචෝ නගරය අසල වාරි සංස්කෘතිය යන දෙකම ක්‍රි.ව. 500 සහ 1000 අතර විශාල නාගරික ජනාවාස සහ පුළුල් පරාසයක රාජ්‍ය පද්ධති වර්ධනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]] The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]]. Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]], although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]]. The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;

15 වන සියවසේදී, ඉන්කාවරු බලවත් රාජ්‍යයක් ලෙස මතු වූ අතර, එය සියවසක කාලයක් තුළ, කුස්කෝ හි අගනුවර සමඟ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම අධිරාජ්‍යය පිහිටුවා ගත්හ.&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; කුස්කෝහි ඉන්කාවරු මුලින් නියෝජනය කළේ කුඩා හා සාපේක්ෂව සුළු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එකක් වන ක්වෙචුවාවරුන් ය. ක්‍රමයෙන්, දහතුන්වන සියවස තරම් මුල් භාගයේදී, ඔවුන් තම අසල්වැසියන් ව්‍යාප්ත කර ඇතුළත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්හ. පහළොස්වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේදී පමණ, විශේෂයෙන් පචකුටි අධිරාජ්‍යයාගේ පාලනය යටතේ, යටත් කර ගැනීමේ වේගය වේගවත් වීමට පටන් ගන්නා තෙක් ඉන්කා ව්‍යාප්තිය මන්දගාමී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ සහ ඔහුගේ පුත් ටෝපා ඉන්කා යුපන්කිගේ පාලනය යටතේ, ඉන්කාවරු ඇන්ඩියන් කලාපයේ වැඩි කොටසක් පාලනය කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, ඔවුන්ගේ පාලනය යටතේ ජනගහනය මිලියන 9 සිට 16 දක්වා විය. පචකුටි තම දුරස්ථ අධිරාජ්‍යය පාලනය කිරීම සඳහා පුළුල් නීති සංග්‍රහයක් ද ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ අතර, විශිෂ්ට ලෙස නැවත ගොඩනඟන ලද කුස්කෝවෙන් පාලනය කළ සූර්යයාගේ දෙවියන් ලෙස ඔහුගේ පරම ලෞකික සහ අධ්‍යාත්මික අධිකාරිය තහවුරු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1438 සිට 1533 දක්වා, ඉන්කාවරු, දකුණු කොලොම්බියාවේ සිට උතුරු චිලී දක්වා, බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරය සහ නැගෙනහිරින් ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරය අතර, ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි කේන්ද්‍ර කරගත් බටහිර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාල කොටසක් ඒකාබද්ධ කිරීම සඳහා, යටත් කර ගැනීමේ සිට සාමකාමී උකහා ගැනීම දක්වා විවිධ ක්‍රම භාවිතා කළහ. අධිරාජ්‍යයේ නිල භාෂාව ක්වෙචුවා විය,&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් සිය ගණනක් දේශීය භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරන ලදී. ඉන්කාවරු ඔවුන්ගේ අධිරාජ්‍යය ටවන්ටින්සුයු ලෙස හැඳින්වූ අතර එය &quot;ප්‍රදේශ හතර&quot; හෝ &quot;එක්සත් පළාත් හතර&quot; ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කළ හැකිය. අධිරාජ්‍යය තුළ බොහෝ ප්‍රාදේශීය නමස්කාර ක්‍රම පැවතුන අතර, ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් ප්‍රාදේශීය පූජනීය හුවාකාස් සම්බන්ධ වූ නමුත්, ඉන්කා නායකත්වය සූර්ය දෙවියා වන ඉන්ටි වන්දනාමාන කිරීම දිරිමත් කළ අතර පචමාමා වැනි අනෙකුත් නිකායන්ට වඩා එහි ස්වෛරීභාවය පනවා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්කාවරු ඔවුන්ගේ රජු වන සාපා ඉන්කා &quot;සූර්යයාගේ දරුවා&quot; ලෙස සැලකූහ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
අවසාන සාපා ඉන්කා වන අටහුල්පා (හෝ අටහුල්පා) අධිරාජ්‍යයා බවට පත් වූයේ ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් අර්ධ සහෝදරයා වන හුවාස්කාර් ඔවුන්ගේ පියා වන&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්කා හුවායිනා කැපැක්ගේ මරණයෙන් ඇති වූ සිවිල් යුද්ධයකදී පරාජය කර මරා දැමීමෙනි. 1532 දෙසැම්බරයේදී, ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද (චන්කාස්, හුවාන්කාස්, කනාරිස් සහ චචපොයාස් විසින් ඉන්දියානු සහායකයින් ලෙස සහාය දක්වන ලද) ජයග්‍රාහී පක්ෂයක් කැජමාර්කා සටනේදී ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයා අටහුල්පා පරාජය කර අල්ලා ගත්හ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; වසර ගණනාවක මූලික ගවේෂණ සහ හමුදා ගැටුම් වලින් පසුව, එය දශක ගණනාවක් සටන් කිරීමට සිදු වූ දිගු මෙහෙයුමක පළමු පියවර වූ නමුත් ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් සහ පේරු හි උපරාජිකත්වය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය යටත් විජිතකරණයෙන් අවසන් වූ අතර එහි අගනුවර ලීමා වන අතර එය එවකට &quot;ලා සියුඩාඩ් ඩි ලොස් රෙයිස්&quot; (රජවරුන්ගේ නගරය) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. පේරු රාජ්‍යය අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, උපරාජයාණන්ගේ පාලන සමය පුරා භ්‍රමණ ව්‍යාපාරවලට මෙන්ම ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය දෙසට ගවේෂණවලට ද හේතු විය. ඇමරින්දියානු ප්‍රතිරෝධය මැඩපැවැත්වීම සඳහා ස්පාඤ්ඤ උත්සාහයන් සිදු වූ විට මෙන්. 1572 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විල්කබම්බා හි නව-ඉන්කා රාජ්‍යය විනාශ කළ විට අවසාන ඉන්කා ප්‍රතිරෝධය මර්දනය කරන ලදී.

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් වසංගත රෝග මෙන්ම සූරාකෑම සහ සමාජ-ආර්ථික වෙනස්කම් හේතුවෙන් ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය නාටකාකාර ලෙස බිඳ වැටුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; වයිස්රෝයි ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩි ටොලිඩෝ 1570 ගණන්වල රන් හා රිදී කැණීම එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම ලෙස සහ ඇමරින්දියානු බලහත්කාර ශ්‍රමය එහි ප්‍රාථමික ශ්‍රම බලකාය ලෙස ප්‍රතිසංවිධානය කළේය. පොටෝසි (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) සහ හුවාන්කාවෙලිකා හි මහා රිදී සහ රන් ලෝඩ් සොයා ගැනීමත් සමඟ, උපරාජ රාජ්‍යය ඛනිජ සම්පත් සපයන වැදගත් සැපයුම්කරුවෙකු ලෙස සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. පේරු බුලියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට ආදායමක් ලබා දුන් අතර යුරෝපය සහ පිලිපීනය දක්වා විහිදුණු සංකීර්ණ වෙළඳ ජාලයකට ඉන්ධන සැපයීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වාණිජ හා ජනගහන හුවමාරු ඇකපුල්කෝ හරහා ගමන් කරන මැනිලා ගැලියන් හරහා සිදු වූ අතර, ඇමරිකාවේ වෙළඳ මාර්ගයේ දුරස්ථම අන්තය ලෙස පේරු හි කැලාඕ තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පැනමාවේ ආණ්ඩුකාර දොන් සෙබස්තියන් හර්ටාඩෝ ද කෝර්කුවේරා ද පේරු සොල්දාදුවන් සහ ජනපදිකයන් යොදවා පිලිපීනයේ සැම්බෝන්ගා නගරය පදිංචි කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ශ්‍රම බලකාය පුළුල් කිරීම සඳහා අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන් ශ්‍රම ජනගහනයට එකතු කරන ලදී. යටත් විජිත පරිපාලන උපකරණයක් සහ නිලධාරිවාදයේ ව්‍යාප්තිය ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංවිධානයට සමාන්තර විය.

ජයග්‍රහණයත් සමඟ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය පැතිරීම ආරම්භ විය; බොහෝ මිනිසුන් බලහත්කාරයෙන් කතෝලික ආගමට හරවා ගන්නා ලද අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ පූජකවරු පසුව ඉංග්‍රීසි යටත් විජිතවල පියුරිටන් දේවතාවන් මෙන් විශ්වාස කළේ ස්වදේශික ජනතාව &quot;යක්ෂයා විසින් දූෂිත කර ඇති බවත්, ඔවුන් හරහා ඔවුන්ගේ අත්තිවාරම් අවුල් කිරීමට&quot; කටයුතු කළ බවත්ය.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනගහනය පරිවර්තනය කිරීමට පරම්පරාවක් ගත විය. ඔවුන් සෑම නගරයකම පල්ලි ඉදි කළ අතර කුස්කෝ නගරයේ කොරිකන්චා වැනි ඉන්කා දේවාල කිහිපයක් පල්ලි වලින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළහ. අලුතින් පරිවර්තනය වූ කතෝලිකයන් වෙනත් ආගම් හෝ විශ්වාසයන් වෙත යොමු නොවන බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා වධහිංසා පැමිණවීම සහ ආරාම පාසල් භාවිතා කරමින්, විශේෂයෙන් ඉන්කා වංශවත් සහ ඉහළ පන්තියේ ගැහැණු ළමයින්ට අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීම, &quot;[කන්‍යා සොහොයුරියක් වීමට] ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට හෝ ආරාමයෙන් ඉවත් වී පේරු හි ඔවුන්ගේ පියවරුන් ගොඩනඟා ගැනීමට සැලසුම් කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි සමාජයේ ('estado') භූමිකාව භාර ගැනීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් වයසට යන තුරු&quot; පල්ලිය ඉන්ක්විසිෂන් භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කතෝලික ධර්මය බොහෝ ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල දක්නට ලැබෙන සමමුහුර්තකරණය අනුගමනය කරන අතර, එහි ආගමික ස්වදේශික චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර ක්‍රිස්තියානි සැමරුම් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කර ඇත. මෙම උත්සාහයේදී, පල්ලිය ස්වදේශිකයන්ගේ සංස්කෘතිය තුළ වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික කක්ෂයට ඔවුන්ව ඇද ගැනීම.[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
18 වන සියවස වන විට, රිදී නිෂ්පාදනය පහත වැටීම සහ ආර්ථික විවිධාංගීකරණය රාජකීය ආදායම බෙහෙවින් අඩු කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කිරීටය විසින් බදු වැඩි කරන ලද සහ උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදා වෙන් කරන ලද ආඥා මාලාවක් වන බෝර්බන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. නව නීති මගින් දෙවන ටුපැක් අමරුගේ කැරැල්ල සහ අනෙකුත් කැරලි ඇති වූ අතර, ඒ සියල්ල මර්දනය කරන ලදී. මෙම සහ වෙනත් වෙනස්කම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රියෝල් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයින් භූමිය මත පාලනය ඒකාධිකාරී කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, දැවැන්ත ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය අඩුවීම නිසා අතහැර දැමූ හොඳම ඉඩම් බොහොමයක් අල්ලා ගත්හ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මෙරිඩියන් හරහා බ්‍රසීලය පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට විරුද්ධ වූයේ නැත. ස්පාඤ්ඤය පෘතුගාලය පාලනය කළ අතරතුර ටෝර්ඩසිලාස් ගිවිසුම 1580 සහ 1640 අතර කාලය තුළ අර්ථ විරහිත විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤය සමඟ සන්නිවේදනය සහ වෙළඳාම ලිහිල් කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදීමට සහ නව ග්‍රැනඩා සහ රියෝ ඩි හි නව උපරාජ පක්ෂයන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට හේතු විය. පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවන ලද භූමිවල වියදමින් ලා ප්ලාටා; මෙය උපරාජ අගනුවර ලෙස ලීමා හි බලය, ප්‍රමුඛත්වය සහ වැදගත්කම අඩු කළ අතර ලාභදායී ඇන්ඩියන් වෙළඳාම බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් සහ බොගෝටා වෙත මාරු කළ අතර පතල් හා රෙදිපිළි නිෂ්පාදනයේ බිඳවැටීම පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවියේ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ක්ෂය වීම වේගවත් කළේය.

අවසානයේදී, දහනව වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ජාතික නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අභියෝගයට ලක් වූ විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ වැඩි කොටසක් මෙන්, උපරාජ පදවිය විසුරුවා හරින ලදී. මෙම ව්‍යාපාර, එක් අවස්ථාවක හෝ තවත් අවස්ථාවක පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවා තිබූ භූමිවල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ නූතන රටවල් බහුතරයක් ගොඩනැගීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; යටත් විජිතය සහ යටත් විජිතය ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පේරු භූමිය යටත් කර ගැනීමට පෙර නොතිබූ සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ජනවාර්ගික මිශ්‍රණයක් ගෙන ආවේය. ඉන්කා සම්ප්‍රදායන් බොහොමයක් නැති වී හෝ තනුක කර තිබුණද, නව සිරිත් විරිත්, සම්ප්‍රදායන් සහ දැනුම එකතු කරන ලද අතර, පොහොසත් මිශ්‍ර පේරු සංස්කෘතියක් නිර්මාණය විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ට එරෙහි වැදගත්ම ස්වදේශික කැරලි දෙකක් වූයේ 1742 දී ජුවාන් සැන්ටොස් අටහුල්පා සහ 1742 දී ටුපැක් අමරු II කැරැල්ලයි. 1780 දී කුස්කෝ අසල උස්බිම් වටා.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
19 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, බොහෝ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් නිදහස් යුද්ධවලින් අතුගා දැමූ අතර, පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාජකීය බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තිය විමුක්තිය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රාජාණ්ඩුවට පක්ෂපාතීත්වය අතර දෝලනය වෙමින් සිටියදී, නිදහස ලබා ගත්තේ ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසුව පමණි.

ආර්ථික අර්බුද, යුරෝපයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ බලය අහිමි වීම, උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ නිදහස් යුද්ධය සහ ස්වදේශික නැගිටීම් යන සියල්ලම දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රියෝලෝ ජනගහනය අතර විමුක්ති අදහස් වර්ධනය කිරීමට හිතකර වාතාවරණයක් ඇති කිරීමට දායක විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පේරු හි ක්‍රියෝලෝ කතිපයාධිකාරය වරප්‍රසාද භුක්ති විඳි අතර ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට පක්ෂපාතීව සිටියේය. විමුක්ති ව්‍යාපාරය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වන අතර එහිදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ යටත් විජිත කෙරෙහි ඇති අධිකාරිය අහිමි වීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ස්වාධීන ජුන්ටා නිර්මාණය විය.

රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිදහස සඳහා සටන් කිරීමෙන් පසු, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් ඇන්ඩීස් හමුදාව නිර්මාණය කර දින 21 කින් ඇන්ඩීස් තරණය කළේය. චිලීයට පැමිණි පසු, ඔහු චිලී හමුදාවේ ජෙනරාල් බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස් සමඟ එකතු වී 1818 දී චකබුකෝ සහ මයිපු සටන් වලදී රට නිදහස් කර ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; 1820 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 වන දින, චිලී නාවික හමුදාවේ සේවය කළ ජෙනරාල් ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ තෝමස් කොක්රේන්ගේ අණ යටතේ යුධ නැව් අටකින් යුත් බලඇණියක් පැරකාස් වරායට පැමිණියේය. ඔක්තෝබර් 26 වන දින වහාම ඔවුන් පිස්කෝ නගරය පාලනය කළහ. නොවැම්බර් 12 වන දින සැන් මාටින් හුවාචෝ හි පදිංචි වූ අතර, කොක්රේන් උතුරට යාත්‍රා කර ලීමා හි කැලාඕ වරාය අවහිර කරන අතරතුර ඔහු එහි තම මූලස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. ඒ සමඟම උතුරේ, ග්‍රෙගෝරියෝ එස්කොබෙඩෝගේ අණ යටතේ කැරලිකාර හමුදා විසින් ගුවායාකිල් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලදී. පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ බලකොටුව වූ බැවින්, පේරු නිදහස් කර ගැනීම සඳහා සැන් මාටින්ගේ උපාය මාර්ගය වූයේ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකභාවය භාවිතා කිරීමයි. පේරුට නිදහස ලබා දෙන ලෙස වයිස්රෝයිගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට ඔහු ලීමා වෙත නියෝජිතයින් යැවීය, කෙසේ වෙතත්, සියලු සාකච්ඡා අසාර්ථක විය.[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]

පේරුහි උපරාජයා වූ ජෝකින් ඩි ලා පැසුවේලා, සැන් මාර්ටින්ගේ තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් ලීමාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා පක්ෂපාතී හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා පත් කළේය. ජනවාරි 29 වන දින, ඩි ලා සර්නා ඩි ලා පස්වේලාට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් සංවිධානය කළ අතර, එය ස්පාඤ්ඤය විසින් පිළිගනු ලැබූ අතර ඔහු පේරුහි උපරාජයා ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. මෙම අභ්‍යන්තර බල අරගලය විමුක්ති හමුදාවේ සාර්ථකත්වයට දායක විය. මිලිටරි ගැටුමක් වළක්වා ගැනීම සඳහා, සැන් මාර්ටින් අලුතින් පත් කරන ලද උපරාජයා වූ ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා හමුවී ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාජාණ්ඩුවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළ අතර, එම යෝජනාව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී. ඩි ලා සර්නා නගරය අතහැර දැමූ අතර, 1821 ජූලි 12 වන දින, සැන් මාර්ටින් ලීමා අල්ලාගෙන 1821 ජූලි 28 වන දින පේරු නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය. ඔහු පළමු පේරු ධජය නිර්මාණය කළේය. ඉහළ පේරු (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) වසර තුනකට පසු සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදාව එය නිදහස් කරන තෙක් ස්පාඤ්ඤ බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ජෝසේ ඩි සැන් මාර්ටින් පේරුහි ආරක්ෂකයා ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු සම්මේලනයක් සඳහා වූ බොලිවේරියානු ව්‍යාපෘති අසාර්ථක වූ අතර බොලිවියාව සමඟ සන්ධානයක් තාවකාලික බව ඔප්පු වූ බැවින්, මෙම කාලය තුළ පේරු ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවය ගොඩනඟා ගන්නා ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

සයිමන් බොලිවර් උතුරේ සිට තම ව්‍යාපාරය දියත් කළ අතර, 1821 දී කැරබෝබෝ සටන්වලදී සහ වසරකට පසුව පිචින්චා සටන්වලදී නිව් ග්‍රැනඩාවේ උපරාජ පක්ෂය නිදහස් කළේය. 1822 ජූලි මාසයේදී, බොලිවර් සහ සැන් මාටින් ගුවායාකිල් සමුළුවට රැස් වූහ. පළමු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව රැස් කිරීමෙන් පසු සැන් මාටින් දේශපාලනයෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගිය අතර, පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිදහස් කිරීමේ වගකීම බොලිවර්ට පැවරුණි. අලුතින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද පේරු කොංග්‍රසය පේරුහි බොලිවර් ආඥාදායකයා ලෙස නම් කළ අතර, ඔහුට හමුදාව සංවිධානය කිරීමේ බලය ලබා දුන්නේය.

ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ජෝස් ද සුක්‍රේගේ සහාය ඇතිව, ඔවුන් 1824 අගෝස්තු 6 වන දින ජූනින් සටනේදී සහ එම වසරේම දෙසැම්බර් 9 වන දින තීරණාත්මක අයකුචෝ සටනේදී විශාල ස්පාඤ්ඤ හමුදාව පරාජය කරමින් පේරු සහ ඉහළ පේරුහි නිදහස තහවුරු කළහ. ඉහළ පේරු පසුව බොලිවියාව ලෙස ස්ථාපිත විය. ජනරජයේ මුල් වසරවලදී, හමුදා නායකයින් අතර බලය සඳහා ආවේණික අරගල දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ පසු, 1821 අගෝස්තු 3 වන දින ලබා දුන් නියෝගයකට අනුව, ආරක්ෂකයා යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ, පේරු හි නිදහස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වල හමුදා-දේශපාලන අණ භාර ගත්තේය. ආරක්ෂකයාගේ කෘති ජාතික පුස්තකාලය (දැනුම වෙනුවෙන්) නිර්මාණය කිරීමට, ජාතික ගීය අනුමත කිරීමට සහ මිටා අහෝසි කිරීමට (ආදිවාසීන් වෙනුවෙන්) දායක විය. 1821 දෙසැම්බර් 27 වන දින, සැන් මාටින් අමාත්‍යාංශ තුනක් නිර්මාණය කළේය: රාජ්‍ය හා විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය, ජුවාන් ගාර්ෂියා ඩෙල් රියෝට; යුද හා නාවික අමාත්‍යාංශය බර්නාඩෝ ඩි මොන්ටෙගුඩෝට; සහ මුදල් අමාත්‍යාංශය හිපොලිටෝ උනනුට.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>l174654jgk8355jge83ug5gc0sicx85</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754278</id>
      <parentid>754277</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:07:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු */</comment>
      <origin>754278</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="107189" sha1="rhvw1s17f5ub2no4zuiyscy7xhqzs39" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
පේරු භූමියේ මානව පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳ පැරණිතම සාක්ෂි ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 12,500 දී හුවාකා ප්‍රීටා ජනාවාසයේ දී කාල නිර්ණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇන්ඩියන් සමාජ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය මත පදනම් වූ අතර, වාරිමාර්ග සහ ටෙරස් වැනි ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම භාවිතා කරන ලදී; ඔටුවන් පාලනය සහ මසුන් ඇල්ලීම ද වැදගත් විය. මෙම සමාජවලට වෙළඳපොළ හෝ මුදල් පිළිබඳ අදහසක් නොතිබූ බැවින් සංවිධානය අන්‍යෝන්‍යභාවය සහ නැවත බෙදා හැරීම මත රඳා පැවතුනි. පේරු හි පැරණිතම සංකීර්ණ සමාජය වන කැරල්-සුපේ ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ක්‍රි.පූ. 3,000 සහ 1,800 අතර පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ වෙරළ තීරයේ සමෘද්ධිමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම මුල් වර්ධනයන් අනුගමනය කළේ පේරු පුරා වෙරළබඩ සහ ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රදේශ වටා බොහෝ දුරට වර්ධනය වූ පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක සංස්කෘතීන් විසිනි. වර්තමානයේ පේරු හි පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරය දිගේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 1000 සිට 200 දක්වා&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; සමෘද්ධිමත් වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතිය, මුල් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතියට උදාහරණයකි.
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
ක්‍රි.පූ. 1500 සිට 300 දක්වා වර්ධනය වූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතිය දේශපාලනික සංසිද්ධියකට වඩා ආගමික එකක් විය හැකි අතර, ඔවුන්ගේ ආගමික මධ්‍යස්ථානය චාවින් ඩි හුවාන්ටාර් හි විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; ක්‍රි.ව. 1 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී චාවින් සංස්කෘතියේ පරිහානියෙන් පසු, ඊළඟ වසර දහස තුළ වෙරළ තීරයේ සහ උස්බිම් දෙකෙහිම දේශීයකරණය වූ සහ විශේෂිත සංස්කෘතීන් මාලාවක් නැඟී වැටුණි. වෙරළ තීරයේ, මේවාට පැරකාස්, නස්කා, වාරි සහ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනෙන චිමු සහ මොචේ ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඇතුළත් විය.


ක්‍රි.ව. පළමු සහස්‍රයේ ඔවුන්ගේ උච්චතම අවස්ථාවට ළඟා වූ මෝචේ, ඔවුන්ගේ ශුෂ්ක භූමි ප්‍රදේශය සාරවත් කළ වාරිමාර්ග පද්ධතිය, ඔවුන්ගේ සංකීර්ණ සෙරමික් මැටි භාණ්ඩ, ඔවුන්ගේ උස් ගොඩනැගිලි සහ දක්ෂ ලෝහ වැඩ සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; චිමු යනු පූර්ව-ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ මහා නගර තනන්නන් ය; උතුරු පේරු වෙරළ තීරයේ විසිරී ඇති බිත්ති සහිත නගරවල ලිහිල් සම්මේලනයක් ලෙස, චිමු 1140 සිට 1450 දක්වා පමණ සමෘද්ධිමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන්ගේ අගනුවර නූතන ටෘජිලෝ නගරයෙන් පිටත චුන් චෑන් හි විය. උස්බිම් වල, පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; යන දෙරටේම ටිටිකාකා විල අසල ටියාහුවානාකෝ සංස්කෘතිය සහ වර්තමාන අයකුචෝ නගරය අසල වාරි සංස්කෘතිය යන දෙකම ක්‍රි.ව. 500 සහ 1000 අතර විශාල නාගරික ජනාවාස සහ පුළුල් පරාසයක රාජ්‍ය පද්ධති වර්ධනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
In the 15th century, the [[:en:Inca_Empire|Incas]] emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the [[:en:Inca_Empire|largest empire]] in the [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Columbian Americas]] with their capital in [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]] The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechuas]]. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor [[:en:Pachacuti|Pachacuti]]. Under his rule and that of his son, [[:en:Topa_Inca_Yupanqui|Topa Inca Yupanqui]], the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the [[:en:Andes|Andean]] mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]], although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as ''Tawantinsuyu'' which can be translated as &quot;The Four Regions&quot; or &quot;The Four United Provinces.&quot; Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred ''[[:en:Huaca|Huacas]]'', but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of [[:en:Inti|Inti]], the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of [[:en:Pachamama|Pachamama]]. The Incas considered their King, the [[:en:Sapa_Inca|Sapa Inca]], to be the &quot;[[:en:Solar_deity|child of the sun]].&quot;

15 වන සියවසේදී, ඉන්කාවරු බලවත් රාජ්‍යයක් ලෙස මතු වූ අතර, එය සියවසක කාලයක් තුළ, කුස්කෝ හි අගනුවර සමඟ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම අධිරාජ්‍යය පිහිටුවා ගත්හ.&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; කුස්කෝහි ඉන්කාවරු මුලින් නියෝජනය කළේ කුඩා හා සාපේක්ෂව සුළු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එකක් වන ක්වෙචුවාවරුන් ය. ක්‍රමයෙන්, දහතුන්වන සියවස තරම් මුල් භාගයේදී, ඔවුන් තම අසල්වැසියන් ව්‍යාප්ත කර ඇතුළත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්හ. පහළොස්වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේදී පමණ, විශේෂයෙන් පචකුටි අධිරාජ්‍යයාගේ පාලනය යටතේ, යටත් කර ගැනීමේ වේගය වේගවත් වීමට පටන් ගන්නා තෙක් ඉන්කා ව්‍යාප්තිය මන්දගාමී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ සහ ඔහුගේ පුත් ටෝපා ඉන්කා යුපන්කිගේ පාලනය යටතේ, ඉන්කාවරු ඇන්ඩියන් කලාපයේ වැඩි කොටසක් පාලනය කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, ඔවුන්ගේ පාලනය යටතේ ජනගහනය මිලියන 9 සිට 16 දක්වා විය. පචකුටි තම දුරස්ථ අධිරාජ්‍යය පාලනය කිරීම සඳහා පුළුල් නීති සංග්‍රහයක් ද ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ අතර, විශිෂ්ට ලෙස නැවත ගොඩනඟන ලද කුස්කෝවෙන් පාලනය කළ සූර්යයාගේ දෙවියන් ලෙස ඔහුගේ පරම ලෞකික සහ අධ්‍යාත්මික අධිකාරිය තහවුරු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1438 සිට 1533 දක්වා, ඉන්කාවරු, දකුණු කොලොම්බියාවේ සිට උතුරු චිලී දක්වා, බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරය සහ නැගෙනහිරින් ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරය අතර, ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි කේන්ද්‍ර කරගත් බටහිර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාල කොටසක් ඒකාබද්ධ කිරීම සඳහා, යටත් කර ගැනීමේ සිට සාමකාමී උකහා ගැනීම දක්වා විවිධ ක්‍රම භාවිතා කළහ. අධිරාජ්‍යයේ නිල භාෂාව ක්වෙචුවා විය,&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් සිය ගණනක් දේශීය භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරන ලදී. ඉන්කාවරු ඔවුන්ගේ අධිරාජ්‍යය ටවන්ටින්සුයු ලෙස හැඳින්වූ අතර එය &quot;ප්‍රදේශ හතර&quot; හෝ &quot;එක්සත් පළාත් හතර&quot; ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කළ හැකිය. අධිරාජ්‍යය තුළ බොහෝ ප්‍රාදේශීය නමස්කාර ක්‍රම පැවතුන අතර, ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් ප්‍රාදේශීය පූජනීය හුවාකාස් සම්බන්ධ වූ නමුත්, ඉන්කා නායකත්වය සූර්ය දෙවියා වන ඉන්ටි වන්දනාමාන කිරීම දිරිමත් කළ අතර පචමාමා වැනි අනෙකුත් නිකායන්ට වඩා එහි ස්වෛරීභාවය පනවා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්කාවරු ඔවුන්ගේ රජු වන සාපා ඉන්කා &quot;සූර්යයාගේ දරුවා&quot; ලෙස සැලකූහ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
අවසාන සාපා ඉන්කා වන අටහුල්පා (හෝ අටහුල්පා) අධිරාජ්‍යයා බවට පත් වූයේ ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් අර්ධ සහෝදරයා වන හුවාස්කාර් ඔවුන්ගේ පියා වන&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්කා හුවායිනා කැපැක්ගේ මරණයෙන් ඇති වූ සිවිල් යුද්ධයකදී පරාජය කර මරා දැමීමෙනි. 1532 දෙසැම්බරයේදී, ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද (චන්කාස්, හුවාන්කාස්, කනාරිස් සහ චචපොයාස් විසින් ඉන්දියානු සහායකයින් ලෙස සහාය දක්වන ලද) ජයග්‍රාහී පක්ෂයක් කැජමාර්කා සටනේදී ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයා අටහුල්පා පරාජය කර අල්ලා ගත්හ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; වසර ගණනාවක මූලික ගවේෂණ සහ හමුදා ගැටුම් වලින් පසුව, එය දශක ගණනාවක් සටන් කිරීමට සිදු වූ දිගු මෙහෙයුමක පළමු පියවර වූ නමුත් ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් සහ පේරු හි උපරාජිකත්වය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය යටත් විජිතකරණයෙන් අවසන් වූ අතර එහි අගනුවර ලීමා වන අතර එය එවකට &quot;ලා සියුඩාඩ් ඩි ලොස් රෙයිස්&quot; (රජවරුන්ගේ නගරය) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. පේරු රාජ්‍යය අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, උපරාජයාණන්ගේ පාලන සමය පුරා භ්‍රමණ ව්‍යාපාරවලට මෙන්ම ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය දෙසට ගවේෂණවලට ද හේතු විය. ඇමරින්දියානු ප්‍රතිරෝධය මැඩපැවැත්වීම සඳහා ස්පාඤ්ඤ උත්සාහයන් සිදු වූ විට මෙන්. 1572 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විල්කබම්බා හි නව-ඉන්කා රාජ්‍යය විනාශ කළ විට අවසාන ඉන්කා ප්‍රතිරෝධය මර්දනය කරන ලදී.

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් වසංගත රෝග මෙන්ම සූරාකෑම සහ සමාජ-ආර්ථික වෙනස්කම් හේතුවෙන් ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය නාටකාකාර ලෙස බිඳ වැටුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; වයිස්රෝයි ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩි ටොලිඩෝ 1570 ගණන්වල රන් හා රිදී කැණීම එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම ලෙස සහ ඇමරින්දියානු බලහත්කාර ශ්‍රමය එහි ප්‍රාථමික ශ්‍රම බලකාය ලෙස ප්‍රතිසංවිධානය කළේය. පොටෝසි (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) සහ හුවාන්කාවෙලිකා හි මහා රිදී සහ රන් ලෝඩ් සොයා ගැනීමත් සමඟ, උපරාජ රාජ්‍යය ඛනිජ සම්පත් සපයන වැදගත් සැපයුම්කරුවෙකු ලෙස සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. පේරු බුලියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට ආදායමක් ලබා දුන් අතර යුරෝපය සහ පිලිපීනය දක්වා විහිදුණු සංකීර්ණ වෙළඳ ජාලයකට ඉන්ධන සැපයීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වාණිජ හා ජනගහන හුවමාරු ඇකපුල්කෝ හරහා ගමන් කරන මැනිලා ගැලියන් හරහා සිදු වූ අතර, ඇමරිකාවේ වෙළඳ මාර්ගයේ දුරස්ථම අන්තය ලෙස පේරු හි කැලාඕ තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පැනමාවේ ආණ්ඩුකාර දොන් සෙබස්තියන් හර්ටාඩෝ ද කෝර්කුවේරා ද පේරු සොල්දාදුවන් සහ ජනපදිකයන් යොදවා පිලිපීනයේ සැම්බෝන්ගා නගරය පදිංචි කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ශ්‍රම බලකාය පුළුල් කිරීම සඳහා අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන් ශ්‍රම ජනගහනයට එකතු කරන ලදී. යටත් විජිත පරිපාලන උපකරණයක් සහ නිලධාරිවාදයේ ව්‍යාප්තිය ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංවිධානයට සමාන්තර විය.

ජයග්‍රහණයත් සමඟ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය පැතිරීම ආරම්භ විය; බොහෝ මිනිසුන් බලහත්කාරයෙන් කතෝලික ආගමට හරවා ගන්නා ලද අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ පූජකවරු පසුව ඉංග්‍රීසි යටත් විජිතවල පියුරිටන් දේවතාවන් මෙන් විශ්වාස කළේ ස්වදේශික ජනතාව &quot;යක්ෂයා විසින් දූෂිත කර ඇති බවත්, ඔවුන් හරහා ඔවුන්ගේ අත්තිවාරම් අවුල් කිරීමට&quot; කටයුතු කළ බවත්ය.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනගහනය පරිවර්තනය කිරීමට පරම්පරාවක් ගත විය. ඔවුන් සෑම නගරයකම පල්ලි ඉදි කළ අතර කුස්කෝ නගරයේ කොරිකන්චා වැනි ඉන්කා දේවාල කිහිපයක් පල්ලි වලින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළහ. අලුතින් පරිවර්තනය වූ කතෝලිකයන් වෙනත් ආගම් හෝ විශ්වාසයන් වෙත යොමු නොවන බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා වධහිංසා පැමිණවීම සහ ආරාම පාසල් භාවිතා කරමින්, විශේෂයෙන් ඉන්කා වංශවත් සහ ඉහළ පන්තියේ ගැහැණු ළමයින්ට අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීම, &quot;[කන්‍යා සොහොයුරියක් වීමට] ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට හෝ ආරාමයෙන් ඉවත් වී පේරු හි ඔවුන්ගේ පියවරුන් ගොඩනඟා ගැනීමට සැලසුම් කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි සමාජයේ ('estado') භූමිකාව භාර ගැනීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් වයසට යන තුරු&quot; පල්ලිය ඉන්ක්විසිෂන් භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කතෝලික ධර්මය බොහෝ ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල දක්නට ලැබෙන සමමුහුර්තකරණය අනුගමනය කරන අතර, එහි ආගමික ස්වදේශික චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර ක්‍රිස්තියානි සැමරුම් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කර ඇත. මෙම උත්සාහයේදී, පල්ලිය ස්වදේශිකයන්ගේ සංස්කෘතිය තුළ වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික කක්ෂයට ඔවුන්ව ඇද ගැනීම.[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
18 වන සියවස වන විට, රිදී නිෂ්පාදනය පහත වැටීම සහ ආර්ථික විවිධාංගීකරණය රාජකීය ආදායම බෙහෙවින් අඩු කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කිරීටය විසින් බදු වැඩි කරන ලද සහ උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදා වෙන් කරන ලද ආඥා මාලාවක් වන බෝර්බන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. නව නීති මගින් දෙවන ටුපැක් අමරුගේ කැරැල්ල සහ අනෙකුත් කැරලි ඇති වූ අතර, ඒ සියල්ල මර්දනය කරන ලදී. මෙම සහ වෙනත් වෙනස්කම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රියෝල් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයින් භූමිය මත පාලනය ඒකාධිකාරී කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, දැවැන්ත ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය අඩුවීම නිසා අතහැර දැමූ හොඳම ඉඩම් බොහොමයක් අල්ලා ගත්හ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මෙරිඩියන් හරහා බ්‍රසීලය පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට විරුද්ධ වූයේ නැත. ස්පාඤ්ඤය පෘතුගාලය පාලනය කළ අතරතුර ටෝර්ඩසිලාස් ගිවිසුම 1580 සහ 1640 අතර කාලය තුළ අර්ථ විරහිත විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤය සමඟ සන්නිවේදනය සහ වෙළඳාම ලිහිල් කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදීමට සහ නව ග්‍රැනඩා සහ රියෝ ඩි හි නව උපරාජ පක්ෂයන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට හේතු විය. පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවන ලද භූමිවල වියදමින් ලා ප්ලාටා; මෙය උපරාජ අගනුවර ලෙස ලීමා හි බලය, ප්‍රමුඛත්වය සහ වැදගත්කම අඩු කළ අතර ලාභදායී ඇන්ඩියන් වෙළඳාම බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් සහ බොගෝටා වෙත මාරු කළ අතර පතල් හා රෙදිපිළි නිෂ්පාදනයේ බිඳවැටීම පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවියේ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ක්ෂය වීම වේගවත් කළේය.

අවසානයේදී, දහනව වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ජාතික නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අභියෝගයට ලක් වූ විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ වැඩි කොටසක් මෙන්, උපරාජ පදවිය විසුරුවා හරින ලදී. මෙම ව්‍යාපාර, එක් අවස්ථාවක හෝ තවත් අවස්ථාවක පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවා තිබූ භූමිවල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ නූතන රටවල් බහුතරයක් ගොඩනැගීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; යටත් විජිතය සහ යටත් විජිතය ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පේරු භූමිය යටත් කර ගැනීමට පෙර නොතිබූ සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ජනවාර්ගික මිශ්‍රණයක් ගෙන ආවේය. ඉන්කා සම්ප්‍රදායන් බොහොමයක් නැති වී හෝ තනුක කර තිබුණද, නව සිරිත් විරිත්, සම්ප්‍රදායන් සහ දැනුම එකතු කරන ලද අතර, පොහොසත් මිශ්‍ර පේරු සංස්කෘතියක් නිර්මාණය විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ට එරෙහි වැදගත්ම ස්වදේශික කැරලි දෙකක් වූයේ 1742 දී ජුවාන් සැන්ටොස් අටහුල්පා සහ 1742 දී ටුපැක් අමරු II කැරැල්ලයි. 1780 දී කුස්කෝ අසල උස්බිම් වටා.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
19 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, බොහෝ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් නිදහස් යුද්ධවලින් අතුගා දැමූ අතර, පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාජකීය බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තිය විමුක්තිය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රාජාණ්ඩුවට පක්ෂපාතීත්වය අතර දෝලනය වෙමින් සිටියදී, නිදහස ලබා ගත්තේ ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසුව පමණි.

ආර්ථික අර්බුද, යුරෝපයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ බලය අහිමි වීම, උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ නිදහස් යුද්ධය සහ ස්වදේශික නැගිටීම් යන සියල්ලම දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රියෝලෝ ජනගහනය අතර විමුක්ති අදහස් වර්ධනය කිරීමට හිතකර වාතාවරණයක් ඇති කිරීමට දායක විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පේරු හි ක්‍රියෝලෝ කතිපයාධිකාරය වරප්‍රසාද භුක්ති විඳි අතර ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට පක්ෂපාතීව සිටියේය. විමුක්ති ව්‍යාපාරය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වන අතර එහිදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ යටත් විජිත කෙරෙහි ඇති අධිකාරිය අහිමි වීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ස්වාධීන ජුන්ටා නිර්මාණය විය.

රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිදහස සඳහා සටන් කිරීමෙන් පසු, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් ඇන්ඩීස් හමුදාව නිර්මාණය කර දින 21 කින් ඇන්ඩීස් තරණය කළේය. චිලීයට පැමිණි පසු, ඔහු චිලී හමුදාවේ ජෙනරාල් බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස් සමඟ එකතු වී 1818 දී චකබුකෝ සහ මයිපු සටන් වලදී රට නිදහස් කර ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; 1820 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 වන දින, චිලී නාවික හමුදාවේ සේවය කළ ජෙනරාල් ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ තෝමස් කොක්රේන්ගේ අණ යටතේ යුධ නැව් අටකින් යුත් බලඇණියක් පැරකාස් වරායට පැමිණියේය. ඔක්තෝබර් 26 වන දින වහාම ඔවුන් පිස්කෝ නගරය පාලනය කළහ. නොවැම්බර් 12 වන දින සැන් මාටින් හුවාචෝ හි පදිංචි වූ අතර, කොක්රේන් උතුරට යාත්‍රා කර ලීමා හි කැලාඕ වරාය අවහිර කරන අතරතුර ඔහු එහි තම මූලස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. ඒ සමඟම උතුරේ, ග්‍රෙගෝරියෝ එස්කොබෙඩෝගේ අණ යටතේ කැරලිකාර හමුදා විසින් ගුවායාකිල් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලදී. පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ බලකොටුව වූ බැවින්, පේරු නිදහස් කර ගැනීම සඳහා සැන් මාටින්ගේ උපාය මාර්ගය වූයේ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකභාවය භාවිතා කිරීමයි. පේරුට නිදහස ලබා දෙන ලෙස වයිස්රෝයිගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට ඔහු ලීමා වෙත නියෝජිතයින් යැවීය, කෙසේ වෙතත්, සියලු සාකච්ඡා අසාර්ථක විය.[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]

පේරුහි උපරාජයා වූ ජෝකින් ඩි ලා පැසුවේලා, සැන් මාර්ටින්ගේ තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් ලීමාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා පක්ෂපාතී හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා පත් කළේය. ජනවාරි 29 වන දින, ඩි ලා සර්නා ඩි ලා පස්වේලාට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් සංවිධානය කළ අතර, එය ස්පාඤ්ඤය විසින් පිළිගනු ලැබූ අතර ඔහු පේරුහි උපරාජයා ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. මෙම අභ්‍යන්තර බල අරගලය විමුක්ති හමුදාවේ සාර්ථකත්වයට දායක විය. මිලිටරි ගැටුමක් වළක්වා ගැනීම සඳහා, සැන් මාර්ටින් අලුතින් පත් කරන ලද උපරාජයා වූ ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා හමුවී ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාජාණ්ඩුවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළ අතර, එම යෝජනාව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී. ඩි ලා සර්නා නගරය අතහැර දැමූ අතර, 1821 ජූලි 12 වන දින, සැන් මාර්ටින් ලීමා අල්ලාගෙන 1821 ජූලි 28 වන දින පේරු නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය. ඔහු පළමු පේරු ධජය නිර්මාණය කළේය. ඉහළ පේරු (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) වසර තුනකට පසු සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදාව එය නිදහස් කරන තෙක් ස්පාඤ්ඤ බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ජෝසේ ඩි සැන් මාර්ටින් පේරුහි ආරක්ෂකයා ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු සම්මේලනයක් සඳහා වූ බොලිවේරියානු ව්‍යාපෘති අසාර්ථක වූ අතර බොලිවියාව සමඟ සන්ධානයක් තාවකාලික බව ඔප්පු වූ බැවින්, මෙම කාලය තුළ පේරු ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවය ගොඩනඟා ගන්නා ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

සයිමන් බොලිවර් උතුරේ සිට තම ව්‍යාපාරය දියත් කළ අතර, 1821 දී කැරබෝබෝ සටන්වලදී සහ වසරකට පසුව පිචින්චා සටන්වලදී නිව් ග්‍රැනඩාවේ උපරාජ පක්ෂය නිදහස් කළේය. 1822 ජූලි මාසයේදී, බොලිවර් සහ සැන් මාටින් ගුවායාකිල් සමුළුවට රැස් වූහ. පළමු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව රැස් කිරීමෙන් පසු සැන් මාටින් දේශපාලනයෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගිය අතර, පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිදහස් කිරීමේ වගකීම බොලිවර්ට පැවරුණි. අලුතින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද පේරු කොංග්‍රසය පේරුහි බොලිවර් ආඥාදායකයා ලෙස නම් කළ අතර, ඔහුට හමුදාව සංවිධානය කිරීමේ බලය ලබා දුන්නේය.

ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ජෝස් ද සුක්‍රේගේ සහාය ඇතිව, ඔවුන් 1824 අගෝස්තු 6 වන දින ජූනින් සටනේදී සහ එම වසරේම දෙසැම්බර් 9 වන දින තීරණාත්මක අයකුචෝ සටනේදී විශාල ස්පාඤ්ඤ හමුදාව පරාජය කරමින් පේරු සහ ඉහළ පේරුහි නිදහස තහවුරු කළහ. ඉහළ පේරු පසුව බොලිවියාව ලෙස ස්ථාපිත විය. ජනරජයේ මුල් වසරවලදී, හමුදා නායකයින් අතර බලය සඳහා ආවේණික අරගල දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ පසු, 1821 අගෝස්තු 3 වන දින ලබා දුන් නියෝගයකට අනුව, ආරක්ෂකයා යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ, පේරු හි නිදහස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වල හමුදා-දේශපාලන අණ භාර ගත්තේය. ආරක්ෂකයාගේ කෘති ජාතික පුස්තකාලය (දැනුම වෙනුවෙන්) නිර්මාණය කිරීමට, ජාතික ගීය අනුමත කිරීමට සහ මිටා අහෝසි කිරීමට (ආදිවාසීන් වෙනුවෙන්) දායක විය. 1821 දෙසැම්බර් 27 වන දින, සැන් මාටින් අමාත්‍යාංශ තුනක් නිර්මාණය කළේය: රාජ්‍ය හා විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය, ජුවාන් ගාර්ෂියා ඩෙල් රියෝට; යුද හා නාවික අමාත්‍යාංශය බර්නාඩෝ ඩි මොන්ටෙගුඩෝට; සහ මුදල් අමාත්‍යාංශය හිපොලිටෝ උනනුට.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>rhvw1s17f5ub2no4zuiyscy7xhqzs39</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754279</id>
      <parentid>754278</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:08:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු */</comment>
      <origin>754279</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="105078" sha1="3soz1h5boudn96vkwirl13lvzzlo1ub" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
පේරු භූමියේ මානව පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳ පැරණිතම සාක්ෂි ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 12,500 දී හුවාකා ප්‍රීටා ජනාවාසයේ දී කාල නිර්ණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇන්ඩියන් සමාජ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය මත පදනම් වූ අතර, වාරිමාර්ග සහ ටෙරස් වැනි ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම භාවිතා කරන ලදී; ඔටුවන් පාලනය සහ මසුන් ඇල්ලීම ද වැදගත් විය. මෙම සමාජවලට වෙළඳපොළ හෝ මුදල් පිළිබඳ අදහසක් නොතිබූ බැවින් සංවිධානය අන්‍යෝන්‍යභාවය සහ නැවත බෙදා හැරීම මත රඳා පැවතුනි. පේරු හි පැරණිතම සංකීර්ණ සමාජය වන කැරල්-සුපේ ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ක්‍රි.පූ. 3,000 සහ 1,800 අතර පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ වෙරළ තීරයේ සමෘද්ධිමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම මුල් වර්ධනයන් අනුගමනය කළේ පේරු පුරා වෙරළබඩ සහ ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රදේශ වටා බොහෝ දුරට වර්ධනය වූ පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක සංස්කෘතීන් විසිනි. වර්තමානයේ පේරු හි පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරය දිගේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 1000 සිට 200 දක්වා&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; සමෘද්ධිමත් වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතිය, මුල් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතියට උදාහරණයකි.
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
ක්‍රි.පූ. 1500 සිට 300 දක්වා වර්ධනය වූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතිය දේශපාලනික සංසිද්ධියකට වඩා ආගමික එකක් විය හැකි අතර, ඔවුන්ගේ ආගමික මධ්‍යස්ථානය චාවින් ඩි හුවාන්ටාර් හි විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; ක්‍රි.ව. 1 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී චාවින් සංස්කෘතියේ පරිහානියෙන් පසු, ඊළඟ වසර දහස තුළ වෙරළ තීරයේ සහ උස්බිම් දෙකෙහිම දේශීයකරණය වූ සහ විශේෂිත සංස්කෘතීන් මාලාවක් නැඟී වැටුණි. වෙරළ තීරයේ, මේවාට පැරකාස්, නස්කා, වාරි සහ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනෙන චිමු සහ මොචේ ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඇතුළත් විය.

ක්‍රි.ව. පළමු සහස්‍රයේ ඔවුන්ගේ උච්චතම අවස්ථාවට ළඟා වූ මෝචේ, ඔවුන්ගේ ශුෂ්ක භූමි ප්‍රදේශය සාරවත් කළ වාරිමාර්ග පද්ධතිය, ඔවුන්ගේ සංකීර්ණ සෙරමික් මැටි භාණ්ඩ, ඔවුන්ගේ උස් ගොඩනැගිලි සහ දක්ෂ ලෝහ වැඩ සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; චිමු යනු පූර්ව-ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ මහා නගර තනන්නන් ය; උතුරු පේරු වෙරළ තීරයේ විසිරී ඇති බිත්ති සහිත නගරවල ලිහිල් සම්මේලනයක් ලෙස, චිමු 1140 සිට 1450 දක්වා පමණ සමෘද්ධිමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන්ගේ අගනුවර නූතන ටෘජිලෝ නගරයෙන් පිටත චුන් චෑන් හි විය. උස්බිම් වල, පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; යන දෙරටේම ටිටිකාකා විල අසල ටියාහුවානාකෝ සංස්කෘතිය සහ වර්තමාන අයකුචෝ නගරය අසල වාරි සංස්කෘතිය යන දෙකම ක්‍රි.ව. 500 සහ 1000 අතර විශාල නාගරික ජනාවාස සහ පුළුල් පරාසයක රාජ්‍ය පද්ධති වර්ධනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
15 වන සියවසේදී, ඉන්කාවරු බලවත් රාජ්‍යයක් ලෙස මතු වූ අතර, එය සියවසක කාලයක් තුළ, කුස්කෝ හි අගනුවර සමඟ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම අධිරාජ්‍යය පිහිටුවා ගත්හ.&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; කුස්කෝහි ඉන්කාවරු මුලින් නියෝජනය කළේ කුඩා හා සාපේක්ෂව සුළු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එකක් වන ක්වෙචුවාවරුන් ය. ක්‍රමයෙන්, දහතුන්වන සියවස තරම් මුල් භාගයේදී, ඔවුන් තම අසල්වැසියන් ව්‍යාප්ත කර ඇතුළත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්හ. පහළොස්වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේදී පමණ, විශේෂයෙන් පචකුටි අධිරාජ්‍යයාගේ පාලනය යටතේ, යටත් කර ගැනීමේ වේගය වේගවත් වීමට පටන් ගන්නා තෙක් ඉන්කා ව්‍යාප්තිය මන්දගාමී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ සහ ඔහුගේ පුත් ටෝපා ඉන්කා යුපන්කිගේ පාලනය යටතේ, ඉන්කාවරු ඇන්ඩියන් කලාපයේ වැඩි කොටසක් පාලනය කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, ඔවුන්ගේ පාලනය යටතේ ජනගහනය මිලියන 9 සිට 16 දක්වා විය. පචකුටි තම දුරස්ථ අධිරාජ්‍යය පාලනය කිරීම සඳහා පුළුල් නීති සංග්‍රහයක් ද ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ අතර, විශිෂ්ට ලෙස නැවත ගොඩනඟන ලද කුස්කෝවෙන් පාලනය කළ සූර්යයාගේ දෙවියන් ලෙස ඔහුගේ පරම ලෞකික සහ අධ්‍යාත්මික අධිකාරිය තහවුරු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1438 සිට 1533 දක්වා, ඉන්කාවරු, දකුණු කොලොම්බියාවේ සිට උතුරු චිලී දක්වා, බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරය සහ නැගෙනහිරින් ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරය අතර, ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි කේන්ද්‍ර කරගත් බටහිර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාල කොටසක් ඒකාබද්ධ කිරීම සඳහා, යටත් කර ගැනීමේ සිට සාමකාමී උකහා ගැනීම දක්වා විවිධ ක්‍රම භාවිතා කළහ. අධිරාජ්‍යයේ නිල භාෂාව ක්වෙචුවා විය,&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් සිය ගණනක් දේශීය භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරන ලදී. ඉන්කාවරු ඔවුන්ගේ අධිරාජ්‍යය ටවන්ටින්සුයු ලෙස හැඳින්වූ අතර එය &quot;ප්‍රදේශ හතර&quot; හෝ &quot;එක්සත් පළාත් හතර&quot; ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කළ හැකිය. අධිරාජ්‍යය තුළ බොහෝ ප්‍රාදේශීය නමස්කාර ක්‍රම පැවතුන අතර, ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් ප්‍රාදේශීය පූජනීය හුවාකාස් සම්බන්ධ වූ නමුත්, ඉන්කා නායකත්වය සූර්ය දෙවියා වන ඉන්ටි වන්දනාමාන කිරීම දිරිමත් කළ අතර පචමාමා වැනි අනෙකුත් නිකායන්ට වඩා එහි ස්වෛරීභාවය පනවා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්කාවරු ඔවුන්ගේ රජු වන සාපා ඉන්කා &quot;සූර්යයාගේ දරුවා&quot; ලෙස සැලකූහ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
අවසාන සාපා ඉන්කා වන අටහුල්පා (හෝ අටහුල්පා) අධිරාජ්‍යයා බවට පත් වූයේ ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් අර්ධ සහෝදරයා වන හුවාස්කාර් ඔවුන්ගේ පියා වන&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්කා හුවායිනා කැපැක්ගේ මරණයෙන් ඇති වූ සිවිල් යුද්ධයකදී පරාජය කර මරා දැමීමෙනි. 1532 දෙසැම්බරයේදී, ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද (චන්කාස්, හුවාන්කාස්, කනාරිස් සහ චචපොයාස් විසින් ඉන්දියානු සහායකයින් ලෙස සහාය දක්වන ලද) ජයග්‍රාහී පක්ෂයක් කැජමාර්කා සටනේදී ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයා අටහුල්පා පරාජය කර අල්ලා ගත්හ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; වසර ගණනාවක මූලික ගවේෂණ සහ හමුදා ගැටුම් වලින් පසුව, එය දශක ගණනාවක් සටන් කිරීමට සිදු වූ දිගු මෙහෙයුමක පළමු පියවර වූ නමුත් ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් සහ පේරු හි උපරාජිකත්වය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය යටත් විජිතකරණයෙන් අවසන් වූ අතර එහි අගනුවර ලීමා වන අතර එය එවකට &quot;ලා සියුඩාඩ් ඩි ලොස් රෙයිස්&quot; (රජවරුන්ගේ නගරය) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. පේරු රාජ්‍යය අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, උපරාජයාණන්ගේ පාලන සමය පුරා භ්‍රමණ ව්‍යාපාරවලට මෙන්ම ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය දෙසට ගවේෂණවලට ද හේතු විය. ඇමරින්දියානු ප්‍රතිරෝධය මැඩපැවැත්වීම සඳහා ස්පාඤ්ඤ උත්සාහයන් සිදු වූ විට මෙන්. 1572 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විල්කබම්බා හි නව-ඉන්කා රාජ්‍යය විනාශ කළ විට අවසාන ඉන්කා ප්‍රතිරෝධය මර්දනය කරන ලදී.

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් වසංගත රෝග මෙන්ම සූරාකෑම සහ සමාජ-ආර්ථික වෙනස්කම් හේතුවෙන් ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය නාටකාකාර ලෙස බිඳ වැටුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; වයිස්රෝයි ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩි ටොලිඩෝ 1570 ගණන්වල රන් හා රිදී කැණීම එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම ලෙස සහ ඇමරින්දියානු බලහත්කාර ශ්‍රමය එහි ප්‍රාථමික ශ්‍රම බලකාය ලෙස ප්‍රතිසංවිධානය කළේය. පොටෝසි (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) සහ හුවාන්කාවෙලිකා හි මහා රිදී සහ රන් ලෝඩ් සොයා ගැනීමත් සමඟ, උපරාජ රාජ්‍යය ඛනිජ සම්පත් සපයන වැදගත් සැපයුම්කරුවෙකු ලෙස සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. පේරු බුලියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට ආදායමක් ලබා දුන් අතර යුරෝපය සහ පිලිපීනය දක්වා විහිදුණු සංකීර්ණ වෙළඳ ජාලයකට ඉන්ධන සැපයීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වාණිජ හා ජනගහන හුවමාරු ඇකපුල්කෝ හරහා ගමන් කරන මැනිලා ගැලියන් හරහා සිදු වූ අතර, ඇමරිකාවේ වෙළඳ මාර්ගයේ දුරස්ථම අන්තය ලෙස පේරු හි කැලාඕ තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පැනමාවේ ආණ්ඩුකාර දොන් සෙබස්තියන් හර්ටාඩෝ ද කෝර්කුවේරා ද පේරු සොල්දාදුවන් සහ ජනපදිකයන් යොදවා පිලිපීනයේ සැම්බෝන්ගා නගරය පදිංචි කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ශ්‍රම බලකාය පුළුල් කිරීම සඳහා අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන් ශ්‍රම ජනගහනයට එකතු කරන ලදී. යටත් විජිත පරිපාලන උපකරණයක් සහ නිලධාරිවාදයේ ව්‍යාප්තිය ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංවිධානයට සමාන්තර විය.

ජයග්‍රහණයත් සමඟ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය පැතිරීම ආරම්භ විය; බොහෝ මිනිසුන් බලහත්කාරයෙන් කතෝලික ආගමට හරවා ගන්නා ලද අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ පූජකවරු පසුව ඉංග්‍රීසි යටත් විජිතවල පියුරිටන් දේවතාවන් මෙන් විශ්වාස කළේ ස්වදේශික ජනතාව &quot;යක්ෂයා විසින් දූෂිත කර ඇති බවත්, ඔවුන් හරහා ඔවුන්ගේ අත්තිවාරම් අවුල් කිරීමට&quot; කටයුතු කළ බවත්ය.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනගහනය පරිවර්තනය කිරීමට පරම්පරාවක් ගත විය. ඔවුන් සෑම නගරයකම පල්ලි ඉදි කළ අතර කුස්කෝ නගරයේ කොරිකන්චා වැනි ඉන්කා දේවාල කිහිපයක් පල්ලි වලින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළහ. අලුතින් පරිවර්තනය වූ කතෝලිකයන් වෙනත් ආගම් හෝ විශ්වාසයන් වෙත යොමු නොවන බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා වධහිංසා පැමිණවීම සහ ආරාම පාසල් භාවිතා කරමින්, විශේෂයෙන් ඉන්කා වංශවත් සහ ඉහළ පන්තියේ ගැහැණු ළමයින්ට අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීම, &quot;[කන්‍යා සොහොයුරියක් වීමට] ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට හෝ ආරාමයෙන් ඉවත් වී පේරු හි ඔවුන්ගේ පියවරුන් ගොඩනඟා ගැනීමට සැලසුම් කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි සමාජයේ ('estado') භූමිකාව භාර ගැනීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් වයසට යන තුරු&quot; පල්ලිය ඉන්ක්විසිෂන් භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කතෝලික ධර්මය බොහෝ ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල දක්නට ලැබෙන සමමුහුර්තකරණය අනුගමනය කරන අතර, එහි ආගමික ස්වදේශික චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර ක්‍රිස්තියානි සැමරුම් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කර ඇත. මෙම උත්සාහයේදී, පල්ලිය ස්වදේශිකයන්ගේ සංස්කෘතිය තුළ වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික කක්ෂයට ඔවුන්ව ඇද ගැනීම.[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
18 වන සියවස වන විට, රිදී නිෂ්පාදනය පහත වැටීම සහ ආර්ථික විවිධාංගීකරණය රාජකීය ආදායම බෙහෙවින් අඩු කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කිරීටය විසින් බදු වැඩි කරන ලද සහ උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදා වෙන් කරන ලද ආඥා මාලාවක් වන බෝර්බන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. නව නීති මගින් දෙවන ටුපැක් අමරුගේ කැරැල්ල සහ අනෙකුත් කැරලි ඇති වූ අතර, ඒ සියල්ල මර්දනය කරන ලදී. මෙම සහ වෙනත් වෙනස්කම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රියෝල් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයින් භූමිය මත පාලනය ඒකාධිකාරී කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, දැවැන්ත ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය අඩුවීම නිසා අතහැර දැමූ හොඳම ඉඩම් බොහොමයක් අල්ලා ගත්හ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මෙරිඩියන් හරහා බ්‍රසීලය පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට විරුද්ධ වූයේ නැත. ස්පාඤ්ඤය පෘතුගාලය පාලනය කළ අතරතුර ටෝර්ඩසිලාස් ගිවිසුම 1580 සහ 1640 අතර කාලය තුළ අර්ථ විරහිත විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤය සමඟ සන්නිවේදනය සහ වෙළඳාම ලිහිල් කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදීමට සහ නව ග්‍රැනඩා සහ රියෝ ඩි හි නව උපරාජ පක්ෂයන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට හේතු විය. පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවන ලද භූමිවල වියදමින් ලා ප්ලාටා; මෙය උපරාජ අගනුවර ලෙස ලීමා හි බලය, ප්‍රමුඛත්වය සහ වැදගත්කම අඩු කළ අතර ලාභදායී ඇන්ඩියන් වෙළඳාම බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් සහ බොගෝටා වෙත මාරු කළ අතර පතල් හා රෙදිපිළි නිෂ්පාදනයේ බිඳවැටීම පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවියේ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ක්ෂය වීම වේගවත් කළේය.

අවසානයේදී, දහනව වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ජාතික නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අභියෝගයට ලක් වූ විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ වැඩි කොටසක් මෙන්, උපරාජ පදවිය විසුරුවා හරින ලදී. මෙම ව්‍යාපාර, එක් අවස්ථාවක හෝ තවත් අවස්ථාවක පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවා තිබූ භූමිවල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ නූතන රටවල් බහුතරයක් ගොඩනැගීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; යටත් විජිතය සහ යටත් විජිතය ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පේරු භූමිය යටත් කර ගැනීමට පෙර නොතිබූ සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ජනවාර්ගික මිශ්‍රණයක් ගෙන ආවේය. ඉන්කා සම්ප්‍රදායන් බොහොමයක් නැති වී හෝ තනුක කර තිබුණද, නව සිරිත් විරිත්, සම්ප්‍රදායන් සහ දැනුම එකතු කරන ලද අතර, පොහොසත් මිශ්‍ර පේරු සංස්කෘතියක් නිර්මාණය විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ට එරෙහි වැදගත්ම ස්වදේශික කැරලි දෙකක් වූයේ 1742 දී ජුවාන් සැන්ටොස් අටහුල්පා සහ 1742 දී ටුපැක් අමරු II කැරැල්ලයි. 1780 දී කුස්කෝ අසල උස්බිම් වටා.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
19 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, බොහෝ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් නිදහස් යුද්ධවලින් අතුගා දැමූ අතර, පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාජකීය බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තිය විමුක්තිය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රාජාණ්ඩුවට පක්ෂපාතීත්වය අතර දෝලනය වෙමින් සිටියදී, නිදහස ලබා ගත්තේ ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසුව පමණි.

ආර්ථික අර්බුද, යුරෝපයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ බලය අහිමි වීම, උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ නිදහස් යුද්ධය සහ ස්වදේශික නැගිටීම් යන සියල්ලම දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රියෝලෝ ජනගහනය අතර විමුක්ති අදහස් වර්ධනය කිරීමට හිතකර වාතාවරණයක් ඇති කිරීමට දායක විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පේරු හි ක්‍රියෝලෝ කතිපයාධිකාරය වරප්‍රසාද භුක්ති විඳි අතර ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට පක්ෂපාතීව සිටියේය. විමුක්ති ව්‍යාපාරය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වන අතර එහිදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ යටත් විජිත කෙරෙහි ඇති අධිකාරිය අහිමි වීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ස්වාධීන ජුන්ටා නිර්මාණය විය.

රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිදහස සඳහා සටන් කිරීමෙන් පසු, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් ඇන්ඩීස් හමුදාව නිර්මාණය කර දින 21 කින් ඇන්ඩීස් තරණය කළේය. චිලීයට පැමිණි පසු, ඔහු චිලී හමුදාවේ ජෙනරාල් බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස් සමඟ එකතු වී 1818 දී චකබුකෝ සහ මයිපු සටන් වලදී රට නිදහස් කර ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; 1820 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 වන දින, චිලී නාවික හමුදාවේ සේවය කළ ජෙනරාල් ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ තෝමස් කොක්රේන්ගේ අණ යටතේ යුධ නැව් අටකින් යුත් බලඇණියක් පැරකාස් වරායට පැමිණියේය. ඔක්තෝබර් 26 වන දින වහාම ඔවුන් පිස්කෝ නගරය පාලනය කළහ. නොවැම්බර් 12 වන දින සැන් මාටින් හුවාචෝ හි පදිංචි වූ අතර, කොක්රේන් උතුරට යාත්‍රා කර ලීමා හි කැලාඕ වරාය අවහිර කරන අතරතුර ඔහු එහි තම මූලස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. ඒ සමඟම උතුරේ, ග්‍රෙගෝරියෝ එස්කොබෙඩෝගේ අණ යටතේ කැරලිකාර හමුදා විසින් ගුවායාකිල් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලදී. පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ බලකොටුව වූ බැවින්, පේරු නිදහස් කර ගැනීම සඳහා සැන් මාටින්ගේ උපාය මාර්ගය වූයේ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකභාවය භාවිතා කිරීමයි. පේරුට නිදහස ලබා දෙන ලෙස වයිස්රෝයිගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට ඔහු ලීමා වෙත නියෝජිතයින් යැවීය, කෙසේ වෙතත්, සියලු සාකච්ඡා අසාර්ථක විය.[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]

පේරුහි උපරාජයා වූ ජෝකින් ඩි ලා පැසුවේලා, සැන් මාර්ටින්ගේ තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් ලීමාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා පක්ෂපාතී හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා පත් කළේය. ජනවාරි 29 වන දින, ඩි ලා සර්නා ඩි ලා පස්වේලාට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් සංවිධානය කළ අතර, එය ස්පාඤ්ඤය විසින් පිළිගනු ලැබූ අතර ඔහු පේරුහි උපරාජයා ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. මෙම අභ්‍යන්තර බල අරගලය විමුක්ති හමුදාවේ සාර්ථකත්වයට දායක විය. මිලිටරි ගැටුමක් වළක්වා ගැනීම සඳහා, සැන් මාර්ටින් අලුතින් පත් කරන ලද උපරාජයා වූ ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා හමුවී ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාජාණ්ඩුවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළ අතර, එම යෝජනාව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී. ඩි ලා සර්නා නගරය අතහැර දැමූ අතර, 1821 ජූලි 12 වන දින, සැන් මාර්ටින් ලීමා අල්ලාගෙන 1821 ජූලි 28 වන දින පේරු නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය. ඔහු පළමු පේරු ධජය නිර්මාණය කළේය. ඉහළ පේරු (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) වසර තුනකට පසු සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදාව එය නිදහස් කරන තෙක් ස්පාඤ්ඤ බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ජෝසේ ඩි සැන් මාර්ටින් පේරුහි ආරක්ෂකයා ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු සම්මේලනයක් සඳහා වූ බොලිවේරියානු ව්‍යාපෘති අසාර්ථක වූ අතර බොලිවියාව සමඟ සන්ධානයක් තාවකාලික බව ඔප්පු වූ බැවින්, මෙම කාලය තුළ පේරු ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවය ගොඩනඟා ගන්නා ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

සයිමන් බොලිවර් උතුරේ සිට තම ව්‍යාපාරය දියත් කළ අතර, 1821 දී කැරබෝබෝ සටන්වලදී සහ වසරකට පසුව පිචින්චා සටන්වලදී නිව් ග්‍රැනඩාවේ උපරාජ පක්ෂය නිදහස් කළේය. 1822 ජූලි මාසයේදී, බොලිවර් සහ සැන් මාටින් ගුවායාකිල් සමුළුවට රැස් වූහ. පළමු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව රැස් කිරීමෙන් පසු සැන් මාටින් දේශපාලනයෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගිය අතර, පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිදහස් කිරීමේ වගකීම බොලිවර්ට පැවරුණි. අලුතින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද පේරු කොංග්‍රසය පේරුහි බොලිවර් ආඥාදායකයා ලෙස නම් කළ අතර, ඔහුට හමුදාව සංවිධානය කිරීමේ බලය ලබා දුන්නේය.

ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ජෝස් ද සුක්‍රේගේ සහාය ඇතිව, ඔවුන් 1824 අගෝස්තු 6 වන දින ජූනින් සටනේදී සහ එම වසරේම දෙසැම්බර් 9 වන දින තීරණාත්මක අයකුචෝ සටනේදී විශාල ස්පාඤ්ඤ හමුදාව පරාජය කරමින් පේරු සහ ඉහළ පේරුහි නිදහස තහවුරු කළහ. ඉහළ පේරු පසුව බොලිවියාව ලෙස ස්ථාපිත විය. ජනරජයේ මුල් වසරවලදී, හමුදා නායකයින් අතර බලය සඳහා ආවේණික අරගල දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ පසු, 1821 අගෝස්තු 3 වන දින ලබා දුන් නියෝගයකට අනුව, ආරක්ෂකයා යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ, පේරු හි නිදහස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වල හමුදා-දේශපාලන අණ භාර ගත්තේය. ආරක්ෂකයාගේ කෘති ජාතික පුස්තකාලය (දැනුම වෙනුවෙන්) නිර්මාණය කිරීමට, ජාතික ගීය අනුමත කිරීමට සහ මිටා අහෝසි කිරීමට (ආදිවාසීන් වෙනුවෙන්) දායක විය. 1821 දෙසැම්බර් 27 වන දින, සැන් මාටින් අමාත්‍යාංශ තුනක් නිර්මාණය කළේය: රාජ්‍ය හා විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය, ජුවාන් ගාර්ෂියා ඩෙල් රියෝට; යුද හා නාවික අමාත්‍යාංශය බර්නාඩෝ ඩි මොන්ටෙගුඩෝට; සහ මුදල් අමාත්‍යාංශය හිපොලිටෝ උනනුට.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>3soz1h5boudn96vkwirl13lvzzlo1ub</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754339</id>
      <parentid>754279</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:00:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන්</comment>
      <origin>754339</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="105124" sha1="1q431twjva1434be7wzf7g4q1d5tpin" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රාග්-ඉතිහාසය සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරු ===
[[File:Caral-25.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ශුෂ්ක සුප් නිම්නයේ කැරල්/නෝර්ට් චිකෝ පිරමීඩයක නටබුන්]]
පේරු භූමියේ මානව පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳ පැරණිතම සාක්ෂි ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 12,500 දී හුවාකා ප්‍රීටා ජනාවාසයේ දී කාල නිර්ණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Where the Land Meets the Sea |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781477311493 |page=4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇන්ඩියන් සමාජ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය මත පදනම් වූ අතර, වාරිමාර්ග සහ ටෙරස් වැනි ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම භාවිතා කරන ලදී; ඔටුවන් පාලනය සහ මසුන් ඇල්ලීම ද වැදගත් විය. මෙම සමාජවලට වෙළඳපොළ හෝ මුදල් පිළිබඳ අදහසක් නොතිබූ බැවින් සංවිධානය අන්‍යෝන්‍යභාවය සහ නැවත බෙදා හැරීම මත රඳා පැවතුනි. පේරු හි පැරණිතම සංකීර්ණ සමාජය වන කැරල්-සුපේ ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ක්‍රි.පූ. 3,000 සහ 1,800 අතර පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ වෙරළ තීරයේ සමෘද්ධිමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Andes |url=https://historyguild.org/the-ancient-andes/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=History Guild |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම මුල් වර්ධනයන් අනුගමනය කළේ පේරු පුරා වෙරළබඩ සහ ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රදේශ වටා බොහෝ දුරට වර්ධනය වූ පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක සංස්කෘතීන් විසිනි. වර්තමානයේ පේරු හි පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරය දිගේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 1000 සිට 200 දක්වා&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordy-Collins|first=Alana|date=1992|title=Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography|journal=Latin American Antiquity|volume=3|issue=3|pages=206–220|doi=10.2307/971715|jstor=971715|s2cid=56406255}}&lt;/ref&gt; සමෘද්ධිමත් වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතිය, මුල් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතියට උදාහරණයකි.
[[File:Moche_earrings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg|alt=|thumb|රණශූරයන් නිරූපණය කරන මෝචේ කරාබු, ටර්කියුයිස් සහ රත්‍රන් වලින් සාදන ලදී (ක්‍රි.ව. 1–800)]]
ක්‍රි.පූ. 1500 සිට 300 දක්වා වර්ධනය වූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතිය දේශපාලනික සංසිද්ධියකට වඩා ආගමික එකක් විය හැකි අතර, ඔවුන්ගේ ආගමික මධ්‍යස්ථානය චාවින් ඩි හුවාන්ටාර් හි විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chavin (Archaeological Site) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; ක්‍රි.ව. 1 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී චාවින් සංස්කෘතියේ පරිහානියෙන් පසු, ඊළඟ වසර දහස තුළ වෙරළ තීරයේ සහ උස්බිම් දෙකෙහිම දේශීයකරණය වූ සහ විශේෂිත සංස්කෘතීන් මාලාවක් නැඟී වැටුණි. වෙරළ තීරයේ, මේවාට පැරකාස්, නස්කා, වාරි සහ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනෙන චිමු සහ මොචේ ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඇතුළත් විය.

ක්‍රි.ව. පළමු සහස්‍රයේ ඔවුන්ගේ උච්චතම අවස්ථාවට ළඟා වූ මෝචේ, ඔවුන්ගේ ශුෂ්ක භූමි ප්‍රදේශය සාරවත් කළ වාරිමාර්ග පද්ධතිය, ඔවුන්ගේ සංකීර්ණ සෙරමික් මැටි භාණ්ඩ, ඔවුන්ගේ උස් ගොඩනැගිලි සහ දක්ෂ ලෝහ වැඩ සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |last2=Black |first2=Linda |last3=Krieger |first3=Larry S. |last4=Naylor |first4=Phillip C. |last5=Shabaka |first5=Dahia Ibo |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-87274-X |location=Evanston, IL |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Mochica culture, pre-Inca in northern Peru |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629145512/http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |archive-date=29 June 2016 |work=Sobre Peru}}&lt;/ref&gt; චිමු යනු පූර්ව-ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ මහා නගර තනන්නන් ය; උතුරු පේරු වෙරළ තීරයේ විසිරී ඇති බිත්ති සහිත නගරවල ලිහිල් සම්මේලනයක් ලෙස, චිමු 1140 සිට 1450 දක්වා පමණ සමෘද්ධිමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන්ගේ අගනුවර නූතන ටෘජිලෝ නගරයෙන් පිටත චුන් චෑන් හි විය. උස්බිම් වල, පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Blom|first1=Deborah E.|last2=Janusek|first2=John W.|date=2004|title=Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku|journal=World Archaeology|volume=36|pages=123–141|doi=10.1080/0043824042000192623|s2cid=154741300}}&lt;/ref&gt; යන දෙරටේම ටිටිකාකා විල අසල ටියාහුවානාකෝ සංස්කෘතිය සහ වර්තමාන අයකුචෝ නගරය අසල වාරි සංස්කෘතිය යන දෙකම ක්‍රි.ව. 500 සහ 1000 අතර විශාල නාගරික ජනාවාස සහ පුළුල් පරාසයක රාජ්‍ය පද්ධති වර්ධනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;[http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm Pre-Inca Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm|date=3 November 2016}}. countrystudies.us.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO 3 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු පේරුහි සංකේතාත්මක සංකේතයක් වන මචු පික්චු බලකොටුව]]
15 වන සියවසේදී, ඉන්කාවරු බලවත් රාජ්‍යයක් ලෙස මතු වූ අතර, එය සියවසක කාලයක් තුළ, කුස්කෝ හි අගනුවර සමඟ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම අධිරාජ්‍යය පිහිටුවා ගත්හ.&lt;ref&gt;Rowe, John (1948). &quot;The Kingdom of Chimor&quot;. ''Acta Americana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunnell |first=Tony |date=2019-05-11 |title=Ten Interesting Facts About The Inca Empire |url=https://www.savacations.com/ten-interesting-facts-inca-empire/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=SA Vacations |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui. Accessed 18 May 2025&lt;/ref&gt; කුස්කෝහි ඉන්කාවරු මුලින් නියෝජනය කළේ කුඩා හා සාපේක්ෂව සුළු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එකක් වන ක්වෙචුවාවරුන් ය. ක්‍රමයෙන්, දහතුන්වන සියවස තරම් මුල් භාගයේදී, ඔවුන් තම අසල්වැසියන් ව්‍යාප්ත කර ඇතුළත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්හ. පහළොස්වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේදී පමණ, විශේෂයෙන් පචකුටි අධිරාජ්‍යයාගේ පාලනය යටතේ, යටත් කර ගැනීමේ වේගය වේගවත් වීමට පටන් ගන්නා තෙක් ඉන්කා ව්‍යාප්තිය මන්දගාමී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Demarest |first1=Arthur Andrew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IqecX148zLsC|page=57}} |title=Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism |last2=Conrad |first2=Geoffrey W. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-31896-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ සහ ඔහුගේ පුත් ටෝපා ඉන්කා යුපන්කිගේ පාලනය යටතේ, ඉන්කාවරු ඇන්ඩියන් කලාපයේ වැඩි කොටසක් පාලනය කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, ඔවුන්ගේ පාලනය යටතේ ජනගහනය මිලියන 9 සිට 16 දක්වා විය. පචකුටි තම දුරස්ථ අධිරාජ්‍යය පාලනය කිරීම සඳහා පුළුල් නීති සංග්‍රහයක් ද ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ අතර, විශිෂ්ට ලෙස නැවත ගොඩනඟන ලද කුස්කෝවෙන් පාලනය කළ සූර්යයාගේ දෙවියන් ලෙස ඔහුගේ පරම ලෞකික සහ අධ්‍යාත්මික අධිකාරිය තහවුරු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Peru [http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm The Incas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm|date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1438 සිට 1533 දක්වා, ඉන්කාවරු, දකුණු කොලොම්බියාවේ සිට උතුරු චිලී දක්වා, බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරය සහ නැගෙනහිරින් ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරය අතර, ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි කේන්ද්‍ර කරගත් බටහිර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාල කොටසක් ඒකාබද්ධ කිරීම සඳහා, යටත් කර ගැනීමේ සිට සාමකාමී උකහා ගැනීම දක්වා විවිධ ක්‍රම භාවිතා කළහ. අධිරාජ්‍යයේ නිල භාෂාව ක්වෙචුවා විය,&lt;ref&gt;Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) &quot;Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina&quot;, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් සිය ගණනක් දේශීය භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරන ලදී. ඉන්කාවරු ඔවුන්ගේ අධිරාජ්‍යය ටවන්ටින්සුයු ලෙස හැඳින්වූ අතර එය &quot;ප්‍රදේශ හතර&quot; හෝ &quot;එක්සත් පළාත් හතර&quot; ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කළ හැකිය. අධිරාජ්‍යය තුළ බොහෝ ප්‍රාදේශීය නමස්කාර ක්‍රම පැවතුන අතර, ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් ප්‍රාදේශීය පූජනීය හුවාකාස් සම්බන්ධ වූ නමුත්, ඉන්කා නායකත්වය සූර්ය දෙවියා වන ඉන්ටි වන්දනාමාන කිරීම දිරිමත් කළ අතර පචමාමා වැනි අනෙකුත් නිකායන්ට වඩා එහි ස්වෛරීභාවය පනවා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Inca – All Empires |url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca |archive-date=20 January 2012 |website=www.allempires.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්කාවරු ඔවුන්ගේ රජු වන සාපා ඉන්කා &quot;සූර්යයාගේ දරුවා&quot; ලෙස සැලකූහ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm &quot;The Inca&quot;] at the [[Wayback Machine]] (archived 10 November 2009) ''The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.'' 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-11 |title=Inca: Empire, Religion &amp; Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/articles/inca |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ජයග්‍රහණය සහ යටත් විජිත සමය ===
[[File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ලොස් ෆනර්ල්ස් ඩි අටහුල්පා (1867) ලුයිස් මොන්ටෙරෝ විසිනි. අටහුල්පා යනු 1533 අගෝස්තු 29 වන දින ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අවසාන සපා ඉන්කා ය.'']]
අවසාන සාපා ඉන්කා වන අටහුල්පා (හෝ අටහුල්පා) අධිරාජ්‍යයා බවට පත් වූයේ ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් අර්ධ සහෝදරයා වන හුවාස්කාර් ඔවුන්ගේ පියා වන&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lavallé|first=Bernard|title=7 El fin de Atahualpa|date=2004|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|work=Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista|pages=123–139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936|series=Travaux de l'IFEA|place=Lima|publisher=Institut français d’études andines|language=es|isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්කා හුවායිනා කැපැක්ගේ මරණයෙන් ඇති වූ සිවිල් යුද්ධයකදී පරාජය කර මරා දැමීමෙනි. 1532 දෙසැම්බරයේදී, ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද (චන්කාස්, හුවාන්කාස්, කනාරිස් සහ චචපොයාස් විසින් ඉන්දියානු සහායකයින් ලෙස සහාය දක්වන ලද) ජයග්‍රාහී පක්ෂයක් කැජමාර්කා සටනේදී ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයා අටහුල්පා පරාජය කර අල්ලා ගත්හ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Battle of Cajamarca {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; වසර ගණනාවක මූලික ගවේෂණ සහ හමුදා ගැටුම් වලින් පසුව, එය දශක ගණනාවක් සටන් කිරීමට සිදු වූ දිගු මෙහෙයුමක පළමු පියවර වූ නමුත් ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් සහ පේරු හි උපරාජිකත්වය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය යටත් විජිතකරණයෙන් අවසන් වූ අතර එහි අගනුවර ලීමා වන අතර එය එවකට &quot;ලා සියුඩාඩ් ඩි ලොස් රෙයිස්&quot; (රජවරුන්ගේ නගරය) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. පේරු රාජ්‍යය අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, උපරාජයාණන්ගේ පාලන සමය පුරා භ්‍රමණ ව්‍යාපාරවලට මෙන්ම ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය දෙසට ගවේෂණවලට ද හේතු විය. ඇමරින්දියානු ප්‍රතිරෝධය මැඩපැවැත්වීම සඳහා ස්පාඤ්ඤ උත්සාහයන් සිදු වූ විට මෙන්. 1572 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විල්කබම්බා හි නව-ඉන්කා රාජ්‍යය විනාශ කළ විට අවසාන ඉන්කා ප්‍රතිරෝධය මර්දනය කරන ලදී.

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් වසංගත රෝග මෙන්ම සූරාකෑම සහ සමාජ-ආර්ථික වෙනස්කම් හේතුවෙන් ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය නාටකාකාර ලෙස බිඳ වැටුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lovell|first=W. George|year=1992|title='Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=82|issue=3|pages=426–443|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x|jstor=2563354}}&lt;/ref&gt; වයිස්රෝයි ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩි ටොලිඩෝ 1570 ගණන්වල රන් හා රිදී කැණීම එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම ලෙස සහ ඇමරින්දියානු බලහත්කාර ශ්‍රමය එහි ප්‍රාථමික ශ්‍රම බලකාය ලෙස ප්‍රතිසංවිධානය කළේය. පොටෝසි (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) සහ හුවාන්කාවෙලිකා හි මහා රිදී සහ රන් ලෝඩ් සොයා ගැනීමත් සමඟ, උපරාජ රාජ්‍යය ඛනිජ සම්පත් සපයන වැදගත් සැපයුම්කරුවෙකු ලෙස සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. පේරු බුලියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට ආදායමක් ලබා දුන් අතර යුරෝපය සහ පිලිපීනය දක්වා විහිදුණු සංකීර්ණ වෙළඳ ජාලයකට ඉන්ධන සැපයීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වාණිජ හා ජනගහන හුවමාරු ඇකපුල්කෝ හරහා ගමන් කරන මැනිලා ගැලියන් හරහා සිදු වූ අතර, ඇමරිකාවේ වෙළඳ මාර්ගයේ දුරස්ථම අන්තය ලෙස පේරු හි කැලාඕ තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schottenhammer|first=Angela|year=2019|title=Connecting China with the Pacific World?|url=https://www.academia.edu/44625493|url-status=live|journal=Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens|page=144|issn=0936-4099|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World|archive-date=27 May 2021|access-date=27 May 2021|quote=The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.}}&lt;/ref&gt; මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පැනමාවේ ආණ්ඩුකාර දොන් සෙබස්තියන් හර්ටාඩෝ ද කෝර්කුවේරා ද පේරු සොල්දාදුවන් සහ ජනපදිකයන් යොදවා පිලිපීනයේ සැම්බෝන්ගා නගරය පදිංචි කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=Zamboanga City History |quote=He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ශ්‍රම බලකාය පුළුල් කිරීම සඳහා අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන් ශ්‍රම ජනගහනයට එකතු කරන ලදී. යටත් විජිත පරිපාලන උපකරණයක් සහ නිලධාරිවාදයේ ව්‍යාප්තිය ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංවිධානයට සමාන්තර විය.

ජයග්‍රහණයත් සමඟ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය පැතිරීම ආරම්භ විය; බොහෝ මිනිසුන් බලහත්කාරයෙන් කතෝලික ආගමට හරවා ගන්නා ලද අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ පූජකවරු පසුව ඉංග්‍රීසි යටත් විජිතවල පියුරිටන් දේවතාවන් මෙන් විශ්වාස කළේ ස්වදේශික ජනතාව &quot;යක්ෂයා විසින් දූෂිත කර ඇති බවත්, ඔවුන් හරහා ඔවුන්ගේ අත්තිවාරම් අවුල් කිරීමට&quot; කටයුතු කළ බවත්ය.&lt;ref&gt;Russell Bourne, ''Gods of War, Gods of Peace'' (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනගහනය පරිවර්තනය කිරීමට පරම්පරාවක් ගත විය. ඔවුන් සෑම නගරයකම පල්ලි ඉදි කළ අතර කුස්කෝ නගරයේ කොරිකන්චා වැනි ඉන්කා දේවාල කිහිපයක් පල්ලි වලින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළහ. අලුතින් පරිවර්තනය වූ කතෝලිකයන් වෙනත් ආගම් හෝ විශ්වාසයන් වෙත යොමු නොවන බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා වධහිංසා පැමිණවීම සහ ආරාම පාසල් භාවිතා කරමින්, විශේෂයෙන් ඉන්කා වංශවත් සහ ඉහළ පන්තියේ ගැහැණු ළමයින්ට අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීම, &quot;[කන්‍යා සොහොයුරියක් වීමට] ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට හෝ ආරාමයෙන් ඉවත් වී පේරු හි ඔවුන්ගේ පියවරුන් ගොඩනඟා ගැනීමට සැලසුම් කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි සමාජයේ ('estado') භූමිකාව භාර ගැනීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් වයසට යන තුරු&quot; පල්ලිය ඉන්ක්විසිෂන් භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Kathryn Burns, ''Colonial Habits'' (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කතෝලික ධර්මය බොහෝ ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල දක්නට ලැබෙන සමමුහුර්තකරණය අනුගමනය කරන අතර, එහි ආගමික ස්වදේශික චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර ක්‍රිස්තියානි සැමරුම් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කර ඇත. මෙම උත්සාහයේදී, පල්ලිය ස්වදේශිකයන්ගේ සංස්කෘතිය තුළ වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික කක්ෂයට ඔවුන්ව ඇද ගැනීම.[[File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg|thumb|210x210පික්|ටුපැක් අමරු II]]
18 වන සියවස වන විට, රිදී නිෂ්පාදනය පහත වැටීම සහ ආර්ථික විවිධාංගීකරණය රාජකීය ආදායම බෙහෙවින් අඩු කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කිරීටය විසින් බදු වැඩි කරන ලද සහ උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදා වෙන් කරන ලද ආඥා මාලාවක් වන බෝර්බන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. නව නීති මගින් දෙවන ටුපැක් අමරුගේ කැරැල්ල සහ අනෙකුත් කැරලි ඇති වූ අතර, ඒ සියල්ල මර්දනය කරන ලදී. මෙම සහ වෙනත් වෙනස්කම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රියෝල් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයින් භූමිය මත පාලනය ඒකාධිකාරී කිරීමට පැමිණි අතර, දැවැන්ත ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය අඩුවීම නිසා අතහැර දැමූ හොඳම ඉඩම් බොහොමයක් අල්ලා ගත්හ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මෙරිඩියන් හරහා බ්‍රසීලය පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට විරුද්ධ වූයේ නැත. ස්පාඤ්ඤය පෘතුගාලය පාලනය කළ අතරතුර ටෝර්ඩසිලාස් ගිවිසුම 1580 සහ 1640 අතර කාලය තුළ අර්ථ විරහිත විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤය සමඟ සන්නිවේදනය සහ වෙළඳාම ලිහිල් කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය උපරාජ පක්ෂය බෙදීමට සහ නව ග්‍රැනඩා සහ රියෝ ඩි හි නව උපරාජ පක්ෂයන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට හේතු විය. පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවන ලද භූමිවල වියදමින් ලා ප්ලාටා; මෙය උපරාජ අගනුවර ලෙස ලීමා හි බලය, ප්‍රමුඛත්වය සහ වැදගත්කම අඩු කළ අතර ලාභදායී ඇන්ඩියන් වෙළඳාම බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් සහ බොගෝටා වෙත මාරු කළ අතර පතල් හා රෙදිපිළි නිෂ්පාදනයේ බිඳවැටීම පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවියේ ප්‍රගතිශීලී ක්ෂය වීම වේගවත් කළේය.

අවසානයේදී, දහනව වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ජාතික නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අභියෝගයට ලක් වූ විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ වැඩි කොටසක් මෙන්, උපරාජ පදවිය විසුරුවා හරින ලදී. මෙම ව්‍යාපාර, එක් අවස්ථාවක හෝ තවත් අවස්ථාවක පේරු හි උපරාජ පදවිය පිහිටුවා තිබූ භූමිවල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ නූතන රටවල් බහුතරයක් ගොඩනැගීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru |url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/ |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; යටත් විජිතය සහ යටත් විජිතය ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පේරු භූමිය යටත් කර ගැනීමට පෙර නොතිබූ සංස්කෘතීන් සහ ජනවාර්ගික මිශ්‍රණයක් ගෙන ආවේය. ඉන්කා සම්ප්‍රදායන් බොහොමයක් නැති වී හෝ තනුක කර තිබුණද, නව සිරිත් විරිත්, සම්ප්‍රදායන් සහ දැනුම එකතු කරන ලද අතර, පොහොසත් මිශ්‍ර පේරු සංස්කෘතියක් නිර්මාණය විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ට එරෙහි වැදගත්ම ස්වදේශික කැරලි දෙකක් වූයේ 1742 දී ජුවාන් සැන්ටොස් අටහුල්පා සහ 1742 දී ටුපැක් අමරු II කැරැල්ලයි. 1780 දී කුස්කෝ අසල උස්බිම් වටා.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Túpac Amaru II |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== නිදහස ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Martín_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|පේරු නිදහස සහතික කිරීමේදී අයකුචෝ සටන තීරණාත්මක විය.]]
19 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, බොහෝ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් නිදහස් යුද්ධවලින් අතුගා දැමූ අතර, පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාජකීය බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තිය විමුක්තිය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රාජාණ්ඩුවට පක්ෂපාතීත්වය අතර දෝලනය වෙමින් සිටියදී, නිදහස ලබා ගත්තේ ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදා ව්‍යාපාර මගින් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසුව පමණි.

ආර්ථික අර්බුද, යුරෝපයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ බලය අහිමි වීම, උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ නිදහස් යුද්ධය සහ ස්වදේශික නැගිටීම් යන සියල්ලම දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ක්‍රියෝලෝ ජනගහනය අතර විමුක්ති අදහස් වර්ධනය කිරීමට හිතකර වාතාවරණයක් ඇති කිරීමට දායක විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පේරු හි ක්‍රියෝලෝ කතිපයාධිකාරය වරප්‍රසාද භුක්ති විඳි අතර ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටයට පක්ෂපාතීව සිටියේය. විමුක්ති ව්‍යාපාරය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වන අතර එහිදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ යටත් විජිත කෙරෙහි ඇති අධිකාරිය අහිමි වීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ස්වාධීන ජුන්ටා නිර්මාණය විය.

රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිදහස සඳහා සටන් කිරීමෙන් පසු, ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් ඇන්ඩීස් හමුදාව නිර්මාණය කර දින 21 කින් ඇන්ඩීස් තරණය කළේය. චිලීයට පැමිණි පසු, ඔහු චිලී හමුදාවේ ජෙනරාල් බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස් සමඟ එකතු වී 1818 දී චකබුකෝ සහ මයිපු සටන් වලදී රට නිදහස් කර ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;Scheina, 2003, ''Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; 1820 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 වන දින, චිලී නාවික හමුදාවේ සේවය කළ ජෙනරාල් ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් සහ තෝමස් කොක්රේන්ගේ අණ යටතේ යුධ නැව් අටකින් යුත් බලඇණියක් පැරකාස් වරායට පැමිණියේය. ඔක්තෝබර් 26 වන දින වහාම ඔවුන් පිස්කෝ නගරය පාලනය කළහ. නොවැම්බර් 12 වන දින සැන් මාටින් හුවාචෝ හි පදිංචි වූ අතර, කොක්රේන් උතුරට යාත්‍රා කර ලීමා හි කැලාඕ වරාය අවහිර කරන අතරතුර ඔහු එහි තම මූලස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. ඒ සමඟම උතුරේ, ග්‍රෙගෝරියෝ එස්කොබෙඩෝගේ අණ යටතේ කැරලිකාර හමුදා විසින් ගුවායාකිල් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලදී. පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජයේ බලකොටුව වූ බැවින්, පේරු නිදහස් කර ගැනීම සඳහා සැන් මාටින්ගේ උපාය මාර්ගය වූයේ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකභාවය භාවිතා කිරීමයි. පේරුට නිදහස ලබා දෙන ලෙස වයිස්රෝයිගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට ඔහු ලීමා වෙත නියෝජිතයින් යැවීය, කෙසේ වෙතත්, සියලු සාකච්ඡා අසාර්ථක විය.[[File:Proclamación_de_la_Independencia_del_Perú_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA_-_Juan_Lepiani.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කරන සැන් මාටින්. ජුවාන් ලෙපියානිගේ සිතුවමක්.]]

පේරුහි උපරාජයා වූ ජෝකින් ඩි ලා පැසුවේලා, සැන් මාර්ටින්ගේ තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් ලීමාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා පක්ෂපාතී හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා පත් කළේය. ජනවාරි 29 වන දින, ඩි ලා සර්නා ඩි ලා පස්වේලාට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් සංවිධානය කළ අතර, එය ස්පාඤ්ඤය විසින් පිළිගනු ලැබූ අතර ඔහු පේරුහි උපරාජයා ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. මෙම අභ්‍යන්තර බල අරගලය විමුක්ති හමුදාවේ සාර්ථකත්වයට දායක විය. මිලිටරි ගැටුමක් වළක්වා ගැනීම සඳහා, සැන් මාර්ටින් අලුතින් පත් කරන ලද උපරාජයා වූ ජෝසේ ඩි ලා සර්නා හමුවී ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාජාණ්ඩුවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළ අතර, එම යෝජනාව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී. ඩි ලා සර්නා නගරය අතහැර දැමූ අතර, 1821 ජූලි 12 වන දින, සැන් මාර්ටින් ලීමා අල්ලාගෙන 1821 ජූලි 28 වන දින පේරු නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය. ඔහු පළමු පේරු ධජය නිර්මාණය කළේය. ඉහළ පේරු (වර්තමාන බොලිවියාව) වසර තුනකට පසු සයිමන් බොලිවර්ගේ හමුදාව එය නිදහස් කරන තෙක් ස්පාඤ්ඤ බලකොටුවක් ලෙස පැවතුනි. ජෝසේ ඩි සැන් මාර්ටින් පේරුහි ආරක්ෂකයා ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු සම්මේලනයක් සඳහා වූ බොලිවේරියානු ව්‍යාපෘති අසාර්ථක වූ අතර බොලිවියාව සමඟ සන්ධානයක් තාවකාලික බව ඔප්පු වූ බැවින්, මෙම කාලය තුළ පේරු ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවය ගොඩනඟා ගන්නා ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

සයිමන් බොලිවර් උතුරේ සිට තම ව්‍යාපාරය දියත් කළ අතර, 1821 දී කැරබෝබෝ සටන්වලදී සහ වසරකට පසුව පිචින්චා සටන්වලදී නිව් ග්‍රැනඩාවේ උපරාජ පක්ෂය නිදහස් කළේය. 1822 ජූලි මාසයේදී, බොලිවර් සහ සැන් මාටින් ගුවායාකිල් සමුළුවට රැස් වූහ. පළමු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව රැස් කිරීමෙන් පසු සැන් මාටින් දේශපාලනයෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගිය අතර, පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිදහස් කිරීමේ වගකීම බොලිවර්ට පැවරුණි. අලුතින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද පේරු කොංග්‍රසය පේරුහි බොලිවර් ආඥාදායකයා ලෙස නම් කළ අතර, ඔහුට හමුදාව සංවිධානය කිරීමේ බලය ලබා දුන්නේය.

ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ජෝස් ද සුක්‍රේගේ සහාය ඇතිව, ඔවුන් 1824 අගෝස්තු 6 වන දින ජූනින් සටනේදී සහ එම වසරේම දෙසැම්බර් 9 වන දින තීරණාත්මක අයකුචෝ සටනේදී විශාල ස්පාඤ්ඤ හමුදාව පරාජය කරමින් පේරු සහ ඉහළ පේරුහි නිදහස තහවුරු කළහ. ඉහළ පේරු පසුව බොලිවියාව ලෙස ස්ථාපිත විය. ජනරජයේ මුල් වසරවලදී, හමුදා නායකයින් අතර බලය සඳහා ආවේණික අරගල දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). [http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/ War of Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/|date=21 October 2016}}. Retrieved 28 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19 වන සියවස ===
නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ පසු, 1821 අගෝස්තු 3 වන දින ලබා දුන් නියෝගයකට අනුව, ආරක්ෂකයා යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ, පේරු හි නිදහස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වල හමුදා-දේශපාලන අණ භාර ගත්තේය. ආරක්ෂකයාගේ කෘති ජාතික පුස්තකාලය (දැනුම වෙනුවෙන්) නිර්මාණය කිරීමට, ජාතික ගීය අනුමත කිරීමට සහ මිටා අහෝසි කිරීමට (ආදිවාසීන් වෙනුවෙන්) දායක විය. 1821 දෙසැම්බර් 27 වන දින, සැන් මාටින් අමාත්‍යාංශ තුනක් නිර්මාණය කළේය: රාජ්‍ය හා විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය, ජුවාන් ගාර්ෂියා ඩෙල් රියෝට; යුද හා නාවික අමාත්‍යාංශය බර්නාඩෝ ඩි මොන්ටෙගුඩෝට; සහ මුදල් අමාත්‍යාංශය හිපොලිටෝ උනනුට.

1840 ගණන්වල සිට 1860 ගණන් දක්වා පේරු රාජ්‍යය රාමොන් කැස්ටිලාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ ස්ථාවර කාලයක් භුක්ති වින්ද අතර, ගුවානෝ අපනයනවලින් ලැබුණු රාජ්‍ය ආදායම වැඩි විය.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; 1864 දී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණයක් චින්චා දූපත් (ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදකයින්) අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, පේරු අභ්‍යන්තර දේශපාලනය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර සිදුවීමක් මුදා හැරිය අතර, එය මරියානෝගේ රජය වන ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ පෙසෙට්ට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට තුඩු දුන්නේය. බොලිවියාව, චිලී සහ ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහාය ඇතිව පේරු, ස්පාඤ්ඤයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් යැවීය. 1866 මැයි 2 වන දින කැලාඕ සටනින් පසු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාවික හමුදාව පේරු රාජ්‍යයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ජොසේ බෝල්ටාගේ රජය යටිතල පහසුකම් කටයුතු (මධ්‍යම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම) සඳහා අතිවිශිෂ්ට දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්නද, අතිරික්ත රජයේ වියදම්වල පළමු සලකුණු දැනටමත් පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි. 1870 ගණන් වන විට ගුවානෝ සම්පත් ක්ෂය වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, රට දැඩි ලෙස ණයගැති වූ අතර, දේශපාලන ගැටුම් නැවතත් ඉහළ යමින් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Angamos2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg|alt=|thumb|පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, අංගමෝස් සටන]]
1859 වන විට, 1829 සිට රට සොලවා දැමූ නිරන්තර සිවිල් යුද්ධවලින් පේරු ජාතිකයන් 41,000 ක් පමණ මිය ගොස් තිබුණි. ගුවානෝ විකිණීමෙන් ලැබුණු මුදල් වලට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, පේරු දුම්රිය මාර්ග වැනි විවිධ පොදු කටයුතු සමඟ නවීකරණය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය; සිවිල් සහ හමුදා නිලධාරිවාදය වර්ධනය විය; ආදිවාසී ජනතාව කප්පම් ගෙවීම නැවැත්වූ අතර වහලුන් ඔවුන්ගේ නිදහස ලබා ගත්හ; ජර්මානුවන්, ඔස්ට්‍රියානුවන්, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතිකයන් සහ ඉතාලියානුවන්ගේ සංක්‍රමණ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ආරම්භ විය.

1879 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින චිලී පේරුට එරෙහිව යුද්ධ ප්‍රකාශ කරමින් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය මුදා හැරියේය. කැසස් බෙලි යනු 1873 දී බොලිවියාව සමඟ අත්සන් කරන ලද ආරක්ෂක සන්ධානයේ ගිවිසුම මගින් පේරු රාජ්‍යය සම්මුතියකට පත් කළ බදු ගැටලුවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බොලිවියාව සහ චිලී අතර ගැටුමකි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු හි නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි. යුද්ධයේ පළමු අදියරේදී, නාවික මෙහෙයුමේදී, පේරු නාවික හමුදාව 1879 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වන දින දක්වා චිලී ප්‍රහාරය මැඩපැවැත්වීය. ඇන්ගමොස්හි නාවික සටන සිදු වූ දිනය එයයි. එහිදී චිලී නාවික හමුදාව කොක්‍රේන්, බ්ලැන්කෝ එන්කලාඩා, ලෝවා සහ කොවඩොන්ගා යන නැව් සමඟින් අද්මිරාල් ඒපී මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ විසින් අණ දෙන ලද පේරු නාවික හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධාන නෞකාව වන මොනිටර් හුවාස්කාර් කොන් කරන ලදී. මිගෙල් ග්‍රෝ සටනේදී මිය ගිය අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම වීරයා බවට පත්විය.

1879 දී පේරු පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ වූ අතර එය 1884 දක්වා පැවතුනි. බොලිවියාව චිලීයට එරෙහිව පේරු සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කළේය. චිලී රජය සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමක් යැවීමෙන් පේරු රජය ආරවුල සමථයකට පත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත් කමිටුව නිගමනය කළේ යුද්ධය නොවැළැක්විය හැකි බවයි. මෙම යුද්ධයට ගැඹුරු හේතුව දකුණු පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවේ නයිට්‍රේට් සහ ගුවානෝ ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ චිලීගේ අභිලාෂය බව පේරු ඉතිහාස ලේඛනය ඒකමතිකව පවසයි.[[File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg|thumb|ජුවාන් ලෙපියානි විසින් පින්තාරු කරන ලද ඇරිකා සටන]]
වසර පහකට ආසන්න යුද්ධය අවසන් වූයේ අටකාමා ප්‍රදේශයේ ටරාපකා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ ටැක්නා සහ ඇරිකා යන පළාත් අහිමි වීමෙනි. ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බොලොග්නේසි සහ මිගෙල් ග්‍රාව් යන දෙදෙනාම යුද්ධයේ කීර්තිමත් වීරයෝ වෙති. මුලින් චිලී ඇරිකා සහ ටක්නා නගර සඳහා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත ජනමත විචාරණයකට කැපවී, ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතික අනුබද්ධය ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමට. කෙසේ වෙතත්, චිලී ගිවිසුම ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර, එම රටවල් දෙකටම ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත රාමුව තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය පේරු රාජ්‍යය මුහුණ දුන් ලේ වැගිරෙන යුද්ධයයි. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, නැවත ගොඩනැගීමේ අසාමාන්‍ය උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ විය. යුද්ධයේ හානියෙන් ගොඩ ඒම සඳහා රජය සමාජ හා ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ගණනාවක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වය අත්කර ගනු ලැබුවේ 1900 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී පමණි.

=== 20 වන සියවස ===
[[File:Protocolo_de_Río.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg|thumb|1942 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය අත්සන් කිරීම]]
යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල සිවිල් පක්ෂය යටතේ ස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර එය ඔගස්ටෝ බී. ලෙගුයියාගේ ඒකාධිපති පාලනය ආරම්භ වන තෙක් පැවතුනි. මහා අවපාතය ලෙගුයියා බිඳවැටීමට, දේශපාලන කැලඹිලි නැවත ඇති කිරීමට සහ ඇමරිකානු ජනප්‍රිය විප්ලවවාදී සන්ධානය (APRA) මතුවීමට හේතු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Klarén, Peter (2000). ''Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, {{ISBN|0195069285}}.&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම සංවිධානය සහ ප්‍රභූ පැලැන්තියේ සහ හමුදාවේ සන්ධානයක් අතර එදිරිවාදිකම් ඊළඟ දශක තුන සඳහා පේරු දේශපාලනය නිර්වචනය කළේය. 1929 දී පේරු සහ චිලී අතර අත්සන් කරන ලද අවසාන සාම ගිවිසුමක්, ලීමා ගිවිසුම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර, ටක්නා නැවත පේරු වෙත ගෙන එන ලදී. 1932 සහ 1933 අතර, ඇමසෝනාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එහි අගනුවර වන ලෙටීෂියා සම්බන්ධ භෞමික ආරවුලක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පේරු රාජ්‍යය කොලොම්බියාව සමඟ වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයක ගිලී සිටියේය.

1941 දී පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය ඉක්වදෝර-පේරු යුද්ධයට සටන් කළ අතර, ඉන් පසුව රියෝ ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය මගින් එම රටවල් දෙක අතර මායිම විධිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. 1948 ඔක්තෝබර් 29 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ජෙනරාල් මැනුවෙල් ඒ. ඔඩ්‍රියා ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය ඔචෙනියෝ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. ඔහු APRA ට දැඩි ලෙස පහර දුන් අතර, කතිපයාධිකාරය සහ දකුණේ අනෙක් සියල්ලන්ම මොහොතකට සතුටු කළ නමුත්, දුප්පත් සහ පහළ පන්තිවල ඔහුට විශාල ප්‍රසාදයක් දිනා දුන් ජනතාවාදී ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කළේය. සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඔහුට මිල අධික නමුත් ජනාකීර්ණ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල යෙදීමට ඉඩ දුන්නේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඒ සමඟම, සිවිල් අයිතිවාසිකම් දැඩි ලෙස සීමා කරන ලද අතර දූෂණය ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය පුරා පැතිර ගියේය. ඔඩ්‍රියාගෙන් පසු මැනුවෙල් ප්‍රාඩෝ උගාර්ටෙචේ පත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, වංචා පිළිබඳ පුළුල් චෝදනා නිසා රිකාඩෝ පෙරෙස් ගොඩෝයිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් හරහා ප්‍රාඩෝ බලයෙන් පහ කර හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පේරු හමුදාව පෙළඹුණි. ගොඩෝයි කෙටි කාලීන සංක්‍රාන්ති රජයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර 1963 දී නව මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීය. 1968 දක්වා ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ බෙලෝන්ඩ් ටෙරී එය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔහු දැක්වූ කැපවීම වෙනුවෙන් බෙලෝන්ඩ් ඇගයීමට ලක් විය.
[[File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg|වම|thumb|1968 හමුදා ජුන්ටාව]]
1968 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින ජෙනරාල් ජුවාන් වේලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් නිලධාරීන් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද තවත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගින් හමුදාව බලයට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජාතිකවාදී සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී &quot;සමාජ ප්‍රගතිය සහ ඒකාබද්ධ සංවර්ධනය&quot; යන මූලධර්මය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අරමුණින්, කොමිසියොන් ඉකොනොමිකා පැරා ඇමරිකා ලැටිනා යි එල් කැරිබේ (CEPAL), එනම් &quot;ලතින් ඇමරිකාව සහ කැරිබියානු එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආර්ථික කොමිසම&quot; යැපීම සහ ඌන සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිබන්ධන මගින් බලපෑමට ලක් විය. ගොල්පේට දින හයකට පසු, වේලාස්කෝ පේරු තෙල් සූරාකෑමට ලක් කළ උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සමාගම වන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඛනිජ තෙල් සංස්ථාව (IPC) ජනසතු කිරීමට කටයුතු කළ අතර, පසුව රාජ්‍ය උපකරණ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක්, කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයක් දියත් කළේය. එය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ මෙතෙක් සිදු කරන ලද විශාලතම කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය විය: එය ලැටිෆුන්ඩා ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කර ඉඩම් වඩාත් සාධාරණ ලෙස නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් හරහා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නවීකරණය කළේය (ගොවීන්ගෙන් 90% ක් සමාජ අවශ්‍යතා ඇති සමුපකාර හෝ කෘෂිකාර්මික සමිති පිහිටුවා ගත්හ). ඉඩම් වගා කළ අයට හිමිවිය යුතු වූ අතර විශාල ඉඩම් හිමියන් අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. අවසර දී ඇති එකම විශාල දේපළ සමුපකාර විය.

1969 සහ 1976 අතර, පවුල් 325,000 කට සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ අක්කර 73.6 (හෙක්ටයාර 29.8) ක ඉඩම් ලැබුණි. &quot;විප්ලවවාදී රජය&quot; අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා දැවැන්ත ආයෝජන ද සැලසුම් කළ අතර, ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවක් කතා කරන නමුත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මෙතෙක් හෙළා දකින ලද කෙචුවා භාෂාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට සමාන තත්ත්වයකට උසස් කළ අතර ස්වාභාවික දරුවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. පේරු ඕනෑම යැපීමකින් නිදහස් වීමට කැමති වූ අතර තුන්වන ලෝකයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය වාණිජ, ආර්ථික සහ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික පීඩනයකින් ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීය. 1973 දී පේරු, වොෂින්ටනය විසින් පනවන ලද මූල්‍ය අවහිරය ජය ගනිමින්, එහි කෘෂිකාර්මික හා පතල් සංවර්ධන ප්‍රතිපත්තියට මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන බැංකුවෙන් ණයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සාකච්ඡා කළේය. ජෙනරාල් පිනෝචෙට්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයෙන් පසු චිලී සමඟ සබඳතා ඉතා නොසන්සුන් විය. ජෙනරාල් එඩ්ගාර්ඩෝ මර්කාඩෝ ජැරින් (අගමැති සහ හමුදාපති) සහ අද්මිරාල් ගිලර්මෝ ෆවුරා ගයිග් (නාවික හමුදා අමාත්‍ය) යන දෙදෙනාම සති කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත එකිනෙකා ඝාතන උත්සාහයන්ගෙන් බේරුණි. 1975 දී ජෙනරාල් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ මොරාලෙස් බර්මියුඩෙස් සෙරුටි බලය අල්ලාගෙන ඔහුගේ පූර්වගාමියාගේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති බිඳ දැමීය. ඔහුගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ඉඳහිට අනෙකුත් ඇමරිකානු හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයන් සමඟ සහයෝගයෙන් කොන්ඩෝර් මෙහෙයුමට සහභාගී විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|title=Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/|archive-date=16 July 2022|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brands|first=Hal|date=15 September 2010|title=The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975|journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/09592296.2010.508418|s2cid=154119414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියාගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්ති පේරු රාජ්‍යය ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළවලින් තවදුරටත් ඈත් කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රට තුළ විදේශ ආයෝජන අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2010 |title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people |url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; රට නිදන්ගත උද්ධමනයකට මුහුණ දුන් පසු, 1985 මැද භාගයේදී, පේරු සොල් වෙනුවට inti ආදේශ කරන ලද අතර, එය 1991 ජූලි මාසයේදී නියුවෝ සොල් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය (නව සොල්හි සමුච්චිත වටිනාකම පැරණි පතුල් බිලියනයකි). 1980 දශකය අවසානයේ, පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ඒක පුද්ගල වාර්ෂික ආදායම ඩොලර් 720 දක්වා (1960 මට්ටමට වඩා අඩු) පහත වැටුණු අතර පේරුහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 20% කින් පහත වැටුණු අතර, ජාතික සංචිතවල හිඟය ඩොලර් මිලියන 900 ක් විය. එකල පැවති ආර්ථික කැළඹිලි තත්ත්වය පේරු හි සමාජ ආතතීන් උත්සන්න කළ අතර, රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ (දිලිසෙන මාර්ගය) සහ MRTA වැනි ප්‍රචණ්ඩ කැරලිකාර ග්‍රාමීය කැරලිකාර ව්‍යාපාරවල නැගීම සඳහා අර්ධ වශයෙන් දායක වූ අතර එය රට පුරා විශාල විනාශයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg|thumb|ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ පළමු ධුර කාලය තුළ]]
ජාතියේ අර්බුද හැසිරවීමට ගාර්ෂියා පරිපාලනයට ඇති නොහැකියාව ගැන කලකිරුණු පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා, දුප්පත් සහ ස්වදේශික පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ ජන සංහාරය, පේරු හි මාධ්‍ය පාලනය හෝ වාරණය සහ හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලබන නව ලිබරල් ආර්ථිකයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම ඇතුළත් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් කෙටුම්පත් කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rospigliosi |first=Fernando |title=Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos |year=1996 |location=Lima |pages=46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the &quot;Plan Verde,&quot; outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි 1990 දී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත් වූ අතර, ජාතික බුද්ධි සේවයේ (SIN) ප්‍රධානී රොස්පිග්ලියෝසිට අනුව, ෆුජිමෝරි, ව්ලැඩිමිරෝ මොන්ටෙසිනෝස් සහ ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි සම්බන්ධ වූ සමහර හමුදා නිලධාරීන් අතර ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පදවි ප්‍රාප්තියට පෙර හමුදාවේ ඉල්ලීම්වලට අවනත වීම සඳහා අවබෝධයක් ඇති විය. ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ප්ලෑන් වර්ඩ් හි දක්වා ඇති ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, එය 1990 ආරම්භයේදී 7,650% සිට 1991 දී 139% දක්වා සහ 1992 දී 57% දක්වා උද්ධමනය කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස පහත වැටීමට හේතු විය. ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රයත්නයන්ට විරුද්ධ වූ විට, ඔහු කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැර, අධිකරණය අත්හිටුවා, විපක්ෂ නායකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන 1992 අප්‍රේල් 5 වන දින ඔටෝ-ගොල්ප් (&quot;ස්වයං-කුමන්ත්‍රණය&quot;) හි සම්පූර්ණ බලතල ලබා ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Maxwell A.|date=June 1998|title=Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=19|issue=2|page=228|doi=10.1080/01436599814433|quote=the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=12 July 1993|title=El &quot;Plan Verde&quot; Historia de una traición|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|url-status=live|journal=Oiga|volume=647|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්පසු ඔහු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනය කර, නව කොංග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ කැඳවා, සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය, එයට රාජ්‍ය සතු සමාගම් රාශියක් පෞද්ගලීකරණය කිරීම, ආයෝජන-හිතකාමී වාතාවරණයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ ආර්ථිකයේ හොඳ කළමනාකරණය ඇතුළත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්ති දුප්පත්ම අයට එතරම් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබා නොදුන් අතර, ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ආර්ථික ජයග්‍රහණ නොතකා අසමානතාවය පැවතුනි.

ෆුජිමෝරිගේ පරිපාලනය කැරලිකාර කණ්ඩායම් විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී, විශේෂයෙන් ෂයිනින් පාත්, 1980 සහ 1990 දශකය පුරා රට පුරා ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. ෆුජිමෝරි කැරලිකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ අතර 1990 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී ඔවුන් බොහෝ දුරට මර්දනය කිරීමට සමත් විය, නමුත් සටන පේරු ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සහ කැරලිකරුවන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද කුරිරුකම් වලින් විනාශ විය: රජයේ පැරාමිලිටරි කණ්ඩායම් විසින් බැරියෝස් ඇල්ටෝස් සංහාරය සහ ලා කැන්ටූටා සංහාරය සහ සෙන්ඩෙරෝ ලුමිනෝසෝ විසින් ටරාටා සහ ෆ්‍රෙක්වෙන්සියා ලැටිනා බෝම්බ හෙලීම. වාමාංශික දේශපාලන විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට හිංසා කිරීමට හැකි තරම් ක්‍රියා අපරාධයක් ලෙස සැලකීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ෆුජිමෝරි ත්‍රස්තවාදයේ අර්ථ දැක්වීම පුළුල් කරනු ඇත. ත්‍රස්තවාදයට විරුද්ධවාදීන්ට චෝදනා කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද බිය උපදවන උපක්‍රමයක් වන ටෙරුකියෝ භාවිතා කරමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි තමා වීරයෙකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමෙන් පෞරුෂ සංස්කෘතියක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර පේරු හි වාමාංශික මතවාද සදාකාලික සතුරෙකු බවට පත් කළේය. එම සිදුවීම් පසුව ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයේ අවසාන වසරවල සිදු වූ මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන් සංකේතවත් කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |title=Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429974694 |page=355 |quote=In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated. |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT355 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔහුගේ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමා නැෂනල් ඩි පොබ්ලැසියන්, 'ජාතික ජනගහන වැඩසටහන' ද අවම වශයෙන් දුප්පත් සහ ආදිවාසී කාන්තාවන් 300,000 ක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් වන්ධ්‍යාකරණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gaussens|first1=Pierre|date=2020|title=The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Bioethics]]|volume=3|issue=3|pages=180+|doi=10.7202/1073797ar|quote=a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention|doi-access=free|s2cid=234586692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1995 මුල් භාගයේදී, නැවතත් පේරු සහ ඉක්වදෝරය සෙනෙපා යුද්ධයේදී ගැටුණු නමුත්, 1998 දී දෙරටේ රජයන් ඔවුන් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර සීමාව පැහැදිලිව නිර්ණය කළ සාම ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබීය. 2000 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, ෆුජිමෝරි ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්වී ස්වයං-පනවන ලද පිටුවහලකට ගියේය, මුලදී නව පේරු බලධාරීන් විසින් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සහ දූෂණ චෝදනා සඳහා නඩු පැවරීමෙන් වැළකී සිටියේය.

=== 21 වන සියවස ===
21 වන සියවස ආරම්භයේදී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය පවත්වා ගනිමින් පේරු දූෂණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ නමුත්, ෆුජිමෝරි සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් විපක්ෂයේ සහභාගීත්වයෙන් තොරව ලියන ලද 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ආයතන සහ නීති සම්පාදනයන් පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ෆුජිමෝරිවාදය පේරු සමාජයේ වැඩි කොටසක් කෙරෙහි බලය හිමි කර ගත්තේය. කැරැල්ලේ කාලයේ සිට මානව හිමිකම් ප්‍රගතිය තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ගැටලු තවමත් දෘශ්‍යමාන වන අතර පේරු ගැටුමේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයෙන් පීඩා විඳි අය අඛණ්ඩව කොන් කිරීම පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Gavin David|date=2009|title=Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru|url=http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|url-status=dead|journal=Forced Migration Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; වැලන්ටින් පැනියාගුවාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් භාරකාර රජයක් නව ජනාධිපති සහ කොන්ග්‍රස් මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමේ වගකීම භාර ගත්තේය. පසුව 2001 සිට 2006 දක්වා ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ජනාධිපති විය. 2006 ජූලි 28 වන දින, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා 2006 මැතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු පේරු හි ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. 2006 දී, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ දියණිය වන කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි, තම පියාගේ උරුමය දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට සහ ෆුජිමෝරිවාදයට පක්ෂව සිටීමට පේරුහි දේශපාලන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz de Zárate |first=Roberto |date=6 June 2016 |title=Keiko Fujimori Higuchi |url=http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Barcelona Centre for International Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|title=Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|date=20 September 2004|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|archive-date=3 March 2016|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|title=Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru|last=Forero|first=Juan|date=9 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html|archive-date=4 October 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008 මැයි මාසයේදී, පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමයේ සාමාජිකාවක් බවට පත්විය. 2009 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වරදකරු වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල ඔහුගේ රජය වාමාංශික ගරිල්ලන්ට එරෙහි සටනේදී ගෲපෝ කොලිනා ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම විසින් සිදු කරන ලද ඝාතන සහ පැහැරගැනීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව සඳහා වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් නියම කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|title=Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison|date=7 April 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා, පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි සහ මාටින් විස්කාරා යන අයගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ, කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය ජනාධිපතිවරුන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බොහෝ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට බාධා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flannery |first=Nathaniel Parish |title=Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[German Institute for Global and Area Studies]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011 ජුනි 5 වන දින, ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා ජනාධිපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය ෆුජිමෝරිස්ට් කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාර්ථකව වාරණය කරන ලදී. පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන, කොංග්‍රසය 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන භාවිතා කළ අතර එමඟින් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට පීඩනයක් එල්ල කිරීමට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ගෙන ඒමට ඉඩ සැලසුණු අතර, ඔහුගේ පරිපාලනය වටා ඇති විවිධ මතභේද මධ්‍යයේ 2018 දී ඔහුට ඉල්ලා අස්වීමට සිදුවිය. පසුව උප ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා 2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී බලයට පත් වූයේ දූෂණ විරෝධී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයට නායකත්වය දුන් බැවින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හිතකර අනුමත ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සමඟිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|title=Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=12 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html|archive-date=9 November 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|title=Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating|date=15 April 2018|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

COVID-19 වසංගතයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ COVID-19 මරණ අනුපාතය අත්විඳිමින්, ෆුජිමෝරි පරිපාලනයේ සිට පැවති අසමානතාවයෙන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් හෙළිදරව් කළ අතර, කොංග්‍රසය විසින් විස්කාරා ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට හේතු වූ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයක් ඇති කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රසයේ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ එහි ප්‍රධානියා වූ අලුතින් අසුන් ගත් ජනාධිපති මැනුවෙල් මෙරිනෝ, රට පුරා විරෝධතාවලට මුහුණ දුන් අතර, දින පහකට පසු මෙරිනෝ ජනාධිපති ධුරයෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; තාවකාලික, මධ්‍යස්ථ රජයකට නායකත්වය දුන් සහ විස්කාරාගේ පෙර ප්‍රතිපත්ති බොහොමයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සගස්ටි විසින් මෙරිනෝ වෙනුවට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින මැතිවරණ පවත්වන ලද අතර, නිදහස් පේරු පක්ෂයේ පෙඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පළමු වටය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර, පසුව කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි විසින් ෆුජිමෝරි සමඟ සන්ධානගත වූ දක්ෂිණාංශික පක්ෂ කොංග්‍රසයේ තනතුරු පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg|thumb|2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතා අතරතුර ලීමා හි විරෝධතා]]

2021 ජූලි 28 වන දින, දැඩි තරඟකාරී දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් පටු ජයග්‍රහණයකින් පසු පේඩ්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ පේරු හි නව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දෙන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=DW.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එම වසරේම, පේරු නිදහසේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සැමරීය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැස්ටිලෝ දක්ෂිණාංශික පාලිත කොංග්‍රසයෙන් ඔහුගේ ජනාධිපති ධුර කාලය තුළ දෝෂාභියෝග ඡන්ද කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර 2022 දෙසැම්බර් 7 වන දින, කොංග්‍රසය තුන්වන දෝෂාභියෝග උත්සාහයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට පැය කිහිපයකට පෙර, විපක්ෂය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය විසුරුවා හැර &quot;සුවිශේෂී හදිසි රජයක්&quot; නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් කැස්ටිලෝ මෙය වළක්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන්, කොංග්‍රසය ඉක්මනින් එම දිනයේම හදිසි සැසියක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ කැස්ටිලෝ ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඔහු වෙනුවට උප ජනාධිපති ඩිනා බොලුආර්ට් පත් කිරීමට 101–6 (වැළැක්වීමේ 10 ක් සමඟ) ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඇය රටේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපතිවරිය බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|title=Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress|date=7 December 2022|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙක්සිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පලා යාමට උත්සාහ කිරීමෙන් පසු කැස්ටිලෝ අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර කැරලි අපරාධය සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා එල්ල විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොලුආර්ට් රජය ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ බව ඔප්පු වූයේ ඇය දක්ෂිණාංශික කොංග්‍රසය සහ හමුදාව සමඟ සන්ධානගත වී ඇගේ ඡන්දදායකයින් පාවා දුන් බැවිනි. මෙම අමනාපය 2022–2023 පේරු දේශපාලන විරෝධතාවලට හේතු වූ අතර, එය බොලුආර්ට් සහ කොංග්‍රසය ඉවත් කිරීම, වහාම මහ මැතිවරණයක් සහ නව ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ලිවීම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. බලධාරීන් විරෝධතාවලට ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ලෙස ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වූ අතර, අයකුචෝ සංහාරය සහ ජූලියාකා සංහාරය මේ අවස්ථාවේ සිදු වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස දශක දෙකකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුළ ජාතියේ අත්විඳින ලද වඩාත්ම ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය ඇති විය. ලීමා හි දේශපාලන ප්‍රභූවේ දැඩි ප්‍රතිචාරය, ඔවුන් ඒකාධිපති හෝ සිවිල්-මිලිටරි රජයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවට කනස්සල්ල මතු කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]]</text>
      <sha1>1q431twjva1434be7wzf7g4q1d5tpin</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>පේරු භූගෝලය</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183139</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754280</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:11:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>' == Geography == {{main|Geography of Peru}}  {{Multiple image | align             =  | direction         = vertical | width             = 170 | image1            = Manu riverbank.jpg | caption1          =  | image2            = Alpamayo.jpg | caption2          =  | image3            = Paracas National Reserve. Ica, Peru.jpg | caption3          =  | image4            = Chachani, Peru ESA413331.png | caption4          =...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි</comment>
      <origin>754280</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12876" sha1="f3y8dmr9e68n1lhg3ahr2ti3xuh2ruo" xml:space="preserve">
== Geography ==
{{main|Geography of Peru}}

{{Multiple image
| align             = 
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 170
| image1            = Manu riverbank.jpg
| caption1          = 
| image2            = Alpamayo.jpg
| caption2          = 
| image3            = Paracas National Reserve. Ica, Peru.jpg
| caption3          = 
| image4            = Chachani, Peru ESA413331.png
| caption4          = Top to bottom: [[Manu National Park]] in the [[Peruvian Amazon|Amazon]], [[Alpamayo]] mountain peak, [[Paracas National Reserve]], [[Chachani]] volcanic complex.
}}
[[File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Vinicunca|Vinicunca]], also known as the Rainbow Mountain in [[:en:Department_of_Cuzco|Cuzco]]]]
Peru is located on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It lies wholly in the [[:en:Southern_Hemisphere|Southern Hemisphere]], its northernmost extreme reaching to 1.8 minutes of latitude or about {{convert|3.3|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} south of the [[:en:Equator|equator]], covers {{convert|1285216|km²|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of western South America. It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The [[:en:Andes|Andes]] mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. &amp; A. Catenazzi. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Biogeography. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):140–143.&lt;/ref&gt;

The ''costa'' (coast), to the west, is a narrow, largely arid plain except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The ''sierra'' (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the [[:en:Altiplano|Altiplano]] plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the {{convert|6768|m|ft|0|abbr=on|adj=on}} [[:en:Huascarán|Huascarán]].&lt;ref&gt;Andes Handbook, [http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp?codigo=54 ''Huascarán''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008051103/http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp%3Fcodigo%3D54|date=8 October 2016}}. 2 June 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; The third region is the ''selva'' (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the [[:en:Amazon_rainforest|Amazon rainforest]] that extends east. Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; The country has fifty-four hydrographic basins, fifty-two of which are small coastal basins that discharge their waters into the Pacific Ocean. The final two are the [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic]] basin of [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]], and the Amazon basin, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Both are delimited by the Andes mountain range. The Amazon basin is particularly noteworthy as it is the source of the Amazon River, which at {{convert|6872|km|mi|abbr=on}}, is the longest river in the world, and covers 75% of Peruvian territory. Peru contains 4% of the planet's freshwater.

Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three [[:en:Drainage_basin|basins]]. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the [[:en:Amazon_River|Amazon River]] have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the ''sierra''. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru's longest rivers are the [[:en:Ucayali|Ucayali]], the [[:en:Marañón_River_(Peru)|Marañón]], the [[:en:Içá|Putumayo]], the [[:en:Yavarí_River|Yavarí]], the [[:en:Huallaga_River|Huallaga]], the [[:en:Urubamba_River|Urubamba]], the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro]], and the Amazon.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

The largest [[:en:List_of_lakes_of_Peru|lake in Peru]], Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia high in the Andes, is also the largest of South America.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grove|first1=Matthew J|last2=Baker|first2=Paul A|last3=Cross|first3=Scott L|last4=Rigsby|first4=Catherine A|last5=Seltzer|first5=Geoffrey O|year=2003|title=Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=194|issue=1–3|pages=281–297|bibcode=2003PPP...194..281G|doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00282-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; The largest [[:en:Water_resources_management_in_Peru|reservoirs]], all in the coastal region of Peru, are the [[:en:Poechos_Reservoir|Poechos]], Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile reservoirs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oficina nacional de evaluación de recursos naturales (previous INRENA) |title=Inventario nacional de lagunas y represamientos |url=http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625070846/http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2007 |access-date=3 March 2008 |website=INRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate ===
{{main|Climate of Peru}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|thumb|[[:en:Köppen_climate_classification|Köppen–Geiger climate classification]] map for Peru]]
Although Peru is located entirely in the [[:en:Tropics|tropics]], the combination of tropical latitude, mountain ranges, topography variations, and two ocean currents ([[:en:Humboldt_Current|Humboldt]] and [[:en:El_Niño_Southern_Oscillation|El Niño]]) gives Peru a large diversity of climates. Elevations above sea level in the country range from {{convert|−37|to|6,778|m|ft|abbr=on}} and precipitation ranges from less than {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} annually in desert areas to more than {{convert|8,000|mm|in|abbr=on}} in tropical rainforest areas.

Due to its geography, Peru can be divide into three main climates. The unbroken and relatively slim coastal region has moderate temperatures, low precipitation, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt; In the mountain region, which covers almost a third of the country, rain is frequent in summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 25–26.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Peruvian_Amazon|Peruvian Amazon]], covering more than half of the total area of Peru, is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 26–27.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wildlife ===
{{main|Wildlife of Peru}}
[[File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Andean_cock-of-the-rock|Andean cock-of-the-rock]], Peru's national bird]]
Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity with 21,462 species of plants and animals reported as of 2003, 5,855 of them [[:en:Endemism|endemic]],&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; and is one of the [[:en:Megadiverse|megadiverse]] countries.

Peru has over 1,800 [[:en:Species|species]] of birds (120 [[:en:Endemism|endemic]]), over 500 species of [[:en:Mammal|mammals]], over 300 species of reptiles, and over 1,000 species of freshwater [[:en:Fishes|fishes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Wildlife: Portal for information about wildlife and ecotourism in Peru |url=http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123112/http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |archive-date=17 May 2008 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=www.peruwildlife.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ortega, H., Hidalgo, M., Correa, E., Espino, J., Chocano, L., Trevejo, G., ... &amp; Quispe, R. (2012). Lista anotada de los peces de aguas continentales del Peru. Estado actual del conocimiento, distribución, usos y aspectos de conservación. Lima, Perú: Ministerio del Ambiente&lt;/ref&gt; The hundreds of mammals include rare species like the [[:en:Puma_(genus)|puma]], [[:en:Jaguar|jaguar]] and [[:en:Spectacled_bear|spectacled bear]]. The birds of Peru produce large amounts of [[:en:Guano|guano]], an economically important export. The Pacific holds large quantities of [[:en:Bass_(fish)|sea bass]], [[:en:Flounder|flounder]], [[:en:Anchovies|anchovies]], [[:en:Tuna|tuna]], [[:en:Crustacean|crustaceans]], and [[:en:Shellfish|shellfish]], and is home to many sharks, [[:en:Sperm_whale|sperm whales]], and whales. The invertebrate fauna is far less inventoried; at least beetles (Coleoptera) have been surveyed in the &quot;Beetles of Peru&quot; project, led by Caroline S. Chaboo, University of Nebraska, USA and this revealved more than 12,000 documented and many new species for Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Part I. Overview. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):135–139.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru also has an equally diverse [[:en:Flora_of_Peru|flora]]. The coastal deserts produce little more than [[:en:Cacti|cacti]], apart from hilly [[:en:Lomas|fog oases]] and river valleys that contain unique plant life.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dillon |first1=Michael O. |title=The solanaceae of the lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile |url=http://www.sacha.org/solanaceae/lomas_solanaceae.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713202506/http://www.sacha.org/Solanaceae/Lomas_Solanaceae.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2007 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=sacha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Highlands above the tree-line known as [[:en:Puna_grassland|puna]] is home to bushes, [[:en:Cactus|cactus]], drought-resistant plants such as [[:en:Jarava_ichu|ichu]], and the largest species of [[:en:Bromeliad|bromeliad]]&amp;nbsp;– the spectacular [[:en:Puya_raimondii|Puya raimondii]].

The cloud-forest slopes of the Andes sustain [[:en:Moss|moss]], [[:en:Orchid|orchids]], and bromeliads, and the [[:en:Amazon_rainforest|Amazon rainforest]] is known for its variety of trees and canopy plants. Peru had a 2019 [[:en:Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index|Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.86/10, ranking it 14th globally out of 172 countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|pmc=7723057|pmid=33293507|doi-access=free|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>f3y8dmr9e68n1lhg3ahr2ti3xuh2ruo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754282</id>
      <parentid>754280</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:13:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754282</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13082" sha1="b0g4e0x5h4m8paqm67l71gm31m5lbuf" xml:space="preserve">
{{Multiple image
| align             = 
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 170
| image1            = Manu riverbank.jpg
| caption1          = 
| image2            = Alpamayo.jpg
| caption2          = 
| image3            = Paracas National Reserve. Ica, Peru.jpg
| caption3          = 
| image4            = Chachani, Peru ESA413331.png
| caption4          = ඉහළ සිට පහළට: [[පේරු ඇමේසන්|ඇමසන්]] හි [[මනු ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය]], [[ඇල්පමායෝ]] කඳු මුදුන, [[පැරකාස් ජාතික රක්ෂිතය]], [[චචානි]] ගිනිකඳු සංකීර්ණය.
}}
[[File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|වම|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි දේදුනු කන්ද ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන වින්කුන්කා]]
Peru is located on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It lies wholly in the [[:en:Southern_Hemisphere|Southern Hemisphere]], its northernmost extreme reaching to 1.8 minutes of latitude or about {{convert|3.3|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} south of the [[:en:Equator|equator]], covers {{convert|1285216|km²|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of western South America. It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The [[:en:Andes|Andes]] mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. &amp; A. Catenazzi. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Biogeography. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):140–143.&lt;/ref&gt;

The ''costa'' (coast), to the west, is a narrow, largely arid plain except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The ''sierra'' (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the [[:en:Altiplano|Altiplano]] plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the {{convert|6768|m|ft|0|abbr=on|adj=on}} [[:en:Huascarán|Huascarán]].&lt;ref&gt;Andes Handbook, [http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp?codigo=54 ''Huascarán''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008051103/http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp%3Fcodigo%3D54|date=8 October 2016}}. 2 June 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; The third region is the ''selva'' (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the [[:en:Amazon_rainforest|Amazon rainforest]] that extends east. Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; The country has fifty-four hydrographic basins, fifty-two of which are small coastal basins that discharge their waters into the Pacific Ocean. The final two are the [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic]] basin of [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]], and the Amazon basin, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Both are delimited by the Andes mountain range. The Amazon basin is particularly noteworthy as it is the source of the Amazon River, which at {{convert|6872|km|mi|abbr=on}}, is the longest river in the world, and covers 75% of Peruvian territory. Peru contains 4% of the planet's freshwater.

Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three [[:en:Drainage_basin|basins]]. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the [[:en:Amazon_River|Amazon River]] have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the ''sierra''. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru's longest rivers are the [[:en:Ucayali|Ucayali]], the [[:en:Marañón_River_(Peru)|Marañón]], the [[:en:Içá|Putumayo]], the [[:en:Yavarí_River|Yavarí]], the [[:en:Huallaga_River|Huallaga]], the [[:en:Urubamba_River|Urubamba]], the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro]], and the Amazon.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

The largest [[:en:List_of_lakes_of_Peru|lake in Peru]], Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia high in the Andes, is also the largest of South America.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grove|first1=Matthew J|last2=Baker|first2=Paul A|last3=Cross|first3=Scott L|last4=Rigsby|first4=Catherine A|last5=Seltzer|first5=Geoffrey O|year=2003|title=Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=194|issue=1–3|pages=281–297|bibcode=2003PPP...194..281G|doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00282-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; The largest [[:en:Water_resources_management_in_Peru|reservoirs]], all in the coastal region of Peru, are the [[:en:Poechos_Reservoir|Poechos]], Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile reservoirs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oficina nacional de evaluación de recursos naturales (previous INRENA) |title=Inventario nacional de lagunas y represamientos |url=http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625070846/http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2007 |access-date=3 March 2008 |website=INRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශගුණය ===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|thumb|පේරු සඳහා කොපන්–ගයිගර් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණ සිතියම]]
Although Peru is located entirely in the [[:en:Tropics|tropics]], the combination of tropical latitude, mountain ranges, topography variations, and two ocean currents ([[:en:Humboldt_Current|Humboldt]] and [[:en:El_Niño_Southern_Oscillation|El Niño]]) gives Peru a large diversity of climates. Elevations above sea level in the country range from {{convert|−37|to|6,778|m|ft|abbr=on}} and precipitation ranges from less than {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} annually in desert areas to more than {{convert|8,000|mm|in|abbr=on}} in tropical rainforest areas.

Due to its geography, Peru can be divide into three main climates. The unbroken and relatively slim coastal region has moderate temperatures, low precipitation, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt; In the mountain region, which covers almost a third of the country, rain is frequent in summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 25–26.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Peruvian_Amazon|Peruvian Amazon]], covering more than half of the total area of Peru, is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 26–27.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== වනජීවීන් ===
[[File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|වම|thumb|පේරුහි ජාතික පක්ෂියා වන ඇන්ඩියන් කුකුළා]]
Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity with 21,462 species of plants and animals reported as of 2003, 5,855 of them [[:en:Endemism|endemic]],&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; and is one of the [[:en:Megadiverse|megadiverse]] countries.

Peru has over 1,800 [[:en:Species|species]] of birds (120 [[:en:Endemism|endemic]]), over 500 species of [[:en:Mammal|mammals]], over 300 species of reptiles, and over 1,000 species of freshwater [[:en:Fishes|fishes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Wildlife: Portal for information about wildlife and ecotourism in Peru |url=http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123112/http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |archive-date=17 May 2008 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=www.peruwildlife.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ortega, H., Hidalgo, M., Correa, E., Espino, J., Chocano, L., Trevejo, G., ... &amp; Quispe, R. (2012). Lista anotada de los peces de aguas continentales del Peru. Estado actual del conocimiento, distribución, usos y aspectos de conservación. Lima, Perú: Ministerio del Ambiente&lt;/ref&gt; The hundreds of mammals include rare species like the [[:en:Puma_(genus)|puma]], [[:en:Jaguar|jaguar]] and [[:en:Spectacled_bear|spectacled bear]]. The birds of Peru produce large amounts of [[:en:Guano|guano]], an economically important export. The Pacific holds large quantities of [[:en:Bass_(fish)|sea bass]], [[:en:Flounder|flounder]], [[:en:Anchovies|anchovies]], [[:en:Tuna|tuna]], [[:en:Crustacean|crustaceans]], and [[:en:Shellfish|shellfish]], and is home to many sharks, [[:en:Sperm_whale|sperm whales]], and whales. The invertebrate fauna is far less inventoried; at least beetles (Coleoptera) have been surveyed in the &quot;Beetles of Peru&quot; project, led by Caroline S. Chaboo, University of Nebraska, USA and this revealved more than 12,000 documented and many new species for Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Part I. Overview. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):135–139.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru also has an equally diverse [[:en:Flora_of_Peru|flora]]. The coastal deserts produce little more than [[:en:Cacti|cacti]], apart from hilly [[:en:Lomas|fog oases]] and river valleys that contain unique plant life.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dillon |first1=Michael O. |title=The solanaceae of the lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile |url=http://www.sacha.org/solanaceae/lomas_solanaceae.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713202506/http://www.sacha.org/Solanaceae/Lomas_Solanaceae.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2007 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=sacha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Highlands above the tree-line known as [[:en:Puna_grassland|puna]] is home to bushes, [[:en:Cactus|cactus]], drought-resistant plants such as [[:en:Jarava_ichu|ichu]], and the largest species of [[:en:Bromeliad|bromeliad]]&amp;nbsp;– the spectacular [[:en:Puya_raimondii|Puya raimondii]].

The cloud-forest slopes of the Andes sustain [[:en:Moss|moss]], [[:en:Orchid|orchids]], and bromeliads, and the [[:en:Amazon_rainforest|Amazon rainforest]] is known for its variety of trees and canopy plants. Peru had a 2019 [[:en:Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index|Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.86/10, ranking it 14th globally out of 172 countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|pmc=7723057|pmid=33293507|doi-access=free|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>b0g4e0x5h4m8paqm67l71gm31m5lbuf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754283</id>
      <parentid>754282</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:18:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754283</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25146" sha1="ex34q4333zrras34z4zza7ksglsbc1l" xml:space="preserve">
{{Multiple image
| align             = 
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 170
| image1            = Manu riverbank.jpg
| caption1          = 
| image2            = Alpamayo.jpg
| caption2          = 
| image3            = Paracas National Reserve. Ica, Peru.jpg
| caption3          = 
| image4            = Chachani, Peru ESA413331.png
| caption4          = ඉහළ සිට පහළට: [[පේරු ඇමේසන්|ඇමසන්]] හි [[මනු ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය]], [[ඇල්පමායෝ]] කඳු මුදුන, [[පැරකාස් ජාතික රක්ෂිතය]], [[චචානි]] ගිනිකඳු සංකීර්ණය.
}}
[[File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|වම|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි දේදුනු කන්ද ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන වින්කුන්කා]]
Peru is located on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It lies wholly in the [[:en:Southern_Hemisphere|Southern Hemisphere]], its northernmost extreme reaching to 1.8 minutes of latitude or about {{convert|3.3|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} south of the [[:en:Equator|equator]], covers {{convert|1285216|km²|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of western South America. It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The [[:en:Andes|Andes]] mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. &amp; A. Catenazzi. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Biogeography. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):140–143.&lt;/ref&gt;

The ''costa'' (coast), to the west, is a narrow, largely arid plain except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The ''sierra'' (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the [[:en:Altiplano|Altiplano]] plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the {{convert|6768|m|ft|0|abbr=on|adj=on}} [[:en:Huascarán|Huascarán]].&lt;ref&gt;Andes Handbook, [http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp?codigo=54 ''Huascarán''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008051103/http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp%3Fcodigo%3D54|date=8 October 2016}}. 2 June 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; The third region is the ''selva'' (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the [[:en:Amazon_rainforest|Amazon rainforest]] that extends east. Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; The country has fifty-four hydrographic basins, fifty-two of which are small coastal basins that discharge their waters into the Pacific Ocean. The final two are the [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic]] basin of [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]], and the Amazon basin, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Both are delimited by the Andes mountain range. The Amazon basin is particularly noteworthy as it is the source of the Amazon River, which at {{convert|6872|km|mi|abbr=on}}, is the longest river in the world, and covers 75% of Peruvian territory. Peru contains 4% of the planet's freshwater.

පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ මධ්‍යම බටහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ පැසිෆික් සාගරයට මුහුණලා පිහිටා ඇත. එය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම දකුණු අර්ධගෝලයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, එහි උතුරු කෙළවර අක්ෂාංශ මිනිත්තු 1.8 ක් හෝ සමකයට දකුණින් කිලෝමීටර් 3.3 ක් (සැතපුම් 2.1) ක් දක්වා ළඟා වන අතර, බටහිර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ කිලෝමීටර් 1,285,216 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 496,225) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයට මායිම් වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුකරය පැසිෆික් සාගරයට සමාන්තරව දිව යයි; ඒවා රට භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් විස්තර කිරීමට සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව භාවිතා කරන කලාප තුන අර්ථ දක්වයි.[1]

බටහිරින් කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ) යනු සෘතුමය ගංගා මගින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද නිම්න හැර පටු, බොහෝ දුරට ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලාවකි. සියෙරා (උස්බිම්) යනු ඇන්ඩීස් කලාපයයි; එයට ඇල්ටිප්ලානෝ සානුව මෙන්ම රටේ උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මීටර් 6,768 (අඩි 22,205) හුවාස්කරන් ද ඇතුළත් වේ.[2] තුන්වන කලාපය සෙල්වා (වනාන්තරය) වන අතර එය නැගෙනහිරට විහිදෙන ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරයෙන් වැසී ඇති පුළුල් පැතලි භූමි ප්‍රදේශයකි. රටේ ප්‍රදේශයෙන් සියයට 60ක් පමණ මෙම කලාපය තුළ පිහිටා ඇත.[3] රටෙහි ජල විද්‍යාත්මක ද්‍රෝණි පනස් හතරක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් පනස් දෙකක් කුඩා වෙරළබඩ ද්‍රෝණි වන අතර ඒවා පැසිෆික් සාගරයට ජලය මුදා හරිනු ලැබේ. අවසාන දෙක වන්නේ ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි එන්ඩෝහයික් ද්‍රෝණිය සහ අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයට ගලා යන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියයි. දෙකම ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු වැටියෙන් සීමා වේ. ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය විශේෂයෙන් කැපී පෙනෙන්නේ එය කිලෝමීටර් 6,872 (සැතපුම් 4,270) ක උසකින් යුත් ලොව දිගම ගංගාව වන අතර පේරු භූමියෙන් 75% ක් ආවරණය කරන ඇමසන් ගඟේ මූලාශ්‍රය වන බැවිනි. පේරු හි ග්‍රහලෝකයේ මිරිදිය ජලයෙන් 4% ක් අඩංගු වේ.


දේශගුණය


වනජීවීන්

Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three [[:en:Drainage_basin|basins]]. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the [[:en:Amazon_River|Amazon River]] have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the ''sierra''. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru's longest rivers are the [[:en:Ucayali|Ucayali]], the [[:en:Marañón_River_(Peru)|Marañón]], the [[:en:Içá|Putumayo]], the [[:en:Yavarí_River|Yavarí]], the [[:en:Huallaga_River|Huallaga]], the [[:en:Urubamba_River|Urubamba]], the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro]], and the Amazon.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

The largest [[:en:List_of_lakes_of_Peru|lake in Peru]], Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia high in the Andes, is also the largest of South America.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grove|first1=Matthew J|last2=Baker|first2=Paul A|last3=Cross|first3=Scott L|last4=Rigsby|first4=Catherine A|last5=Seltzer|first5=Geoffrey O|year=2003|title=Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=194|issue=1–3|pages=281–297|bibcode=2003PPP...194..281G|doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00282-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; The largest [[:en:Water_resources_management_in_Peru|reservoirs]], all in the coastal region of Peru, are the [[:en:Poechos_Reservoir|Poechos]], Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile reservoirs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oficina nacional de evaluación de recursos naturales (previous INRENA) |title=Inventario nacional de lagunas y represamientos |url=http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625070846/http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2007 |access-date=3 March 2008 |website=INRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

බොහෝ පේරු ගංගා ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන්වලින් ආරම්භ වී ද්‍රෝණි තුනෙන් එකකට ගලා යයි. පැසිෆික් සාගරය දෙසට ගලා යන ඒවා බෑවුම් සහිත සහ කෙටි වන අතර, වරින් වර ගලා යයි. ඇමසන් ගඟේ අතු ගංගාවලට වඩා විශාල ප්‍රවාහයක් ඇති අතර, සියෙරා වලින් පිට වූ පසු ඒවා දිගු හා අඩු බෑවුම් සහිත වේ. ටිටිකාකා විලට ගලා යන ගංගා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කෙටි වන අතර විශාල ප්‍රවාහයක් ඇත.[4] පේරු හි දිගම ගංගා වන්නේ උකායාලි, මරනෝන්, පුටුමායෝ, යවාරි, හුවාල්ලාගා, උරුබම්බා, මැන්ටාරෝ සහ ඇමසන් ය.[5]

පේරු හි විශාලතම විල වන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියේ ඉහළින් පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව අතර ඇති ටිටිකාකා විල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම විල ද වේ.[6] පේරු හි වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ඇති විශාලතම ජලාශ වන්නේ පොචෝස්, ටිනජෝන්ස්, සැන් ලොරෙන්සෝ සහ එල් ෆ්‍රේල් ජලාශ වේ.[7]

=== දේශගුණය ===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|thumb|පේරු සඳහා කොපන්–ගයිගර් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණ සිතියම]]
Although Peru is located entirely in the [[:en:Tropics|tropics]], the combination of tropical latitude, mountain ranges, topography variations, and two ocean currents ([[:en:Humboldt_Current|Humboldt]] and [[:en:El_Niño_Southern_Oscillation|El Niño]]) gives Peru a large diversity of climates. Elevations above sea level in the country range from {{convert|−37|to|6,778|m|ft|abbr=on}} and precipitation ranges from less than {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} annually in desert areas to more than {{convert|8,000|mm|in|abbr=on}} in tropical rainforest areas.

Due to its geography, Peru can be divide into three main climates. The unbroken and relatively slim coastal region has moderate temperatures, low precipitation, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt; In the mountain region, which covers almost a third of the country, rain is frequent in summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 25–26.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Peruvian_Amazon|Peruvian Amazon]], covering more than half of the total area of Peru, is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 26–27.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිවර්තන කලාපයේ පිහිටා තිබුණද, නිවර්තන අක්ෂාංශ, කඳු වැටි, භූ විෂමතා වෙනස්කම් සහ සාගර ධාරා දෙකක (හම්බෝල්ට් සහ එල් නිනෝ) සංයෝජනය පේරුට විශාල දේශගුණික විවිධත්වයක් ලබා දෙයි. රටෙහි මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට උන්නතාංශය −37 සිට 6,778 m (−121 සිට 22,238 ft) දක්වා වන අතර වර්ෂාපතනය කාන්තාර ප්‍රදේශවල වාර්ෂිකව 20 mm (0.79 in) ට අඩු සිට නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර ප්‍රදේශවල 8,000 mm (310 in) ට වැඩි වේ.

එහි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නිසා, පේරු ප්‍රධාන දේශගුණික කලාප තුනකට බෙදිය හැකිය. නොකැඩූ සහ සාපේක්ෂව සිහින් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ එහි උණුසුම්, තෙත් උතුරු ප්‍රදේශ හැර, මධ්‍යස්ථ උෂ්ණත්වය, අඩු වර්ෂාපතනය සහ ඉහළ ආර්ද්‍රතාවය ඇත.[8] රටෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ ආවරණය වන කඳුකර කලාපයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී නිතර වැසි ඇද හැලෙන අතර, ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා උන්නතාංශය සමඟ උෂ්ණත්වය සහ ආර්ද්‍රතාවය අඩු වේ.[9] පේරු හි මුළු ප්‍රදේශයෙන් අඩකට වඩා ආවරණය වන පේරු ඇමසන්, අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් සහ ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වයන්ගෙන් සංලක්ෂිත වේ, එහි දකුණු කෙළවර හැර, එහි සීතල ශීත සහ සෘතුමය වර්ෂාපතනය ඇත.[10]

=== වනජීවීන් ===
[[File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|වම|thumb|පේරුහි ජාතික පක්ෂියා වන ඇන්ඩියන් කුකුළා]]
Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity with 21,462 species of plants and animals reported as of 2003, 5,855 of them [[:en:Endemism|endemic]],&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; and is one of the [[:en:Megadiverse|megadiverse]] countries.

Peru has over 1,800 [[:en:Species|species]] of birds (120 [[:en:Endemism|endemic]]), over 500 species of [[:en:Mammal|mammals]], over 300 species of reptiles, and over 1,000 species of freshwater [[:en:Fishes|fishes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Wildlife: Portal for information about wildlife and ecotourism in Peru |url=http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123112/http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |archive-date=17 May 2008 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=www.peruwildlife.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ortega, H., Hidalgo, M., Correa, E., Espino, J., Chocano, L., Trevejo, G., ... &amp; Quispe, R. (2012). Lista anotada de los peces de aguas continentales del Peru. Estado actual del conocimiento, distribución, usos y aspectos de conservación. Lima, Perú: Ministerio del Ambiente&lt;/ref&gt; The hundreds of mammals include rare species like the [[:en:Puma_(genus)|puma]], [[:en:Jaguar|jaguar]] and [[:en:Spectacled_bear|spectacled bear]]. The birds of Peru produce large amounts of [[:en:Guano|guano]], an economically important export. The Pacific holds large quantities of [[:en:Bass_(fish)|sea bass]], [[:en:Flounder|flounder]], [[:en:Anchovies|anchovies]], [[:en:Tuna|tuna]], [[:en:Crustacean|crustaceans]], and [[:en:Shellfish|shellfish]], and is home to many sharks, [[:en:Sperm_whale|sperm whales]], and whales. The invertebrate fauna is far less inventoried; at least beetles (Coleoptera) have been surveyed in the &quot;Beetles of Peru&quot; project, led by Caroline S. Chaboo, University of Nebraska, USA and this revealved more than 12,000 documented and many new species for Peru.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Part I. Overview. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):135–139.&lt;/ref&gt;

විවිධ භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම සහ දේශගුණය නිසා, පේරු හි 2003 වන විට වාර්තා වූ ශාක හා සත්ව විශේෂ 21,462 ක් සහිත ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වයක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 5,855 ක් ආවේණික වන අතර, [11] එය මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටවලින් එකකි.

පේරු හි පක්ෂි විශේෂ 1,800 කට වඩා (ආවේණික 120), ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා, උරග විශේෂ 300 කට වඩා සහ මිරිදිය මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 1,000 කට වඩා ඇත.[12][13] සිය ගණනක් ක්ෂීරපායින් අතර පූමා, ජගුවාර් සහ ඇස් කණ්ණාඩි වලසා වැනි දුර්ලභ විශේෂ ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි පක්ෂීන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි, එය ආර්ථික වශයෙන් වැදගත් අපනයනයකි. පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ මුහුදු බාස්, ෆ්ලවුන්ඩර්, ඇන්කොවි, ටූනා, කබොල සහ බෙල්ලන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ඇති අතර මෝරුන්, ශුක්‍රාණු තල්මසුන් සහ තල්මසුන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් වාසය කරයි. අපෘෂ්ඨවංශික සත්ත්ව විශේෂ ඉතා අඩුවෙන් සොයා ගෙන ඇත; ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ නෙබ්‍රස්කා විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ කැරොලයින් එස්. චබූ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද &quot;පේරු කුරුමිණියන්&quot; ව්‍යාපෘතියේ දී අවම වශයෙන් කුරුමිණියන් (කොලියොප්ටෙරා) සමීක්ෂණය කර ඇති අතර එමඟින් පේරු සඳහා ලේඛනගත කර ඇති 12,000 කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් සහ නව විශේෂ රාශියක් අනාවරණය වී ඇත.[14]

Peru also has an equally diverse [[:en:Flora_of_Peru|flora]]. The coastal deserts produce little more than [[:en:Cacti|cacti]], apart from hilly [[:en:Lomas|fog oases]] and river valleys that contain unique plant life.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dillon |first1=Michael O. |title=The solanaceae of the lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile |url=http://www.sacha.org/solanaceae/lomas_solanaceae.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713202506/http://www.sacha.org/Solanaceae/Lomas_Solanaceae.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2007 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=sacha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Highlands above the tree-line known as [[:en:Puna_grassland|puna]] is home to bushes, [[:en:Cactus|cactus]], drought-resistant plants such as [[:en:Jarava_ichu|ichu]], and the largest species of [[:en:Bromeliad|bromeliad]]&amp;nbsp;– the spectacular [[:en:Puya_raimondii|Puya raimondii]].

The cloud-forest slopes of the Andes sustain [[:en:Moss|moss]], [[:en:Orchid|orchids]], and bromeliads, and the [[:en:Amazon_rainforest|Amazon rainforest]] is known for its variety of trees and canopy plants. Peru had a 2019 [[:en:Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index|Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.86/10, ranking it 14th globally out of 172 countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|pmc=7723057|pmid=33293507|doi-access=free|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ද ඒ හා සමානව විවිධ ශාක විශේෂ ඇත. වෙරළබඩ කාන්තාර කඳුකර මීදුම ක්ෂේම භූමියක් සහ අද්විතීය ශාක ජීවීන් අඩංගු ගංගා නිම්න හැරුණු විට පතොක් වලට වඩා වැඩි යමක් නිපදවයි.[15] පූනා ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ගස් රේඛාවට ඉහළින් ඇති උස්බිම් පඳුරු, පතොක්, ඉචු වැනි නියඟයට ඔරොත්තු දෙන ශාක සහ විශාලතම බ්‍රොමෙලියඩ් විශේෂය වන දර්ශනීය පූයා රයිමොන්ඩි සඳහා නිවහන වේ.

ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුකරයේ වලාකුළු වනාන්තර බෑවුම් පාසි, ඕකිඩ් සහ බ්‍රොමෙලියඩ් වගා කරන අතර ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරය එහි විවිධ ගස් හා වියන් ශාක සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධය. පේරු හි 2019 වනාන්තර භූ දර්ශන අඛණ්ඩතා දර්ශකයේ සාමාන්‍ය ලකුණු 8.86/10 ක් වූ අතර එය රටවල් 172 න් ගෝලීය වශයෙන් 14 වන ස්ථානයට පත්විය.[16]

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>ex34q4333zrras34z4zza7ksglsbc1l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754284</id>
      <parentid>754283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:20:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754284</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24209" sha1="s9rq3cq3mwumittv2o3lde090yughlp" xml:space="preserve">
{{Multiple image
| align             = 
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 170
| image1            = Manu riverbank.jpg
| caption1          = 
| image2            = Alpamayo.jpg
| caption2          = 
| image3            = Paracas National Reserve. Ica, Peru.jpg
| caption3          = 
| image4            = Chachani, Peru ESA413331.png
| caption4          = ඉහළ සිට පහළට: [[පේරු ඇමේසන්|ඇමසන්]] හි [[මනු ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය]], [[ඇල්පමායෝ]] කඳු මුදුන, [[පැරකාස් ජාතික රක්ෂිතය]], [[චචානි]] ගිනිකඳු සංකීර්ණය.
}}
[[File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|වම|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි දේදුනු කන්ද ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන වින්කුන්කා]]
Peru is located on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It lies wholly in the [[:en:Southern_Hemisphere|Southern Hemisphere]], its northernmost extreme reaching to 1.8 minutes of latitude or about {{convert|3.3|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} south of the [[:en:Equator|equator]], covers {{convert|1285216|km²|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of western South America. It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The [[:en:Andes|Andes]] mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.

The ''costa'' (coast), to the west, is a narrow, largely arid plain except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The ''sierra'' (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the [[:en:Altiplano|Altiplano]] plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the {{convert|6768|m|ft|0|abbr=on|adj=on}} [[:en:Huascarán|Huascarán]]. The third region is the ''selva'' (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the [[:en:Amazon_rainforest|Amazon rainforest]] that extends east. Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region. The country has fifty-four hydrographic basins, fifty-two of which are small coastal basins that discharge their waters into the Pacific Ocean. The final two are the [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic]] basin of [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]], and the Amazon basin, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Both are delimited by the Andes mountain range. The Amazon basin is particularly noteworthy as it is the source of the Amazon River, which at {{convert|6872|km|mi|abbr=on}}, is the longest river in the world, and covers 75% of Peruvian territory. Peru contains 4% of the planet's freshwater.

පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ මධ්‍යම බටහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ පැසිෆික් සාගරයට මුහුණලා පිහිටා ඇත. එය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම දකුණු අර්ධගෝලයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, එහි උතුරු කෙළවර අක්ෂාංශ මිනිත්තු 1.8 ක් හෝ සමකයට දකුණින් කිලෝමීටර් 3.3 ක් (සැතපුම් 2.1) ක් දක්වා ළඟා වන අතර, බටහිර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ කිලෝමීටර් 1,285,216 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 496,225) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයට මායිම් වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුකරය පැසිෆික් සාගරයට සමාන්තරව දිව යයි; ඒවා රට භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් විස්තර කිරීමට සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව භාවිතා කරන කලාප තුන අර්ථ දක්වයි.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. &amp; A. Catenazzi. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Biogeography. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):140–143.&lt;/ref&gt;

බටහිරින් කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ) යනු සෘතුමය ගංගා මගින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද නිම්න හැර පටු, බොහෝ දුරට ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලාවකි. සියෙරා (උස්බිම්) යනු ඇන්ඩීස් කලාපයයි; එයට ඇල්ටිප්ලානෝ සානුව මෙන්ම රටේ උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මීටර් 6,768 (අඩි 22,205) හුවාස්කරන් ද ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Andes Handbook, [http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp?codigo=54 ''Huascarán''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008051103/http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp%3Fcodigo%3D54|date=8 October 2016}}. 2 June 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන කලාපය සෙල්වා (වනාන්තරය) වන අතර එය නැගෙනහිරට විහිදෙන ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරයෙන් වැසී ඇති පුළුල් පැතලි භූමි ප්‍රදේශයකි. රටේ ප්‍රදේශයෙන් සියයට 60ක් පමණ මෙම කලාපය තුළ පිහිටා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; රටෙහි ජල විද්‍යාත්මක ද්‍රෝණි පනස් හතරක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් පනස් දෙකක් කුඩා වෙරළබඩ ද්‍රෝණි වන අතර ඒවා පැසිෆික් සාගරයට ජලය මුදා හරිනු ලැබේ. අවසාන දෙක වන්නේ ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි එන්ඩෝහයික් ද්‍රෝණිය සහ අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයට ගලා යන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියයි. දෙකම ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු වැටියෙන් සීමා වේ. ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය විශේෂයෙන් කැපී පෙනෙන්නේ එය කිලෝමීටර් 6,872 (සැතපුම් 4,270) ක උසකින් යුත් ලොව දිගම ගංගාව වන අතර පේරු භූමියෙන් 75% ක් ආවරණය කරන ඇමසන් ගඟේ මූලාශ්‍රය වන බැවිනි. පේරු හි ග්‍රහලෝකයේ මිරිදිය ජලයෙන් 4% ක් අඩංගු වේ.


දේශගුණය


වනජීවීන්

Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three [[:en:Drainage_basin|basins]]. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the [[:en:Amazon_River|Amazon River]] have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the ''sierra''. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Peru's longest rivers are the [[:en:Ucayali|Ucayali]], the [[:en:Marañón_River_(Peru)|Marañón]], the [[:en:Içá|Putumayo]], the [[:en:Yavarí_River|Yavarí]], the [[:en:Huallaga_River|Huallaga]], the [[:en:Urubamba_River|Urubamba]], the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro]], and the Amazon.

The largest [[:en:List_of_lakes_of_Peru|lake in Peru]], Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia high in the Andes, is also the largest of South America. The largest [[:en:Water_resources_management_in_Peru|reservoirs]], all in the coastal region of Peru, are the [[:en:Poechos_Reservoir|Poechos]], Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile reservoirs.

බොහෝ පේරු ගංගා ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන්වලින් ආරම්භ වී ද්‍රෝණි තුනෙන් එකකට ගලා යයි. පැසිෆික් සාගරය දෙසට ගලා යන ඒවා බෑවුම් සහිත සහ කෙටි වන අතර, වරින් වර ගලා යයි. ඇමසන් ගඟේ අතු ගංගාවලට වඩා විශාල ප්‍රවාහයක් ඇති අතර, සියෙරා වලින් පිට වූ පසු ඒවා දිගු හා අඩු බෑවුම් සහිත වේ. ටිටිකාකා විලට ගලා යන ගංගා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කෙටි වන අතර විශාල ප්‍රවාහයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි දිගම ගංගා වන්නේ උකායාලි, මරනෝන්, පුටුමායෝ, යවාරි, හුවාල්ලාගා, උරුබම්බා, මැන්ටාරෝ සහ ඇමසන් ය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි විශාලතම විල වන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියේ ඉහළින් පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව අතර ඇති ටිටිකාකා විල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම විල ද වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grove|first1=Matthew J|last2=Baker|first2=Paul A|last3=Cross|first3=Scott L|last4=Rigsby|first4=Catherine A|last5=Seltzer|first5=Geoffrey O|year=2003|title=Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=194|issue=1–3|pages=281–297|bibcode=2003PPP...194..281G|doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00282-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ඇති විශාලතම ජලාශ වන්නේ පොචෝස්, ටිනජෝන්ස්, සැන් ලොරෙන්සෝ සහ එල් ෆ්‍රේල් ජලාශ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oficina nacional de evaluación de recursos naturales (previous INRENA) |title=Inventario nacional de lagunas y represamientos |url=http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625070846/http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2007 |access-date=3 March 2008 |website=INRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශගුණය ===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|thumb|පේරු සඳහා කොපන්–ගයිගර් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණ සිතියම]]
Although Peru is located entirely in the [[:en:Tropics|tropics]], the combination of tropical latitude, mountain ranges, topography variations, and two ocean currents ([[:en:Humboldt_Current|Humboldt]] and [[:en:El_Niño_Southern_Oscillation|El Niño]]) gives Peru a large diversity of climates. Elevations above sea level in the country range from {{convert|−37|to|6,778|m|ft|abbr=on}} and precipitation ranges from less than {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} annually in desert areas to more than {{convert|8,000|mm|in|abbr=on}} in tropical rainforest areas.

Due to its geography, Peru can be divide into three main climates. The unbroken and relatively slim coastal region has moderate temperatures, low precipitation, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches. In the mountain region, which covers almost a third of the country, rain is frequent in summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes. The [[:en:Peruvian_Amazon|Peruvian Amazon]], covering more than half of the total area of Peru, is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall.

පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිවර්තන කලාපයේ පිහිටා තිබුණද, නිවර්තන අක්ෂාංශ, කඳු වැටි, භූ විෂමතා වෙනස්කම් සහ සාගර ධාරා දෙකක (හම්බෝල්ට් සහ එල් නිනෝ) සංයෝජනය පේරුට විශාල දේශගුණික විවිධත්වයක් ලබා දෙයි. රටෙහි මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට උන්නතාංශය −37 සිට 6,778 m (−121 සිට 22,238 ft) දක්වා වන අතර වර්ෂාපතනය කාන්තාර ප්‍රදේශවල වාර්ෂිකව 20 mm (0.79 in) ට අඩු සිට නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර ප්‍රදේශවල 8,000 mm (310 in) ට වැඩි වේ.

එහි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නිසා, පේරු ප්‍රධාන දේශගුණික කලාප තුනකට බෙදිය හැකිය. නොකැඩූ සහ සාපේක්ෂව සිහින් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ එහි උණුසුම්, තෙත් උතුරු ප්‍රදේශ හැර, මධ්‍යස්ථ උෂ්ණත්වය, අඩු වර්ෂාපතනය සහ ඉහළ ආර්ද්‍රතාවය ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt; රටෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ ආවරණය වන කඳුකර කලාපයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී නිතර වැසි ඇද හැලෙන අතර, ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා උන්නතාංශය සමඟ උෂ්ණත්වය සහ ආර්ද්‍රතාවය අඩු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 25–26.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි මුළු ප්‍රදේශයෙන් අඩකට වඩා ආවරණය වන පේරු ඇමසන්, අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් සහ ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වයන්ගෙන් සංලක්ෂිත වේ, එහි දකුණු කෙළවර හැර, එහි සීතල ශීත සහ සෘතුමය වර්ෂාපතනය ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 26–27.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== වනජීවීන් ===
[[File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|වම|thumb|පේරුහි ජාතික පක්ෂියා වන ඇන්ඩියන් කුකුළා]]
Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity with 21,462 species of plants and animals reported as of 2003, 5,855 of them [[:en:Endemism|endemic]], and is one of the [[:en:Megadiverse|megadiverse]] countries.

Peru has over 1,800 [[:en:Species|species]] of birds (120 [[:en:Endemism|endemic]]), over 500 species of [[:en:Mammal|mammals]], over 300 species of reptiles, and over 1,000 species of freshwater [[:en:Fishes|fishes]] The hundreds of mammals include rare species like the [[:en:Puma_(genus)|puma]], [[:en:Jaguar|jaguar]] and [[:en:Spectacled_bear|spectacled bear]]. The birds of Peru produce large amounts of [[:en:Guano|guano]], an economically important export. The Pacific holds large quantities of [[:en:Bass_(fish)|sea bass]], [[:en:Flounder|flounder]], [[:en:Anchovies|anchovies]], [[:en:Tuna|tuna]], [[:en:Crustacean|crustaceans]], and [[:en:Shellfish|shellfish]], and is home to many sharks, [[:en:Sperm_whale|sperm whales]], and whales. The invertebrate fauna is far less inventoried; at least beetles (Coleoptera) have been surveyed in the &quot;Beetles of Peru&quot; project, led by Caroline S. Chaboo, University of Nebraska, USA and this revealved more than 12,000 documented and many new species for Peru.

විවිධ භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම සහ දේශගුණය නිසා, පේරු හි 2003 වන විට වාර්තා වූ ශාක හා සත්ව විශේෂ 21,462 ක් සහිත ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වයක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 5,855 ක් ආවේණික වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; එය මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටවලින් එකකි.

පේරු හි පක්ෂි විශේෂ 1,800 කට වඩා (ආවේණික 120), ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා, උරග විශේෂ 300 කට වඩා සහ මිරිදිය මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 1,000 කට වඩා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Wildlife: Portal for information about wildlife and ecotourism in Peru |url=http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123112/http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |archive-date=17 May 2008 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=www.peruwildlife.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ortega, H., Hidalgo, M., Correa, E., Espino, J., Chocano, L., Trevejo, G., ... &amp; Quispe, R. (2012). Lista anotada de los peces de aguas continentales del Peru. Estado actual del conocimiento, distribución, usos y aspectos de conservación. Lima, Perú: Ministerio del Ambiente&lt;/ref&gt; සිය ගණනක් ක්ෂීරපායින් අතර පූමා, ජගුවාර් සහ ඇස් කණ්ණාඩි වලසා වැනි දුර්ලභ විශේෂ ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි පක්ෂීන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි, එය ආර්ථික වශයෙන් වැදගත් අපනයනයකි. පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ මුහුදු බාස්, ෆ්ලවුන්ඩර්, ඇන්කොවි, ටූනා, කබොල සහ බෙල්ලන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ඇති අතර මෝරුන්, ශුක්‍රාණු තල්මසුන් සහ තල්මසුන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් වාසය කරයි. අපෘෂ්ඨවංශික සත්ත්ව විශේෂ ඉතා අඩුවෙන් සොයා ගෙන ඇත; ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ නෙබ්‍රස්කා විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ කැරොලයින් එස්. චබූ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද &quot;පේරු කුරුමිණියන්&quot; ව්‍යාපෘතියේ දී අවම වශයෙන් කුරුමිණියන් (කොලියොප්ටෙරා) සමීක්ෂණය කර ඇති අතර එමඟින් පේරු සඳහා ලේඛනගත කර ඇති 12,000 කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් සහ නව විශේෂ රාශියක් අනාවරණය වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Part I. Overview. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):135–139.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ද ඒ හා සමානව විවිධ ශාක විශේෂ ඇත. වෙරළබඩ කාන්තාර කඳුකර මීදුම ක්ෂේම භූමියක් සහ අද්විතීය ශාක ජීවීන් අඩංගු ගංගා නිම්න හැරුණු විට පතොක් වලට වඩා වැඩි යමක් නිපදවයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dillon |first1=Michael O. |title=The solanaceae of the lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile |url=http://www.sacha.org/solanaceae/lomas_solanaceae.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713202506/http://www.sacha.org/Solanaceae/Lomas_Solanaceae.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2007 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=sacha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; පූනා ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ගස් රේඛාවට ඉහළින් ඇති උස්බිම් පඳුරු, පතොක්, ඉචු වැනි නියඟයට ඔරොත්තු දෙන ශාක සහ විශාලතම බ්‍රොමෙලියඩ් විශේෂය වන දර්ශනීය පූයා රයිමොන්ඩි සඳහා නිවහන වේ.

ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුකරයේ වලාකුළු වනාන්තර බෑවුම් පාසි, ඕකිඩ් සහ බ්‍රොමෙලියඩ් වගා කරන අතර ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරය එහි විවිධ ගස් හා වියන් ශාක සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධය. පේරු හි 2019 වනාන්තර භූ දර්ශන අඛණ්ඩතා දර්ශකයේ සාමාන්‍ය ලකුණු 8.86/10 ක් වූ අතර එය රටවල් 172 න් ගෝලීය වශයෙන් 14 වන ස්ථානයට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|pmc=7723057|pmid=33293507|doi-access=free|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>s9rq3cq3mwumittv2o3lde090yughlp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754285</id>
      <parentid>754284</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:21:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* වනජීවීන් */</comment>
      <origin>754285</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22959" sha1="g51zm2dzg3xi4xf2yz08yc823kohc09" xml:space="preserve">
{{Multiple image
| align             = 
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 170
| image1            = Manu riverbank.jpg
| caption1          = 
| image2            = Alpamayo.jpg
| caption2          = 
| image3            = Paracas National Reserve. Ica, Peru.jpg
| caption3          = 
| image4            = Chachani, Peru ESA413331.png
| caption4          = ඉහළ සිට පහළට: [[පේරු ඇමේසන්|ඇමසන්]] හි [[මනු ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය]], [[ඇල්පමායෝ]] කඳු මුදුන, [[පැරකාස් ජාතික රක්ෂිතය]], [[චචානි]] ගිනිකඳු සංකීර්ණය.
}}
[[File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|වම|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි දේදුනු කන්ද ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන වින්කුන්කා]]
Peru is located on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It lies wholly in the [[:en:Southern_Hemisphere|Southern Hemisphere]], its northernmost extreme reaching to 1.8 minutes of latitude or about {{convert|3.3|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} south of the [[:en:Equator|equator]], covers {{convert|1285216|km²|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of western South America. It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The [[:en:Andes|Andes]] mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.

The ''costa'' (coast), to the west, is a narrow, largely arid plain except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The ''sierra'' (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the [[:en:Altiplano|Altiplano]] plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the {{convert|6768|m|ft|0|abbr=on|adj=on}} [[:en:Huascarán|Huascarán]]. The third region is the ''selva'' (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the [[:en:Amazon_rainforest|Amazon rainforest]] that extends east. Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region. The country has fifty-four hydrographic basins, fifty-two of which are small coastal basins that discharge their waters into the Pacific Ocean. The final two are the [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic]] basin of [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]], and the Amazon basin, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Both are delimited by the Andes mountain range. The Amazon basin is particularly noteworthy as it is the source of the Amazon River, which at {{convert|6872|km|mi|abbr=on}}, is the longest river in the world, and covers 75% of Peruvian territory. Peru contains 4% of the planet's freshwater.

පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ මධ්‍යම බටහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ පැසිෆික් සාගරයට මුහුණලා පිහිටා ඇත. එය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම දකුණු අර්ධගෝලයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, එහි උතුරු කෙළවර අක්ෂාංශ මිනිත්තු 1.8 ක් හෝ සමකයට දකුණින් කිලෝමීටර් 3.3 ක් (සැතපුම් 2.1) ක් දක්වා ළඟා වන අතර, බටහිර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ කිලෝමීටර් 1,285,216 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 496,225) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයට මායිම් වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුකරය පැසිෆික් සාගරයට සමාන්තරව දිව යයි; ඒවා රට භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් විස්තර කිරීමට සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව භාවිතා කරන කලාප තුන අර්ථ දක්වයි.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. &amp; A. Catenazzi. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Biogeography. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):140–143.&lt;/ref&gt;

බටහිරින් කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ) යනු සෘතුමය ගංගා මගින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද නිම්න හැර පටු, බොහෝ දුරට ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලාවකි. සියෙරා (උස්බිම්) යනු ඇන්ඩීස් කලාපයයි; එයට ඇල්ටිප්ලානෝ සානුව මෙන්ම රටේ උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මීටර් 6,768 (අඩි 22,205) හුවාස්කරන් ද ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Andes Handbook, [http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp?codigo=54 ''Huascarán''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008051103/http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp%3Fcodigo%3D54|date=8 October 2016}}. 2 June 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන කලාපය සෙල්වා (වනාන්තරය) වන අතර එය නැගෙනහිරට විහිදෙන ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරයෙන් වැසී ඇති පුළුල් පැතලි භූමි ප්‍රදේශයකි. රටේ ප්‍රදේශයෙන් සියයට 60ක් පමණ මෙම කලාපය තුළ පිහිටා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; රටෙහි ජල විද්‍යාත්මක ද්‍රෝණි පනස් හතරක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් පනස් දෙකක් කුඩා වෙරළබඩ ද්‍රෝණි වන අතර ඒවා පැසිෆික් සාගරයට ජලය මුදා හරිනු ලැබේ. අවසාන දෙක වන්නේ ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි එන්ඩෝහයික් ද්‍රෝණිය සහ අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයට ගලා යන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියයි. දෙකම ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු වැටියෙන් සීමා වේ. ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය විශේෂයෙන් කැපී පෙනෙන්නේ එය කිලෝමීටර් 6,872 (සැතපුම් 4,270) ක උසකින් යුත් ලොව දිගම ගංගාව වන අතර පේරු භූමියෙන් 75% ක් ආවරණය කරන ඇමසන් ගඟේ මූලාශ්‍රය වන බැවිනි. පේරු හි ග්‍රහලෝකයේ මිරිදිය ජලයෙන් 4% ක් අඩංගු වේ.


දේශගුණය


වනජීවීන්

Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three [[:en:Drainage_basin|basins]]. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the [[:en:Amazon_River|Amazon River]] have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the ''sierra''. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Peru's longest rivers are the [[:en:Ucayali|Ucayali]], the [[:en:Marañón_River_(Peru)|Marañón]], the [[:en:Içá|Putumayo]], the [[:en:Yavarí_River|Yavarí]], the [[:en:Huallaga_River|Huallaga]], the [[:en:Urubamba_River|Urubamba]], the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro]], and the Amazon.

The largest [[:en:List_of_lakes_of_Peru|lake in Peru]], Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia high in the Andes, is also the largest of South America. The largest [[:en:Water_resources_management_in_Peru|reservoirs]], all in the coastal region of Peru, are the [[:en:Poechos_Reservoir|Poechos]], Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile reservoirs.

බොහෝ පේරු ගංගා ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන්වලින් ආරම්භ වී ද්‍රෝණි තුනෙන් එකකට ගලා යයි. පැසිෆික් සාගරය දෙසට ගලා යන ඒවා බෑවුම් සහිත සහ කෙටි වන අතර, වරින් වර ගලා යයි. ඇමසන් ගඟේ අතු ගංගාවලට වඩා විශාල ප්‍රවාහයක් ඇති අතර, සියෙරා වලින් පිට වූ පසු ඒවා දිගු හා අඩු බෑවුම් සහිත වේ. ටිටිකාකා විලට ගලා යන ගංගා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කෙටි වන අතර විශාල ප්‍රවාහයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි දිගම ගංගා වන්නේ උකායාලි, මරනෝන්, පුටුමායෝ, යවාරි, හුවාල්ලාගා, උරුබම්බා, මැන්ටාරෝ සහ ඇමසන් ය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි විශාලතම විල වන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියේ ඉහළින් පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව අතර ඇති ටිටිකාකා විල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම විල ද වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grove|first1=Matthew J|last2=Baker|first2=Paul A|last3=Cross|first3=Scott L|last4=Rigsby|first4=Catherine A|last5=Seltzer|first5=Geoffrey O|year=2003|title=Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=194|issue=1–3|pages=281–297|bibcode=2003PPP...194..281G|doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00282-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ඇති විශාලතම ජලාශ වන්නේ පොචෝස්, ටිනජෝන්ස්, සැන් ලොරෙන්සෝ සහ එල් ෆ්‍රේල් ජලාශ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oficina nacional de evaluación de recursos naturales (previous INRENA) |title=Inventario nacional de lagunas y represamientos |url=http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625070846/http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2007 |access-date=3 March 2008 |website=INRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශගුණය ===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|thumb|පේරු සඳහා කොපන්–ගයිගර් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණ සිතියම]]
Although Peru is located entirely in the [[:en:Tropics|tropics]], the combination of tropical latitude, mountain ranges, topography variations, and two ocean currents ([[:en:Humboldt_Current|Humboldt]] and [[:en:El_Niño_Southern_Oscillation|El Niño]]) gives Peru a large diversity of climates. Elevations above sea level in the country range from {{convert|−37|to|6,778|m|ft|abbr=on}} and precipitation ranges from less than {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} annually in desert areas to more than {{convert|8,000|mm|in|abbr=on}} in tropical rainforest areas.

Due to its geography, Peru can be divide into three main climates. The unbroken and relatively slim coastal region has moderate temperatures, low precipitation, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches. In the mountain region, which covers almost a third of the country, rain is frequent in summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes. The [[:en:Peruvian_Amazon|Peruvian Amazon]], covering more than half of the total area of Peru, is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall.

පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිවර්තන කලාපයේ පිහිටා තිබුණද, නිවර්තන අක්ෂාංශ, කඳු වැටි, භූ විෂමතා වෙනස්කම් සහ සාගර ධාරා දෙකක (හම්බෝල්ට් සහ එල් නිනෝ) සංයෝජනය පේරුට විශාල දේශගුණික විවිධත්වයක් ලබා දෙයි. රටෙහි මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට උන්නතාංශය −37 සිට 6,778 m (−121 සිට 22,238 ft) දක්වා වන අතර වර්ෂාපතනය කාන්තාර ප්‍රදේශවල වාර්ෂිකව 20 mm (0.79 in) ට අඩු සිට නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර ප්‍රදේශවල 8,000 mm (310 in) ට වැඩි වේ.

එහි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නිසා, පේරු ප්‍රධාන දේශගුණික කලාප තුනකට බෙදිය හැකිය. නොකැඩූ සහ සාපේක්ෂව සිහින් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ එහි උණුසුම්, තෙත් උතුරු ප්‍රදේශ හැර, මධ්‍යස්ථ උෂ්ණත්වය, අඩු වර්ෂාපතනය සහ ඉහළ ආර්ද්‍රතාවය ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt; රටෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ ආවරණය වන කඳුකර කලාපයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී නිතර වැසි ඇද හැලෙන අතර, ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා උන්නතාංශය සමඟ උෂ්ණත්වය සහ ආර්ද්‍රතාවය අඩු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 25–26.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි මුළු ප්‍රදේශයෙන් අඩකට වඩා ආවරණය වන පේරු ඇමසන්, අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් සහ ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වයන්ගෙන් සංලක්ෂිත වේ, එහි දකුණු කෙළවර හැර, එහි සීතල ශීත සහ සෘතුමය වර්ෂාපතනය ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 26–27.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== වනජීවීන් ===
[[File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|වම|thumb|පේරුහි ජාතික පක්ෂියා වන ඇන්ඩියන් කුකුළා]]
විවිධ භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම සහ දේශගුණය නිසා, පේරු හි 2003 වන විට වාර්තා වූ ශාක හා සත්ව විශේෂ 21,462 ක් සහිත ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වයක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 5,855 ක් ආවේණික වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; එය මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටවලින් එකකි.

පේරු හි පක්ෂි විශේෂ 1,800 කට වඩා (ආවේණික 120), ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා, උරග විශේෂ 300 කට වඩා සහ මිරිදිය මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 1,000 කට වඩා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Wildlife: Portal for information about wildlife and ecotourism in Peru |url=http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123112/http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |archive-date=17 May 2008 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=www.peruwildlife.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ortega, H., Hidalgo, M., Correa, E., Espino, J., Chocano, L., Trevejo, G., ... &amp; Quispe, R. (2012). Lista anotada de los peces de aguas continentales del Peru. Estado actual del conocimiento, distribución, usos y aspectos de conservación. Lima, Perú: Ministerio del Ambiente&lt;/ref&gt; සිය ගණනක් ක්ෂීරපායින් අතර පූමා, ජගුවාර් සහ ඇස් කණ්ණාඩි වලසා වැනි දුර්ලභ විශේෂ ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි පක්ෂීන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි, එය ආර්ථික වශයෙන් වැදගත් අපනයනයකි. පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ මුහුදු බාස්, ෆ්ලවුන්ඩර්, ඇන්කොවි, ටූනා, කබොල සහ බෙල්ලන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ඇති අතර මෝරුන්, ශුක්‍රාණු තල්මසුන් සහ තල්මසුන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් වාසය කරයි. අපෘෂ්ඨවංශික සත්ත්ව විශේෂ ඉතා අඩුවෙන් සොයා ගෙන ඇත; ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ නෙබ්‍රස්කා විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ කැරොලයින් එස්. චබූ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද &quot;පේරු කුරුමිණියන්&quot; ව්‍යාපෘතියේ දී අවම වශයෙන් කුරුමිණියන් (කොලියොප්ටෙරා) සමීක්ෂණය කර ඇති අතර එමඟින් පේරු සඳහා ලේඛනගත කර ඇති 12,000 කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් සහ නව විශේෂ රාශියක් අනාවරණය වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Part I. Overview. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):135–139.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ද ඒ හා සමානව විවිධ ශාක විශේෂ ඇත. වෙරළබඩ කාන්තාර කඳුකර මීදුම ක්ෂේම භූමියක් සහ අද්විතීය ශාක ජීවීන් අඩංගු ගංගා නිම්න හැරුණු විට පතොක් වලට වඩා වැඩි යමක් නිපදවයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dillon |first1=Michael O. |title=The solanaceae of the lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile |url=http://www.sacha.org/solanaceae/lomas_solanaceae.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713202506/http://www.sacha.org/Solanaceae/Lomas_Solanaceae.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2007 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=sacha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; පූනා ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ගස් රේඛාවට ඉහළින් ඇති උස්බිම් පඳුරු, පතොක්, ඉචු වැනි නියඟයට ඔරොත්තු දෙන ශාක සහ විශාලතම බ්‍රොමෙලියඩ් විශේෂය වන දර්ශනීය පූයා රයිමොන්ඩි සඳහා නිවහන වේ.

ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුකරයේ වලාකුළු වනාන්තර බෑවුම් පාසි, ඕකිඩ් සහ බ්‍රොමෙලියඩ් වගා කරන අතර ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරය එහි විවිධ ගස් හා වියන් ශාක සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධය. පේරු හි 2019 වනාන්තර භූ දර්ශන අඛණ්ඩතා දර්ශකයේ සාමාන්‍ය ලකුණු 8.86/10 ක් වූ අතර එය රටවල් 172 න් ගෝලීය වශයෙන් 14 වන ස්ථානයට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|pmc=7723057|pmid=33293507|doi-access=free|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>g51zm2dzg3xi4xf2yz08yc823kohc09</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754286</id>
      <parentid>754285</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:22:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* දේශගුණය */</comment>
      <origin>754286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21839" sha1="ejz5mcfrwo8bsg2dwpp74ad3m4jf39w" xml:space="preserve">
{{Multiple image
| align             = 
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 170
| image1            = Manu riverbank.jpg
| caption1          = 
| image2            = Alpamayo.jpg
| caption2          = 
| image3            = Paracas National Reserve. Ica, Peru.jpg
| caption3          = 
| image4            = Chachani, Peru ESA413331.png
| caption4          = ඉහළ සිට පහළට: [[පේරු ඇමේසන්|ඇමසන්]] හි [[මනු ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය]], [[ඇල්පමායෝ]] කඳු මුදුන, [[පැරකාස් ජාතික රක්ෂිතය]], [[චචානි]] ගිනිකඳු සංකීර්ණය.
}}
[[File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|වම|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි දේදුනු කන්ද ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන වින්කුන්කා]]
Peru is located on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It lies wholly in the [[:en:Southern_Hemisphere|Southern Hemisphere]], its northernmost extreme reaching to 1.8 minutes of latitude or about {{convert|3.3|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} south of the [[:en:Equator|equator]], covers {{convert|1285216|km²|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of western South America. It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The [[:en:Andes|Andes]] mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.

The ''costa'' (coast), to the west, is a narrow, largely arid plain except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The ''sierra'' (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the [[:en:Altiplano|Altiplano]] plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the {{convert|6768|m|ft|0|abbr=on|adj=on}} [[:en:Huascarán|Huascarán]]. The third region is the ''selva'' (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the [[:en:Amazon_rainforest|Amazon rainforest]] that extends east. Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region. The country has fifty-four hydrographic basins, fifty-two of which are small coastal basins that discharge their waters into the Pacific Ocean. The final two are the [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic]] basin of [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]], and the Amazon basin, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Both are delimited by the Andes mountain range. The Amazon basin is particularly noteworthy as it is the source of the Amazon River, which at {{convert|6872|km|mi|abbr=on}}, is the longest river in the world, and covers 75% of Peruvian territory. Peru contains 4% of the planet's freshwater.

පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ මධ්‍යම බටහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ පැසිෆික් සාගරයට මුහුණලා පිහිටා ඇත. එය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම දකුණු අර්ධගෝලයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, එහි උතුරු කෙළවර අක්ෂාංශ මිනිත්තු 1.8 ක් හෝ සමකයට දකුණින් කිලෝමීටර් 3.3 ක් (සැතපුම් 2.1) ක් දක්වා ළඟා වන අතර, බටහිර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ කිලෝමීටර් 1,285,216 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 496,225) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයට මායිම් වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුකරය පැසිෆික් සාගරයට සමාන්තරව දිව යයි; ඒවා රට භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් විස්තර කිරීමට සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව භාවිතා කරන කලාප තුන අර්ථ දක්වයි.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. &amp; A. Catenazzi. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Biogeography. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):140–143.&lt;/ref&gt;

බටහිරින් කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ) යනු සෘතුමය ගංගා මගින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද නිම්න හැර පටු, බොහෝ දුරට ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලාවකි. සියෙරා (උස්බිම්) යනු ඇන්ඩීස් කලාපයයි; එයට ඇල්ටිප්ලානෝ සානුව මෙන්ම රටේ උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මීටර් 6,768 (අඩි 22,205) හුවාස්කරන් ද ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Andes Handbook, [http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp?codigo=54 ''Huascarán''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008051103/http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp%3Fcodigo%3D54|date=8 October 2016}}. 2 June 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන කලාපය සෙල්වා (වනාන්තරය) වන අතර එය නැගෙනහිරට විහිදෙන ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරයෙන් වැසී ඇති පුළුල් පැතලි භූමි ප්‍රදේශයකි. රටේ ප්‍රදේශයෙන් සියයට 60ක් පමණ මෙම කලාපය තුළ පිහිටා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; රටෙහි ජල විද්‍යාත්මක ද්‍රෝණි පනස් හතරක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් පනස් දෙකක් කුඩා වෙරළබඩ ද්‍රෝණි වන අතර ඒවා පැසිෆික් සාගරයට ජලය මුදා හරිනු ලැබේ. අවසාන දෙක වන්නේ ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි එන්ඩෝහයික් ද්‍රෝණිය සහ අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයට ගලා යන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියයි. දෙකම ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු වැටියෙන් සීමා වේ. ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය විශේෂයෙන් කැපී පෙනෙන්නේ එය කිලෝමීටර් 6,872 (සැතපුම් 4,270) ක උසකින් යුත් ලොව දිගම ගංගාව වන අතර පේරු භූමියෙන් 75% ක් ආවරණය කරන ඇමසන් ගඟේ මූලාශ්‍රය වන බැවිනි. පේරු හි ග්‍රහලෝකයේ මිරිදිය ජලයෙන් 4% ක් අඩංගු වේ.


දේශගුණය


වනජීවීන්

Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three [[:en:Drainage_basin|basins]]. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the [[:en:Amazon_River|Amazon River]] have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the ''sierra''. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Peru's longest rivers are the [[:en:Ucayali|Ucayali]], the [[:en:Marañón_River_(Peru)|Marañón]], the [[:en:Içá|Putumayo]], the [[:en:Yavarí_River|Yavarí]], the [[:en:Huallaga_River|Huallaga]], the [[:en:Urubamba_River|Urubamba]], the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro]], and the Amazon.

The largest [[:en:List_of_lakes_of_Peru|lake in Peru]], Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia high in the Andes, is also the largest of South America. The largest [[:en:Water_resources_management_in_Peru|reservoirs]], all in the coastal region of Peru, are the [[:en:Poechos_Reservoir|Poechos]], Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile reservoirs.

බොහෝ පේරු ගංගා ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන්වලින් ආරම්භ වී ද්‍රෝණි තුනෙන් එකකට ගලා යයි. පැසිෆික් සාගරය දෙසට ගලා යන ඒවා බෑවුම් සහිත සහ කෙටි වන අතර, වරින් වර ගලා යයි. ඇමසන් ගඟේ අතු ගංගාවලට වඩා විශාල ප්‍රවාහයක් ඇති අතර, සියෙරා වලින් පිට වූ පසු ඒවා දිගු හා අඩු බෑවුම් සහිත වේ. ටිටිකාකා විලට ගලා යන ගංගා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කෙටි වන අතර විශාල ප්‍රවාහයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි දිගම ගංගා වන්නේ උකායාලි, මරනෝන්, පුටුමායෝ, යවාරි, හුවාල්ලාගා, උරුබම්බා, මැන්ටාරෝ සහ ඇමසන් ය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි විශාලතම විල වන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියේ ඉහළින් පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව අතර ඇති ටිටිකාකා විල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම විල ද වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grove|first1=Matthew J|last2=Baker|first2=Paul A|last3=Cross|first3=Scott L|last4=Rigsby|first4=Catherine A|last5=Seltzer|first5=Geoffrey O|year=2003|title=Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=194|issue=1–3|pages=281–297|bibcode=2003PPP...194..281G|doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00282-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ඇති විශාලතම ජලාශ වන්නේ පොචෝස්, ටිනජෝන්ස්, සැන් ලොරෙන්සෝ සහ එල් ෆ්‍රේල් ජලාශ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oficina nacional de evaluación de recursos naturales (previous INRENA) |title=Inventario nacional de lagunas y represamientos |url=http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625070846/http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2007 |access-date=3 March 2008 |website=INRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශගුණය ===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|thumb|පේරු සඳහා කොපන්–ගයිගර් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණ සිතියම]]
පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිවර්තන කලාපයේ පිහිටා තිබුණද, නිවර්තන අක්ෂාංශ, කඳු වැටි, භූ විෂමතා වෙනස්කම් සහ සාගර ධාරා දෙකක (හම්බෝල්ට් සහ එල් නිනෝ) සංයෝජනය පේරුට විශාල දේශගුණික විවිධත්වයක් ලබා දෙයි. රටෙහි මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට උන්නතාංශය මීටර් −37 සිට මීටර් 6,778 (අඩි −121 සිට අඩි 22,238) දක්වා වන අතර වර්ෂාපතනය කාන්තාර ප්‍රදේශවල වාර්ෂිකව මිමි 20 (අගල් 0.79) ට අඩු සිට නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර ප්‍රදේශවල මිමි 8,000 (අගල් 310) ට වැඩි වේ.

එහි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නිසා, පේරු ප්‍රධාන දේශගුණික කලාප තුනකට බෙදිය හැකිය. නොකැඩූ සහ සාපේක්ෂව සිහින් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ එහි උණුසුම්, තෙත් උතුරු ප්‍රදේශ හැර, මධ්‍යස්ථ උෂ්ණත්වය, අඩු වර්ෂාපතනය සහ ඉහළ ආර්ද්‍රතාවය ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt; රටෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ ආවරණය වන කඳුකර කලාපයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී නිතර වැසි ඇද හැලෙන අතර, ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා උන්නතාංශය සමඟ උෂ්ණත්වය සහ ආර්ද්‍රතාවය අඩු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 25–26.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි මුළු ප්‍රදේශයෙන් අඩකට වඩා ආවරණය වන පේරු ඇමසන්, අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් සහ ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වයන්ගෙන් සංලක්ෂිත වේ, එහි දකුණු කෙළවර හැර, එහි සීතල ශීත සහ සෘතුමය වර්ෂාපතනය ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 26–27.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== වනජීවීන් ===
[[File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|වම|thumb|පේරුහි ජාතික පක්ෂියා වන ඇන්ඩියන් කුකුළා]]
විවිධ භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම සහ දේශගුණය නිසා, පේරු හි 2003 වන විට වාර්තා වූ ශාක හා සත්ව විශේෂ 21,462 ක් සහිත ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වයක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 5,855 ක් ආවේණික වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; එය මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටවලින් එකකි.

පේරු හි පක්ෂි විශේෂ 1,800 කට වඩා (ආවේණික 120), ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා, උරග විශේෂ 300 කට වඩා සහ මිරිදිය මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 1,000 කට වඩා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Wildlife: Portal for information about wildlife and ecotourism in Peru |url=http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123112/http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |archive-date=17 May 2008 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=www.peruwildlife.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ortega, H., Hidalgo, M., Correa, E., Espino, J., Chocano, L., Trevejo, G., ... &amp; Quispe, R. (2012). Lista anotada de los peces de aguas continentales del Peru. Estado actual del conocimiento, distribución, usos y aspectos de conservación. Lima, Perú: Ministerio del Ambiente&lt;/ref&gt; සිය ගණනක් ක්ෂීරපායින් අතර පූමා, ජගුවාර් සහ ඇස් කණ්ණාඩි වලසා වැනි දුර්ලභ විශේෂ ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි පක්ෂීන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි, එය ආර්ථික වශයෙන් වැදගත් අපනයනයකි. පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ මුහුදු බාස්, ෆ්ලවුන්ඩර්, ඇන්කොවි, ටූනා, කබොල සහ බෙල්ලන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ඇති අතර මෝරුන්, ශුක්‍රාණු තල්මසුන් සහ තල්මසුන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් වාසය කරයි. අපෘෂ්ඨවංශික සත්ත්ව විශේෂ ඉතා අඩුවෙන් සොයා ගෙන ඇත; ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ නෙබ්‍රස්කා විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ කැරොලයින් එස්. චබූ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද &quot;පේරු කුරුමිණියන්&quot; ව්‍යාපෘතියේ දී අවම වශයෙන් කුරුමිණියන් (කොලියොප්ටෙරා) සමීක්ෂණය කර ඇති අතර එමඟින් පේරු සඳහා ලේඛනගත කර ඇති 12,000 කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් සහ නව විශේෂ රාශියක් අනාවරණය වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Part I. Overview. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):135–139.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ද ඒ හා සමානව විවිධ ශාක විශේෂ ඇත. වෙරළබඩ කාන්තාර කඳුකර මීදුම ක්ෂේම භූමියක් සහ අද්විතීය ශාක ජීවීන් අඩංගු ගංගා නිම්න හැරුණු විට පතොක් වලට වඩා වැඩි යමක් නිපදවයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dillon |first1=Michael O. |title=The solanaceae of the lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile |url=http://www.sacha.org/solanaceae/lomas_solanaceae.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713202506/http://www.sacha.org/Solanaceae/Lomas_Solanaceae.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2007 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=sacha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; පූනා ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ගස් රේඛාවට ඉහළින් ඇති උස්බිම් පඳුරු, පතොක්, ඉචු වැනි නියඟයට ඔරොත්තු දෙන ශාක සහ විශාලතම බ්‍රොමෙලියඩ් විශේෂය වන දර්ශනීය පූයා රයිමොන්ඩි සඳහා නිවහන වේ.

ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුකරයේ වලාකුළු වනාන්තර බෑවුම් පාසි, ඕකිඩ් සහ බ්‍රොමෙලියඩ් වගා කරන අතර ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරය එහි විවිධ ගස් හා වියන් ශාක සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධය. පේරු හි 2019 වනාන්තර භූ දර්ශන අඛණ්ඩතා දර්ශකයේ සාමාන්‍ය ලකුණු 8.86/10 ක් වූ අතර එය රටවල් 172 න් ගෝලීය වශයෙන් 14 වන ස්ථානයට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|pmc=7723057|pmid=33293507|doi-access=free|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>ejz5mcfrwo8bsg2dwpp74ad3m4jf39w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754287</id>
      <parentid>754286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:22:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754287</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19997" sha1="gfjt5xlzd9ciw12pqc03ivqvajfsf1p" xml:space="preserve">
{{Multiple image
| align             = 
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 170
| image1            = Manu riverbank.jpg
| caption1          = 
| image2            = Alpamayo.jpg
| caption2          = 
| image3            = Paracas National Reserve. Ica, Peru.jpg
| caption3          = 
| image4            = Chachani, Peru ESA413331.png
| caption4          = ඉහළ සිට පහළට: [[පේරු ඇමේසන්|ඇමසන්]] හි [[මනු ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය]], [[ඇල්පමායෝ]] කඳු මුදුන, [[පැරකාස් ජාතික රක්ෂිතය]], [[චචානි]] ගිනිකඳු සංකීර්ණය.
}}
[[File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|වම|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි දේදුනු කන්ද ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන වින්කුන්කා]]
පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ මධ්‍යම බටහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ පැසිෆික් සාගරයට මුහුණලා පිහිටා ඇත. එය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම දකුණු අර්ධගෝලයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, එහි උතුරු කෙළවර අක්ෂාංශ මිනිත්තු 1.8 ක් හෝ සමකයට දකුණින් කිලෝමීටර් 3.3 ක් (සැතපුම් 2.1) ක් දක්වා ළඟා වන අතර, බටහිර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ කිලෝමීටර් 1,285,216 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 496,225) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයට මායිම් වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුකරය පැසිෆික් සාගරයට සමාන්තරව දිව යයි; ඒවා රට භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් විස්තර කිරීමට සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව භාවිතා කරන කලාප තුන අර්ථ දක්වයි.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. &amp; A. Catenazzi. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Biogeography. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):140–143.&lt;/ref&gt;

බටහිරින් කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ) යනු සෘතුමය ගංගා මගින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද නිම්න හැර පටු, බොහෝ දුරට ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලාවකි. සියෙරා (උස්බිම්) යනු ඇන්ඩීස් කලාපයයි; එයට ඇල්ටිප්ලානෝ සානුව මෙන්ම රටේ උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මීටර් 6,768 (අඩි 22,205) හුවාස්කරන් ද ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Andes Handbook, [http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp?codigo=54 ''Huascarán''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008051103/http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp%3Fcodigo%3D54|date=8 October 2016}}. 2 June 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන කලාපය සෙල්වා (වනාන්තරය) වන අතර එය නැගෙනහිරට විහිදෙන ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරයෙන් වැසී ඇති පුළුල් පැතලි භූමි ප්‍රදේශයකි. රටේ ප්‍රදේශයෙන් සියයට 60ක් පමණ මෙම කලාපය තුළ පිහිටා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; රටෙහි ජල විද්‍යාත්මක ද්‍රෝණි පනස් හතරක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් පනස් දෙකක් කුඩා වෙරළබඩ ද්‍රෝණි වන අතර ඒවා පැසිෆික් සාගරයට ජලය මුදා හරිනු ලැබේ. අවසාන දෙක වන්නේ ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි එන්ඩෝහයික් ද්‍රෝණිය සහ අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයට ගලා යන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියයි. දෙකම ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු වැටියෙන් සීමා වේ. ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය විශේෂයෙන් කැපී පෙනෙන්නේ එය කිලෝමීටර් 6,872 (සැතපුම් 4,270) ක උසකින් යුත් ලොව දිගම ගංගාව වන අතර පේරු භූමියෙන් 75% ක් ආවරණය කරන ඇමසන් ගඟේ මූලාශ්‍රය වන බැවිනි. පේරු හි ග්‍රහලෝකයේ මිරිදිය ජලයෙන් 4% ක් අඩංගු වේ.


දේශගුණය


වනජීවීන්

Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three [[:en:Drainage_basin|basins]]. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the [[:en:Amazon_River|Amazon River]] have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the ''sierra''. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Peru's longest rivers are the [[:en:Ucayali|Ucayali]], the [[:en:Marañón_River_(Peru)|Marañón]], the [[:en:Içá|Putumayo]], the [[:en:Yavarí_River|Yavarí]], the [[:en:Huallaga_River|Huallaga]], the [[:en:Urubamba_River|Urubamba]], the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro]], and the Amazon.

The largest [[:en:List_of_lakes_of_Peru|lake in Peru]], Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia high in the Andes, is also the largest of South America. The largest [[:en:Water_resources_management_in_Peru|reservoirs]], all in the coastal region of Peru, are the [[:en:Poechos_Reservoir|Poechos]], Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile reservoirs.

බොහෝ පේරු ගංගා ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන්වලින් ආරම්භ වී ද්‍රෝණි තුනෙන් එකකට ගලා යයි. පැසිෆික් සාගරය දෙසට ගලා යන ඒවා බෑවුම් සහිත සහ කෙටි වන අතර, වරින් වර ගලා යයි. ඇමසන් ගඟේ අතු ගංගාවලට වඩා විශාල ප්‍රවාහයක් ඇති අතර, සියෙරා වලින් පිට වූ පසු ඒවා දිගු හා අඩු බෑවුම් සහිත වේ. ටිටිකාකා විලට ගලා යන ගංගා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කෙටි වන අතර විශාල ප්‍රවාහයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි දිගම ගංගා වන්නේ උකායාලි, මරනෝන්, පුටුමායෝ, යවාරි, හුවාල්ලාගා, උරුබම්බා, මැන්ටාරෝ සහ ඇමසන් ය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි විශාලතම විල වන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියේ ඉහළින් පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව අතර ඇති ටිටිකාකා විල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම විල ද වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grove|first1=Matthew J|last2=Baker|first2=Paul A|last3=Cross|first3=Scott L|last4=Rigsby|first4=Catherine A|last5=Seltzer|first5=Geoffrey O|year=2003|title=Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=194|issue=1–3|pages=281–297|bibcode=2003PPP...194..281G|doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00282-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ඇති විශාලතම ජලාශ වන්නේ පොචෝස්, ටිනජෝන්ස්, සැන් ලොරෙන්සෝ සහ එල් ෆ්‍රේල් ජලාශ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oficina nacional de evaluación de recursos naturales (previous INRENA) |title=Inventario nacional de lagunas y represamientos |url=http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625070846/http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2007 |access-date=3 March 2008 |website=INRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශගුණය ===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|thumb|පේරු සඳහා කොපන්–ගයිගර් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණ සිතියම]]
පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිවර්තන කලාපයේ පිහිටා තිබුණද, නිවර්තන අක්ෂාංශ, කඳු වැටි, භූ විෂමතා වෙනස්කම් සහ සාගර ධාරා දෙකක (හම්බෝල්ට් සහ එල් නිනෝ) සංයෝජනය පේරුට විශාල දේශගුණික විවිධත්වයක් ලබා දෙයි. රටෙහි මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට උන්නතාංශය මීටර් −37 සිට මීටර් 6,778 (අඩි −121 සිට අඩි 22,238) දක්වා වන අතර වර්ෂාපතනය කාන්තාර ප්‍රදේශවල වාර්ෂිකව මිමි 20 (අගල් 0.79) ට අඩු සිට නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර ප්‍රදේශවල මිමි 8,000 (අගල් 310) ට වැඩි වේ.

එහි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නිසා, පේරු ප්‍රධාන දේශගුණික කලාප තුනකට බෙදිය හැකිය. නොකැඩූ සහ සාපේක්ෂව සිහින් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ එහි උණුසුම්, තෙත් උතුරු ප්‍රදේශ හැර, මධ්‍යස්ථ උෂ්ණත්වය, අඩු වර්ෂාපතනය සහ ඉහළ ආර්ද්‍රතාවය ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt; රටෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ ආවරණය වන කඳුකර කලාපයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී නිතර වැසි ඇද හැලෙන අතර, ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා උන්නතාංශය සමඟ උෂ්ණත්වය සහ ආර්ද්‍රතාවය අඩු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 25–26.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි මුළු ප්‍රදේශයෙන් අඩකට වඩා ආවරණය වන පේරු ඇමසන්, අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් සහ ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වයන්ගෙන් සංලක්ෂිත වේ, එහි දකුණු කෙළවර හැර, එහි සීතල ශීත සහ සෘතුමය වර්ෂාපතනය ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 26–27.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== වනජීවීන් ===
[[File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|වම|thumb|පේරුහි ජාතික පක්ෂියා වන ඇන්ඩියන් කුකුළා]]
විවිධ භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම සහ දේශගුණය නිසා, පේරු හි 2003 වන විට වාර්තා වූ ශාක හා සත්ව විශේෂ 21,462 ක් සහිත ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වයක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 5,855 ක් ආවේණික වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; එය මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටවලින් එකකි.

පේරු හි පක්ෂි විශේෂ 1,800 කට වඩා (ආවේණික 120), ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා, උරග විශේෂ 300 කට වඩා සහ මිරිදිය මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 1,000 කට වඩා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Wildlife: Portal for information about wildlife and ecotourism in Peru |url=http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123112/http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |archive-date=17 May 2008 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=www.peruwildlife.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ortega, H., Hidalgo, M., Correa, E., Espino, J., Chocano, L., Trevejo, G., ... &amp; Quispe, R. (2012). Lista anotada de los peces de aguas continentales del Peru. Estado actual del conocimiento, distribución, usos y aspectos de conservación. Lima, Perú: Ministerio del Ambiente&lt;/ref&gt; සිය ගණනක් ක්ෂීරපායින් අතර පූමා, ජගුවාර් සහ ඇස් කණ්ණාඩි වලසා වැනි දුර්ලභ විශේෂ ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි පක්ෂීන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි, එය ආර්ථික වශයෙන් වැදගත් අපනයනයකි. පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ මුහුදු බාස්, ෆ්ලවුන්ඩර්, ඇන්කොවි, ටූනා, කබොල සහ බෙල්ලන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ඇති අතර මෝරුන්, ශුක්‍රාණු තල්මසුන් සහ තල්මසුන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් වාසය කරයි. අපෘෂ්ඨවංශික සත්ත්ව විශේෂ ඉතා අඩුවෙන් සොයා ගෙන ඇත; ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ නෙබ්‍රස්කා විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ කැරොලයින් එස්. චබූ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද &quot;පේරු කුරුමිණියන්&quot; ව්‍යාපෘතියේ දී අවම වශයෙන් කුරුමිණියන් (කොලියොප්ටෙරා) සමීක්ෂණය කර ඇති අතර එමඟින් පේරු සඳහා ලේඛනගත කර ඇති 12,000 කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් සහ නව විශේෂ රාශියක් අනාවරණය වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Part I. Overview. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):135–139.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ද ඒ හා සමානව විවිධ ශාක විශේෂ ඇත. වෙරළබඩ කාන්තාර කඳුකර මීදුම ක්ෂේම භූමියක් සහ අද්විතීය ශාක ජීවීන් අඩංගු ගංගා නිම්න හැරුණු විට පතොක් වලට වඩා වැඩි යමක් නිපදවයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dillon |first1=Michael O. |title=The solanaceae of the lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile |url=http://www.sacha.org/solanaceae/lomas_solanaceae.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713202506/http://www.sacha.org/Solanaceae/Lomas_Solanaceae.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2007 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=sacha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; පූනා ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ගස් රේඛාවට ඉහළින් ඇති උස්බිම් පඳුරු, පතොක්, ඉචු වැනි නියඟයට ඔරොත්තු දෙන ශාක සහ විශාලතම බ්‍රොමෙලියඩ් විශේෂය වන දර්ශනීය පූයා රයිමොන්ඩි සඳහා නිවහන වේ.

ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුකරයේ වලාකුළු වනාන්තර බෑවුම් පාසි, ඕකිඩ් සහ බ්‍රොමෙලියඩ් වගා කරන අතර ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරය එහි විවිධ ගස් හා වියන් ශාක සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධය. පේරු හි 2019 වනාන්තර භූ දර්ශන අඛණ්ඩතා දර්ශකයේ සාමාන්‍ය ලකුණු 8.86/10 ක් වූ අතර එය රටවල් 172 න් ගෝලීය වශයෙන් 14 වන ස්ථානයට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|pmc=7723057|pmid=33293507|doi-access=free|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>gfjt5xlzd9ciw12pqc03ivqvajfsf1p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754288</id>
      <parentid>754287</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:23:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754288</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18893" sha1="7jziaug93e98h92mnq7usp1plryh5ng" xml:space="preserve">
{{Multiple image
| align             = 
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 170
| image1            = Manu riverbank.jpg
| caption1          = 
| image2            = Alpamayo.jpg
| caption2          = 
| image3            = Paracas National Reserve. Ica, Peru.jpg
| caption3          = 
| image4            = Chachani, Peru ESA413331.png
| caption4          = ඉහළ සිට පහළට: [[පේරු ඇමේසන්|ඇමසන්]] හි [[මනු ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය]], [[ඇල්පමායෝ]] කඳු මුදුන, [[පැරකාස් ජාතික රක්ෂිතය]], [[චචානි]] ගිනිකඳු සංකීර්ණය.
}}
[[File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|වම|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි දේදුනු කන්ද ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන වින්කුන්කා]]
පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ මධ්‍යම බටහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ පැසිෆික් සාගරයට මුහුණලා පිහිටා ඇත. එය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම දකුණු අර්ධගෝලයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, එහි උතුරු කෙළවර අක්ෂාංශ මිනිත්තු 1.8 ක් හෝ සමකයට දකුණින් කිලෝමීටර් 3.3 ක් (සැතපුම් 2.1) ක් දක්වා ළඟා වන අතර, බටහිර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 1,285,216 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 496,225) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයට මායිම් වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුකරය පැසිෆික් සාගරයට සමාන්තරව දිව යයි; ඒවා රට භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් විස්තර කිරීමට සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව භාවිතා කරන කලාප තුන අර්ථ දක්වයි.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. &amp; A. Catenazzi. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Biogeography. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):140–143.&lt;/ref&gt;

බටහිරින් කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ) යනු සෘතුමය ගංගා මගින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද නිම්න හැර පටු, බොහෝ දුරට ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලාවකි. සියෙරා (උස්බිම්) යනු ඇන්ඩීස් කලාපයයි; එයට ඇල්ටිප්ලානෝ සානුව මෙන්ම රටේ උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මීටර් 6,768 (අඩි 22,205) හුවාස්කරන් ද ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Andes Handbook, [http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp?codigo=54 ''Huascarán''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008051103/http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp%3Fcodigo%3D54|date=8 October 2016}}. 2 June 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන කලාපය සෙල්වා (වනාන්තරය) වන අතර එය නැගෙනහිරට විහිදෙන ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරයෙන් වැසී ඇති පුළුල් පැතලි භූමි ප්‍රදේශයකි. රටේ ප්‍රදේශයෙන් සියයට 60ක් පමණ මෙම කලාපය තුළ පිහිටා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; රටෙහි ජල විද්‍යාත්මක ද්‍රෝණි පනස් හතරක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් පනස් දෙකක් කුඩා වෙරළබඩ ද්‍රෝණි වන අතර ඒවා පැසිෆික් සාගරයට ජලය මුදා හරිනු ලැබේ. අවසාන දෙක වන්නේ ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි එන්ඩෝහයික් ද්‍රෝණිය සහ අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයට ගලා යන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියයි. දෙකම ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු වැටියෙන් සීමා වේ. ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය විශේෂයෙන් කැපී පෙනෙන්නේ එය කිලෝමීටර් 6,872 (සැතපුම් 4,270) ක උසකින් යුත් ලොව දිගම ගංගාව වන අතර පේරු භූමියෙන් 75% ක් ආවරණය කරන ඇමසන් ගඟේ මූලාශ්‍රය වන බැවිනි. පේරු හි ග්‍රහලෝකයේ මිරිදිය ජලයෙන් 4% ක් අඩංගු වේ.

බොහෝ පේරු ගංගා ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන්වලින් ආරම්භ වී ද්‍රෝණි තුනෙන් එකකට ගලා යයි. පැසිෆික් සාගරය දෙසට ගලා යන ඒවා බෑවුම් සහිත සහ කෙටි වන අතර, වරින් වර ගලා යයි. ඇමසන් ගඟේ අතු ගංගාවලට වඩා විශාල ප්‍රවාහයක් ඇති අතර, සියෙරා වලින් පිට වූ පසු ඒවා දිගු හා අඩු බෑවුම් සහිත වේ. ටිටිකාකා විලට ගලා යන ගංගා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කෙටි වන අතර විශාල ප්‍රවාහයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි දිගම ගංගා වන්නේ උකායාලි, මරනෝන්, පුටුමායෝ, යවාරි, හුවාල්ලාගා, උරුබම්බා, මැන්ටාරෝ සහ ඇමසන් ය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි විශාලතම විල වන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියේ ඉහළින් පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව අතර ඇති ටිටිකාකා විල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම විල ද වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grove|first1=Matthew J|last2=Baker|first2=Paul A|last3=Cross|first3=Scott L|last4=Rigsby|first4=Catherine A|last5=Seltzer|first5=Geoffrey O|year=2003|title=Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=194|issue=1–3|pages=281–297|bibcode=2003PPP...194..281G|doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00282-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ඇති විශාලතම ජලාශ වන්නේ පොචෝස්, ටිනජෝන්ස්, සැන් ලොරෙන්සෝ සහ එල් ෆ්‍රේල් ජලාශ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oficina nacional de evaluación de recursos naturales (previous INRENA) |title=Inventario nacional de lagunas y represamientos |url=http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625070846/http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2007 |access-date=3 March 2008 |website=INRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශගුණය ===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|thumb|පේරු සඳහා කොපන්–ගයිගර් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණ සිතියම]]
පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිවර්තන කලාපයේ පිහිටා තිබුණද, නිවර්තන අක්ෂාංශ, කඳු වැටි, භූ විෂමතා වෙනස්කම් සහ සාගර ධාරා දෙකක (හම්බෝල්ට් සහ එල් නිනෝ) සංයෝජනය පේරුට විශාල දේශගුණික විවිධත්වයක් ලබා දෙයි. රටෙහි මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට උන්නතාංශය මීටර් −37 සිට මීටර් 6,778 (අඩි −121 සිට අඩි 22,238) දක්වා වන අතර වර්ෂාපතනය කාන්තාර ප්‍රදේශවල වාර්ෂිකව මිමි 20 (අගල් 0.79) ට අඩු සිට නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර ප්‍රදේශවල මිමි 8,000 (අගල් 310) ට වැඩි වේ.

එහි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නිසා, පේරු ප්‍රධාන දේශගුණික කලාප තුනකට බෙදිය හැකිය. නොකැඩූ සහ සාපේක්ෂව සිහින් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ එහි උණුසුම්, තෙත් උතුරු ප්‍රදේශ හැර, මධ්‍යස්ථ උෂ්ණත්වය, අඩු වර්ෂාපතනය සහ ඉහළ ආර්ද්‍රතාවය ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt; රටෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ ආවරණය වන කඳුකර කලාපයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී නිතර වැසි ඇද හැලෙන අතර, ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා උන්නතාංශය සමඟ උෂ්ණත්වය සහ ආර්ද්‍රතාවය අඩු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 25–26.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි මුළු ප්‍රදේශයෙන් අඩකට වඩා ආවරණය වන පේරු ඇමසන්, අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් සහ ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වයන්ගෙන් සංලක්ෂිත වේ, එහි දකුණු කෙළවර හැර, එහි සීතල ශීත සහ සෘතුමය වර්ෂාපතනය ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 26–27.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== වනජීවීන් ===
[[File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|වම|thumb|පේරුහි ජාතික පක්ෂියා වන ඇන්ඩියන් කුකුළා]]
විවිධ භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම සහ දේශගුණය නිසා, පේරු හි 2003 වන විට වාර්තා වූ ශාක හා සත්ව විශේෂ 21,462 ක් සහිත ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වයක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 5,855 ක් ආවේණික වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; එය මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටවලින් එකකි.

පේරු හි පක්ෂි විශේෂ 1,800 කට වඩා (ආවේණික 120), ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා, උරග විශේෂ 300 කට වඩා සහ මිරිදිය මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 1,000 කට වඩා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Wildlife: Portal for information about wildlife and ecotourism in Peru |url=http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123112/http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |archive-date=17 May 2008 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=www.peruwildlife.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ortega, H., Hidalgo, M., Correa, E., Espino, J., Chocano, L., Trevejo, G., ... &amp; Quispe, R. (2012). Lista anotada de los peces de aguas continentales del Peru. Estado actual del conocimiento, distribución, usos y aspectos de conservación. Lima, Perú: Ministerio del Ambiente&lt;/ref&gt; සිය ගණනක් ක්ෂීරපායින් අතර පූමා, ජගුවාර් සහ ඇස් කණ්ණාඩි වලසා වැනි දුර්ලභ විශේෂ ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි පක්ෂීන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි, එය ආර්ථික වශයෙන් වැදගත් අපනයනයකි. පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ මුහුදු බාස්, ෆ්ලවුන්ඩර්, ඇන්කොවි, ටූනා, කබොල සහ බෙල්ලන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ඇති අතර මෝරුන්, ශුක්‍රාණු තල්මසුන් සහ තල්මසුන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් වාසය කරයි. අපෘෂ්ඨවංශික සත්ත්ව විශේෂ ඉතා අඩුවෙන් සොයා ගෙන ඇත; ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ නෙබ්‍රස්කා විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ කැරොලයින් එස්. චබූ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද &quot;පේරු කුරුමිණියන්&quot; ව්‍යාපෘතියේ දී අවම වශයෙන් කුරුමිණියන් (කොලියොප්ටෙරා) සමීක්ෂණය කර ඇති අතර එමඟින් පේරු සඳහා ලේඛනගත කර ඇති 12,000 කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් සහ නව විශේෂ රාශියක් අනාවරණය වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Part I. Overview. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):135–139.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ද ඒ හා සමානව විවිධ ශාක විශේෂ ඇත. වෙරළබඩ කාන්තාර කඳුකර මීදුම ක්ෂේම භූමියක් සහ අද්විතීය ශාක ජීවීන් අඩංගු ගංගා නිම්න හැරුණු විට පතොක් වලට වඩා වැඩි යමක් නිපදවයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dillon |first1=Michael O. |title=The solanaceae of the lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile |url=http://www.sacha.org/solanaceae/lomas_solanaceae.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713202506/http://www.sacha.org/Solanaceae/Lomas_Solanaceae.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2007 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=sacha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; පූනා ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ගස් රේඛාවට ඉහළින් ඇති උස්බිම් පඳුරු, පතොක්, ඉචු වැනි නියඟයට ඔරොත්තු දෙන ශාක සහ විශාලතම බ්‍රොමෙලියඩ් විශේෂය වන දර්ශනීය පූයා රයිමොන්ඩි සඳහා නිවහන වේ.

ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුකරයේ වලාකුළු වනාන්තර බෑවුම් පාසි, ඕකිඩ් සහ බ්‍රොමෙලියඩ් වගා කරන අතර ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරය එහි විවිධ ගස් හා වියන් ශාක සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධය. පේරු හි 2019 වනාන්තර භූ දර්ශන අඛණ්ඩතා දර්ශකයේ සාමාන්‍ය ලකුණු 8.86/10 ක් වූ අතර එය රටවල් 172 න් ගෝලීය වශයෙන් 14 වන ස්ථානයට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|pmc=7723057|pmid=33293507|doi-access=free|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>7jziaug93e98h92mnq7usp1plryh5ng</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754338</id>
      <parentid>754288</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:59:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන්</comment>
      <origin>754338</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18939" sha1="dljxbxksl5l5wwoivn76t5om9o0b3c8" xml:space="preserve">
{{Multiple image
| align             = 
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 170
| image1            = Manu riverbank.jpg
| caption1          = 
| image2            = Alpamayo.jpg
| caption2          = 
| image3            = Paracas National Reserve. Ica, Peru.jpg
| caption3          = 
| image4            = Chachani, Peru ESA413331.png
| caption4          = ඉහළ සිට පහළට: [[පේරු ඇමේසන්|ඇමසන්]] හි [[මනු ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය]], [[ඇල්පමායෝ]] කඳු මුදුන, [[පැරකාස් ජාතික රක්ෂිතය]], [[චචානි]] ගිනිකඳු සංකීර්ණය.
}}
[[File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montana_de_colores_Cusco_(Vinicunca)_y_Valle_Rojo_por_Inka_Time.jpg|වම|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි දේදුනු කන්ද ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන වින්කුන්කා]]
පේරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ මධ්‍යම බටහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ පැසිෆික් සාගරයට මුහුණලා පිහිටා ඇත. එය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම දකුණු අර්ධගෝලයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, එහි උතුරු කෙළවර අක්ෂාංශ මිනිත්තු 1.8 ක් හෝ සමකයට දකුණින් කිලෝමීටර් 3.3 ක් (සැතපුම් 2.1) ක් දක්වා ළඟා වන අතර, බටහිර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 1,285,216 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 496,225) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. එය උතුරින් ඉක්වදෝරය සහ කොලොම්බියාව, නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බොලිවියාව, දකුණින් චිලී සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයට මායිම් වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුකරය පැසිෆික් සාගරයට සමාන්තරව දිව යයි; ඒවා රට භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් විස්තර කිරීමට සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව භාවිතා කරන කලාප තුන අර්ථ දක්වයි.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. &amp; A. Catenazzi. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Biogeography. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):140–143.&lt;/ref&gt;

බටහිරින් කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ) යනු සෘතුමය ගංගා මගින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද නිම්න හැර පටු, බොහෝ දුරට ශුෂ්ක තැනිතලාවකි. සියෙරා (උස්බිම්) යනු ඇන්ඩීස් කලාපයයි; එයට ඇල්ටිප්ලානෝ සානුව මෙන්ම රටේ උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මීටර් 6,768 (අඩි 22,205) හුවාස්කරන් ද ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Andes Handbook, [http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp?codigo=54 ''Huascarán''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008051103/http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp%3Fcodigo%3D54|date=8 October 2016}}. 2 June 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන කලාපය සෙල්වා (වනාන්තරය) වන අතර එය නැගෙනහිරට විහිදෙන ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරයෙන් වැසී ඇති පුළුල් පැතලි භූමි ප්‍රදේශයකි. රටේ ප්‍රදේශයෙන් සියයට 60ක් පමණ මෙම කලාපය තුළ පිහිටා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; රටෙහි ජල විද්‍යාත්මක ද්‍රෝණි පනස් හතරක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් පනස් දෙකක් කුඩා වෙරළබඩ ද්‍රෝණි වන අතර ඒවා පැසිෆික් සාගරයට ජලය මුදා හරිනු ලැබේ. අවසාන දෙක වන්නේ ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි එන්ඩෝහයික් ද්‍රෝණිය සහ අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයට ගලා යන ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියයි. දෙකම ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු වැටියෙන් සීමා වේ. ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය විශේෂයෙන් කැපී පෙනෙන්නේ එය කිලෝමීටර් 6,872 (සැතපුම් 4,270) ක උසකින් යුත් ලොව දිගම ගංගාව වන අතර පේරු භූමියෙන් 75% ක් ආවරණය කරන ඇමසන් ගඟේ මූලාශ්‍රය වන බැවිනි. පේරු හි ග්‍රහලෝකයේ මිරිදිය ජලයෙන් 4% ක් අඩංගු වේ.

බොහෝ පේරු ගංගා ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන්වලින් ආරම්භ වී ද්‍රෝණි තුනෙන් එකකට ගලා යයි. පැසිෆික් සාගරය දෙසට ගලා යන ඒවා බෑවුම් සහිත සහ කෙටි වන අතර, වරින් වර ගලා යයි. ඇමසන් ගඟේ අතු ගංගාවලට වඩා විශාල ප්‍රවාහයක් ඇති අතර, සියෙරා වලින් පිට වූ පසු ඒවා දිගු හා අඩු බෑවුම් සහිත වේ. ටිටිකාකා විලට ගලා යන ගංගා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කෙටි වන අතර විශාල ප්‍රවාහයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', p. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි දිගම ගංගා වන්නේ උකායාලි, මරනෝන්, පුටුමායෝ, යවාරි, හුවාල්ලාගා, උරුබම්බා, මැන්ටාරෝ සහ ඇමසන් ය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි විශාලතම විල වන ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියේ ඉහළින් පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව අතර ඇති ටිටිකාකා විල දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම විල ද වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grove|first1=Matthew J|last2=Baker|first2=Paul A|last3=Cross|first3=Scott L|last4=Rigsby|first4=Catherine A|last5=Seltzer|first5=Geoffrey O|year=2003|title=Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=194|issue=1–3|pages=281–297|bibcode=2003PPP...194..281G|doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00282-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ ඇති විශාලතම ජලාශ වන්නේ පොචෝස්, ටිනජෝන්ස්, සැන් ලොරෙන්සෝ සහ එල් ෆ්‍රේල් ජලාශ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Oficina nacional de evaluación de recursos naturales (previous INRENA) |title=Inventario nacional de lagunas y represamientos |url=http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625070846/http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2007 |access-date=3 March 2008 |website=INRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශගුණය ===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg|thumb|පේරු සඳහා කොපන්–ගයිගර් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණ සිතියම]]
පේරු සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිවර්තන කලාපයේ පිහිටා තිබුණද, නිවර්තන අක්ෂාංශ, කඳු වැටි, භූ විෂමතා වෙනස්කම් සහ සාගර ධාරා දෙකක (හම්බෝල්ට් සහ එල් නිනෝ) සංයෝජනය පේරුට විශාල දේශගුණික විවිධත්වයක් ලබා දෙයි. රටෙහි මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට උන්නතාංශය මීටර් −37 සිට මීටර් 6,778 (අඩි −121 සිට අඩි 22,238) දක්වා වන අතර වර්ෂාපතනය කාන්තාර ප්‍රදේශවල වාර්ෂිකව මිමි 20 (අගල් 0.79) ට අඩු සිට නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර ප්‍රදේශවල මිමි 8,000 (අගල් 310) ට වැඩි වේ.

එහි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නිසා, පේරු ප්‍රධාන දේශගුණික කලාප තුනකට බෙදිය හැකිය. නොකැඩූ සහ සාපේක්ෂව සිහින් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ එහි උණුසුම්, තෙත් උතුරු ප්‍රදේශ හැර, මධ්‍යස්ථ උෂ්ණත්වය, අඩු වර්ෂාපතනය සහ ඉහළ ආර්ද්‍රතාවය ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt; රටෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ ආවරණය වන කඳුකර කලාපයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී නිතර වැසි ඇද හැලෙන අතර, ඇන්ඩීස් කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා උන්නතාංශය සමඟ උෂ්ණත්වය සහ ආර්ද්‍රතාවය අඩු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 25–26.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි මුළු ප්‍රදේශයෙන් අඩකට වඩා ආවරණය වන පේරු ඇමසන්, අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් සහ ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වයන්ගෙන් සංලක්ෂිත වේ, එහි දකුණු කෙළවර හැර, එහි සීතල ශීත සහ සෘතුමය වර්ෂාපතනය ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, ''El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico'', pp. 26–27.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== වනජීවීන් ===
[[File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg|වම|thumb|පේරුහි ජාතික පක්ෂියා වන ඇන්ඩියන් කුකුළා]]
විවිධ භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම සහ දේශගුණය නිසා, පේරු හි 2003 වන විට වාර්තා වූ ශාක හා සත්ව විශේෂ 21,462 ක් සහිත ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වයක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 5,855 ක් ආවේණික වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005'', p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; එය මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටවලින් එකකි.

පේරු හි පක්ෂි විශේෂ 1,800 කට වඩා (ආවේණික 120), ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා, උරග විශේෂ 300 කට වඩා සහ මිරිදිය මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 1,000 කට වඩා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Wildlife: Portal for information about wildlife and ecotourism in Peru |url=http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123112/http://www.peruwildlife.info/ |archive-date=17 May 2008 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=www.peruwildlife.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ortega, H., Hidalgo, M., Correa, E., Espino, J., Chocano, L., Trevejo, G., ... &amp; Quispe, R. (2012). Lista anotada de los peces de aguas continentales del Peru. Estado actual del conocimiento, distribución, usos y aspectos de conservación. Lima, Perú: Ministerio del Ambiente&lt;/ref&gt; සිය ගණනක් ක්ෂීරපායින් අතර පූමා, ජගුවාර් සහ ඇස් කණ්ණාඩි වලසා වැනි දුර්ලභ විශේෂ ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි පක්ෂීන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ගුවානෝ නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි, එය ආර්ථික වශයෙන් වැදගත් අපනයනයකි. පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ මුහුදු බාස්, ෆ්ලවුන්ඩර්, ඇන්කොවි, ටූනා, කබොල සහ බෙල්ලන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ඇති අතර මෝරුන්, ශුක්‍රාණු තල්මසුන් සහ තල්මසුන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් වාසය කරයි. අපෘෂ්ඨවංශික සත්ත්ව විශේෂ ඉතා අඩුවෙන් සොයා ගෙන ඇත; ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ නෙබ්‍රස්කා විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ කැරොලයින් එස්. චබූ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද &quot;පේරු කුරුමිණියන්&quot; ව්‍යාපෘතියේ දී අවම වශයෙන් කුරුමිණියන් (කොලියොප්ටෙරා) සමීක්ෂණය කර ඇති අතර එමඟින් පේරු සඳහා ලේඛනගත කර ඇති 12,000 කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් සහ නව විශේෂ රාශියක් අනාවරණය වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Chaboo, C.S. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Part I. Overview. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):135–139.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ද ඒ හා සමානව විවිධ ශාක විශේෂ ඇත. වෙරළබඩ කාන්තාර කඳුකර මීදුම ක්ෂේම භූමියක් සහ අද්විතීය ශාක ජීවීන් අඩංගු ගංගා නිම්න හැරුණු විට පතොක් වලට වඩා වැඩි යමක් නිපදවයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dillon |first1=Michael O. |title=The solanaceae of the lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile |url=http://www.sacha.org/solanaceae/lomas_solanaceae.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713202506/http://www.sacha.org/Solanaceae/Lomas_Solanaceae.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2007 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=sacha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; පූනා ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ගස් රේඛාවට ඉහළින් ඇති උස්බිම් පඳුරු, පතොක්, ඉචු වැනි නියඟයට ඔරොත්තු දෙන ශාක සහ විශාලතම බ්‍රොමෙලියඩ් විශේෂය වන දර්ශනීය පූයා රයිමොන්ඩි සඳහා නිවහන වේ.

ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුකරයේ වලාකුළු වනාන්තර බෑවුම් පාසි, ඕකිඩ් සහ බ්‍රොමෙලියඩ් වගා කරන අතර ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරය එහි විවිධ ගස් හා වියන් ශාක සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධය. පේරු හි 2019 වනාන්තර භූ දර්ශන අඛණ්ඩතා දර්ශකයේ සාමාන්‍ය ලකුණු 8.86/10 ක් වූ අතර එය රටවල් 172 න් ගෝලීය වශයෙන් 14 වන ස්ථානයට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|pmc=7723057|pmid=33293507|doi-access=free|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]]</text>
      <sha1>dljxbxksl5l5wwoivn76t5om9o0b3c8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>පේරු ආර්ථිකය</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183140</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754289</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:24:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>' == Economy == {{Main|Economy of Peru}} [[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|The [[:en:San_Isidro_District,_Lima|San Isidro District]] in [[:en:Lima|Lima]], the financial centre of Peru]] The economy of Peru is the 48th largest in the world (ranked by [[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)]]),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factb...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි</comment>
      <origin>754289</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20310" sha1="2w29t6cml49nq9f5snr2tqahhznw6y0" xml:space="preserve">
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Peru}}
[[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|The [[:en:San_Isidro_District,_Lima|San Isidro District]] in [[:en:Lima|Lima]], the financial centre of Peru]]
The economy of Peru is the 48th largest in the world (ranked by [[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)]]),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; and the income level is classified as ''upper middle'' by the World Bank.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, [http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru ''Data by country: Peru''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru|date=8 November 2016}}. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is, {{As of|2011|lc=y}}, one of the world's fastest-growing economies owing to an economic boom experienced during the 2000s.&lt;ref&gt;BBC (31 July 2012), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm ''Peru country profile''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm|date=5 November 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; It has an above-average [[:en:Human_Development_Index|Human Development Index (HDI)]] of 0.76 which has seen steady improvement over the years leading up to 2024, which has seen another 0.007 points improvement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Peru |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide [[:en:Hard_currency|hard currency]] to finance imports and external debt payments.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Although they have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian [[:en:Distribution_of_income|distribution of income]] have proven elusive.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 321.&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2015 data, 19.3% of its total population is poor, including 9% that lives in extreme poverty.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inflation in 2012 was the lowest in Latin America at only 1.8%, but increased in 2013 as oil and commodity prices rose; {{As of|2014|lc=y}} it stands at 2.5%,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru and the IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 8.6% in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Juan Carlos Pérez |date=1 March 2023 |title=Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023 |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date= |website=Finanzas Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; The unemployment rate was 3.6% in 2012.
[[File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Lima_Stock_Exchange|Lima Stock Exchange]] Building]]
Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over {{clarify span|the past decades.|must specify exactly which decades are meant, since readers don't know when this statement was added to the article|date=July 2019}} The 1968–1975 government of [[:en:Juan_Velasco_Alvarado|Juan Velasco Alvarado]] introduced radical reforms, which included [[:en:Peruvian_Agrarian_Reform|agrarian reform]], the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an [[:en:Economic_interventionism|economic planning system]], and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve their objectives of [[:en:Income_redistribution|income redistribution]] and the end of [[:en:Dependency_theory|economic dependence on developed nations]].&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, pp. 318–319.&lt;/ref&gt;

Despite these results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the [[:en:Liberalization|liberalizing]] government of [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] ended [[:en:Price_controls|price controls]], [[:en:Protectionism|protectionism]], restrictions on [[:en:Foreign_direct_investment|foreign direct investment]], and most state ownership of companies.

{{As of|2010}} [[:en:Tertiary_sector_of_industry|Services]] account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%).&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Recent economic growth had been fueled by [[:en:Macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] stability, improved [[:en:Terms_of_trade|terms of trade]], and rising investment and consumption.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Trade was expected to increase further after the implementation of a [[:en:United_States-Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|free trade agreement with the United States]] signed on 12 April 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html ''United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement''], 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru's main exports were copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners were the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Informal workers represent, in 2019, 70% of the labour market according to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI). In 2016, almost three million children and adolescents worked in the informal sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mining ===
[[File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|thumb|Yanacocha Mine]]
The country is heavily dependent on [[:en:Mining|mining]] for the export of raw materials, which represented 61.3% of exports in 2023. In 2019, the country was the world's second largest producer of [[:en:Copper|copper]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Copper |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Zinc|zinc]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Zinc |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; eighth largest producer of [[:en:Gold|gold]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Gold |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; third largest producer of [[:en:Lead|lead]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Lead |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; the fourth largest producer of [[:en:Tin|tin]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Tin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; the fifth largest producer of [[:en:Boron|boron]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf USGS Boron Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|date=18 July 2021}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; and the fourth largest producer of [[:en:Molybdenum|molybdenum]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; – not to mention gas and of oil. In 2023, it was the third largest producer of silver globally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country has an expectant competitive position in global mining, maintaining mining leadership in Latin America and a solid mining history and trajectory little industrialized; Peru suffers from the international variation of commodity prices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=diplomatique.org.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Yanacocha mine in [[:en:Cajamarca|Cajamarca]] is the main source of gold extraction in Peru. It is considered the largest gold mine in South America and the second largest in the world. In 2005, {{convert|3,333,088|oz|g}} of gold were produced. An indicator of mining growth can be seen in mining exports, having grown from US$1,447 million in 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 1990 |title=II. SECTOR EXTERNO |url=https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813231927/https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=bcrp.gob.pe |page=32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; to US$39,639 million in 2023.

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Quinoa|Quinoa]]]]
Peru is the world's largest producer of [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]] and [[:en:Maca|maca]], one of the 5 largest producers of [[:en:Avocado|avocado]], [[:en:Blueberry|blueberry]], [[:en:Artichoke|artichoke]] and [[:en:Asparagus|asparagus]], one of the 10 largest producers in the world of [[:en:Coffee|coffee]] and [[:en:Cocoa_bean|cocoa]], and one of the 15 largest producers in the world of [[:en:Potato|potato]] and [[:en:Pineapple|pineapple]], also having a considerable production of [[:en:Grape|grape]], [[:en:Sugarcane|sugarcane]], [[:en:Rice|rice]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Maize|maize]] and [[:en:Cassava|cassava]]; its agriculture is considerably diversified. In livestock, Peru is one of the 20 largest producers of [[:en:Chicken_meat|chicken meat]] in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Peru, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to a report by the UN [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) published in August 2022, half of Peru's population is moderately [[:en:Food_insecure|food insecure]] (16.6 million people), and more than 20% (6.8 million people), are severely food insecure: they go without food for a whole day, or even several days.

The director of FAO Peru stresses that &quot;this is the great paradox of a country that has enough food for its population. Peru is a net producer of food and one of the major agro-exporting powers in the region. Food insecurity is due to high [[:en:Social_inequality|social inequality]] and low wages, with Peru's minimum wage being one of the lowest in South America and a large informal sector. According to the FAO, the small farmers themselves suffer from hunger. Poorly paid, they also suffer from the impacts of [[:en:Climate_change|climate change]] and face the problem of [[:en:Drug_Trafficking|drug trafficking]] on their land and mining activity that exhausts the soil.&quot;

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Peru}}
[[File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Huacachina|Huacachina]], in [[:en:Department_of_Ica|Ica]], the only natural oasis in South America]]
Tourism constitutes the third largest industry in Peru, behind fishing and mining. Tourism is mainly directed towards archaeological monuments, as it has more than one hundred thousand archaeological sites. According to a study by the Peruvian government, the satisfaction rate of tourists after visiting Peru is 94%. Peru has become one of the largest tourist destinations in the Americas and is the fastest growing industry in the country, growing annually at a rate of 25% over the last five years, the highest growth rate of any other country in South America.

Tourism has an impact of 7% of Peru's GDP, it is regulated and stimulated by the Commission for the Promotion of Peru for Exports and Tourism under the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism. For this reason, in 2011 Marca Perú was created, which is an initiative of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism in association with Peruvian companies and startups to promote the purchase and consumption of products created in the country. The pillars of this initiative are: exports, tourism and investments. Tourism employs 11% of the country's economically active population (484 000 direct jobs and 340,000 indirect jobs), most of them in hospitality and transportation. Peru is known to be perfect for cultural, eco, adventure, gastronomic, beach, and luxury travel.
[[File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Choquequirao|Choquequirao]], Incan ruins in [[:en:Department_of_Cusco|Cusco]]]]
The places most visited by tourists are the cities of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] and its historic center, [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], which is characterized by its [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca]] and colonial architecture but its main attractions are the [[:en:Sacred_Valley|Sacred Valley of the Incas]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. Other famous places in Cusco include [[:en:Qorikancha|Qorikancha]], [[:en:Ollantaytambo|Ollantaytambo]], [[:en:Písac|Písac]] and many more. [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] is also a large tourist destination, for the historic center, also for the [[:en:Colca_Canyon|Colca Canyon]] and finally [[:en:Puno|Puno]] through [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. The main tourist circuit of the country is the southern circuit, which includes cities such as; [[:en:Ica,_Peru|Ica]], [[:en:Nazca|Nazca]], [[:en:Pisco|Pisco]], Paracas, [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], [[:en:Puerto_Maldonado|Puerto Maldonado]] and others with architectural, cultural and natural attractions. The second most important route is the [[:en:Callejón_de_Huaylas|Callejón de Huaylas]], in the department of Áncash, headquarters of adventure tourism and the main point of reference for New Andean gastronomy. Peru has 14 [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Sites]] and 11 national parks.

Peru has many other tourist routes. Among these are those of the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro River valley]] with the city of [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]] as one of its axis, and the [[:en:Tarma|Tarma]] Valley as another axis, which in turn is the entrance to the central jungle and the northern city of [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]] where [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] is located, the largest adobe citadel in the world,  the traditional spa of [[:en:Huanchaco|Huanchaco]] and the Huacas del Sol and de la Luna belonging to the [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimú culture]]. [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]] and the rainforest city [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]] are also very popular destinations. According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, the visit of foreign tourists increased by 7% during 2015 and would have generated US$3.5 billion in foreign currency for the country.

=== Industry ===
The [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. According to the 2019 list, Peru has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($28.7 billion).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) &amp;#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011 and 2016 Peru was the world's largest supplier of [[:en:Fishmeal|fishmeal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=GZH}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also the world's leading producer of alpaca wool, and the most important exporter of cotton textile garments in Latin America, and due to its natural wealth, it is an excellent place for the development of the polymer industry worldwide. The country is in a stage of economic growth and it is expected, in light of the agreements and treaties signed in free trade areas, to become one of the most attractive South American nations for developing business.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>2w29t6cml49nq9f5snr2tqahhznw6y0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754290</id>
      <parentid>754289</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:27:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754290</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20557" sha1="c9bnticfdxqpf21goibllhk8n8zchej" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|පේරු හි මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන ලීමා හි සැන් ඉසිඩ්‍රෝ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
The economy of Peru is the 48th largest in the world (ranked by [[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)]]),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; and the income level is classified as ''upper middle'' by the World Bank.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, [http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru ''Data by country: Peru''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru|date=8 November 2016}}. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is, {{As of|2011|lc=y}}, one of the world's fastest-growing economies owing to an economic boom experienced during the 2000s.&lt;ref&gt;BBC (31 July 2012), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm ''Peru country profile''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm|date=5 November 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; It has an above-average [[:en:Human_Development_Index|Human Development Index (HDI)]] of 0.76 which has seen steady improvement over the years leading up to 2024, which has seen another 0.007 points improvement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Peru |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide [[:en:Hard_currency|hard currency]] to finance imports and external debt payments.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Although they have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian [[:en:Distribution_of_income|distribution of income]] have proven elusive.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 321.&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2015 data, 19.3% of its total population is poor, including 9% that lives in extreme poverty.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inflation in 2012 was the lowest in Latin America at only 1.8%, but increased in 2013 as oil and commodity prices rose; {{As of|2014|lc=y}} it stands at 2.5%,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru and the IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 8.6% in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Juan Carlos Pérez |date=1 March 2023 |title=Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023 |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date= |website=Finanzas Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; The unemployment rate was 3.6% in 2012.
[[File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා කොටස් හුවමාරු ගොඩනැගිල්ල]]
Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over {{clarify span|the past decades.|must specify exactly which decades are meant, since readers don't know when this statement was added to the article|date=July 2019}} The 1968–1975 government of [[:en:Juan_Velasco_Alvarado|Juan Velasco Alvarado]] introduced radical reforms, which included [[:en:Peruvian_Agrarian_Reform|agrarian reform]], the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an [[:en:Economic_interventionism|economic planning system]], and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve their objectives of [[:en:Income_redistribution|income redistribution]] and the end of [[:en:Dependency_theory|economic dependence on developed nations]].&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, pp. 318–319.&lt;/ref&gt;

Despite these results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the [[:en:Liberalization|liberalizing]] government of [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] ended [[:en:Price_controls|price controls]], [[:en:Protectionism|protectionism]], restrictions on [[:en:Foreign_direct_investment|foreign direct investment]], and most state ownership of companies.

{{As of|2010}} [[:en:Tertiary_sector_of_industry|Services]] account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%).&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Recent economic growth had been fueled by [[:en:Macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] stability, improved [[:en:Terms_of_trade|terms of trade]], and rising investment and consumption.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Trade was expected to increase further after the implementation of a [[:en:United_States-Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|free trade agreement with the United States]] signed on 12 April 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html ''United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement''], 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru's main exports were copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners were the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Informal workers represent, in 2019, 70% of the labour market according to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI). In 2016, almost three million children and adolescents worked in the informal sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|thumb|යනාකොචා පතල]]
The country is heavily dependent on [[:en:Mining|mining]] for the export of raw materials, which represented 61.3% of exports in 2023. In 2019, the country was the world's second largest producer of [[:en:Copper|copper]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Copper |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Zinc|zinc]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Zinc |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; eighth largest producer of [[:en:Gold|gold]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Gold |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; third largest producer of [[:en:Lead|lead]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Lead |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; the fourth largest producer of [[:en:Tin|tin]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Tin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; the fifth largest producer of [[:en:Boron|boron]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf USGS Boron Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|date=18 July 2021}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; and the fourth largest producer of [[:en:Molybdenum|molybdenum]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; – not to mention gas and of oil. In 2023, it was the third largest producer of silver globally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country has an expectant competitive position in global mining, maintaining mining leadership in Latin America and a solid mining history and trajectory little industrialized; Peru suffers from the international variation of commodity prices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=diplomatique.org.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Yanacocha mine in [[:en:Cajamarca|Cajamarca]] is the main source of gold extraction in Peru. It is considered the largest gold mine in South America and the second largest in the world. In 2005, {{convert|3,333,088|oz|g}} of gold were produced. An indicator of mining growth can be seen in mining exports, having grown from US$1,447 million in 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 1990 |title=II. SECTOR EXTERNO |url=https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813231927/https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=bcrp.gob.pe |page=32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; to US$39,639 million in 2023.

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|thumb|ක්විනෝවා]]
Peru is the world's largest producer of [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]] and [[:en:Maca|maca]], one of the 5 largest producers of [[:en:Avocado|avocado]], [[:en:Blueberry|blueberry]], [[:en:Artichoke|artichoke]] and [[:en:Asparagus|asparagus]], one of the 10 largest producers in the world of [[:en:Coffee|coffee]] and [[:en:Cocoa_bean|cocoa]], and one of the 15 largest producers in the world of [[:en:Potato|potato]] and [[:en:Pineapple|pineapple]], also having a considerable production of [[:en:Grape|grape]], [[:en:Sugarcane|sugarcane]], [[:en:Rice|rice]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Maize|maize]] and [[:en:Cassava|cassava]]; its agriculture is considerably diversified. In livestock, Peru is one of the 20 largest producers of [[:en:Chicken_meat|chicken meat]] in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Peru, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to a report by the UN [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) published in August 2022, half of Peru's population is moderately [[:en:Food_insecure|food insecure]] (16.6 million people), and more than 20% (6.8 million people), are severely food insecure: they go without food for a whole day, or even several days.

The director of FAO Peru stresses that &quot;this is the great paradox of a country that has enough food for its population. Peru is a net producer of food and one of the major agro-exporting powers in the region. Food insecurity is due to high [[:en:Social_inequality|social inequality]] and low wages, with Peru's minimum wage being one of the lowest in South America and a large informal sector. According to the FAO, the small farmers themselves suffer from hunger. Poorly paid, they also suffer from the impacts of [[:en:Climate_change|climate change]] and face the problem of [[:en:Drug_Trafficking|drug trafficking]] on their land and mining activity that exhausts the soil.&quot;

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
[[File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|වම|thumb|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේම භූමිය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා]]
Tourism constitutes the third largest industry in Peru, behind fishing and mining. Tourism is mainly directed towards archaeological monuments, as it has more than one hundred thousand archaeological sites. According to a study by the Peruvian government, the satisfaction rate of tourists after visiting Peru is 94%. Peru has become one of the largest tourist destinations in the Americas and is the fastest growing industry in the country, growing annually at a rate of 25% over the last five years, the highest growth rate of any other country in South America.

Tourism has an impact of 7% of Peru's GDP, it is regulated and stimulated by the Commission for the Promotion of Peru for Exports and Tourism under the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism. For this reason, in 2011 Marca Perú was created, which is an initiative of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism in association with Peruvian companies and startups to promote the purchase and consumption of products created in the country. The pillars of this initiative are: exports, tourism and investments. Tourism employs 11% of the country's economically active population (484 000 direct jobs and 340,000 indirect jobs), most of them in hospitality and transportation. Peru is known to be perfect for cultural, eco, adventure, gastronomic, beach, and luxury travel.
[[File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්]]
The places most visited by tourists are the cities of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] and its historic center, [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], which is characterized by its [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca]] and colonial architecture but its main attractions are the [[:en:Sacred_Valley|Sacred Valley of the Incas]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. Other famous places in Cusco include [[:en:Qorikancha|Qorikancha]], [[:en:Ollantaytambo|Ollantaytambo]], [[:en:Písac|Písac]] and many more. [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] is also a large tourist destination, for the historic center, also for the [[:en:Colca_Canyon|Colca Canyon]] and finally [[:en:Puno|Puno]] through [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. The main tourist circuit of the country is the southern circuit, which includes cities such as; [[:en:Ica,_Peru|Ica]], [[:en:Nazca|Nazca]], [[:en:Pisco|Pisco]], Paracas, [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], [[:en:Puerto_Maldonado|Puerto Maldonado]] and others with architectural, cultural and natural attractions. The second most important route is the [[:en:Callejón_de_Huaylas|Callejón de Huaylas]], in the department of Áncash, headquarters of adventure tourism and the main point of reference for New Andean gastronomy. Peru has 14 [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Sites]] and 11 national parks.

Peru has many other tourist routes. Among these are those of the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro River valley]] with the city of [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]] as one of its axis, and the [[:en:Tarma|Tarma]] Valley as another axis, which in turn is the entrance to the central jungle and the northern city of [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]] where [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] is located, the largest adobe citadel in the world,  the traditional spa of [[:en:Huanchaco|Huanchaco]] and the Huacas del Sol and de la Luna belonging to the [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimú culture]]. [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]] and the rainforest city [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]] are also very popular destinations. According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, the visit of foreign tourists increased by 7% during 2015 and would have generated US$3.5 billion in foreign currency for the country.

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
The [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. According to the 2019 list, Peru has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($28.7 billion).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) &amp;#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011 and 2016 Peru was the world's largest supplier of [[:en:Fishmeal|fishmeal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=GZH}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also the world's leading producer of alpaca wool, and the most important exporter of cotton textile garments in Latin America, and due to its natural wealth, it is an excellent place for the development of the polymer industry worldwide. The country is in a stage of economic growth and it is expected, in light of the agreements and treaties signed in free trade areas, to become one of the most attractive South American nations for developing business.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>c9bnticfdxqpf21goibllhk8n8zchej</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754291</id>
      <parentid>754290</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:30:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754291</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31415" sha1="b9qmxiawj0c9xylojtk9d5ejykrlwx5" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|පේරු හි මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන ලීමා හි සැන් ඉසිඩ්‍රෝ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
The economy of Peru is the 48th largest in the world (ranked by [[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)]]),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; and the income level is classified as ''upper middle'' by the World Bank.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, [http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru ''Data by country: Peru''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru|date=8 November 2016}}. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is, {{As of|2011|lc=y}}, one of the world's fastest-growing economies owing to an economic boom experienced during the 2000s.&lt;ref&gt;BBC (31 July 2012), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm ''Peru country profile''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm|date=5 November 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; It has an above-average [[:en:Human_Development_Index|Human Development Index (HDI)]] of 0.76 which has seen steady improvement over the years leading up to 2024, which has seen another 0.007 points improvement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Peru |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide [[:en:Hard_currency|hard currency]] to finance imports and external debt payments.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Although they have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian [[:en:Distribution_of_income|distribution of income]] have proven elusive.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 321.&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2015 data, 19.3% of its total population is poor, including 9% that lives in extreme poverty.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inflation in 2012 was the lowest in Latin America at only 1.8%, but increased in 2013 as oil and commodity prices rose; {{As of|2014|lc=y}} it stands at 2.5%,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru and the IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 8.6% in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Juan Carlos Pérez |date=1 March 2023 |title=Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023 |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date= |website=Finanzas Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; The unemployment rate was 3.6% in 2012.

පේරුහි ආර්ථිකය ලෝකයේ 48 වන විශාලතම රටයි (PPP) විසින් ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත),[1] සහ ආදායම් මට්ටම ලෝක බැංකුව විසින් ඉහළ මධ්‍යම ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත.[2] 2000 ගණන්වල අත්විඳින ලද ආර්ථික උත්පාතය හේතුවෙන් පේරු, 2011 වන විට, ලෝකයේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන ආර්ථිකයන්ගෙන් එකකි.[3] එය 0.76 ක සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් (HDI) ඇති අතර එය 2024 දක්වා වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා ස්ථාවර දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර එය තවත් ලකුණු 0.007 ක දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි.[4] ඓතිහාසිකව, රටේ ආර්ථික කාර්ය සාධනය අපනයන සමඟ බැඳී ඇති අතර, එය ආනයන සහ බාහිර ණය ගෙවීම් සඳහා මූල්‍යකරණය සඳහා දැඩි මුදල් සපයයි.[5] ඔවුන් සැලකිය යුතු ආදායමක් ලබා දී ඇතත්, ස්වයං-තිරසාර වර්ධනයක් සහ වඩාත් සමානාත්මතා ආදායම් බෙදා හැරීමක් නොපැහැදිලි බව ඔප්පු වී ඇත.[6] 2015 දත්ත වලට අනුව, එහි මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 19.3% ක් දුප්පත් ය, එයට අන්ත දරිද්‍රතාවයෙන් පෙළෙන 9% ක් ද ඇතුළත් ය.[7] 2012 දී උද්ධමනය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම අගය වූයේ 1.8% ක් පමණි, නමුත් තෙල් සහ භාණ්ඩ මිල ඉහළ යාමත් සමඟ 2013 දී වැඩි විය; 2014 වන විට එය 2.5% ක් වන අතර, [8] 2023 දී 8.6% කි. [9] 2012 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 3.6% කි.


පතල් කර්මය


කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය

[[File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා කොටස් හුවමාරු ගොඩනැගිල්ල]]
Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over {{clarify span|the past decades.|must specify exactly which decades are meant, since readers don't know when this statement was added to the article|date=July 2019}} The 1968–1975 government of [[:en:Juan_Velasco_Alvarado|Juan Velasco Alvarado]] introduced radical reforms, which included [[:en:Peruvian_Agrarian_Reform|agrarian reform]], the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an [[:en:Economic_interventionism|economic planning system]], and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve their objectives of [[:en:Income_redistribution|income redistribution]] and the end of [[:en:Dependency_theory|economic dependence on developed nations]].&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, pp. 318–319.&lt;/ref&gt;

Despite these results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the [[:en:Liberalization|liberalizing]] government of [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] ended [[:en:Price_controls|price controls]], [[:en:Protectionism|protectionism]], restrictions on [[:en:Foreign_direct_investment|foreign direct investment]], and most state ownership of companies.

පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ පේරු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් වී ඇත.[පැහැදිලි කරන්න] 1968-1975 ජුවාන් වෙලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ රජය රැඩිකල් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර, ඒවාට කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ, විදේශීය සමාගම් අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ආර්ථික සැලසුම් ක්‍රමයක් හඳුන්වාදීම සහ විශාල රාජ්‍ය අංශයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම ඇතුළත් විය. ආදායම් නැවත බෙදා හැරීම සහ සංවර්ධිත ජාතීන් මත ආර්ථික යැපීම අවසන් කිරීම යන ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනීමට මෙම පියවර අසමත් විය.[10]

මෙම ප්‍රතිඵල තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ 1990 ගණන් වන තෙක් ආපසු හැරවූයේ නැත, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ලිබරල්කරණ රජය මිල පාලනය, ආරක්ෂණවාදය, විදේශ සෘජු ආයෝජන සීමා කිරීම් සහ සමාගම්වල බොහෝ රාජ්‍ය අයිතිය අවසන් කරන තෙක්.

{{As of|2010}} [[:en:Tertiary_sector_of_industry|Services]] account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%).&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Recent economic growth had been fueled by [[:en:Macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] stability, improved [[:en:Terms_of_trade|terms of trade]], and rising investment and consumption.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Trade was expected to increase further after the implementation of a [[:en:United_States-Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|free trade agreement with the United States]] signed on 12 April 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html ''United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement''], 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru's main exports were copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners were the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Informal workers represent, in 2019, 70% of the labour market according to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI). In 2016, almost three million children and adolescents worked in the informal sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2010 වන විට සේවා අංශය පේරු දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 53% ක් වන අතර, පසුව නිෂ්පාදන (22.3%), නිස්සාරණ කර්මාන්ත (15%) සහ බදු (9.7%) වේ. [11] මෑත කාලීන ආර්ථික වර්ධනයට හේතු වූයේ සාර්ව ආර්ථික ස්ථාවරත්වය, වැඩිදියුණු කළ වෙළඳ කොන්දේසි සහ ආයෝජන සහ පරිභෝජනය ඉහළ යාමයි. [12] 2006 අප්‍රේල් 12 වන දින අත්සන් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජනපදය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුමක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමෙන් පසු වෙළඳාම තවදුරටත් වැඩි වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කරන ලදී. [13] පේරු හි ප්‍රධාන අපනයන වූයේ තඹ, රත්තරන්, සින්ක්, රෙදිපිළි සහ මාළු ආහාර වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන වෙළඳ හවුල්කරුවන් වූයේ එක්සත් ජනපදය, චීනය, බ්‍රසීලය සහ චිලී ය. [14]

2019 දී, ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයට (INEI) අනුව, අවිධිමත් සේවකයින් ශ්‍රම වෙළඳපොළෙන් 70% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 2016 දී, මිලියන තුනක් පමණ ළමුන් සහ නව යොවුන් වියේ පසුවන්නන් අවිධිමත් අංශයේ සේවය කළහ.[15]

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|thumb|යනාකොචා පතල]]
The country is heavily dependent on [[:en:Mining|mining]] for the export of raw materials, which represented 61.3% of exports in 2023. In 2019, the country was the world's second largest producer of [[:en:Copper|copper]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Copper |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:Zinc|zinc]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Zinc |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; eighth largest producer of [[:en:Gold|gold]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Gold |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; third largest producer of [[:en:Lead|lead]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Lead |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; the fourth largest producer of [[:en:Tin|tin]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Tin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; the fifth largest producer of [[:en:Boron|boron]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf USGS Boron Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|date=18 July 2021}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; and the fourth largest producer of [[:en:Molybdenum|molybdenum]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; – not to mention gas and of oil. In 2023, it was the third largest producer of silver globally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country has an expectant competitive position in global mining, maintaining mining leadership in Latin America and a solid mining history and trajectory little industrialized; Peru suffers from the international variation of commodity prices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=diplomatique.org.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Yanacocha mine in [[:en:Cajamarca|Cajamarca]] is the main source of gold extraction in Peru. It is considered the largest gold mine in South America and the second largest in the world. In 2005, {{convert|3,333,088|oz|g}} of gold were produced. An indicator of mining growth can be seen in mining exports, having grown from US$1,447 million in 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 1990 |title=II. SECTOR EXTERNO |url=https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813231927/https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=bcrp.gob.pe |page=32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; to US$39,639 million in 2023.

රට අමුද්‍රව්‍ය අපනයනය සඳහා පතල් කැණීම මත දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතින අතර, එය 2023 දී අපනයනයෙන් 61.3% ක් නියෝජනය කළේය. 2019 දී, රට ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම තඹ [16] සහ සින්ක් නිෂ්පාදකයා, [17] අටවන විශාලතම රන් නිෂ්පාදකයා, [18] තුන්වන විශාලතම ඊයම් නිෂ්පාදකයා, [19] හතරවන විශාලතම ටින් නිෂ්පාදකයා, [20] පස්වන විශාලතම බෝරෝන් නිෂ්පාදකයා, [21] සහ හතරවන විශාලතම මොලිබ්ඩිනම් නිෂ්පාදකයා [22] - ගෑස් සහ තෙල් ගැන සඳහන් නොකරමු. 2023 දී එය ගෝලීය වශයෙන් රිදී නිෂ්පාදනයේ තුන්වන විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයා විය.[23] ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පතල් කැණීමේ නායකත්වය සහ ශක්තිමත් පතල් කැණීමේ ඉතිහාසයක් සහ ගමන් පථයක් පවත්වා ගනිමින්, ගෝලීය පතල් කැණීමේදී රට අපේක්ෂිත තරඟකාරී ස්ථානයක් ඇත. කුඩා කාර්මිකකරණය; පේරු භාණ්ඩ මිලෙහි ජාත්‍යන්තර විචලනයෙන් පීඩා විඳිති.[24]

පේරු හි රන් නිස්සාරණයේ ප්‍රධාන මූලාශ්‍රය වන්නේ කජමාර්කා හි යනාකොචා පතලයි. එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් සැලකේ. 2005 දී රන් අවුන්ස 3,333,088 (ග්‍රෑම් 94,491,500)ක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් වර්ධනයේ දර්ශකයක් දැකිය හැකි අතර එය 1990 දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 1,447 සිට 2023 දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 39,639 දක්වා වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|thumb|ක්විනෝවා]]
Peru is the world's largest producer of [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]] and [[:en:Maca|maca]], one of the 5 largest producers of [[:en:Avocado|avocado]], [[:en:Blueberry|blueberry]], [[:en:Artichoke|artichoke]] and [[:en:Asparagus|asparagus]], one of the 10 largest producers in the world of [[:en:Coffee|coffee]] and [[:en:Cocoa_bean|cocoa]], and one of the 15 largest producers in the world of [[:en:Potato|potato]] and [[:en:Pineapple|pineapple]], also having a considerable production of [[:en:Grape|grape]], [[:en:Sugarcane|sugarcane]], [[:en:Rice|rice]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Maize|maize]] and [[:en:Cassava|cassava]]; its agriculture is considerably diversified. In livestock, Peru is one of the 20 largest producers of [[:en:Chicken_meat|chicken meat]] in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Peru, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to a report by the UN [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) published in August 2022, half of Peru's population is moderately [[:en:Food_insecure|food insecure]] (16.6 million people), and more than 20% (6.8 million people), are severely food insecure: they go without food for a whole day, or even several days.

පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම ක්විනෝවා සහ මැකා නිෂ්පාදකයින් වන අතර, අලිගැට පේර, බ්ලූබෙරි, ආර්ටිකෝක් සහ ඇස්පරගස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 5 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, කෝපි සහ කොකෝවා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 10 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, සහ අර්තාපල් සහ අන්නාසි ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 15 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, මිදි, උක්, සහල්, කෙසෙල්, බඩ ඉරිඟු සහ මඤ්ඤොක්කා සැලකිය යුතු නිෂ්පාදනයක් ද ඇත; එහි කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස විවිධාංගීකරණය වී ඇත. පශු සම්පත් සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම කුකුළු මස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 20 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි.[26]

2022 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආහාර හා කෘෂිකර්ම සංවිධානයේ (FAO) වාර්තාවකට අනුව, පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් අඩක් මධ්‍යස්ථ ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත (මිලියන 16.6 ක ජනතාවක්) වන අතර, 20% කට වඩා (මිලියන 6.8 ක ජනතාවක්) දැඩි ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත තත්වයක සිටිති: ඔවුන් මුළු දවසම හෝ දින කිහිපයක් ආහාර නොමැතිව සිටිති.

The director of FAO Peru stresses that &quot;this is the great paradox of a country that has enough food for its population. Peru is a net producer of food and one of the major agro-exporting powers in the region. Food insecurity is due to high [[:en:Social_inequality|social inequality]] and low wages, with Peru's minimum wage being one of the lowest in South America and a large informal sector. According to the FAO, the small farmers themselves suffer from hunger. Poorly paid, they also suffer from the impacts of [[:en:Climate_change|climate change]] and face the problem of [[:en:Drug_Trafficking|drug trafficking]] on their land and mining activity that exhausts the soil.&quot;

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
[[File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|වම|thumb|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේම භූමිය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා]]
Tourism constitutes the third largest industry in Peru, behind fishing and mining. Tourism is mainly directed towards archaeological monuments, as it has more than one hundred thousand archaeological sites. According to a study by the Peruvian government, the satisfaction rate of tourists after visiting Peru is 94%. Peru has become one of the largest tourist destinations in the Americas and is the fastest growing industry in the country, growing annually at a rate of 25% over the last five years, the highest growth rate of any other country in South America.

Tourism has an impact of 7% of Peru's GDP, it is regulated and stimulated by the Commission for the Promotion of Peru for Exports and Tourism under the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism. For this reason, in 2011 Marca Perú was created, which is an initiative of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism in association with Peruvian companies and startups to promote the purchase and consumption of products created in the country. The pillars of this initiative are: exports, tourism and investments. Tourism employs 11% of the country's economically active population (484 000 direct jobs and 340,000 indirect jobs), most of them in hospitality and transportation. Peru is known to be perfect for cultural, eco, adventure, gastronomic, beach, and luxury travel.
[[File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්]]
The places most visited by tourists are the cities of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] and its historic center, [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], which is characterized by its [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca]] and colonial architecture but its main attractions are the [[:en:Sacred_Valley|Sacred Valley of the Incas]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. Other famous places in Cusco include [[:en:Qorikancha|Qorikancha]], [[:en:Ollantaytambo|Ollantaytambo]], [[:en:Písac|Písac]] and many more. [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] is also a large tourist destination, for the historic center, also for the [[:en:Colca_Canyon|Colca Canyon]] and finally [[:en:Puno|Puno]] through [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. The main tourist circuit of the country is the southern circuit, which includes cities such as; [[:en:Ica,_Peru|Ica]], [[:en:Nazca|Nazca]], [[:en:Pisco|Pisco]], Paracas, [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], [[:en:Puerto_Maldonado|Puerto Maldonado]] and others with architectural, cultural and natural attractions. The second most important route is the [[:en:Callejón_de_Huaylas|Callejón de Huaylas]], in the department of Áncash, headquarters of adventure tourism and the main point of reference for New Andean gastronomy. Peru has 14 [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Sites]] and 11 national parks.

Peru has many other tourist routes. Among these are those of the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro River valley]] with the city of [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]] as one of its axis, and the [[:en:Tarma|Tarma]] Valley as another axis, which in turn is the entrance to the central jungle and the northern city of [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]] where [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] is located, the largest adobe citadel in the world,  the traditional spa of [[:en:Huanchaco|Huanchaco]] and the Huacas del Sol and de la Luna belonging to the [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimú culture]]. [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]] and the rainforest city [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]] are also very popular destinations. According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, the visit of foreign tourists increased by 7% during 2015 and would have generated US$3.5 billion in foreign currency for the country.

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
The [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. According to the 2019 list, Peru has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($28.7 billion).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) &amp;#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011 and 2016 Peru was the world's largest supplier of [[:en:Fishmeal|fishmeal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=GZH}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also the world's leading producer of alpaca wool, and the most important exporter of cotton textile garments in Latin America, and due to its natural wealth, it is an excellent place for the development of the polymer industry worldwide. The country is in a stage of economic growth and it is expected, in light of the agreements and treaties signed in free trade areas, to become one of the most attractive South American nations for developing business.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>b9qmxiawj0c9xylojtk9d5ejykrlwx5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754292</id>
      <parentid>754291</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:33:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754292</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30128" sha1="qodgkdj0jbedddzm7myeyz59oxzpdjx" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|පේරු හි මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන ලීමා හි සැන් ඉසිඩ්‍රෝ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
The economy of Peru is the 48th largest in the world (ranked by [[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)]]), and the income level is classified as ''upper middle'' by the World Bank. Peru is, {{As of|2011|lc=y}}, one of the world's fastest-growing economies owing to an economic boom experienced during the 2000s. It has an above-average [[:en:Human_Development_Index|Human Development Index (HDI)]] of 0.76 which has seen steady improvement over the years leading up to 2024, which has seen another 0.007 points improvement. Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide [[:en:Hard_currency|hard currency]] to finance imports and external debt payments. Although they have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian [[:en:Distribution_of_income|distribution of income]] have proven elusive. According to 2015 data, 19.3% of its total population is poor, including 9% that lives in extreme poverty. Inflation in 2012 was the lowest in Latin America at only 1.8%, but increased in 2013 as oil and commodity prices rose; {{As of|2014|lc=y}} it stands at 2.5%, and 8.6% in 2023. The unemployment rate was 3.6% in 2012.

පේරුහි ආර්ථිකය ලෝකයේ 48 වන විශාලතම රටයි (PPP) විසින් ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; සහ ආදායම් මට්ටම ලෝක බැංකුව විසින් ඉහළ මධ්‍යම ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, [http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru ''Data by country: Peru''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru|date=8 November 2016}}. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 ගණන්වල අත්විඳින ලද ආර්ථික උත්පාතය හේතුවෙන් පේරු, 2011 වන විට, ලෝකයේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන ආර්ථිකයන්ගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;BBC (31 July 2012), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm ''Peru country profile''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm|date=5 November 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; එය 0.76 ක සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් (HDI) ඇති අතර එය 2024 දක්වා වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා ස්ථාවර දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර එය තවත් ලකුණු 0.007 ක දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Peru |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඓතිහාසිකව, රටේ ආර්ථික කාර්ය සාධනය අපනයන සමඟ බැඳී ඇති අතර, එය ආනයන සහ බාහිර ණය ගෙවීම් සඳහා මූල්‍යකරණය සඳහා දැඩි මුදල් සපයයි.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන් සැලකිය යුතු ආදායමක් ලබා දී ඇතත්, ස්වයං-තිරසාර වර්ධනයක් සහ වඩාත් සමානාත්මතා ආදායම් බෙදා හැරීමක් නොපැහැදිලි බව ඔප්පු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 321.&lt;/ref&gt; 2015 දත්ත වලට අනුව, එහි මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 19.3% ක් දුප්පත් ය, එයට අන්ත දරිද්‍රතාවයෙන් පෙළෙන 9% ක් ද ඇතුළත් ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී උද්ධමනය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම අගය වූයේ 1.8% ක් පමණි, නමුත් තෙල් සහ භාණ්ඩ මිල ඉහළ යාමත් සමඟ 2013 දී වැඩි විය; 2014 වන විට එය 2.5% ක් වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru and the IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 දී 8.6% කි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Juan Carlos Pérez |date=1 March 2023 |title=Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023 |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date= |website=Finanzas Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 3.6% කි.


පතල් කර්මය


කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය

[[File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා කොටස් හුවමාරු ගොඩනැගිල්ල]]
Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over {{clarify span|the past decades.|must specify exactly which decades are meant, since readers don't know when this statement was added to the article|date=July 2019}} The 1968–1975 government of [[:en:Juan_Velasco_Alvarado|Juan Velasco Alvarado]] introduced radical reforms, which included [[:en:Peruvian_Agrarian_Reform|agrarian reform]], the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an [[:en:Economic_interventionism|economic planning system]], and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve their objectives of [[:en:Income_redistribution|income redistribution]] and the end of [[:en:Dependency_theory|economic dependence on developed nations]].

Despite these results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the [[:en:Liberalization|liberalizing]] government of [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] ended [[:en:Price_controls|price controls]], [[:en:Protectionism|protectionism]], restrictions on [[:en:Foreign_direct_investment|foreign direct investment]], and most state ownership of companies.

පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ පේරු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් වී ඇත. 1968-1975 ජුවාන් වෙලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ රජය රැඩිකල් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර, ඒවාට කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ, විදේශීය සමාගම් අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ආර්ථික සැලසුම් ක්‍රමයක් හඳුන්වාදීම සහ විශාල රාජ්‍ය අංශයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම ඇතුළත් විය. ආදායම් නැවත බෙදා හැරීම සහ සංවර්ධිත ජාතීන් මත ආර්ථික යැපීම අවසන් කිරීම යන ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනීමට මෙම පියවර අසමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, pp. 318–319.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම ප්‍රතිඵල තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ 1990 ගණන් වන තෙක් ආපසු හැරවූයේ නැත, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ලිබරල්කරණ රජය මිල පාලනය, ආරක්ෂණවාදය, විදේශ සෘජු ආයෝජන සීමා කිරීම් සහ සමාගම්වල බොහෝ රාජ්‍ය අයිතිය අවසන් කරන තෙක්.

{{As of|2010}} [[:en:Tertiary_sector_of_industry|Services]] account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%). Recent economic growth had been fueled by [[:en:Macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] stability, improved [[:en:Terms_of_trade|terms of trade]], and rising investment and consumption. Trade was expected to increase further after the implementation of a [[:en:United_States-Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|free trade agreement with the United States]] signed on 12 April 2006. Peru's main exports were copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners were the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile.

Informal workers represent, in 2019, 70% of the labour market according to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI). In 2016, almost three million children and adolescents worked in the informal sector.

2010 වන විට සේවා අංශය පේරු දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 53% ක් වන අතර, පසුව නිෂ්පාදන (22.3%), නිස්සාරණ කර්මාන්ත (15%) සහ බදු (9.7%) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; මෑත කාලීන ආර්ථික වර්ධනයට හේතු වූයේ සාර්ව ආර්ථික ස්ථාවරත්වය, වැඩිදියුණු කළ වෙළඳ කොන්දේසි සහ ආයෝජන සහ පරිභෝජනය ඉහළ යාමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2006 අප්‍රේල් 12 වන දින අත්සන් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජනපදය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුමක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමෙන් පසු වෙළඳාම තවදුරටත් වැඩි වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html ''United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement''], 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ප්‍රධාන අපනයන වූයේ තඹ, රත්තරන්, සින්ක්, රෙදිපිළි සහ මාළු ආහාර වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන වෙළඳ හවුල්කරුවන් වූයේ එක්සත් ජනපදය, චීනය, බ්‍රසීලය සහ චිලී ය.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

2019 දී, ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයට (INEI) අනුව, අවිධිමත් සේවකයින් ශ්‍රම වෙළඳපොළෙන් 70% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 2016 දී, මිලියන තුනක් පමණ ළමුන් සහ නව යොවුන් වියේ පසුවන්නන් අවිධිමත් අංශයේ සේවය කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|thumb|යනාකොචා පතල]]
The country is heavily dependent on [[:en:Mining|mining]] for the export of raw materials, which represented 61.3% of exports in 2023. In 2019, the country was the world's second largest producer of [[:en:Copper|copper]] and [[:en:Zinc|zinc]], eighth largest producer of [[:en:Gold|gold]], third largest producer of [[:en:Lead|lead]], the fourth largest producer of [[:en:Tin|tin]], the fifth largest producer of [[:en:Boron|boron]], and the fourth largest producer of [[:en:Molybdenum|molybdenum]] – not to mention gas and of oil. In 2023, it was the third largest producer of silver globally. The country has an expectant competitive position in global mining, maintaining mining leadership in Latin America and a solid mining history and trajectory little industrialized; Peru suffers from the international variation of commodity prices.

The Yanacocha mine in [[:en:Cajamarca|Cajamarca]] is the main source of gold extraction in Peru. It is considered the largest gold mine in South America and the second largest in the world. In 2005, {{convert|3,333,088|oz|g}} of gold were produced. An indicator of mining growth can be seen in mining exports, having grown from US$1,447 million in 1990 to US$39,639 million in 2023.

රට අමුද්‍රව්‍ය අපනයනය සඳහා පතල් කැණීම මත දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතින අතර, එය 2023 දී අපනයනයෙන් 61.3% ක් නියෝජනය කළේය. 2019 දී, රට ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම තඹ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Copper |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; සහ සින්ක් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Zinc |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; අටවන විශාලතම රන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Gold |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන විශාලතම ඊයම් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Lead |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; හතරවන විශාලතම ටින් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Tin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පස්වන විශාලතම බෝරෝන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf USGS Boron Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|date=18 July 2021}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හතරවන විශාලතම මොලිබ්ඩිනම් නිෂ්පාදකයා&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; - ගෑස් සහ තෙල් ගැන සඳහන් නොකරමු. 2023 දී එය ගෝලීය වශයෙන් රිදී නිෂ්පාදනයේ තුන්වන විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයා විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පතල් කැණීමේ නායකත්වය සහ ශක්තිමත් පතල් කැණීමේ ඉතිහාසයක් සහ ගමන් පථයක් පවත්වා ගනිමින්, ගෝලීය පතල් කැණීමේදී රට අපේක්ෂිත තරඟකාරී ස්ථානයක් ඇත. කුඩා කාර්මිකකරණය; පේරු භාණ්ඩ මිලෙහි ජාත්‍යන්තර විචලනයෙන් පීඩා විඳිති.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=diplomatique.org.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි රන් නිස්සාරණයේ ප්‍රධාන මූලාශ්‍රය වන්නේ කජමාර්කා හි යනාකොචා පතලයි. එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් සැලකේ. 2005 දී රන් අවුන්ස 3,333,088 (ග්‍රෑම් 94,491,500)ක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් වර්ධනයේ දර්ශකයක් දැකිය හැකි අතර එය 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 1990 |title=II. SECTOR EXTERNO |url=https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813231927/https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=bcrp.gob.pe |page=32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 1,447 සිට 2023 දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 39,639 දක්වා වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|thumb|ක්විනෝවා]]
පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම ක්විනෝවා සහ මැකා නිෂ්පාදකයින් වන අතර, අලිගැට පේර, බ්ලූබෙරි, ආර්ටිකෝක් සහ ඇස්පරගස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 5 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, කෝපි සහ කොකෝවා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 10 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, සහ අර්තාපල් සහ අන්නාසි ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 15 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, මිදි, උක්, සහල්, කෙසෙල්, බඩ ඉරිඟු සහ මඤ්ඤොක්කා සැලකිය යුතු නිෂ්පාදනයක් ද ඇත; එහි කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස විවිධාංගීකරණය වී ඇත. පශු සම්පත් සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම කුකුළු මස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 20 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Peru, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආහාර හා කෘෂිකර්ම සංවිධානයේ (FAO) වාර්තාවකට අනුව, පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් අඩක් මධ්‍යස්ථ ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත (මිලියන 16.6 ක ජනතාවක්) වන අතර, 20% කට වඩා (මිලියන 6.8 ක ජනතාවක්) දැඩි ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත තත්වයක සිටිති: ඔවුන් මුළු දවසම හෝ දින කිහිපයක් ආහාර නොමැතිව සිටිති.

The director of FAO Peru stresses that &quot;this is the great paradox of a country that has enough food for its population. Peru is a net producer of food and one of the major agro-exporting powers in the region. Food insecurity is due to high [[:en:Social_inequality|social inequality]] and low wages, with Peru's minimum wage being one of the lowest in South America and a large informal sector. According to the FAO, the small farmers themselves suffer from hunger. Poorly paid, they also suffer from the impacts of [[:en:Climate_change|climate change]] and face the problem of [[:en:Drug_Trafficking|drug trafficking]] on their land and mining activity that exhausts the soil.&quot;

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
[[File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|වම|thumb|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේම භූමිය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා]]
Tourism constitutes the third largest industry in Peru, behind fishing and mining. Tourism is mainly directed towards archaeological monuments, as it has more than one hundred thousand archaeological sites. According to a study by the Peruvian government, the satisfaction rate of tourists after visiting Peru is 94%. Peru has become one of the largest tourist destinations in the Americas and is the fastest growing industry in the country, growing annually at a rate of 25% over the last five years, the highest growth rate of any other country in South America.

Tourism has an impact of 7% of Peru's GDP, it is regulated and stimulated by the Commission for the Promotion of Peru for Exports and Tourism under the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism. For this reason, in 2011 Marca Perú was created, which is an initiative of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism in association with Peruvian companies and startups to promote the purchase and consumption of products created in the country. The pillars of this initiative are: exports, tourism and investments. Tourism employs 11% of the country's economically active population (484 000 direct jobs and 340,000 indirect jobs), most of them in hospitality and transportation. Peru is known to be perfect for cultural, eco, adventure, gastronomic, beach, and luxury travel.
[[File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්]]
The places most visited by tourists are the cities of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] and its historic center, [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], which is characterized by its [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca]] and colonial architecture but its main attractions are the [[:en:Sacred_Valley|Sacred Valley of the Incas]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. Other famous places in Cusco include [[:en:Qorikancha|Qorikancha]], [[:en:Ollantaytambo|Ollantaytambo]], [[:en:Písac|Písac]] and many more. [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] is also a large tourist destination, for the historic center, also for the [[:en:Colca_Canyon|Colca Canyon]] and finally [[:en:Puno|Puno]] through [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. The main tourist circuit of the country is the southern circuit, which includes cities such as; [[:en:Ica,_Peru|Ica]], [[:en:Nazca|Nazca]], [[:en:Pisco|Pisco]], Paracas, [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], [[:en:Puerto_Maldonado|Puerto Maldonado]] and others with architectural, cultural and natural attractions. The second most important route is the [[:en:Callejón_de_Huaylas|Callejón de Huaylas]], in the department of Áncash, headquarters of adventure tourism and the main point of reference for New Andean gastronomy. Peru has 14 [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Sites]] and 11 national parks.

Peru has many other tourist routes. Among these are those of the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro River valley]] with the city of [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]] as one of its axis, and the [[:en:Tarma|Tarma]] Valley as another axis, which in turn is the entrance to the central jungle and the northern city of [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]] where [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] is located, the largest adobe citadel in the world,  the traditional spa of [[:en:Huanchaco|Huanchaco]] and the Huacas del Sol and de la Luna belonging to the [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimú culture]]. [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]] and the rainforest city [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]] are also very popular destinations. According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, the visit of foreign tourists increased by 7% during 2015 and would have generated US$3.5 billion in foreign currency for the country.

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
The [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. According to the 2019 list, Peru has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($28.7 billion).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) &amp;#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011 and 2016 Peru was the world's largest supplier of [[:en:Fishmeal|fishmeal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=GZH}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also the world's leading producer of alpaca wool, and the most important exporter of cotton textile garments in Latin America, and due to its natural wealth, it is an excellent place for the development of the polymer industry worldwide. The country is in a stage of economic growth and it is expected, in light of the agreements and treaties signed in free trade areas, to become one of the most attractive South American nations for developing business.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>qodgkdj0jbedddzm7myeyz59oxzpdjx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754293</id>
      <parentid>754292</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:33:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754293</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28918" sha1="b2ffn780aa5pn9h8mig3xapkfr9ybuk" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|පේරු හි මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන ලීමා හි සැන් ඉසිඩ්‍රෝ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
පේරුහි ආර්ථිකය ලෝකයේ 48 වන විශාලතම රටයි (PPP) විසින් ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; සහ ආදායම් මට්ටම ලෝක බැංකුව විසින් ඉහළ මධ්‍යම ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, [http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru ''Data by country: Peru''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru|date=8 November 2016}}. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 ගණන්වල අත්විඳින ලද ආර්ථික උත්පාතය හේතුවෙන් පේරු, 2011 වන විට, ලෝකයේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන ආර්ථිකයන්ගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;BBC (31 July 2012), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm ''Peru country profile''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm|date=5 November 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; එය 0.76 ක සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් (HDI) ඇති අතර එය 2024 දක්වා වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා ස්ථාවර දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර එය තවත් ලකුණු 0.007 ක දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Peru |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඓතිහාසිකව, රටේ ආර්ථික කාර්ය සාධනය අපනයන සමඟ බැඳී ඇති අතර, එය ආනයන සහ බාහිර ණය ගෙවීම් සඳහා මූල්‍යකරණය සඳහා දැඩි මුදල් සපයයි.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන් සැලකිය යුතු ආදායමක් ලබා දී ඇතත්, ස්වයං-තිරසාර වර්ධනයක් සහ වඩාත් සමානාත්මතා ආදායම් බෙදා හැරීමක් නොපැහැදිලි බව ඔප්පු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 321.&lt;/ref&gt; 2015 දත්ත වලට අනුව, එහි මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 19.3% ක් දුප්පත් ය, එයට අන්ත දරිද්‍රතාවයෙන් පෙළෙන 9% ක් ද ඇතුළත් ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී උද්ධමනය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම අගය වූයේ 1.8% ක් පමණි, නමුත් තෙල් සහ භාණ්ඩ මිල ඉහළ යාමත් සමඟ 2013 දී වැඩි විය; 2014 වන විට එය 2.5% ක් වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru and the IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 දී 8.6% කි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Juan Carlos Pérez |date=1 March 2023 |title=Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023 |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date= |website=Finanzas Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 3.6% කි.


පතල් කර්මය


කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය

[[File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා කොටස් හුවමාරු ගොඩනැගිල්ල]]
Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over {{clarify span|the past decades.|must specify exactly which decades are meant, since readers don't know when this statement was added to the article|date=July 2019}} The 1968–1975 government of [[:en:Juan_Velasco_Alvarado|Juan Velasco Alvarado]] introduced radical reforms, which included [[:en:Peruvian_Agrarian_Reform|agrarian reform]], the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an [[:en:Economic_interventionism|economic planning system]], and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve their objectives of [[:en:Income_redistribution|income redistribution]] and the end of [[:en:Dependency_theory|economic dependence on developed nations]].

Despite these results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the [[:en:Liberalization|liberalizing]] government of [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] ended [[:en:Price_controls|price controls]], [[:en:Protectionism|protectionism]], restrictions on [[:en:Foreign_direct_investment|foreign direct investment]], and most state ownership of companies.

පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ පේරු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් වී ඇත. 1968-1975 ජුවාන් වෙලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ රජය රැඩිකල් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර, ඒවාට කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ, විදේශීය සමාගම් අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ආර්ථික සැලසුම් ක්‍රමයක් හඳුන්වාදීම සහ විශාල රාජ්‍ය අංශයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම ඇතුළත් විය. ආදායම් නැවත බෙදා හැරීම සහ සංවර්ධිත ජාතීන් මත ආර්ථික යැපීම අවසන් කිරීම යන ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනීමට මෙම පියවර අසමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, pp. 318–319.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම ප්‍රතිඵල තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ 1990 ගණන් වන තෙක් ආපසු හැරවූයේ නැත, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ලිබරල්කරණ රජය මිල පාලනය, ආරක්ෂණවාදය, විදේශ සෘජු ආයෝජන සීමා කිරීම් සහ සමාගම්වල බොහෝ රාජ්‍ය අයිතිය අවසන් කරන තෙක්.

{{As of|2010}} [[:en:Tertiary_sector_of_industry|Services]] account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%). Recent economic growth had been fueled by [[:en:Macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] stability, improved [[:en:Terms_of_trade|terms of trade]], and rising investment and consumption. Trade was expected to increase further after the implementation of a [[:en:United_States-Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|free trade agreement with the United States]] signed on 12 April 2006. Peru's main exports were copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners were the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile.

Informal workers represent, in 2019, 70% of the labour market according to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI). In 2016, almost three million children and adolescents worked in the informal sector.

2010 වන විට සේවා අංශය පේරු දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 53% ක් වන අතර, පසුව නිෂ්පාදන (22.3%), නිස්සාරණ කර්මාන්ත (15%) සහ බදු (9.7%) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; මෑත කාලීන ආර්ථික වර්ධනයට හේතු වූයේ සාර්ව ආර්ථික ස්ථාවරත්වය, වැඩිදියුණු කළ වෙළඳ කොන්දේසි සහ ආයෝජන සහ පරිභෝජනය ඉහළ යාමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2006 අප්‍රේල් 12 වන දින අත්සන් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජනපදය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුමක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමෙන් පසු වෙළඳාම තවදුරටත් වැඩි වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html ''United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement''], 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ප්‍රධාන අපනයන වූයේ තඹ, රත්තරන්, සින්ක්, රෙදිපිළි සහ මාළු ආහාර වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන වෙළඳ හවුල්කරුවන් වූයේ එක්සත් ජනපදය, චීනය, බ්‍රසීලය සහ චිලී ය.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

2019 දී, ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයට (INEI) අනුව, අවිධිමත් සේවකයින් ශ්‍රම වෙළඳපොළෙන් 70% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 2016 දී, මිලියන තුනක් පමණ ළමුන් සහ නව යොවුන් වියේ පසුවන්නන් අවිධිමත් අංශයේ සේවය කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|thumb|යනාකොචා පතල]]
The country is heavily dependent on [[:en:Mining|mining]] for the export of raw materials, which represented 61.3% of exports in 2023. In 2019, the country was the world's second largest producer of [[:en:Copper|copper]] and [[:en:Zinc|zinc]], eighth largest producer of [[:en:Gold|gold]], third largest producer of [[:en:Lead|lead]], the fourth largest producer of [[:en:Tin|tin]], the fifth largest producer of [[:en:Boron|boron]], and the fourth largest producer of [[:en:Molybdenum|molybdenum]] – not to mention gas and of oil. In 2023, it was the third largest producer of silver globally. The country has an expectant competitive position in global mining, maintaining mining leadership in Latin America and a solid mining history and trajectory little industrialized; Peru suffers from the international variation of commodity prices.

The Yanacocha mine in [[:en:Cajamarca|Cajamarca]] is the main source of gold extraction in Peru. It is considered the largest gold mine in South America and the second largest in the world. In 2005, {{convert|3,333,088|oz|g}} of gold were produced. An indicator of mining growth can be seen in mining exports, having grown from US$1,447 million in 1990 to US$39,639 million in 2023.

රට අමුද්‍රව්‍ය අපනයනය සඳහා පතල් කැණීම මත දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතින අතර, එය 2023 දී අපනයනයෙන් 61.3% ක් නියෝජනය කළේය. 2019 දී, රට ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම තඹ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Copper |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; සහ සින්ක් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Zinc |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; අටවන විශාලතම රන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Gold |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන විශාලතම ඊයම් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Lead |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; හතරවන විශාලතම ටින් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Tin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පස්වන විශාලතම බෝරෝන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf USGS Boron Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|date=18 July 2021}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හතරවන විශාලතම මොලිබ්ඩිනම් නිෂ්පාදකයා&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; - ගෑස් සහ තෙල් ගැන සඳහන් නොකරමු. 2023 දී එය ගෝලීය වශයෙන් රිදී නිෂ්පාදනයේ තුන්වන විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයා විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පතල් කැණීමේ නායකත්වය සහ ශක්තිමත් පතල් කැණීමේ ඉතිහාසයක් සහ ගමන් පථයක් පවත්වා ගනිමින්, ගෝලීය පතල් කැණීමේදී රට අපේක්ෂිත තරඟකාරී ස්ථානයක් ඇත. කුඩා කාර්මිකකරණය; පේරු භාණ්ඩ මිලෙහි ජාත්‍යන්තර විචලනයෙන් පීඩා විඳිති.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=diplomatique.org.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි රන් නිස්සාරණයේ ප්‍රධාන මූලාශ්‍රය වන්නේ කජමාර්කා හි යනාකොචා පතලයි. එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් සැලකේ. 2005 දී රන් අවුන්ස 3,333,088 (ග්‍රෑම් 94,491,500)ක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් වර්ධනයේ දර්ශකයක් දැකිය හැකි අතර එය 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 1990 |title=II. SECTOR EXTERNO |url=https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813231927/https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=bcrp.gob.pe |page=32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 1,447 සිට 2023 දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 39,639 දක්වා වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|thumb|ක්විනෝවා]]
පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම ක්විනෝවා සහ මැකා නිෂ්පාදකයින් වන අතර, අලිගැට පේර, බ්ලූබෙරි, ආර්ටිකෝක් සහ ඇස්පරගස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 5 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, කෝපි සහ කොකෝවා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 10 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, සහ අර්තාපල් සහ අන්නාසි ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 15 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, මිදි, උක්, සහල්, කෙසෙල්, බඩ ඉරිඟු සහ මඤ්ඤොක්කා සැලකිය යුතු නිෂ්පාදනයක් ද ඇත; එහි කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස විවිධාංගීකරණය වී ඇත. පශු සම්පත් සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම කුකුළු මස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 20 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Peru, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආහාර හා කෘෂිකර්ම සංවිධානයේ (FAO) වාර්තාවකට අනුව, පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් අඩක් මධ්‍යස්ථ ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත (මිලියන 16.6 ක ජනතාවක්) වන අතර, 20% කට වඩා (මිලියන 6.8 ක ජනතාවක්) දැඩි ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත තත්වයක සිටිති: ඔවුන් මුළු දවසම හෝ දින කිහිපයක් ආහාර නොමැතිව සිටිති.

The director of FAO Peru stresses that &quot;this is the great paradox of a country that has enough food for its population. Peru is a net producer of food and one of the major agro-exporting powers in the region. Food insecurity is due to high [[:en:Social_inequality|social inequality]] and low wages, with Peru's minimum wage being one of the lowest in South America and a large informal sector. According to the FAO, the small farmers themselves suffer from hunger. Poorly paid, they also suffer from the impacts of [[:en:Climate_change|climate change]] and face the problem of [[:en:Drug_Trafficking|drug trafficking]] on their land and mining activity that exhausts the soil.&quot;

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
[[File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|වම|thumb|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේම භූමිය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා]]
Tourism constitutes the third largest industry in Peru, behind fishing and mining. Tourism is mainly directed towards archaeological monuments, as it has more than one hundred thousand archaeological sites. According to a study by the Peruvian government, the satisfaction rate of tourists after visiting Peru is 94%. Peru has become one of the largest tourist destinations in the Americas and is the fastest growing industry in the country, growing annually at a rate of 25% over the last five years, the highest growth rate of any other country in South America.

Tourism has an impact of 7% of Peru's GDP, it is regulated and stimulated by the Commission for the Promotion of Peru for Exports and Tourism under the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism. For this reason, in 2011 Marca Perú was created, which is an initiative of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism in association with Peruvian companies and startups to promote the purchase and consumption of products created in the country. The pillars of this initiative are: exports, tourism and investments. Tourism employs 11% of the country's economically active population (484 000 direct jobs and 340,000 indirect jobs), most of them in hospitality and transportation. Peru is known to be perfect for cultural, eco, adventure, gastronomic, beach, and luxury travel.
[[File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්]]
The places most visited by tourists are the cities of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] and its historic center, [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], which is characterized by its [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca]] and colonial architecture but its main attractions are the [[:en:Sacred_Valley|Sacred Valley of the Incas]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. Other famous places in Cusco include [[:en:Qorikancha|Qorikancha]], [[:en:Ollantaytambo|Ollantaytambo]], [[:en:Písac|Písac]] and many more. [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] is also a large tourist destination, for the historic center, also for the [[:en:Colca_Canyon|Colca Canyon]] and finally [[:en:Puno|Puno]] through [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. The main tourist circuit of the country is the southern circuit, which includes cities such as; [[:en:Ica,_Peru|Ica]], [[:en:Nazca|Nazca]], [[:en:Pisco|Pisco]], Paracas, [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], [[:en:Puerto_Maldonado|Puerto Maldonado]] and others with architectural, cultural and natural attractions. The second most important route is the [[:en:Callejón_de_Huaylas|Callejón de Huaylas]], in the department of Áncash, headquarters of adventure tourism and the main point of reference for New Andean gastronomy. Peru has 14 [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Sites]] and 11 national parks.

Peru has many other tourist routes. Among these are those of the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro River valley]] with the city of [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]] as one of its axis, and the [[:en:Tarma|Tarma]] Valley as another axis, which in turn is the entrance to the central jungle and the northern city of [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]] where [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] is located, the largest adobe citadel in the world,  the traditional spa of [[:en:Huanchaco|Huanchaco]] and the Huacas del Sol and de la Luna belonging to the [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimú culture]]. [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]] and the rainforest city [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]] are also very popular destinations. According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, the visit of foreign tourists increased by 7% during 2015 and would have generated US$3.5 billion in foreign currency for the country.

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
The [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. According to the 2019 list, Peru has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($28.7 billion).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) &amp;#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011 and 2016 Peru was the world's largest supplier of [[:en:Fishmeal|fishmeal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=GZH}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also the world's leading producer of alpaca wool, and the most important exporter of cotton textile garments in Latin America, and due to its natural wealth, it is an excellent place for the development of the polymer industry worldwide. The country is in a stage of economic growth and it is expected, in light of the agreements and treaties signed in free trade areas, to become one of the most attractive South American nations for developing business.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>b2ffn780aa5pn9h8mig3xapkfr9ybuk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754294</id>
      <parentid>754293</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:34:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754294</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27722" sha1="k47z5kags05r1onexep4as5ryeg4n0z" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|පේරු හි මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන ලීමා හි සැන් ඉසිඩ්‍රෝ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
පේරුහි ආර්ථිකය ලෝකයේ 48 වන විශාලතම රටයි (PPP) විසින් ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; සහ ආදායම් මට්ටම ලෝක බැංකුව විසින් ඉහළ මධ්‍යම ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, [http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru ''Data by country: Peru''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru|date=8 November 2016}}. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 ගණන්වල අත්විඳින ලද ආර්ථික උත්පාතය හේතුවෙන් පේරු, 2011 වන විට, ලෝකයේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන ආර්ථිකයන්ගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;BBC (31 July 2012), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm ''Peru country profile''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm|date=5 November 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; එය 0.76 ක සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් (HDI) ඇති අතර එය 2024 දක්වා වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා ස්ථාවර දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර එය තවත් ලකුණු 0.007 ක දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Peru |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඓතිහාසිකව, රටේ ආර්ථික කාර්ය සාධනය අපනයන සමඟ බැඳී ඇති අතර, එය ආනයන සහ බාහිර ණය ගෙවීම් සඳහා මූල්‍යකරණය සඳහා දැඩි මුදල් සපයයි.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන් සැලකිය යුතු ආදායමක් ලබා දී ඇතත්, ස්වයං-තිරසාර වර්ධනයක් සහ වඩාත් සමානාත්මතා ආදායම් බෙදා හැරීමක් නොපැහැදිලි බව ඔප්පු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 321.&lt;/ref&gt; 2015 දත්ත වලට අනුව, එහි මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 19.3% ක් දුප්පත් ය, එයට අන්ත දරිද්‍රතාවයෙන් පෙළෙන 9% ක් ද ඇතුළත් ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී උද්ධමනය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම අගය වූයේ 1.8% ක් පමණි, නමුත් තෙල් සහ භාණ්ඩ මිල ඉහළ යාමත් සමඟ 2013 දී වැඩි විය; 2014 වන විට එය 2.5% ක් වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru and the IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 දී 8.6% කි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Juan Carlos Pérez |date=1 March 2023 |title=Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023 |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date= |website=Finanzas Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 3.6% කි.[[File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා කොටස් හුවමාරු ගොඩනැගිල්ල]]
පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ පේරු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් වී ඇත. 1968-1975 ජුවාන් වෙලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ රජය රැඩිකල් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර, ඒවාට කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ, විදේශීය සමාගම් අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ආර්ථික සැලසුම් ක්‍රමයක් හඳුන්වාදීම සහ විශාල රාජ්‍ය අංශයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම ඇතුළත් විය. ආදායම් නැවත බෙදා හැරීම සහ සංවර්ධිත ජාතීන් මත ආර්ථික යැපීම අවසන් කිරීම යන ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනීමට මෙම පියවර අසමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, pp. 318–319.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම ප්‍රතිඵල තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ 1990 ගණන් වන තෙක් ආපසු හැරවූයේ නැත, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ලිබරල්කරණ රජය මිල පාලනය, ආරක්ෂණවාදය, විදේශ සෘජු ආයෝජන සීමා කිරීම් සහ සමාගම්වල බොහෝ රාජ්‍ය අයිතිය අවසන් කරන තෙක්.

{{As of|2010}} [[:en:Tertiary_sector_of_industry|Services]] account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%). Recent economic growth had been fueled by [[:en:Macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] stability, improved [[:en:Terms_of_trade|terms of trade]], and rising investment and consumption. Trade was expected to increase further after the implementation of a [[:en:United_States-Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|free trade agreement with the United States]] signed on 12 April 2006. Peru's main exports were copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners were the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile.

Informal workers represent, in 2019, 70% of the labour market according to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI). In 2016, almost three million children and adolescents worked in the informal sector.

2010 වන විට සේවා අංශය පේරු දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 53% ක් වන අතර, පසුව නිෂ්පාදන (22.3%), නිස්සාරණ කර්මාන්ත (15%) සහ බදු (9.7%) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; මෑත කාලීන ආර්ථික වර්ධනයට හේතු වූයේ සාර්ව ආර්ථික ස්ථාවරත්වය, වැඩිදියුණු කළ වෙළඳ කොන්දේසි සහ ආයෝජන සහ පරිභෝජනය ඉහළ යාමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2006 අප්‍රේල් 12 වන දින අත්සන් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජනපදය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුමක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමෙන් පසු වෙළඳාම තවදුරටත් වැඩි වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html ''United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement''], 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ප්‍රධාන අපනයන වූයේ තඹ, රත්තරන්, සින්ක්, රෙදිපිළි සහ මාළු ආහාර වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන වෙළඳ හවුල්කරුවන් වූයේ එක්සත් ජනපදය, චීනය, බ්‍රසීලය සහ චිලී ය.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

2019 දී, ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයට (INEI) අනුව, අවිධිමත් සේවකයින් ශ්‍රම වෙළඳපොළෙන් 70% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 2016 දී, මිලියන තුනක් පමණ ළමුන් සහ නව යොවුන් වියේ පසුවන්නන් අවිධිමත් අංශයේ සේවය කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|thumb|යනාකොචා පතල]]
The country is heavily dependent on [[:en:Mining|mining]] for the export of raw materials, which represented 61.3% of exports in 2023. In 2019, the country was the world's second largest producer of [[:en:Copper|copper]] and [[:en:Zinc|zinc]], eighth largest producer of [[:en:Gold|gold]], third largest producer of [[:en:Lead|lead]], the fourth largest producer of [[:en:Tin|tin]], the fifth largest producer of [[:en:Boron|boron]], and the fourth largest producer of [[:en:Molybdenum|molybdenum]] – not to mention gas and of oil. In 2023, it was the third largest producer of silver globally. The country has an expectant competitive position in global mining, maintaining mining leadership in Latin America and a solid mining history and trajectory little industrialized; Peru suffers from the international variation of commodity prices.

The Yanacocha mine in [[:en:Cajamarca|Cajamarca]] is the main source of gold extraction in Peru. It is considered the largest gold mine in South America and the second largest in the world. In 2005, {{convert|3,333,088|oz|g}} of gold were produced. An indicator of mining growth can be seen in mining exports, having grown from US$1,447 million in 1990 to US$39,639 million in 2023.

රට අමුද්‍රව්‍ය අපනයනය සඳහා පතල් කැණීම මත දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතින අතර, එය 2023 දී අපනයනයෙන් 61.3% ක් නියෝජනය කළේය. 2019 දී, රට ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම තඹ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Copper |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; සහ සින්ක් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Zinc |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; අටවන විශාලතම රන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Gold |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන විශාලතම ඊයම් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Lead |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; හතරවන විශාලතම ටින් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Tin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පස්වන විශාලතම බෝරෝන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf USGS Boron Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|date=18 July 2021}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හතරවන විශාලතම මොලිබ්ඩිනම් නිෂ්පාදකයා&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; - ගෑස් සහ තෙල් ගැන සඳහන් නොකරමු. 2023 දී එය ගෝලීය වශයෙන් රිදී නිෂ්පාදනයේ තුන්වන විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයා විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පතල් කැණීමේ නායකත්වය සහ ශක්තිමත් පතල් කැණීමේ ඉතිහාසයක් සහ ගමන් පථයක් පවත්වා ගනිමින්, ගෝලීය පතල් කැණීමේදී රට අපේක්ෂිත තරඟකාරී ස්ථානයක් ඇත. කුඩා කාර්මිකකරණය; පේරු භාණ්ඩ මිලෙහි ජාත්‍යන්තර විචලනයෙන් පීඩා විඳිති.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=diplomatique.org.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි රන් නිස්සාරණයේ ප්‍රධාන මූලාශ්‍රය වන්නේ කජමාර්කා හි යනාකොචා පතලයි. එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් සැලකේ. 2005 දී රන් අවුන්ස 3,333,088 (ග්‍රෑම් 94,491,500)ක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් වර්ධනයේ දර්ශකයක් දැකිය හැකි අතර එය 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 1990 |title=II. SECTOR EXTERNO |url=https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813231927/https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=bcrp.gob.pe |page=32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 1,447 සිට 2023 දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 39,639 දක්වා වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|thumb|ක්විනෝවා]]
පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම ක්විනෝවා සහ මැකා නිෂ්පාදකයින් වන අතර, අලිගැට පේර, බ්ලූබෙරි, ආර්ටිකෝක් සහ ඇස්පරගස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 5 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, කෝපි සහ කොකෝවා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 10 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, සහ අර්තාපල් සහ අන්නාසි ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 15 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, මිදි, උක්, සහල්, කෙසෙල්, බඩ ඉරිඟු සහ මඤ්ඤොක්කා සැලකිය යුතු නිෂ්පාදනයක් ද ඇත; එහි කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස විවිධාංගීකරණය වී ඇත. පශු සම්පත් සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම කුකුළු මස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 20 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Peru, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආහාර හා කෘෂිකර්ම සංවිධානයේ (FAO) වාර්තාවකට අනුව, පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් අඩක් මධ්‍යස්ථ ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත (මිලියන 16.6 ක ජනතාවක්) වන අතර, 20% කට වඩා (මිලියන 6.8 ක ජනතාවක්) දැඩි ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත තත්වයක සිටිති: ඔවුන් මුළු දවසම හෝ දින කිහිපයක් ආහාර නොමැතිව සිටිති.

The director of FAO Peru stresses that &quot;this is the great paradox of a country that has enough food for its population. Peru is a net producer of food and one of the major agro-exporting powers in the region. Food insecurity is due to high [[:en:Social_inequality|social inequality]] and low wages, with Peru's minimum wage being one of the lowest in South America and a large informal sector. According to the FAO, the small farmers themselves suffer from hunger. Poorly paid, they also suffer from the impacts of [[:en:Climate_change|climate change]] and face the problem of [[:en:Drug_Trafficking|drug trafficking]] on their land and mining activity that exhausts the soil.&quot;

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
[[File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|වම|thumb|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේම භූමිය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා]]
Tourism constitutes the third largest industry in Peru, behind fishing and mining. Tourism is mainly directed towards archaeological monuments, as it has more than one hundred thousand archaeological sites. According to a study by the Peruvian government, the satisfaction rate of tourists after visiting Peru is 94%. Peru has become one of the largest tourist destinations in the Americas and is the fastest growing industry in the country, growing annually at a rate of 25% over the last five years, the highest growth rate of any other country in South America.

Tourism has an impact of 7% of Peru's GDP, it is regulated and stimulated by the Commission for the Promotion of Peru for Exports and Tourism under the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism. For this reason, in 2011 Marca Perú was created, which is an initiative of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism in association with Peruvian companies and startups to promote the purchase and consumption of products created in the country. The pillars of this initiative are: exports, tourism and investments. Tourism employs 11% of the country's economically active population (484 000 direct jobs and 340,000 indirect jobs), most of them in hospitality and transportation. Peru is known to be perfect for cultural, eco, adventure, gastronomic, beach, and luxury travel.
[[File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්]]
The places most visited by tourists are the cities of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] and its historic center, [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], which is characterized by its [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca]] and colonial architecture but its main attractions are the [[:en:Sacred_Valley|Sacred Valley of the Incas]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. Other famous places in Cusco include [[:en:Qorikancha|Qorikancha]], [[:en:Ollantaytambo|Ollantaytambo]], [[:en:Písac|Písac]] and many more. [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] is also a large tourist destination, for the historic center, also for the [[:en:Colca_Canyon|Colca Canyon]] and finally [[:en:Puno|Puno]] through [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. The main tourist circuit of the country is the southern circuit, which includes cities such as; [[:en:Ica,_Peru|Ica]], [[:en:Nazca|Nazca]], [[:en:Pisco|Pisco]], Paracas, [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], [[:en:Puerto_Maldonado|Puerto Maldonado]] and others with architectural, cultural and natural attractions. The second most important route is the [[:en:Callejón_de_Huaylas|Callejón de Huaylas]], in the department of Áncash, headquarters of adventure tourism and the main point of reference for New Andean gastronomy. Peru has 14 [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Sites]] and 11 national parks.

Peru has many other tourist routes. Among these are those of the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro River valley]] with the city of [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]] as one of its axis, and the [[:en:Tarma|Tarma]] Valley as another axis, which in turn is the entrance to the central jungle and the northern city of [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]] where [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] is located, the largest adobe citadel in the world,  the traditional spa of [[:en:Huanchaco|Huanchaco]] and the Huacas del Sol and de la Luna belonging to the [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimú culture]]. [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]] and the rainforest city [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]] are also very popular destinations. According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, the visit of foreign tourists increased by 7% during 2015 and would have generated US$3.5 billion in foreign currency for the country.

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
The [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. According to the 2019 list, Peru has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($28.7 billion).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) &amp;#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011 and 2016 Peru was the world's largest supplier of [[:en:Fishmeal|fishmeal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=GZH}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also the world's leading producer of alpaca wool, and the most important exporter of cotton textile garments in Latin America, and due to its natural wealth, it is an excellent place for the development of the polymer industry worldwide. The country is in a stage of economic growth and it is expected, in light of the agreements and treaties signed in free trade areas, to become one of the most attractive South American nations for developing business.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>k47z5kags05r1onexep4as5ryeg4n0z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754295</id>
      <parentid>754294</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:34:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754295</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26791" sha1="nnqct1y2o4iuo0jqgzg6xnt8yz4ccof" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|පේරු හි මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන ලීමා හි සැන් ඉසිඩ්‍රෝ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
පේරුහි ආර්ථිකය ලෝකයේ 48 වන විශාලතම රටයි (PPP) විසින් ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; සහ ආදායම් මට්ටම ලෝක බැංකුව විසින් ඉහළ මධ්‍යම ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, [http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru ''Data by country: Peru''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru|date=8 November 2016}}. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 ගණන්වල අත්විඳින ලද ආර්ථික උත්පාතය හේතුවෙන් පේරු, 2011 වන විට, ලෝකයේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන ආර්ථිකයන්ගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;BBC (31 July 2012), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm ''Peru country profile''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm|date=5 November 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; එය 0.76 ක සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් (HDI) ඇති අතර එය 2024 දක්වා වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා ස්ථාවර දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර එය තවත් ලකුණු 0.007 ක දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Peru |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඓතිහාසිකව, රටේ ආර්ථික කාර්ය සාධනය අපනයන සමඟ බැඳී ඇති අතර, එය ආනයන සහ බාහිර ණය ගෙවීම් සඳහා මූල්‍යකරණය සඳහා දැඩි මුදල් සපයයි.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන් සැලකිය යුතු ආදායමක් ලබා දී ඇතත්, ස්වයං-තිරසාර වර්ධනයක් සහ වඩාත් සමානාත්මතා ආදායම් බෙදා හැරීමක් නොපැහැදිලි බව ඔප්පු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 321.&lt;/ref&gt; 2015 දත්ත වලට අනුව, එහි මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 19.3% ක් දුප්පත් ය, එයට අන්ත දරිද්‍රතාවයෙන් පෙළෙන 9% ක් ද ඇතුළත් ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී උද්ධමනය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම අගය වූයේ 1.8% ක් පමණි, නමුත් තෙල් සහ භාණ්ඩ මිල ඉහළ යාමත් සමඟ 2013 දී වැඩි විය; 2014 වන විට එය 2.5% ක් වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru and the IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 දී 8.6% කි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Juan Carlos Pérez |date=1 March 2023 |title=Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023 |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date= |website=Finanzas Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 3.6% කි.[[File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා කොටස් හුවමාරු ගොඩනැගිල්ල]]
පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ පේරු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් වී ඇත. 1968-1975 ජුවාන් වෙලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ රජය රැඩිකල් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර, ඒවාට කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ, විදේශීය සමාගම් අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ආර්ථික සැලසුම් ක්‍රමයක් හඳුන්වාදීම සහ විශාල රාජ්‍ය අංශයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම ඇතුළත් විය. ආදායම් නැවත බෙදා හැරීම සහ සංවර්ධිත ජාතීන් මත ආර්ථික යැපීම අවසන් කිරීම යන ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනීමට මෙම පියවර අසමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, pp. 318–319.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම ප්‍රතිඵල තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ 1990 ගණන් වන තෙක් ආපසු හැරවූයේ නැත, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ලිබරල්කරණ රජය මිල පාලනය, ආරක්ෂණවාදය, විදේශ සෘජු ආයෝජන සීමා කිරීම් සහ සමාගම්වල බොහෝ රාජ්‍ය අයිතිය අවසන් කරන තෙක්.

2010 වන විට සේවා අංශය පේරු දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 53% ක් වන අතර, පසුව නිෂ්පාදන (22.3%), නිස්සාරණ කර්මාන්ත (15%) සහ බදු (9.7%) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; මෑත කාලීන ආර්ථික වර්ධනයට හේතු වූයේ සාර්ව ආර්ථික ස්ථාවරත්වය, වැඩිදියුණු කළ වෙළඳ කොන්දේසි සහ ආයෝජන සහ පරිභෝජනය ඉහළ යාමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2006 අප්‍රේල් 12 වන දින අත්සන් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජනපදය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුමක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමෙන් පසු වෙළඳාම තවදුරටත් වැඩි වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html ''United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement''], 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ප්‍රධාන අපනයන වූයේ තඹ, රත්තරන්, සින්ක්, රෙදිපිළි සහ මාළු ආහාර වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන වෙළඳ හවුල්කරුවන් වූයේ එක්සත් ජනපදය, චීනය, බ්‍රසීලය සහ චිලී ය.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

2019 දී, ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයට (INEI) අනුව, අවිධිමත් සේවකයින් ශ්‍රම වෙළඳපොළෙන් 70% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 2016 දී, මිලියන තුනක් පමණ ළමුන් සහ නව යොවුන් වියේ පසුවන්නන් අවිධිමත් අංශයේ සේවය කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|thumb|යනාකොචා පතල]]
The country is heavily dependent on [[:en:Mining|mining]] for the export of raw materials, which represented 61.3% of exports in 2023. In 2019, the country was the world's second largest producer of [[:en:Copper|copper]] and [[:en:Zinc|zinc]], eighth largest producer of [[:en:Gold|gold]], third largest producer of [[:en:Lead|lead]], the fourth largest producer of [[:en:Tin|tin]], the fifth largest producer of [[:en:Boron|boron]], and the fourth largest producer of [[:en:Molybdenum|molybdenum]] – not to mention gas and of oil. In 2023, it was the third largest producer of silver globally. The country has an expectant competitive position in global mining, maintaining mining leadership in Latin America and a solid mining history and trajectory little industrialized; Peru suffers from the international variation of commodity prices.

The Yanacocha mine in [[:en:Cajamarca|Cajamarca]] is the main source of gold extraction in Peru. It is considered the largest gold mine in South America and the second largest in the world. In 2005, {{convert|3,333,088|oz|g}} of gold were produced. An indicator of mining growth can be seen in mining exports, having grown from US$1,447 million in 1990 to US$39,639 million in 2023.

රට අමුද්‍රව්‍ය අපනයනය සඳහා පතල් කැණීම මත දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතින අතර, එය 2023 දී අපනයනයෙන් 61.3% ක් නියෝජනය කළේය. 2019 දී, රට ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම තඹ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Copper |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; සහ සින්ක් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Zinc |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; අටවන විශාලතම රන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Gold |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන විශාලතම ඊයම් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Lead |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; හතරවන විශාලතම ටින් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Tin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පස්වන විශාලතම බෝරෝන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf USGS Boron Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|date=18 July 2021}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හතරවන විශාලතම මොලිබ්ඩිනම් නිෂ්පාදකයා&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; - ගෑස් සහ තෙල් ගැන සඳහන් නොකරමු. 2023 දී එය ගෝලීය වශයෙන් රිදී නිෂ්පාදනයේ තුන්වන විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයා විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පතල් කැණීමේ නායකත්වය සහ ශක්තිමත් පතල් කැණීමේ ඉතිහාසයක් සහ ගමන් පථයක් පවත්වා ගනිමින්, ගෝලීය පතල් කැණීමේදී රට අපේක්ෂිත තරඟකාරී ස්ථානයක් ඇත. කුඩා කාර්මිකකරණය; පේරු භාණ්ඩ මිලෙහි ජාත්‍යන්තර විචලනයෙන් පීඩා විඳිති.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=diplomatique.org.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි රන් නිස්සාරණයේ ප්‍රධාන මූලාශ්‍රය වන්නේ කජමාර්කා හි යනාකොචා පතලයි. එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් සැලකේ. 2005 දී රන් අවුන්ස 3,333,088 (ග්‍රෑම් 94,491,500)ක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් වර්ධනයේ දර්ශකයක් දැකිය හැකි අතර එය 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 1990 |title=II. SECTOR EXTERNO |url=https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813231927/https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=bcrp.gob.pe |page=32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 1,447 සිට 2023 දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 39,639 දක්වා වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|thumb|ක්විනෝවා]]
පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම ක්විනෝවා සහ මැකා නිෂ්පාදකයින් වන අතර, අලිගැට පේර, බ්ලූබෙරි, ආර්ටිකෝක් සහ ඇස්පරගස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 5 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, කෝපි සහ කොකෝවා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 10 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, සහ අර්තාපල් සහ අන්නාසි ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 15 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, මිදි, උක්, සහල්, කෙසෙල්, බඩ ඉරිඟු සහ මඤ්ඤොක්කා සැලකිය යුතු නිෂ්පාදනයක් ද ඇත; එහි කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස විවිධාංගීකරණය වී ඇත. පශු සම්පත් සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම කුකුළු මස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 20 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Peru, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආහාර හා කෘෂිකර්ම සංවිධානයේ (FAO) වාර්තාවකට අනුව, පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් අඩක් මධ්‍යස්ථ ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත (මිලියන 16.6 ක ජනතාවක්) වන අතර, 20% කට වඩා (මිලියන 6.8 ක ජනතාවක්) දැඩි ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත තත්වයක සිටිති: ඔවුන් මුළු දවසම හෝ දින කිහිපයක් ආහාර නොමැතිව සිටිති.

The director of FAO Peru stresses that &quot;this is the great paradox of a country that has enough food for its population. Peru is a net producer of food and one of the major agro-exporting powers in the region. Food insecurity is due to high [[:en:Social_inequality|social inequality]] and low wages, with Peru's minimum wage being one of the lowest in South America and a large informal sector. According to the FAO, the small farmers themselves suffer from hunger. Poorly paid, they also suffer from the impacts of [[:en:Climate_change|climate change]] and face the problem of [[:en:Drug_Trafficking|drug trafficking]] on their land and mining activity that exhausts the soil.&quot;

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
[[File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|වම|thumb|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේම භූමිය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා]]
Tourism constitutes the third largest industry in Peru, behind fishing and mining. Tourism is mainly directed towards archaeological monuments, as it has more than one hundred thousand archaeological sites. According to a study by the Peruvian government, the satisfaction rate of tourists after visiting Peru is 94%. Peru has become one of the largest tourist destinations in the Americas and is the fastest growing industry in the country, growing annually at a rate of 25% over the last five years, the highest growth rate of any other country in South America.

Tourism has an impact of 7% of Peru's GDP, it is regulated and stimulated by the Commission for the Promotion of Peru for Exports and Tourism under the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism. For this reason, in 2011 Marca Perú was created, which is an initiative of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism in association with Peruvian companies and startups to promote the purchase and consumption of products created in the country. The pillars of this initiative are: exports, tourism and investments. Tourism employs 11% of the country's economically active population (484 000 direct jobs and 340,000 indirect jobs), most of them in hospitality and transportation. Peru is known to be perfect for cultural, eco, adventure, gastronomic, beach, and luxury travel.
[[File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්]]
The places most visited by tourists are the cities of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] and its historic center, [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], which is characterized by its [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca]] and colonial architecture but its main attractions are the [[:en:Sacred_Valley|Sacred Valley of the Incas]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. Other famous places in Cusco include [[:en:Qorikancha|Qorikancha]], [[:en:Ollantaytambo|Ollantaytambo]], [[:en:Písac|Písac]] and many more. [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] is also a large tourist destination, for the historic center, also for the [[:en:Colca_Canyon|Colca Canyon]] and finally [[:en:Puno|Puno]] through [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. The main tourist circuit of the country is the southern circuit, which includes cities such as; [[:en:Ica,_Peru|Ica]], [[:en:Nazca|Nazca]], [[:en:Pisco|Pisco]], Paracas, [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], [[:en:Puerto_Maldonado|Puerto Maldonado]] and others with architectural, cultural and natural attractions. The second most important route is the [[:en:Callejón_de_Huaylas|Callejón de Huaylas]], in the department of Áncash, headquarters of adventure tourism and the main point of reference for New Andean gastronomy. Peru has 14 [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Sites]] and 11 national parks.

Peru has many other tourist routes. Among these are those of the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro River valley]] with the city of [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]] as one of its axis, and the [[:en:Tarma|Tarma]] Valley as another axis, which in turn is the entrance to the central jungle and the northern city of [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]] where [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] is located, the largest adobe citadel in the world,  the traditional spa of [[:en:Huanchaco|Huanchaco]] and the Huacas del Sol and de la Luna belonging to the [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimú culture]]. [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]] and the rainforest city [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]] are also very popular destinations. According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, the visit of foreign tourists increased by 7% during 2015 and would have generated US$3.5 billion in foreign currency for the country.

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
The [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. According to the 2019 list, Peru has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($28.7 billion).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) &amp;#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011 and 2016 Peru was the world's largest supplier of [[:en:Fishmeal|fishmeal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=GZH}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also the world's leading producer of alpaca wool, and the most important exporter of cotton textile garments in Latin America, and due to its natural wealth, it is an excellent place for the development of the polymer industry worldwide. The country is in a stage of economic growth and it is expected, in light of the agreements and treaties signed in free trade areas, to become one of the most attractive South American nations for developing business.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>nnqct1y2o4iuo0jqgzg6xnt8yz4ccof</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754296</id>
      <parentid>754295</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:34:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* පතල් කර්මාන්තය */</comment>
      <origin>754296</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25562" sha1="119ow8mmum1c2xhyl7dwjx6bgmyz6od" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|පේරු හි මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන ලීමා හි සැන් ඉසිඩ්‍රෝ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
පේරුහි ආර්ථිකය ලෝකයේ 48 වන විශාලතම රටයි (PPP) විසින් ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; සහ ආදායම් මට්ටම ලෝක බැංකුව විසින් ඉහළ මධ්‍යම ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, [http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru ''Data by country: Peru''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru|date=8 November 2016}}. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 ගණන්වල අත්විඳින ලද ආර්ථික උත්පාතය හේතුවෙන් පේරු, 2011 වන විට, ලෝකයේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන ආර්ථිකයන්ගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;BBC (31 July 2012), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm ''Peru country profile''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm|date=5 November 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; එය 0.76 ක සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් (HDI) ඇති අතර එය 2024 දක්වා වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා ස්ථාවර දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර එය තවත් ලකුණු 0.007 ක දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Peru |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඓතිහාසිකව, රටේ ආර්ථික කාර්ය සාධනය අපනයන සමඟ බැඳී ඇති අතර, එය ආනයන සහ බාහිර ණය ගෙවීම් සඳහා මූල්‍යකරණය සඳහා දැඩි මුදල් සපයයි.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන් සැලකිය යුතු ආදායමක් ලබා දී ඇතත්, ස්වයං-තිරසාර වර්ධනයක් සහ වඩාත් සමානාත්මතා ආදායම් බෙදා හැරීමක් නොපැහැදිලි බව ඔප්පු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 321.&lt;/ref&gt; 2015 දත්ත වලට අනුව, එහි මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 19.3% ක් දුප්පත් ය, එයට අන්ත දරිද්‍රතාවයෙන් පෙළෙන 9% ක් ද ඇතුළත් ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී උද්ධමනය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම අගය වූයේ 1.8% ක් පමණි, නමුත් තෙල් සහ භාණ්ඩ මිල ඉහළ යාමත් සමඟ 2013 දී වැඩි විය; 2014 වන විට එය 2.5% ක් වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru and the IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 දී 8.6% කි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Juan Carlos Pérez |date=1 March 2023 |title=Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023 |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date= |website=Finanzas Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 3.6% කි.[[File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා කොටස් හුවමාරු ගොඩනැගිල්ල]]
පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ පේරු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් වී ඇත. 1968-1975 ජුවාන් වෙලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ රජය රැඩිකල් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර, ඒවාට කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ, විදේශීය සමාගම් අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ආර්ථික සැලසුම් ක්‍රමයක් හඳුන්වාදීම සහ විශාල රාජ්‍ය අංශයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම ඇතුළත් විය. ආදායම් නැවත බෙදා හැරීම සහ සංවර්ධිත ජාතීන් මත ආර්ථික යැපීම අවසන් කිරීම යන ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනීමට මෙම පියවර අසමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, pp. 318–319.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම ප්‍රතිඵල තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ 1990 ගණන් වන තෙක් ආපසු හැරවූයේ නැත, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ලිබරල්කරණ රජය මිල පාලනය, ආරක්ෂණවාදය, විදේශ සෘජු ආයෝජන සීමා කිරීම් සහ සමාගම්වල බොහෝ රාජ්‍ය අයිතිය අවසන් කරන තෙක්.

2010 වන විට සේවා අංශය පේරු දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 53% ක් වන අතර, පසුව නිෂ්පාදන (22.3%), නිස්සාරණ කර්මාන්ත (15%) සහ බදු (9.7%) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; මෑත කාලීන ආර්ථික වර්ධනයට හේතු වූයේ සාර්ව ආර්ථික ස්ථාවරත්වය, වැඩිදියුණු කළ වෙළඳ කොන්දේසි සහ ආයෝජන සහ පරිභෝජනය ඉහළ යාමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2006 අප්‍රේල් 12 වන දින අත්සන් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජනපදය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුමක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමෙන් පසු වෙළඳාම තවදුරටත් වැඩි වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html ''United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement''], 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ප්‍රධාන අපනයන වූයේ තඹ, රත්තරන්, සින්ක්, රෙදිපිළි සහ මාළු ආහාර වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන වෙළඳ හවුල්කරුවන් වූයේ එක්සත් ජනපදය, චීනය, බ්‍රසීලය සහ චිලී ය.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

2019 දී, ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයට (INEI) අනුව, අවිධිමත් සේවකයින් ශ්‍රම වෙළඳපොළෙන් 70% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 2016 දී, මිලියන තුනක් පමණ ළමුන් සහ නව යොවුන් වියේ පසුවන්නන් අවිධිමත් අංශයේ සේවය කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|thumb|යනාකොචා පතල]]
රට අමුද්‍රව්‍ය අපනයනය සඳහා පතල් කැණීම මත දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතින අතර, එය 2023 දී අපනයනයෙන් 61.3% ක් නියෝජනය කළේය. 2019 දී, රට ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම තඹ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Copper |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; සහ සින්ක් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Zinc |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; අටවන විශාලතම රන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Gold |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන විශාලතම ඊයම් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Lead |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; හතරවන විශාලතම ටින් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Tin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පස්වන විශාලතම බෝරෝන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf USGS Boron Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|date=18 July 2021}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හතරවන විශාලතම මොලිබ්ඩිනම් නිෂ්පාදකයා&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; - ගෑස් සහ තෙල් ගැන සඳහන් නොකරමු. 2023 දී එය ගෝලීය වශයෙන් රිදී නිෂ්පාදනයේ තුන්වන විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයා විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පතල් කැණීමේ නායකත්වය සහ ශක්තිමත් පතල් කැණීමේ ඉතිහාසයක් සහ ගමන් පථයක් පවත්වා ගනිමින්, ගෝලීය පතල් කැණීමේදී රට අපේක්ෂිත තරඟකාරී ස්ථානයක් ඇත. කුඩා කාර්මිකකරණය; පේරු භාණ්ඩ මිලෙහි ජාත්‍යන්තර විචලනයෙන් පීඩා විඳිති.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=diplomatique.org.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි රන් නිස්සාරණයේ ප්‍රධාන මූලාශ්‍රය වන්නේ කජමාර්කා හි යනාකොචා පතලයි. එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් සැලකේ. 2005 දී රන් අවුන්ස 3,333,088 (ග්‍රෑම් 94,491,500)ක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් වර්ධනයේ දර්ශකයක් දැකිය හැකි අතර එය 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 1990 |title=II. SECTOR EXTERNO |url=https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813231927/https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=bcrp.gob.pe |page=32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 1,447 සිට 2023 දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 39,639 දක්වා වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|thumb|ක්විනෝවා]]
පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම ක්විනෝවා සහ මැකා නිෂ්පාදකයින් වන අතර, අලිගැට පේර, බ්ලූබෙරි, ආර්ටිකෝක් සහ ඇස්පරගස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 5 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, කෝපි සහ කොකෝවා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 10 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, සහ අර්තාපල් සහ අන්නාසි ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 15 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, මිදි, උක්, සහල්, කෙසෙල්, බඩ ඉරිඟු සහ මඤ්ඤොක්කා සැලකිය යුතු නිෂ්පාදනයක් ද ඇත; එහි කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස විවිධාංගීකරණය වී ඇත. පශු සම්පත් සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම කුකුළු මස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 20 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Peru, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආහාර හා කෘෂිකර්ම සංවිධානයේ (FAO) වාර්තාවකට අනුව, පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් අඩක් මධ්‍යස්ථ ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත (මිලියන 16.6 ක ජනතාවක්) වන අතර, 20% කට වඩා (මිලියන 6.8 ක ජනතාවක්) දැඩි ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත තත්වයක සිටිති: ඔවුන් මුළු දවසම හෝ දින කිහිපයක් ආහාර නොමැතිව සිටිති.

The director of FAO Peru stresses that &quot;this is the great paradox of a country that has enough food for its population. Peru is a net producer of food and one of the major agro-exporting powers in the region. Food insecurity is due to high [[:en:Social_inequality|social inequality]] and low wages, with Peru's minimum wage being one of the lowest in South America and a large informal sector. According to the FAO, the small farmers themselves suffer from hunger. Poorly paid, they also suffer from the impacts of [[:en:Climate_change|climate change]] and face the problem of [[:en:Drug_Trafficking|drug trafficking]] on their land and mining activity that exhausts the soil.&quot;

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
[[File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|වම|thumb|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේම භූමිය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා]]
Tourism constitutes the third largest industry in Peru, behind fishing and mining. Tourism is mainly directed towards archaeological monuments, as it has more than one hundred thousand archaeological sites. According to a study by the Peruvian government, the satisfaction rate of tourists after visiting Peru is 94%. Peru has become one of the largest tourist destinations in the Americas and is the fastest growing industry in the country, growing annually at a rate of 25% over the last five years, the highest growth rate of any other country in South America.

Tourism has an impact of 7% of Peru's GDP, it is regulated and stimulated by the Commission for the Promotion of Peru for Exports and Tourism under the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism. For this reason, in 2011 Marca Perú was created, which is an initiative of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism in association with Peruvian companies and startups to promote the purchase and consumption of products created in the country. The pillars of this initiative are: exports, tourism and investments. Tourism employs 11% of the country's economically active population (484 000 direct jobs and 340,000 indirect jobs), most of them in hospitality and transportation. Peru is known to be perfect for cultural, eco, adventure, gastronomic, beach, and luxury travel.
[[File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්]]
The places most visited by tourists are the cities of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] and its historic center, [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], which is characterized by its [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca]] and colonial architecture but its main attractions are the [[:en:Sacred_Valley|Sacred Valley of the Incas]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. Other famous places in Cusco include [[:en:Qorikancha|Qorikancha]], [[:en:Ollantaytambo|Ollantaytambo]], [[:en:Písac|Písac]] and many more. [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] is also a large tourist destination, for the historic center, also for the [[:en:Colca_Canyon|Colca Canyon]] and finally [[:en:Puno|Puno]] through [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. The main tourist circuit of the country is the southern circuit, which includes cities such as; [[:en:Ica,_Peru|Ica]], [[:en:Nazca|Nazca]], [[:en:Pisco|Pisco]], Paracas, [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], [[:en:Puerto_Maldonado|Puerto Maldonado]] and others with architectural, cultural and natural attractions. The second most important route is the [[:en:Callejón_de_Huaylas|Callejón de Huaylas]], in the department of Áncash, headquarters of adventure tourism and the main point of reference for New Andean gastronomy. Peru has 14 [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Sites]] and 11 national parks.

Peru has many other tourist routes. Among these are those of the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro River valley]] with the city of [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]] as one of its axis, and the [[:en:Tarma|Tarma]] Valley as another axis, which in turn is the entrance to the central jungle and the northern city of [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]] where [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] is located, the largest adobe citadel in the world,  the traditional spa of [[:en:Huanchaco|Huanchaco]] and the Huacas del Sol and de la Luna belonging to the [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimú culture]]. [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]] and the rainforest city [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]] are also very popular destinations. According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, the visit of foreign tourists increased by 7% during 2015 and would have generated US$3.5 billion in foreign currency for the country.

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
The [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. According to the 2019 list, Peru has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($28.7 billion).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) &amp;#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011 and 2016 Peru was the world's largest supplier of [[:en:Fishmeal|fishmeal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=GZH}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also the world's leading producer of alpaca wool, and the most important exporter of cotton textile garments in Latin America, and due to its natural wealth, it is an excellent place for the development of the polymer industry worldwide. The country is in a stage of economic growth and it is expected, in light of the agreements and treaties signed in free trade areas, to become one of the most attractive South American nations for developing business.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>119ow8mmum1c2xhyl7dwjx6bgmyz6od</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754297</id>
      <parentid>754296</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:36:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය */</comment>
      <origin>754297</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34845" sha1="4p7e6iripddmq9r3ykjgcboephsv1t1" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|පේරු හි මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන ලීමා හි සැන් ඉසිඩ්‍රෝ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
පේරුහි ආර්ථිකය ලෝකයේ 48 වන විශාලතම රටයි (PPP) විසින් ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; සහ ආදායම් මට්ටම ලෝක බැංකුව විසින් ඉහළ මධ්‍යම ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, [http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru ''Data by country: Peru''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru|date=8 November 2016}}. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 ගණන්වල අත්විඳින ලද ආර්ථික උත්පාතය හේතුවෙන් පේරු, 2011 වන විට, ලෝකයේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන ආර්ථිකයන්ගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;BBC (31 July 2012), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm ''Peru country profile''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm|date=5 November 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; එය 0.76 ක සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් (HDI) ඇති අතර එය 2024 දක්වා වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා ස්ථාවර දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර එය තවත් ලකුණු 0.007 ක දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Peru |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඓතිහාසිකව, රටේ ආර්ථික කාර්ය සාධනය අපනයන සමඟ බැඳී ඇති අතර, එය ආනයන සහ බාහිර ණය ගෙවීම් සඳහා මූල්‍යකරණය සඳහා දැඩි මුදල් සපයයි.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන් සැලකිය යුතු ආදායමක් ලබා දී ඇතත්, ස්වයං-තිරසාර වර්ධනයක් සහ වඩාත් සමානාත්මතා ආදායම් බෙදා හැරීමක් නොපැහැදිලි බව ඔප්පු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 321.&lt;/ref&gt; 2015 දත්ත වලට අනුව, එහි මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 19.3% ක් දුප්පත් ය, එයට අන්ත දරිද්‍රතාවයෙන් පෙළෙන 9% ක් ද ඇතුළත් ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී උද්ධමනය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම අගය වූයේ 1.8% ක් පමණි, නමුත් තෙල් සහ භාණ්ඩ මිල ඉහළ යාමත් සමඟ 2013 දී වැඩි විය; 2014 වන විට එය 2.5% ක් වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru and the IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 දී 8.6% කි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Juan Carlos Pérez |date=1 March 2023 |title=Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023 |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date= |website=Finanzas Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 3.6% කි.[[File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා කොටස් හුවමාරු ගොඩනැගිල්ල]]
පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ පේරු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් වී ඇත. 1968-1975 ජුවාන් වෙලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ රජය රැඩිකල් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර, ඒවාට කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ, විදේශීය සමාගම් අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ආර්ථික සැලසුම් ක්‍රමයක් හඳුන්වාදීම සහ විශාල රාජ්‍ය අංශයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම ඇතුළත් විය. ආදායම් නැවත බෙදා හැරීම සහ සංවර්ධිත ජාතීන් මත ආර්ථික යැපීම අවසන් කිරීම යන ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනීමට මෙම පියවර අසමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, pp. 318–319.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම ප්‍රතිඵල තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ 1990 ගණන් වන තෙක් ආපසු හැරවූයේ නැත, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ලිබරල්කරණ රජය මිල පාලනය, ආරක්ෂණවාදය, විදේශ සෘජු ආයෝජන සීමා කිරීම් සහ සමාගම්වල බොහෝ රාජ්‍ය අයිතිය අවසන් කරන තෙක්.

2010 වන විට සේවා අංශය පේරු දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 53% ක් වන අතර, පසුව නිෂ්පාදන (22.3%), නිස්සාරණ කර්මාන්ත (15%) සහ බදු (9.7%) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; මෑත කාලීන ආර්ථික වර්ධනයට හේතු වූයේ සාර්ව ආර්ථික ස්ථාවරත්වය, වැඩිදියුණු කළ වෙළඳ කොන්දේසි සහ ආයෝජන සහ පරිභෝජනය ඉහළ යාමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2006 අප්‍රේල් 12 වන දින අත්සන් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජනපදය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුමක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමෙන් පසු වෙළඳාම තවදුරටත් වැඩි වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html ''United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement''], 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ප්‍රධාන අපනයන වූයේ තඹ, රත්තරන්, සින්ක්, රෙදිපිළි සහ මාළු ආහාර වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන වෙළඳ හවුල්කරුවන් වූයේ එක්සත් ජනපදය, චීනය, බ්‍රසීලය සහ චිලී ය.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

2019 දී, ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයට (INEI) අනුව, අවිධිමත් සේවකයින් ශ්‍රම වෙළඳපොළෙන් 70% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 2016 දී, මිලියන තුනක් පමණ ළමුන් සහ නව යොවුන් වියේ පසුවන්නන් අවිධිමත් අංශයේ සේවය කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|thumb|යනාකොචා පතල]]
රට අමුද්‍රව්‍ය අපනයනය සඳහා පතල් කැණීම මත දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතින අතර, එය 2023 දී අපනයනයෙන් 61.3% ක් නියෝජනය කළේය. 2019 දී, රට ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම තඹ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Copper |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; සහ සින්ක් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Zinc |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; අටවන විශාලතම රන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Gold |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන විශාලතම ඊයම් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Lead |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; හතරවන විශාලතම ටින් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Tin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පස්වන විශාලතම බෝරෝන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf USGS Boron Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|date=18 July 2021}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හතරවන විශාලතම මොලිබ්ඩිනම් නිෂ්පාදකයා&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; - ගෑස් සහ තෙල් ගැන සඳහන් නොකරමු. 2023 දී එය ගෝලීය වශයෙන් රිදී නිෂ්පාදනයේ තුන්වන විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයා විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පතල් කැණීමේ නායකත්වය සහ ශක්තිමත් පතල් කැණීමේ ඉතිහාසයක් සහ ගමන් පථයක් පවත්වා ගනිමින්, ගෝලීය පතල් කැණීමේදී රට අපේක්ෂිත තරඟකාරී ස්ථානයක් ඇත. කුඩා කාර්මිකකරණය; පේරු භාණ්ඩ මිලෙහි ජාත්‍යන්තර විචලනයෙන් පීඩා විඳිති.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=diplomatique.org.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි රන් නිස්සාරණයේ ප්‍රධාන මූලාශ්‍රය වන්නේ කජමාර්කා හි යනාකොචා පතලයි. එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් සැලකේ. 2005 දී රන් අවුන්ස 3,333,088 (ග්‍රෑම් 94,491,500)ක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් වර්ධනයේ දර්ශකයක් දැකිය හැකි අතර එය 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 1990 |title=II. SECTOR EXTERNO |url=https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813231927/https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=bcrp.gob.pe |page=32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 1,447 සිට 2023 දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 39,639 දක්වා වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|thumb|ක්විනෝවා]]
පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම ක්විනෝවා සහ මැකා නිෂ්පාදකයින් වන අතර, අලිගැට පේර, බ්ලූබෙරි, ආර්ටිකෝක් සහ ඇස්පරගස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 5 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, කෝපි සහ කොකෝවා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 10 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, සහ අර්තාපල් සහ අන්නාසි ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 15 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, මිදි, උක්, සහල්, කෙසෙල්, බඩ ඉරිඟු සහ මඤ්ඤොක්කා සැලකිය යුතු නිෂ්පාදනයක් ද ඇත; එහි කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස විවිධාංගීකරණය වී ඇත. පශු සම්පත් සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම කුකුළු මස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 20 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Peru, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආහාර හා කෘෂිකර්ම සංවිධානයේ (FAO) වාර්තාවකට අනුව, පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් අඩක් මධ්‍යස්ථ ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත (මිලියන 16.6 ක ජනතාවක්) වන අතර, 20% කට වඩා (මිලියන 6.8 ක ජනතාවක්) දැඩි ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත තත්වයක සිටිති: ඔවුන් මුළු දවසම හෝ දින කිහිපයක් ආහාර නොමැතිව සිටිති.

The director of FAO Peru stresses that &quot;this is the great paradox of a country that has enough food for its population. Peru is a net producer of food and one of the major agro-exporting powers in the region. Food insecurity is due to high [[:en:Social_inequality|social inequality]] and low wages, with Peru's minimum wage being one of the lowest in South America and a large informal sector. According to the FAO, the small farmers themselves suffer from hunger. Poorly paid, they also suffer from the impacts of [[:en:Climate_change|climate change]] and face the problem of [[:en:Drug_Trafficking|drug trafficking]] on their land and mining activity that exhausts the soil.&quot;

FAO පේරු හි අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා අවධාරණය කරන්නේ &quot;ජනගහනයට ප්‍රමාණවත් ආහාර ඇති රටක ඇති මහා විරුද්ධාභාසය මෙයයි. පේරු යනු ශුද්ධ ආහාර නිෂ්පාදකයෙකු වන අතර කලාපයේ ප්‍රධාන කෘෂි අපනයන බලවතුන්ගෙන් එකකි. ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත භාවයට හේතුව ඉහළ සමාජ අසමානතාවය සහ අඩු වැටුප් වන අතර, පේරු හි අවම වැටුප දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම එකක් වන අතර විශාල අවිධිමත් අංශයකි. FAO ට අනුව, කුඩා ගොවීන් කුසගින්නෙන් පෙළෙනවා. දුර්වල වැටුප් ලබන ඔවුන් දේශගුණික විපර්යාසවල බලපෑම්වලින් ද පීඩා විඳින අතර ඔවුන්ගේ භූමියේ මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය ජාවාරම සහ පස වෙහෙසට පත් කරන පතල් ක්‍රියාකාරකම්වල ගැටලුවට මුහුණ දෙයි.&quot;

සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය

දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේත්‍රය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා


කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්


කර්මාන්තය

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
[[File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|වම|thumb|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේම භූමිය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා]]
මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ පතල් කැණීම පිටුපස පේරු හි තුන්වන විශාලතම කර්මාන්තය සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය වේ. සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක ස්මාරක කෙරෙහි යොමු වී ඇති අතර, එහි පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක ස්ථාන ලක්ෂයකට වඩා ඇත. පේරු රජය විසින් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකට අනුව, පේරු වෙත පැමිණීමෙන් පසු සංචාරකයින්ගේ තෘප්තිමත් අනුපාතය 94% කි. පේරු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම සංචාරක ගමනාන්තයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර රටේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන කර්මාන්තය වන අතර පසුගිය වසර පහ තුළ වාර්ෂිකව 25% ක අනුපාතයකින් වර්ධනය වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වෙනත් ඕනෑම රටක ඉහළම වර්ධන වේගයයි.

සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය පේරු හි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 7% ක බලපෑමක් ඇති කරයි, එය විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශය යටතේ අපනයන හා සංචාරක කටයුතු සඳහා පේරු ප්‍රවර්ධන කොමිසම විසින් නියාමනය කර උත්තේජනය කරනු ලැබේ. මේ හේතුව නිසා, 2011 දී මාර්කා පේරු නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අතර, එය රට තුළ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද නිෂ්පාදන මිලදී ගැනීම සහ පරිභෝජනය ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සමාගම් සහ ආරම්භක සමාගම් සමඟ එක්ව විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ මුලපිරීමකි. මෙම මුලපිරීමේ කුළුණු වන්නේ: අපනයන, සංචාරක සහ ආයෝජන. රටේ ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනයෙන් 11% ක් (සෘජු රැකියා 484 000 ක් සහ වක්‍ර රැකියා 340,000 ක්) සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරයේ නියුක්ත වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් ආගන්තුක සත්කාර සහ ප්‍රවාහන ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සේවය කරති. පේරු සංස්කෘතික, පාරිසරික, ත්‍රාසජනක, ගැස්ට්‍රොනොමික්, වෙරළ සහ සුඛෝපභෝගී සංචාර සඳහා පරිපූර්ණ බව දන්නා කරුණකි.[[File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්]]
The places most visited by tourists are the cities of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] and its historic center, [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], which is characterized by its [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca]] and colonial architecture but its main attractions are the [[:en:Sacred_Valley|Sacred Valley of the Incas]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. Other famous places in Cusco include [[:en:Qorikancha|Qorikancha]], [[:en:Ollantaytambo|Ollantaytambo]], [[:en:Písac|Písac]] and many more. [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] is also a large tourist destination, for the historic center, also for the [[:en:Colca_Canyon|Colca Canyon]] and finally [[:en:Puno|Puno]] through [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. The main tourist circuit of the country is the southern circuit, which includes cities such as; [[:en:Ica,_Peru|Ica]], [[:en:Nazca|Nazca]], [[:en:Pisco|Pisco]], Paracas, [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], [[:en:Puerto_Maldonado|Puerto Maldonado]] and others with architectural, cultural and natural attractions. The second most important route is the [[:en:Callejón_de_Huaylas|Callejón de Huaylas]], in the department of Áncash, headquarters of adventure tourism and the main point of reference for New Andean gastronomy. Peru has 14 [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Sites]] and 11 national parks.

Peru has many other tourist routes. Among these are those of the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro River valley]] with the city of [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]] as one of its axis, and the [[:en:Tarma|Tarma]] Valley as another axis, which in turn is the entrance to the central jungle and the northern city of [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]] where [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] is located, the largest adobe citadel in the world,  the traditional spa of [[:en:Huanchaco|Huanchaco]] and the Huacas del Sol and de la Luna belonging to the [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimú culture]]. [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]] and the rainforest city [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]] are also very popular destinations. According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, the visit of foreign tourists increased by 7% during 2015 and would have generated US$3.5 billion in foreign currency for the country.

සංචාරකයින් වැඩිපුරම සංචාරය කරන ස්ථාන වන්නේ ලීමා නගර සහ එහි ඓතිහාසික මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන කුස්කෝ වන අතර එය එහි ඉන්කා සහ යටත් විජිත ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයෙන් සංලක්ෂිත වේ, නමුත් එහි ප්‍රධාන ආකර්ෂණයන් වන්නේ ඉන්කාවරුන්ගේ පූජනීය නිම්නය සහ මචු පික්චු ය. කුස්කෝ හි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ස්ථාන අතර කොරිකන්චා, ඔලන්ටයිටම්බෝ, පිසාක් සහ තවත් බොහෝ දේ ඇතුළත් වේ. අරෙක්විපා යනු ඓතිහාසික මධ්‍යස්ථානය සඳහා, කොල්කා කැනියොන් සහ අවසානයේ ටිටිකාකා විල හරහා පූනෝ සඳහා විශාල සංචාරක ගමනාන්තයකි. රටේ ප්‍රධාන සංචාරක පරිපථය වන්නේ දකුණු පරිපථය වන අතර එයට ඉකා, නස්කා, පිස්කෝ, පැරකාස්, අයකුචෝ, පුවර්ටෝ මැල්ඩොනාඩෝ සහ වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක, සංස්කෘතික හා ස්වාභාවික ආකර්ෂණීය ස්ථාන සහිත අනෙකුත් නගර ඇතුළත් වේ. දෙවන වැදගත්ම මාර්ගය වන්නේ ත්‍රාසජනක සංචාරක මූලස්ථානය සහ නිව් ඇන්ඩියන් ආහාර විද්‍යාව සඳහා ප්‍රධාන යොමු ලක්ෂ්‍යය වන ඇන්කාෂ් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ කැලෙජොන් ඩි හුවායිලාස් ය. පේරු හි ලෝක උරුම ස්ථාන 14 ක් සහ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන 11 ක් ඇත.

පේරු හි තවත් බොහෝ සංචාරක මාර්ග තිබේ. මේවා අතර මැන්ටාරෝ ගංගා නිම්නයේ ඒවා වන අතර එහි එක් අක්ෂයක් ලෙස හුවාන්කායෝ නගරය සහ තවත් අක්ෂයක් ලෙස ටර්මා නිම්නය ඇත, එය අනෙක් අතට මධ්‍යම වනාන්තරයට සහ චාන් චෑන් පිහිටා ඇති ටෘජිලෝ හි උතුරු නගරයට පිවිසෙන දොරටුව වන අතර, ලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇඩෝබ් බලකොටුව වන හුවාන්චාකෝ හි සාම්ප්‍රදායික ස්පා සහ චිමු සංස්කෘතියට අයත් හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් සහ ඩි ලා ලූනා ද ඉතා ජනප්‍රිය ගමනාන්ත වේ. විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශයට අනුව, 2015 තුළ විදේශීය සංචාරකයින්ගේ පැමිණීම 7% කින් වැඩි වූ අතර එමඟින් රටට ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 3.5 ක විදේශ මුදල් උපයා ගැනීමට ඉඩ තිබුණි.

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
The [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. According to the 2019 list, Peru has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($28.7 billion).

In 2011 and 2016 Peru was the world's largest supplier of [[:en:Fishmeal|fishmeal]]. It is also the world's leading producer of alpaca wool, and the most important exporter of cotton textile garments in Latin America, and due to its natural wealth, it is an excellent place for the development of the polymer industry worldwide. The country is in a stage of economic growth and it is expected, in light of the agreements and treaties signed in free trade areas, to become one of the most attractive South American nations for developing business.

නිෂ්පාදනයේ මුළු වටිනාකම මත පදනම්ව, ලෝක බැංකුව සෑම වසරකම ඉහළම නිෂ්පාදන රටවල් ලැයිස්තුගත කරයි. 2019 ලැයිස්තුවට අනුව, පේරු ලෝකයේ 50 වන වටිනාම කර්මාන්තය (ඩොලර් බිලියන 28.7) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) &amp;#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011 සහ 2016 දී පේරු ලොව විශාලතම මාළු පිටි සැපයුම්කරු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=GZH}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ලොව ප්‍රමුඛතම ඇල්පකා ලොම් නිෂ්පාදකයා වන අතර ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ කපු රෙදිපිළි ඇඟලුම් අපනයනය කරන ප්‍රධානතම රට වන අතර එහි ස්වාභාවික ධනය නිසා එය ලොව පුරා පොලිමර් කර්මාන්තයේ දියුණුව සඳහා විශිෂ්ට ස්ථානයකි. රට ආර්ථික වර්ධනයේ අවධියක පවතින අතර නිදහස් වෙළඳ ප්‍රදේශවල අත්සන් කර ඇති ගිවිසුම් සහ ගිවිසුම් අනුව, ව්‍යාපාර සංවර්ධනය කිරීම සඳහා වඩාත් ආකර්ශනීය දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගෙන් එකක් බවට පත්වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>4p7e6iripddmq9r3ykjgcboephsv1t1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754298</id>
      <parentid>754297</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:36:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය */</comment>
      <origin>754298</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34166" sha1="848kuvmvna0mp73p53fpjf8wikeuol8" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|පේරු හි මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන ලීමා හි සැන් ඉසිඩ්‍රෝ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
පේරුහි ආර්ථිකය ලෝකයේ 48 වන විශාලතම රටයි (PPP) විසින් ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; සහ ආදායම් මට්ටම ලෝක බැංකුව විසින් ඉහළ මධ්‍යම ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, [http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru ''Data by country: Peru''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru|date=8 November 2016}}. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 ගණන්වල අත්විඳින ලද ආර්ථික උත්පාතය හේතුවෙන් පේරු, 2011 වන විට, ලෝකයේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන ආර්ථිකයන්ගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;BBC (31 July 2012), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm ''Peru country profile''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm|date=5 November 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; එය 0.76 ක සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් (HDI) ඇති අතර එය 2024 දක්වා වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා ස්ථාවර දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර එය තවත් ලකුණු 0.007 ක දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Peru |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඓතිහාසිකව, රටේ ආර්ථික කාර්ය සාධනය අපනයන සමඟ බැඳී ඇති අතර, එය ආනයන සහ බාහිර ණය ගෙවීම් සඳහා මූල්‍යකරණය සඳහා දැඩි මුදල් සපයයි.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන් සැලකිය යුතු ආදායමක් ලබා දී ඇතත්, ස්වයං-තිරසාර වර්ධනයක් සහ වඩාත් සමානාත්මතා ආදායම් බෙදා හැරීමක් නොපැහැදිලි බව ඔප්පු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 321.&lt;/ref&gt; 2015 දත්ත වලට අනුව, එහි මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 19.3% ක් දුප්පත් ය, එයට අන්ත දරිද්‍රතාවයෙන් පෙළෙන 9% ක් ද ඇතුළත් ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී උද්ධමනය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම අගය වූයේ 1.8% ක් පමණි, නමුත් තෙල් සහ භාණ්ඩ මිල ඉහළ යාමත් සමඟ 2013 දී වැඩි විය; 2014 වන විට එය 2.5% ක් වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru and the IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 දී 8.6% කි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Juan Carlos Pérez |date=1 March 2023 |title=Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023 |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date= |website=Finanzas Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 3.6% කි.[[File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා කොටස් හුවමාරු ගොඩනැගිල්ල]]
පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ පේරු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් වී ඇත. 1968-1975 ජුවාන් වෙලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ රජය රැඩිකල් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර, ඒවාට කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ, විදේශීය සමාගම් අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ආර්ථික සැලසුම් ක්‍රමයක් හඳුන්වාදීම සහ විශාල රාජ්‍ය අංශයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම ඇතුළත් විය. ආදායම් නැවත බෙදා හැරීම සහ සංවර්ධිත ජාතීන් මත ආර්ථික යැපීම අවසන් කිරීම යන ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනීමට මෙම පියවර අසමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, pp. 318–319.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම ප්‍රතිඵල තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ 1990 ගණන් වන තෙක් ආපසු හැරවූයේ නැත, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ලිබරල්කරණ රජය මිල පාලනය, ආරක්ෂණවාදය, විදේශ සෘජු ආයෝජන සීමා කිරීම් සහ සමාගම්වල බොහෝ රාජ්‍ය අයිතිය අවසන් කරන තෙක්.

2010 වන විට සේවා අංශය පේරු දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 53% ක් වන අතර, පසුව නිෂ්පාදන (22.3%), නිස්සාරණ කර්මාන්ත (15%) සහ බදු (9.7%) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; මෑත කාලීන ආර්ථික වර්ධනයට හේතු වූයේ සාර්ව ආර්ථික ස්ථාවරත්වය, වැඩිදියුණු කළ වෙළඳ කොන්දේසි සහ ආයෝජන සහ පරිභෝජනය ඉහළ යාමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2006 අප්‍රේල් 12 වන දින අත්සන් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජනපදය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුමක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමෙන් පසු වෙළඳාම තවදුරටත් වැඩි වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html ''United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement''], 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ප්‍රධාන අපනයන වූයේ තඹ, රත්තරන්, සින්ක්, රෙදිපිළි සහ මාළු ආහාර වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන වෙළඳ හවුල්කරුවන් වූයේ එක්සත් ජනපදය, චීනය, බ්‍රසීලය සහ චිලී ය.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

2019 දී, ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයට (INEI) අනුව, අවිධිමත් සේවකයින් ශ්‍රම වෙළඳපොළෙන් 70% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 2016 දී, මිලියන තුනක් පමණ ළමුන් සහ නව යොවුන් වියේ පසුවන්නන් අවිධිමත් අංශයේ සේවය කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|thumb|යනාකොචා පතල]]
රට අමුද්‍රව්‍ය අපනයනය සඳහා පතල් කැණීම මත දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතින අතර, එය 2023 දී අපනයනයෙන් 61.3% ක් නියෝජනය කළේය. 2019 දී, රට ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම තඹ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Copper |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; සහ සින්ක් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Zinc |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; අටවන විශාලතම රන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Gold |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන විශාලතම ඊයම් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Lead |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; හතරවන විශාලතම ටින් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Tin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පස්වන විශාලතම බෝරෝන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf USGS Boron Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|date=18 July 2021}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හතරවන විශාලතම මොලිබ්ඩිනම් නිෂ්පාදකයා&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; - ගෑස් සහ තෙල් ගැන සඳහන් නොකරමු. 2023 දී එය ගෝලීය වශයෙන් රිදී නිෂ්පාදනයේ තුන්වන විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයා විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පතල් කැණීමේ නායකත්වය සහ ශක්තිමත් පතල් කැණීමේ ඉතිහාසයක් සහ ගමන් පථයක් පවත්වා ගනිමින්, ගෝලීය පතල් කැණීමේදී රට අපේක්ෂිත තරඟකාරී ස්ථානයක් ඇත. කුඩා කාර්මිකකරණය; පේරු භාණ්ඩ මිලෙහි ජාත්‍යන්තර විචලනයෙන් පීඩා විඳිති.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=diplomatique.org.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි රන් නිස්සාරණයේ ප්‍රධාන මූලාශ්‍රය වන්නේ කජමාර්කා හි යනාකොචා පතලයි. එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් සැලකේ. 2005 දී රන් අවුන්ස 3,333,088 (ග්‍රෑම් 94,491,500)ක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් වර්ධනයේ දර්ශකයක් දැකිය හැකි අතර එය 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 1990 |title=II. SECTOR EXTERNO |url=https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813231927/https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=bcrp.gob.pe |page=32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 1,447 සිට 2023 දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 39,639 දක්වා වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|thumb|ක්විනෝවා]]
පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම ක්විනෝවා සහ මැකා නිෂ්පාදකයින් වන අතර, අලිගැට පේර, බ්ලූබෙරි, ආර්ටිකෝක් සහ ඇස්පරගස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 5 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, කෝපි සහ කොකෝවා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 10 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, සහ අර්තාපල් සහ අන්නාසි ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 15 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, මිදි, උක්, සහල්, කෙසෙල්, බඩ ඉරිඟු සහ මඤ්ඤොක්කා සැලකිය යුතු නිෂ්පාදනයක් ද ඇත; එහි කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස විවිධාංගීකරණය වී ඇත. පශු සම්පත් සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම කුකුළු මස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 20 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Peru, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආහාර හා කෘෂිකර්ම සංවිධානයේ (FAO) වාර්තාවකට අනුව, පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් අඩක් මධ්‍යස්ථ ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත (මිලියන 16.6 ක ජනතාවක්) වන අතර, 20% කට වඩා (මිලියන 6.8 ක ජනතාවක්) දැඩි ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත තත්වයක සිටිති: ඔවුන් මුළු දවසම හෝ දින කිහිපයක් ආහාර නොමැතිව සිටිති.

FAO පේරු හි අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා අවධාරණය කරන්නේ &quot;ජනගහනයට ප්‍රමාණවත් ආහාර ඇති රටක ඇති මහා විරුද්ධාභාසය මෙයයි. පේරු යනු ශුද්ධ ආහාර නිෂ්පාදකයෙකු වන අතර කලාපයේ ප්‍රධාන කෘෂි අපනයන බලවතුන්ගෙන් එකකි. ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත භාවයට හේතුව ඉහළ සමාජ අසමානතාවය සහ අඩු වැටුප් වන අතර, පේරු හි අවම වැටුප දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම එකක් වන අතර විශාල අවිධිමත් අංශයකි. FAO ට අනුව, කුඩා ගොවීන් කුසගින්නෙන් පෙළෙනවා. දුර්වල වැටුප් ලබන ඔවුන් දේශගුණික විපර්යාසවල බලපෑම්වලින් ද පීඩා විඳින අතර ඔවුන්ගේ භූමියේ මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය ජාවාරම සහ පස වෙහෙසට පත් කරන පතල් ක්‍රියාකාරකම්වල ගැටලුවට මුහුණ දෙයි.&quot;

සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය

දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේත්‍රය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා


කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්


කර්මාන්තය

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
[[File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|වම|thumb|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේම භූමිය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා]]
මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ පතල් කැණීම පිටුපස පේරු හි තුන්වන විශාලතම කර්මාන්තය සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය වේ. සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක ස්මාරක කෙරෙහි යොමු වී ඇති අතර, එහි පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක ස්ථාන ලක්ෂයකට වඩා ඇත. පේරු රජය විසින් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකට අනුව, පේරු වෙත පැමිණීමෙන් පසු සංචාරකයින්ගේ තෘප්තිමත් අනුපාතය 94% කි. පේරු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම සංචාරක ගමනාන්තයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර රටේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන කර්මාන්තය වන අතර පසුගිය වසර පහ තුළ වාර්ෂිකව 25% ක අනුපාතයකින් වර්ධනය වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වෙනත් ඕනෑම රටක ඉහළම වර්ධන වේගයයි.

සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය පේරු හි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 7% ක බලපෑමක් ඇති කරයි, එය විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශය යටතේ අපනයන හා සංචාරක කටයුතු සඳහා පේරු ප්‍රවර්ධන කොමිසම විසින් නියාමනය කර උත්තේජනය කරනු ලැබේ. මේ හේතුව නිසා, 2011 දී මාර්කා පේරු නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අතර, එය රට තුළ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද නිෂ්පාදන මිලදී ගැනීම සහ පරිභෝජනය ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සමාගම් සහ ආරම්භක සමාගම් සමඟ එක්ව විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ මුලපිරීමකි. මෙම මුලපිරීමේ කුළුණු වන්නේ: අපනයන, සංචාරක සහ ආයෝජන. රටේ ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනයෙන් 11% ක් (සෘජු රැකියා 484 000 ක් සහ වක්‍ර රැකියා 340,000 ක්) සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරයේ නියුක්ත වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් ආගන්තුක සත්කාර සහ ප්‍රවාහන ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සේවය කරති. පේරු සංස්කෘතික, පාරිසරික, ත්‍රාසජනක, ගැස්ට්‍රොනොමික්, වෙරළ සහ සුඛෝපභෝගී සංචාර සඳහා පරිපූර්ණ බව දන්නා කරුණකි.[[File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්]]
The places most visited by tourists are the cities of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] and its historic center, [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], which is characterized by its [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca]] and colonial architecture but its main attractions are the [[:en:Sacred_Valley|Sacred Valley of the Incas]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. Other famous places in Cusco include [[:en:Qorikancha|Qorikancha]], [[:en:Ollantaytambo|Ollantaytambo]], [[:en:Písac|Písac]] and many more. [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] is also a large tourist destination, for the historic center, also for the [[:en:Colca_Canyon|Colca Canyon]] and finally [[:en:Puno|Puno]] through [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. The main tourist circuit of the country is the southern circuit, which includes cities such as; [[:en:Ica,_Peru|Ica]], [[:en:Nazca|Nazca]], [[:en:Pisco|Pisco]], Paracas, [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], [[:en:Puerto_Maldonado|Puerto Maldonado]] and others with architectural, cultural and natural attractions. The second most important route is the [[:en:Callejón_de_Huaylas|Callejón de Huaylas]], in the department of Áncash, headquarters of adventure tourism and the main point of reference for New Andean gastronomy. Peru has 14 [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Sites]] and 11 national parks.

Peru has many other tourist routes. Among these are those of the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro River valley]] with the city of [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]] as one of its axis, and the [[:en:Tarma|Tarma]] Valley as another axis, which in turn is the entrance to the central jungle and the northern city of [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]] where [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] is located, the largest adobe citadel in the world,  the traditional spa of [[:en:Huanchaco|Huanchaco]] and the Huacas del Sol and de la Luna belonging to the [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimú culture]]. [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]] and the rainforest city [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]] are also very popular destinations. According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, the visit of foreign tourists increased by 7% during 2015 and would have generated US$3.5 billion in foreign currency for the country.

සංචාරකයින් වැඩිපුරම සංචාරය කරන ස්ථාන වන්නේ ලීමා නගර සහ එහි ඓතිහාසික මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන කුස්කෝ වන අතර එය එහි ඉන්කා සහ යටත් විජිත ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයෙන් සංලක්ෂිත වේ, නමුත් එහි ප්‍රධාන ආකර්ෂණයන් වන්නේ ඉන්කාවරුන්ගේ පූජනීය නිම්නය සහ මචු පික්චු ය. කුස්කෝ හි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ස්ථාන අතර කොරිකන්චා, ඔලන්ටයිටම්බෝ, පිසාක් සහ තවත් බොහෝ දේ ඇතුළත් වේ. අරෙක්විපා යනු ඓතිහාසික මධ්‍යස්ථානය සඳහා, කොල්කා කැනියොන් සහ අවසානයේ ටිටිකාකා විල හරහා පූනෝ සඳහා විශාල සංචාරක ගමනාන්තයකි. රටේ ප්‍රධාන සංචාරක පරිපථය වන්නේ දකුණු පරිපථය වන අතර එයට ඉකා, නස්කා, පිස්කෝ, පැරකාස්, අයකුචෝ, පුවර්ටෝ මැල්ඩොනාඩෝ සහ වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක, සංස්කෘතික හා ස්වාභාවික ආකර්ෂණීය ස්ථාන සහිත අනෙකුත් නගර ඇතුළත් වේ. දෙවන වැදගත්ම මාර්ගය වන්නේ ත්‍රාසජනක සංචාරක මූලස්ථානය සහ නිව් ඇන්ඩියන් ආහාර විද්‍යාව සඳහා ප්‍රධාන යොමු ලක්ෂ්‍යය වන ඇන්කාෂ් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ කැලෙජොන් ඩි හුවායිලාස් ය. පේරු හි ලෝක උරුම ස්ථාන 14 ක් සහ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන 11 ක් ඇත.

පේරු හි තවත් බොහෝ සංචාරක මාර්ග තිබේ. මේවා අතර මැන්ටාරෝ ගංගා නිම්නයේ ඒවා වන අතර එහි එක් අක්ෂයක් ලෙස හුවාන්කායෝ නගරය සහ තවත් අක්ෂයක් ලෙස ටර්මා නිම්නය ඇත, එය අනෙක් අතට මධ්‍යම වනාන්තරයට සහ චාන් චෑන් පිහිටා ඇති ටෘජිලෝ හි උතුරු නගරයට පිවිසෙන දොරටුව වන අතර, ලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇඩෝබ් බලකොටුව වන හුවාන්චාකෝ හි සාම්ප්‍රදායික ස්පා සහ චිමු සංස්කෘතියට අයත් හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් සහ ඩි ලා ලූනා ද ඉතා ජනප්‍රිය ගමනාන්ත වේ. විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශයට අනුව, 2015 තුළ විදේශීය සංචාරකයින්ගේ පැමිණීම 7% කින් වැඩි වූ අතර එමඟින් රටට ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 3.5 ක විදේශ මුදල් උපයා ගැනීමට ඉඩ තිබුණි.

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
The [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. According to the 2019 list, Peru has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($28.7 billion).

In 2011 and 2016 Peru was the world's largest supplier of [[:en:Fishmeal|fishmeal]]. It is also the world's leading producer of alpaca wool, and the most important exporter of cotton textile garments in Latin America, and due to its natural wealth, it is an excellent place for the development of the polymer industry worldwide. The country is in a stage of economic growth and it is expected, in light of the agreements and treaties signed in free trade areas, to become one of the most attractive South American nations for developing business.

නිෂ්පාදනයේ මුළු වටිනාකම මත පදනම්ව, ලෝක බැංකුව සෑම වසරකම ඉහළම නිෂ්පාදන රටවල් ලැයිස්තුගත කරයි. 2019 ලැයිස්තුවට අනුව, පේරු ලෝකයේ 50 වන වටිනාම කර්මාන්තය (ඩොලර් බිලියන 28.7) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) &amp;#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011 සහ 2016 දී පේරු ලොව විශාලතම මාළු පිටි සැපයුම්කරු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=GZH}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ලොව ප්‍රමුඛතම ඇල්පකා ලොම් නිෂ්පාදකයා වන අතර ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ කපු රෙදිපිළි ඇඟලුම් අපනයනය කරන ප්‍රධානතම රට වන අතර එහි ස්වාභාවික ධනය නිසා එය ලොව පුරා පොලිමර් කර්මාන්තයේ දියුණුව සඳහා විශිෂ්ට ස්ථානයකි. රට ආර්ථික වර්ධනයේ අවධියක පවතින අතර නිදහස් වෙළඳ ප්‍රදේශවල අත්සන් කර ඇති ගිවිසුම් සහ ගිවිසුම් අනුව, ව්‍යාපාර සංවර්ධනය කිරීම සඳහා වඩාත් ආකර්ශනීය දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගෙන් එකක් බවට පත්වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>848kuvmvna0mp73p53fpjf8wikeuol8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754299</id>
      <parentid>754298</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:37:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය */</comment>
      <origin>754299</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33823" sha1="kosrgmevj5lf3f6lksq3rdoyd09g4ho" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|පේරු හි මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන ලීමා හි සැන් ඉසිඩ්‍රෝ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
පේරුහි ආර්ථිකය ලෝකයේ 48 වන විශාලතම රටයි (PPP) විසින් ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; සහ ආදායම් මට්ටම ලෝක බැංකුව විසින් ඉහළ මධ්‍යම ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, [http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru ''Data by country: Peru''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru|date=8 November 2016}}. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 ගණන්වල අත්විඳින ලද ආර්ථික උත්පාතය හේතුවෙන් පේරු, 2011 වන විට, ලෝකයේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන ආර්ථිකයන්ගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;BBC (31 July 2012), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm ''Peru country profile''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm|date=5 November 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; එය 0.76 ක සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් (HDI) ඇති අතර එය 2024 දක්වා වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා ස්ථාවර දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර එය තවත් ලකුණු 0.007 ක දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Peru |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඓතිහාසිකව, රටේ ආර්ථික කාර්ය සාධනය අපනයන සමඟ බැඳී ඇති අතර, එය ආනයන සහ බාහිර ණය ගෙවීම් සඳහා මූල්‍යකරණය සඳහා දැඩි මුදල් සපයයි.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන් සැලකිය යුතු ආදායමක් ලබා දී ඇතත්, ස්වයං-තිරසාර වර්ධනයක් සහ වඩාත් සමානාත්මතා ආදායම් බෙදා හැරීමක් නොපැහැදිලි බව ඔප්පු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 321.&lt;/ref&gt; 2015 දත්ත වලට අනුව, එහි මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 19.3% ක් දුප්පත් ය, එයට අන්ත දරිද්‍රතාවයෙන් පෙළෙන 9% ක් ද ඇතුළත් ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී උද්ධමනය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම අගය වූයේ 1.8% ක් පමණි, නමුත් තෙල් සහ භාණ්ඩ මිල ඉහළ යාමත් සමඟ 2013 දී වැඩි විය; 2014 වන විට එය 2.5% ක් වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru and the IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 දී 8.6% කි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Juan Carlos Pérez |date=1 March 2023 |title=Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023 |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date= |website=Finanzas Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 3.6% කි.[[File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා කොටස් හුවමාරු ගොඩනැගිල්ල]]
පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ පේරු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් වී ඇත. 1968-1975 ජුවාන් වෙලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ රජය රැඩිකල් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර, ඒවාට කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ, විදේශීය සමාගම් අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ආර්ථික සැලසුම් ක්‍රමයක් හඳුන්වාදීම සහ විශාල රාජ්‍ය අංශයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම ඇතුළත් විය. ආදායම් නැවත බෙදා හැරීම සහ සංවර්ධිත ජාතීන් මත ආර්ථික යැපීම අවසන් කිරීම යන ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනීමට මෙම පියවර අසමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, pp. 318–319.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම ප්‍රතිඵල තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ 1990 ගණන් වන තෙක් ආපසු හැරවූයේ නැත, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ලිබරල්කරණ රජය මිල පාලනය, ආරක්ෂණවාදය, විදේශ සෘජු ආයෝජන සීමා කිරීම් සහ සමාගම්වල බොහෝ රාජ්‍ය අයිතිය අවසන් කරන තෙක්.

2010 වන විට සේවා අංශය පේරු දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 53% ක් වන අතර, පසුව නිෂ්පාදන (22.3%), නිස්සාරණ කර්මාන්ත (15%) සහ බදු (9.7%) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; මෑත කාලීන ආර්ථික වර්ධනයට හේතු වූයේ සාර්ව ආර්ථික ස්ථාවරත්වය, වැඩිදියුණු කළ වෙළඳ කොන්දේසි සහ ආයෝජන සහ පරිභෝජනය ඉහළ යාමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2006 අප්‍රේල් 12 වන දින අත්සන් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජනපදය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුමක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමෙන් පසු වෙළඳාම තවදුරටත් වැඩි වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html ''United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement''], 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ප්‍රධාන අපනයන වූයේ තඹ, රත්තරන්, සින්ක්, රෙදිපිළි සහ මාළු ආහාර වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන වෙළඳ හවුල්කරුවන් වූයේ එක්සත් ජනපදය, චීනය, බ්‍රසීලය සහ චිලී ය.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

2019 දී, ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයට (INEI) අනුව, අවිධිමත් සේවකයින් ශ්‍රම වෙළඳපොළෙන් 70% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 2016 දී, මිලියන තුනක් පමණ ළමුන් සහ නව යොවුන් වියේ පසුවන්නන් අවිධිමත් අංශයේ සේවය කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|thumb|යනාකොචා පතල]]
රට අමුද්‍රව්‍ය අපනයනය සඳහා පතල් කැණීම මත දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතින අතර, එය 2023 දී අපනයනයෙන් 61.3% ක් නියෝජනය කළේය. 2019 දී, රට ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම තඹ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Copper |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; සහ සින්ක් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Zinc |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; අටවන විශාලතම රන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Gold |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන විශාලතම ඊයම් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Lead |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; හතරවන විශාලතම ටින් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Tin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පස්වන විශාලතම බෝරෝන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf USGS Boron Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|date=18 July 2021}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හතරවන විශාලතම මොලිබ්ඩිනම් නිෂ්පාදකයා&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; - ගෑස් සහ තෙල් ගැන සඳහන් නොකරමු. 2023 දී එය ගෝලීය වශයෙන් රිදී නිෂ්පාදනයේ තුන්වන විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයා විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පතල් කැණීමේ නායකත්වය සහ ශක්තිමත් පතල් කැණීමේ ඉතිහාසයක් සහ ගමන් පථයක් පවත්වා ගනිමින්, ගෝලීය පතල් කැණීමේදී රට අපේක්ෂිත තරඟකාරී ස්ථානයක් ඇත. කුඩා කාර්මිකකරණය; පේරු භාණ්ඩ මිලෙහි ජාත්‍යන්තර විචලනයෙන් පීඩා විඳිති.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=diplomatique.org.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි රන් නිස්සාරණයේ ප්‍රධාන මූලාශ්‍රය වන්නේ කජමාර්කා හි යනාකොචා පතලයි. එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් සැලකේ. 2005 දී රන් අවුන්ස 3,333,088 (ග්‍රෑම් 94,491,500)ක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් වර්ධනයේ දර්ශකයක් දැකිය හැකි අතර එය 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 1990 |title=II. SECTOR EXTERNO |url=https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813231927/https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=bcrp.gob.pe |page=32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 1,447 සිට 2023 දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 39,639 දක්වා වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|thumb|ක්විනෝවා]]
පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම ක්විනෝවා සහ මැකා නිෂ්පාදකයින් වන අතර, අලිගැට පේර, බ්ලූබෙරි, ආර්ටිකෝක් සහ ඇස්පරගස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 5 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, කෝපි සහ කොකෝවා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 10 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, සහ අර්තාපල් සහ අන්නාසි ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 15 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, මිදි, උක්, සහල්, කෙසෙල්, බඩ ඉරිඟු සහ මඤ්ඤොක්කා සැලකිය යුතු නිෂ්පාදනයක් ද ඇත; එහි කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස විවිධාංගීකරණය වී ඇත. පශු සම්පත් සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම කුකුළු මස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 20 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Peru, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආහාර හා කෘෂිකර්ම සංවිධානයේ (FAO) වාර්තාවකට අනුව, පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් අඩක් මධ්‍යස්ථ ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත (මිලියන 16.6 ක ජනතාවක්) වන අතර, 20% කට වඩා (මිලියන 6.8 ක ජනතාවක්) දැඩි ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත තත්වයක සිටිති: ඔවුන් මුළු දවසම හෝ දින කිහිපයක් ආහාර නොමැතිව සිටිති.

FAO පේරු හි අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා අවධාරණය කරන්නේ &quot;ජනගහනයට ප්‍රමාණවත් ආහාර ඇති රටක ඇති මහා විරුද්ධාභාසය මෙයයි. පේරු යනු ශුද්ධ ආහාර නිෂ්පාදකයෙකු වන අතර කලාපයේ ප්‍රධාන කෘෂි අපනයන බලවතුන්ගෙන් එකකි. ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත භාවයට හේතුව ඉහළ සමාජ අසමානතාවය සහ අඩු වැටුප් වන අතර, පේරු හි අවම වැටුප දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම එකක් වන අතර විශාල අවිධිමත් අංශයකි. FAO ට අනුව, කුඩා ගොවීන් කුසගින්නෙන් පෙළෙනවා. දුර්වල වැටුප් ලබන ඔවුන් දේශගුණික විපර්යාසවල බලපෑම්වලින් ද පීඩා විඳින අතර ඔවුන්ගේ භූමියේ මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය ජාවාරම සහ පස වෙහෙසට පත් කරන පතල් ක්‍රියාකාරකම්වල ගැටලුවට මුහුණ දෙයි.&quot;

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
[[File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|වම|thumb|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේම භූමිය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා]]
මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ පතල් කැණීම පිටුපස පේරු හි තුන්වන විශාලතම කර්මාන්තය සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය වේ. සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක ස්මාරක කෙරෙහි යොමු වී ඇති අතර, එහි පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක ස්ථාන ලක්ෂයකට වඩා ඇත. පේරු රජය විසින් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකට අනුව, පේරු වෙත පැමිණීමෙන් පසු සංචාරකයින්ගේ තෘප්තිමත් අනුපාතය 94% කි. පේරු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම සංචාරක ගමනාන්තයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර රටේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන කර්මාන්තය වන අතර පසුගිය වසර පහ තුළ වාර්ෂිකව 25% ක අනුපාතයකින් වර්ධනය වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වෙනත් ඕනෑම රටක ඉහළම වර්ධන වේගයයි.

සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය පේරු හි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 7% ක බලපෑමක් ඇති කරයි, එය විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශය යටතේ අපනයන හා සංචාරක කටයුතු සඳහා පේරු ප්‍රවර්ධන කොමිසම විසින් නියාමනය කර උත්තේජනය කරනු ලැබේ. මේ හේතුව නිසා, 2011 දී මාර්කා පේරු නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අතර, එය රට තුළ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද නිෂ්පාදන මිලදී ගැනීම සහ පරිභෝජනය ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සමාගම් සහ ආරම්භක සමාගම් සමඟ එක්ව විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ මුලපිරීමකි. මෙම මුලපිරීමේ කුළුණු වන්නේ: අපනයන, සංචාරක සහ ආයෝජන. රටේ ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනයෙන් 11% ක් (සෘජු රැකියා 484 000 ක් සහ වක්‍ර රැකියා 340,000 ක්) සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරයේ නියුක්ත වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් ආගන්තුක සත්කාර සහ ප්‍රවාහන ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සේවය කරති. පේරු සංස්කෘතික, පාරිසරික, ත්‍රාසජනක, ගැස්ට්‍රොනොමික්, වෙරළ සහ සුඛෝපභෝගී සංචාර සඳහා පරිපූර්ණ බව දන්නා කරුණකි.[[File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්]]
The places most visited by tourists are the cities of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] and its historic center, [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], which is characterized by its [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca]] and colonial architecture but its main attractions are the [[:en:Sacred_Valley|Sacred Valley of the Incas]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. Other famous places in Cusco include [[:en:Qorikancha|Qorikancha]], [[:en:Ollantaytambo|Ollantaytambo]], [[:en:Písac|Písac]] and many more. [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] is also a large tourist destination, for the historic center, also for the [[:en:Colca_Canyon|Colca Canyon]] and finally [[:en:Puno|Puno]] through [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. The main tourist circuit of the country is the southern circuit, which includes cities such as; [[:en:Ica,_Peru|Ica]], [[:en:Nazca|Nazca]], [[:en:Pisco|Pisco]], Paracas, [[:en:Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], [[:en:Puerto_Maldonado|Puerto Maldonado]] and others with architectural, cultural and natural attractions. The second most important route is the [[:en:Callejón_de_Huaylas|Callejón de Huaylas]], in the department of Áncash, headquarters of adventure tourism and the main point of reference for New Andean gastronomy. Peru has 14 [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Sites]] and 11 national parks.

Peru has many other tourist routes. Among these are those of the [[:en:Mantaro_River|Mantaro River valley]] with the city of [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]] as one of its axis, and the [[:en:Tarma|Tarma]] Valley as another axis, which in turn is the entrance to the central jungle and the northern city of [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]] where [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] is located, the largest adobe citadel in the world,  the traditional spa of [[:en:Huanchaco|Huanchaco]] and the Huacas del Sol and de la Luna belonging to the [[:en:Chimú_culture|Chimú culture]]. [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]] and the rainforest city [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]] are also very popular destinations. According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, the visit of foreign tourists increased by 7% during 2015 and would have generated US$3.5 billion in foreign currency for the country.

සංචාරකයින් වැඩිපුරම සංචාරය කරන ස්ථාන වන්නේ ලීමා නගර සහ එහි ඓතිහාසික මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන කුස්කෝ වන අතර එය එහි ඉන්කා සහ යටත් විජිත ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයෙන් සංලක්ෂිත වේ, නමුත් එහි ප්‍රධාන ආකර්ෂණයන් වන්නේ ඉන්කාවරුන්ගේ පූජනීය නිම්නය සහ මචු පික්චු ය. කුස්කෝ හි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ස්ථාන අතර කොරිකන්චා, ඔලන්ටයිටම්බෝ, පිසාක් සහ තවත් බොහෝ දේ ඇතුළත් වේ. අරෙක්විපා යනු ඓතිහාසික මධ්‍යස්ථානය සඳහා, කොල්කා කැනියොන් සහ අවසානයේ ටිටිකාකා විල හරහා පූනෝ සඳහා විශාල සංචාරක ගමනාන්තයකි. රටේ ප්‍රධාන සංචාරක පරිපථය වන්නේ දකුණු පරිපථය වන අතර එයට ඉකා, නස්කා, පිස්කෝ, පැරකාස්, අයකුචෝ, පුවර්ටෝ මැල්ඩොනාඩෝ සහ වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක, සංස්කෘතික හා ස්වාභාවික ආකර්ෂණීය ස්ථාන සහිත අනෙකුත් නගර ඇතුළත් වේ. දෙවන වැදගත්ම මාර්ගය වන්නේ ත්‍රාසජනක සංචාරක මූලස්ථානය සහ නිව් ඇන්ඩියන් ආහාර විද්‍යාව සඳහා ප්‍රධාන යොමු ලක්ෂ්‍යය වන ඇන්කාෂ් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ කැලෙජොන් ඩි හුවායිලාස් ය. පේරු හි ලෝක උරුම ස්ථාන 14 ක් සහ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන 11 ක් ඇත.

පේරු හි තවත් බොහෝ සංචාරක මාර්ග තිබේ. මේවා අතර මැන්ටාරෝ ගංගා නිම්නයේ ඒවා වන අතර එහි එක් අක්ෂයක් ලෙස හුවාන්කායෝ නගරය සහ තවත් අක්ෂයක් ලෙස ටර්මා නිම්නය ඇත, එය අනෙක් අතට මධ්‍යම වනාන්තරයට සහ චාන් චෑන් පිහිටා ඇති ටෘජිලෝ හි උතුරු නගරයට පිවිසෙන දොරටුව වන අතර, ලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇඩෝබ් බලකොටුව වන හුවාන්චාකෝ හි සාම්ප්‍රදායික ස්පා සහ චිමු සංස්කෘතියට අයත් හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් සහ ඩි ලා ලූනා ද ඉතා ජනප්‍රිය ගමනාන්ත වේ. විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශයට අනුව, 2015 තුළ විදේශීය සංචාරකයින්ගේ පැමිණීම 7% කින් වැඩි වූ අතර එමඟින් රටට ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 3.5 ක විදේශ මුදල් උපයා ගැනීමට ඉඩ තිබුණි.

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
The [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. According to the 2019 list, Peru has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($28.7 billion).

In 2011 and 2016 Peru was the world's largest supplier of [[:en:Fishmeal|fishmeal]]. It is also the world's leading producer of alpaca wool, and the most important exporter of cotton textile garments in Latin America, and due to its natural wealth, it is an excellent place for the development of the polymer industry worldwide. The country is in a stage of economic growth and it is expected, in light of the agreements and treaties signed in free trade areas, to become one of the most attractive South American nations for developing business.

නිෂ්පාදනයේ මුළු වටිනාකම මත පදනම්ව, ලෝක බැංකුව සෑම වසරකම ඉහළම නිෂ්පාදන රටවල් ලැයිස්තුගත කරයි. 2019 ලැයිස්තුවට අනුව, පේරු ලෝකයේ 50 වන වටිනාම කර්මාන්තය (ඩොලර් බිලියන 28.7) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) &amp;#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011 සහ 2016 දී පේරු ලොව විශාලතම මාළු පිටි සැපයුම්කරු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=GZH}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ලොව ප්‍රමුඛතම ඇල්පකා ලොම් නිෂ්පාදකයා වන අතර ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ කපු රෙදිපිළි ඇඟලුම් අපනයනය කරන ප්‍රධානතම රට වන අතර එහි ස්වාභාවික ධනය නිසා එය ලොව පුරා පොලිමර් කර්මාන්තයේ දියුණුව සඳහා විශිෂ්ට ස්ථානයකි. රට ආර්ථික වර්ධනයේ අවධියක පවතින අතර නිදහස් වෙළඳ ප්‍රදේශවල අත්සන් කර ඇති ගිවිසුම් සහ ගිවිසුම් අනුව, ව්‍යාපාර සංවර්ධනය කිරීම සඳහා වඩාත් ආකර්ශනීය දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගෙන් එකක් බවට පත්වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>kosrgmevj5lf3f6lksq3rdoyd09g4ho</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754300</id>
      <parentid>754299</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:37:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය */</comment>
      <origin>754300</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31662" sha1="lzio9zuh9rkno22ea7uimme40bpgst2" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|පේරු හි මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන ලීමා හි සැන් ඉසිඩ්‍රෝ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
පේරුහි ආර්ථිකය ලෝකයේ 48 වන විශාලතම රටයි (PPP) විසින් ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; සහ ආදායම් මට්ටම ලෝක බැංකුව විසින් ඉහළ මධ්‍යම ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, [http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru ''Data by country: Peru''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru|date=8 November 2016}}. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 ගණන්වල අත්විඳින ලද ආර්ථික උත්පාතය හේතුවෙන් පේරු, 2011 වන විට, ලෝකයේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන ආර්ථිකයන්ගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;BBC (31 July 2012), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm ''Peru country profile''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm|date=5 November 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; එය 0.76 ක සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් (HDI) ඇති අතර එය 2024 දක්වා වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා ස්ථාවර දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර එය තවත් ලකුණු 0.007 ක දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Peru |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඓතිහාසිකව, රටේ ආර්ථික කාර්ය සාධනය අපනයන සමඟ බැඳී ඇති අතර, එය ආනයන සහ බාහිර ණය ගෙවීම් සඳහා මූල්‍යකරණය සඳහා දැඩි මුදල් සපයයි.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන් සැලකිය යුතු ආදායමක් ලබා දී ඇතත්, ස්වයං-තිරසාර වර්ධනයක් සහ වඩාත් සමානාත්මතා ආදායම් බෙදා හැරීමක් නොපැහැදිලි බව ඔප්පු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 321.&lt;/ref&gt; 2015 දත්ත වලට අනුව, එහි මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 19.3% ක් දුප්පත් ය, එයට අන්ත දරිද්‍රතාවයෙන් පෙළෙන 9% ක් ද ඇතුළත් ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී උද්ධමනය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම අගය වූයේ 1.8% ක් පමණි, නමුත් තෙල් සහ භාණ්ඩ මිල ඉහළ යාමත් සමඟ 2013 දී වැඩි විය; 2014 වන විට එය 2.5% ක් වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru and the IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 දී 8.6% කි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Juan Carlos Pérez |date=1 March 2023 |title=Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023 |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date= |website=Finanzas Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 3.6% කි.[[File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා කොටස් හුවමාරු ගොඩනැගිල්ල]]
පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ පේරු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් වී ඇත. 1968-1975 ජුවාන් වෙලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ රජය රැඩිකල් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර, ඒවාට කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ, විදේශීය සමාගම් අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ආර්ථික සැලසුම් ක්‍රමයක් හඳුන්වාදීම සහ විශාල රාජ්‍ය අංශයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම ඇතුළත් විය. ආදායම් නැවත බෙදා හැරීම සහ සංවර්ධිත ජාතීන් මත ආර්ථික යැපීම අවසන් කිරීම යන ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනීමට මෙම පියවර අසමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, pp. 318–319.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම ප්‍රතිඵල තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ 1990 ගණන් වන තෙක් ආපසු හැරවූයේ නැත, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ලිබරල්කරණ රජය මිල පාලනය, ආරක්ෂණවාදය, විදේශ සෘජු ආයෝජන සීමා කිරීම් සහ සමාගම්වල බොහෝ රාජ්‍ය අයිතිය අවසන් කරන තෙක්.

2010 වන විට සේවා අංශය පේරු දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 53% ක් වන අතර, පසුව නිෂ්පාදන (22.3%), නිස්සාරණ කර්මාන්ත (15%) සහ බදු (9.7%) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; මෑත කාලීන ආර්ථික වර්ධනයට හේතු වූයේ සාර්ව ආර්ථික ස්ථාවරත්වය, වැඩිදියුණු කළ වෙළඳ කොන්දේසි සහ ආයෝජන සහ පරිභෝජනය ඉහළ යාමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2006 අප්‍රේල් 12 වන දින අත්සන් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජනපදය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුමක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමෙන් පසු වෙළඳාම තවදුරටත් වැඩි වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html ''United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement''], 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ප්‍රධාන අපනයන වූයේ තඹ, රත්තරන්, සින්ක්, රෙදිපිළි සහ මාළු ආහාර වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන වෙළඳ හවුල්කරුවන් වූයේ එක්සත් ජනපදය, චීනය, බ්‍රසීලය සහ චිලී ය.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

2019 දී, ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයට (INEI) අනුව, අවිධිමත් සේවකයින් ශ්‍රම වෙළඳපොළෙන් 70% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 2016 දී, මිලියන තුනක් පමණ ළමුන් සහ නව යොවුන් වියේ පසුවන්නන් අවිධිමත් අංශයේ සේවය කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|thumb|යනාකොචා පතල]]
රට අමුද්‍රව්‍ය අපනයනය සඳහා පතල් කැණීම මත දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතින අතර, එය 2023 දී අපනයනයෙන් 61.3% ක් නියෝජනය කළේය. 2019 දී, රට ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම තඹ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Copper |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; සහ සින්ක් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Zinc |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; අටවන විශාලතම රන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Gold |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන විශාලතම ඊයම් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Lead |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; හතරවන විශාලතම ටින් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Tin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පස්වන විශාලතම බෝරෝන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf USGS Boron Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|date=18 July 2021}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හතරවන විශාලතම මොලිබ්ඩිනම් නිෂ්පාදකයා&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; - ගෑස් සහ තෙල් ගැන සඳහන් නොකරමු. 2023 දී එය ගෝලීය වශයෙන් රිදී නිෂ්පාදනයේ තුන්වන විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයා විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පතල් කැණීමේ නායකත්වය සහ ශක්තිමත් පතල් කැණීමේ ඉතිහාසයක් සහ ගමන් පථයක් පවත්වා ගනිමින්, ගෝලීය පතල් කැණීමේදී රට අපේක්ෂිත තරඟකාරී ස්ථානයක් ඇත. කුඩා කාර්මිකකරණය; පේරු භාණ්ඩ මිලෙහි ජාත්‍යන්තර විචලනයෙන් පීඩා විඳිති.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=diplomatique.org.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි රන් නිස්සාරණයේ ප්‍රධාන මූලාශ්‍රය වන්නේ කජමාර්කා හි යනාකොචා පතලයි. එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් සැලකේ. 2005 දී රන් අවුන්ස 3,333,088 (ග්‍රෑම් 94,491,500)ක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් වර්ධනයේ දර්ශකයක් දැකිය හැකි අතර එය 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 1990 |title=II. SECTOR EXTERNO |url=https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813231927/https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=bcrp.gob.pe |page=32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 1,447 සිට 2023 දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 39,639 දක්වා වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|thumb|ක්විනෝවා]]
පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම ක්විනෝවා සහ මැකා නිෂ්පාදකයින් වන අතර, අලිගැට පේර, බ්ලූබෙරි, ආර්ටිකෝක් සහ ඇස්පරගස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 5 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, කෝපි සහ කොකෝවා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 10 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, සහ අර්තාපල් සහ අන්නාසි ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 15 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, මිදි, උක්, සහල්, කෙසෙල්, බඩ ඉරිඟු සහ මඤ්ඤොක්කා සැලකිය යුතු නිෂ්පාදනයක් ද ඇත; එහි කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස විවිධාංගීකරණය වී ඇත. පශු සම්පත් සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම කුකුළු මස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 20 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Peru, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආහාර හා කෘෂිකර්ම සංවිධානයේ (FAO) වාර්තාවකට අනුව, පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් අඩක් මධ්‍යස්ථ ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත (මිලියන 16.6 ක ජනතාවක්) වන අතර, 20% කට වඩා (මිලියන 6.8 ක ජනතාවක්) දැඩි ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත තත්වයක සිටිති: ඔවුන් මුළු දවසම හෝ දින කිහිපයක් ආහාර නොමැතිව සිටිති.

FAO පේරු හි අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා අවධාරණය කරන්නේ &quot;ජනගහනයට ප්‍රමාණවත් ආහාර ඇති රටක ඇති මහා විරුද්ධාභාසය මෙයයි. පේරු යනු ශුද්ධ ආහාර නිෂ්පාදකයෙකු වන අතර කලාපයේ ප්‍රධාන කෘෂි අපනයන බලවතුන්ගෙන් එකකි. ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත භාවයට හේතුව ඉහළ සමාජ අසමානතාවය සහ අඩු වැටුප් වන අතර, පේරු හි අවම වැටුප දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම එකක් වන අතර විශාල අවිධිමත් අංශයකි. FAO ට අනුව, කුඩා ගොවීන් කුසගින්නෙන් පෙළෙනවා. දුර්වල වැටුප් ලබන ඔවුන් දේශගුණික විපර්යාසවල බලපෑම්වලින් ද පීඩා විඳින අතර ඔවුන්ගේ භූමියේ මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය ජාවාරම සහ පස වෙහෙසට පත් කරන පතල් ක්‍රියාකාරකම්වල ගැටලුවට මුහුණ දෙයි.&quot;

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
[[File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|වම|thumb|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේම භූමිය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා]]
මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ පතල් කැණීම පිටුපස පේරු හි තුන්වන විශාලතම කර්මාන්තය සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය වේ. සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක ස්මාරක කෙරෙහි යොමු වී ඇති අතර, එහි පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක ස්ථාන ලක්ෂයකට වඩා ඇත. පේරු රජය විසින් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකට අනුව, පේරු වෙත පැමිණීමෙන් පසු සංචාරකයින්ගේ තෘප්තිමත් අනුපාතය 94% කි. පේරු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම සංචාරක ගමනාන්තයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර රටේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන කර්මාන්තය වන අතර පසුගිය වසර පහ තුළ වාර්ෂිකව 25% ක අනුපාතයකින් වර්ධනය වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වෙනත් ඕනෑම රටක ඉහළම වර්ධන වේගයයි.

සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය පේරු හි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 7% ක බලපෑමක් ඇති කරයි, එය විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශය යටතේ අපනයන හා සංචාරක කටයුතු සඳහා පේරු ප්‍රවර්ධන කොමිසම විසින් නියාමනය කර උත්තේජනය කරනු ලැබේ. මේ හේතුව නිසා, 2011 දී මාර්කා පේරු නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අතර, එය රට තුළ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද නිෂ්පාදන මිලදී ගැනීම සහ පරිභෝජනය ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සමාගම් සහ ආරම්භක සමාගම් සමඟ එක්ව විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ මුලපිරීමකි. මෙම මුලපිරීමේ කුළුණු වන්නේ: අපනයන, සංචාරක සහ ආයෝජන. රටේ ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනයෙන් 11% ක් (සෘජු රැකියා 484 000 ක් සහ වක්‍ර රැකියා 340,000 ක්) සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරයේ නියුක්ත වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් ආගන්තුක සත්කාර සහ ප්‍රවාහන ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සේවය කරති. පේරු සංස්කෘතික, පාරිසරික, ත්‍රාසජනක, ගැස්ට්‍රොනොමික්, වෙරළ සහ සුඛෝපභෝගී සංචාර සඳහා පරිපූර්ණ බව දන්නා කරුණකි.[[File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්]]
සංචාරකයින් වැඩිපුරම සංචාරය කරන ස්ථාන වන්නේ ලීමා නගර සහ එහි ඓතිහාසික මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන කුස්කෝ වන අතර එය එහි ඉන්කා සහ යටත් විජිත ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයෙන් සංලක්ෂිත වේ, නමුත් එහි ප්‍රධාන ආකර්ෂණයන් වන්නේ ඉන්කාවරුන්ගේ පූජනීය නිම්නය සහ මචු පික්චු ය. කුස්කෝ හි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ස්ථාන අතර කොරිකන්චා, ඔලන්ටයිටම්බෝ, පිසාක් සහ තවත් බොහෝ දේ ඇතුළත් වේ. අරෙක්විපා යනු ඓතිහාසික මධ්‍යස්ථානය සඳහා, කොල්කා කැනියොන් සහ අවසානයේ ටිටිකාකා විල හරහා පූනෝ සඳහා විශාල සංචාරක ගමනාන්තයකි. රටේ ප්‍රධාන සංචාරක පරිපථය වන්නේ දකුණු පරිපථය වන අතර එයට ඉකා, නස්කා, පිස්කෝ, පැරකාස්, අයකුචෝ, පුවර්ටෝ මැල්ඩොනාඩෝ සහ වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක, සංස්කෘතික හා ස්වාභාවික ආකර්ෂණීය ස්ථාන සහිත අනෙකුත් නගර ඇතුළත් වේ. දෙවන වැදගත්ම මාර්ගය වන්නේ ත්‍රාසජනක සංචාරක මූලස්ථානය සහ නිව් ඇන්ඩියන් ආහාර විද්‍යාව සඳහා ප්‍රධාන යොමු ලක්ෂ්‍යය වන ඇන්කාෂ් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ කැලෙජොන් ඩි හුවායිලාස් ය. පේරු හි ලෝක උරුම ස්ථාන 14 ක් සහ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන 11 ක් ඇත.

පේරු හි තවත් බොහෝ සංචාරක මාර්ග තිබේ. මේවා අතර මැන්ටාරෝ ගංගා නිම්නයේ ඒවා වන අතර එහි එක් අක්ෂයක් ලෙස හුවාන්කායෝ නගරය සහ තවත් අක්ෂයක් ලෙස ටර්මා නිම්නය ඇත, එය අනෙක් අතට මධ්‍යම වනාන්තරයට සහ චාන් චෑන් පිහිටා ඇති ටෘජිලෝ හි උතුරු නගරයට පිවිසෙන දොරටුව වන අතර, ලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇඩෝබ් බලකොටුව වන හුවාන්චාකෝ හි සාම්ප්‍රදායික ස්පා සහ චිමු සංස්කෘතියට අයත් හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් සහ ඩි ලා ලූනා ද ඉතා ජනප්‍රිය ගමනාන්ත වේ. විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශයට අනුව, 2015 තුළ විදේශීය සංචාරකයින්ගේ පැමිණීම 7% කින් වැඩි වූ අතර එමඟින් රටට ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 3.5 ක විදේශ මුදල් උපයා ගැනීමට ඉඩ තිබුණි.

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
The [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. According to the 2019 list, Peru has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($28.7 billion).

In 2011 and 2016 Peru was the world's largest supplier of [[:en:Fishmeal|fishmeal]]. It is also the world's leading producer of alpaca wool, and the most important exporter of cotton textile garments in Latin America, and due to its natural wealth, it is an excellent place for the development of the polymer industry worldwide. The country is in a stage of economic growth and it is expected, in light of the agreements and treaties signed in free trade areas, to become one of the most attractive South American nations for developing business.

නිෂ්පාදනයේ මුළු වටිනාකම මත පදනම්ව, ලෝක බැංකුව සෑම වසරකම ඉහළම නිෂ්පාදන රටවල් ලැයිස්තුගත කරයි. 2019 ලැයිස්තුවට අනුව, පේරු ලෝකයේ 50 වන වටිනාම කර්මාන්තය (ඩොලර් බිලියන 28.7) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) &amp;#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011 සහ 2016 දී පේරු ලොව විශාලතම මාළු පිටි සැපයුම්කරු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=GZH}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ලොව ප්‍රමුඛතම ඇල්පකා ලොම් නිෂ්පාදකයා වන අතර ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ කපු රෙදිපිළි ඇඟලුම් අපනයනය කරන ප්‍රධානතම රට වන අතර එහි ස්වාභාවික ධනය නිසා එය ලොව පුරා පොලිමර් කර්මාන්තයේ දියුණුව සඳහා විශිෂ්ට ස්ථානයකි. රට ආර්ථික වර්ධනයේ අවධියක පවතින අතර නිදහස් වෙළඳ ප්‍රදේශවල අත්සන් කර ඇති ගිවිසුම් සහ ගිවිසුම් අනුව, ව්‍යාපාර සංවර්ධනය කිරීම සඳහා වඩාත් ආකර්ශනීය දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගෙන් එකක් බවට පත්වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>lzio9zuh9rkno22ea7uimme40bpgst2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754301</id>
      <parentid>754300</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:38:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* කර්මාන්තය */</comment>
      <origin>754301</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30895" sha1="9wg0zo4p4b6dnmi92jupn4h98bk5o1a" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|පේරු හි මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන ලීමා හි සැන් ඉසිඩ්‍රෝ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
පේරුහි ආර්ථිකය ලෝකයේ 48 වන විශාලතම රටයි (PPP) විසින් ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; සහ ආදායම් මට්ටම ලෝක බැංකුව විසින් ඉහළ මධ්‍යම ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, [http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru ''Data by country: Peru''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru|date=8 November 2016}}. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 ගණන්වල අත්විඳින ලද ආර්ථික උත්පාතය හේතුවෙන් පේරු, 2011 වන විට, ලෝකයේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන ආර්ථිකයන්ගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;BBC (31 July 2012), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm ''Peru country profile''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm|date=5 November 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; එය 0.76 ක සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් (HDI) ඇති අතර එය 2024 දක්වා වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා ස්ථාවර දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර එය තවත් ලකුණු 0.007 ක දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Peru |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඓතිහාසිකව, රටේ ආර්ථික කාර්ය සාධනය අපනයන සමඟ බැඳී ඇති අතර, එය ආනයන සහ බාහිර ණය ගෙවීම් සඳහා මූල්‍යකරණය සඳහා දැඩි මුදල් සපයයි.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන් සැලකිය යුතු ආදායමක් ලබා දී ඇතත්, ස්වයං-තිරසාර වර්ධනයක් සහ වඩාත් සමානාත්මතා ආදායම් බෙදා හැරීමක් නොපැහැදිලි බව ඔප්පු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 321.&lt;/ref&gt; 2015 දත්ත වලට අනුව, එහි මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 19.3% ක් දුප්පත් ය, එයට අන්ත දරිද්‍රතාවයෙන් පෙළෙන 9% ක් ද ඇතුළත් ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී උද්ධමනය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම අගය වූයේ 1.8% ක් පමණි, නමුත් තෙල් සහ භාණ්ඩ මිල ඉහළ යාමත් සමඟ 2013 දී වැඩි විය; 2014 වන විට එය 2.5% ක් වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru and the IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 දී 8.6% කි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Juan Carlos Pérez |date=1 March 2023 |title=Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023 |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date= |website=Finanzas Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 3.6% කි.[[File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා කොටස් හුවමාරු ගොඩනැගිල්ල]]
පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ පේරු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් වී ඇත. 1968-1975 ජුවාන් වෙලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ රජය රැඩිකල් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර, ඒවාට කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ, විදේශීය සමාගම් අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ආර්ථික සැලසුම් ක්‍රමයක් හඳුන්වාදීම සහ විශාල රාජ්‍ය අංශයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම ඇතුළත් විය. ආදායම් නැවත බෙදා හැරීම සහ සංවර්ධිත ජාතීන් මත ආර්ථික යැපීම අවසන් කිරීම යන ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනීමට මෙම පියවර අසමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, pp. 318–319.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම ප්‍රතිඵල තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ 1990 ගණන් වන තෙක් ආපසු හැරවූයේ නැත, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ලිබරල්කරණ රජය මිල පාලනය, ආරක්ෂණවාදය, විදේශ සෘජු ආයෝජන සීමා කිරීම් සහ සමාගම්වල බොහෝ රාජ්‍ය අයිතිය අවසන් කරන තෙක්.

2010 වන විට සේවා අංශය පේරු දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 53% ක් වන අතර, පසුව නිෂ්පාදන (22.3%), නිස්සාරණ කර්මාන්ත (15%) සහ බදු (9.7%) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; මෑත කාලීන ආර්ථික වර්ධනයට හේතු වූයේ සාර්ව ආර්ථික ස්ථාවරත්වය, වැඩිදියුණු කළ වෙළඳ කොන්දේසි සහ ආයෝජන සහ පරිභෝජනය ඉහළ යාමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2006 අප්‍රේල් 12 වන දින අත්සන් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජනපදය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුමක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමෙන් පසු වෙළඳාම තවදුරටත් වැඩි වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html ''United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement''], 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ප්‍රධාන අපනයන වූයේ තඹ, රත්තරන්, සින්ක්, රෙදිපිළි සහ මාළු ආහාර වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන වෙළඳ හවුල්කරුවන් වූයේ එක්සත් ජනපදය, චීනය, බ්‍රසීලය සහ චිලී ය.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

2019 දී, ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයට (INEI) අනුව, අවිධිමත් සේවකයින් ශ්‍රම වෙළඳපොළෙන් 70% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 2016 දී, මිලියන තුනක් පමණ ළමුන් සහ නව යොවුන් වියේ පසුවන්නන් අවිධිමත් අංශයේ සේවය කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|thumb|යනාකොචා පතල]]
රට අමුද්‍රව්‍ය අපනයනය සඳහා පතල් කැණීම මත දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතින අතර, එය 2023 දී අපනයනයෙන් 61.3% ක් නියෝජනය කළේය. 2019 දී, රට ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම තඹ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Copper |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; සහ සින්ක් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Zinc |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; අටවන විශාලතම රන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Gold |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන විශාලතම ඊයම් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Lead |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; හතරවන විශාලතම ටින් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Tin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පස්වන විශාලතම බෝරෝන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf USGS Boron Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|date=18 July 2021}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හතරවන විශාලතම මොලිබ්ඩිනම් නිෂ්පාදකයා&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; - ගෑස් සහ තෙල් ගැන සඳහන් නොකරමු. 2023 දී එය ගෝලීය වශයෙන් රිදී නිෂ්පාදනයේ තුන්වන විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයා විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පතල් කැණීමේ නායකත්වය සහ ශක්තිමත් පතල් කැණීමේ ඉතිහාසයක් සහ ගමන් පථයක් පවත්වා ගනිමින්, ගෝලීය පතල් කැණීමේදී රට අපේක්ෂිත තරඟකාරී ස්ථානයක් ඇත. කුඩා කාර්මිකකරණය; පේරු භාණ්ඩ මිලෙහි ජාත්‍යන්තර විචලනයෙන් පීඩා විඳිති.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=diplomatique.org.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි රන් නිස්සාරණයේ ප්‍රධාන මූලාශ්‍රය වන්නේ කජමාර්කා හි යනාකොචා පතලයි. එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් සැලකේ. 2005 දී රන් අවුන්ස 3,333,088 (ග්‍රෑම් 94,491,500)ක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් වර්ධනයේ දර්ශකයක් දැකිය හැකි අතර එය 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 1990 |title=II. SECTOR EXTERNO |url=https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813231927/https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=bcrp.gob.pe |page=32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 1,447 සිට 2023 දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 39,639 දක්වා වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|thumb|ක්විනෝවා]]
පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම ක්විනෝවා සහ මැකා නිෂ්පාදකයින් වන අතර, අලිගැට පේර, බ්ලූබෙරි, ආර්ටිකෝක් සහ ඇස්පරගස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 5 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, කෝපි සහ කොකෝවා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 10 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, සහ අර්තාපල් සහ අන්නාසි ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 15 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, මිදි, උක්, සහල්, කෙසෙල්, බඩ ඉරිඟු සහ මඤ්ඤොක්කා සැලකිය යුතු නිෂ්පාදනයක් ද ඇත; එහි කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස විවිධාංගීකරණය වී ඇත. පශු සම්පත් සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම කුකුළු මස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 20 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Peru, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආහාර හා කෘෂිකර්ම සංවිධානයේ (FAO) වාර්තාවකට අනුව, පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් අඩක් මධ්‍යස්ථ ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත (මිලියන 16.6 ක ජනතාවක්) වන අතර, 20% කට වඩා (මිලියන 6.8 ක ජනතාවක්) දැඩි ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත තත්වයක සිටිති: ඔවුන් මුළු දවසම හෝ දින කිහිපයක් ආහාර නොමැතිව සිටිති.

FAO පේරු හි අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා අවධාරණය කරන්නේ &quot;ජනගහනයට ප්‍රමාණවත් ආහාර ඇති රටක ඇති මහා විරුද්ධාභාසය මෙයයි. පේරු යනු ශුද්ධ ආහාර නිෂ්පාදකයෙකු වන අතර කලාපයේ ප්‍රධාන කෘෂි අපනයන බලවතුන්ගෙන් එකකි. ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත භාවයට හේතුව ඉහළ සමාජ අසමානතාවය සහ අඩු වැටුප් වන අතර, පේරු හි අවම වැටුප දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම එකක් වන අතර විශාල අවිධිමත් අංශයකි. FAO ට අනුව, කුඩා ගොවීන් කුසගින්නෙන් පෙළෙනවා. දුර්වල වැටුප් ලබන ඔවුන් දේශගුණික විපර්යාසවල බලපෑම්වලින් ද පීඩා විඳින අතර ඔවුන්ගේ භූමියේ මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය ජාවාරම සහ පස වෙහෙසට පත් කරන පතල් ක්‍රියාකාරකම්වල ගැටලුවට මුහුණ දෙයි.&quot;

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
[[File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|වම|thumb|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේම භූමිය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා]]
මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ පතල් කැණීම පිටුපස පේරු හි තුන්වන විශාලතම කර්මාන්තය සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය වේ. සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක ස්මාරක කෙරෙහි යොමු වී ඇති අතර, එහි පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක ස්ථාන ලක්ෂයකට වඩා ඇත. පේරු රජය විසින් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකට අනුව, පේරු වෙත පැමිණීමෙන් පසු සංචාරකයින්ගේ තෘප්තිමත් අනුපාතය 94% කි. පේරු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම සංචාරක ගමනාන්තයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර රටේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන කර්මාන්තය වන අතර පසුගිය වසර පහ තුළ වාර්ෂිකව 25% ක අනුපාතයකින් වර්ධනය වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වෙනත් ඕනෑම රටක ඉහළම වර්ධන වේගයයි.

සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය පේරු හි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 7% ක බලපෑමක් ඇති කරයි, එය විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශය යටතේ අපනයන හා සංචාරක කටයුතු සඳහා පේරු ප්‍රවර්ධන කොමිසම විසින් නියාමනය කර උත්තේජනය කරනු ලැබේ. මේ හේතුව නිසා, 2011 දී මාර්කා පේරු නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අතර, එය රට තුළ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද නිෂ්පාදන මිලදී ගැනීම සහ පරිභෝජනය ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සමාගම් සහ ආරම්භක සමාගම් සමඟ එක්ව විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ මුලපිරීමකි. මෙම මුලපිරීමේ කුළුණු වන්නේ: අපනයන, සංචාරක සහ ආයෝජන. රටේ ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනයෙන් 11% ක් (සෘජු රැකියා 484 000 ක් සහ වක්‍ර රැකියා 340,000 ක්) සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරයේ නියුක්ත වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් ආගන්තුක සත්කාර සහ ප්‍රවාහන ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සේවය කරති. පේරු සංස්කෘතික, පාරිසරික, ත්‍රාසජනක, ගැස්ට්‍රොනොමික්, වෙරළ සහ සුඛෝපභෝගී සංචාර සඳහා පරිපූර්ණ බව දන්නා කරුණකි.[[File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්]]
සංචාරකයින් වැඩිපුරම සංචාරය කරන ස්ථාන වන්නේ ලීමා නගර සහ එහි ඓතිහාසික මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන කුස්කෝ වන අතර එය එහි ඉන්කා සහ යටත් විජිත ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයෙන් සංලක්ෂිත වේ, නමුත් එහි ප්‍රධාන ආකර්ෂණයන් වන්නේ ඉන්කාවරුන්ගේ පූජනීය නිම්නය සහ මචු පික්චු ය. කුස්කෝ හි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ස්ථාන අතර කොරිකන්චා, ඔලන්ටයිටම්බෝ, පිසාක් සහ තවත් බොහෝ දේ ඇතුළත් වේ. අරෙක්විපා යනු ඓතිහාසික මධ්‍යස්ථානය සඳහා, කොල්කා කැනියොන් සහ අවසානයේ ටිටිකාකා විල හරහා පූනෝ සඳහා විශාල සංචාරක ගමනාන්තයකි. රටේ ප්‍රධාන සංචාරක පරිපථය වන්නේ දකුණු පරිපථය වන අතර එයට ඉකා, නස්කා, පිස්කෝ, පැරකාස්, අයකුචෝ, පුවර්ටෝ මැල්ඩොනාඩෝ සහ වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක, සංස්කෘතික හා ස්වාභාවික ආකර්ෂණීය ස්ථාන සහිත අනෙකුත් නගර ඇතුළත් වේ. දෙවන වැදගත්ම මාර්ගය වන්නේ ත්‍රාසජනක සංචාරක මූලස්ථානය සහ නිව් ඇන්ඩියන් ආහාර විද්‍යාව සඳහා ප්‍රධාන යොමු ලක්ෂ්‍යය වන ඇන්කාෂ් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ කැලෙජොන් ඩි හුවායිලාස් ය. පේරු හි ලෝක උරුම ස්ථාන 14 ක් සහ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන 11 ක් ඇත.

පේරු හි තවත් බොහෝ සංචාරක මාර්ග තිබේ. මේවා අතර මැන්ටාරෝ ගංගා නිම්නයේ ඒවා වන අතර එහි එක් අක්ෂයක් ලෙස හුවාන්කායෝ නගරය සහ තවත් අක්ෂයක් ලෙස ටර්මා නිම්නය ඇත, එය අනෙක් අතට මධ්‍යම වනාන්තරයට සහ චාන් චෑන් පිහිටා ඇති ටෘජිලෝ හි උතුරු නගරයට පිවිසෙන දොරටුව වන අතර, ලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇඩෝබ් බලකොටුව වන හුවාන්චාකෝ හි සාම්ප්‍රදායික ස්පා සහ චිමු සංස්කෘතියට අයත් හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් සහ ඩි ලා ලූනා ද ඉතා ජනප්‍රිය ගමනාන්ත වේ. විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශයට අනුව, 2015 තුළ විදේශීය සංචාරකයින්ගේ පැමිණීම 7% කින් වැඩි වූ අතර එමඟින් රටට ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 3.5 ක විදේශ මුදල් උපයා ගැනීමට ඉඩ තිබුණි.

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
නිෂ්පාදනයේ මුළු වටිනාකම මත පදනම්ව, ලෝක බැංකුව සෑම වසරකම ඉහළම නිෂ්පාදන රටවල් ලැයිස්තුගත කරයි. 2019 ලැයිස්තුවට අනුව, පේරු ලෝකයේ 50 වන වටිනාම කර්මාන්තය (ඩොලර් බිලියන 28.7) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) &amp;#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011 සහ 2016 දී පේරු ලොව විශාලතම මාළු පිටි සැපයුම්කරු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=GZH}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ලොව ප්‍රමුඛතම ඇල්පකා ලොම් නිෂ්පාදකයා වන අතර ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ කපු රෙදිපිළි ඇඟලුම් අපනයනය කරන ප්‍රධානතම රට වන අතර එහි ස්වාභාවික ධනය නිසා එය ලොව පුරා පොලිමර් කර්මාන්තයේ දියුණුව සඳහා විශිෂ්ට ස්ථානයකි. රට ආර්ථික වර්ධනයේ අවධියක පවතින අතර නිදහස් වෙළඳ ප්‍රදේශවල අත්සන් කර ඇති ගිවිසුම් සහ ගිවිසුම් අනුව, ව්‍යාපාර සංවර්ධනය කිරීම සඳහා වඩාත් ආකර්ශනීය දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගෙන් එකක් බවට පත්වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>9wg0zo4p4b6dnmi92jupn4h98bk5o1a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754337</id>
      <parentid>754301</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:59:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන්</comment>
      <origin>754337</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30941" sha1="6z325ge9atjfpb839tqay1qqbqialya" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg|thumb|පේරු හි මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන ලීමා හි සැන් ඉසිඩ්‍රෝ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]]
පේරුහි ආර්ථිකය ලෝකයේ 48 වන විශාලතම රටයි (PPP) විසින් ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත),&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt; සහ ආදායම් මට්ටම ලෝක බැංකුව විසින් ඉහළ මධ්‍යම ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, [http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru ''Data by country: Peru''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru|date=8 November 2016}}. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 ගණන්වල අත්විඳින ලද ආර්ථික උත්පාතය හේතුවෙන් පේරු, 2011 වන විට, ලෝකයේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන ආර්ථිකයන්ගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;BBC (31 July 2012), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm ''Peru country profile''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm|date=5 November 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt; එය 0.76 ක සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් (HDI) ඇති අතර එය 2024 දක්වා වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා ස්ථාවර දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර එය තවත් ලකුණු 0.007 ක දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Peru |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඓතිහාසිකව, රටේ ආර්ථික කාර්ය සාධනය අපනයන සමඟ බැඳී ඇති අතර, එය ආනයන සහ බාහිර ණය ගෙවීම් සඳහා මූල්‍යකරණය සඳහා දැඩි මුදල් සපයයි.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන් සැලකිය යුතු ආදායමක් ලබා දී ඇතත්, ස්වයං-තිරසාර වර්ධනයක් සහ වඩාත් සමානාත්මතා ආදායම් බෙදා හැරීමක් නොපැහැදිලි බව ඔප්පු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, p. 321.&lt;/ref&gt; 2015 දත්ත වලට අනුව, එහි මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 19.3% ක් දුප්පත් ය, එයට අන්ත දරිද්‍රතාවයෙන් පෙළෙන 9% ක් ද ඇතුළත් ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී උද්ධමනය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම අගය වූයේ 1.8% ක් පමණි, නමුත් තෙල් සහ භාණ්ඩ මිල ඉහළ යාමත් සමඟ 2013 දී වැඩි විය; 2014 වන විට එය 2.5% ක් වන අතර,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru and the IMF |url=http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 දී 8.6% කි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Juan Carlos Pérez |date=1 March 2023 |title=Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023 |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date= |website=Finanzas Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2012 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 3.6% කි.[[File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා කොටස් හුවමාරු ගොඩනැගිල්ල]]
පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ පේරු ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් වී ඇත. 1968-1975 ජුවාන් වෙලාස්කෝ අල්වරාඩෝගේ රජය රැඩිකල් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර, ඒවාට කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ, විදේශීය සමාගම් අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ආර්ථික සැලසුම් ක්‍රමයක් හඳුන්වාදීම සහ විශාල රාජ්‍ය අංශයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම ඇතුළත් විය. ආදායම් නැවත බෙදා හැරීම සහ සංවර්ධිත ජාතීන් මත ආර්ථික යැපීම අවසන් කිරීම යන ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනීමට මෙම පියවර අසමත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Thorp, pp. 318–319.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම ප්‍රතිඵල තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ 1990 ගණන් වන තෙක් ආපසු හැරවූයේ නැත, ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරිගේ ලිබරල්කරණ රජය මිල පාලනය, ආරක්ෂණවාදය, විදේශ සෘජු ආයෝජන සීමා කිරීම් සහ සමාගම්වල බොහෝ රාජ්‍ය අයිතිය අවසන් කරන තෙක්.

2010 වන විට සේවා අංශය පේරු දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 53% ක් වන අතර, පසුව නිෂ්පාදන (22.3%), නිස්සාරණ කර්මාන්ත (15%) සහ බදු (9.7%) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; මෑත කාලීන ආර්ථික වර්ධනයට හේතු වූයේ සාර්ව ආර්ථික ස්ථාවරත්වය, වැඩිදියුණු කළ වෙළඳ කොන්දේසි සහ ආයෝජන සහ පරිභෝජනය ඉහළ යාමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2006 අප්‍රේල් 12 වන දින අත්සන් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජනපදය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුමක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමෙන් පසු වෙළඳාම තවදුරටත් වැඩි වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html ''United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement''], 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු හි ප්‍රධාන අපනයන වූයේ තඹ, රත්තරන්, සින්ක්, රෙදිපිළි සහ මාළු ආහාර වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන වෙළඳ හවුල්කරුවන් වූයේ එක්සත් ජනපදය, චීනය, බ්‍රසීලය සහ චිලී ය.&lt;ref&gt;2006 figures. {{in lang|es}} Banco Central de Reserva, [http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html ''Memoria 2006''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html|date=9 September 2016}}, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

2019 දී, ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයට (INEI) අනුව, අවිධිමත් සේවකයින් ශ්‍රම වෙළඳපොළෙන් 70% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 2016 දී, මිලියන තුනක් පමණ ළමුන් සහ නව යොවුන් වියේ පසුවන්නන් අවිධිමත් අංශයේ සේවය කළහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පතල් කර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg|thumb|යනාකොචා පතල]]
රට අමුද්‍රව්‍ය අපනයනය සඳහා පතල් කැණීම මත දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතින අතර, එය 2023 දී අපනයනයෙන් 61.3% ක් නියෝජනය කළේය. 2019 දී, රට ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම තඹ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Copper |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; සහ සින්ක් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Zinc |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; අටවන විශාලතම රන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Gold |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; තුන්වන විශාලතම ඊයම් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Lead |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; හතරවන විශාලතම ටින් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Tin |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=Mineral Commodity Summaries |publisher=USGS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පස්වන විශාලතම බෝරෝන් නිෂ්පාදකයා,&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf USGS Boron Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf|date=18 July 2021}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හතරවන විශාලතම මොලිබ්ඩිනම් නිෂ්පාදකයා&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt; - ගෑස් සහ තෙල් ගැන සඳහන් නොකරමු. 2023 දී එය ගෝලීය වශයෙන් රිදී නිෂ්පාදනයේ තුන්වන විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයා විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පතල් කැණීමේ නායකත්වය සහ ශක්තිමත් පතල් කැණීමේ ඉතිහාසයක් සහ ගමන් පථයක් පවත්වා ගනිමින්, ගෝලීය පතල් කැණීමේදී රට අපේක්ෂිත තරඟකාරී ස්ථානයක් ඇත. කුඩා කාර්මිකකරණය; පේරු භාණ්ඩ මිලෙහි ජාත්‍යන්තර විචලනයෙන් පීඩා විඳිති.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique |url=https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=diplomatique.org.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි රන් නිස්සාරණයේ ප්‍රධාන මූලාශ්‍රය වන්නේ කජමාර්කා හි යනාකොචා පතලයි. එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් ලෝකයේ දෙවන විශාලතම රන් පතල ලෙසත් සැලකේ. 2005 දී රන් අවුන්ස 3,333,088 (ග්‍රෑම් 94,491,500)ක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් අපනයනවල පතල් වර්ධනයේ දර්ශකයක් දැකිය හැකි අතර එය 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 1990 |title=II. SECTOR EXTERNO |url=https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813231927/https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=bcrp.gob.pe |page=32 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 1,447 සිට 2023 දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 39,639 දක්වා වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

=== කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ===
[[File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|thumb|ක්විනෝවා]]
පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම ක්විනෝවා සහ මැකා නිෂ්පාදකයින් වන අතර, අලිගැට පේර, බ්ලූබෙරි, ආර්ටිකෝක් සහ ඇස්පරගස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 5 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, කෝපි සහ කොකෝවා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 10 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, සහ අර්තාපල් සහ අන්නාසි ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිෂ්පාදකයින් 15 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි, මිදි, උක්, සහල්, කෙසෙල්, බඩ ඉරිඟු සහ මඤ්ඤොක්කා සැලකිය යුතු නිෂ්පාදනයක් ද ඇත; එහි කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස විවිධාංගීකරණය වී ඇත. පශු සම්පත් සම්බන්ධයෙන්, පේරු යනු ලොව විශාලතම කුකුළු මස් නිෂ්පාදකයින් 20 දෙනාගෙන් එකකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Peru, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/ |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආහාර හා කෘෂිකර්ම සංවිධානයේ (FAO) වාර්තාවකට අනුව, පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් අඩක් මධ්‍යස්ථ ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත (මිලියන 16.6 ක ජනතාවක්) වන අතර, 20% කට වඩා (මිලියන 6.8 ක ජනතාවක්) දැඩි ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත තත්වයක සිටිති: ඔවුන් මුළු දවසම හෝ දින කිහිපයක් ආහාර නොමැතිව සිටිති.

FAO පේරු හි අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා අවධාරණය කරන්නේ &quot;ජනගහනයට ප්‍රමාණවත් ආහාර ඇති රටක ඇති මහා විරුද්ධාභාසය මෙයයි. පේරු යනු ශුද්ධ ආහාර නිෂ්පාදකයෙකු වන අතර කලාපයේ ප්‍රධාන කෘෂි අපනයන බලවතුන්ගෙන් එකකි. ආහාර අනාරක්ෂිත භාවයට හේතුව ඉහළ සමාජ අසමානතාවය සහ අඩු වැටුප් වන අතර, පේරු හි අවම වැටුප දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අඩුම එකක් වන අතර විශාල අවිධිමත් අංශයකි. FAO ට අනුව, කුඩා ගොවීන් කුසගින්නෙන් පෙළෙනවා. දුර්වල වැටුප් ලබන ඔවුන් දේශගුණික විපර්යාසවල බලපෑම්වලින් ද පීඩා විඳින අතර ඔවුන්ගේ භූමියේ මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය ජාවාරම සහ පස වෙහෙසට පත් කරන පතල් ක්‍රියාකාරකම්වල ගැටලුවට මුහුණ දෙයි.&quot;

=== සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ===
[[File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huacachina_-_Ica,_Peru.jpg|වම|thumb|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති එකම ස්වාභාවික ක්ෂේම භූමිය වන ඉකා හි හුවාකාචිනා]]
මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ පතල් කැණීම පිටුපස පේරු හි තුන්වන විශාලතම කර්මාන්තය සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය වේ. සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක ස්මාරක කෙරෙහි යොමු වී ඇති අතර, එහි පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක ස්ථාන ලක්ෂයකට වඩා ඇත. පේරු රජය විසින් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකට අනුව, පේරු වෙත පැමිණීමෙන් පසු සංචාරකයින්ගේ තෘප්තිමත් අනුපාතය 94% කි. පේරු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම සංචාරක ගමනාන්තයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර රටේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන කර්මාන්තය වන අතර පසුගිය වසර පහ තුළ වාර්ෂිකව 25% ක අනුපාතයකින් වර්ධනය වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වෙනත් ඕනෑම රටක ඉහළම වර්ධන වේගයයි.

සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය පේරු හි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 7% ක බලපෑමක් ඇති කරයි, එය විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශය යටතේ අපනයන හා සංචාරක කටයුතු සඳහා පේරු ප්‍රවර්ධන කොමිසම විසින් නියාමනය කර උත්තේජනය කරනු ලැබේ. මේ හේතුව නිසා, 2011 දී මාර්කා පේරු නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අතර, එය රට තුළ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද නිෂ්පාදන මිලදී ගැනීම සහ පරිභෝජනය ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සමාගම් සහ ආරම්භක සමාගම් සමඟ එක්ව විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ මුලපිරීමකි. මෙම මුලපිරීමේ කුළුණු වන්නේ: අපනයන, සංචාරක සහ ආයෝජන. රටේ ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනයෙන් 11% ක් (සෘජු රැකියා 484 000 ක් සහ වක්‍ර රැකියා 340,000 ක්) සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරයේ නියුක්ත වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් ආගන්තුක සත්කාර සහ ප්‍රවාහන ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සේවය කරති. පේරු සංස්කෘතික, පාරිසරික, ත්‍රාසජනක, ගැස්ට්‍රොනොමික්, වෙරළ සහ සුඛෝපභෝගී සංචාර සඳහා පරිපූර්ණ බව දන්නා කරුණකි.[[File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choquequirao,_July_18,_2007.jpg|thumb|කුස්කෝ හි චොකෙකිරාඕ, ඉන්කා නටබුන්]]
සංචාරකයින් වැඩිපුරම සංචාරය කරන ස්ථාන වන්නේ ලීමා නගර සහ එහි ඓතිහාසික මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන කුස්කෝ වන අතර එය එහි ඉන්කා සහ යටත් විජිත ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයෙන් සංලක්ෂිත වේ, නමුත් එහි ප්‍රධාන ආකර්ෂණයන් වන්නේ ඉන්කාවරුන්ගේ පූජනීය නිම්නය සහ මචු පික්චු ය. කුස්කෝ හි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ස්ථාන අතර කොරිකන්චා, ඔලන්ටයිටම්බෝ, පිසාක් සහ තවත් බොහෝ දේ ඇතුළත් වේ. අරෙක්විපා යනු ඓතිහාසික මධ්‍යස්ථානය සඳහා, කොල්කා කැනියොන් සහ අවසානයේ ටිටිකාකා විල හරහා පූනෝ සඳහා විශාල සංචාරක ගමනාන්තයකි. රටේ ප්‍රධාන සංචාරක පරිපථය වන්නේ දකුණු පරිපථය වන අතර එයට ඉකා, නස්කා, පිස්කෝ, පැරකාස්, අයකුචෝ, පුවර්ටෝ මැල්ඩොනාඩෝ සහ වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක, සංස්කෘතික හා ස්වාභාවික ආකර්ෂණීය ස්ථාන සහිත අනෙකුත් නගර ඇතුළත් වේ. දෙවන වැදගත්ම මාර්ගය වන්නේ ත්‍රාසජනක සංචාරක මූලස්ථානය සහ නිව් ඇන්ඩියන් ආහාර විද්‍යාව සඳහා ප්‍රධාන යොමු ලක්ෂ්‍යය වන ඇන්කාෂ් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ කැලෙජොන් ඩි හුවායිලාස් ය. පේරු හි ලෝක උරුම ස්ථාන 14 ක් සහ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන 11 ක් ඇත.

පේරු හි තවත් බොහෝ සංචාරක මාර්ග තිබේ. මේවා අතර මැන්ටාරෝ ගංගා නිම්නයේ ඒවා වන අතර එහි එක් අක්ෂයක් ලෙස හුවාන්කායෝ නගරය සහ තවත් අක්ෂයක් ලෙස ටර්මා නිම්නය ඇත, එය අනෙක් අතට මධ්‍යම වනාන්තරයට සහ චාන් චෑන් පිහිටා ඇති ටෘජිලෝ හි උතුරු නගරයට පිවිසෙන දොරටුව වන අතර, ලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇඩෝබ් බලකොටුව වන හුවාන්චාකෝ හි සාම්ප්‍රදායික ස්පා සහ චිමු සංස්කෘතියට අයත් හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් සහ ඩි ලා ලූනා ද ඉතා ජනප්‍රිය ගමනාන්ත වේ. විදේශ වෙළඳ හා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශයට අනුව, 2015 තුළ විදේශීය සංචාරකයින්ගේ පැමිණීම 7% කින් වැඩි වූ අතර එමඟින් රටට ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 3.5 ක විදේශ මුදල් උපයා ගැනීමට ඉඩ තිබුණි.

=== කර්මාන්තය ===
නිෂ්පාදනයේ මුළු වටිනාකම මත පදනම්ව, ලෝක බැංකුව සෑම වසරකම ඉහළම නිෂ්පාදන රටවල් ලැයිස්තුගත කරයි. 2019 ලැයිස්තුවට අනුව, පේරු ලෝකයේ 50 වන වටිනාම කර්මාන්තය (ඩොලර් බිලියන 28.7) වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) &amp;#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=7 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011 සහ 2016 දී පේරු ලොව විශාලතම මාළු පිටි සැපයුම්කරු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=GZH}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ලොව ප්‍රමුඛතම ඇල්පකා ලොම් නිෂ්පාදකයා වන අතර ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ කපු රෙදිපිළි ඇඟලුම් අපනයනය කරන ප්‍රධානතම රට වන අතර එහි ස්වාභාවික ධනය නිසා එය ලොව පුරා පොලිමර් කර්මාන්තයේ දියුණුව සඳහා විශිෂ්ට ස්ථානයකි. රට ආර්ථික වර්ධනයේ අවධියක පවතින අතර නිදහස් වෙළඳ ප්‍රදේශවල අත්සන් කර ඇති ගිවිසුම් සහ ගිවිසුම් අනුව, ව්‍යාපාර සංවර්ධනය කිරීම සඳහා වඩාත් ආකර්ශනීය දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගෙන් එකක් බවට පත්වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]]</text>
      <sha1>6z325ge9atjfpb839tqay1qqbqialya</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>පේරු යටිතල පහසුකම්</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183141</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754305</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:45:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>' == Infrastructure ==  === Transport === [[File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Perú,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|thumb|Highway in [[:en:Ica,_Peru|Ica]]]] Peru's road network in 2021 consisted of {{convert|175589|km|0|abbr=on}} of highways, with {{convert|29579|km|0|abbr=on}} paved.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි</comment>
      <origin>754305</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10386" sha1="7pnmfihiwowybms84hi2senre8n3jod" xml:space="preserve">
== Infrastructure ==

=== Transport ===
[[File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Perú,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|thumb|Highway in [[:en:Ica,_Peru|Ica]]]]
Peru's road network in 2021 consisted of {{convert|175589|km|0|abbr=on}} of highways, with {{convert|29579|km|0|abbr=on}} paved.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Vial |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326024359/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some highways in the country that stand out are the [[:en:Pan_American_Highway|Pan American Highway]] and [[:en:Interoceanic_Highway|Interoceanic Highway]]. In 2016, the country had {{convert|827|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[:en:Dual_carriageway|duplicated highways]], and was investing in more duplications: the plan was to have {{convert|2634|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visión de desarrolo de la infraestructura vial |url=https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717052534/https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The country's rail network is small: in 2018, the country only had {{convert|1939|km|0|abbr=on}} of railways.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Ferroviaria |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022021352/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru has important international airports such as [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Lima]], [[:en:Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport|Cuzco]] and [[:en:Rodríguez_Ballón_International_Airport|Arequipa]]. The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina) and Minas Gerais (Brazil).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrade |first=Artur Luiz |date=29 October 2018 |title=Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina |url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125631/https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Portal PANROTAS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Multiple airport expansions are currently under construction across Peru, the two main ones being the [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Jorge Chávez International Airport]] and [[:en:Chinchero_International_Airport|Chinchero International Airport]]. [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Jorge Chávez International Airport]], the largest in Peru, is undergoing an expansion that includes the construction of a new runway, control tower and a new terminal, along with new hotels, logistical buildings and cargo sector. Altogether, they make up the Ciudad Aeropuerto, Airport City. It will allow transit of 40 million passengers every year and will be completed in December 2024. Another ambitious airport project is the [[:en:Chinchero_International_Airport|Chinchero International Airport]] in [[:en:Department_of_Cuzco|Cusco]]. The new airport is set to replace the old [[:en:Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport|Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport]] and help passengers bypass a stop in Lima by introducing international routes.
[[File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Port_of_Callao|Port of Callao]]]]
Peru has important ports in [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Ilo,_Peru|Ilo]] and [[:en:Matarani|Matarani]]. The 15 most active ports in South America in 2018 were: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=actividad portuaria de América Latina y el Caribe 2018 |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132759/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Port_of_Callao|Port of Callao]] is currently the largest port in Peru, but will soon be overtaken by the [[:en:Port_of_Chancay|Port of Chancay]], a joint project between [[:en:China|China]] and Peru in [[:en:Chancay|Chancay]], north of [[:en:Lima|Lima]]. When completed, the port will become the largest in Latin America.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=With Peru port project, China gains a foothold in America's backyard |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509224633/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Officially inaugurated on November 14, 2024, the Port of Chancay is a key gateway for trade between South America and Asia, significantly reducing shipping time across the Pacific.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Codings |title=THE PORT OF CHANCAY AND CHINA'S EVOLVING BRI |url=https://orcasia.org/article/1099/the-port-of-chancay-and-chinas-evolving-bri#:~:text=A%20Gateway%20Between%20Asia%20and,shipping%20time%20across%20the%20Pacific. |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=orcasia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Energy ===
[[File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|thumb|Dam on the [[:en:Urubamba_River|Urubamba River]] in 2013]]
The electricity sector has experienced notable improvements in recent years. The number of homes with electric lighting grew from 82% in 2007 to 94.2% in 2016, while the quality and effectiveness of service provision also improved. Current electricity generation capacity is evenly divided between thermal energy and hydroelectric energy sources. The National Interconnected Electrical System supplies 85% of the connected population, with several isolated systems that cover the rest of the country. Peruvian electricity production totalled 5.1 TWh in the month of October 2022. Of these, 52% came from hydroelectric plants, 38.3% from thermoelectric plants (which use oil, gas and coal) and 9.7% of renewable energy plants like: wind, solar, and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Electricity Production, 1978 – 2023 &amp;#124; CEIC Data |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126153442/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=www.ceicdata.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2021, Peru had, in terms of installed renewable electricity, 5,490 MW in hydropower (34th largest in the world), 409 MW in wind power (49th largest in the world), 336 MW in solar power (62nd largest in the world), and 185 MW in biomass.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=IRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Healthcare ===
[[File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|thumb|Hospital of [[:en:Tarapoto|Tarapoto]]]]
{{main|Health in Peru|Healthcare system}}

According to the [[:en:Pan_American_Health_Organization|Pan American Health Organization]], life expectancy for men is 72.6 years, while for women it is 77.9 years. Infant mortality is eighteen per thousand births, having been reduced 76% from 1990 to 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Core Indicators, Health Situation in the America's |url=https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601200823/https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=9 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main causes of death of Peruvians are [[:en:Neoplasm|neoplasm]], [[:en:Influenza|influenza]] and [[:en:Pneumonia|pneumonia]], bacterial diseases, ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. According to the 2017 Population and Housing Censuses, 75.5% of the population has some type of health insurance, that is, 22,173,663 people, despite this, 24.5% of the population does not have any type of insurance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Perfil Sociodemografico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>7pnmfihiwowybms84hi2senre8n3jod</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754306</id>
      <parentid>754305</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T05:46:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754306</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10396" sha1="0b8kv3hyooy5tjwpupzgfnczleeydh1" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
[[File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Perú,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|thumb|ඉකා හි අධිවේගී මාර්ගය]]
Peru's road network in 2021 consisted of {{convert|175589|km|0|abbr=on}} of highways, with {{convert|29579|km|0|abbr=on}} paved.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Vial |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326024359/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some highways in the country that stand out are the [[:en:Pan_American_Highway|Pan American Highway]] and [[:en:Interoceanic_Highway|Interoceanic Highway]]. In 2016, the country had {{convert|827|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[:en:Dual_carriageway|duplicated highways]], and was investing in more duplications: the plan was to have {{convert|2634|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visión de desarrolo de la infraestructura vial |url=https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717052534/https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The country's rail network is small: in 2018, the country only had {{convert|1939|km|0|abbr=on}} of railways.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Ferroviaria |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022021352/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru has important international airports such as [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Lima]], [[:en:Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport|Cuzco]] and [[:en:Rodríguez_Ballón_International_Airport|Arequipa]]. The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina) and Minas Gerais (Brazil).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrade |first=Artur Luiz |date=29 October 2018 |title=Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina |url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125631/https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Portal PANROTAS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Multiple airport expansions are currently under construction across Peru, the two main ones being the [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Jorge Chávez International Airport]] and [[:en:Chinchero_International_Airport|Chinchero International Airport]]. [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Jorge Chávez International Airport]], the largest in Peru, is undergoing an expansion that includes the construction of a new runway, control tower and a new terminal, along with new hotels, logistical buildings and cargo sector. Altogether, they make up the Ciudad Aeropuerto, Airport City. It will allow transit of 40 million passengers every year and will be completed in December 2024. Another ambitious airport project is the [[:en:Chinchero_International_Airport|Chinchero International Airport]] in [[:en:Department_of_Cuzco|Cusco]]. The new airport is set to replace the old [[:en:Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport|Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport]] and help passengers bypass a stop in Lima by introducing international routes.
[[File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|thumb|කැලාඕ වරාය]]
Peru has important ports in [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Ilo,_Peru|Ilo]] and [[:en:Matarani|Matarani]]. The 15 most active ports in South America in 2018 were: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=actividad portuaria de América Latina y el Caribe 2018 |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132759/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Port_of_Callao|Port of Callao]] is currently the largest port in Peru, but will soon be overtaken by the [[:en:Port_of_Chancay|Port of Chancay]], a joint project between [[:en:China|China]] and Peru in [[:en:Chancay|Chancay]], north of [[:en:Lima|Lima]]. When completed, the port will become the largest in Latin America.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=With Peru port project, China gains a foothold in America's backyard |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509224633/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Officially inaugurated on November 14, 2024, the Port of Chancay is a key gateway for trade between South America and Asia, significantly reducing shipping time across the Pacific.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Codings |title=THE PORT OF CHANCAY AND CHINA'S EVOLVING BRI |url=https://orcasia.org/article/1099/the-port-of-chancay-and-chinas-evolving-bri#:~:text=A%20Gateway%20Between%20Asia%20and,shipping%20time%20across%20the%20Pacific. |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=orcasia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== බලශක්තිය ===
[[File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|thumb|2013 දී ඌරුබම්බා ගඟේ වේල්ල]]
The electricity sector has experienced notable improvements in recent years. The number of homes with electric lighting grew from 82% in 2007 to 94.2% in 2016, while the quality and effectiveness of service provision also improved. Current electricity generation capacity is evenly divided between thermal energy and hydroelectric energy sources. The National Interconnected Electrical System supplies 85% of the connected population, with several isolated systems that cover the rest of the country. Peruvian electricity production totalled 5.1 TWh in the month of October 2022. Of these, 52% came from hydroelectric plants, 38.3% from thermoelectric plants (which use oil, gas and coal) and 9.7% of renewable energy plants like: wind, solar, and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Electricity Production, 1978 – 2023 &amp;#124; CEIC Data |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126153442/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=www.ceicdata.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2021, Peru had, in terms of installed renewable electricity, 5,490 MW in hydropower (34th largest in the world), 409 MW in wind power (49th largest in the world), 336 MW in solar power (62nd largest in the world), and 185 MW in biomass.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=IRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
[[File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|thumb|ටාරපොටෝ රෝහල]]According to the [[:en:Pan_American_Health_Organization|Pan American Health Organization]], life expectancy for men is 72.6 years, while for women it is 77.9 years. Infant mortality is eighteen per thousand births, having been reduced 76% from 1990 to 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Core Indicators, Health Situation in the America's |url=https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601200823/https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=9 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main causes of death of Peruvians are [[:en:Neoplasm|neoplasm]], [[:en:Influenza|influenza]] and [[:en:Pneumonia|pneumonia]], bacterial diseases, ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. According to the 2017 Population and Housing Censuses, 75.5% of the population has some type of health insurance, that is, 22,173,663 people, despite this, 24.5% of the population does not have any type of insurance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Perfil Sociodemografico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>0b8kv3hyooy5tjwpupzgfnczleeydh1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754307</id>
      <parentid>754306</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T07:48:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754307</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20703" sha1="ji318k3vi3r62je5h9zzfnjuipn5p93" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
[[File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Perú,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|thumb|ඉකා හි අධිවේගී මාර්ගය]]
Peru's road network in 2021 consisted of {{convert|175589|km|0|abbr=on}} of highways, with {{convert|29579|km|0|abbr=on}} paved.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Vial |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326024359/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some highways in the country that stand out are the [[:en:Pan_American_Highway|Pan American Highway]] and [[:en:Interoceanic_Highway|Interoceanic Highway]]. In 2016, the country had {{convert|827|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[:en:Dual_carriageway|duplicated highways]], and was investing in more duplications: the plan was to have {{convert|2634|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visión de desarrolo de la infraestructura vial |url=https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717052534/https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The country's rail network is small: in 2018, the country only had {{convert|1939|km|0|abbr=on}} of railways.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Ferroviaria |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022021352/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2021 දී පේරු හි මාර්ග ජාලය කිලෝමීටර් 175,589 (සැතපුම් 109,106) ක අධිවේගී මාර්ග වලින් සමන්විත වූ අතර කිලෝමීටර් 29,579 (සැතපුම් 18,380) ක කාපට් අතුරා ඇත.[1] රටේ කැපී පෙනෙන සමහර මහාමාර්ග වන්නේ පෑන් ඇමරිකානු අධිවේගී මාර්ගය සහ අන්තර් සාගරික අධිවේගී මාර්ගයයි. 2016 දී, රට තුළ කිලෝමීටර් 827 (සැතපුම් 514) ක අනුපිටපත් අධිවේගී මාර්ග තිබූ අතර, තවත් අනුපිටපත් සඳහා ආයෝජනය කරමින් සිටියේය: 2026 දී කිලෝමීටර් 2,634 (සැතපුම් 1,637) ක සැලැස්මක් තිබුණි.[2] රටේ දුම්රිය ජාලය කුඩා ය: 2018 දී, රටේ දුම්රිය මාර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 1,939 (සැතපුම් 1,205) ක් පමණි.[3]


Peru has important international airports such as [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Lima]], [[:en:Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport|Cuzco]] and [[:en:Rodríguez_Ballón_International_Airport|Arequipa]]. The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina) and Minas Gerais (Brazil).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrade |first=Artur Luiz |date=29 October 2018 |title=Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina |url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125631/https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Portal PANROTAS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Multiple airport expansions are currently under construction across Peru, the two main ones being the [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Jorge Chávez International Airport]] and [[:en:Chinchero_International_Airport|Chinchero International Airport]]. [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Jorge Chávez International Airport]], the largest in Peru, is undergoing an expansion that includes the construction of a new runway, control tower and a new terminal, along with new hotels, logistical buildings and cargo sector. Altogether, they make up the Ciudad Aeropuerto, Airport City. It will allow transit of 40 million passengers every year and will be completed in December 2024. Another ambitious airport project is the [[:en:Chinchero_International_Airport|Chinchero International Airport]] in [[:en:Department_of_Cuzco|Cusco]]. The new airport is set to replace the old [[:en:Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport|Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport]] and help passengers bypass a stop in Lima by introducing international routes.

පේරු හි ලීමා, කුස්කෝ සහ අරෙක්විපා වැනි වැදගත් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළවල් ඇත. 2017 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ කාර්යබහුලම ගුවන් තොටුපළ 10 වූයේ සාඕ පවුලෝ-ගුආරුල්හෝස් (බ්‍රසීලය), බොගෝටා (කොලොම්බියාව), සාඕ පවුලෝ-කොන්ගොන්හාස් (බ්‍රසීලය), සන්තියාගෝ (චිලී), ලීමා (පේරු), බ්‍රසීලියා (බ්‍රසීලය), රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ (බ්‍රසීලය), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-ඒරොපාර්ක් (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-එසෙයිසා (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව) සහ මිනාස් ජෙරයිස් (බ්‍රසීලය) ය. [4] පේරු පුරා බහු ගුවන් තොටුපළ පුළුල් කිරීම් දැනට ඉදිවෙමින් පවතින අතර, ප්‍රධාන දෙක වන්නේ ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ සහ චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. පේරු හි විශාලතම ගුවන් තොටුපළ වන ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ, නව ධාවන පථයක්, පාලන කුළුණක් සහ නව පර්යන්තයක් ඉදිකිරීම මෙන්ම නව හෝටල්, සැපයුම් ගොඩනැගිලි සහ භාණ්ඩ අංශය ද ඇතුළත් පුළුල් කිරීමකට භාජනය වෙමින් පවතී. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන්, ඒවා සියුඩාඩ් ඒරොපුවර්ටෝ, ගුවන් තොටුපළ නගරය සෑදී ඇත. එය සෑම වසරකම මගීන් මිලියන 40 කට ප්‍රවාහන පහසුකම් සපයන අතර 2024 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කෙරේ. තවත් අභිලාෂකාමී ගුවන් තොටුපළ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන්නේ කුස්කෝ හි චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. නව ගුවන් තොටුපළ පැරණි ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ වේලාස්කෝ ඇස්ටෙට් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීමට සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර මාර්ග හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් මගීන්ට ලීමා හි නැවතුමක් මඟ හැරීමට උපකාර කිරීමට සූදානම් වේ.
[[File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|thumb|කැලාඕ වරාය]]
Peru has important ports in [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Ilo,_Peru|Ilo]] and [[:en:Matarani|Matarani]]. The 15 most active ports in South America in 2018 were: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=actividad portuaria de América Latina y el Caribe 2018 |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132759/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Port_of_Callao|Port of Callao]] is currently the largest port in Peru, but will soon be overtaken by the [[:en:Port_of_Chancay|Port of Chancay]], a joint project between [[:en:China|China]] and Peru in [[:en:Chancay|Chancay]], north of [[:en:Lima|Lima]]. When completed, the port will become the largest in Latin America.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=With Peru port project, China gains a foothold in America's backyard |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509224633/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Officially inaugurated on November 14, 2024, the Port of Chancay is a key gateway for trade between South America and Asia, significantly reducing shipping time across the Pacific.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Codings |title=THE PORT OF CHANCAY AND CHINA'S EVOLVING BRI |url=https://orcasia.org/article/1099/the-port-of-chancay-and-chinas-evolving-bri#:~:text=A%20Gateway%20Between%20Asia%20and,shipping%20time%20across%20the%20Pacific. |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=orcasia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි කැලාඕ, ඉලෝ සහ මාතාරානි හි වැදගත් වරායන් ඇත. 2018 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වඩාත් ක්‍රියාකාරී වරායන් 15 වූයේ: සැන්ටොස් වරාය (බ්‍රසීලය), බහියා ද කාටජිනා වරාය (කොලොම්බියාව), කැලාඕ (පේරු), ගුවායාකිල් (ඉක්වදෝරය), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව), සැන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ (චිලී), බුවනවෙන්ටුරා (කොලොම්බියාව), ඉටජායි (බ්‍රසීලය), වල්පරයිසෝ (චිලී), මොන්ටෙවීඩියෝ (උරුගුවේ), පරානගුවා (බ්‍රසීලය), රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් (බ්‍රසීලය), සාඕ ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩෝ සුල් (බ්‍රසීලය), මනාස් (බ්‍රසීලය) සහ කොරොනෙල් (චිලී).[5] කැලාඕ වරාය දැනට පේරු හි විශාලතම වරාය වන නමුත්, ලීමා හි උතුරින් චැන්කේ හි චීනය සහ පේරු අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන චැන්කේ වරාය විසින් ඉක්මනින්ම අභිබවා යනු ඇත. අවසන් වූ විට, වරාය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම වරාය බවට පත්වනු ඇත.[6] 2024 නොවැම්බර් 14 වන දින නිල වශයෙන් විවෘත කරන ලද චැන්කේ වරාය දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වෙළඳාම සඳහා ප්‍රධාන දොරටුවක් වන අතර එය පැසිෆික් කලාපය හරහා නැව්ගත කිරීමේ කාලය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කරයි.[7]

=== බලශක්තිය ===
[[File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|thumb|2013 දී ඌරුබම්බා ගඟේ වේල්ල]]
The electricity sector has experienced notable improvements in recent years. The number of homes with electric lighting grew from 82% in 2007 to 94.2% in 2016, while the quality and effectiveness of service provision also improved. Current electricity generation capacity is evenly divided between thermal energy and hydroelectric energy sources. The National Interconnected Electrical System supplies 85% of the connected population, with several isolated systems that cover the rest of the country. Peruvian electricity production totalled 5.1 TWh in the month of October 2022. Of these, 52% came from hydroelectric plants, 38.3% from thermoelectric plants (which use oil, gas and coal) and 9.7% of renewable energy plants like: wind, solar, and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Electricity Production, 1978 – 2023 &amp;#124; CEIC Data |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126153442/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=www.ceicdata.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2021, Peru had, in terms of installed renewable electricity, 5,490 MW in hydropower (34th largest in the world), 409 MW in wind power (49th largest in the world), 336 MW in solar power (62nd largest in the world), and 185 MW in biomass.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=IRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

විදුලිබල අංශය මෑත වසරවලදී කැපී පෙනෙන දියුණුවක් අත්විඳ ඇත. විදුලි ආලෝකය සහිත නිවාස සංඛ්‍යාව 2007 දී 82% සිට 2016 දී 94.2% දක්වා වර්ධනය වූ අතර, සේවා සැපයීමේ ගුණාත්මකභාවය සහ කාර්යක්ෂමතාව ද වැඩිදියුණු විය. වත්මන් විදුලි උත්පාදන ධාරිතාව තාප ශක්තිය සහ ජල විදුලි බලශක්ති ප්‍රභවයන් අතර ඒකාකාරව බෙදී ඇත. ජාතික අන්තර් සම්බන්ධිත විදුලි පද්ධතිය සම්බන්ධිත ජනගහනයෙන් 85% ක් සපයන අතර, රටේ ඉතිරි ප්‍රදේශ ආවරණය වන හුදකලා පද්ධති කිහිපයක් ඇත. 2022 ඔක්තෝබර් මාසයේ පේරු විදුලි නිෂ්පාදනය මුළු ටෙරාවොට් පැය 5.1 කි. මෙයින් 52% ක් ජල විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 38.3% ක් තාප විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 9.7% ක් සුළං, සූර්ය සහ වෙනත් පුනර්ජනනීය බලශක්ති බලාගාරවලින් ද ලැබුණි. [8]

2021 දී, පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ ස්ථාපිත පුනර්ජනනීය විදුලිය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ජල විදුලිය මෙගාවොට් 5,490 ක් (ලෝකයේ 34 වන විශාලතම), සුළං බලය මෙගාවොට් 409 ක් (ලෝකයේ 49 වන විශාලතම), සූර්ය බලය මෙගාවොට් 336 ක් (ලෝකයේ 62 වන විශාලතම) සහ ජෛව ස්කන්ධය මෙගාවොට් 185 ක් විය. [9]

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
[[File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|thumb|ටාරපොටෝ රෝහල]]According to the [[:en:Pan_American_Health_Organization|Pan American Health Organization]], life expectancy for men is 72.6 years, while for women it is 77.9 years. Infant mortality is eighteen per thousand births, having been reduced 76% from 1990 to 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Core Indicators, Health Situation in the America's |url=https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601200823/https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=9 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main causes of death of Peruvians are [[:en:Neoplasm|neoplasm]], [[:en:Influenza|influenza]] and [[:en:Pneumonia|pneumonia]], bacterial diseases, ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. According to the 2017 Population and Housing Censuses, 75.5% of the population has some type of health insurance, that is, 22,173,663 people, despite this, 24.5% of the population does not have any type of insurance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Perfil Sociodemografico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පෑන් ඇමරිකානු සෞඛ්‍ය සංවිධානයට අනුව, පිරිමින්ගේ ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 72.6 ක් වන අතර කාන්තාවන් සඳහා එය අවුරුදු 77.9 කි. ළදරු මරණ අනුපාතය උපත් දහසකට දහඅටක් වන අතර එය 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා 76% කින් අඩු වී ඇත. [10] පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ මරණයට ප්‍රධාන හේතු වන්නේ නියෝප්ලාස්ම්, ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා සහ නියුමෝනියාව, බැක්ටීරියා රෝග, ඉෂ්මික් හෘද රෝග සහ මස්තිෂ්ක වාහිනී රෝග ය. 2017 ජනගහන හා නිවාස සංගණනවලට අනුව, ජනගහනයෙන් 75.5% කට යම් ආකාරයක සෞඛ්‍ය රක්ෂණයක් ඇත, එනම් පුද්ගලයින් 22,173,663 ක්, එසේ තිබියදීත්, ජනගහනයෙන් 24.5% කට කිසිදු ආකාරයක රක්ෂණයක් නොමැත.[11]

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>ji318k3vi3r62je5h9zzfnjuipn5p93</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754308</id>
      <parentid>754307</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T07:50:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754308</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20742" sha1="r4fuex5g65rbn7hzr6eu7ehlnq9tn9n" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
[[File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Perú,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|thumb|ඉකා හි අධිවේගී මාර්ගය]]
Peru's road network in 2021 consisted of {{convert|175589|km|0|abbr=on}} of highways, with {{convert|29579|km|0|abbr=on}} paved. Some highways in the country that stand out are the [[:en:Pan_American_Highway|Pan American Highway]] and [[:en:Interoceanic_Highway|Interoceanic Highway]]. In 2016, the country had {{convert|827|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[:en:Dual_carriageway|duplicated highways]], and was investing in more duplications: the plan was to have {{convert|2634|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2026.  The country's rail network is small: in 2018, the country only had {{convert|1939|km|0|abbr=on}} of railways.

2021 දී පේරු හි මාර්ග ජාලය කිලෝමීටර් 175,589 (සැතපුම් 109,106) ක අධිවේගී මාර්ග වලින් සමන්විත වූ අතර කිලෝමීටර් 29,579 (සැතපුම් 18,380) ක කාපට් අතුරා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Vial |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326024359/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt; රටේ කැපී පෙනෙන සමහර මහාමාර්ග වන්නේ පෑන් ඇමරිකානු අධිවේගී මාර්ගය සහ අන්තර් සාගරික අධිවේගී මාර්ගයයි. 2016 දී, රට තුළ කිලෝමීටර් 827 (සැතපුම් 514) ක අනුපිටපත් අධිවේගී මාර්ග තිබූ අතර, තවත් අනුපිටපත් සඳහා ආයෝජනය කරමින් සිටියේය: 2026 දී කිලෝමීටර් 2,634 (සැතපුම් 1,637) ක සැලැස්මක් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visión de desarrolo de la infraestructura vial |url=https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717052534/https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; රටේ දුම්රිය ජාලය කුඩා ය: 2018 දී, රටේ දුම්රිය මාර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 1,939 (සැතපුම් 1,205) ක් පමණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Ferroviaria |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022021352/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Peru has important international airports such as [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Lima]], [[:en:Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport|Cuzco]] and [[:en:Rodríguez_Ballón_International_Airport|Arequipa]]. The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina) and Minas Gerais (Brazil). Multiple airport expansions are currently under construction across Peru, the two main ones being the [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Jorge Chávez International Airport]] and [[:en:Chinchero_International_Airport|Chinchero International Airport]]. [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Jorge Chávez International Airport]], the largest in Peru, is undergoing an expansion that includes the construction of a new runway, control tower and a new terminal, along with new hotels, logistical buildings and cargo sector. Altogether, they make up the Ciudad Aeropuerto, Airport City. It will allow transit of 40 million passengers every year and will be completed in December 2024. Another ambitious airport project is the [[:en:Chinchero_International_Airport|Chinchero International Airport]] in [[:en:Department_of_Cuzco|Cusco]]. The new airport is set to replace the old [[:en:Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport|Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport]] and help passengers bypass a stop in Lima by introducing international routes.

පේරු හි ලීමා, කුස්කෝ සහ අරෙක්විපා වැනි වැදගත් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළවල් ඇත. 2017 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ කාර්යබහුලම ගුවන් තොටුපළ 10 වූයේ සාඕ පවුලෝ-ගුආරුල්හෝස් (බ්‍රසීලය), බොගෝටා (කොලොම්බියාව), සාඕ පවුලෝ-කොන්ගොන්හාස් (බ්‍රසීලය), සන්තියාගෝ (චිලී), ලීමා (පේරු), බ්‍රසීලියා (බ්‍රසීලය), රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ (බ්‍රසීලය), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-ඒරොපාර්ක් (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-එසෙයිසා (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව) සහ මිනාස් ජෙරයිස් (බ්‍රසීලය) ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrade |first=Artur Luiz |date=29 October 2018 |title=Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina |url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125631/https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Portal PANROTAS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු පුරා බහු ගුවන් තොටුපළ පුළුල් කිරීම් දැනට ඉදිවෙමින් පවතින අතර, ප්‍රධාන දෙක වන්නේ ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ සහ චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. පේරු හි විශාලතම ගුවන් තොටුපළ වන ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ, නව ධාවන පථයක්, පාලන කුළුණක් සහ නව පර්යන්තයක් ඉදිකිරීම මෙන්ම නව හෝටල්, සැපයුම් ගොඩනැගිලි සහ භාණ්ඩ අංශය ද ඇතුළත් පුළුල් කිරීමකට භාජනය වෙමින් පවතී. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන්, ඒවා සියුඩාඩ් ඒරොපුවර්ටෝ, ගුවන් තොටුපළ නගරය සෑදී ඇත. එය සෑම වසරකම මගීන් මිලියන 40 කට ප්‍රවාහන පහසුකම් සපයන අතර 2024 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කෙරේ. තවත් අභිලාෂකාමී ගුවන් තොටුපළ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන්නේ කුස්කෝ හි චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. නව ගුවන් තොටුපළ පැරණි ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ වේලාස්කෝ ඇස්ටෙට් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීමට සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර මාර්ග හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් මගීන්ට ලීමා හි නැවතුමක් මඟ හැරීමට උපකාර කිරීමට සූදානම් වේ.
[[File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|thumb|කැලාඕ වරාය]]
Peru has important ports in [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Ilo,_Peru|Ilo]] and [[:en:Matarani|Matarani]]. The 15 most active ports in South America in 2018 were: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile). The [[:en:Port_of_Callao|Port of Callao]] is currently the largest port in Peru, but will soon be overtaken by the [[:en:Port_of_Chancay|Port of Chancay]], a joint project between [[:en:China|China]] and Peru in [[:en:Chancay|Chancay]], north of [[:en:Lima|Lima]]. When completed, the port will become the largest in Latin America. Officially inaugurated on November 14, 2024, the Port of Chancay is a key gateway for trade between South America and Asia, significantly reducing shipping time across the Pacific.

පේරු හි කැලාඕ, ඉලෝ සහ මාතාරානි හි වැදගත් වරායන් ඇත. 2018 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වඩාත් ක්‍රියාකාරී වරායන් 15 වූයේ: සැන්ටොස් වරාය ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), බහියා ද කාටජිනා වරාය ([[කොලොම්බියාව]]), කැලාඕ ([[පේරු]]), ගුවායාකිල් ([[ඉක්වදෝරය]]), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ([[ආර්ජන්ටිනාව]]), සැන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ([[චිලී]]), බුවනවෙන්ටුරා ([[කොලොම්බියාව]]), ඉටජායි ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), වල්පරයිසෝ ([[චිලී]]), මොන්ටෙවීඩියෝ ([[උරුගුවේ]]), පරානගුවා ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), සාඕ ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩෝ සුල් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), මනාස් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]) සහ කොරොනෙල් ([[චිලී]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=actividad portuaria de América Latina y el Caribe 2018 |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132759/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැලාඕ වරාය දැනට පේරු හි විශාලතම වරාය වන නමුත්, ලීමා හි උතුරින් චැන්කේ හි චීනය සහ පේරු අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන චැන්කේ වරාය විසින් ඉක්මනින්ම අභිබවා යනු ඇත. අවසන් වූ විට, වරාය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම වරාය බවට පත්වනු ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=With Peru port project, China gains a foothold in America's backyard |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509224633/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2024 නොවැම්බර් 14 වන දින නිල වශයෙන් විවෘත කරන ලද චැන්කේ වරාය දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වෙළඳාම සඳහා ප්‍රධාන දොරටුවක් වන අතර එය පැසිෆික් කලාපය හරහා නැව්ගත කිරීමේ කාලය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Codings |title=THE PORT OF CHANCAY AND CHINA'S EVOLVING BRI |url=https://orcasia.org/article/1099/the-port-of-chancay-and-chinas-evolving-bri#:~:text=A%20Gateway%20Between%20Asia%20and,shipping%20time%20across%20the%20Pacific. |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=orcasia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== බලශක්තිය ===
[[File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|thumb|2013 දී ඌරුබම්බා ගඟේ වේල්ල]]
The electricity sector has experienced notable improvements in recent years. The number of homes with electric lighting grew from 82% in 2007 to 94.2% in 2016, while the quality and effectiveness of service provision also improved. Current electricity generation capacity is evenly divided between thermal energy and hydroelectric energy sources. The National Interconnected Electrical System supplies 85% of the connected population, with several isolated systems that cover the rest of the country. Peruvian electricity production totalled 5.1 TWh in the month of October 2022. Of these, 52% came from hydroelectric plants, 38.3% from thermoelectric plants (which use oil, gas and coal) and 9.7% of renewable energy plants like: wind, solar, and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Electricity Production, 1978 – 2023 &amp;#124; CEIC Data |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126153442/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=www.ceicdata.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2021, Peru had, in terms of installed renewable electricity, 5,490 MW in hydropower (34th largest in the world), 409 MW in wind power (49th largest in the world), 336 MW in solar power (62nd largest in the world), and 185 MW in biomass.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=IRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

විදුලිබල අංශය මෑත වසරවලදී කැපී පෙනෙන දියුණුවක් අත්විඳ ඇත. විදුලි ආලෝකය සහිත නිවාස සංඛ්‍යාව 2007 දී 82% සිට 2016 දී 94.2% දක්වා වර්ධනය වූ අතර, සේවා සැපයීමේ ගුණාත්මකභාවය සහ කාර්යක්ෂමතාව ද වැඩිදියුණු විය. වත්මන් විදුලි උත්පාදන ධාරිතාව තාප ශක්තිය සහ ජල විදුලි බලශක්ති ප්‍රභවයන් අතර ඒකාකාරව බෙදී ඇත. ජාතික අන්තර් සම්බන්ධිත විදුලි පද්ධතිය සම්බන්ධිත ජනගහනයෙන් 85% ක් සපයන අතර, රටේ ඉතිරි ප්‍රදේශ ආවරණය වන හුදකලා පද්ධති කිහිපයක් ඇත. 2022 ඔක්තෝබර් මාසයේ පේරු විදුලි නිෂ්පාදනය මුළු ටෙරාවොට් පැය 5.1 කි. මෙයින් 52% ක් ජල විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 38.3% ක් තාප විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 9.7% ක් සුළං, සූර්ය සහ වෙනත් පුනර්ජනනීය බලශක්ති බලාගාරවලින් ද ලැබුණි. [8]

2021 දී, පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ ස්ථාපිත පුනර්ජනනීය විදුලිය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ජල විදුලිය මෙගාවොට් 5,490 ක් (ලෝකයේ 34 වන විශාලතම), සුළං බලය මෙගාවොට් 409 ක් (ලෝකයේ 49 වන විශාලතම), සූර්ය බලය මෙගාවොට් 336 ක් (ලෝකයේ 62 වන විශාලතම) සහ ජෛව ස්කන්ධය මෙගාවොට් 185 ක් විය. [9]

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
[[File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|thumb|ටාරපොටෝ රෝහල]]According to the [[:en:Pan_American_Health_Organization|Pan American Health Organization]], life expectancy for men is 72.6 years, while for women it is 77.9 years. Infant mortality is eighteen per thousand births, having been reduced 76% from 1990 to 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Core Indicators, Health Situation in the America's |url=https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601200823/https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=9 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main causes of death of Peruvians are [[:en:Neoplasm|neoplasm]], [[:en:Influenza|influenza]] and [[:en:Pneumonia|pneumonia]], bacterial diseases, ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. According to the 2017 Population and Housing Censuses, 75.5% of the population has some type of health insurance, that is, 22,173,663 people, despite this, 24.5% of the population does not have any type of insurance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Perfil Sociodemografico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පෑන් ඇමරිකානු සෞඛ්‍ය සංවිධානයට අනුව, පිරිමින්ගේ ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 72.6 ක් වන අතර කාන්තාවන් සඳහා එය අවුරුදු 77.9 කි. ළදරු මරණ අනුපාතය උපත් දහසකට දහඅටක් වන අතර එය 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා 76% කින් අඩු වී ඇත. [10] පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ මරණයට ප්‍රධාන හේතු වන්නේ නියෝප්ලාස්ම්, ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා සහ නියුමෝනියාව, බැක්ටීරියා රෝග, ඉෂ්මික් හෘද රෝග සහ මස්තිෂ්ක වාහිනී රෝග ය. 2017 ජනගහන හා නිවාස සංගණනවලට අනුව, ජනගහනයෙන් 75.5% කට යම් ආකාරයක සෞඛ්‍ය රක්ෂණයක් ඇත, එනම් පුද්ගලයින් 22,173,663 ක්, එසේ තිබියදීත්, ජනගහනයෙන් 24.5% කට කිසිදු ආකාරයක රක්ෂණයක් නොමැත.[11]

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>r4fuex5g65rbn7hzr6eu7ehlnq9tn9n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754309</id>
      <parentid>754308</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T07:51:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* බලශක්තිය */</comment>
      <origin>754309</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20045" sha1="eazv8lxyaejxq3oert0q1s0pey94su3" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
[[File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Perú,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|thumb|ඉකා හි අධිවේගී මාර්ගය]]
Peru's road network in 2021 consisted of {{convert|175589|km|0|abbr=on}} of highways, with {{convert|29579|km|0|abbr=on}} paved. Some highways in the country that stand out are the [[:en:Pan_American_Highway|Pan American Highway]] and [[:en:Interoceanic_Highway|Interoceanic Highway]]. In 2016, the country had {{convert|827|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[:en:Dual_carriageway|duplicated highways]], and was investing in more duplications: the plan was to have {{convert|2634|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2026.  The country's rail network is small: in 2018, the country only had {{convert|1939|km|0|abbr=on}} of railways.

2021 දී පේරු හි මාර්ග ජාලය කිලෝමීටර් 175,589 (සැතපුම් 109,106) ක අධිවේගී මාර්ග වලින් සමන්විත වූ අතර කිලෝමීටර් 29,579 (සැතපුම් 18,380) ක කාපට් අතුරා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Vial |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326024359/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt; රටේ කැපී පෙනෙන සමහර මහාමාර්ග වන්නේ පෑන් ඇමරිකානු අධිවේගී මාර්ගය සහ අන්තර් සාගරික අධිවේගී මාර්ගයයි. 2016 දී, රට තුළ කිලෝමීටර් 827 (සැතපුම් 514) ක අනුපිටපත් අධිවේගී මාර්ග තිබූ අතර, තවත් අනුපිටපත් සඳහා ආයෝජනය කරමින් සිටියේය: 2026 දී කිලෝමීටර් 2,634 (සැතපුම් 1,637) ක සැලැස්මක් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visión de desarrolo de la infraestructura vial |url=https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717052534/https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; රටේ දුම්රිය ජාලය කුඩා ය: 2018 දී, රටේ දුම්රිය මාර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 1,939 (සැතපුම් 1,205) ක් පමණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Ferroviaria |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022021352/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Peru has important international airports such as [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Lima]], [[:en:Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport|Cuzco]] and [[:en:Rodríguez_Ballón_International_Airport|Arequipa]]. The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina) and Minas Gerais (Brazil). Multiple airport expansions are currently under construction across Peru, the two main ones being the [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Jorge Chávez International Airport]] and [[:en:Chinchero_International_Airport|Chinchero International Airport]]. [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Jorge Chávez International Airport]], the largest in Peru, is undergoing an expansion that includes the construction of a new runway, control tower and a new terminal, along with new hotels, logistical buildings and cargo sector. Altogether, they make up the Ciudad Aeropuerto, Airport City. It will allow transit of 40 million passengers every year and will be completed in December 2024. Another ambitious airport project is the [[:en:Chinchero_International_Airport|Chinchero International Airport]] in [[:en:Department_of_Cuzco|Cusco]]. The new airport is set to replace the old [[:en:Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport|Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport]] and help passengers bypass a stop in Lima by introducing international routes.

පේරු හි ලීමා, කුස්කෝ සහ අරෙක්විපා වැනි වැදගත් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළවල් ඇත. 2017 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ කාර්යබහුලම ගුවන් තොටුපළ 10 වූයේ සාඕ පවුලෝ-ගුආරුල්හෝස් (බ්‍රසීලය), බොගෝටා (කොලොම්බියාව), සාඕ පවුලෝ-කොන්ගොන්හාස් (බ්‍රසීලය), සන්තියාගෝ (චිලී), ලීමා (පේරු), බ්‍රසීලියා (බ්‍රසීලය), රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ (බ්‍රසීලය), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-ඒරොපාර්ක් (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-එසෙයිසා (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව) සහ මිනාස් ජෙරයිස් (බ්‍රසීලය) ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrade |first=Artur Luiz |date=29 October 2018 |title=Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina |url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125631/https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Portal PANROTAS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු පුරා බහු ගුවන් තොටුපළ පුළුල් කිරීම් දැනට ඉදිවෙමින් පවතින අතර, ප්‍රධාන දෙක වන්නේ ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ සහ චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. පේරු හි විශාලතම ගුවන් තොටුපළ වන ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ, නව ධාවන පථයක්, පාලන කුළුණක් සහ නව පර්යන්තයක් ඉදිකිරීම මෙන්ම නව හෝටල්, සැපයුම් ගොඩනැගිලි සහ භාණ්ඩ අංශය ද ඇතුළත් පුළුල් කිරීමකට භාජනය වෙමින් පවතී. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන්, ඒවා සියුඩාඩ් ඒරොපුවර්ටෝ, ගුවන් තොටුපළ නගරය සෑදී ඇත. එය සෑම වසරකම මගීන් මිලියන 40 කට ප්‍රවාහන පහසුකම් සපයන අතර 2024 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කෙරේ. තවත් අභිලාෂකාමී ගුවන් තොටුපළ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන්නේ කුස්කෝ හි චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. නව ගුවන් තොටුපළ පැරණි ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ වේලාස්කෝ ඇස්ටෙට් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීමට සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර මාර්ග හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් මගීන්ට ලීමා හි නැවතුමක් මඟ හැරීමට උපකාර කිරීමට සූදානම් වේ.
[[File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|thumb|කැලාඕ වරාය]]
Peru has important ports in [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Ilo,_Peru|Ilo]] and [[:en:Matarani|Matarani]]. The 15 most active ports in South America in 2018 were: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile). The [[:en:Port_of_Callao|Port of Callao]] is currently the largest port in Peru, but will soon be overtaken by the [[:en:Port_of_Chancay|Port of Chancay]], a joint project between [[:en:China|China]] and Peru in [[:en:Chancay|Chancay]], north of [[:en:Lima|Lima]]. When completed, the port will become the largest in Latin America. Officially inaugurated on November 14, 2024, the Port of Chancay is a key gateway for trade between South America and Asia, significantly reducing shipping time across the Pacific.

පේරු හි කැලාඕ, ඉලෝ සහ මාතාරානි හි වැදගත් වරායන් ඇත. 2018 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වඩාත් ක්‍රියාකාරී වරායන් 15 වූයේ: සැන්ටොස් වරාය ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), බහියා ද කාටජිනා වරාය ([[කොලොම්බියාව]]), කැලාඕ ([[පේරු]]), ගුවායාකිල් ([[ඉක්වදෝරය]]), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ([[ආර්ජන්ටිනාව]]), සැන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ([[චිලී]]), බුවනවෙන්ටුරා ([[කොලොම්බියාව]]), ඉටජායි ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), වල්පරයිසෝ ([[චිලී]]), මොන්ටෙවීඩියෝ ([[උරුගුවේ]]), පරානගුවා ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), සාඕ ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩෝ සුල් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), මනාස් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]) සහ කොරොනෙල් ([[චිලී]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=actividad portuaria de América Latina y el Caribe 2018 |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132759/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැලාඕ වරාය දැනට පේරු හි විශාලතම වරාය වන නමුත්, ලීමා හි උතුරින් චැන්කේ හි චීනය සහ පේරු අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන චැන්කේ වරාය විසින් ඉක්මනින්ම අභිබවා යනු ඇත. අවසන් වූ විට, වරාය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම වරාය බවට පත්වනු ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=With Peru port project, China gains a foothold in America's backyard |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509224633/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2024 නොවැම්බර් 14 වන දින නිල වශයෙන් විවෘත කරන ලද චැන්කේ වරාය දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වෙළඳාම සඳහා ප්‍රධාන දොරටුවක් වන අතර එය පැසිෆික් කලාපය හරහා නැව්ගත කිරීමේ කාලය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Codings |title=THE PORT OF CHANCAY AND CHINA'S EVOLVING BRI |url=https://orcasia.org/article/1099/the-port-of-chancay-and-chinas-evolving-bri#:~:text=A%20Gateway%20Between%20Asia%20and,shipping%20time%20across%20the%20Pacific. |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=orcasia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== බලශක්තිය ===
[[File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|thumb|2013 දී ඌරුබම්බා ගඟේ වේල්ල]]
The electricity sector has experienced notable improvements in recent years. The number of homes with electric lighting grew from 82% in 2007 to 94.2% in 2016, while the quality and effectiveness of service provision also improved. Current electricity generation capacity is evenly divided between thermal energy and hydroelectric energy sources. The National Interconnected Electrical System supplies 85% of the connected population, with several isolated systems that cover the rest of the country. Peruvian electricity production totalled 5.1 TWh in the month of October 2022. Of these, 52% came from hydroelectric plants, 38.3% from thermoelectric plants (which use oil, gas and coal) and 9.7% of renewable energy plants like: wind, solar, and others.

In 2021, Peru had, in terms of installed renewable electricity, 5,490 MW in hydropower (34th largest in the world), 409 MW in wind power (49th largest in the world), 336 MW in solar power (62nd largest in the world), and 185 MW in biomass.

විදුලිබල අංශය මෑත වසරවලදී කැපී පෙනෙන දියුණුවක් අත්විඳ ඇත. විදුලි ආලෝකය සහිත නිවාස සංඛ්‍යාව 2007 දී 82% සිට 2016 දී 94.2% දක්වා වර්ධනය වූ අතර, සේවා සැපයීමේ ගුණාත්මකභාවය සහ කාර්යක්ෂමතාව ද වැඩිදියුණු විය. වත්මන් විදුලි උත්පාදන ධාරිතාව තාප ශක්තිය සහ ජල විදුලි බලශක්ති ප්‍රභවයන් අතර ඒකාකාරව බෙදී ඇත. ජාතික අන්තර් සම්බන්ධිත විදුලි පද්ධතිය සම්බන්ධිත ජනගහනයෙන් 85% ක් සපයන අතර, රටේ ඉතිරි ප්‍රදේශ ආවරණය වන හුදකලා පද්ධති කිහිපයක් ඇත. 2022 ඔක්තෝබර් මාසයේ පේරු විදුලි නිෂ්පාදනය මුළු ටෙරාවොට් පැය 5.1 කි. මෙයින් 52% ක් ජල විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 38.3% ක් තාප විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 9.7% ක් සුළං, සූර්ය සහ වෙනත් පුනර්ජනනීය බලශක්ති බලාගාරවලින් ද ලැබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Electricity Production, 1978 – 2023 &amp;#124; CEIC Data |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126153442/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=www.ceicdata.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2021 දී, පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ ස්ථාපිත පුනර්ජනනීය විදුලිය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ජල විදුලිය මෙගාවොට් 5,490 ක් (ලෝකයේ 34 වන විශාලතම), සුළං බලය මෙගාවොට් 409 ක් (ලෝකයේ 49 වන විශාලතම), සූර්ය බලය මෙගාවොට් 336 ක් (ලෝකයේ 62 වන විශාලතම) සහ ජෛව ස්කන්ධය මෙගාවොට් 185 ක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=IRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
[[File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|thumb|ටාරපොටෝ රෝහල]]පෑන් ඇමරිකානු සෞඛ්‍ය සංවිධානයට අනුව, පිරිමින්ගේ ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 72.6 ක් වන අතර කාන්තාවන් සඳහා එය අවුරුදු 77.9 කි. ළදරු මරණ අනුපාතය උපත් දහසකට දහඅටක් වන අතර එය 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා 76% කින් අඩු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Core Indicators, Health Situation in the America's |url=https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601200823/https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=9 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ මරණයට ප්‍රධාන හේතු වන්නේ නියෝප්ලාස්ම්, ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා සහ නියුමෝනියාව, බැක්ටීරියා රෝග, ඉෂ්මික් හෘද රෝග සහ මස්තිෂ්ක වාහිනී රෝග ය. 2017 ජනගහන හා නිවාස සංගණනවලට අනුව, ජනගහනයෙන් 75.5% කට යම් ආකාරයක සෞඛ්‍ය රක්ෂණයක් ඇත, එනම් පුද්ගලයින් 22,173,663 ක්, එසේ තිබියදීත්, ජනගහනයෙන් 24.5% කට කිසිදු ආකාරයක රක්ෂණයක් නොමැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Perfil Sociodemografico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>eazv8lxyaejxq3oert0q1s0pey94su3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754310</id>
      <parentid>754309</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T07:51:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* බලශක්තිය */</comment>
      <origin>754310</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19047" sha1="j5w949br3obzcn8a2k8u1e9zeszgatb" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
[[File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Perú,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|thumb|ඉකා හි අධිවේගී මාර්ගය]]
Peru's road network in 2021 consisted of {{convert|175589|km|0|abbr=on}} of highways, with {{convert|29579|km|0|abbr=on}} paved. Some highways in the country that stand out are the [[:en:Pan_American_Highway|Pan American Highway]] and [[:en:Interoceanic_Highway|Interoceanic Highway]]. In 2016, the country had {{convert|827|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[:en:Dual_carriageway|duplicated highways]], and was investing in more duplications: the plan was to have {{convert|2634|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2026.  The country's rail network is small: in 2018, the country only had {{convert|1939|km|0|abbr=on}} of railways.

2021 දී පේරු හි මාර්ග ජාලය කිලෝමීටර් 175,589 (සැතපුම් 109,106) ක අධිවේගී මාර්ග වලින් සමන්විත වූ අතර කිලෝමීටර් 29,579 (සැතපුම් 18,380) ක කාපට් අතුරා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Vial |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326024359/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt; රටේ කැපී පෙනෙන සමහර මහාමාර්ග වන්නේ පෑන් ඇමරිකානු අධිවේගී මාර්ගය සහ අන්තර් සාගරික අධිවේගී මාර්ගයයි. 2016 දී, රට තුළ කිලෝමීටර් 827 (සැතපුම් 514) ක අනුපිටපත් අධිවේගී මාර්ග තිබූ අතර, තවත් අනුපිටපත් සඳහා ආයෝජනය කරමින් සිටියේය: 2026 දී කිලෝමීටර් 2,634 (සැතපුම් 1,637) ක සැලැස්මක් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visión de desarrolo de la infraestructura vial |url=https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717052534/https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; රටේ දුම්රිය ජාලය කුඩා ය: 2018 දී, රටේ දුම්රිය මාර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 1,939 (සැතපුම් 1,205) ක් පමණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Ferroviaria |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022021352/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Peru has important international airports such as [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Lima]], [[:en:Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport|Cuzco]] and [[:en:Rodríguez_Ballón_International_Airport|Arequipa]]. The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina) and Minas Gerais (Brazil). Multiple airport expansions are currently under construction across Peru, the two main ones being the [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Jorge Chávez International Airport]] and [[:en:Chinchero_International_Airport|Chinchero International Airport]]. [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Jorge Chávez International Airport]], the largest in Peru, is undergoing an expansion that includes the construction of a new runway, control tower and a new terminal, along with new hotels, logistical buildings and cargo sector. Altogether, they make up the Ciudad Aeropuerto, Airport City. It will allow transit of 40 million passengers every year and will be completed in December 2024. Another ambitious airport project is the [[:en:Chinchero_International_Airport|Chinchero International Airport]] in [[:en:Department_of_Cuzco|Cusco]]. The new airport is set to replace the old [[:en:Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport|Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport]] and help passengers bypass a stop in Lima by introducing international routes.

පේරු හි ලීමා, කුස්කෝ සහ අරෙක්විපා වැනි වැදගත් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළවල් ඇත. 2017 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ කාර්යබහුලම ගුවන් තොටුපළ 10 වූයේ සාඕ පවුලෝ-ගුආරුල්හෝස් (බ්‍රසීලය), බොගෝටා (කොලොම්බියාව), සාඕ පවුලෝ-කොන්ගොන්හාස් (බ්‍රසීලය), සන්තියාගෝ (චිලී), ලීමා (පේරු), බ්‍රසීලියා (බ්‍රසීලය), රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ (බ්‍රසීලය), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-ඒරොපාර්ක් (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-එසෙයිසා (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව) සහ මිනාස් ජෙරයිස් (බ්‍රසීලය) ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrade |first=Artur Luiz |date=29 October 2018 |title=Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina |url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125631/https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Portal PANROTAS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු පුරා බහු ගුවන් තොටුපළ පුළුල් කිරීම් දැනට ඉදිවෙමින් පවතින අතර, ප්‍රධාන දෙක වන්නේ ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ සහ චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. පේරු හි විශාලතම ගුවන් තොටුපළ වන ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ, නව ධාවන පථයක්, පාලන කුළුණක් සහ නව පර්යන්තයක් ඉදිකිරීම මෙන්ම නව හෝටල්, සැපයුම් ගොඩනැගිලි සහ භාණ්ඩ අංශය ද ඇතුළත් පුළුල් කිරීමකට භාජනය වෙමින් පවතී. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන්, ඒවා සියුඩාඩ් ඒරොපුවර්ටෝ, ගුවන් තොටුපළ නගරය සෑදී ඇත. එය සෑම වසරකම මගීන් මිලියන 40 කට ප්‍රවාහන පහසුකම් සපයන අතර 2024 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කෙරේ. තවත් අභිලාෂකාමී ගුවන් තොටුපළ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන්නේ කුස්කෝ හි චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. නව ගුවන් තොටුපළ පැරණි ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ වේලාස්කෝ ඇස්ටෙට් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීමට සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර මාර්ග හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් මගීන්ට ලීමා හි නැවතුමක් මඟ හැරීමට උපකාර කිරීමට සූදානම් වේ.
[[File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|thumb|කැලාඕ වරාය]]
Peru has important ports in [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Ilo,_Peru|Ilo]] and [[:en:Matarani|Matarani]]. The 15 most active ports in South America in 2018 were: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile). The [[:en:Port_of_Callao|Port of Callao]] is currently the largest port in Peru, but will soon be overtaken by the [[:en:Port_of_Chancay|Port of Chancay]], a joint project between [[:en:China|China]] and Peru in [[:en:Chancay|Chancay]], north of [[:en:Lima|Lima]]. When completed, the port will become the largest in Latin America. Officially inaugurated on November 14, 2024, the Port of Chancay is a key gateway for trade between South America and Asia, significantly reducing shipping time across the Pacific.

පේරු හි කැලාඕ, ඉලෝ සහ මාතාරානි හි වැදගත් වරායන් ඇත. 2018 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වඩාත් ක්‍රියාකාරී වරායන් 15 වූයේ: සැන්ටොස් වරාය ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), බහියා ද කාටජිනා වරාය ([[කොලොම්බියාව]]), කැලාඕ ([[පේරු]]), ගුවායාකිල් ([[ඉක්වදෝරය]]), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ([[ආර්ජන්ටිනාව]]), සැන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ([[චිලී]]), බුවනවෙන්ටුරා ([[කොලොම්බියාව]]), ඉටජායි ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), වල්පරයිසෝ ([[චිලී]]), මොන්ටෙවීඩියෝ ([[උරුගුවේ]]), පරානගුවා ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), සාඕ ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩෝ සුල් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), මනාස් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]) සහ කොරොනෙල් ([[චිලී]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=actividad portuaria de América Latina y el Caribe 2018 |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132759/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැලාඕ වරාය දැනට පේරු හි විශාලතම වරාය වන නමුත්, ලීමා හි උතුරින් චැන්කේ හි චීනය සහ පේරු අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන චැන්කේ වරාය විසින් ඉක්මනින්ම අභිබවා යනු ඇත. අවසන් වූ විට, වරාය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම වරාය බවට පත්වනු ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=With Peru port project, China gains a foothold in America's backyard |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509224633/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2024 නොවැම්බර් 14 වන දින නිල වශයෙන් විවෘත කරන ලද චැන්කේ වරාය දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වෙළඳාම සඳහා ප්‍රධාන දොරටුවක් වන අතර එය පැසිෆික් කලාපය හරහා නැව්ගත කිරීමේ කාලය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Codings |title=THE PORT OF CHANCAY AND CHINA'S EVOLVING BRI |url=https://orcasia.org/article/1099/the-port-of-chancay-and-chinas-evolving-bri#:~:text=A%20Gateway%20Between%20Asia%20and,shipping%20time%20across%20the%20Pacific. |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=orcasia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== බලශක්තිය ===
[[File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|thumb|2013 දී ඌරුබම්බා ගඟේ වේල්ල]]
විදුලිබල අංශය මෑත වසරවලදී කැපී පෙනෙන දියුණුවක් අත්විඳ ඇත. විදුලි ආලෝකය සහිත නිවාස සංඛ්‍යාව 2007 දී 82% සිට 2016 දී 94.2% දක්වා වර්ධනය වූ අතර, සේවා සැපයීමේ ගුණාත්මකභාවය සහ කාර්යක්ෂමතාව ද වැඩිදියුණු විය. වත්මන් විදුලි උත්පාදන ධාරිතාව තාප ශක්තිය සහ ජල විදුලි බලශක්ති ප්‍රභවයන් අතර ඒකාකාරව බෙදී ඇත. ජාතික අන්තර් සම්බන්ධිත විදුලි පද්ධතිය සම්බන්ධිත ජනගහනයෙන් 85% ක් සපයන අතර, රටේ ඉතිරි ප්‍රදේශ ආවරණය වන හුදකලා පද්ධති කිහිපයක් ඇත. 2022 ඔක්තෝබර් මාසයේ පේරු විදුලි නිෂ්පාදනය මුළු ටෙරාවොට් පැය 5.1 කි. මෙයින් 52% ක් ජල විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 38.3% ක් තාප විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 9.7% ක් සුළං, සූර්ය සහ වෙනත් පුනර්ජනනීය බලශක්ති බලාගාරවලින් ද ලැබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Electricity Production, 1978 – 2023 &amp;#124; CEIC Data |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126153442/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=www.ceicdata.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2021 දී, පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ ස්ථාපිත පුනර්ජනනීය විදුලිය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ජල විදුලිය මෙගාවොට් 5,490 ක් (ලෝකයේ 34 වන විශාලතම), සුළං බලය මෙගාවොට් 409 ක් (ලෝකයේ 49 වන විශාලතම), සූර්ය බලය මෙගාවොට් 336 ක් (ලෝකයේ 62 වන විශාලතම) සහ ජෛව ස්කන්ධය මෙගාවොට් 185 ක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=IRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
[[File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|thumb|ටාරපොටෝ රෝහල]]පෑන් ඇමරිකානු සෞඛ්‍ය සංවිධානයට අනුව, පිරිමින්ගේ ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 72.6 ක් වන අතර කාන්තාවන් සඳහා එය අවුරුදු 77.9 කි. ළදරු මරණ අනුපාතය උපත් දහසකට දහඅටක් වන අතර එය 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා 76% කින් අඩු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Core Indicators, Health Situation in the America's |url=https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601200823/https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=9 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ මරණයට ප්‍රධාන හේතු වන්නේ නියෝප්ලාස්ම්, ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා සහ නියුමෝනියාව, බැක්ටීරියා රෝග, ඉෂ්මික් හෘද රෝග සහ මස්තිෂ්ක වාහිනී රෝග ය. 2017 ජනගහන හා නිවාස සංගණනවලට අනුව, ජනගහනයෙන් 75.5% කට යම් ආකාරයක සෞඛ්‍ය රක්ෂණයක් ඇත, එනම් පුද්ගලයින් 22,173,663 ක්, එසේ තිබියදීත්, ජනගහනයෙන් 24.5% කට කිසිදු ආකාරයක රක්ෂණයක් නොමැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Perfil Sociodemografico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>j5w949br3obzcn8a2k8u1e9zeszgatb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754311</id>
      <parentid>754310</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T07:51:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18447" sha1="pmws4c5k6unaffkd6rxxqcg7w6eavhd" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
[[File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Perú,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|thumb|ඉකා හි අධිවේගී මාර්ගය]]
2021 දී පේරු හි මාර්ග ජාලය කිලෝමීටර් 175,589 (සැතපුම් 109,106) ක අධිවේගී මාර්ග වලින් සමන්විත වූ අතර කිලෝමීටර් 29,579 (සැතපුම් 18,380) ක කාපට් අතුරා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Vial |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326024359/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt; රටේ කැපී පෙනෙන සමහර මහාමාර්ග වන්නේ පෑන් ඇමරිකානු අධිවේගී මාර්ගය සහ අන්තර් සාගරික අධිවේගී මාර්ගයයි. 2016 දී, රට තුළ කිලෝමීටර් 827 (සැතපුම් 514) ක අනුපිටපත් අධිවේගී මාර්ග තිබූ අතර, තවත් අනුපිටපත් සඳහා ආයෝජනය කරමින් සිටියේය: 2026 දී කිලෝමීටර් 2,634 (සැතපුම් 1,637) ක සැලැස්මක් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visión de desarrolo de la infraestructura vial |url=https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717052534/https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; රටේ දුම්රිය ජාලය කුඩා ය: 2018 දී, රටේ දුම්රිය මාර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 1,939 (සැතපුම් 1,205) ක් පමණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Ferroviaria |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022021352/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Peru has important international airports such as [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Lima]], [[:en:Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport|Cuzco]] and [[:en:Rodríguez_Ballón_International_Airport|Arequipa]]. The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina) and Minas Gerais (Brazil). Multiple airport expansions are currently under construction across Peru, the two main ones being the [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Jorge Chávez International Airport]] and [[:en:Chinchero_International_Airport|Chinchero International Airport]]. [[:en:Jorge_Chávez_International_Airport|Jorge Chávez International Airport]], the largest in Peru, is undergoing an expansion that includes the construction of a new runway, control tower and a new terminal, along with new hotels, logistical buildings and cargo sector. Altogether, they make up the Ciudad Aeropuerto, Airport City. It will allow transit of 40 million passengers every year and will be completed in December 2024. Another ambitious airport project is the [[:en:Chinchero_International_Airport|Chinchero International Airport]] in [[:en:Department_of_Cuzco|Cusco]]. The new airport is set to replace the old [[:en:Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport|Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport]] and help passengers bypass a stop in Lima by introducing international routes.

පේරු හි ලීමා, කුස්කෝ සහ අරෙක්විපා වැනි වැදගත් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළවල් ඇත. 2017 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ කාර්යබහුලම ගුවන් තොටුපළ 10 වූයේ සාඕ පවුලෝ-ගුආරුල්හෝස් (බ්‍රසීලය), බොගෝටා (කොලොම්බියාව), සාඕ පවුලෝ-කොන්ගොන්හාස් (බ්‍රසීලය), සන්තියාගෝ (චිලී), ලීමා (පේරු), බ්‍රසීලියා (බ්‍රසීලය), රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ (බ්‍රසීලය), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-ඒරොපාර්ක් (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-එසෙයිසා (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව) සහ මිනාස් ජෙරයිස් (බ්‍රසීලය) ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrade |first=Artur Luiz |date=29 October 2018 |title=Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina |url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125631/https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Portal PANROTAS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු පුරා බහු ගුවන් තොටුපළ පුළුල් කිරීම් දැනට ඉදිවෙමින් පවතින අතර, ප්‍රධාන දෙක වන්නේ ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ සහ චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. පේරු හි විශාලතම ගුවන් තොටුපළ වන ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ, නව ධාවන පථයක්, පාලන කුළුණක් සහ නව පර්යන්තයක් ඉදිකිරීම මෙන්ම නව හෝටල්, සැපයුම් ගොඩනැගිලි සහ භාණ්ඩ අංශය ද ඇතුළත් පුළුල් කිරීමකට භාජනය වෙමින් පවතී. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන්, ඒවා සියුඩාඩ් ඒරොපුවර්ටෝ, ගුවන් තොටුපළ නගරය සෑදී ඇත. එය සෑම වසරකම මගීන් මිලියන 40 කට ප්‍රවාහන පහසුකම් සපයන අතර 2024 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කෙරේ. තවත් අභිලාෂකාමී ගුවන් තොටුපළ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන්නේ කුස්කෝ හි චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. නව ගුවන් තොටුපළ පැරණි ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ වේලාස්කෝ ඇස්ටෙට් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීමට සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර මාර්ග හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් මගීන්ට ලීමා හි නැවතුමක් මඟ හැරීමට උපකාර කිරීමට සූදානම් වේ.
[[File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|thumb|කැලාඕ වරාය]]
Peru has important ports in [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Ilo,_Peru|Ilo]] and [[:en:Matarani|Matarani]]. The 15 most active ports in South America in 2018 were: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile). The [[:en:Port_of_Callao|Port of Callao]] is currently the largest port in Peru, but will soon be overtaken by the [[:en:Port_of_Chancay|Port of Chancay]], a joint project between [[:en:China|China]] and Peru in [[:en:Chancay|Chancay]], north of [[:en:Lima|Lima]]. When completed, the port will become the largest in Latin America. Officially inaugurated on November 14, 2024, the Port of Chancay is a key gateway for trade between South America and Asia, significantly reducing shipping time across the Pacific.

පේරු හි කැලාඕ, ඉලෝ සහ මාතාරානි හි වැදගත් වරායන් ඇත. 2018 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වඩාත් ක්‍රියාකාරී වරායන් 15 වූයේ: සැන්ටොස් වරාය ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), බහියා ද කාටජිනා වරාය ([[කොලොම්බියාව]]), කැලාඕ ([[පේරු]]), ගුවායාකිල් ([[ඉක්වදෝරය]]), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ([[ආර්ජන්ටිනාව]]), සැන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ([[චිලී]]), බුවනවෙන්ටුරා ([[කොලොම්බියාව]]), ඉටජායි ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), වල්පරයිසෝ ([[චිලී]]), මොන්ටෙවීඩියෝ ([[උරුගුවේ]]), පරානගුවා ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), සාඕ ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩෝ සුල් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), මනාස් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]) සහ කොරොනෙල් ([[චිලී]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=actividad portuaria de América Latina y el Caribe 2018 |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132759/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැලාඕ වරාය දැනට පේරු හි විශාලතම වරාය වන නමුත්, ලීමා හි උතුරින් චැන්කේ හි චීනය සහ පේරු අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන චැන්කේ වරාය විසින් ඉක්මනින්ම අභිබවා යනු ඇත. අවසන් වූ විට, වරාය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම වරාය බවට පත්වනු ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=With Peru port project, China gains a foothold in America's backyard |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509224633/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2024 නොවැම්බර් 14 වන දින නිල වශයෙන් විවෘත කරන ලද චැන්කේ වරාය දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වෙළඳාම සඳහා ප්‍රධාන දොරටුවක් වන අතර එය පැසිෆික් කලාපය හරහා නැව්ගත කිරීමේ කාලය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Codings |title=THE PORT OF CHANCAY AND CHINA'S EVOLVING BRI |url=https://orcasia.org/article/1099/the-port-of-chancay-and-chinas-evolving-bri#:~:text=A%20Gateway%20Between%20Asia%20and,shipping%20time%20across%20the%20Pacific. |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=orcasia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== බලශක්තිය ===
[[File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|thumb|2013 දී ඌරුබම්බා ගඟේ වේල්ල]]
විදුලිබල අංශය මෑත වසරවලදී කැපී පෙනෙන දියුණුවක් අත්විඳ ඇත. විදුලි ආලෝකය සහිත නිවාස සංඛ්‍යාව 2007 දී 82% සිට 2016 දී 94.2% දක්වා වර්ධනය වූ අතර, සේවා සැපයීමේ ගුණාත්මකභාවය සහ කාර්යක්ෂමතාව ද වැඩිදියුණු විය. වත්මන් විදුලි උත්පාදන ධාරිතාව තාප ශක්තිය සහ ජල විදුලි බලශක්ති ප්‍රභවයන් අතර ඒකාකාරව බෙදී ඇත. ජාතික අන්තර් සම්බන්ධිත විදුලි පද්ධතිය සම්බන්ධිත ජනගහනයෙන් 85% ක් සපයන අතර, රටේ ඉතිරි ප්‍රදේශ ආවරණය වන හුදකලා පද්ධති කිහිපයක් ඇත. 2022 ඔක්තෝබර් මාසයේ පේරු විදුලි නිෂ්පාදනය මුළු ටෙරාවොට් පැය 5.1 කි. මෙයින් 52% ක් ජල විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 38.3% ක් තාප විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 9.7% ක් සුළං, සූර්ය සහ වෙනත් පුනර්ජනනීය බලශක්ති බලාගාරවලින් ද ලැබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Electricity Production, 1978 – 2023 &amp;#124; CEIC Data |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126153442/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=www.ceicdata.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2021 දී, පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ ස්ථාපිත පුනර්ජනනීය විදුලිය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ජල විදුලිය මෙගාවොට් 5,490 ක් (ලෝකයේ 34 වන විශාලතම), සුළං බලය මෙගාවොට් 409 ක් (ලෝකයේ 49 වන විශාලතම), සූර්ය බලය මෙගාවොට් 336 ක් (ලෝකයේ 62 වන විශාලතම) සහ ජෛව ස්කන්ධය මෙගාවොට් 185 ක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=IRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
[[File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|thumb|ටාරපොටෝ රෝහල]]පෑන් ඇමරිකානු සෞඛ්‍ය සංවිධානයට අනුව, පිරිමින්ගේ ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 72.6 ක් වන අතර කාන්තාවන් සඳහා එය අවුරුදු 77.9 කි. ළදරු මරණ අනුපාතය උපත් දහසකට දහඅටක් වන අතර එය 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා 76% කින් අඩු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Core Indicators, Health Situation in the America's |url=https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601200823/https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=9 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ මරණයට ප්‍රධාන හේතු වන්නේ නියෝප්ලාස්ම්, ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා සහ නියුමෝනියාව, බැක්ටීරියා රෝග, ඉෂ්මික් හෘද රෝග සහ මස්තිෂ්ක වාහිනී රෝග ය. 2017 ජනගහන හා නිවාස සංගණනවලට අනුව, ජනගහනයෙන් 75.5% කට යම් ආකාරයක සෞඛ්‍ය රක්ෂණයක් ඇත, එනම් පුද්ගලයින් 22,173,663 ක්, එසේ තිබියදීත්, ජනගහනයෙන් 24.5% කට කිසිදු ආකාරයක රක්ෂණයක් නොමැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Perfil Sociodemografico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>pmws4c5k6unaffkd6rxxqcg7w6eavhd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754312</id>
      <parentid>754311</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T07:52:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754312</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16842" sha1="n3hsm4l8vzl1bmflcz2bc2xbvle8dpn" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
[[File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Perú,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|thumb|ඉකා හි අධිවේගී මාර්ගය]]
2021 දී පේරු හි මාර්ග ජාලය කිලෝමීටර් 175,589 (සැතපුම් 109,106) ක අධිවේගී මාර්ග වලින් සමන්විත වූ අතර කිලෝමීටර් 29,579 (සැතපුම් 18,380) ක කාපට් අතුරා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Vial |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326024359/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt; රටේ කැපී පෙනෙන සමහර මහාමාර්ග වන්නේ පෑන් ඇමරිකානු අධිවේගී මාර්ගය සහ අන්තර් සාගරික අධිවේගී මාර්ගයයි. 2016 දී, රට තුළ කිලෝමීටර් 827 (සැතපුම් 514) ක අනුපිටපත් අධිවේගී මාර්ග තිබූ අතර, තවත් අනුපිටපත් සඳහා ආයෝජනය කරමින් සිටියේය: 2026 දී කිලෝමීටර් 2,634 (සැතපුම් 1,637) ක සැලැස්මක් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visión de desarrolo de la infraestructura vial |url=https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717052534/https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; රටේ දුම්රිය ජාලය කුඩා ය: 2018 දී, රටේ දුම්රිය මාර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 1,939 (සැතපුම් 1,205) ක් පමණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Ferroviaria |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022021352/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි ලීමා, කුස්කෝ සහ අරෙක්විපා වැනි වැදගත් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළවල් ඇත. 2017 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ කාර්යබහුලම ගුවන් තොටුපළ 10 වූයේ සාඕ පවුලෝ-ගුආරුල්හෝස් (බ්‍රසීලය), බොගෝටා (කොලොම්බියාව), සාඕ පවුලෝ-කොන්ගොන්හාස් (බ්‍රසීලය), සන්තියාගෝ (චිලී), ලීමා (පේරු), බ්‍රසීලියා (බ්‍රසීලය), රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ (බ්‍රසීලය), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-ඒරොපාර්ක් (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-එසෙයිසා (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව) සහ මිනාස් ජෙරයිස් (බ්‍රසීලය) ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrade |first=Artur Luiz |date=29 October 2018 |title=Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina |url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125631/https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Portal PANROTAS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු පුරා බහු ගුවන් තොටුපළ පුළුල් කිරීම් දැනට ඉදිවෙමින් පවතින අතර, ප්‍රධාන දෙක වන්නේ ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ සහ චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. පේරු හි විශාලතම ගුවන් තොටුපළ වන ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ, නව ධාවන පථයක්, පාලන කුළුණක් සහ නව පර්යන්තයක් ඉදිකිරීම මෙන්ම නව හෝටල්, සැපයුම් ගොඩනැගිලි සහ භාණ්ඩ අංශය ද ඇතුළත් පුළුල් කිරීමකට භාජනය වෙමින් පවතී. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන්, ඒවා සියුඩාඩ් ඒරොපුවර්ටෝ, ගුවන් තොටුපළ නගරය සෑදී ඇත. එය සෑම වසරකම මගීන් මිලියන 40 කට ප්‍රවාහන පහසුකම් සපයන අතර 2024 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කෙරේ. තවත් අභිලාෂකාමී ගුවන් තොටුපළ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන්නේ කුස්කෝ හි චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. නව ගුවන් තොටුපළ පැරණි ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ වේලාස්කෝ ඇස්ටෙට් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීමට සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර මාර්ග හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් මගීන්ට ලීමා හි නැවතුමක් මඟ හැරීමට උපකාර කිරීමට සූදානම් වේ.
[[File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|thumb|කැලාඕ වරාය]]
Peru has important ports in [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Ilo,_Peru|Ilo]] and [[:en:Matarani|Matarani]]. The 15 most active ports in South America in 2018 were: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile). The [[:en:Port_of_Callao|Port of Callao]] is currently the largest port in Peru, but will soon be overtaken by the [[:en:Port_of_Chancay|Port of Chancay]], a joint project between [[:en:China|China]] and Peru in [[:en:Chancay|Chancay]], north of [[:en:Lima|Lima]]. When completed, the port will become the largest in Latin America. Officially inaugurated on November 14, 2024, the Port of Chancay is a key gateway for trade between South America and Asia, significantly reducing shipping time across the Pacific.

පේරු හි කැලාඕ, ඉලෝ සහ මාතාරානි හි වැදගත් වරායන් ඇත. 2018 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වඩාත් ක්‍රියාකාරී වරායන් 15 වූයේ: සැන්ටොස් වරාය ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), බහියා ද කාටජිනා වරාය ([[කොලොම්බියාව]]), කැලාඕ ([[පේරු]]), ගුවායාකිල් ([[ඉක්වදෝරය]]), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ([[ආර්ජන්ටිනාව]]), සැන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ([[චිලී]]), බුවනවෙන්ටුරා ([[කොලොම්බියාව]]), ඉටජායි ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), වල්පරයිසෝ ([[චිලී]]), මොන්ටෙවීඩියෝ ([[උරුගුවේ]]), පරානගුවා ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), සාඕ ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩෝ සුල් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), මනාස් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]) සහ කොරොනෙල් ([[චිලී]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=actividad portuaria de América Latina y el Caribe 2018 |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132759/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැලාඕ වරාය දැනට පේරු හි විශාලතම වරාය වන නමුත්, ලීමා හි උතුරින් චැන්කේ හි චීනය සහ පේරු අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන චැන්කේ වරාය විසින් ඉක්මනින්ම අභිබවා යනු ඇත. අවසන් වූ විට, වරාය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම වරාය බවට පත්වනු ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=With Peru port project, China gains a foothold in America's backyard |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509224633/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2024 නොවැම්බර් 14 වන දින නිල වශයෙන් විවෘත කරන ලද චැන්කේ වරාය දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වෙළඳාම සඳහා ප්‍රධාන දොරටුවක් වන අතර එය පැසිෆික් කලාපය හරහා නැව්ගත කිරීමේ කාලය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Codings |title=THE PORT OF CHANCAY AND CHINA'S EVOLVING BRI |url=https://orcasia.org/article/1099/the-port-of-chancay-and-chinas-evolving-bri#:~:text=A%20Gateway%20Between%20Asia%20and,shipping%20time%20across%20the%20Pacific. |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=orcasia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== බලශක්තිය ===
[[File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|thumb|2013 දී ඌරුබම්බා ගඟේ වේල්ල]]
විදුලිබල අංශය මෑත වසරවලදී කැපී පෙනෙන දියුණුවක් අත්විඳ ඇත. විදුලි ආලෝකය සහිත නිවාස සංඛ්‍යාව 2007 දී 82% සිට 2016 දී 94.2% දක්වා වර්ධනය වූ අතර, සේවා සැපයීමේ ගුණාත්මකභාවය සහ කාර්යක්ෂමතාව ද වැඩිදියුණු විය. වත්මන් විදුලි උත්පාදන ධාරිතාව තාප ශක්තිය සහ ජල විදුලි බලශක්ති ප්‍රභවයන් අතර ඒකාකාරව බෙදී ඇත. ජාතික අන්තර් සම්බන්ධිත විදුලි පද්ධතිය සම්බන්ධිත ජනගහනයෙන් 85% ක් සපයන අතර, රටේ ඉතිරි ප්‍රදේශ ආවරණය වන හුදකලා පද්ධති කිහිපයක් ඇත. 2022 ඔක්තෝබර් මාසයේ පේරු විදුලි නිෂ්පාදනය මුළු ටෙරාවොට් පැය 5.1 කි. මෙයින් 52% ක් ජල විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 38.3% ක් තාප විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 9.7% ක් සුළං, සූර්ය සහ වෙනත් පුනර්ජනනීය බලශක්ති බලාගාරවලින් ද ලැබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Electricity Production, 1978 – 2023 &amp;#124; CEIC Data |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126153442/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=www.ceicdata.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2021 දී, පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ ස්ථාපිත පුනර්ජනනීය විදුලිය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ජල විදුලිය මෙගාවොට් 5,490 ක් (ලෝකයේ 34 වන විශාලතම), සුළං බලය මෙගාවොට් 409 ක් (ලෝකයේ 49 වන විශාලතම), සූර්ය බලය මෙගාවොට් 336 ක් (ලෝකයේ 62 වන විශාලතම) සහ ජෛව ස්කන්ධය මෙගාවොට් 185 ක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=IRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
[[File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|thumb|ටාරපොටෝ රෝහල]]පෑන් ඇමරිකානු සෞඛ්‍ය සංවිධානයට අනුව, පිරිමින්ගේ ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 72.6 ක් වන අතර කාන්තාවන් සඳහා එය අවුරුදු 77.9 කි. ළදරු මරණ අනුපාතය උපත් දහසකට දහඅටක් වන අතර එය 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා 76% කින් අඩු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Core Indicators, Health Situation in the America's |url=https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601200823/https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=9 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ මරණයට ප්‍රධාන හේතු වන්නේ නියෝප්ලාස්ම්, ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා සහ නියුමෝනියාව, බැක්ටීරියා රෝග, ඉෂ්මික් හෘද රෝග සහ මස්තිෂ්ක වාහිනී රෝග ය. 2017 ජනගහන හා නිවාස සංගණනවලට අනුව, ජනගහනයෙන් 75.5% කට යම් ආකාරයක සෞඛ්‍ය රක්ෂණයක් ඇත, එනම් පුද්ගලයින් 22,173,663 ක්, එසේ තිබියදීත්, ජනගහනයෙන් 24.5% කට කිසිදු ආකාරයක රක්ෂණයක් නොමැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Perfil Sociodemografico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>n3hsm4l8vzl1bmflcz2bc2xbvle8dpn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754313</id>
      <parentid>754312</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T07:52:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ප්‍රවාහනය */</comment>
      <origin>754313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15824" sha1="57p1bcuo2ez5zaa4k717x97qynjjhtz" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
[[File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Perú,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|thumb|ඉකා හි අධිවේගී මාර්ගය]]
2021 දී පේරු හි මාර්ග ජාලය කිලෝමීටර් 175,589 (සැතපුම් 109,106) ක අධිවේගී මාර්ග වලින් සමන්විත වූ අතර කිලෝමීටර් 29,579 (සැතපුම් 18,380) ක කාපට් අතුරා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Vial |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326024359/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt; රටේ කැපී පෙනෙන සමහර මහාමාර්ග වන්නේ පෑන් ඇමරිකානු අධිවේගී මාර්ගය සහ අන්තර් සාගරික අධිවේගී මාර්ගයයි. 2016 දී, රට තුළ කිලෝමීටර් 827 (සැතපුම් 514) ක අනුපිටපත් අධිවේගී මාර්ග තිබූ අතර, තවත් අනුපිටපත් සඳහා ආයෝජනය කරමින් සිටියේය: 2026 දී කිලෝමීටර් 2,634 (සැතපුම් 1,637) ක සැලැස්මක් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visión de desarrolo de la infraestructura vial |url=https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717052534/https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; රටේ දුම්රිය ජාලය කුඩා ය: 2018 දී, රටේ දුම්රිය මාර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 1,939 (සැතපුම් 1,205) ක් පමණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Ferroviaria |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022021352/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි ලීමා, කුස්කෝ සහ අරෙක්විපා වැනි වැදගත් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළවල් ඇත. 2017 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ කාර්යබහුලම ගුවන් තොටුපළ 10 වූයේ සාඕ පවුලෝ-ගුආරුල්හෝස් (බ්‍රසීලය), බොගෝටා (කොලොම්බියාව), සාඕ පවුලෝ-කොන්ගොන්හාස් (බ්‍රසීලය), සන්තියාගෝ (චිලී), ලීමා (පේරු), බ්‍රසීලියා (බ්‍රසීලය), රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ (බ්‍රසීලය), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-ඒරොපාර්ක් (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-එසෙයිසා (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව) සහ මිනාස් ජෙරයිස් (බ්‍රසීලය) ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrade |first=Artur Luiz |date=29 October 2018 |title=Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina |url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125631/https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Portal PANROTAS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු පුරා බහු ගුවන් තොටුපළ පුළුල් කිරීම් දැනට ඉදිවෙමින් පවතින අතර, ප්‍රධාන දෙක වන්නේ ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ සහ චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. පේරු හි විශාලතම ගුවන් තොටුපළ වන ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ, නව ධාවන පථයක්, පාලන කුළුණක් සහ නව පර්යන්තයක් ඉදිකිරීම මෙන්ම නව හෝටල්, සැපයුම් ගොඩනැගිලි සහ භාණ්ඩ අංශය ද ඇතුළත් පුළුල් කිරීමකට භාජනය වෙමින් පවතී. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන්, ඒවා සියුඩාඩ් ඒරොපුවර්ටෝ, ගුවන් තොටුපළ නගරය සෑදී ඇත. එය සෑම වසරකම මගීන් මිලියන 40 කට ප්‍රවාහන පහසුකම් සපයන අතර 2024 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කෙරේ. තවත් අභිලාෂකාමී ගුවන් තොටුපළ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන්නේ කුස්කෝ හි චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. නව ගුවන් තොටුපළ පැරණි ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ වේලාස්කෝ ඇස්ටෙට් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීමට සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර මාර්ග හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් මගීන්ට ලීමා හි නැවතුමක් මඟ හැරීමට උපකාර කිරීමට සූදානම් වේ.
[[File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|thumb|කැලාඕ වරාය]]
පේරු හි කැලාඕ, ඉලෝ සහ මාතාරානි හි වැදගත් වරායන් ඇත. 2018 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වඩාත් ක්‍රියාකාරී වරායන් 15 වූයේ: සැන්ටොස් වරාය ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), බහියා ද කාටජිනා වරාය ([[කොලොම්බියාව]]), කැලාඕ ([[පේරු]]), ගුවායාකිල් ([[ඉක්වදෝරය]]), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ([[ආර්ජන්ටිනාව]]), සැන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ([[චිලී]]), බුවනවෙන්ටුරා ([[කොලොම්බියාව]]), ඉටජායි ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), වල්පරයිසෝ ([[චිලී]]), මොන්ටෙවීඩියෝ ([[උරුගුවේ]]), පරානගුවා ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), සාඕ ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩෝ සුල් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), මනාස් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]) සහ කොරොනෙල් ([[චිලී]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=actividad portuaria de América Latina y el Caribe 2018 |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132759/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැලාඕ වරාය දැනට පේරු හි විශාලතම වරාය වන නමුත්, ලීමා හි උතුරින් චැන්කේ හි චීනය සහ පේරු අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන චැන්කේ වරාය විසින් ඉක්මනින්ම අභිබවා යනු ඇත. අවසන් වූ විට, වරාය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම වරාය බවට පත්වනු ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=With Peru port project, China gains a foothold in America's backyard |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509224633/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2024 නොවැම්බර් 14 වන දින නිල වශයෙන් විවෘත කරන ලද චැන්කේ වරාය දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වෙළඳාම සඳහා ප්‍රධාන දොරටුවක් වන අතර එය පැසිෆික් කලාපය හරහා නැව්ගත කිරීමේ කාලය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Codings |title=THE PORT OF CHANCAY AND CHINA'S EVOLVING BRI |url=https://orcasia.org/article/1099/the-port-of-chancay-and-chinas-evolving-bri#:~:text=A%20Gateway%20Between%20Asia%20and,shipping%20time%20across%20the%20Pacific. |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=orcasia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== බලශක්තිය ===
[[File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|thumb|2013 දී ඌරුබම්බා ගඟේ වේල්ල]]
විදුලිබල අංශය මෑත වසරවලදී කැපී පෙනෙන දියුණුවක් අත්විඳ ඇත. විදුලි ආලෝකය සහිත නිවාස සංඛ්‍යාව 2007 දී 82% සිට 2016 දී 94.2% දක්වා වර්ධනය වූ අතර, සේවා සැපයීමේ ගුණාත්මකභාවය සහ කාර්යක්ෂමතාව ද වැඩිදියුණු විය. වත්මන් විදුලි උත්පාදන ධාරිතාව තාප ශක්තිය සහ ජල විදුලි බලශක්ති ප්‍රභවයන් අතර ඒකාකාරව බෙදී ඇත. ජාතික අන්තර් සම්බන්ධිත විදුලි පද්ධතිය සම්බන්ධිත ජනගහනයෙන් 85% ක් සපයන අතර, රටේ ඉතිරි ප්‍රදේශ ආවරණය වන හුදකලා පද්ධති කිහිපයක් ඇත. 2022 ඔක්තෝබර් මාසයේ පේරු විදුලි නිෂ්පාදනය මුළු ටෙරාවොට් පැය 5.1 කි. මෙයින් 52% ක් ජල විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 38.3% ක් තාප විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 9.7% ක් සුළං, සූර්ය සහ වෙනත් පුනර්ජනනීය බලශක්ති බලාගාරවලින් ද ලැබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Electricity Production, 1978 – 2023 &amp;#124; CEIC Data |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126153442/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=www.ceicdata.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2021 දී, පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ ස්ථාපිත පුනර්ජනනීය විදුලිය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ජල විදුලිය මෙගාවොට් 5,490 ක් (ලෝකයේ 34 වන විශාලතම), සුළං බලය මෙගාවොට් 409 ක් (ලෝකයේ 49 වන විශාලතම), සූර්ය බලය මෙගාවොට් 336 ක් (ලෝකයේ 62 වන විශාලතම) සහ ජෛව ස්කන්ධය මෙගාවොට් 185 ක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=IRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
[[File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|thumb|ටාරපොටෝ රෝහල]]පෑන් ඇමරිකානු සෞඛ්‍ය සංවිධානයට අනුව, පිරිමින්ගේ ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 72.6 ක් වන අතර කාන්තාවන් සඳහා එය අවුරුදු 77.9 කි. ළදරු මරණ අනුපාතය උපත් දහසකට දහඅටක් වන අතර එය 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා 76% කින් අඩු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Core Indicators, Health Situation in the America's |url=https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601200823/https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=9 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ මරණයට ප්‍රධාන හේතු වන්නේ නියෝප්ලාස්ම්, ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා සහ නියුමෝනියාව, බැක්ටීරියා රෝග, ඉෂ්මික් හෘද රෝග සහ මස්තිෂ්ක වාහිනී රෝග ය. 2017 ජනගහන හා නිවාස සංගණනවලට අනුව, ජනගහනයෙන් 75.5% කට යම් ආකාරයක සෞඛ්‍ය රක්ෂණයක් ඇත, එනම් පුද්ගලයින් 22,173,663 ක්, එසේ තිබියදීත්, ජනගහනයෙන් 24.5% කට කිසිදු ආකාරයක රක්ෂණයක් නොමැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Perfil Sociodemografico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>57p1bcuo2ez5zaa4k717x97qynjjhtz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754335</id>
      <parentid>754313</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:59:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන්</comment>
      <origin>754335</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15870" sha1="jf8dbddd4nosp17kdbx437n77eir741" xml:space="preserve">
=== ප්‍රවාහනය ===
[[File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Perú,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paisaje_cerca_de_Ica,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-29,_DD_45.JPG|thumb|ඉකා හි අධිවේගී මාර්ගය]]
2021 දී පේරු හි මාර්ග ජාලය කිලෝමීටර් 175,589 (සැතපුම් 109,106) ක අධිවේගී මාර්ග වලින් සමන්විත වූ අතර කිලෝමීටර් 29,579 (සැතපුම් 18,380) ක කාපට් අතුරා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Vial |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326024359/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt; රටේ කැපී පෙනෙන සමහර මහාමාර්ග වන්නේ පෑන් ඇමරිකානු අධිවේගී මාර්ගය සහ අන්තර් සාගරික අධිවේගී මාර්ගයයි. 2016 දී, රට තුළ කිලෝමීටර් 827 (සැතපුම් 514) ක අනුපිටපත් අධිවේගී මාර්ග තිබූ අතර, තවත් අනුපිටපත් සඳහා ආයෝජනය කරමින් සිටියේය: 2026 දී කිලෝමීටර් 2,634 (සැතපුම් 1,637) ක සැලැස්මක් තිබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visión de desarrolo de la infraestructura vial |url=https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717052534/https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; රටේ දුම්රිය ජාලය කුඩා ය: 2018 දී, රටේ දුම්රිය මාර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 1,939 (සැතපුම් 1,205) ක් පමණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Ferroviaria |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022021352/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි ලීමා, කුස්කෝ සහ අරෙක්විපා වැනි වැදගත් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළවල් ඇත. 2017 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ කාර්යබහුලම ගුවන් තොටුපළ 10 වූයේ සාඕ පවුලෝ-ගුආරුල්හෝස් (බ්‍රසීලය), බොගෝටා (කොලොම්බියාව), සාඕ පවුලෝ-කොන්ගොන්හාස් (බ්‍රසීලය), සන්තියාගෝ (චිලී), ලීමා (පේරු), බ්‍රසීලියා (බ්‍රසීලය), රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ (බ්‍රසීලය), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-ඒරොපාර්ක් (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස්-එසෙයිසා (ආර්ජන්ටිනාව) සහ මිනාස් ජෙරයිස් (බ්‍රසීලය) ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrade |first=Artur Luiz |date=29 October 2018 |title=Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina |url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125631/https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Portal PANROTAS}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු පුරා බහු ගුවන් තොටුපළ පුළුල් කිරීම් දැනට ඉදිවෙමින් පවතින අතර, ප්‍රධාන දෙක වන්නේ ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ සහ චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. පේරු හි විශාලතම ගුවන් තොටුපළ වන ජෝර්ජ් චාවේස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ, නව ධාවන පථයක්, පාලන කුළුණක් සහ නව පර්යන්තයක් ඉදිකිරීම මෙන්ම නව හෝටල්, සැපයුම් ගොඩනැගිලි සහ භාණ්ඩ අංශය ද ඇතුළත් පුළුල් කිරීමකට භාජනය වෙමින් පවතී. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන්, ඒවා සියුඩාඩ් ඒරොපුවර්ටෝ, ගුවන් තොටුපළ නගරය සෑදී ඇත. එය සෑම වසරකම මගීන් මිලියන 40 කට ප්‍රවාහන පහසුකම් සපයන අතර 2024 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කෙරේ. තවත් අභිලාෂකාමී ගුවන් තොටුපළ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන්නේ කුස්කෝ හි චින්චෙරෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළයි. නව ගුවන් තොටුපළ පැරණි ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ වේලාස්කෝ ඇස්ටෙට් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපළ ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීමට සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර මාර්ග හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් මගීන්ට ලීමා හි නැවතුමක් මඟ හැරීමට උපකාර කිරීමට සූදානම් වේ.
[[File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg|thumb|කැලාඕ වරාය]]
පේරු හි කැලාඕ, ඉලෝ සහ මාතාරානි හි වැදගත් වරායන් ඇත. 2018 දී දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ වඩාත් ක්‍රියාකාරී වරායන් 15 වූයේ: සැන්ටොස් වරාය ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), බහියා ද කාටජිනා වරාය ([[කොලොම්බියාව]]), කැලාඕ ([[පේරු]]), ගුවායාකිල් ([[ඉක්වදෝරය]]), බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ([[ආර්ජන්ටිනාව]]), සැන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ([[චිලී]]), බුවනවෙන්ටුරා ([[කොලොම්බියාව]]), ඉටජායි ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), වල්පරයිසෝ ([[චිලී]]), මොන්ටෙවීඩියෝ ([[උරුගුවේ]]), පරානගුවා ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), සාඕ ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ඩෝ සුල් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]), මනාස් ([[බ්‍රසීලය]]) සහ කොරොනෙල් ([[චිලී]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=actividad portuaria de América Latina y el Caribe 2018 |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132759/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; කැලාඕ වරාය දැනට පේරු හි විශාලතම වරාය වන නමුත්, ලීමා හි උතුරින් චැන්කේ හි චීනය සහ පේරු අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් වන චැන්කේ වරාය විසින් ඉක්මනින්ම අභිබවා යනු ඇත. අවසන් වූ විට, වරාය ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම වරාය බවට පත්වනු ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=With Peru port project, China gains a foothold in America's backyard |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509224633/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2024 නොවැම්බර් 14 වන දින නිල වශයෙන් විවෘත කරන ලද චැන්කේ වරාය දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සහ ආසියාව අතර වෙළඳාම සඳහා ප්‍රධාන දොරටුවක් වන අතර එය පැසිෆික් කලාපය හරහා නැව්ගත කිරීමේ කාලය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Codings |title=THE PORT OF CHANCAY AND CHINA'S EVOLVING BRI |url=https://orcasia.org/article/1099/the-port-of-chancay-and-chinas-evolving-bri#:~:text=A%20Gateway%20Between%20Asia%20and,shipping%20time%20across%20the%20Pacific. |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=orcasia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== බලශක්තිය ===
[[File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg|thumb|2013 දී ඌරුබම්බා ගඟේ වේල්ල]]
විදුලිබල අංශය මෑත වසරවලදී කැපී පෙනෙන දියුණුවක් අත්විඳ ඇත. විදුලි ආලෝකය සහිත නිවාස සංඛ්‍යාව 2007 දී 82% සිට 2016 දී 94.2% දක්වා වර්ධනය වූ අතර, සේවා සැපයීමේ ගුණාත්මකභාවය සහ කාර්යක්ෂමතාව ද වැඩිදියුණු විය. වත්මන් විදුලි උත්පාදන ධාරිතාව තාප ශක්තිය සහ ජල විදුලි බලශක්ති ප්‍රභවයන් අතර ඒකාකාරව බෙදී ඇත. ජාතික අන්තර් සම්බන්ධිත විදුලි පද්ධතිය සම්බන්ධිත ජනගහනයෙන් 85% ක් සපයන අතර, රටේ ඉතිරි ප්‍රදේශ ආවරණය වන හුදකලා පද්ධති කිහිපයක් ඇත. 2022 ඔක්තෝබර් මාසයේ පේරු විදුලි නිෂ්පාදනය මුළු ටෙරාවොට් පැය 5.1 කි. මෙයින් 52% ක් ජල විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 38.3% ක් තාප විදුලි බලාගාරවලින් ද, 9.7% ක් සුළං, සූර්ය සහ වෙනත් පුනර්ජනනීය බලශක්ති බලාගාරවලින් ද ලැබුණි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru Electricity Production, 1978 – 2023 &amp;#124; CEIC Data |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126153442/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=www.ceicdata.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2021 දී, පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ ස්ථාපිත පුනර්ජනනීය විදුලිය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ජල විදුලිය මෙගාවොට් 5,490 ක් (ලෝකයේ 34 වන විශාලතම), සුළං බලය මෙගාවොට් 409 ක් (ලෝකයේ 49 වන විශාලතම), සූර්ය බලය මෙගාවොට් 336 ක් (ලෝකයේ 62 වන විශාලතම) සහ ජෛව ස්කන්ධය මෙගාවොට් 185 ක් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=IRENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා ===
[[File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg|thumb|ටාරපොටෝ රෝහල]]පෑන් ඇමරිකානු සෞඛ්‍ය සංවිධානයට අනුව, පිරිමින්ගේ ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 72.6 ක් වන අතර කාන්තාවන් සඳහා එය අවුරුදු 77.9 කි. ළදරු මරණ අනුපාතය උපත් දහසකට දහඅටක් වන අතර එය 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා 76% කින් අඩු වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Core Indicators, Health Situation in the America's |url=https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601200823/https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=9 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගේ මරණයට ප්‍රධාන හේතු වන්නේ නියෝප්ලාස්ම්, ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා සහ නියුමෝනියාව, බැක්ටීරියා රෝග, ඉෂ්මික් හෘද රෝග සහ මස්තිෂ්ක වාහිනී රෝග ය. 2017 ජනගහන හා නිවාස සංගණනවලට අනුව, ජනගහනයෙන් 75.5% කට යම් ආකාරයක සෞඛ්‍ය රක්ෂණයක් ඇත, එනම් පුද්ගලයින් 22,173,663 ක්, එසේ තිබියදීත්, ජනගහනයෙන් 24.5% කට කිසිදු ආකාරයක රක්ෂණයක් නොමැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Perfil Sociodemografico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]]</text>
      <sha1>jf8dbddd4nosp17kdbx437n77eir741</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>පේරු සංස්කෘතිය</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183142</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754314</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T07:53:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>' == Culture == {{main|Culture of Peru}} [[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11th-century textile doll, [[:en:Chancay_culture|Chancay culture]], [[:en:Walters_Art_Museum|Walters Art Museum]]. Dolls are frequently found in the tombs of ancient Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/deta...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි</comment>
      <origin>754314</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23783" sha1="hxctl3wg267timjtj7kkbvm0cit03gy" xml:space="preserve">
== Culture ==
{{main|Culture of Peru}}
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11th-century textile doll, [[:en:Chancay_culture|Chancay culture]], [[:en:Walters_Art_Museum|Walters Art Museum]]. Dolls are frequently found in the tombs of ancient Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Iberian and Andean traditions, though it has also been influenced by various European, Asian, and African ethnic groups. [[:en:Peruvian_arts|Peruvian artistic traditions]] date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of [[:en:Pre-Inca_cultures|Pre-Inca cultures]]. The Incas maintained these crafts and made [[:en:Architecture_of_Peru|architectural]] achievements including the construction of [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. [[:en:Baroque|Baroque]] dominated colonial art, though modified by Native traditions.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the [[:en:Cusco_School|Cusco School]] are representative.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of ''[[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]]'' in the early 20th century. Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been [[:en:Eclecticism_in_art|eclectic]] and shaped by both foreign and local art currents.

=== Visual arts ===
{{Main|Peruvian art}}

Peruvian art has its origin in the [[:en:Peruvian_Ancient_Cultures|Andean civilizations]]. These civilizations arose in the territory of modern Peru before the [[:en:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas|arrival of the Spanish]]. Peruvian art incorporated European elements after the Spanish conquest and continued to evolve throughout the centuries up to the modern day.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

==== Pre-Columbian art ====
{{Unsourced|section|date=June 2025}}

Peru's earliest artwork came from the [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture, which was concentrated on the Pacific coast, and the Chavín culture, which was largely north of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] between the Andean mountain ranges of the [[:en:Cordillera_Negra|Cordillera Negra]] and the [[:en:Cordillera_Blanca|Cordillera Blanca]]. Decorative work from this era, approximately the 9th century BCE, was symbolic and religious in nature. The artists worked with gold, silver, and [[:en:Ceramics_(art)|ceramics]] to create a variety of sculptures and relief carvings. These civilizations were also known for their architecture and wood sculptures.

The [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]] Cavernas and Paracas [[:en:Necropolis|Necropolis]] cultures developed on the south coast of Peru between the 9th century BCE and the 2nd century CE. Paracas Cavernas produced complex polychrome and monochrome ceramics with religious representations. Burials from the Paracas Necropolis also yielded complex textiles, many produced with sophisticated geometric patterns. The 3rd century BCE saw the flowering of the urban culture, [[:en:Moche_(culture)|Moche]], in the [[:en:Lambayeque_(Department_of_Peru)|Lambayeque]] region. The Moche culture produced architectural works, such as the [[:en:Huaca_del_Sol|Huacas del Sol y de la Luna]] and the [[:en:Huaca_Rajada|Huaca Rajada]] of [[:en:Sipán|Sipán]]. They were experts at [[:en:Terrace_(agriculture)|cultivation in terraces]] and [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]] and produced original ceramics, textiles, pictorial and sculptural works. Another urban culture, the [[:en:Huari_Culture|Wari civilization]], flourished between the 8th and 12th centuries in [[:en:Ayacucho_(Department_of_Peru)|Ayacucho]]. Their centralized town planning was extended to other areas, such as [[:en:Pachacamac|Pachacamac]], [[:en:Cajamarquilla|Cajamarquilla]] and [[:en:Wari_Willka|Wari Willka]]. Between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, the military urban [[:en:Tiwanaku|Tiwanaku]] empire rose by the borders of [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. Centered around a city of the same name in modern-day Bolivia, the Tiwanaku introduced stone architecture and sculpture of a monumental type. These works of architecture and art were made possible by the Tiwanaku's developing [[:en:Bronze|bronze]], which enabled them to make the necessary tools.

Urban architecture reached a new height between the 14th and 15th centuries in the [[:en:Chimú_Culture|Chimú Culture]]. The Chimú built the city of [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] in the valley of the [[:en:Moche_River|Moche River]], in [[:en:La_Libertad_(Department_of_Peru)|La Libertad]]. The Chimú were skilled [[:en:Goldsmith|goldsmiths]] and created remarkable works of [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]]. The [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca Civilization]], which united Peru under its hegemony in the centuries immediately preceding the Spanish conquest, incorporated into their own works a great part of the cultural legacy of the civilizations which preceded it. Important relics of their artwork and architecture can be seen in cities like [[:en:Cusco_(Department_of_Peru)|Cusco]], architectural remains like [[:en:Sacsayhuamán|Sacsayhuamán]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]] and stone pavements that united Cusco with the rest of the Inca Empire.

==== Colonial art ====
{{Main|Peruvian colonial architecture|Cusco School}}
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''Saint Joseph and the Christ Child'', Anonymous, [[:en:Cusco_School|Colonial Cusco Painting School]], 17th–18th century]]
Peruvian sculpture and painting began to define themselves from the [[:en:Studio|ateliers]] founded by monks, who were strongly influenced by the Sevillian Baroque School. In this context, the stalls of the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Cathedral]] choir, the fountain of the Main Square of Lima both by [[:en:Pedro_de_Noguera|Pedro de Noguera]], and a great part of the colonial production were registered. The first center of art established by the Spanish was the [[:en:Cuzco_School|Cuzco School]] that taught [[:en:Quechua_languages|Quechua]] artists European painting styles. [[:en:Diego_Quispe_Tito|Diego Quispe Tito]] (1611–1681) was one of the first members of the Cuzco school and [[:en:Marcos_Zapata|Marcos Zapata]] (1710–1773) was one of the last.

Painting of this time reflected a synthesis of European and Indigenous influences, as is evident in the portrait of prisoner Atahualpa, by D. de Mora or in the canvases of the Italians [[:en:Mateo_Pérez_de_Alesio|Mateo Pérez de Alesio]] and Angelino Medoro, the Spaniards Francisco Bejarano and J. de Illescas and the Creole J. Rodriguez.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the [[:en:Baroque|Baroque]] and [[:en:Rococo|Rococo]] styles, with their heavy ornamentation and predominantly curved lines, also dominated the fields of architecture and [[:en:Plastic_arts|plastic arts]], as for example on the walls of the [[:en:Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima|Monastery of San Francisco]] in Lima.

=== Literature ===
{{main|Peruvian literature}}

Peruvian literature refers not only to literature produced in the modern Republic of Peru, but also literature produced in the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] during the colonial period, and to [[:en:Oral_tradition|oral]] traditions created by diverse ethnic groups living in what is now Peru during the [[:en:Prehispanic#South_America|pre-Columbian period]], such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], the [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]] and the [[:en:Chanka|Chanka]] people.
[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Cesar_Vallejo|Cesar Vallejo]], Peru's most famous poet]]
Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included [[:en:Chronicle|chronicles]] and [[:en:Christian_literature|religious literature]]. Some of the first chroniclers were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a small group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue and colonize the region. For the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of Spanish [[:en:Conquistador|conquistadores]], whose mission was to &quot;civilize&quot; and &quot;reveal the true faith&quot; to the native peoples of Peru. Among the official Spanish chroniclers were [[:en:Francisco_Xerez|Francisco Xerez]], personal secretary of Pizarro, who wrote the ''Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla'' (The True Narrative of the Conquest of Peru and of Cuzco Province, Otherwise Known as New Castile), in 1534. Indigenous chroniclers were also known, such as [[:en:Titu_Cusi_Yupanqui|Titu Cusi Yupanqui]] who, after familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, wrote ''Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió'' (The Narrative of How the Spaniards Entered Piru and Mango Inca's Experiences while Living Among Them) in 1570.

After independence, [[:en:Costumbrism|Costumbrism]] and [[:en:Romanticism|Romanticism]] became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of [[:en:Ricardo_Palma|Ricardo Palma]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; The early 20th century's ''Indigenismo'' movement was led by such writers as [[:en:Ciro_Alegría|Ciro Alegría]]&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:José_María_Arguedas|José María Arguedas]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Avant-garde|avant-garde]] movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the establishment of magazines ''Colónida'' and ''Amauta'', the latter founded in 1926 by the prominent socialist essayist [[:en:José_Carlos_Mariátegui|José Carlos Mariátegui]]. The influential poet [[:en:César_Vallejo|César Vallejo]], who was one of its collaborators, wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse in the 1920s and 1930s. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as [[:en:List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[:en:Mario_Vargas_Llosa|Mario Vargas Llosa]], a leading member of the [[:en:Latin_American_Boom|Latin American Boom]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Peruvian cuisine}}
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''[[:en:Ceviche|Ceviche]]'' is a popular lime-marinated seafood dish which originated in Peru.]]
Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the [[:en:Columbian_exchange|Columbian exchange]] which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and [[:en:Chili_pepper|chilies]]. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's ''Instituto Peruano de la Papa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern [[:en:Peruvian_cuisine|Peruvian cuisine]] blends [[:en:Native_American_cuisine#Native_American_cuisine_of_South_America|Amerindian]] and [[:en:Spanish_food|Spanish food]] with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; Common dishes include ''[[:en:Anticuchos|anticuchos]]'', ''[[:en:Ceviche|ceviche]]'', and ''[[:en:Pachamanca|pachamanca]]''. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to [[:en:Central_Restaurante|Central Restaurante]], which is one of the [[:en:The_World's_50_Best_Restaurants|World's Best Restaurants]] and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the ''Costa'' (coast), ''Sierra'' (mountains) and ''Selva'' (rainforest).

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Inca]] and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are [[:en:Maize|corn]], [[:en:Potatoes|potatoes]] and other [[:en:Tuber|tubers]], [[:en:Amaranthaceae|Amaranthaceaes]] ([[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kañiwa|kañiwa]] and [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]]) and [[:en:Legume|legumes]] ([[:en:Beans|beans]] and [[:en:Lupins|lupins]]). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods{{snd}}such as [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]], [[:en:Chili_pepper|chili peppers]], and several roots and [[:en:Tuber|tubers]] have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], where tourists come to visit. Chef [[:en:Gastón_Acurio|Gastón Acurio]] has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

=== Music ===
{{main|Peruvian music}}
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Marinera|Marinera]] Norteña]]
Peruvian music has [[:en:Andean_music|Andean]], [[:en:Music_of_Spain|Spanish]], and [[:en:African_Music|African]] roots.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[:en:Quena|quena]]'' and the ''[[:en:Tinya|tinya]]'' were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[:en:Charango|charango]]''. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[:en:Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[:en:Peruvian_folk_dances|Peruvian folk dances]] include [[:en:Marinera|marinera]], [[:en:Tondero|tondero]], [[:en:Zamacueca|zamacueca]], [[:en:Diablada|diablada]] and [[:en:Huayno|huayno]].&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[:en:Musical_instrument|instrument]], the [[:en:Charango|charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[:en:Lute|lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[:en:Vihuela|vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[:en:Titicaca|Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[:en:Walaycho|walaycho]], [[:en:Chillador|chillador]], [[:en:Chinlili|chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[:en:Charangon|charangon]].

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

=== Cinema ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|Award-winning filmmaker [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]]]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Peru}}
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|[[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional del Perú]] in 2021]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

[[:en:Association_football|Football]] is the most popular and widely practiced sport in the country. The [[:en:Peruvian_Primera_División|Peruvian Primera División]] is the most important club tournament in the nation. The [[:en:Peru_national_football_team|men's team]] has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the  [[:en:FIFA_World_Cup|FIFA World Cup]] five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the [[:en:Copa_América|Copa América]] on two occasions, in [[:en:1939_South_American_Championship|1939]]  and [[:en:1975_Copa_América|1975]], and impressed at the [[:en:1936_Summer_Olympics|1936 Summer Olympics]] before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final. [[:en:Teófilo_Cubillas|Teófilo Cubillas]] is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level, [[:en:Universitario|Universitario]] stands out with the runner-up in the [[:en:Copa_Libertadores|Copa Libertadores]] in 1972 and [[:en:Sporting_Cristal|Sporting Cristal]] also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the [[:en:2003_Recopa_Sudamericana|2003 Recopa Sudamericana]] and the [[:en:2004_Recopa_Sudamericana|2004 Recopa Sudamericana]], and Universitario, champion of the [[:en:2011_U-20_Copa_Libertadores|2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores]].

Other popular sports in Peru are [[:en:Volleyball|volleyball]], [[:en:Surfing|surfing]] and [[:en:Karate|karate]]. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the [[:en:Pan_American_Games|Pan American Games]]. The [[:en:Peru_women's_national_volleyball_team|Peru women's national volleyball team]] was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the [[:en:1988_Summer_Olympics|1988 Summer Olympics]], losing to the [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] 3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>hxctl3wg267timjtj7kkbvm0cit03gy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754315</id>
      <parentid>754314</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T07:56:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754315</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24229" sha1="g1jy75584pweiwywtz4gdon3ne6bpmq" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Iberian and Andean traditions, though it has also been influenced by various European, Asian, and African ethnic groups. [[:en:Peruvian_arts|Peruvian artistic traditions]] date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of [[:en:Pre-Inca_cultures|Pre-Inca cultures]]. The Incas maintained these crafts and made [[:en:Architecture_of_Peru|architectural]] achievements including the construction of [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. [[:en:Baroque|Baroque]] dominated colonial art, though modified by Native traditions.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the [[:en:Cusco_School|Cusco School]] are representative.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of ''[[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]]'' in the early 20th century. Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been [[:en:Eclecticism_in_art|eclectic]] and shaped by both foreign and local art currents.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
Peruvian art has its origin in the [[:en:Peruvian_Ancient_Cultures|Andean civilizations]]. These civilizations arose in the territory of modern Peru before the [[:en:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas|arrival of the Spanish]]. Peruvian art incorporated European elements after the Spanish conquest and continued to evolve throughout the centuries up to the modern day.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
Peru's earliest artwork came from the [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture, which was concentrated on the Pacific coast, and the Chavín culture, which was largely north of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] between the Andean mountain ranges of the [[:en:Cordillera_Negra|Cordillera Negra]] and the [[:en:Cordillera_Blanca|Cordillera Blanca]]. Decorative work from this era, approximately the 9th century BCE, was symbolic and religious in nature. The artists worked with gold, silver, and [[:en:Ceramics_(art)|ceramics]] to create a variety of sculptures and relief carvings. These civilizations were also known for their architecture and wood sculptures.

The [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]] Cavernas and Paracas [[:en:Necropolis|Necropolis]] cultures developed on the south coast of Peru between the 9th century BCE and the 2nd century CE. Paracas Cavernas produced complex polychrome and monochrome ceramics with religious representations. Burials from the Paracas Necropolis also yielded complex textiles, many produced with sophisticated geometric patterns. The 3rd century BCE saw the flowering of the urban culture, [[:en:Moche_(culture)|Moche]], in the [[:en:Lambayeque_(Department_of_Peru)|Lambayeque]] region. The Moche culture produced architectural works, such as the [[:en:Huaca_del_Sol|Huacas del Sol y de la Luna]] and the [[:en:Huaca_Rajada|Huaca Rajada]] of [[:en:Sipán|Sipán]]. They were experts at [[:en:Terrace_(agriculture)|cultivation in terraces]] and [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]] and produced original ceramics, textiles, pictorial and sculptural works. Another urban culture, the [[:en:Huari_Culture|Wari civilization]], flourished between the 8th and 12th centuries in [[:en:Ayacucho_(Department_of_Peru)|Ayacucho]]. Their centralized town planning was extended to other areas, such as [[:en:Pachacamac|Pachacamac]], [[:en:Cajamarquilla|Cajamarquilla]] and [[:en:Wari_Willka|Wari Willka]]. Between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, the military urban [[:en:Tiwanaku|Tiwanaku]] empire rose by the borders of [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. Centered around a city of the same name in modern-day Bolivia, the Tiwanaku introduced stone architecture and sculpture of a monumental type. These works of architecture and art were made possible by the Tiwanaku's developing [[:en:Bronze|bronze]], which enabled them to make the necessary tools.

Urban architecture reached a new height between the 14th and 15th centuries in the [[:en:Chimú_Culture|Chimú Culture]]. The Chimú built the city of [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] in the valley of the [[:en:Moche_River|Moche River]], in [[:en:La_Libertad_(Department_of_Peru)|La Libertad]]. The Chimú were skilled [[:en:Goldsmith|goldsmiths]] and created remarkable works of [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]]. The [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca Civilization]], which united Peru under its hegemony in the centuries immediately preceding the Spanish conquest, incorporated into their own works a great part of the cultural legacy of the civilizations which preceded it. Important relics of their artwork and architecture can be seen in cities like [[:en:Cusco_(Department_of_Peru)|Cusco]], architectural remains like [[:en:Sacsayhuamán|Sacsayhuamán]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]] and stone pavements that united Cusco with the rest of the Inca Empire.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
Peruvian sculpture and painting began to define themselves from the [[:en:Studio|ateliers]] founded by monks, who were strongly influenced by the Sevillian Baroque School. In this context, the stalls of the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Cathedral]] choir, the fountain of the Main Square of Lima both by [[:en:Pedro_de_Noguera|Pedro de Noguera]], and a great part of the colonial production were registered. The first center of art established by the Spanish was the [[:en:Cuzco_School|Cuzco School]] that taught [[:en:Quechua_languages|Quechua]] artists European painting styles. [[:en:Diego_Quispe_Tito|Diego Quispe Tito]] (1611–1681) was one of the first members of the Cuzco school and [[:en:Marcos_Zapata|Marcos Zapata]] (1710–1773) was one of the last.

Painting of this time reflected a synthesis of European and Indigenous influences, as is evident in the portrait of prisoner Atahualpa, by D. de Mora or in the canvases of the Italians [[:en:Mateo_Pérez_de_Alesio|Mateo Pérez de Alesio]] and Angelino Medoro, the Spaniards Francisco Bejarano and J. de Illescas and the Creole J. Rodriguez.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the [[:en:Baroque|Baroque]] and [[:en:Rococo|Rococo]] styles, with their heavy ornamentation and predominantly curved lines, also dominated the fields of architecture and [[:en:Plastic_arts|plastic arts]], as for example on the walls of the [[:en:Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima|Monastery of San Francisco]] in Lima.

=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
Peruvian literature refers not only to literature produced in the modern Republic of Peru, but also literature produced in the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] during the colonial period, and to [[:en:Oral_tradition|oral]] traditions created by diverse ethnic groups living in what is now Peru during the [[:en:Prehispanic#South_America|pre-Columbian period]], such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], the [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]] and the [[:en:Chanka|Chanka]] people.
[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included [[:en:Chronicle|chronicles]] and [[:en:Christian_literature|religious literature]]. Some of the first chroniclers were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a small group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue and colonize the region. For the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of Spanish [[:en:Conquistador|conquistadores]], whose mission was to &quot;civilize&quot; and &quot;reveal the true faith&quot; to the native peoples of Peru. Among the official Spanish chroniclers were [[:en:Francisco_Xerez|Francisco Xerez]], personal secretary of Pizarro, who wrote the ''Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla'' (The True Narrative of the Conquest of Peru and of Cuzco Province, Otherwise Known as New Castile), in 1534. Indigenous chroniclers were also known, such as [[:en:Titu_Cusi_Yupanqui|Titu Cusi Yupanqui]] who, after familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, wrote ''Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió'' (The Narrative of How the Spaniards Entered Piru and Mango Inca's Experiences while Living Among Them) in 1570.

After independence, [[:en:Costumbrism|Costumbrism]] and [[:en:Romanticism|Romanticism]] became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of [[:en:Ricardo_Palma|Ricardo Palma]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; The early 20th century's ''Indigenismo'' movement was led by such writers as [[:en:Ciro_Alegría|Ciro Alegría]]&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:José_María_Arguedas|José María Arguedas]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Avant-garde|avant-garde]] movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the establishment of magazines ''Colónida'' and ''Amauta'', the latter founded in 1926 by the prominent socialist essayist [[:en:José_Carlos_Mariátegui|José Carlos Mariátegui]]. The influential poet [[:en:César_Vallejo|César Vallejo]], who was one of its collaborators, wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse in the 1920s and 1930s. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as [[:en:List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[:en:Mario_Vargas_Llosa|Mario Vargas Llosa]], a leading member of the [[:en:Latin_American_Boom|Latin American Boom]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the [[:en:Columbian_exchange|Columbian exchange]] which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and [[:en:Chili_pepper|chilies]]. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's ''Instituto Peruano de la Papa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern [[:en:Peruvian_cuisine|Peruvian cuisine]] blends [[:en:Native_American_cuisine#Native_American_cuisine_of_South_America|Amerindian]] and [[:en:Spanish_food|Spanish food]] with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; Common dishes include ''[[:en:Anticuchos|anticuchos]]'', ''[[:en:Ceviche|ceviche]]'', and ''[[:en:Pachamanca|pachamanca]]''. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to [[:en:Central_Restaurante|Central Restaurante]], which is one of the [[:en:The_World's_50_Best_Restaurants|World's Best Restaurants]] and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the ''Costa'' (coast), ''Sierra'' (mountains) and ''Selva'' (rainforest).

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Inca]] and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are [[:en:Maize|corn]], [[:en:Potatoes|potatoes]] and other [[:en:Tuber|tubers]], [[:en:Amaranthaceae|Amaranthaceaes]] ([[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kañiwa|kañiwa]] and [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]]) and [[:en:Legume|legumes]] ([[:en:Beans|beans]] and [[:en:Lupins|lupins]]). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods{{snd}}such as [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]], [[:en:Chili_pepper|chili peppers]], and several roots and [[:en:Tuber|tubers]] have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], where tourists come to visit. Chef [[:en:Gastón_Acurio|Gastón Acurio]] has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
Peruvian music has [[:en:Andean_music|Andean]], [[:en:Music_of_Spain|Spanish]], and [[:en:African_Music|African]] roots.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[:en:Quena|quena]]'' and the ''[[:en:Tinya|tinya]]'' were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[:en:Charango|charango]]''. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[:en:Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[:en:Peruvian_folk_dances|Peruvian folk dances]] include [[:en:Marinera|marinera]], [[:en:Tondero|tondero]], [[:en:Zamacueca|zamacueca]], [[:en:Diablada|diablada]] and [[:en:Huayno|huayno]].&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[:en:Musical_instrument|instrument]], the [[:en:Charango|charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[:en:Lute|lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[:en:Vihuela|vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[:en:Titicaca|Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[:en:Walaycho|walaycho]], [[:en:Chillador|chillador]], [[:en:Chinlili|chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[:en:Charangon|charangon]].

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

[[:en:Association_football|Football]] is the most popular and widely practiced sport in the country. The [[:en:Peruvian_Primera_División|Peruvian Primera División]] is the most important club tournament in the nation. The [[:en:Peru_national_football_team|men's team]] has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the  [[:en:FIFA_World_Cup|FIFA World Cup]] five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the [[:en:Copa_América|Copa América]] on two occasions, in [[:en:1939_South_American_Championship|1939]]  and [[:en:1975_Copa_América|1975]], and impressed at the [[:en:1936_Summer_Olympics|1936 Summer Olympics]] before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final. [[:en:Teófilo_Cubillas|Teófilo Cubillas]] is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level, [[:en:Universitario|Universitario]] stands out with the runner-up in the [[:en:Copa_Libertadores|Copa Libertadores]] in 1972 and [[:en:Sporting_Cristal|Sporting Cristal]] also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the [[:en:2003_Recopa_Sudamericana|2003 Recopa Sudamericana]] and the [[:en:2004_Recopa_Sudamericana|2004 Recopa Sudamericana]], and Universitario, champion of the [[:en:2011_U-20_Copa_Libertadores|2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores]].

Other popular sports in Peru are [[:en:Volleyball|volleyball]], [[:en:Surfing|surfing]] and [[:en:Karate|karate]]. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the [[:en:Pan_American_Games|Pan American Games]]. The [[:en:Peru_women's_national_volleyball_team|Peru women's national volleyball team]] was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the [[:en:1988_Summer_Olympics|1988 Summer Olympics]], losing to the [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] 3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>g1jy75584pweiwywtz4gdon3ne6bpmq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754316</id>
      <parentid>754315</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T07:58:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754316</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35700" sha1="4qu9v6railk9zv4p0d3pvp54z76wk9c" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Iberian and Andean traditions, though it has also been influenced by various European, Asian, and African ethnic groups. [[:en:Peruvian_arts|Peruvian artistic traditions]] date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of [[:en:Pre-Inca_cultures|Pre-Inca cultures]]. The Incas maintained these crafts and made [[:en:Architecture_of_Peru|architectural]] achievements including the construction of [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. [[:en:Baroque|Baroque]] dominated colonial art, though modified by Native traditions.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the [[:en:Cusco_School|Cusco School]] are representative.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of ''[[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]]'' in the early 20th century. Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been [[:en:Eclecticism_in_art|eclectic]] and shaped by both foreign and local art currents.

පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.[2]

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.[3] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

දෘෂ්ටි කලා


පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලව


යටත් විජිත කලා

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
Peruvian art has its origin in the [[:en:Peruvian_Ancient_Cultures|Andean civilizations]]. These civilizations arose in the territory of modern Peru before the [[:en:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas|arrival of the Spanish]]. Peruvian art incorporated European elements after the Spanish conquest and continued to evolve throughout the centuries up to the modern day.

පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
Peru's earliest artwork came from the [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture, which was concentrated on the Pacific coast, and the Chavín culture, which was largely north of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] between the Andean mountain ranges of the [[:en:Cordillera_Negra|Cordillera Negra]] and the [[:en:Cordillera_Blanca|Cordillera Blanca]]. Decorative work from this era, approximately the 9th century BCE, was symbolic and religious in nature. The artists worked with gold, silver, and [[:en:Ceramics_(art)|ceramics]] to create a variety of sculptures and relief carvings. These civilizations were also known for their architecture and wood sculptures.

The [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]] Cavernas and Paracas [[:en:Necropolis|Necropolis]] cultures developed on the south coast of Peru between the 9th century BCE and the 2nd century CE. Paracas Cavernas produced complex polychrome and monochrome ceramics with religious representations. Burials from the Paracas Necropolis also yielded complex textiles, many produced with sophisticated geometric patterns. The 3rd century BCE saw the flowering of the urban culture, [[:en:Moche_(culture)|Moche]], in the [[:en:Lambayeque_(Department_of_Peru)|Lambayeque]] region. The Moche culture produced architectural works, such as the [[:en:Huaca_del_Sol|Huacas del Sol y de la Luna]] and the [[:en:Huaca_Rajada|Huaca Rajada]] of [[:en:Sipán|Sipán]]. They were experts at [[:en:Terrace_(agriculture)|cultivation in terraces]] and [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]] and produced original ceramics, textiles, pictorial and sculptural works. Another urban culture, the [[:en:Huari_Culture|Wari civilization]], flourished between the 8th and 12th centuries in [[:en:Ayacucho_(Department_of_Peru)|Ayacucho]]. Their centralized town planning was extended to other areas, such as [[:en:Pachacamac|Pachacamac]], [[:en:Cajamarquilla|Cajamarquilla]] and [[:en:Wari_Willka|Wari Willka]]. Between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, the military urban [[:en:Tiwanaku|Tiwanaku]] empire rose by the borders of [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. Centered around a city of the same name in modern-day Bolivia, the Tiwanaku introduced stone architecture and sculpture of a monumental type. These works of architecture and art were made possible by the Tiwanaku's developing [[:en:Bronze|bronze]], which enabled them to make the necessary tools.

Urban architecture reached a new height between the 14th and 15th centuries in the [[:en:Chimú_Culture|Chimú Culture]]. The Chimú built the city of [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] in the valley of the [[:en:Moche_River|Moche River]], in [[:en:La_Libertad_(Department_of_Peru)|La Libertad]]. The Chimú were skilled [[:en:Goldsmith|goldsmiths]] and created remarkable works of [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]]. The [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca Civilization]], which united Peru under its hegemony in the centuries immediately preceding the Spanish conquest, incorporated into their own works a great part of the cultural legacy of the civilizations which preceded it. Important relics of their artwork and architecture can be seen in cities like [[:en:Cusco_(Department_of_Peru)|Cusco]], architectural remains like [[:en:Sacsayhuamán|Sacsayhuamán]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]] and stone pavements that united Cusco with the rest of the Inca Empire.

පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
Peruvian sculpture and painting began to define themselves from the [[:en:Studio|ateliers]] founded by monks, who were strongly influenced by the Sevillian Baroque School. In this context, the stalls of the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Cathedral]] choir, the fountain of the Main Square of Lima both by [[:en:Pedro_de_Noguera|Pedro de Noguera]], and a great part of the colonial production were registered. The first center of art established by the Spanish was the [[:en:Cuzco_School|Cuzco School]] that taught [[:en:Quechua_languages|Quechua]] artists European painting styles. [[:en:Diego_Quispe_Tito|Diego Quispe Tito]] (1611–1681) was one of the first members of the Cuzco school and [[:en:Marcos_Zapata|Marcos Zapata]] (1710–1773) was one of the last.

Painting of this time reflected a synthesis of European and Indigenous influences, as is evident in the portrait of prisoner Atahualpa, by D. de Mora or in the canvases of the Italians [[:en:Mateo_Pérez_de_Alesio|Mateo Pérez de Alesio]] and Angelino Medoro, the Spaniards Francisco Bejarano and J. de Illescas and the Creole J. Rodriguez.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the [[:en:Baroque|Baroque]] and [[:en:Rococo|Rococo]] styles, with their heavy ornamentation and predominantly curved lines, also dominated the fields of architecture and [[:en:Plastic_arts|plastic arts]], as for example on the walls of the [[:en:Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima|Monastery of San Francisco]] in Lima.

සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
Peruvian literature refers not only to literature produced in the modern Republic of Peru, but also literature produced in the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] during the colonial period, and to [[:en:Oral_tradition|oral]] traditions created by diverse ethnic groups living in what is now Peru during the [[:en:Prehispanic#South_America|pre-Columbian period]], such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], the [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]] and the [[:en:Chanka|Chanka]] people.
[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included [[:en:Chronicle|chronicles]] and [[:en:Christian_literature|religious literature]]. Some of the first chroniclers were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a small group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue and colonize the region. For the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of Spanish [[:en:Conquistador|conquistadores]], whose mission was to &quot;civilize&quot; and &quot;reveal the true faith&quot; to the native peoples of Peru. Among the official Spanish chroniclers were [[:en:Francisco_Xerez|Francisco Xerez]], personal secretary of Pizarro, who wrote the ''Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla'' (The True Narrative of the Conquest of Peru and of Cuzco Province, Otherwise Known as New Castile), in 1534. Indigenous chroniclers were also known, such as [[:en:Titu_Cusi_Yupanqui|Titu Cusi Yupanqui]] who, after familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, wrote ''Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió'' (The Narrative of How the Spaniards Entered Piru and Mango Inca's Experiences while Living Among Them) in 1570.

After independence, [[:en:Costumbrism|Costumbrism]] and [[:en:Romanticism|Romanticism]] became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of [[:en:Ricardo_Palma|Ricardo Palma]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; The early 20th century's ''Indigenismo'' movement was led by such writers as [[:en:Ciro_Alegría|Ciro Alegría]]&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:José_María_Arguedas|José María Arguedas]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Avant-garde|avant-garde]] movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the establishment of magazines ''Colónida'' and ''Amauta'', the latter founded in 1926 by the prominent socialist essayist [[:en:José_Carlos_Mariátegui|José Carlos Mariátegui]]. The influential poet [[:en:César_Vallejo|César Vallejo]], who was one of its collaborators, wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse in the 1920s and 1930s. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as [[:en:List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[:en:Mario_Vargas_Llosa|Mario Vargas Llosa]], a leading member of the [[:en:Latin_American_Boom|Latin American Boom]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the [[:en:Columbian_exchange|Columbian exchange]] which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and [[:en:Chili_pepper|chilies]]. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's ''Instituto Peruano de la Papa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern [[:en:Peruvian_cuisine|Peruvian cuisine]] blends [[:en:Native_American_cuisine#Native_American_cuisine_of_South_America|Amerindian]] and [[:en:Spanish_food|Spanish food]] with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; Common dishes include ''[[:en:Anticuchos|anticuchos]]'', ''[[:en:Ceviche|ceviche]]'', and ''[[:en:Pachamanca|pachamanca]]''. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to [[:en:Central_Restaurante|Central Restaurante]], which is one of the [[:en:The_World's_50_Best_Restaurants|World's Best Restaurants]] and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the ''Costa'' (coast), ''Sierra'' (mountains) and ''Selva'' (rainforest).

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Inca]] and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are [[:en:Maize|corn]], [[:en:Potatoes|potatoes]] and other [[:en:Tuber|tubers]], [[:en:Amaranthaceae|Amaranthaceaes]] ([[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kañiwa|kañiwa]] and [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]]) and [[:en:Legume|legumes]] ([[:en:Beans|beans]] and [[:en:Lupins|lupins]]). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods{{snd}}such as [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]], [[:en:Chili_pepper|chili peppers]], and several roots and [[:en:Tuber|tubers]] have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], where tourists come to visit. Chef [[:en:Gastón_Acurio|Gastón Acurio]] has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
Peruvian music has [[:en:Andean_music|Andean]], [[:en:Music_of_Spain|Spanish]], and [[:en:African_Music|African]] roots.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[:en:Quena|quena]]'' and the ''[[:en:Tinya|tinya]]'' were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[:en:Charango|charango]]''. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[:en:Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[:en:Peruvian_folk_dances|Peruvian folk dances]] include [[:en:Marinera|marinera]], [[:en:Tondero|tondero]], [[:en:Zamacueca|zamacueca]], [[:en:Diablada|diablada]] and [[:en:Huayno|huayno]].&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[:en:Musical_instrument|instrument]], the [[:en:Charango|charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[:en:Lute|lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[:en:Vihuela|vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[:en:Titicaca|Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[:en:Walaycho|walaycho]], [[:en:Chillador|chillador]], [[:en:Chinlili|chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[:en:Charangon|charangon]].

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

[[:en:Association_football|Football]] is the most popular and widely practiced sport in the country. The [[:en:Peruvian_Primera_División|Peruvian Primera División]] is the most important club tournament in the nation. The [[:en:Peru_national_football_team|men's team]] has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the  [[:en:FIFA_World_Cup|FIFA World Cup]] five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the [[:en:Copa_América|Copa América]] on two occasions, in [[:en:1939_South_American_Championship|1939]]  and [[:en:1975_Copa_América|1975]], and impressed at the [[:en:1936_Summer_Olympics|1936 Summer Olympics]] before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final. [[:en:Teófilo_Cubillas|Teófilo Cubillas]] is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level, [[:en:Universitario|Universitario]] stands out with the runner-up in the [[:en:Copa_Libertadores|Copa Libertadores]] in 1972 and [[:en:Sporting_Cristal|Sporting Cristal]] also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the [[:en:2003_Recopa_Sudamericana|2003 Recopa Sudamericana]] and the [[:en:2004_Recopa_Sudamericana|2004 Recopa Sudamericana]], and Universitario, champion of the [[:en:2011_U-20_Copa_Libertadores|2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores]].

Other popular sports in Peru are [[:en:Volleyball|volleyball]], [[:en:Surfing|surfing]] and [[:en:Karate|karate]]. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the [[:en:Pan_American_Games|Pan American Games]]. The [[:en:Peru_women's_national_volleyball_team|Peru women's national volleyball team]] was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the [[:en:1988_Summer_Olympics|1988 Summer Olympics]], losing to the [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] 3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>4qu9v6railk9zv4p0d3pvp54z76wk9c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754317</id>
      <parentid>754316</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T07:58:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* යටත් විජිත කලාව */</comment>
      <origin>754317</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41400" sha1="3gif3jck3mzlkweqlckcowvo0it4nx2" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Iberian and Andean traditions, though it has also been influenced by various European, Asian, and African ethnic groups. [[:en:Peruvian_arts|Peruvian artistic traditions]] date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of [[:en:Pre-Inca_cultures|Pre-Inca cultures]]. The Incas maintained these crafts and made [[:en:Architecture_of_Peru|architectural]] achievements including the construction of [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]]. [[:en:Baroque|Baroque]] dominated colonial art, though modified by Native traditions.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the [[:en:Cusco_School|Cusco School]] are representative.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of ''[[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]]'' in the early 20th century. Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been [[:en:Eclecticism_in_art|eclectic]] and shaped by both foreign and local art currents.

පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.[2]

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.[3] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

දෘෂ්ටි කලා


පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලව


යටත් විජිත කලා

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
Peruvian art has its origin in the [[:en:Peruvian_Ancient_Cultures|Andean civilizations]]. These civilizations arose in the territory of modern Peru before the [[:en:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas|arrival of the Spanish]]. Peruvian art incorporated European elements after the Spanish conquest and continued to evolve throughout the centuries up to the modern day.

පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
Peru's earliest artwork came from the [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture, which was concentrated on the Pacific coast, and the Chavín culture, which was largely north of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] between the Andean mountain ranges of the [[:en:Cordillera_Negra|Cordillera Negra]] and the [[:en:Cordillera_Blanca|Cordillera Blanca]]. Decorative work from this era, approximately the 9th century BCE, was symbolic and religious in nature. The artists worked with gold, silver, and [[:en:Ceramics_(art)|ceramics]] to create a variety of sculptures and relief carvings. These civilizations were also known for their architecture and wood sculptures.

The [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]] Cavernas and Paracas [[:en:Necropolis|Necropolis]] cultures developed on the south coast of Peru between the 9th century BCE and the 2nd century CE. Paracas Cavernas produced complex polychrome and monochrome ceramics with religious representations. Burials from the Paracas Necropolis also yielded complex textiles, many produced with sophisticated geometric patterns. The 3rd century BCE saw the flowering of the urban culture, [[:en:Moche_(culture)|Moche]], in the [[:en:Lambayeque_(Department_of_Peru)|Lambayeque]] region. The Moche culture produced architectural works, such as the [[:en:Huaca_del_Sol|Huacas del Sol y de la Luna]] and the [[:en:Huaca_Rajada|Huaca Rajada]] of [[:en:Sipán|Sipán]]. They were experts at [[:en:Terrace_(agriculture)|cultivation in terraces]] and [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]] and produced original ceramics, textiles, pictorial and sculptural works. Another urban culture, the [[:en:Huari_Culture|Wari civilization]], flourished between the 8th and 12th centuries in [[:en:Ayacucho_(Department_of_Peru)|Ayacucho]]. Their centralized town planning was extended to other areas, such as [[:en:Pachacamac|Pachacamac]], [[:en:Cajamarquilla|Cajamarquilla]] and [[:en:Wari_Willka|Wari Willka]]. Between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, the military urban [[:en:Tiwanaku|Tiwanaku]] empire rose by the borders of [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. Centered around a city of the same name in modern-day Bolivia, the Tiwanaku introduced stone architecture and sculpture of a monumental type. These works of architecture and art were made possible by the Tiwanaku's developing [[:en:Bronze|bronze]], which enabled them to make the necessary tools.

Urban architecture reached a new height between the 14th and 15th centuries in the [[:en:Chimú_Culture|Chimú Culture]]. The Chimú built the city of [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] in the valley of the [[:en:Moche_River|Moche River]], in [[:en:La_Libertad_(Department_of_Peru)|La Libertad]]. The Chimú were skilled [[:en:Goldsmith|goldsmiths]] and created remarkable works of [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]]. The [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca Civilization]], which united Peru under its hegemony in the centuries immediately preceding the Spanish conquest, incorporated into their own works a great part of the cultural legacy of the civilizations which preceded it. Important relics of their artwork and architecture can be seen in cities like [[:en:Cusco_(Department_of_Peru)|Cusco]], architectural remains like [[:en:Sacsayhuamán|Sacsayhuamán]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]] and stone pavements that united Cusco with the rest of the Inca Empire.

පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
Peruvian sculpture and painting began to define themselves from the [[:en:Studio|ateliers]] founded by monks, who were strongly influenced by the Sevillian Baroque School. In this context, the stalls of the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Cathedral]] choir, the fountain of the Main Square of Lima both by [[:en:Pedro_de_Noguera|Pedro de Noguera]], and a great part of the colonial production were registered. The first center of art established by the Spanish was the [[:en:Cuzco_School|Cuzco School]] that taught [[:en:Quechua_languages|Quechua]] artists European painting styles. [[:en:Diego_Quispe_Tito|Diego Quispe Tito]] (1611–1681) was one of the first members of the Cuzco school and [[:en:Marcos_Zapata|Marcos Zapata]] (1710–1773) was one of the last.

Painting of this time reflected a synthesis of European and Indigenous influences, as is evident in the portrait of prisoner Atahualpa, by D. de Mora or in the canvases of the Italians [[:en:Mateo_Pérez_de_Alesio|Mateo Pérez de Alesio]] and Angelino Medoro, the Spaniards Francisco Bejarano and J. de Illescas and the Creole J. Rodriguez.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the [[:en:Baroque|Baroque]] and [[:en:Rococo|Rococo]] styles, with their heavy ornamentation and predominantly curved lines, also dominated the fields of architecture and [[:en:Plastic_arts|plastic arts]], as for example on the walls of the [[:en:Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima|Monastery of San Francisco]] in Lima.

සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.

සාහිත්‍යය


=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
Peruvian literature refers not only to literature produced in the modern Republic of Peru, but also literature produced in the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] during the colonial period, and to [[:en:Oral_tradition|oral]] traditions created by diverse ethnic groups living in what is now Peru during the [[:en:Prehispanic#South_America|pre-Columbian period]], such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], the [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]] and the [[:en:Chanka|Chanka]] people.

පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.
[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included [[:en:Chronicle|chronicles]] and [[:en:Christian_literature|religious literature]]. Some of the first chroniclers were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a small group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue and colonize the region. For the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of Spanish [[:en:Conquistador|conquistadores]], whose mission was to &quot;civilize&quot; and &quot;reveal the true faith&quot; to the native peoples of Peru. Among the official Spanish chroniclers were [[:en:Francisco_Xerez|Francisco Xerez]], personal secretary of Pizarro, who wrote the ''Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla'' (The True Narrative of the Conquest of Peru and of Cuzco Province, Otherwise Known as New Castile), in 1534. Indigenous chroniclers were also known, such as [[:en:Titu_Cusi_Yupanqui|Titu Cusi Yupanqui]] who, after familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, wrote ''Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió'' (The Narrative of How the Spaniards Entered Piru and Mango Inca's Experiences while Living Among Them) in 1570.

After independence, [[:en:Costumbrism|Costumbrism]] and [[:en:Romanticism|Romanticism]] became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of [[:en:Ricardo_Palma|Ricardo Palma]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; The early 20th century's ''Indigenismo'' movement was led by such writers as [[:en:Ciro_Alegría|Ciro Alegría]]&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:José_María_Arguedas|José María Arguedas]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Avant-garde|avant-garde]] movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the establishment of magazines ''Colónida'' and ''Amauta'', the latter founded in 1926 by the prominent socialist essayist [[:en:José_Carlos_Mariátegui|José Carlos Mariátegui]]. The influential poet [[:en:César_Vallejo|César Vallejo]], who was one of its collaborators, wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse in the 1920s and 1930s. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as [[:en:List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[:en:Mario_Vargas_Llosa|Mario Vargas Llosa]], a leading member of the [[:en:Latin_American_Boom|Latin American Boom]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර Pizarro ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් Francisco Xerez ද විය, ඔහු Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla (පේරු සහ Cuzco Province of Cuzco Province, Inciller of Cuzco Province, in the Cuzco Province, of Cuzco Province, in the True Narative of Inndious Catiler) ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió (The Narrative of Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió) ලිවූ Titu Cusi Yupanqui වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ. ඔවුන් අතර) 1570 දී.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.[4] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ Ciro Alegría[5] සහ José María Arguedas වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.[6] 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන José Carlos Mariátegui විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන César Vallejo, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.[7]

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the [[:en:Columbian_exchange|Columbian exchange]] which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and [[:en:Chili_pepper|chilies]]. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's ''Instituto Peruano de la Papa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern [[:en:Peruvian_cuisine|Peruvian cuisine]] blends [[:en:Native_American_cuisine#Native_American_cuisine_of_South_America|Amerindian]] and [[:en:Spanish_food|Spanish food]] with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; Common dishes include ''[[:en:Anticuchos|anticuchos]]'', ''[[:en:Ceviche|ceviche]]'', and ''[[:en:Pachamanca|pachamanca]]''. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to [[:en:Central_Restaurante|Central Restaurante]], which is one of the [[:en:The_World's_50_Best_Restaurants|World's Best Restaurants]] and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the ''Costa'' (coast), ''Sierra'' (mountains) and ''Selva'' (rainforest).

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Inca]] and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are [[:en:Maize|corn]], [[:en:Potatoes|potatoes]] and other [[:en:Tuber|tubers]], [[:en:Amaranthaceae|Amaranthaceaes]] ([[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kañiwa|kañiwa]] and [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]]) and [[:en:Legume|legumes]] ([[:en:Beans|beans]] and [[:en:Lupins|lupins]]). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods{{snd}}such as [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]], [[:en:Chili_pepper|chili peppers]], and several roots and [[:en:Tuber|tubers]] have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], where tourists come to visit. Chef [[:en:Gastón_Acurio|Gastón Acurio]] has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
Peruvian music has [[:en:Andean_music|Andean]], [[:en:Music_of_Spain|Spanish]], and [[:en:African_Music|African]] roots.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[:en:Quena|quena]]'' and the ''[[:en:Tinya|tinya]]'' were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[:en:Charango|charango]]''. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[:en:Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[:en:Peruvian_folk_dances|Peruvian folk dances]] include [[:en:Marinera|marinera]], [[:en:Tondero|tondero]], [[:en:Zamacueca|zamacueca]], [[:en:Diablada|diablada]] and [[:en:Huayno|huayno]].&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[:en:Musical_instrument|instrument]], the [[:en:Charango|charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[:en:Lute|lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[:en:Vihuela|vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[:en:Titicaca|Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[:en:Walaycho|walaycho]], [[:en:Chillador|chillador]], [[:en:Chinlili|chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[:en:Charangon|charangon]].

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

[[:en:Association_football|Football]] is the most popular and widely practiced sport in the country. The [[:en:Peruvian_Primera_División|Peruvian Primera División]] is the most important club tournament in the nation. The [[:en:Peru_national_football_team|men's team]] has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the  [[:en:FIFA_World_Cup|FIFA World Cup]] five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the [[:en:Copa_América|Copa América]] on two occasions, in [[:en:1939_South_American_Championship|1939]]  and [[:en:1975_Copa_América|1975]], and impressed at the [[:en:1936_Summer_Olympics|1936 Summer Olympics]] before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final. [[:en:Teófilo_Cubillas|Teófilo Cubillas]] is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level, [[:en:Universitario|Universitario]] stands out with the runner-up in the [[:en:Copa_Libertadores|Copa Libertadores]] in 1972 and [[:en:Sporting_Cristal|Sporting Cristal]] also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the [[:en:2003_Recopa_Sudamericana|2003 Recopa Sudamericana]] and the [[:en:2004_Recopa_Sudamericana|2004 Recopa Sudamericana]], and Universitario, champion of the [[:en:2011_U-20_Copa_Libertadores|2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores]].

Other popular sports in Peru are [[:en:Volleyball|volleyball]], [[:en:Surfing|surfing]] and [[:en:Karate|karate]]. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the [[:en:Pan_American_Games|Pan American Games]]. The [[:en:Peru_women's_national_volleyball_team|Peru women's national volleyball team]] was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the [[:en:1988_Summer_Olympics|1988 Summer Olympics]], losing to the [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] 3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>3gif3jck3mzlkweqlckcowvo0it4nx2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754318</id>
      <parentid>754317</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T07:59:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754318</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40395" sha1="r1z706d7e4i273yyunjjn78ncmrbv35" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

දෘෂ්ටි කලා


පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලව


යටත් විජිත කලා

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
Peruvian art has its origin in the [[:en:Peruvian_Ancient_Cultures|Andean civilizations]]. These civilizations arose in the territory of modern Peru before the [[:en:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas|arrival of the Spanish]]. Peruvian art incorporated European elements after the Spanish conquest and continued to evolve throughout the centuries up to the modern day.

පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
Peru's earliest artwork came from the [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture, which was concentrated on the Pacific coast, and the Chavín culture, which was largely north of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] between the Andean mountain ranges of the [[:en:Cordillera_Negra|Cordillera Negra]] and the [[:en:Cordillera_Blanca|Cordillera Blanca]]. Decorative work from this era, approximately the 9th century BCE, was symbolic and religious in nature. The artists worked with gold, silver, and [[:en:Ceramics_(art)|ceramics]] to create a variety of sculptures and relief carvings. These civilizations were also known for their architecture and wood sculptures.

The [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]] Cavernas and Paracas [[:en:Necropolis|Necropolis]] cultures developed on the south coast of Peru between the 9th century BCE and the 2nd century CE. Paracas Cavernas produced complex polychrome and monochrome ceramics with religious representations. Burials from the Paracas Necropolis also yielded complex textiles, many produced with sophisticated geometric patterns. The 3rd century BCE saw the flowering of the urban culture, [[:en:Moche_(culture)|Moche]], in the [[:en:Lambayeque_(Department_of_Peru)|Lambayeque]] region. The Moche culture produced architectural works, such as the [[:en:Huaca_del_Sol|Huacas del Sol y de la Luna]] and the [[:en:Huaca_Rajada|Huaca Rajada]] of [[:en:Sipán|Sipán]]. They were experts at [[:en:Terrace_(agriculture)|cultivation in terraces]] and [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]] and produced original ceramics, textiles, pictorial and sculptural works. Another urban culture, the [[:en:Huari_Culture|Wari civilization]], flourished between the 8th and 12th centuries in [[:en:Ayacucho_(Department_of_Peru)|Ayacucho]]. Their centralized town planning was extended to other areas, such as [[:en:Pachacamac|Pachacamac]], [[:en:Cajamarquilla|Cajamarquilla]] and [[:en:Wari_Willka|Wari Willka]]. Between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, the military urban [[:en:Tiwanaku|Tiwanaku]] empire rose by the borders of [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. Centered around a city of the same name in modern-day Bolivia, the Tiwanaku introduced stone architecture and sculpture of a monumental type. These works of architecture and art were made possible by the Tiwanaku's developing [[:en:Bronze|bronze]], which enabled them to make the necessary tools.

Urban architecture reached a new height between the 14th and 15th centuries in the [[:en:Chimú_Culture|Chimú Culture]]. The Chimú built the city of [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] in the valley of the [[:en:Moche_River|Moche River]], in [[:en:La_Libertad_(Department_of_Peru)|La Libertad]]. The Chimú were skilled [[:en:Goldsmith|goldsmiths]] and created remarkable works of [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]]. The [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca Civilization]], which united Peru under its hegemony in the centuries immediately preceding the Spanish conquest, incorporated into their own works a great part of the cultural legacy of the civilizations which preceded it. Important relics of their artwork and architecture can be seen in cities like [[:en:Cusco_(Department_of_Peru)|Cusco]], architectural remains like [[:en:Sacsayhuamán|Sacsayhuamán]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]] and stone pavements that united Cusco with the rest of the Inca Empire.

පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
Peruvian sculpture and painting began to define themselves from the [[:en:Studio|ateliers]] founded by monks, who were strongly influenced by the Sevillian Baroque School. In this context, the stalls of the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Cathedral]] choir, the fountain of the Main Square of Lima both by [[:en:Pedro_de_Noguera|Pedro de Noguera]], and a great part of the colonial production were registered. The first center of art established by the Spanish was the [[:en:Cuzco_School|Cuzco School]] that taught [[:en:Quechua_languages|Quechua]] artists European painting styles. [[:en:Diego_Quispe_Tito|Diego Quispe Tito]] (1611–1681) was one of the first members of the Cuzco school and [[:en:Marcos_Zapata|Marcos Zapata]] (1710–1773) was one of the last.

Painting of this time reflected a synthesis of European and Indigenous influences, as is evident in the portrait of prisoner Atahualpa, by D. de Mora or in the canvases of the Italians [[:en:Mateo_Pérez_de_Alesio|Mateo Pérez de Alesio]] and Angelino Medoro, the Spaniards Francisco Bejarano and J. de Illescas and the Creole J. Rodriguez.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the [[:en:Baroque|Baroque]] and [[:en:Rococo|Rococo]] styles, with their heavy ornamentation and predominantly curved lines, also dominated the fields of architecture and [[:en:Plastic_arts|plastic arts]], as for example on the walls of the [[:en:Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima|Monastery of San Francisco]] in Lima.

සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.

සාහිත්‍යය


=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
Peruvian literature refers not only to literature produced in the modern Republic of Peru, but also literature produced in the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] during the colonial period, and to [[:en:Oral_tradition|oral]] traditions created by diverse ethnic groups living in what is now Peru during the [[:en:Prehispanic#South_America|pre-Columbian period]], such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], the [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]] and the [[:en:Chanka|Chanka]] people.

පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.
[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included [[:en:Chronicle|chronicles]] and [[:en:Christian_literature|religious literature]]. Some of the first chroniclers were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a small group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue and colonize the region. For the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of Spanish [[:en:Conquistador|conquistadores]], whose mission was to &quot;civilize&quot; and &quot;reveal the true faith&quot; to the native peoples of Peru. Among the official Spanish chroniclers were [[:en:Francisco_Xerez|Francisco Xerez]], personal secretary of Pizarro, who wrote the ''Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla'' (The True Narrative of the Conquest of Peru and of Cuzco Province, Otherwise Known as New Castile), in 1534. Indigenous chroniclers were also known, such as [[:en:Titu_Cusi_Yupanqui|Titu Cusi Yupanqui]] who, after familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, wrote ''Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió'' (The Narrative of How the Spaniards Entered Piru and Mango Inca's Experiences while Living Among Them) in 1570.

After independence, [[:en:Costumbrism|Costumbrism]] and [[:en:Romanticism|Romanticism]] became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of [[:en:Ricardo_Palma|Ricardo Palma]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; The early 20th century's ''Indigenismo'' movement was led by such writers as [[:en:Ciro_Alegría|Ciro Alegría]]&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:José_María_Arguedas|José María Arguedas]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Avant-garde|avant-garde]] movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the establishment of magazines ''Colónida'' and ''Amauta'', the latter founded in 1926 by the prominent socialist essayist [[:en:José_Carlos_Mariátegui|José Carlos Mariátegui]]. The influential poet [[:en:César_Vallejo|César Vallejo]], who was one of its collaborators, wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse in the 1920s and 1930s. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as [[:en:List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[:en:Mario_Vargas_Llosa|Mario Vargas Llosa]], a leading member of the [[:en:Latin_American_Boom|Latin American Boom]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර Pizarro ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් Francisco Xerez ද විය, ඔහු Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla (පේරු සහ Cuzco Province of Cuzco Province, Inciller of Cuzco Province, in the Cuzco Province, of Cuzco Province, in the True Narative of Inndious Catiler) ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió (The Narrative of Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió) ලිවූ Titu Cusi Yupanqui වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ. ඔවුන් අතර) 1570 දී.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.[4] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ Ciro Alegría[5] සහ José María Arguedas වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.[6] 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන José Carlos Mariátegui විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන César Vallejo, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.[7]

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the [[:en:Columbian_exchange|Columbian exchange]] which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and [[:en:Chili_pepper|chilies]]. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's ''Instituto Peruano de la Papa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern [[:en:Peruvian_cuisine|Peruvian cuisine]] blends [[:en:Native_American_cuisine#Native_American_cuisine_of_South_America|Amerindian]] and [[:en:Spanish_food|Spanish food]] with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; Common dishes include ''[[:en:Anticuchos|anticuchos]]'', ''[[:en:Ceviche|ceviche]]'', and ''[[:en:Pachamanca|pachamanca]]''. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to [[:en:Central_Restaurante|Central Restaurante]], which is one of the [[:en:The_World's_50_Best_Restaurants|World's Best Restaurants]] and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the ''Costa'' (coast), ''Sierra'' (mountains) and ''Selva'' (rainforest).

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Inca]] and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are [[:en:Maize|corn]], [[:en:Potatoes|potatoes]] and other [[:en:Tuber|tubers]], [[:en:Amaranthaceae|Amaranthaceaes]] ([[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kañiwa|kañiwa]] and [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]]) and [[:en:Legume|legumes]] ([[:en:Beans|beans]] and [[:en:Lupins|lupins]]). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods{{snd}}such as [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]], [[:en:Chili_pepper|chili peppers]], and several roots and [[:en:Tuber|tubers]] have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], where tourists come to visit. Chef [[:en:Gastón_Acurio|Gastón Acurio]] has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
Peruvian music has [[:en:Andean_music|Andean]], [[:en:Music_of_Spain|Spanish]], and [[:en:African_Music|African]] roots.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[:en:Quena|quena]]'' and the ''[[:en:Tinya|tinya]]'' were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[:en:Charango|charango]]''. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[:en:Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[:en:Peruvian_folk_dances|Peruvian folk dances]] include [[:en:Marinera|marinera]], [[:en:Tondero|tondero]], [[:en:Zamacueca|zamacueca]], [[:en:Diablada|diablada]] and [[:en:Huayno|huayno]].&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[:en:Musical_instrument|instrument]], the [[:en:Charango|charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[:en:Lute|lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[:en:Vihuela|vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[:en:Titicaca|Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[:en:Walaycho|walaycho]], [[:en:Chillador|chillador]], [[:en:Chinlili|chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[:en:Charangon|charangon]].

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

[[:en:Association_football|Football]] is the most popular and widely practiced sport in the country. The [[:en:Peruvian_Primera_División|Peruvian Primera División]] is the most important club tournament in the nation. The [[:en:Peru_national_football_team|men's team]] has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the  [[:en:FIFA_World_Cup|FIFA World Cup]] five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the [[:en:Copa_América|Copa América]] on two occasions, in [[:en:1939_South_American_Championship|1939]]  and [[:en:1975_Copa_América|1975]], and impressed at the [[:en:1936_Summer_Olympics|1936 Summer Olympics]] before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final. [[:en:Teófilo_Cubillas|Teófilo Cubillas]] is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level, [[:en:Universitario|Universitario]] stands out with the runner-up in the [[:en:Copa_Libertadores|Copa Libertadores]] in 1972 and [[:en:Sporting_Cristal|Sporting Cristal]] also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the [[:en:2003_Recopa_Sudamericana|2003 Recopa Sudamericana]] and the [[:en:2004_Recopa_Sudamericana|2004 Recopa Sudamericana]], and Universitario, champion of the [[:en:2011_U-20_Copa_Libertadores|2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores]].

Other popular sports in Peru are [[:en:Volleyball|volleyball]], [[:en:Surfing|surfing]] and [[:en:Karate|karate]]. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the [[:en:Pan_American_Games|Pan American Games]]. The [[:en:Peru_women's_national_volleyball_team|Peru women's national volleyball team]] was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the [[:en:1988_Summer_Olympics|1988 Summer Olympics]], losing to the [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] 3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>r1z706d7e4i273yyunjjn78ncmrbv35</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754319</id>
      <parentid>754318</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T07:59:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754319</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39887" sha1="rs6rhrngb0svzzaxbkwg7d9m3q5v4ld" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
Peru's earliest artwork came from the [[:en:Cupisnique|Cupisnique]] culture, which was concentrated on the Pacific coast, and the Chavín culture, which was largely north of [[:en:Lima|Lima]] between the Andean mountain ranges of the [[:en:Cordillera_Negra|Cordillera Negra]] and the [[:en:Cordillera_Blanca|Cordillera Blanca]]. Decorative work from this era, approximately the 9th century BCE, was symbolic and religious in nature. The artists worked with gold, silver, and [[:en:Ceramics_(art)|ceramics]] to create a variety of sculptures and relief carvings. These civilizations were also known for their architecture and wood sculptures.

The [[:en:Paracas_culture|Paracas]] Cavernas and Paracas [[:en:Necropolis|Necropolis]] cultures developed on the south coast of Peru between the 9th century BCE and the 2nd century CE. Paracas Cavernas produced complex polychrome and monochrome ceramics with religious representations. Burials from the Paracas Necropolis also yielded complex textiles, many produced with sophisticated geometric patterns. The 3rd century BCE saw the flowering of the urban culture, [[:en:Moche_(culture)|Moche]], in the [[:en:Lambayeque_(Department_of_Peru)|Lambayeque]] region. The Moche culture produced architectural works, such as the [[:en:Huaca_del_Sol|Huacas del Sol y de la Luna]] and the [[:en:Huaca_Rajada|Huaca Rajada]] of [[:en:Sipán|Sipán]]. They were experts at [[:en:Terrace_(agriculture)|cultivation in terraces]] and [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]] and produced original ceramics, textiles, pictorial and sculptural works. Another urban culture, the [[:en:Huari_Culture|Wari civilization]], flourished between the 8th and 12th centuries in [[:en:Ayacucho_(Department_of_Peru)|Ayacucho]]. Their centralized town planning was extended to other areas, such as [[:en:Pachacamac|Pachacamac]], [[:en:Cajamarquilla|Cajamarquilla]] and [[:en:Wari_Willka|Wari Willka]]. Between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, the military urban [[:en:Tiwanaku|Tiwanaku]] empire rose by the borders of [[:en:Lake_Titicaca|Lake Titicaca]]. Centered around a city of the same name in modern-day Bolivia, the Tiwanaku introduced stone architecture and sculpture of a monumental type. These works of architecture and art were made possible by the Tiwanaku's developing [[:en:Bronze|bronze]], which enabled them to make the necessary tools.

Urban architecture reached a new height between the 14th and 15th centuries in the [[:en:Chimú_Culture|Chimú Culture]]. The Chimú built the city of [[:en:Chan_Chan|Chan Chan]] in the valley of the [[:en:Moche_River|Moche River]], in [[:en:La_Libertad_(Department_of_Peru)|La Libertad]]. The Chimú were skilled [[:en:Goldsmith|goldsmiths]] and created remarkable works of [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]]. The [[:en:Inca_Empire|Inca Civilization]], which united Peru under its hegemony in the centuries immediately preceding the Spanish conquest, incorporated into their own works a great part of the cultural legacy of the civilizations which preceded it. Important relics of their artwork and architecture can be seen in cities like [[:en:Cusco_(Department_of_Peru)|Cusco]], architectural remains like [[:en:Sacsayhuamán|Sacsayhuamán]] and [[:en:Machu_Picchu|Machu Picchu]] and stone pavements that united Cusco with the rest of the Inca Empire.

පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
Peruvian sculpture and painting began to define themselves from the [[:en:Studio|ateliers]] founded by monks, who were strongly influenced by the Sevillian Baroque School. In this context, the stalls of the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Cathedral]] choir, the fountain of the Main Square of Lima both by [[:en:Pedro_de_Noguera|Pedro de Noguera]], and a great part of the colonial production were registered. The first center of art established by the Spanish was the [[:en:Cuzco_School|Cuzco School]] that taught [[:en:Quechua_languages|Quechua]] artists European painting styles. [[:en:Diego_Quispe_Tito|Diego Quispe Tito]] (1611–1681) was one of the first members of the Cuzco school and [[:en:Marcos_Zapata|Marcos Zapata]] (1710–1773) was one of the last.

Painting of this time reflected a synthesis of European and Indigenous influences, as is evident in the portrait of prisoner Atahualpa, by D. de Mora or in the canvases of the Italians [[:en:Mateo_Pérez_de_Alesio|Mateo Pérez de Alesio]] and Angelino Medoro, the Spaniards Francisco Bejarano and J. de Illescas and the Creole J. Rodriguez.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the [[:en:Baroque|Baroque]] and [[:en:Rococo|Rococo]] styles, with their heavy ornamentation and predominantly curved lines, also dominated the fields of architecture and [[:en:Plastic_arts|plastic arts]], as for example on the walls of the [[:en:Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima|Monastery of San Francisco]] in Lima.

සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.

සාහිත්‍යය


=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
Peruvian literature refers not only to literature produced in the modern Republic of Peru, but also literature produced in the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] during the colonial period, and to [[:en:Oral_tradition|oral]] traditions created by diverse ethnic groups living in what is now Peru during the [[:en:Prehispanic#South_America|pre-Columbian period]], such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], the [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]] and the [[:en:Chanka|Chanka]] people.

පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.
[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included [[:en:Chronicle|chronicles]] and [[:en:Christian_literature|religious literature]]. Some of the first chroniclers were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a small group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue and colonize the region. For the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of Spanish [[:en:Conquistador|conquistadores]], whose mission was to &quot;civilize&quot; and &quot;reveal the true faith&quot; to the native peoples of Peru. Among the official Spanish chroniclers were [[:en:Francisco_Xerez|Francisco Xerez]], personal secretary of Pizarro, who wrote the ''Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla'' (The True Narrative of the Conquest of Peru and of Cuzco Province, Otherwise Known as New Castile), in 1534. Indigenous chroniclers were also known, such as [[:en:Titu_Cusi_Yupanqui|Titu Cusi Yupanqui]] who, after familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, wrote ''Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió'' (The Narrative of How the Spaniards Entered Piru and Mango Inca's Experiences while Living Among Them) in 1570.

After independence, [[:en:Costumbrism|Costumbrism]] and [[:en:Romanticism|Romanticism]] became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of [[:en:Ricardo_Palma|Ricardo Palma]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; The early 20th century's ''Indigenismo'' movement was led by such writers as [[:en:Ciro_Alegría|Ciro Alegría]]&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:José_María_Arguedas|José María Arguedas]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Avant-garde|avant-garde]] movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the establishment of magazines ''Colónida'' and ''Amauta'', the latter founded in 1926 by the prominent socialist essayist [[:en:José_Carlos_Mariátegui|José Carlos Mariátegui]]. The influential poet [[:en:César_Vallejo|César Vallejo]], who was one of its collaborators, wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse in the 1920s and 1930s. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as [[:en:List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[:en:Mario_Vargas_Llosa|Mario Vargas Llosa]], a leading member of the [[:en:Latin_American_Boom|Latin American Boom]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර Pizarro ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් Francisco Xerez ද විය, ඔහු Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla (පේරු සහ Cuzco Province of Cuzco Province, Inciller of Cuzco Province, in the Cuzco Province, of Cuzco Province, in the True Narative of Inndious Catiler) ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió (The Narrative of Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió) ලිවූ Titu Cusi Yupanqui වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ. ඔවුන් අතර) 1570 දී.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.[4] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ Ciro Alegría[5] සහ José María Arguedas වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.[6] 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන José Carlos Mariátegui විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන César Vallejo, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.[7]

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the [[:en:Columbian_exchange|Columbian exchange]] which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and [[:en:Chili_pepper|chilies]]. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's ''Instituto Peruano de la Papa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern [[:en:Peruvian_cuisine|Peruvian cuisine]] blends [[:en:Native_American_cuisine#Native_American_cuisine_of_South_America|Amerindian]] and [[:en:Spanish_food|Spanish food]] with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; Common dishes include ''[[:en:Anticuchos|anticuchos]]'', ''[[:en:Ceviche|ceviche]]'', and ''[[:en:Pachamanca|pachamanca]]''. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to [[:en:Central_Restaurante|Central Restaurante]], which is one of the [[:en:The_World's_50_Best_Restaurants|World's Best Restaurants]] and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the ''Costa'' (coast), ''Sierra'' (mountains) and ''Selva'' (rainforest).

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Inca]] and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are [[:en:Maize|corn]], [[:en:Potatoes|potatoes]] and other [[:en:Tuber|tubers]], [[:en:Amaranthaceae|Amaranthaceaes]] ([[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kañiwa|kañiwa]] and [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]]) and [[:en:Legume|legumes]] ([[:en:Beans|beans]] and [[:en:Lupins|lupins]]). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods{{snd}}such as [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]], [[:en:Chili_pepper|chili peppers]], and several roots and [[:en:Tuber|tubers]] have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], where tourists come to visit. Chef [[:en:Gastón_Acurio|Gastón Acurio]] has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
Peruvian music has [[:en:Andean_music|Andean]], [[:en:Music_of_Spain|Spanish]], and [[:en:African_Music|African]] roots.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[:en:Quena|quena]]'' and the ''[[:en:Tinya|tinya]]'' were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[:en:Charango|charango]]''. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[:en:Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[:en:Peruvian_folk_dances|Peruvian folk dances]] include [[:en:Marinera|marinera]], [[:en:Tondero|tondero]], [[:en:Zamacueca|zamacueca]], [[:en:Diablada|diablada]] and [[:en:Huayno|huayno]].&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[:en:Musical_instrument|instrument]], the [[:en:Charango|charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[:en:Lute|lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[:en:Vihuela|vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[:en:Titicaca|Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[:en:Walaycho|walaycho]], [[:en:Chillador|chillador]], [[:en:Chinlili|chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[:en:Charangon|charangon]].

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

[[:en:Association_football|Football]] is the most popular and widely practiced sport in the country. The [[:en:Peruvian_Primera_División|Peruvian Primera División]] is the most important club tournament in the nation. The [[:en:Peru_national_football_team|men's team]] has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the  [[:en:FIFA_World_Cup|FIFA World Cup]] five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the [[:en:Copa_América|Copa América]] on two occasions, in [[:en:1939_South_American_Championship|1939]]  and [[:en:1975_Copa_América|1975]], and impressed at the [[:en:1936_Summer_Olympics|1936 Summer Olympics]] before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final. [[:en:Teófilo_Cubillas|Teófilo Cubillas]] is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level, [[:en:Universitario|Universitario]] stands out with the runner-up in the [[:en:Copa_Libertadores|Copa Libertadores]] in 1972 and [[:en:Sporting_Cristal|Sporting Cristal]] also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the [[:en:2003_Recopa_Sudamericana|2003 Recopa Sudamericana]] and the [[:en:2004_Recopa_Sudamericana|2004 Recopa Sudamericana]], and Universitario, champion of the [[:en:2011_U-20_Copa_Libertadores|2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores]].

Other popular sports in Peru are [[:en:Volleyball|volleyball]], [[:en:Surfing|surfing]] and [[:en:Karate|karate]]. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the [[:en:Pan_American_Games|Pan American Games]]. The [[:en:Peru_women's_national_volleyball_team|Peru women's national volleyball team]] was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the [[:en:1988_Summer_Olympics|1988 Summer Olympics]], losing to the [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] 3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>rs6rhrngb0svzzaxbkwg7d9m3q5v4ld</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754320</id>
      <parentid>754319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T07:59:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව */</comment>
      <origin>754320</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36538" sha1="pd2u9h3k9n9f9tava4xfk3kracmaf1o" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
Peruvian sculpture and painting began to define themselves from the [[:en:Studio|ateliers]] founded by monks, who were strongly influenced by the Sevillian Baroque School. In this context, the stalls of the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Cathedral]] choir, the fountain of the Main Square of Lima both by [[:en:Pedro_de_Noguera|Pedro de Noguera]], and a great part of the colonial production were registered. The first center of art established by the Spanish was the [[:en:Cuzco_School|Cuzco School]] that taught [[:en:Quechua_languages|Quechua]] artists European painting styles. [[:en:Diego_Quispe_Tito|Diego Quispe Tito]] (1611–1681) was one of the first members of the Cuzco school and [[:en:Marcos_Zapata|Marcos Zapata]] (1710–1773) was one of the last.

Painting of this time reflected a synthesis of European and Indigenous influences, as is evident in the portrait of prisoner Atahualpa, by D. de Mora or in the canvases of the Italians [[:en:Mateo_Pérez_de_Alesio|Mateo Pérez de Alesio]] and Angelino Medoro, the Spaniards Francisco Bejarano and J. de Illescas and the Creole J. Rodriguez.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the [[:en:Baroque|Baroque]] and [[:en:Rococo|Rococo]] styles, with their heavy ornamentation and predominantly curved lines, also dominated the fields of architecture and [[:en:Plastic_arts|plastic arts]], as for example on the walls of the [[:en:Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima|Monastery of San Francisco]] in Lima.

සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.

සාහිත්‍යය


=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
Peruvian literature refers not only to literature produced in the modern Republic of Peru, but also literature produced in the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] during the colonial period, and to [[:en:Oral_tradition|oral]] traditions created by diverse ethnic groups living in what is now Peru during the [[:en:Prehispanic#South_America|pre-Columbian period]], such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], the [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]] and the [[:en:Chanka|Chanka]] people.

පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.
[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included [[:en:Chronicle|chronicles]] and [[:en:Christian_literature|religious literature]]. Some of the first chroniclers were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a small group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue and colonize the region. For the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of Spanish [[:en:Conquistador|conquistadores]], whose mission was to &quot;civilize&quot; and &quot;reveal the true faith&quot; to the native peoples of Peru. Among the official Spanish chroniclers were [[:en:Francisco_Xerez|Francisco Xerez]], personal secretary of Pizarro, who wrote the ''Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla'' (The True Narrative of the Conquest of Peru and of Cuzco Province, Otherwise Known as New Castile), in 1534. Indigenous chroniclers were also known, such as [[:en:Titu_Cusi_Yupanqui|Titu Cusi Yupanqui]] who, after familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, wrote ''Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió'' (The Narrative of How the Spaniards Entered Piru and Mango Inca's Experiences while Living Among Them) in 1570.

After independence, [[:en:Costumbrism|Costumbrism]] and [[:en:Romanticism|Romanticism]] became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of [[:en:Ricardo_Palma|Ricardo Palma]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; The early 20th century's ''Indigenismo'' movement was led by such writers as [[:en:Ciro_Alegría|Ciro Alegría]]&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:José_María_Arguedas|José María Arguedas]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Avant-garde|avant-garde]] movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the establishment of magazines ''Colónida'' and ''Amauta'', the latter founded in 1926 by the prominent socialist essayist [[:en:José_Carlos_Mariátegui|José Carlos Mariátegui]]. The influential poet [[:en:César_Vallejo|César Vallejo]], who was one of its collaborators, wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse in the 1920s and 1930s. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as [[:en:List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[:en:Mario_Vargas_Llosa|Mario Vargas Llosa]], a leading member of the [[:en:Latin_American_Boom|Latin American Boom]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර Pizarro ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් Francisco Xerez ද විය, ඔහු Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla (පේරු සහ Cuzco Province of Cuzco Province, Inciller of Cuzco Province, in the Cuzco Province, of Cuzco Province, in the True Narative of Inndious Catiler) ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió (The Narrative of Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió) ලිවූ Titu Cusi Yupanqui වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ. ඔවුන් අතර) 1570 දී.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.[4] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ Ciro Alegría[5] සහ José María Arguedas වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.[6] 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන José Carlos Mariátegui විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන César Vallejo, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.[7]

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the [[:en:Columbian_exchange|Columbian exchange]] which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and [[:en:Chili_pepper|chilies]]. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's ''Instituto Peruano de la Papa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern [[:en:Peruvian_cuisine|Peruvian cuisine]] blends [[:en:Native_American_cuisine#Native_American_cuisine_of_South_America|Amerindian]] and [[:en:Spanish_food|Spanish food]] with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; Common dishes include ''[[:en:Anticuchos|anticuchos]]'', ''[[:en:Ceviche|ceviche]]'', and ''[[:en:Pachamanca|pachamanca]]''. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to [[:en:Central_Restaurante|Central Restaurante]], which is one of the [[:en:The_World's_50_Best_Restaurants|World's Best Restaurants]] and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the ''Costa'' (coast), ''Sierra'' (mountains) and ''Selva'' (rainforest).

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Inca]] and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are [[:en:Maize|corn]], [[:en:Potatoes|potatoes]] and other [[:en:Tuber|tubers]], [[:en:Amaranthaceae|Amaranthaceaes]] ([[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kañiwa|kañiwa]] and [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]]) and [[:en:Legume|legumes]] ([[:en:Beans|beans]] and [[:en:Lupins|lupins]]). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods{{snd}}such as [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]], [[:en:Chili_pepper|chili peppers]], and several roots and [[:en:Tuber|tubers]] have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], where tourists come to visit. Chef [[:en:Gastón_Acurio|Gastón Acurio]] has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
Peruvian music has [[:en:Andean_music|Andean]], [[:en:Music_of_Spain|Spanish]], and [[:en:African_Music|African]] roots.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[:en:Quena|quena]]'' and the ''[[:en:Tinya|tinya]]'' were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[:en:Charango|charango]]''. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[:en:Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[:en:Peruvian_folk_dances|Peruvian folk dances]] include [[:en:Marinera|marinera]], [[:en:Tondero|tondero]], [[:en:Zamacueca|zamacueca]], [[:en:Diablada|diablada]] and [[:en:Huayno|huayno]].&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[:en:Musical_instrument|instrument]], the [[:en:Charango|charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[:en:Lute|lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[:en:Vihuela|vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[:en:Titicaca|Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[:en:Walaycho|walaycho]], [[:en:Chillador|chillador]], [[:en:Chinlili|chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[:en:Charangon|charangon]].

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

[[:en:Association_football|Football]] is the most popular and widely practiced sport in the country. The [[:en:Peruvian_Primera_División|Peruvian Primera División]] is the most important club tournament in the nation. The [[:en:Peru_national_football_team|men's team]] has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the  [[:en:FIFA_World_Cup|FIFA World Cup]] five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the [[:en:Copa_América|Copa América]] on two occasions, in [[:en:1939_South_American_Championship|1939]]  and [[:en:1975_Copa_América|1975]], and impressed at the [[:en:1936_Summer_Olympics|1936 Summer Olympics]] before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final. [[:en:Teófilo_Cubillas|Teófilo Cubillas]] is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level, [[:en:Universitario|Universitario]] stands out with the runner-up in the [[:en:Copa_Libertadores|Copa Libertadores]] in 1972 and [[:en:Sporting_Cristal|Sporting Cristal]] also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the [[:en:2003_Recopa_Sudamericana|2003 Recopa Sudamericana]] and the [[:en:2004_Recopa_Sudamericana|2004 Recopa Sudamericana]], and Universitario, champion of the [[:en:2011_U-20_Copa_Libertadores|2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores]].

Other popular sports in Peru are [[:en:Volleyball|volleyball]], [[:en:Surfing|surfing]] and [[:en:Karate|karate]]. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the [[:en:Pan_American_Games|Pan American Games]]. The [[:en:Peru_women's_national_volleyball_team|Peru women's national volleyball team]] was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the [[:en:1988_Summer_Olympics|1988 Summer Olympics]], losing to the [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] 3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>pd2u9h3k9n9f9tava4xfk3kracmaf1o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754321</id>
      <parentid>754320</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:00:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* යටත් විජිත කලාව */</comment>
      <origin>754321</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35028" sha1="nijor7qpcwa8ahsr1p1uotktcymtsan" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.
=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
Peruvian literature refers not only to literature produced in the modern Republic of Peru, but also literature produced in the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]] during the colonial period, and to [[:en:Oral_tradition|oral]] traditions created by diverse ethnic groups living in what is now Peru during the [[:en:Prehispanic#South_America|pre-Columbian period]], such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], the [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]] and the [[:en:Chanka|Chanka]] people.

පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.
[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included [[:en:Chronicle|chronicles]] and [[:en:Christian_literature|religious literature]]. Some of the first chroniclers were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a small group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue and colonize the region. For the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of Spanish [[:en:Conquistador|conquistadores]], whose mission was to &quot;civilize&quot; and &quot;reveal the true faith&quot; to the native peoples of Peru. Among the official Spanish chroniclers were [[:en:Francisco_Xerez|Francisco Xerez]], personal secretary of Pizarro, who wrote the ''Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla'' (The True Narrative of the Conquest of Peru and of Cuzco Province, Otherwise Known as New Castile), in 1534. Indigenous chroniclers were also known, such as [[:en:Titu_Cusi_Yupanqui|Titu Cusi Yupanqui]] who, after familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, wrote ''Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió'' (The Narrative of How the Spaniards Entered Piru and Mango Inca's Experiences while Living Among Them) in 1570.

After independence, [[:en:Costumbrism|Costumbrism]] and [[:en:Romanticism|Romanticism]] became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of [[:en:Ricardo_Palma|Ricardo Palma]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; The early 20th century's ''Indigenismo'' movement was led by such writers as [[:en:Ciro_Alegría|Ciro Alegría]]&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:José_María_Arguedas|José María Arguedas]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Avant-garde|avant-garde]] movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the establishment of magazines ''Colónida'' and ''Amauta'', the latter founded in 1926 by the prominent socialist essayist [[:en:José_Carlos_Mariátegui|José Carlos Mariátegui]]. The influential poet [[:en:César_Vallejo|César Vallejo]], who was one of its collaborators, wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse in the 1920s and 1930s. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as [[:en:List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[:en:Mario_Vargas_Llosa|Mario Vargas Llosa]], a leading member of the [[:en:Latin_American_Boom|Latin American Boom]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර Pizarro ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් Francisco Xerez ද විය, ඔහු Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla (පේරු සහ Cuzco Province of Cuzco Province, Inciller of Cuzco Province, in the Cuzco Province, of Cuzco Province, in the True Narative of Inndious Catiler) ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió (The Narrative of Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió) ලිවූ Titu Cusi Yupanqui වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ. ඔවුන් අතර) 1570 දී.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.[4] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ Ciro Alegría[5] සහ José María Arguedas වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.[6] 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන José Carlos Mariátegui විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන César Vallejo, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.[7]

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the [[:en:Columbian_exchange|Columbian exchange]] which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and [[:en:Chili_pepper|chilies]]. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's ''Instituto Peruano de la Papa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern [[:en:Peruvian_cuisine|Peruvian cuisine]] blends [[:en:Native_American_cuisine#Native_American_cuisine_of_South_America|Amerindian]] and [[:en:Spanish_food|Spanish food]] with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; Common dishes include ''[[:en:Anticuchos|anticuchos]]'', ''[[:en:Ceviche|ceviche]]'', and ''[[:en:Pachamanca|pachamanca]]''. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to [[:en:Central_Restaurante|Central Restaurante]], which is one of the [[:en:The_World's_50_Best_Restaurants|World's Best Restaurants]] and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the ''Costa'' (coast), ''Sierra'' (mountains) and ''Selva'' (rainforest).

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Inca]] and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are [[:en:Maize|corn]], [[:en:Potatoes|potatoes]] and other [[:en:Tuber|tubers]], [[:en:Amaranthaceae|Amaranthaceaes]] ([[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kañiwa|kañiwa]] and [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]]) and [[:en:Legume|legumes]] ([[:en:Beans|beans]] and [[:en:Lupins|lupins]]). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods{{snd}}such as [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]], [[:en:Chili_pepper|chili peppers]], and several roots and [[:en:Tuber|tubers]] have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], where tourists come to visit. Chef [[:en:Gastón_Acurio|Gastón Acurio]] has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
Peruvian music has [[:en:Andean_music|Andean]], [[:en:Music_of_Spain|Spanish]], and [[:en:African_Music|African]] roots.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[:en:Quena|quena]]'' and the ''[[:en:Tinya|tinya]]'' were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[:en:Charango|charango]]''. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[:en:Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[:en:Peruvian_folk_dances|Peruvian folk dances]] include [[:en:Marinera|marinera]], [[:en:Tondero|tondero]], [[:en:Zamacueca|zamacueca]], [[:en:Diablada|diablada]] and [[:en:Huayno|huayno]].&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[:en:Musical_instrument|instrument]], the [[:en:Charango|charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[:en:Lute|lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[:en:Vihuela|vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[:en:Titicaca|Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[:en:Walaycho|walaycho]], [[:en:Chillador|chillador]], [[:en:Chinlili|chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[:en:Charangon|charangon]].

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

[[:en:Association_football|Football]] is the most popular and widely practiced sport in the country. The [[:en:Peruvian_Primera_División|Peruvian Primera División]] is the most important club tournament in the nation. The [[:en:Peru_national_football_team|men's team]] has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the  [[:en:FIFA_World_Cup|FIFA World Cup]] five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the [[:en:Copa_América|Copa América]] on two occasions, in [[:en:1939_South_American_Championship|1939]]  and [[:en:1975_Copa_América|1975]], and impressed at the [[:en:1936_Summer_Olympics|1936 Summer Olympics]] before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final. [[:en:Teófilo_Cubillas|Teófilo Cubillas]] is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level, [[:en:Universitario|Universitario]] stands out with the runner-up in the [[:en:Copa_Libertadores|Copa Libertadores]] in 1972 and [[:en:Sporting_Cristal|Sporting Cristal]] also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the [[:en:2003_Recopa_Sudamericana|2003 Recopa Sudamericana]] and the [[:en:2004_Recopa_Sudamericana|2004 Recopa Sudamericana]], and Universitario, champion of the [[:en:2011_U-20_Copa_Libertadores|2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores]].

Other popular sports in Peru are [[:en:Volleyball|volleyball]], [[:en:Surfing|surfing]] and [[:en:Karate|karate]]. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the [[:en:Pan_American_Games|Pan American Games]]. The [[:en:Peru_women's_national_volleyball_team|Peru women's national volleyball team]] was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the [[:en:1988_Summer_Olympics|1988 Summer Olympics]], losing to the [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] 3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>nijor7qpcwa8ahsr1p1uotktcymtsan</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754322</id>
      <parentid>754321</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:00:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* සාහිත්‍යය */</comment>
      <origin>754322</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34535" sha1="c07unh7vp7htezoss88rifb6s0e31pr" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.
=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included [[:en:Chronicle|chronicles]] and [[:en:Christian_literature|religious literature]]. Some of the first chroniclers were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a small group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue and colonize the region. For the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of Spanish [[:en:Conquistador|conquistadores]], whose mission was to &quot;civilize&quot; and &quot;reveal the true faith&quot; to the native peoples of Peru. Among the official Spanish chroniclers were [[:en:Francisco_Xerez|Francisco Xerez]], personal secretary of Pizarro, who wrote the ''Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla'' (The True Narrative of the Conquest of Peru and of Cuzco Province, Otherwise Known as New Castile), in 1534. Indigenous chroniclers were also known, such as [[:en:Titu_Cusi_Yupanqui|Titu Cusi Yupanqui]] who, after familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, wrote ''Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió'' (The Narrative of How the Spaniards Entered Piru and Mango Inca's Experiences while Living Among Them) in 1570.

After independence, [[:en:Costumbrism|Costumbrism]] and [[:en:Romanticism|Romanticism]] became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of [[:en:Ricardo_Palma|Ricardo Palma]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; The early 20th century's ''Indigenismo'' movement was led by such writers as [[:en:Ciro_Alegría|Ciro Alegría]]&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[:en:José_María_Arguedas|José María Arguedas]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:Avant-garde|avant-garde]] movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the establishment of magazines ''Colónida'' and ''Amauta'', the latter founded in 1926 by the prominent socialist essayist [[:en:José_Carlos_Mariátegui|José Carlos Mariátegui]]. The influential poet [[:en:César_Vallejo|César Vallejo]], who was one of its collaborators, wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse in the 1920s and 1930s. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as [[:en:List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[:en:Mario_Vargas_Llosa|Mario Vargas Llosa]], a leading member of the [[:en:Latin_American_Boom|Latin American Boom]].&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර Pizarro ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් Francisco Xerez ද විය, ඔහු Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla (පේරු සහ Cuzco Province of Cuzco Province, Inciller of Cuzco Province, in the Cuzco Province, of Cuzco Province, in the True Narative of Inndious Catiler) ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió (The Narrative of Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió) ලිවූ Titu Cusi Yupanqui වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ. ඔවුන් අතර) 1570 දී.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.[4] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ Ciro Alegría[5] සහ José María Arguedas වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.[6] 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන José Carlos Mariátegui විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන César Vallejo, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.[7]

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the [[:en:Columbian_exchange|Columbian exchange]] which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and [[:en:Chili_pepper|chilies]]. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's ''Instituto Peruano de la Papa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern [[:en:Peruvian_cuisine|Peruvian cuisine]] blends [[:en:Native_American_cuisine#Native_American_cuisine_of_South_America|Amerindian]] and [[:en:Spanish_food|Spanish food]] with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; Common dishes include ''[[:en:Anticuchos|anticuchos]]'', ''[[:en:Ceviche|ceviche]]'', and ''[[:en:Pachamanca|pachamanca]]''. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to [[:en:Central_Restaurante|Central Restaurante]], which is one of the [[:en:The_World's_50_Best_Restaurants|World's Best Restaurants]] and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the ''Costa'' (coast), ''Sierra'' (mountains) and ''Selva'' (rainforest).

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Inca]] and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are [[:en:Maize|corn]], [[:en:Potatoes|potatoes]] and other [[:en:Tuber|tubers]], [[:en:Amaranthaceae|Amaranthaceaes]] ([[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kañiwa|kañiwa]] and [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]]) and [[:en:Legume|legumes]] ([[:en:Beans|beans]] and [[:en:Lupins|lupins]]). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods{{snd}}such as [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]], [[:en:Chili_pepper|chili peppers]], and several roots and [[:en:Tuber|tubers]] have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], where tourists come to visit. Chef [[:en:Gastón_Acurio|Gastón Acurio]] has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
Peruvian music has [[:en:Andean_music|Andean]], [[:en:Music_of_Spain|Spanish]], and [[:en:African_Music|African]] roots.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[:en:Quena|quena]]'' and the ''[[:en:Tinya|tinya]]'' were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[:en:Charango|charango]]''. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[:en:Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[:en:Peruvian_folk_dances|Peruvian folk dances]] include [[:en:Marinera|marinera]], [[:en:Tondero|tondero]], [[:en:Zamacueca|zamacueca]], [[:en:Diablada|diablada]] and [[:en:Huayno|huayno]].&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[:en:Musical_instrument|instrument]], the [[:en:Charango|charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[:en:Lute|lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[:en:Vihuela|vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[:en:Titicaca|Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[:en:Walaycho|walaycho]], [[:en:Chillador|chillador]], [[:en:Chinlili|chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[:en:Charangon|charangon]].

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

[[:en:Association_football|Football]] is the most popular and widely practiced sport in the country. The [[:en:Peruvian_Primera_División|Peruvian Primera División]] is the most important club tournament in the nation. The [[:en:Peru_national_football_team|men's team]] has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the  [[:en:FIFA_World_Cup|FIFA World Cup]] five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the [[:en:Copa_América|Copa América]] on two occasions, in [[:en:1939_South_American_Championship|1939]]  and [[:en:1975_Copa_América|1975]], and impressed at the [[:en:1936_Summer_Olympics|1936 Summer Olympics]] before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final. [[:en:Teófilo_Cubillas|Teófilo Cubillas]] is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level, [[:en:Universitario|Universitario]] stands out with the runner-up in the [[:en:Copa_Libertadores|Copa Libertadores]] in 1972 and [[:en:Sporting_Cristal|Sporting Cristal]] also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the [[:en:2003_Recopa_Sudamericana|2003 Recopa Sudamericana]] and the [[:en:2004_Recopa_Sudamericana|2004 Recopa Sudamericana]], and Universitario, champion of the [[:en:2011_U-20_Copa_Libertadores|2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores]].

Other popular sports in Peru are [[:en:Volleyball|volleyball]], [[:en:Surfing|surfing]] and [[:en:Karate|karate]]. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the [[:en:Pan_American_Games|Pan American Games]]. The [[:en:Peru_women's_national_volleyball_team|Peru women's national volleyball team]] was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the [[:en:1988_Summer_Olympics|1988 Summer Olympics]], losing to the [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] 3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>c07unh7vp7htezoss88rifb6s0e31pr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754323</id>
      <parentid>754322</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:07:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* සාහිත්‍යය */</comment>
      <origin>754323</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34706" sha1="9t1tj4cnglxsagd9sgr4ny6ad3qwfpt" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.
=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included [[:en:Chronicle|chronicles]] and [[:en:Christian_literature|religious literature]]. Some of the first chroniclers were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a small group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue and colonize the region. For the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of Spanish [[:en:Conquistador|conquistadores]], whose mission was to &quot;civilize&quot; and &quot;reveal the true faith&quot; to the native peoples of Peru. Among the official Spanish chroniclers were [[:en:Francisco_Xerez|Francisco Xerez]], personal secretary of Pizarro, who wrote the ''Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla'' (The True Narrative of the Conquest of Peru and of Cuzco Province, Otherwise Known as New Castile), in 1534. Indigenous chroniclers were also known, such as [[:en:Titu_Cusi_Yupanqui|Titu Cusi Yupanqui]] who, after familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, wrote ''Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió'' (The Narrative of How the Spaniards Entered Piru and Mango Inca's Experiences while Living Among Them) in 1570.

After independence, [[:en:Costumbrism|Costumbrism]] and [[:en:Romanticism|Romanticism]] became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of [[:en:Ricardo_Palma|Ricardo Palma]]. The early 20th century's ''Indigenismo'' movement was led by such writers as [[:en:Ciro_Alegría|Ciro Alegría]] and [[:en:José_María_Arguedas|José María Arguedas]]. The [[:en:Avant-garde|avant-garde]] movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the establishment of magazines ''Colónida'' and ''Amauta'', the latter founded in 1926 by the prominent socialist essayist [[:en:José_Carlos_Mariátegui|José Carlos Mariátegui]]. The influential poet [[:en:César_Vallejo|César Vallejo]], who was one of its collaborators, wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse in the 1920s and 1930s. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as [[:en:List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[:en:Mario_Vargas_Llosa|Mario Vargas Llosa]], a leading member of the [[:en:Latin_American_Boom|Latin American Boom]].

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර පිසාරෝ ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සෙරෙස් ද විය, ඔහු වර්ඩඩෙරා රිලේෂන් ඩි ලා කොන්ක්විස්ටා ඩෙල් පෙරූ වයි ප්‍රොවින්ෂියා ඩෙල් කුස්කෝ ලැමඩ ලා නුවා කැස්ටිලා ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, රිලේෂන් ඩි කොමෝ ලොස් එස්පනෝල්ස් එන්ට්රොන් එන් පිරූ වයි එල් උපසෙසෝ ක්වි ටූවෝ මැංගෝ ඉන්කා එන් එල් ටයිම්පෝ එන් ක්වි එන්ට්‍රි එලෝස් විවියෝ ලිවූ Titu Cusi Yupanqui වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ Ciro Alegría&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; සහ José María Arguedas වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන José Carlos Mariátegui විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන César Vallejo, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the [[:en:Columbian_exchange|Columbian exchange]] which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and [[:en:Chili_pepper|chilies]]. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's ''Instituto Peruano de la Papa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern [[:en:Peruvian_cuisine|Peruvian cuisine]] blends [[:en:Native_American_cuisine#Native_American_cuisine_of_South_America|Amerindian]] and [[:en:Spanish_food|Spanish food]] with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; Common dishes include ''[[:en:Anticuchos|anticuchos]]'', ''[[:en:Ceviche|ceviche]]'', and ''[[:en:Pachamanca|pachamanca]]''. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to [[:en:Central_Restaurante|Central Restaurante]], which is one of the [[:en:The_World's_50_Best_Restaurants|World's Best Restaurants]] and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the ''Costa'' (coast), ''Sierra'' (mountains) and ''Selva'' (rainforest).

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Inca]] and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are [[:en:Maize|corn]], [[:en:Potatoes|potatoes]] and other [[:en:Tuber|tubers]], [[:en:Amaranthaceae|Amaranthaceaes]] ([[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kañiwa|kañiwa]] and [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]]) and [[:en:Legume|legumes]] ([[:en:Beans|beans]] and [[:en:Lupins|lupins]]). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods{{snd}}such as [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]], [[:en:Chili_pepper|chili peppers]], and several roots and [[:en:Tuber|tubers]] have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], where tourists come to visit. Chef [[:en:Gastón_Acurio|Gastón Acurio]] has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
Peruvian music has [[:en:Andean_music|Andean]], [[:en:Music_of_Spain|Spanish]], and [[:en:African_Music|African]] roots.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[:en:Quena|quena]]'' and the ''[[:en:Tinya|tinya]]'' were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[:en:Charango|charango]]''. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[:en:Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[:en:Peruvian_folk_dances|Peruvian folk dances]] include [[:en:Marinera|marinera]], [[:en:Tondero|tondero]], [[:en:Zamacueca|zamacueca]], [[:en:Diablada|diablada]] and [[:en:Huayno|huayno]].&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[:en:Musical_instrument|instrument]], the [[:en:Charango|charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[:en:Lute|lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[:en:Vihuela|vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[:en:Titicaca|Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[:en:Walaycho|walaycho]], [[:en:Chillador|chillador]], [[:en:Chinlili|chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[:en:Charangon|charangon]].

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

[[:en:Association_football|Football]] is the most popular and widely practiced sport in the country. The [[:en:Peruvian_Primera_División|Peruvian Primera División]] is the most important club tournament in the nation. The [[:en:Peru_national_football_team|men's team]] has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the  [[:en:FIFA_World_Cup|FIFA World Cup]] five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the [[:en:Copa_América|Copa América]] on two occasions, in [[:en:1939_South_American_Championship|1939]]  and [[:en:1975_Copa_América|1975]], and impressed at the [[:en:1936_Summer_Olympics|1936 Summer Olympics]] before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final. [[:en:Teófilo_Cubillas|Teófilo Cubillas]] is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level, [[:en:Universitario|Universitario]] stands out with the runner-up in the [[:en:Copa_Libertadores|Copa Libertadores]] in 1972 and [[:en:Sporting_Cristal|Sporting Cristal]] also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the [[:en:2003_Recopa_Sudamericana|2003 Recopa Sudamericana]] and the [[:en:2004_Recopa_Sudamericana|2004 Recopa Sudamericana]], and Universitario, champion of the [[:en:2011_U-20_Copa_Libertadores|2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores]].

Other popular sports in Peru are [[:en:Volleyball|volleyball]], [[:en:Surfing|surfing]] and [[:en:Karate|karate]]. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the [[:en:Pan_American_Games|Pan American Games]]. The [[:en:Peru_women's_national_volleyball_team|Peru women's national volleyball team]] was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the [[:en:1988_Summer_Olympics|1988 Summer Olympics]], losing to the [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] 3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>9t1tj4cnglxsagd9sgr4ny6ad3qwfpt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754325</id>
      <parentid>754323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:41:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* සාහිත්‍යය */</comment>
      <origin>754325</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32400" sha1="7qq5n4od0g6ljpek39k423xop4ib640" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.
=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර පිසාරෝ ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සෙරෙස් ද විය, ඔහු වර්ඩඩෙරා රිලේෂන් ඩි ලා කොන්ක්විස්ටා ඩෙල් පෙරූ වයි ප්‍රොවින්ෂියා ඩෙල් කුස්කෝ ලැමඩ ලා නුවා කැස්ටිලා ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, රිලේෂන් ඩි කොමෝ ලොස් එස්පනෝල්ස් එන්ට්රොන් එන් පිරූ වයි එල් උපසෙසෝ ක්වි ටූවෝ මැංගෝ ඉන්කා එන් එල් ටයිම්පෝ එන් ක්වි එන්ට්‍රි එලෝස් විවියෝ ලිවූ ටිටු කුසි යුපන්කුයි වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ සිරෝ ඇලෙග්‍රියා&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හොසේ මරියා ආර්ගුවෙඩාස් වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන හෝසේ කාලෝස් මරියාටෙගුයි විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the [[:en:Columbian_exchange|Columbian exchange]] which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and [[:en:Chili_pepper|chilies]]. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's ''Instituto Peruano de la Papa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern [[:en:Peruvian_cuisine|Peruvian cuisine]] blends [[:en:Native_American_cuisine#Native_American_cuisine_of_South_America|Amerindian]] and [[:en:Spanish_food|Spanish food]] with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; Common dishes include ''[[:en:Anticuchos|anticuchos]]'', ''[[:en:Ceviche|ceviche]]'', and ''[[:en:Pachamanca|pachamanca]]''. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to [[:en:Central_Restaurante|Central Restaurante]], which is one of the [[:en:The_World's_50_Best_Restaurants|World's Best Restaurants]] and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the ''Costa'' (coast), ''Sierra'' (mountains) and ''Selva'' (rainforest).

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Inca]] and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are [[:en:Maize|corn]], [[:en:Potatoes|potatoes]] and other [[:en:Tuber|tubers]], [[:en:Amaranthaceae|Amaranthaceaes]] ([[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kañiwa|kañiwa]] and [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]]) and [[:en:Legume|legumes]] ([[:en:Beans|beans]] and [[:en:Lupins|lupins]]). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods{{snd}}such as [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]], [[:en:Chili_pepper|chili peppers]], and several roots and [[:en:Tuber|tubers]] have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], where tourists come to visit. Chef [[:en:Gastón_Acurio|Gastón Acurio]] has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
Peruvian music has [[:en:Andean_music|Andean]], [[:en:Music_of_Spain|Spanish]], and [[:en:African_Music|African]] roots.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[:en:Quena|quena]]'' and the ''[[:en:Tinya|tinya]]'' were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[:en:Charango|charango]]''. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[:en:Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[:en:Peruvian_folk_dances|Peruvian folk dances]] include [[:en:Marinera|marinera]], [[:en:Tondero|tondero]], [[:en:Zamacueca|zamacueca]], [[:en:Diablada|diablada]] and [[:en:Huayno|huayno]].&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[:en:Musical_instrument|instrument]], the [[:en:Charango|charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[:en:Lute|lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[:en:Vihuela|vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[:en:Titicaca|Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[:en:Walaycho|walaycho]], [[:en:Chillador|chillador]], [[:en:Chinlili|chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[:en:Charangon|charangon]].

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

[[:en:Association_football|Football]] is the most popular and widely practiced sport in the country. The [[:en:Peruvian_Primera_División|Peruvian Primera División]] is the most important club tournament in the nation. The [[:en:Peru_national_football_team|men's team]] has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the  [[:en:FIFA_World_Cup|FIFA World Cup]] five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the [[:en:Copa_América|Copa América]] on two occasions, in [[:en:1939_South_American_Championship|1939]]  and [[:en:1975_Copa_América|1975]], and impressed at the [[:en:1936_Summer_Olympics|1936 Summer Olympics]] before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final. [[:en:Teófilo_Cubillas|Teófilo Cubillas]] is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level, [[:en:Universitario|Universitario]] stands out with the runner-up in the [[:en:Copa_Libertadores|Copa Libertadores]] in 1972 and [[:en:Sporting_Cristal|Sporting Cristal]] also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the [[:en:2003_Recopa_Sudamericana|2003 Recopa Sudamericana]] and the [[:en:2004_Recopa_Sudamericana|2004 Recopa Sudamericana]], and Universitario, champion of the [[:en:2011_U-20_Copa_Libertadores|2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores]].

Other popular sports in Peru are [[:en:Volleyball|volleyball]], [[:en:Surfing|surfing]] and [[:en:Karate|karate]]. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the [[:en:Pan_American_Games|Pan American Games]]. The [[:en:Peru_women's_national_volleyball_team|Peru women's national volleyball team]] was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the [[:en:1988_Summer_Olympics|1988 Summer Olympics]], losing to the [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] 3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>7qq5n4od0g6ljpek39k423xop4ib640</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754327</id>
      <parentid>754325</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:43:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ආහාර පිසීම */</comment>
      <origin>754327</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="53294" sha1="tmfjp7oykt3z7m13623ivtcscoqwgd5" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.
=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර පිසාරෝ ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සෙරෙස් ද විය, ඔහු වර්ඩඩෙරා රිලේෂන් ඩි ලා කොන්ක්විස්ටා ඩෙල් පෙරූ වයි ප්‍රොවින්ෂියා ඩෙල් කුස්කෝ ලැමඩ ලා නුවා කැස්ටිලා ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, රිලේෂන් ඩි කොමෝ ලොස් එස්පනෝල්ස් එන්ට්රොන් එන් පිරූ වයි එල් උපසෙසෝ ක්වි ටූවෝ මැංගෝ ඉන්කා එන් එල් ටයිම්පෝ එන් ක්වි එන්ට්‍රි එලෝස් විවියෝ ලිවූ ටිටු කුසි යුපන්කුයි වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ සිරෝ ඇලෙග්‍රියා&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හොසේ මරියා ආර්ගුවෙඩාස් වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන හෝසේ කාලෝස් මරියාටෙගුයි විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the [[:en:Columbian_exchange|Columbian exchange]] which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and [[:en:Chili_pepper|chilies]]. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's ''Instituto Peruano de la Papa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern [[:en:Peruvian_cuisine|Peruvian cuisine]] blends [[:en:Native_American_cuisine#Native_American_cuisine_of_South_America|Amerindian]] and [[:en:Spanish_food|Spanish food]] with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; Common dishes include ''[[:en:Anticuchos|anticuchos]]'', ''[[:en:Ceviche|ceviche]]'', and ''[[:en:Pachamanca|pachamanca]]''. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to [[:en:Central_Restaurante|Central Restaurante]], which is one of the [[:en:The_World's_50_Best_Restaurants|World's Best Restaurants]] and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the ''Costa'' (coast), ''Sierra'' (mountains) and ''Selva'' (rainforest).

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Inca]] and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are [[:en:Maize|corn]], [[:en:Potatoes|potatoes]] and other [[:en:Tuber|tubers]], [[:en:Amaranthaceae|Amaranthaceaes]] ([[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kañiwa|kañiwa]] and [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]]) and [[:en:Legume|legumes]] ([[:en:Beans|beans]] and [[:en:Lupins|lupins]]). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods{{snd}}such as [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]], [[:en:Chili_pepper|chili peppers]], and several roots and [[:en:Tuber|tubers]] have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], where tourists come to visit. Chef [[:en:Gastón_Acurio|Gastón Acurio]] has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණය සහ ඇමරිකාව සොයා ගැනීම නිසා, ගවේෂකයෝ කොලොම්බියානු හුවමාරුව ආරම්භ කළ අතර එයට අර්තාපල්, තක්කාලි සහ බඩ ඉරිඟු ඇතුළු පැරණි ලෝකයේ නොදන්නා ආහාර ඇතුළත් විය. නූතන ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාරවලට බොහෝ විට ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ මිරිස් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි ඉන්ස්ටිටියුටෝ පේරුආනෝ ඩි ලා පැපාට අනුව, පේරු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයේ වගා කරන ලද අර්තාපල් වර්ග 3,000 කට වඩා දැන් තිබේ.[8] නූතන පේරු ආහාර චීන, අප්‍රිකානු, අරාබි, ඉතාලි සහ ජපන් ආහාර පිසීමේ ප්‍රබල බලපෑම් සහිත ඇමරින්ඩියන් සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආහාර මිශ්‍ර කරයි.[9] පොදු කෑම වර්ග අතර ඇන්ටිකුචෝස්, සෙවිචේ සහ පචමන්කා ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි විවිධ දේශගුණය ආහාර පිසීම සඳහා හොඳ විවිධ ශාක හා සතුන් වර්ධනය වීමට ඉඩ සලසයි.[10] පේරු ලෝකයේ හොඳම ආහාර වලින් එකක් ඇති බව දන්නා කරුණකි. අගනුවර වන ලීමා, සෙන්ට්‍රල් අවන්හලේ නිවහන වන අතර එය ලොව හොඳම අවන්හල් වලින් එකක් වන අතර රටේ සෑම භූගෝලීය කොටසක් වන කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ), සියෙරා (කඳු) සහ සෙල්වා (වැසි වනාන්තර) වලින් විවිධ පේරු කෑම වර්ග සපයයි.

පේරු ආහාර පිසීම දේශීය භාවිතයන් සහ අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබිඹු කරයි - ඉන්කා වැනි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනයේ බලපෑම් සහ යටත් විජිතවාදීන් සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් ආහාර ඇතුළුව. ඔවුන්ගේ මව් රටවලින් හුරුපුරුදු අමුද්‍රව්‍ය නොමැතිව, සංක්‍රමණිකයන් පේරු හි ඇති අමුද්‍රව්‍ය භාවිතා කරමින් ඔවුන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර වෙනස් කළහ. පේරු ආහාර පිසීමේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ප්‍රධාන ආහාර හතර වන්නේ ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ අනෙකුත් අල, අමරන්තසීස් (ක්විනෝවා, කනිවා සහ කිවිචා) සහ රනිල කුලයට අයත් බෝංචි (බෝංචි සහ ලුපින්) ය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ගෙන එන ලද ප්‍රධාන ආහාර අතර සහල්, තිරිඟු සහ මස් (හරක් මස්, ඌරු මස් සහ කුකුල් මස්) ඇතුළත් වේ. ක්විනෝවා, කිවිචා, මිරිස් ගම්මිරිස් සහ මුල් සහ අල කිහිපයක් වැනි බොහෝ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර - මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ ජනප්‍රියතාවය වැඩි වී ඇති අතර, එය ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාර සහ සූපශාස්ත්‍ර ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව නැවත ඇති කිරීමක් පිළිබිඹු කරයි. සංචාරකයින් නැරඹීමට පැමිණෙන කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර නවීන රසයකින් පිරිනමනු දැකීම ද සුලභ ය. සූපවේදී ගැස්ටන් අකුරියෝ දේශීය අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබඳ දැනුවත්භාවය වැඩි කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ වී ඇත.

සංගීතිය

මැරිනේරා නෝර්ටෙනා


සිනමාව

සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
Peruvian music has [[:en:Andean_music|Andean]], [[:en:Music_of_Spain|Spanish]], and [[:en:African_Music|African]] roots.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[:en:Quena|quena]]'' and the ''[[:en:Tinya|tinya]]'' were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[:en:Charango|charango]]''. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[:en:Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[:en:Peruvian_folk_dances|Peruvian folk dances]] include [[:en:Marinera|marinera]], [[:en:Tondero|tondero]], [[:en:Zamacueca|zamacueca]], [[:en:Diablada|diablada]] and [[:en:Huayno|huayno]].&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[:en:Musical_instrument|instrument]], the [[:en:Charango|charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[:en:Lute|lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[:en:Vihuela|vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[:en:Titicaca|Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[:en:Walaycho|walaycho]], [[:en:Chillador|chillador]], [[:en:Chinlili|chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[:en:Charangon|charangon]].

පේරු සංගීතයට ඇන්ඩියන්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ අප්‍රිකානු මූලයන් ඇත.[11] පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කාලවලදී, සෑම කලාපයකම සංගීත ප්‍රකාශන පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් විය; ක්වේනා සහ ටිනියා පොදු උපකරණ දෙකක් විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් ගිටාරය සහ වීණාව වැනි නව උපකරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර එය චරන්ගෝ වැනි දෙමුහුන් උපකරණ සංවර්ධනයට හේතු විය. පේරු සංගීතයට අප්‍රිකානු දායකත්වයන් අතර එහි රිද්මයන් සහ බෙර වාදනයක් වන කැජොන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජන නැටුම් අතර මැරිනෙරා, ටොන්ඩෙරෝ, සමකුවෙකා, ඩයබ්ලාඩා සහ හුවායිනෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.[12]

පේරු සංගීතය ජාතික උපකරණය වන චරන්ගෝ විසින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි. චරන්ගෝ යනු ලුට් සංගීත භාණ්ඩ පවුලේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර යටත් විජිත සමයේදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ විහුයෙලා අනුකරණය කරන සංගීතඥයින් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කැනාස් සහ ටිටිකාකා ප්‍රදේශවල, චරන්ගෝව පෙම් සබඳතා චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍රවල භාවිතා කරන අතර, සංකේතාත්මකව සුරංගනාවියන් කැඳවමින් කාන්තාව පිරිමි රංගන ශිල්පීන් වෙත ආකර්ෂණය කර ගනී. 1960 දශකය වන තෙක්, චරන්ගෝව ග්‍රාමීය දුප්පතුන්ගේ මෙවලමක් ලෙස අවමානයට ලක් කරන ලදී. ඉන්ඩිජෙනිස්මෝ ව්‍යාපාරය (1910-1940) ගොඩනැගූ 1959 විප්ලවයෙන් පසුව, චරන්ගෝ අනෙකුත් රංගන ශිල්පීන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය විය. ප්‍රභේද අතර වලයිචෝ, චිලඩෝර්, චින්ලිලි සහ විශාල සහ පහළ සුසර කරන ලද චරන්ගෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගිටාරය බහුලව වාදනය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සම්භවයක් ඇති බන්ඩුරියා ද එසේමය. ගිටාරය මෙන් නොව, එය වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා පේරු වාදකයින් විසින් පරිවර්තනය කර ඇති අතර, එය තත් 12 කින් යුත්, පාඨමාලා 6 කින් යුත් උපකරණයක සිට පාඨමාලා හතරකින් තත් 12 සිට 16 දක්වා ඇති එකක් බවට වෙනස් වී ඇත. යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති වයලීන සහ වීණා ද වාදනය කෙරේ. පේරු හි ඉතා ප්‍රසිද්ධ උපකරණයක් වන්නේ ඉන්කා යුගයේ සිට පැවත එන පෑන් නළාවයි. එය කුහර උණ බට වලින් සාදා ඇති අතර පේරු ඇන්ඩීස් හි බහුලව වාදනය වේ.

ලතින් ග්‍රැමී සම්මාන සහ ඔර්ගුලෝසමෙන්ටේ ලැටිනෝ සම්මානය වැනි සම්මානලාභීන් වන සුසන් ඔචෝවා, ඇනා කැරිනා, ජීන් පෝල් ස්ට්‍රෝස්, ලෙස්ලි ෂෝ, රාවුල් රොමේරෝ, ගියන් මාර්කෝ සහ පෙඩ්‍රෝ සුවාරෙස්-වර්ටිස් වැනි ජාතික හා ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් රොක් සහ පොප් ගායකයින් සහ සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් ද රට තුළ ඇත. පේරු යනු ලොව පළමු ගරාජ් රොක් සහ ප්‍රොටොපන්ක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම ලෙස සැලකෙන ලොස් සයිකෝස් උපත ලැබූ රට ද වේ. අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ පේරු රොක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් අතරට අරීනා හැෂ්, නොස්ක්වින් වයි ලොස් නොස්කුආන්ටෝස්, ෆ්‍රාගිල්, ආමෙන් සහ මාර් ඩි කොපාස් ඇතුළත් වේ.

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

පේරු චිත්‍රපට කර්මාන්තය වෙනත් සමහර ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල මෙන් බොහෝ දුරට සාර්ථක වී නැති අතර, සමහර පේරු චිත්‍රපට කලාපීය සාර්ථකත්වයක් භුක්ති විඳිති. ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන්, පේරු හි සිනමාව රබර් උත්පාතය සහ නගරයට තාක්ෂණය ගෙන එන විදේශිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම හේතුවෙන් 1932 දී ඉක්විටෝස් හි ඇන්ටෝනියෝ වොන්ග් රෙන්ගිෆෝ (1900 සිට සැලකිය යුතු මුල් චිත්‍රපට දැන්වීම් පුවරුවක් සමඟ) ආරම්භ විය. මෙය ලීමා අගනුවර නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද චිත්‍රපටවලට වඩා වෙනස් ශෛලියකින් සංලක්ෂිත වූ පුළුල් හා සුවිශේෂී චිත්‍රපටකරණයක් වර්ධනය වීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු විසින් ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සජීවිකරණ ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටය වන Piratas en el Callao නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ඓතිහාසික වරාය නගරයක් වන Callao හි පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර, යටත් විජිත සමයේදී එහි යටත් විජිත සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ වෙළඳාම අඩපණ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලන්දේසි සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පෞද්ගලික පුද්ගලයින්ගේ ප්‍රහාරවලින් ආරක්ෂා වීමට සිදු විය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද්දේ පේරු සමාගමක් වන Alpamayo Entertainment විසින් වන අතර එය වසරකට පසුව දෙවන ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටයක් නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය: Dragones: Destino de Fuego.


ක්‍රීඩාව

2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නෙෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු

In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

2006 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී, පේරු සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤය අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපාරයක් ලෙස නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සහ Claudia Llosa විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද Madeinusa චිත්‍රපටය, මනඃකල්පිත ඇන්ඩියන් ගම්මානයක පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර එය Magaly Solier විසින් රඟ දක්වන ලද Madeinusa හි එකතැන පල්වෙන ජීවිතය සහ පශ්චාත් සිවිල් යුද්ධයේ පේරු හි කම්පන විස්තර කරයි.

ගේබ්‍රියෙල් ගාර්ෂියා මාර්කේස්ගේ මැජික් යථාර්ථවාදයේ අංග වලින් ආභාෂය ලැබූ Llosa, Rotterdam චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී සම්මානයක් දිනා ගත්තේය. ලෝසාගේ දෙවන විශේෂාංගය වන &quot;ද මිල්ක් ඔෆ් සොරෝ&quot; (&quot;ලා ටෙටා අසුස්ටාඩා&quot;), 82 වන ඇකඩමි සම්මාන උළෙලේ හොඳම විදේශ භාෂා චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා නම් කරන ලද අතර එය ඇකඩමි ඉතිහාසයේ නම් කරන ලද පළමු පේරු චිත්‍රපටයයි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය 59 වන බර්ලින් ජාත්‍යන්තර චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී ගෝල්ඩන් බෙයාර් සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය.

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

ක්‍රීඩාව පිළිබඳ අදහස 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සහ අනෙකුත් දේශීය විනෝදාස්වාද ක්‍රම යටත් විජිත යුගයට පෙර පැවතුනි. වඩාත් මෑතකදී, වාණිජකරණයට සම්බන්ධ ඇමරිකානු ශාරීරික අධ්‍යාපනය පිළිබඳ දෘෂ්ටිවාදය පුළුල් ආකර්ෂණයක් ලබා ඇත. රටේ ක්‍රීඩා ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන කිහිපයකට බෙදා ඇත (එක් එක් ක්‍රීඩා පුහුණුව සඳහා එකක්), ඒවා ඔවුන්ගේ පුහුණුව නියාමනය කිරීම සඳහා ඉහළම රාජ්‍ය ආයතනය වන පේරු ක්‍රීඩා ආයතනයේ (IPD) අධීක්ෂණය යටතේ පවතී. බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන ලීමා හි විලා ඩිපෝර්ටිවා නැෂනල් හි පිහිටා ඇත. පේරු හි විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය වන්නේ 80,000 කට අධික ධාරිතාවක් ඇති එස්ටාඩියෝ මොනුමෙන්ටල් &quot;යූ&quot; වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දෙවන විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය බවට පත් කරයි. රටේ ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාංගනය එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ය. පේරු 2004 කෝපා ඇමරිකා, 2005 FIFA U-17 ලෝක ශූරතාවලිය, 2013 සහ 2024 බොලිවේරියානු ක්‍රීඩා සහ රට විසින් පවත්වන ලද විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව්ව වන 2019 පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා වැනි විවිධ ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව් සඳහා සත්කාරකත්වය ලබා දී ඇත. පේරු හි ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාව පැලේටා ෆ්‍රොන්ටන් වන අතර එය 16 වන සියවසේ ලීමා හි වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

පාපන්දු යනු රටේ වඩාත්ම ජනප්‍රිය හා බහුලව භාවිතා වන ක්‍රීඩාවයි. පේරු ප්‍රයිමෙරා ඩිවිෂන් යනු ජාතියේ වැදගත්ම සමාජ තරඟාවලියයි. පිරිමි කණ්ඩායම ලෝක වේදිකාවේ වැදගත් දස්කම් කිහිපයක් දක්වා ඇත. ඔවුන් පස් වතාවක් FIFA ලෝක කුසලානයට සහභාගී විය. ඒ හා සමානව, ඔවුන් 1939 සහ 1975 දී කෝපා ඇමරිකාවේ ශූරයන් වූ අතර, 1936 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස කැපී පෙනුනේ අර්ධ අවසන් පූර්ව වටයේදී ඔස්ට්‍රියාවට ලබා දුන් වෝක් ඕවර් එකකින් ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව ගෙදර යාමට පෙරය. ටෙයෝෆිලෝ කුබිලස් පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම පාපන්දු ක්‍රීඩකයා ලෙස සැලකේ. සමාජ මට්ටමින්, යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ 1972 දී කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනෙන අතර 1997 දී ස්පෝර්ටිං ක්‍රිස්ටල් ද අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනේ. ජාත්‍යන්තර ශූරතා ඇති එකම පේරු සමාජ වන්නේ 2003 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා සහ 2004 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා දිනාගත් සියෙන්සියානෝ සහ 2011 U-20 කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි ශූරයා වූ යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ ය.

පේරු හි අනෙකුත් ජනප්‍රිය ක්‍රීඩා වන්නේ වොලිබෝල්, සර්ෆින් සහ කරාටේ ය. පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේදී පේරු රන්, රිදී සහ ලෝකඩ පදක්කම් කිහිපයක් දිනා ඇත. 1980 සහ 90 දශකවල ප්‍රමුඛ කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එකක් වූ පේරු කාන්තා ජාතික වොලිබෝල් කණ්ඩායම 1988 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී රිදී පදක්කම දිනා ගත් අතර, පුළුල් පරතරයකින් පෙරමුණ ගැනීමෙන් පසු සෝවියට් සංගමයට 3–2ක් ලෙස පරාජය විය. පේරු සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සර්ෆින් සහ වොලිබෝල් ක්‍රීඩාවට ඉතා දක්ෂ වී ඇත.

[[:en:Association_football|Football]] is the most popular and widely practiced sport in the country. The [[:en:Peruvian_Primera_División|Peruvian Primera División]] is the most important club tournament in the nation. The [[:en:Peru_national_football_team|men's team]] has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the  [[:en:FIFA_World_Cup|FIFA World Cup]] five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the [[:en:Copa_América|Copa América]] on two occasions, in [[:en:1939_South_American_Championship|1939]]  and [[:en:1975_Copa_América|1975]], and impressed at the [[:en:1936_Summer_Olympics|1936 Summer Olympics]] before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final. [[:en:Teófilo_Cubillas|Teófilo Cubillas]] is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level, [[:en:Universitario|Universitario]] stands out with the runner-up in the [[:en:Copa_Libertadores|Copa Libertadores]] in 1972 and [[:en:Sporting_Cristal|Sporting Cristal]] also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the [[:en:2003_Recopa_Sudamericana|2003 Recopa Sudamericana]] and the [[:en:2004_Recopa_Sudamericana|2004 Recopa Sudamericana]], and Universitario, champion of the [[:en:2011_U-20_Copa_Libertadores|2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores]].

Other popular sports in Peru are [[:en:Volleyball|volleyball]], [[:en:Surfing|surfing]] and [[:en:Karate|karate]]. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the [[:en:Pan_American_Games|Pan American Games]]. The [[:en:Peru_women's_national_volleyball_team|Peru women's national volleyball team]] was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the [[:en:1988_Summer_Olympics|1988 Summer Olympics]], losing to the [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] 3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>tmfjp7oykt3z7m13623ivtcscoqwgd5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754328</id>
      <parentid>754327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:46:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ආහාර පිසීම */</comment>
      <origin>754328</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51248" sha1="o0cqor2blwt0zc4a46mzlu6hh1l8w8q" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.
=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර පිසාරෝ ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සෙරෙස් ද විය, ඔහු වර්ඩඩෙරා රිලේෂන් ඩි ලා කොන්ක්විස්ටා ඩෙල් පෙරූ වයි ප්‍රොවින්ෂියා ඩෙල් කුස්කෝ ලැමඩ ලා නුවා කැස්ටිලා ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, රිලේෂන් ඩි කොමෝ ලොස් එස්පනෝල්ස් එන්ට්රොන් එන් පිරූ වයි එල් උපසෙසෝ ක්වි ටූවෝ මැංගෝ ඉන්කා එන් එල් ටයිම්පෝ එන් ක්වි එන්ට්‍රි එලෝස් විවියෝ ලිවූ ටිටු කුසි යුපන්කුයි වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ සිරෝ ඇලෙග්‍රියා&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හොසේ මරියා ආර්ගුවෙඩාස් වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන හෝසේ කාලෝස් මරියාටෙගුයි විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the [[:en:Columbian_exchange|Columbian exchange]] which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and [[:en:Chili_pepper|chilies]]. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's ''Instituto Peruano de la Papa''. Modern [[:en:Peruvian_cuisine|Peruvian cuisine]] blends [[:en:Native_American_cuisine#Native_American_cuisine_of_South_America|Amerindian]] and [[:en:Spanish_food|Spanish food]] with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking. Common dishes include ''[[:en:Anticuchos|anticuchos]]'', ''[[:en:Ceviche|ceviche]]'', and ''[[:en:Pachamanca|pachamanca]]''. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking. Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to [[:en:Central_Restaurante|Central Restaurante]], which is one of the [[:en:The_World's_50_Best_Restaurants|World's Best Restaurants]] and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the ''Costa'' (coast), ''Sierra'' (mountains) and ''Selva'' (rainforest).

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population such as the [[:en:Quechua_people|Inca]] and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are [[:en:Maize|corn]], [[:en:Potatoes|potatoes]] and other [[:en:Tuber|tubers]], [[:en:Amaranthaceae|Amaranthaceaes]] ([[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kañiwa|kañiwa]] and [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]]) and [[:en:Legume|legumes]] ([[:en:Beans|beans]] and [[:en:Lupins|lupins]]). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods{{snd}}such as [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]], [[:en:Kiwicha|kiwicha]], [[:en:Chili_pepper|chili peppers]], and several roots and [[:en:Tuber|tubers]] have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], where tourists come to visit. Chef [[:en:Gastón_Acurio|Gastón Acurio]] has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණය සහ ඇමරිකාව සොයා ගැනීම නිසා, ගවේෂකයෝ කොලොම්බියානු හුවමාරුව ආරම්භ කළ අතර එයට අර්තාපල්, තක්කාලි සහ බඩ ඉරිඟු ඇතුළු පැරණි ලෝකයේ නොදන්නා ආහාර ඇතුළත් විය. නූතන ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාරවලට බොහෝ විට ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ මිරිස් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි ඉන්ස්ටිටියුටෝ පේරුආනෝ ඩි ලා පැපාට අනුව, පේරු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයේ වගා කරන ලද අර්තාපල් වර්ග 3,000 කට වඩා දැන් තිබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; නූතන පේරු ආහාර චීන, අප්‍රිකානු, අරාබි, ඉතාලි සහ ජපන් ආහාර පිසීමේ ප්‍රබල බලපෑම් සහිත ඇමරින්ඩියන් සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආහාර මිශ්‍ර කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; පොදු කෑම වර්ග අතර ඇන්ටිකුචෝස්, සෙවිචේ සහ පචමන්කා ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි විවිධ දේශගුණය ආහාර පිසීම සඳහා හොඳ විවිධ ශාක හා සතුන් වර්ධනය වීමට ඉඩ සලසයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝකයේ හොඳම ආහාර වලින් එකක් ඇති බව දන්නා කරුණකි. අගනුවර වන ලීමා, සෙන්ට්‍රල් අවන්හලේ නිවහන වන අතර එය ලොව හොඳම අවන්හල් වලින් එකක් වන අතර රටේ සෑම භූගෝලීය කොටසක් වන කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ), සියෙරා (කඳු) සහ සෙල්වා (වැසි වනාන්තර) වලින් විවිධ පේරු කෑම වර්ග සපයයි.

පේරු ආහාර පිසීම දේශීය භාවිතයන් සහ අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබිඹු කරයි - ඉන්කා වැනි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනයේ බලපෑම් සහ යටත් විජිතවාදීන් සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් ආහාර ඇතුළුව. ඔවුන්ගේ මව් රටවලින් හුරුපුරුදු අමුද්‍රව්‍ය නොමැතිව, සංක්‍රමණිකයන් පේරු හි ඇති අමුද්‍රව්‍ය භාවිතා කරමින් ඔවුන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර වෙනස් කළහ. පේරු ආහාර පිසීමේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ප්‍රධාන ආහාර හතර වන්නේ ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ අනෙකුත් අල, අමරන්තසීස් (ක්විනෝවා, කනිවා සහ කිවිචා) සහ රනිල කුලයට අයත් බෝංචි (බෝංචි සහ ලුපින්) ය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ගෙන එන ලද ප්‍රධාන ආහාර අතර සහල්, තිරිඟු සහ මස් (හරක් මස්, ඌරු මස් සහ කුකුල් මස්) ඇතුළත් වේ. ක්විනෝවා, කිවිචා, මිරිස් ගම්මිරිස් සහ මුල් සහ අල කිහිපයක් වැනි බොහෝ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර - මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ ජනප්‍රියතාවය වැඩි වී ඇති අතර, එය ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාර සහ සූපශාස්ත්‍ර ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව නැවත ඇති කිරීමක් පිළිබිඹු කරයි. සංචාරකයින් නැරඹීමට පැමිණෙන කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර නවීන රසයකින් පිරිනමනු දැකීම ද සුලභ ය. සූපවේදී ගැස්ටන් අකුරියෝ දේශීය අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබඳ දැනුවත්භාවය වැඩි කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ වී ඇත.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
Peruvian music has [[:en:Andean_music|Andean]], [[:en:Music_of_Spain|Spanish]], and [[:en:African_Music|African]] roots. In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[:en:Quena|quena]]'' and the ''[[:en:Tinya|tinya]]'' were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[:en:Charango|charango]]''. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[:en:Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[:en:Peruvian_folk_dances|Peruvian folk dances]] include [[:en:Marinera|marinera]], [[:en:Tondero|tondero]], [[:en:Zamacueca|zamacueca]], [[:en:Diablada|diablada]] and [[:en:Huayno|huayno]].

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[:en:Musical_instrument|instrument]], the [[:en:Charango|charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[:en:Lute|lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[:en:Vihuela|vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[:en:Titicaca|Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[:en:Walaycho|walaycho]], [[:en:Chillador|chillador]], [[:en:Chinlili|chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[:en:Charangon|charangon]].

පේරු සංගීතයට ඇන්ඩියන්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ අප්‍රිකානු මූලයන් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කාලවලදී, සෑම කලාපයකම සංගීත ප්‍රකාශන පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් විය; ක්වේනා සහ ටිනියා පොදු උපකරණ දෙකක් විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් ගිටාරය සහ වීණාව වැනි නව උපකරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර එය චරන්ගෝ වැනි දෙමුහුන් උපකරණ සංවර්ධනයට හේතු විය. පේරු සංගීතයට අප්‍රිකානු දායකත්වයන් අතර එහි රිද්මයන් සහ බෙර වාදනයක් වන කැජොන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජන නැටුම් අතර මැරිනෙරා, ටොන්ඩෙරෝ, සමකුවෙකා, ඩයබ්ලාඩා සහ හුවායිනෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු සංගීතය ජාතික උපකරණය වන චරන්ගෝ විසින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි. චරන්ගෝ යනු ලුට් සංගීත භාණ්ඩ පවුලේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර යටත් විජිත සමයේදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ විහුයෙලා අනුකරණය කරන සංගීතඥයින් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කැනාස් සහ ටිටිකාකා ප්‍රදේශවල, චරන්ගෝව පෙම් සබඳතා චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍රවල භාවිතා කරන අතර, සංකේතාත්මකව සුරංගනාවියන් කැඳවමින් කාන්තාව පිරිමි රංගන ශිල්පීන් වෙත ආකර්ෂණය කර ගනී. 1960 දශකය වන තෙක්, චරන්ගෝව ග්‍රාමීය දුප්පතුන්ගේ මෙවලමක් ලෙස අවමානයට ලක් කරන ලදී. ඉන්ඩිජෙනිස්මෝ ව්‍යාපාරය (1910-1940) ගොඩනැගූ 1959 විප්ලවයෙන් පසුව, චරන්ගෝ අනෙකුත් රංගන ශිල්පීන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය විය. ප්‍රභේද අතර වලයිචෝ, චිලඩෝර්, චින්ලිලි සහ විශාල සහ පහළ සුසර කරන ලද චරන්ගෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගිටාරය බහුලව වාදනය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සම්භවයක් ඇති බන්ඩුරියා ද එසේමය. ගිටාරය මෙන් නොව, එය වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා පේරු වාදකයින් විසින් පරිවර්තනය කර ඇති අතර, එය තත් 12 කින් යුත්, පාඨමාලා 6 කින් යුත් උපකරණයක සිට පාඨමාලා හතරකින් තත් 12 සිට 16 දක්වා ඇති එකක් බවට වෙනස් වී ඇත. යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති වයලීන සහ වීණා ද වාදනය කෙරේ. පේරු හි ඉතා ප්‍රසිද්ධ උපකරණයක් වන්නේ ඉන්කා යුගයේ සිට පැවත එන පෑන් නළාවයි. එය කුහර උණ බට වලින් සාදා ඇති අතර පේරු ඇන්ඩීස් හි බහුලව වාදනය වේ.

ලතින් ග්‍රැමී සම්මාන සහ ඔර්ගුලෝසමෙන්ටේ ලැටිනෝ සම්මානය වැනි සම්මානලාභීන් වන සුසන් ඔචෝවා, ඇනා කැරිනා, ජීන් පෝල් ස්ට්‍රෝස්, ලෙස්ලි ෂෝ, රාවුල් රොමේරෝ, ගියන් මාර්කෝ සහ පෙඩ්‍රෝ සුවාරෙස්-වර්ටිස් වැනි ජාතික හා ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් රොක් සහ පොප් ගායකයින් සහ සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් ද රට තුළ ඇත. පේරු යනු ලොව පළමු ගරාජ් රොක් සහ ප්‍රොටොපන්ක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම ලෙස සැලකෙන ලොස් සයිකෝස් උපත ලැබූ රට ද වේ. අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ පේරු රොක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් අතරට අරීනා හැෂ්, නොස්ක්වින් වයි ලොස් නොස්කුආන්ටෝස්, ෆ්‍රාගිල්, ආමෙන් සහ මාර් ඩි කොපාස් ඇතුළත් වේ.

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

පේරු චිත්‍රපට කර්මාන්තය වෙනත් සමහර ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල මෙන් බොහෝ දුරට සාර්ථක වී නැති අතර, සමහර පේරු චිත්‍රපට කලාපීය සාර්ථකත්වයක් භුක්ති විඳිති. ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන්, පේරු හි සිනමාව රබර් උත්පාතය සහ නගරයට තාක්ෂණය ගෙන එන විදේශිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම හේතුවෙන් 1932 දී ඉක්විටෝස් හි ඇන්ටෝනියෝ වොන්ග් රෙන්ගිෆෝ (1900 සිට සැලකිය යුතු මුල් චිත්‍රපට දැන්වීම් පුවරුවක් සමඟ) ආරම්භ විය. මෙය ලීමා අගනුවර නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද චිත්‍රපටවලට වඩා වෙනස් ශෛලියකින් සංලක්ෂිත වූ පුළුල් හා සුවිශේෂී චිත්‍රපටකරණයක් වර්ධනය වීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු විසින් ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සජීවිකරණ ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටය වන පිරටාස් එන් එල් කැලාඕ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ඓතිහාසික වරාය නගරයක් වන කැලාඕ හි පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර, යටත් විජිත සමයේදී එහි යටත් විජිත සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ වෙළඳාම අඩපණ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලන්දේසි සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පෞද්ගලික පුද්ගලයින්ගේ ප්‍රහාරවලින් ආරක්ෂා වීමට සිදු විය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද්දේ පේරු සමාගමක් වන අල්පමායෝ එන්ටර්ටේන්මන්ට් විසින් වන අතර එය වසරකට පසුව දෙවන ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටයක් නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය: ඩ්‍රැගන්ස්: ඩෙස්ටිනෝ ඩි ෆියුගෝ.


In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

2006 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී, පේරු සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤය අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපාරයක් ලෙස නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සහ ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද මැඩිනුසා චිත්‍රපටය, මනඃකල්පිත ඇන්ඩියන් ගම්මානයක පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර එය මැගලි සොලියර් විසින් රඟ දක්වන ලද මැඩිනුසා හි එකතැන පල්වෙන ජීවිතය සහ පශ්චාත් සිවිල් යුද්ධයේ පේරු හි කම්පන විස්තර කරයි.

ගේබ්‍රියෙල් ගාර්ෂියා මාර්කේස්ගේ මැජික් යථාර්ථවාදයේ අංග වලින් ආභාෂය ලැබූ ලෝසා, රොටර්ඩෑම් චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී සම්මානයක් දිනා ගත්තේය. ලෝසාගේ දෙවන විශේෂාංගය වන &quot;ද මිල්ක් ඔෆ් සොරෝ&quot; (&quot;ලා ටෙටා අසුස්ටාඩා&quot;), 82 වන ඇකඩමි සම්මාන උළෙලේ හොඳම විදේශ භාෂා චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා නම් කරන ලද අතර එය ඇකඩමි ඉතිහාසයේ නම් කරන ලද පළමු පේරු චිත්‍රපටයයි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය 59 වන බර්ලින් ජාත්‍යන්තර චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී ගෝල්ඩන් බෙයාර් සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය.

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

ක්‍රීඩාව පිළිබඳ අදහස 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සහ අනෙකුත් දේශීය විනෝදාස්වාද ක්‍රම යටත් විජිත යුගයට පෙර පැවතුනි. වඩාත් මෑතකදී, වාණිජකරණයට සම්බන්ධ ඇමරිකානු ශාරීරික අධ්‍යාපනය පිළිබඳ දෘෂ්ටිවාදය පුළුල් ආකර්ෂණයක් ලබා ඇත. රටේ ක්‍රීඩා ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන කිහිපයකට බෙදා ඇත (එක් එක් ක්‍රීඩා පුහුණුව සඳහා එකක්), ඒවා ඔවුන්ගේ පුහුණුව නියාමනය කිරීම සඳහා ඉහළම රාජ්‍ය ආයතනය වන පේරු ක්‍රීඩා ආයතනයේ (IPD) අධීක්ෂණය යටතේ පවතී. බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන ලීමා හි විලා ඩිපෝර්ටිවා නැෂනල් හි පිහිටා ඇත. පේරු හි විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය වන්නේ 80,000 කට අධික ධාරිතාවක් ඇති එස්ටාඩියෝ මොනුමෙන්ටල් &quot;යූ&quot; වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දෙවන විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය බවට පත් කරයි. රටේ ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාංගනය එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ය. පේරු 2004 කෝපා ඇමරිකා, 2005 FIFA U-17 ලෝක ශූරතාවලිය, 2013 සහ 2024 බොලිවේරියානු ක්‍රීඩා සහ රට විසින් පවත්වන ලද විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව්ව වන 2019 පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා වැනි විවිධ ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව් සඳහා සත්කාරකත්වය ලබා දී ඇත. පේරු හි ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාව පැලේටා ෆ්‍රොන්ටන් වන අතර එය 16 වන සියවසේ ලීමා හි වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

පාපන්දු යනු රටේ වඩාත්ම ජනප්‍රිය හා බහුලව භාවිතා වන ක්‍රීඩාවයි. පේරු ප්‍රයිමෙරා ඩිවිෂන් යනු ජාතියේ වැදගත්ම සමාජ තරඟාවලියයි. පිරිමි කණ්ඩායම ලෝක වේදිකාවේ වැදගත් දස්කම් කිහිපයක් දක්වා ඇත. ඔවුන් පස් වතාවක් FIFA ලෝක කුසලානයට සහභාගී විය. ඒ හා සමානව, ඔවුන් 1939 සහ 1975 දී කෝපා ඇමරිකාවේ ශූරයන් වූ අතර, 1936 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස කැපී පෙනුනේ අර්ධ අවසන් පූර්ව වටයේදී ඔස්ට්‍රියාවට ලබා දුන් වෝක් ඕවර් එකකින් ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව ගෙදර යාමට පෙරය. ටෙයෝෆිලෝ කුබිලස් පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම පාපන්දු ක්‍රීඩකයා ලෙස සැලකේ. සමාජ මට්ටමින්, යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ 1972 දී කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනෙන අතර 1997 දී ස්පෝර්ටිං ක්‍රිස්ටල් ද අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනේ. ජාත්‍යන්තර ශූරතා ඇති එකම පේරු සමාජ වන්නේ 2003 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා සහ 2004 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා දිනාගත් සියෙන්සියානෝ සහ 2011 U-20 කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි ශූරයා වූ යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ ය.

පේරු හි අනෙකුත් ජනප්‍රිය ක්‍රීඩා වන්නේ වොලිබෝල්, සර්ෆින් සහ කරාටේ ය. පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේදී පේරු රන්, රිදී සහ ලෝකඩ පදක්කම් කිහිපයක් දිනා ඇත. 1980 සහ 90 දශකවල ප්‍රමුඛ කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එකක් වූ පේරු කාන්තා ජාතික වොලිබෝල් කණ්ඩායම 1988 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී රිදී පදක්කම දිනා ගත් අතර, පුළුල් පරතරයකින් පෙරමුණ ගැනීමෙන් පසු සෝවියට් සංගමයට 3–2ක් ලෙස පරාජය විය. පේරු සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සර්ෆින් සහ වොලිබෝල් ක්‍රීඩාවට ඉතා දක්ෂ වී ඇත.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>o0cqor2blwt0zc4a46mzlu6hh1l8w8q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754329</id>
      <parentid>754328</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:46:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ආහාර පිසීම */</comment>
      <origin>754329</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48640" sha1="t092p1z3bbz5vwjm13dj1ko4mrpovj4" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.
=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර පිසාරෝ ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සෙරෙස් ද විය, ඔහු වර්ඩඩෙරා රිලේෂන් ඩි ලා කොන්ක්විස්ටා ඩෙල් පෙරූ වයි ප්‍රොවින්ෂියා ඩෙල් කුස්කෝ ලැමඩ ලා නුවා කැස්ටිලා ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, රිලේෂන් ඩි කොමෝ ලොස් එස්පනෝල්ස් එන්ට්රොන් එන් පිරූ වයි එල් උපසෙසෝ ක්වි ටූවෝ මැංගෝ ඉන්කා එන් එල් ටයිම්පෝ එන් ක්වි එන්ට්‍රි එලෝස් විවියෝ ලිවූ ටිටු කුසි යුපන්කුයි වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ සිරෝ ඇලෙග්‍රියා&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හොසේ මරියා ආර්ගුවෙඩාස් වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන හෝසේ කාලෝස් මරියාටෙගුයි විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණය සහ ඇමරිකාව සොයා ගැනීම නිසා, ගවේෂකයෝ කොලොම්බියානු හුවමාරුව ආරම්භ කළ අතර එයට අර්තාපල්, තක්කාලි සහ බඩ ඉරිඟු ඇතුළු පැරණි ලෝකයේ නොදන්නා ආහාර ඇතුළත් විය. නූතන ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාරවලට බොහෝ විට ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ මිරිස් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි ඉන්ස්ටිටියුටෝ පේරුආනෝ ඩි ලා පැපාට අනුව, පේරු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයේ වගා කරන ලද අර්තාපල් වර්ග 3,000 කට වඩා දැන් තිබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; නූතන පේරු ආහාර චීන, අප්‍රිකානු, අරාබි, ඉතාලි සහ ජපන් ආහාර පිසීමේ ප්‍රබල බලපෑම් සහිත ඇමරින්ඩියන් සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආහාර මිශ්‍ර කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; පොදු කෑම වර්ග අතර ඇන්ටිකුචෝස්, සෙවිචේ සහ පචමන්කා ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි විවිධ දේශගුණය ආහාර පිසීම සඳහා හොඳ විවිධ ශාක හා සතුන් වර්ධනය වීමට ඉඩ සලසයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝකයේ හොඳම ආහාර වලින් එකක් ඇති බව දන්නා කරුණකි. අගනුවර වන ලීමා, සෙන්ට්‍රල් අවන්හලේ නිවහන වන අතර එය ලොව හොඳම අවන්හල් වලින් එකක් වන අතර රටේ සෑම භූගෝලීය කොටසක් වන කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ), සියෙරා (කඳු) සහ සෙල්වා (වැසි වනාන්තර) වලින් විවිධ පේරු කෑම වර්ග සපයයි.

පේරු ආහාර පිසීම දේශීය භාවිතයන් සහ අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබිඹු කරයි - ඉන්කා වැනි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනයේ බලපෑම් සහ යටත් විජිතවාදීන් සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් ආහාර ඇතුළුව. ඔවුන්ගේ මව් රටවලින් හුරුපුරුදු අමුද්‍රව්‍ය නොමැතිව, සංක්‍රමණිකයන් පේරු හි ඇති අමුද්‍රව්‍ය භාවිතා කරමින් ඔවුන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර වෙනස් කළහ. පේරු ආහාර පිසීමේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ප්‍රධාන ආහාර හතර වන්නේ ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ අනෙකුත් අල, අමරන්තසීස් (ක්විනෝවා, කනිවා සහ කිවිචා) සහ රනිල කුලයට අයත් බෝංචි (බෝංචි සහ ලුපින්) ය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ගෙන එන ලද ප්‍රධාන ආහාර අතර සහල්, තිරිඟු සහ මස් (හරක් මස්, ඌරු මස් සහ කුකුල් මස්) ඇතුළත් වේ. ක්විනෝවා, කිවිචා, මිරිස් ගම්මිරිස් සහ මුල් සහ අල කිහිපයක් වැනි බොහෝ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර - මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ ජනප්‍රියතාවය වැඩි වී ඇති අතර, එය ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාර සහ සූපශාස්ත්‍ර ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව නැවත ඇති කිරීමක් පිළිබිඹු කරයි. සංචාරකයින් නැරඹීමට පැමිණෙන කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර නවීන රසයකින් පිරිනමනු දැකීම ද සුලභ ය. සූපවේදී ගැස්ටන් අකුරියෝ දේශීය අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබඳ දැනුවත්භාවය වැඩි කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ වී ඇත.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
Peruvian music has [[:en:Andean_music|Andean]], [[:en:Music_of_Spain|Spanish]], and [[:en:African_Music|African]] roots. In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the ''[[:en:Quena|quena]]'' and the ''[[:en:Tinya|tinya]]'' were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the ''[[:en:Charango|charango]]''. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the ''[[:en:Cajon|cajón]]'', a percussion instrument. [[:en:Peruvian_folk_dances|Peruvian folk dances]] include [[:en:Marinera|marinera]], [[:en:Tondero|tondero]], [[:en:Zamacueca|zamacueca]], [[:en:Diablada|diablada]] and [[:en:Huayno|huayno]].

Peruvian music is dominated by the national [[:en:Musical_instrument|instrument]], the [[:en:Charango|charango]]. The charango is a member of the [[:en:Lute|lute]] family of instruments and was invented during [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|colonial times]] by musicians imitating the Spanish [[:en:Vihuela|vihuela]]. In the Canas and [[:en:Titicaca|Titicaca]] regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the [[:en:Indigenismo|Indigenismo]] movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the [[:en:Walaycho|walaycho]], [[:en:Chillador|chillador]], [[:en:Chinlili|chinlili]], and the larger and lower-tuned [[:en:Charangon|charangon]].

පේරු සංගීතයට ඇන්ඩියන්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ අප්‍රිකානු මූලයන් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කාලවලදී, සෑම කලාපයකම සංගීත ප්‍රකාශන පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් විය; ක්වේනා සහ ටිනියා පොදු උපකරණ දෙකක් විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් ගිටාරය සහ වීණාව වැනි නව උපකරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර එය චරන්ගෝ වැනි දෙමුහුන් උපකරණ සංවර්ධනයට හේතු විය. පේරු සංගීතයට අප්‍රිකානු දායකත්වයන් අතර එහි රිද්මයන් සහ බෙර වාදනයක් වන කැජොන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජන නැටුම් අතර මැරිනෙරා, ටොන්ඩෙරෝ, සමකුවෙකා, ඩයබ්ලාඩා සහ හුවායිනෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු සංගීතය ජාතික උපකරණය වන චරන්ගෝ විසින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි. චරන්ගෝ යනු ලුට් සංගීත භාණ්ඩ පවුලේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර යටත් විජිත සමයේදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ විහුයෙලා අනුකරණය කරන සංගීතඥයින් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කැනාස් සහ ටිටිකාකා ප්‍රදේශවල, චරන්ගෝව පෙම් සබඳතා චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍රවල භාවිතා කරන අතර, සංකේතාත්මකව සුරංගනාවියන් කැඳවමින් කාන්තාව පිරිමි රංගන ශිල්පීන් වෙත ආකර්ෂණය කර ගනී. 1960 දශකය වන තෙක්, චරන්ගෝව ග්‍රාමීය දුප්පතුන්ගේ මෙවලමක් ලෙස අවමානයට ලක් කරන ලදී. ඉන්ඩිජෙනිස්මෝ ව්‍යාපාරය (1910-1940) ගොඩනැගූ 1959 විප්ලවයෙන් පසුව, චරන්ගෝ අනෙකුත් රංගන ශිල්පීන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය විය. ප්‍රභේද අතර වලයිචෝ, චිලඩෝර්, චින්ලිලි සහ විශාල සහ පහළ සුසර කරන ලද චරන්ගෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගිටාරය බහුලව වාදනය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සම්භවයක් ඇති බන්ඩුරියා ද එසේමය. ගිටාරය මෙන් නොව, එය වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා පේරු වාදකයින් විසින් පරිවර්තනය කර ඇති අතර, එය තත් 12 කින් යුත්, පාඨමාලා 6 කින් යුත් උපකරණයක සිට පාඨමාලා හතරකින් තත් 12 සිට 16 දක්වා ඇති එකක් බවට වෙනස් වී ඇත. යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති වයලීන සහ වීණා ද වාදනය කෙරේ. පේරු හි ඉතා ප්‍රසිද්ධ උපකරණයක් වන්නේ ඉන්කා යුගයේ සිට පැවත එන පෑන් නළාවයි. එය කුහර උණ බට වලින් සාදා ඇති අතර පේරු ඇන්ඩීස් හි බහුලව වාදනය වේ.

ලතින් ග්‍රැමී සම්මාන සහ ඔර්ගුලෝසමෙන්ටේ ලැටිනෝ සම්මානය වැනි සම්මානලාභීන් වන සුසන් ඔචෝවා, ඇනා කැරිනා, ජීන් පෝල් ස්ට්‍රෝස්, ලෙස්ලි ෂෝ, රාවුල් රොමේරෝ, ගියන් මාර්කෝ සහ පෙඩ්‍රෝ සුවාරෙස්-වර්ටිස් වැනි ජාතික හා ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් රොක් සහ පොප් ගායකයින් සහ සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් ද රට තුළ ඇත. පේරු යනු ලොව පළමු ගරාජ් රොක් සහ ප්‍රොටොපන්ක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම ලෙස සැලකෙන ලොස් සයිකෝස් උපත ලැබූ රට ද වේ. අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ පේරු රොක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් අතරට අරීනා හැෂ්, නොස්ක්වින් වයි ලොස් නොස්කුආන්ටෝස්, ෆ්‍රාගිල්, ආමෙන් සහ මාර් ඩි කොපාස් ඇතුළත් වේ.

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

පේරු චිත්‍රපට කර්මාන්තය වෙනත් සමහර ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල මෙන් බොහෝ දුරට සාර්ථක වී නැති අතර, සමහර පේරු චිත්‍රපට කලාපීය සාර්ථකත්වයක් භුක්ති විඳිති. ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන්, පේරු හි සිනමාව රබර් උත්පාතය සහ නගරයට තාක්ෂණය ගෙන එන විදේශිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම හේතුවෙන් 1932 දී ඉක්විටෝස් හි ඇන්ටෝනියෝ වොන්ග් රෙන්ගිෆෝ (1900 සිට සැලකිය යුතු මුල් චිත්‍රපට දැන්වීම් පුවරුවක් සමඟ) ආරම්භ විය. මෙය ලීමා අගනුවර නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද චිත්‍රපටවලට වඩා වෙනස් ශෛලියකින් සංලක්ෂිත වූ පුළුල් හා සුවිශේෂී චිත්‍රපටකරණයක් වර්ධනය වීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු විසින් ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සජීවිකරණ ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටය වන පිරටාස් එන් එල් කැලාඕ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ඓතිහාසික වරාය නගරයක් වන කැලාඕ හි පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර, යටත් විජිත සමයේදී එහි යටත් විජිත සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ වෙළඳාම අඩපණ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලන්දේසි සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පෞද්ගලික පුද්ගලයින්ගේ ප්‍රහාරවලින් ආරක්ෂා වීමට සිදු විය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද්දේ පේරු සමාගමක් වන අල්පමායෝ එන්ටර්ටේන්මන්ට් විසින් වන අතර එය වසරකට පසුව දෙවන ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටයක් නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය: ඩ්‍රැගන්ස්: ඩෙස්ටිනෝ ඩි ෆියුගෝ.


In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

2006 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී, පේරු සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤය අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපාරයක් ලෙස නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සහ ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද මැඩිනුසා චිත්‍රපටය, මනඃකල්පිත ඇන්ඩියන් ගම්මානයක පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර එය මැගලි සොලියර් විසින් රඟ දක්වන ලද මැඩිනුසා හි එකතැන පල්වෙන ජීවිතය සහ පශ්චාත් සිවිල් යුද්ධයේ පේරු හි කම්පන විස්තර කරයි.

ගේබ්‍රියෙල් ගාර්ෂියා මාර්කේස්ගේ මැජික් යථාර්ථවාදයේ අංග වලින් ආභාෂය ලැබූ ලෝසා, රොටර්ඩෑම් චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී සම්මානයක් දිනා ගත්තේය. ලෝසාගේ දෙවන විශේෂාංගය වන &quot;ද මිල්ක් ඔෆ් සොරෝ&quot; (&quot;ලා ටෙටා අසුස්ටාඩා&quot;), 82 වන ඇකඩමි සම්මාන උළෙලේ හොඳම විදේශ භාෂා චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා නම් කරන ලද අතර එය ඇකඩමි ඉතිහාසයේ නම් කරන ලද පළමු පේරු චිත්‍රපටයයි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය 59 වන බර්ලින් ජාත්‍යන්තර චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී ගෝල්ඩන් බෙයාර් සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය.

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

ක්‍රීඩාව පිළිබඳ අදහස 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සහ අනෙකුත් දේශීය විනෝදාස්වාද ක්‍රම යටත් විජිත යුගයට පෙර පැවතුනි. වඩාත් මෑතකදී, වාණිජකරණයට සම්බන්ධ ඇමරිකානු ශාරීරික අධ්‍යාපනය පිළිබඳ දෘෂ්ටිවාදය පුළුල් ආකර්ෂණයක් ලබා ඇත. රටේ ක්‍රීඩා ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන කිහිපයකට බෙදා ඇත (එක් එක් ක්‍රීඩා පුහුණුව සඳහා එකක්), ඒවා ඔවුන්ගේ පුහුණුව නියාමනය කිරීම සඳහා ඉහළම රාජ්‍ය ආයතනය වන පේරු ක්‍රීඩා ආයතනයේ (IPD) අධීක්ෂණය යටතේ පවතී. බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන ලීමා හි විලා ඩිපෝර්ටිවා නැෂනල් හි පිහිටා ඇත. පේරු හි විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය වන්නේ 80,000 කට අධික ධාරිතාවක් ඇති එස්ටාඩියෝ මොනුමෙන්ටල් &quot;යූ&quot; වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දෙවන විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය බවට පත් කරයි. රටේ ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාංගනය එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ය. පේරු 2004 කෝපා ඇමරිකා, 2005 FIFA U-17 ලෝක ශූරතාවලිය, 2013 සහ 2024 බොලිවේරියානු ක්‍රීඩා සහ රට විසින් පවත්වන ලද විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව්ව වන 2019 පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා වැනි විවිධ ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව් සඳහා සත්කාරකත්වය ලබා දී ඇත. පේරු හි ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාව පැලේටා ෆ්‍රොන්ටන් වන අතර එය 16 වන සියවසේ ලීමා හි වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

පාපන්දු යනු රටේ වඩාත්ම ජනප්‍රිය හා බහුලව භාවිතා වන ක්‍රීඩාවයි. පේරු ප්‍රයිමෙරා ඩිවිෂන් යනු ජාතියේ වැදගත්ම සමාජ තරඟාවලියයි. පිරිමි කණ්ඩායම ලෝක වේදිකාවේ වැදගත් දස්කම් කිහිපයක් දක්වා ඇත. ඔවුන් පස් වතාවක් FIFA ලෝක කුසලානයට සහභාගී විය. ඒ හා සමානව, ඔවුන් 1939 සහ 1975 දී කෝපා ඇමරිකාවේ ශූරයන් වූ අතර, 1936 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස කැපී පෙනුනේ අර්ධ අවසන් පූර්ව වටයේදී ඔස්ට්‍රියාවට ලබා දුන් වෝක් ඕවර් එකකින් ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව ගෙදර යාමට පෙරය. ටෙයෝෆිලෝ කුබිලස් පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම පාපන්දු ක්‍රීඩකයා ලෙස සැලකේ. සමාජ මට්ටමින්, යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ 1972 දී කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනෙන අතර 1997 දී ස්පෝර්ටිං ක්‍රිස්ටල් ද අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනේ. ජාත්‍යන්තර ශූරතා ඇති එකම පේරු සමාජ වන්නේ 2003 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා සහ 2004 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා දිනාගත් සියෙන්සියානෝ සහ 2011 U-20 කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි ශූරයා වූ යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ ය.

පේරු හි අනෙකුත් ජනප්‍රිය ක්‍රීඩා වන්නේ වොලිබෝල්, සර්ෆින් සහ කරාටේ ය. පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේදී පේරු රන්, රිදී සහ ලෝකඩ පදක්කම් කිහිපයක් දිනා ඇත. 1980 සහ 90 දශකවල ප්‍රමුඛ කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එකක් වූ පේරු කාන්තා ජාතික වොලිබෝල් කණ්ඩායම 1988 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී රිදී පදක්කම දිනා ගත් අතර, පුළුල් පරතරයකින් පෙරමුණ ගැනීමෙන් පසු සෝවියට් සංගමයට 3–2ක් ලෙස පරාජය විය. පේරු සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සර්ෆින් සහ වොලිබෝල් ක්‍රීඩාවට ඉතා දක්ෂ වී ඇත.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>t092p1z3bbz5vwjm13dj1ko4mrpovj4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754330</id>
      <parentid>754329</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:47:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* සංගීතය */</comment>
      <origin>754330</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46977" sha1="c96kc4zbfmr9eag2tm5pwpuzfs17v9t" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.
=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර පිසාරෝ ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සෙරෙස් ද විය, ඔහු වර්ඩඩෙරා රිලේෂන් ඩි ලා කොන්ක්විස්ටා ඩෙල් පෙරූ වයි ප්‍රොවින්ෂියා ඩෙල් කුස්කෝ ලැමඩ ලා නුවා කැස්ටිලා ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, රිලේෂන් ඩි කොමෝ ලොස් එස්පනෝල්ස් එන්ට්රොන් එන් පිරූ වයි එල් උපසෙසෝ ක්වි ටූවෝ මැංගෝ ඉන්කා එන් එල් ටයිම්පෝ එන් ක්වි එන්ට්‍රි එලෝස් විවියෝ ලිවූ ටිටු කුසි යුපන්කුයි වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ සිරෝ ඇලෙග්‍රියා&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හොසේ මරියා ආර්ගුවෙඩාස් වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන හෝසේ කාලෝස් මරියාටෙගුයි විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණය සහ ඇමරිකාව සොයා ගැනීම නිසා, ගවේෂකයෝ කොලොම්බියානු හුවමාරුව ආරම්භ කළ අතර එයට අර්තාපල්, තක්කාලි සහ බඩ ඉරිඟු ඇතුළු පැරණි ලෝකයේ නොදන්නා ආහාර ඇතුළත් විය. නූතන ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාරවලට බොහෝ විට ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ මිරිස් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි ඉන්ස්ටිටියුටෝ පේරුආනෝ ඩි ලා පැපාට අනුව, පේරු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයේ වගා කරන ලද අර්තාපල් වර්ග 3,000 කට වඩා දැන් තිබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; නූතන පේරු ආහාර චීන, අප්‍රිකානු, අරාබි, ඉතාලි සහ ජපන් ආහාර පිසීමේ ප්‍රබල බලපෑම් සහිත ඇමරින්ඩියන් සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආහාර මිශ්‍ර කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; පොදු කෑම වර්ග අතර ඇන්ටිකුචෝස්, සෙවිචේ සහ පචමන්කා ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි විවිධ දේශගුණය ආහාර පිසීම සඳහා හොඳ විවිධ ශාක හා සතුන් වර්ධනය වීමට ඉඩ සලසයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝකයේ හොඳම ආහාර වලින් එකක් ඇති බව දන්නා කරුණකි. අගනුවර වන ලීමා, සෙන්ට්‍රල් අවන්හලේ නිවහන වන අතර එය ලොව හොඳම අවන්හල් වලින් එකක් වන අතර රටේ සෑම භූගෝලීය කොටසක් වන කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ), සියෙරා (කඳු) සහ සෙල්වා (වැසි වනාන්තර) වලින් විවිධ පේරු කෑම වර්ග සපයයි.

පේරු ආහාර පිසීම දේශීය භාවිතයන් සහ අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබිඹු කරයි - ඉන්කා වැනි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනයේ බලපෑම් සහ යටත් විජිතවාදීන් සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් ආහාර ඇතුළුව. ඔවුන්ගේ මව් රටවලින් හුරුපුරුදු අමුද්‍රව්‍ය නොමැතිව, සංක්‍රමණිකයන් පේරු හි ඇති අමුද්‍රව්‍ය භාවිතා කරමින් ඔවුන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර වෙනස් කළහ. පේරු ආහාර පිසීමේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ප්‍රධාන ආහාර හතර වන්නේ ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ අනෙකුත් අල, අමරන්තසීස් (ක්විනෝවා, කනිවා සහ කිවිචා) සහ රනිල කුලයට අයත් බෝංචි (බෝංචි සහ ලුපින්) ය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ගෙන එන ලද ප්‍රධාන ආහාර අතර සහල්, තිරිඟු සහ මස් (හරක් මස්, ඌරු මස් සහ කුකුල් මස්) ඇතුළත් වේ. ක්විනෝවා, කිවිචා, මිරිස් ගම්මිරිස් සහ මුල් සහ අල කිහිපයක් වැනි බොහෝ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර - මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ ජනප්‍රියතාවය වැඩි වී ඇති අතර, එය ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාර සහ සූපශාස්ත්‍ර ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව නැවත ඇති කිරීමක් පිළිබිඹු කරයි. සංචාරකයින් නැරඹීමට පැමිණෙන කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර නවීන රසයකින් පිරිනමනු දැකීම ද සුලභ ය. සූපවේදී ගැස්ටන් අකුරියෝ දේශීය අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබඳ දැනුවත්භාවය වැඩි කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ වී ඇත.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
පේරු සංගීතයට ඇන්ඩියන්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ අප්‍රිකානු මූලයන් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කාලවලදී, සෑම කලාපයකම සංගීත ප්‍රකාශන පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් විය; ක්වේනා සහ ටිනියා පොදු උපකරණ දෙකක් විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් ගිටාරය සහ වීණාව වැනි නව උපකරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර එය චරන්ගෝ වැනි දෙමුහුන් උපකරණ සංවර්ධනයට හේතු විය. පේරු සංගීතයට අප්‍රිකානු දායකත්වයන් අතර එහි රිද්මයන් සහ බෙර වාදනයක් වන කැජොන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජන නැටුම් අතර මැරිනෙරා, ටොන්ඩෙරෝ, සමකුවෙකා, ඩයබ්ලාඩා සහ හුවායිනෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු සංගීතය ජාතික උපකරණය වන චරන්ගෝ විසින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි. චරන්ගෝ යනු ලුට් සංගීත භාණ්ඩ පවුලේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර යටත් විජිත සමයේදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ විහුයෙලා අනුකරණය කරන සංගීතඥයින් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කැනාස් සහ ටිටිකාකා ප්‍රදේශවල, චරන්ගෝව පෙම් සබඳතා චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍රවල භාවිතා කරන අතර, සංකේතාත්මකව සුරංගනාවියන් කැඳවමින් කාන්තාව පිරිමි රංගන ශිල්පීන් වෙත ආකර්ෂණය කර ගනී. 1960 දශකය වන තෙක්, චරන්ගෝව ග්‍රාමීය දුප්පතුන්ගේ මෙවලමක් ලෙස අවමානයට ලක් කරන ලදී. ඉන්ඩිජෙනිස්මෝ ව්‍යාපාරය (1910-1940) ගොඩනැගූ 1959 විප්ලවයෙන් පසුව, චරන්ගෝ අනෙකුත් රංගන ශිල්පීන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය විය. ප්‍රභේද අතර වලයිචෝ, චිලඩෝර්, චින්ලිලි සහ විශාල සහ පහළ සුසර කරන ලද චරන්ගෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin [[:en:Bandurria|bandurria]]. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and [[:en:Harps|harps]], also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the [[:en:Pan_flute|pan flute]], dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes.

The country also has some rock and pop singers and bands of great acceptance, both nationally and internationally such as: Susan Ochoa, [[:en:Anna_Carina|Anna Carina]], Jean Paul Strauss, [[:en:Leslie_Shaw|Leslie Shaw]], Raúl Romero, [[:en:Gian_Marco|Gian Marco]] and [[:en:Pedro_Suárez-Vértiz|Pedro Suárez-Vértiz]], winners of awards such as the [[:en:Latin_Grammy_Awards|Latin Grammy Awards]] and [[:en:Orgullosamente_Latino_Award|Orgullosamente Latino Award]]. Peru is also the country that saw the birth of [[:en:Los_Saicos|Los Saicos]], considered the first garage rock and protopunk band in the world. Other famous [[:en:Peruvian_rock|Peruvian rock]] bands include [[:en:Arena_Hash|Arena Hash]], [[:en:Nosequien_y_Los_Nosecuantos|Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos]], [[:en:Frágil_(band)|Frágil]], [[:en:Amen_(Peruvian_band)|Amen]], and [[:en:Mar_de_Copas|Mar de Copas]].

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගිටාරය බහුලව වාදනය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සම්භවයක් ඇති බන්ඩුරියා ද එසේමය. ගිටාරය මෙන් නොව, එය වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා පේරු වාදකයින් විසින් පරිවර්තනය කර ඇති අතර, එය තත් 12 කින් යුත්, පාඨමාලා 6 කින් යුත් උපකරණයක සිට පාඨමාලා හතරකින් තත් 12 සිට 16 දක්වා ඇති එකක් බවට වෙනස් වී ඇත. යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති වයලීන සහ වීණා ද වාදනය කෙරේ. පේරු හි ඉතා ප්‍රසිද්ධ උපකරණයක් වන්නේ ඉන්කා යුගයේ සිට පැවත එන පෑන් නළාවයි. එය කුහර උණ බට වලින් සාදා ඇති අතර පේරු ඇන්ඩීස් හි බහුලව වාදනය වේ.

ලතින් ග්‍රැමී සම්මාන සහ ඔර්ගුලෝසමෙන්ටේ ලැටිනෝ සම්මානය වැනි සම්මානලාභීන් වන සුසන් ඔචෝවා, ඇනා කැරිනා, ජීන් පෝල් ස්ට්‍රෝස්, ලෙස්ලි ෂෝ, රාවුල් රොමේරෝ, ගියන් මාර්කෝ සහ පෙඩ්‍රෝ සුවාරෙස්-වර්ටිස් වැනි ජාතික හා ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් රොක් සහ පොප් ගායකයින් සහ සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් ද රට තුළ ඇත. පේරු යනු ලොව පළමු ගරාජ් රොක් සහ ප්‍රොටොපන්ක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම ලෙස සැලකෙන ලොස් සයිකෝස් උපත ලැබූ රට ද වේ. අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ පේරු රොක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් අතරට අරීනා හැෂ්, නොස්ක්වින් වයි ලොස් නොස්කුආන්ටෝස්, ෆ්‍රාගිල්, ආමෙන් සහ මාර් ඩි කොපාස් ඇතුළත් වේ.

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

පේරු චිත්‍රපට කර්මාන්තය වෙනත් සමහර ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල මෙන් බොහෝ දුරට සාර්ථක වී නැති අතර, සමහර පේරු චිත්‍රපට කලාපීය සාර්ථකත්වයක් භුක්ති විඳිති. ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන්, පේරු හි සිනමාව රබර් උත්පාතය සහ නගරයට තාක්ෂණය ගෙන එන විදේශිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම හේතුවෙන් 1932 දී ඉක්විටෝස් හි ඇන්ටෝනියෝ වොන්ග් රෙන්ගිෆෝ (1900 සිට සැලකිය යුතු මුල් චිත්‍රපට දැන්වීම් පුවරුවක් සමඟ) ආරම්භ විය. මෙය ලීමා අගනුවර නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද චිත්‍රපටවලට වඩා වෙනස් ශෛලියකින් සංලක්ෂිත වූ පුළුල් හා සුවිශේෂී චිත්‍රපටකරණයක් වර්ධනය වීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු විසින් ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සජීවිකරණ ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටය වන පිරටාස් එන් එල් කැලාඕ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ඓතිහාසික වරාය නගරයක් වන කැලාඕ හි පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර, යටත් විජිත සමයේදී එහි යටත් විජිත සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ වෙළඳාම අඩපණ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලන්දේසි සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පෞද්ගලික පුද්ගලයින්ගේ ප්‍රහාරවලින් ආරක්ෂා වීමට සිදු විය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද්දේ පේරු සමාගමක් වන අල්පමායෝ එන්ටර්ටේන්මන්ට් විසින් වන අතර එය වසරකට පසුව දෙවන ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටයක් නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය: ඩ්‍රැගන්ස්: ඩෙස්ටිනෝ ඩි ෆියුගෝ.


In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

2006 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී, පේරු සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤය අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපාරයක් ලෙස නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සහ ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද මැඩිනුසා චිත්‍රපටය, මනඃකල්පිත ඇන්ඩියන් ගම්මානයක පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර එය මැගලි සොලියර් විසින් රඟ දක්වන ලද මැඩිනුසා හි එකතැන පල්වෙන ජීවිතය සහ පශ්චාත් සිවිල් යුද්ධයේ පේරු හි කම්පන විස්තර කරයි.

ගේබ්‍රියෙල් ගාර්ෂියා මාර්කේස්ගේ මැජික් යථාර්ථවාදයේ අංග වලින් ආභාෂය ලැබූ ලෝසා, රොටර්ඩෑම් චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී සම්මානයක් දිනා ගත්තේය. ලෝසාගේ දෙවන විශේෂාංගය වන &quot;ද මිල්ක් ඔෆ් සොරෝ&quot; (&quot;ලා ටෙටා අසුස්ටාඩා&quot;), 82 වන ඇකඩමි සම්මාන උළෙලේ හොඳම විදේශ භාෂා චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා නම් කරන ලද අතර එය ඇකඩමි ඉතිහාසයේ නම් කරන ලද පළමු පේරු චිත්‍රපටයයි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය 59 වන බර්ලින් ජාත්‍යන්තර චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී ගෝල්ඩන් බෙයාර් සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය.

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

ක්‍රීඩාව පිළිබඳ අදහස 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සහ අනෙකුත් දේශීය විනෝදාස්වාද ක්‍රම යටත් විජිත යුගයට පෙර පැවතුනි. වඩාත් මෑතකදී, වාණිජකරණයට සම්බන්ධ ඇමරිකානු ශාරීරික අධ්‍යාපනය පිළිබඳ දෘෂ්ටිවාදය පුළුල් ආකර්ෂණයක් ලබා ඇත. රටේ ක්‍රීඩා ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන කිහිපයකට බෙදා ඇත (එක් එක් ක්‍රීඩා පුහුණුව සඳහා එකක්), ඒවා ඔවුන්ගේ පුහුණුව නියාමනය කිරීම සඳහා ඉහළම රාජ්‍ය ආයතනය වන පේරු ක්‍රීඩා ආයතනයේ (IPD) අධීක්ෂණය යටතේ පවතී. බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන ලීමා හි විලා ඩිපෝර්ටිවා නැෂනල් හි පිහිටා ඇත. පේරු හි විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය වන්නේ 80,000 කට අධික ධාරිතාවක් ඇති එස්ටාඩියෝ මොනුමෙන්ටල් &quot;යූ&quot; වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දෙවන විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය බවට පත් කරයි. රටේ ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාංගනය එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ය. පේරු 2004 කෝපා ඇමරිකා, 2005 FIFA U-17 ලෝක ශූරතාවලිය, 2013 සහ 2024 බොලිවේරියානු ක්‍රීඩා සහ රට විසින් පවත්වන ලද විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව්ව වන 2019 පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා වැනි විවිධ ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව් සඳහා සත්කාරකත්වය ලබා දී ඇත. පේරු හි ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාව පැලේටා ෆ්‍රොන්ටන් වන අතර එය 16 වන සියවසේ ලීමා හි වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

පාපන්දු යනු රටේ වඩාත්ම ජනප්‍රිය හා බහුලව භාවිතා වන ක්‍රීඩාවයි. පේරු ප්‍රයිමෙරා ඩිවිෂන් යනු ජාතියේ වැදගත්ම සමාජ තරඟාවලියයි. පිරිමි කණ්ඩායම ලෝක වේදිකාවේ වැදගත් දස්කම් කිහිපයක් දක්වා ඇත. ඔවුන් පස් වතාවක් FIFA ලෝක කුසලානයට සහභාගී විය. ඒ හා සමානව, ඔවුන් 1939 සහ 1975 දී කෝපා ඇමරිකාවේ ශූරයන් වූ අතර, 1936 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස කැපී පෙනුනේ අර්ධ අවසන් පූර්ව වටයේදී ඔස්ට්‍රියාවට ලබා දුන් වෝක් ඕවර් එකකින් ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව ගෙදර යාමට පෙරය. ටෙයෝෆිලෝ කුබිලස් පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම පාපන්දු ක්‍රීඩකයා ලෙස සැලකේ. සමාජ මට්ටමින්, යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ 1972 දී කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනෙන අතර 1997 දී ස්පෝර්ටිං ක්‍රිස්ටල් ද අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනේ. ජාත්‍යන්තර ශූරතා ඇති එකම පේරු සමාජ වන්නේ 2003 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා සහ 2004 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා දිනාගත් සියෙන්සියානෝ සහ 2011 U-20 කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි ශූරයා වූ යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ ය.

පේරු හි අනෙකුත් ජනප්‍රිය ක්‍රීඩා වන්නේ වොලිබෝල්, සර්ෆින් සහ කරාටේ ය. පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේදී පේරු රන්, රිදී සහ ලෝකඩ පදක්කම් කිහිපයක් දිනා ඇත. 1980 සහ 90 දශකවල ප්‍රමුඛ කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එකක් වූ පේරු කාන්තා ජාතික වොලිබෝල් කණ්ඩායම 1988 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී රිදී පදක්කම දිනා ගත් අතර, පුළුල් පරතරයකින් පෙරමුණ ගැනීමෙන් පසු සෝවියට් සංගමයට 3–2ක් ලෙස පරාජය විය. පේරු සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සර්ෆින් සහ වොලිබෝල් ක්‍රීඩාවට ඉතා දක්ෂ වී ඇත.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>c96kc4zbfmr9eag2tm5pwpuzfs17v9t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754331</id>
      <parentid>754330</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:57:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* සංගීතය */</comment>
      <origin>754331</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45560" sha1="r52u50fh9o2ftmcvep345t9tjwillx6" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.
=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර පිසාරෝ ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සෙරෙස් ද විය, ඔහු වර්ඩඩෙරා රිලේෂන් ඩි ලා කොන්ක්විස්ටා ඩෙල් පෙරූ වයි ප්‍රොවින්ෂියා ඩෙල් කුස්කෝ ලැමඩ ලා නුවා කැස්ටිලා ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, රිලේෂන් ඩි කොමෝ ලොස් එස්පනෝල්ස් එන්ට්රොන් එන් පිරූ වයි එල් උපසෙසෝ ක්වි ටූවෝ මැංගෝ ඉන්කා එන් එල් ටයිම්පෝ එන් ක්වි එන්ට්‍රි එලෝස් විවියෝ ලිවූ ටිටු කුසි යුපන්කුයි වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ සිරෝ ඇලෙග්‍රියා&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හොසේ මරියා ආර්ගුවෙඩාස් වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන හෝසේ කාලෝස් මරියාටෙගුයි විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණය සහ ඇමරිකාව සොයා ගැනීම නිසා, ගවේෂකයෝ කොලොම්බියානු හුවමාරුව ආරම්භ කළ අතර එයට අර්තාපල්, තක්කාලි සහ බඩ ඉරිඟු ඇතුළු පැරණි ලෝකයේ නොදන්නා ආහාර ඇතුළත් විය. නූතන ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාරවලට බොහෝ විට ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ මිරිස් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි ඉන්ස්ටිටියුටෝ පේරුආනෝ ඩි ලා පැපාට අනුව, පේරු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයේ වගා කරන ලද අර්තාපල් වර්ග 3,000 කට වඩා දැන් තිබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; නූතන පේරු ආහාර චීන, අප්‍රිකානු, අරාබි, ඉතාලි සහ ජපන් ආහාර පිසීමේ ප්‍රබල බලපෑම් සහිත ඇමරින්ඩියන් සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආහාර මිශ්‍ර කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; පොදු කෑම වර්ග අතර ඇන්ටිකුචෝස්, සෙවිචේ සහ පචමන්කා ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි විවිධ දේශගුණය ආහාර පිසීම සඳහා හොඳ විවිධ ශාක හා සතුන් වර්ධනය වීමට ඉඩ සලසයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝකයේ හොඳම ආහාර වලින් එකක් ඇති බව දන්නා කරුණකි. අගනුවර වන ලීමා, සෙන්ට්‍රල් අවන්හලේ නිවහන වන අතර එය ලොව හොඳම අවන්හල් වලින් එකක් වන අතර රටේ සෑම භූගෝලීය කොටසක් වන කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ), සියෙරා (කඳු) සහ සෙල්වා (වැසි වනාන්තර) වලින් විවිධ පේරු කෑම වර්ග සපයයි.

පේරු ආහාර පිසීම දේශීය භාවිතයන් සහ අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබිඹු කරයි - ඉන්කා වැනි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනයේ බලපෑම් සහ යටත් විජිතවාදීන් සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් ආහාර ඇතුළුව. ඔවුන්ගේ මව් රටවලින් හුරුපුරුදු අමුද්‍රව්‍ය නොමැතිව, සංක්‍රමණිකයන් පේරු හි ඇති අමුද්‍රව්‍ය භාවිතා කරමින් ඔවුන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර වෙනස් කළහ. පේරු ආහාර පිසීමේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ප්‍රධාන ආහාර හතර වන්නේ ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ අනෙකුත් අල, අමරන්තසීස් (ක්විනෝවා, කනිවා සහ කිවිචා) සහ රනිල කුලයට අයත් බෝංචි (බෝංචි සහ ලුපින්) ය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ගෙන එන ලද ප්‍රධාන ආහාර අතර සහල්, තිරිඟු සහ මස් (හරක් මස්, ඌරු මස් සහ කුකුල් මස්) ඇතුළත් වේ. ක්විනෝවා, කිවිචා, මිරිස් ගම්මිරිස් සහ මුල් සහ අල කිහිපයක් වැනි බොහෝ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර - මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ ජනප්‍රියතාවය වැඩි වී ඇති අතර, එය ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාර සහ සූපශාස්ත්‍ර ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව නැවත ඇති කිරීමක් පිළිබිඹු කරයි. සංචාරකයින් නැරඹීමට පැමිණෙන කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර නවීන රසයකින් පිරිනමනු දැකීම ද සුලභ ය. සූපවේදී ගැස්ටන් අකුරියෝ දේශීය අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබඳ දැනුවත්භාවය වැඩි කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ වී ඇත.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
පේරු සංගීතයට ඇන්ඩියන්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ අප්‍රිකානු මූලයන් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කාලවලදී, සෑම කලාපයකම සංගීත ප්‍රකාශන පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් විය; ක්වේනා සහ ටිනියා පොදු උපකරණ දෙකක් විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් ගිටාරය සහ වීණාව වැනි නව උපකරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර එය චරන්ගෝ වැනි දෙමුහුන් උපකරණ සංවර්ධනයට හේතු විය. පේරු සංගීතයට අප්‍රිකානු දායකත්වයන් අතර එහි රිද්මයන් සහ බෙර වාදනයක් වන කැජොන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජන නැටුම් අතර මැරිනෙරා, ටොන්ඩෙරෝ, සමකුවෙකා, ඩයබ්ලාඩා සහ හුවායිනෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු සංගීතය ජාතික උපකරණය වන චරන්ගෝ විසින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි. චරන්ගෝ යනු ලුට් සංගීත භාණ්ඩ පවුලේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර යටත් විජිත සමයේදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ විහුයෙලා අනුකරණය කරන සංගීතඥයින් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කැනාස් සහ ටිටිකාකා ප්‍රදේශවල, චරන්ගෝව පෙම් සබඳතා චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍රවල භාවිතා කරන අතර, සංකේතාත්මකව සුරංගනාවියන් කැඳවමින් කාන්තාව පිරිමි රංගන ශිල්පීන් වෙත ආකර්ෂණය කර ගනී. 1960 දශකය වන තෙක්, චරන්ගෝව ග්‍රාමීය දුප්පතුන්ගේ මෙවලමක් ලෙස අවමානයට ලක් කරන ලදී. ඉන්ඩිජෙනිස්මෝ ව්‍යාපාරය (1910-1940) ගොඩනැගූ 1959 විප්ලවයෙන් පසුව, චරන්ගෝ අනෙකුත් රංගන ශිල්පීන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය විය. ප්‍රභේද අතර වලයිචෝ, චිලඩෝර්, චින්ලිලි සහ විශාල සහ පහළ සුසර කරන ලද චරන්ගෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගිටාරය බහුලව වාදනය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සම්භවයක් ඇති බන්ඩුරියා ද එසේමය. ගිටාරය මෙන් නොව, එය වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා පේරු වාදකයින් විසින් පරිවර්තනය කර ඇති අතර, එය තත් 12 කින් යුත්, පාඨමාලා 6 කින් යුත් උපකරණයක සිට පාඨමාලා හතරකින් තත් 12 සිට 16 දක්වා ඇති එකක් බවට වෙනස් වී ඇත. යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති වයලීන සහ වීණා ද වාදනය කෙරේ. පේරු හි ඉතා ප්‍රසිද්ධ උපකරණයක් වන්නේ ඉන්කා යුගයේ සිට පැවත එන පෑන් නළාවයි. එය කුහර උණ බට වලින් සාදා ඇති අතර පේරු ඇන්ඩීස් හි බහුලව වාදනය වේ.

ලතින් ග්‍රැමී සම්මාන සහ ඔර්ගුලෝසමෙන්ටේ ලැටිනෝ සම්මානය වැනි සම්මානලාභීන් වන සුසන් ඔචෝවා, ඇනා කැරිනා, ජීන් පෝල් ස්ට්‍රෝස්, ලෙස්ලි ෂෝ, රාවුල් රොමේරෝ, ගියන් මාර්කෝ සහ පෙඩ්‍රෝ සුවාරෙස්-වර්ටිස් වැනි ජාතික හා ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් රොක් සහ පොප් ගායකයින් සහ සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් ද රට තුළ ඇත. පේරු යනු ලොව පළමු ගරාජ් රොක් සහ ප්‍රොටොපන්ක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම ලෙස සැලකෙන ලොස් සයිකෝස් උපත ලැබූ රට ද වේ. අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ පේරු රොක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් අතරට අරීනා හැෂ්, නොස්ක්වින් වයි ලොස් නොස්කුආන්ටෝස්, ෆ්‍රාගිල්, ආමෙන් සහ මාර් ඩි කොපාස් ඇතුළත් වේ.

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies have enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the [[:en:Amazon_rubber_cycle|rubber boom]] and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different from the films produced in the capital, [[:en:Lima|Lima]].

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, ''[[:en:Piratas_en_el_Callao|Piratas en el Callao]]''. This film is set in the historical port city of [[:en:Callao|Callao]], which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvian]] company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: ''Dragones: Destino de Fuego''.

පේරු චිත්‍රපට කර්මාන්තය වෙනත් සමහර ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල මෙන් බොහෝ දුරට සාර්ථක වී නැති අතර, සමහර පේරු චිත්‍රපට කලාපීය සාර්ථකත්වයක් භුක්ති විඳිති. ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන්, පේරු හි සිනමාව රබර් උත්පාතය සහ නගරයට තාක්ෂණය ගෙන එන විදේශිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම හේතුවෙන් 1932 දී ඉක්විටෝස් හි ඇන්ටෝනියෝ වොන්ග් රෙන්ගිෆෝ (1900 සිට සැලකිය යුතු මුල් චිත්‍රපට දැන්වීම් පුවරුවක් සමඟ) ආරම්භ විය. මෙය ලීමා අගනුවර නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද චිත්‍රපටවලට වඩා වෙනස් ශෛලියකින් සංලක්ෂිත වූ පුළුල් හා සුවිශේෂී චිත්‍රපටකරණයක් වර්ධනය වීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු විසින් ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සජීවිකරණ ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටය වන පිරටාස් එන් එල් කැලාඕ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ඓතිහාසික වරාය නගරයක් වන කැලාඕ හි පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර, යටත් විජිත සමයේදී එහි යටත් විජිත සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ වෙළඳාම අඩපණ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලන්දේසි සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පෞද්ගලික පුද්ගලයින්ගේ ප්‍රහාරවලින් ආරක්ෂා වීමට සිදු විය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද්දේ පේරු සමාගමක් වන අල්පමායෝ එන්ටර්ටේන්මන්ට් විසින් වන අතර එය වසරකට පසුව දෙවන ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටයක් නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය: ඩ්‍රැගන්ස්: ඩෙස්ටිනෝ ඩි ෆියුගෝ.


In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

2006 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී, පේරු සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤය අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපාරයක් ලෙස නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සහ ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද මැඩිනුසා චිත්‍රපටය, මනඃකල්පිත ඇන්ඩියන් ගම්මානයක පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර එය මැගලි සොලියර් විසින් රඟ දක්වන ලද මැඩිනුසා හි එකතැන පල්වෙන ජීවිතය සහ පශ්චාත් සිවිල් යුද්ධයේ පේරු හි කම්පන විස්තර කරයි.

ගේබ්‍රියෙල් ගාර්ෂියා මාර්කේස්ගේ මැජික් යථාර්ථවාදයේ අංග වලින් ආභාෂය ලැබූ ලෝසා, රොටර්ඩෑම් චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී සම්මානයක් දිනා ගත්තේය. ලෝසාගේ දෙවන විශේෂාංගය වන &quot;ද මිල්ක් ඔෆ් සොරෝ&quot; (&quot;ලා ටෙටා අසුස්ටාඩා&quot;), 82 වන ඇකඩමි සම්මාන උළෙලේ හොඳම විදේශ භාෂා චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා නම් කරන ලද අතර එය ඇකඩමි ඉතිහාසයේ නම් කරන ලද පළමු පේරු චිත්‍රපටයයි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය 59 වන බර්ලින් ජාත්‍යන්තර චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී ගෝල්ඩන් බෙයාර් සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය.

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

ක්‍රීඩාව පිළිබඳ අදහස 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සහ අනෙකුත් දේශීය විනෝදාස්වාද ක්‍රම යටත් විජිත යුගයට පෙර පැවතුනි. වඩාත් මෑතකදී, වාණිජකරණයට සම්බන්ධ ඇමරිකානු ශාරීරික අධ්‍යාපනය පිළිබඳ දෘෂ්ටිවාදය පුළුල් ආකර්ෂණයක් ලබා ඇත. රටේ ක්‍රීඩා ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන කිහිපයකට බෙදා ඇත (එක් එක් ක්‍රීඩා පුහුණුව සඳහා එකක්), ඒවා ඔවුන්ගේ පුහුණුව නියාමනය කිරීම සඳහා ඉහළම රාජ්‍ය ආයතනය වන පේරු ක්‍රීඩා ආයතනයේ (IPD) අධීක්ෂණය යටතේ පවතී. බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන ලීමා හි විලා ඩිපෝර්ටිවා නැෂනල් හි පිහිටා ඇත. පේරු හි විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය වන්නේ 80,000 කට අධික ධාරිතාවක් ඇති එස්ටාඩියෝ මොනුමෙන්ටල් &quot;යූ&quot; වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දෙවන විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය බවට පත් කරයි. රටේ ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාංගනය එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ය. පේරු 2004 කෝපා ඇමරිකා, 2005 FIFA U-17 ලෝක ශූරතාවලිය, 2013 සහ 2024 බොලිවේරියානු ක්‍රීඩා සහ රට විසින් පවත්වන ලද විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව්ව වන 2019 පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා වැනි විවිධ ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව් සඳහා සත්කාරකත්වය ලබා දී ඇත. පේරු හි ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාව පැලේටා ෆ්‍රොන්ටන් වන අතර එය 16 වන සියවසේ ලීමා හි වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

පාපන්දු යනු රටේ වඩාත්ම ජනප්‍රිය හා බහුලව භාවිතා වන ක්‍රීඩාවයි. පේරු ප්‍රයිමෙරා ඩිවිෂන් යනු ජාතියේ වැදගත්ම සමාජ තරඟාවලියයි. පිරිමි කණ්ඩායම ලෝක වේදිකාවේ වැදගත් දස්කම් කිහිපයක් දක්වා ඇත. ඔවුන් පස් වතාවක් FIFA ලෝක කුසලානයට සහභාගී විය. ඒ හා සමානව, ඔවුන් 1939 සහ 1975 දී කෝපා ඇමරිකාවේ ශූරයන් වූ අතර, 1936 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස කැපී පෙනුනේ අර්ධ අවසන් පූර්ව වටයේදී ඔස්ට්‍රියාවට ලබා දුන් වෝක් ඕවර් එකකින් ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව ගෙදර යාමට පෙරය. ටෙයෝෆිලෝ කුබිලස් පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම පාපන්දු ක්‍රීඩකයා ලෙස සැලකේ. සමාජ මට්ටමින්, යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ 1972 දී කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනෙන අතර 1997 දී ස්පෝර්ටිං ක්‍රිස්ටල් ද අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනේ. ජාත්‍යන්තර ශූරතා ඇති එකම පේරු සමාජ වන්නේ 2003 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා සහ 2004 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා දිනාගත් සියෙන්සියානෝ සහ 2011 U-20 කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි ශූරයා වූ යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ ය.

පේරු හි අනෙකුත් ජනප්‍රිය ක්‍රීඩා වන්නේ වොලිබෝල්, සර්ෆින් සහ කරාටේ ය. පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේදී පේරු රන්, රිදී සහ ලෝකඩ පදක්කම් කිහිපයක් දිනා ඇත. 1980 සහ 90 දශකවල ප්‍රමුඛ කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එකක් වූ පේරු කාන්තා ජාතික වොලිබෝල් කණ්ඩායම 1988 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී රිදී පදක්කම දිනා ගත් අතර, පුළුල් පරතරයකින් පෙරමුණ ගැනීමෙන් පසු සෝවියට් සංගමයට 3–2ක් ලෙස පරාජය විය. පේරු සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සර්ෆින් සහ වොලිබෝල් ක්‍රීඩාවට ඉතා දක්ෂ වී ඇත.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>r52u50fh9o2ftmcvep345t9tjwillx6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754332</id>
      <parentid>754331</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:57:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* සිනමාව */</comment>
      <origin>754332</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44466" sha1="nkicgtnozj7h151fvwfzdfjy6rwuw28" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.
=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර පිසාරෝ ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සෙරෙස් ද විය, ඔහු වර්ඩඩෙරා රිලේෂන් ඩි ලා කොන්ක්විස්ටා ඩෙල් පෙරූ වයි ප්‍රොවින්ෂියා ඩෙල් කුස්කෝ ලැමඩ ලා නුවා කැස්ටිලා ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, රිලේෂන් ඩි කොමෝ ලොස් එස්පනෝල්ස් එන්ට්රොන් එන් පිරූ වයි එල් උපසෙසෝ ක්වි ටූවෝ මැංගෝ ඉන්කා එන් එල් ටයිම්පෝ එන් ක්වි එන්ට්‍රි එලෝස් විවියෝ ලිවූ ටිටු කුසි යුපන්කුයි වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ සිරෝ ඇලෙග්‍රියා&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හොසේ මරියා ආර්ගුවෙඩාස් වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන හෝසේ කාලෝස් මරියාටෙගුයි විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණය සහ ඇමරිකාව සොයා ගැනීම නිසා, ගවේෂකයෝ කොලොම්බියානු හුවමාරුව ආරම්භ කළ අතර එයට අර්තාපල්, තක්කාලි සහ බඩ ඉරිඟු ඇතුළු පැරණි ලෝකයේ නොදන්නා ආහාර ඇතුළත් විය. නූතන ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාරවලට බොහෝ විට ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ මිරිස් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි ඉන්ස්ටිටියුටෝ පේරුආනෝ ඩි ලා පැපාට අනුව, පේරු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයේ වගා කරන ලද අර්තාපල් වර්ග 3,000 කට වඩා දැන් තිබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; නූතන පේරු ආහාර චීන, අප්‍රිකානු, අරාබි, ඉතාලි සහ ජපන් ආහාර පිසීමේ ප්‍රබල බලපෑම් සහිත ඇමරින්ඩියන් සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආහාර මිශ්‍ර කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; පොදු කෑම වර්ග අතර ඇන්ටිකුචෝස්, සෙවිචේ සහ පචමන්කා ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි විවිධ දේශගුණය ආහාර පිසීම සඳහා හොඳ විවිධ ශාක හා සතුන් වර්ධනය වීමට ඉඩ සලසයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝකයේ හොඳම ආහාර වලින් එකක් ඇති බව දන්නා කරුණකි. අගනුවර වන ලීමා, සෙන්ට්‍රල් අවන්හලේ නිවහන වන අතර එය ලොව හොඳම අවන්හල් වලින් එකක් වන අතර රටේ සෑම භූගෝලීය කොටසක් වන කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ), සියෙරා (කඳු) සහ සෙල්වා (වැසි වනාන්තර) වලින් විවිධ පේරු කෑම වර්ග සපයයි.

පේරු ආහාර පිසීම දේශීය භාවිතයන් සහ අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබිඹු කරයි - ඉන්කා වැනි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනයේ බලපෑම් සහ යටත් විජිතවාදීන් සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් ආහාර ඇතුළුව. ඔවුන්ගේ මව් රටවලින් හුරුපුරුදු අමුද්‍රව්‍ය නොමැතිව, සංක්‍රමණිකයන් පේරු හි ඇති අමුද්‍රව්‍ය භාවිතා කරමින් ඔවුන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර වෙනස් කළහ. පේරු ආහාර පිසීමේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ප්‍රධාන ආහාර හතර වන්නේ ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ අනෙකුත් අල, අමරන්තසීස් (ක්විනෝවා, කනිවා සහ කිවිචා) සහ රනිල කුලයට අයත් බෝංචි (බෝංචි සහ ලුපින්) ය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ගෙන එන ලද ප්‍රධාන ආහාර අතර සහල්, තිරිඟු සහ මස් (හරක් මස්, ඌරු මස් සහ කුකුල් මස්) ඇතුළත් වේ. ක්විනෝවා, කිවිචා, මිරිස් ගම්මිරිස් සහ මුල් සහ අල කිහිපයක් වැනි බොහෝ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර - මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ ජනප්‍රියතාවය වැඩි වී ඇති අතර, එය ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාර සහ සූපශාස්ත්‍ර ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව නැවත ඇති කිරීමක් පිළිබිඹු කරයි. සංචාරකයින් නැරඹීමට පැමිණෙන කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර නවීන රසයකින් පිරිනමනු දැකීම ද සුලභ ය. සූපවේදී ගැස්ටන් අකුරියෝ දේශීය අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබඳ දැනුවත්භාවය වැඩි කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ වී ඇත.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
පේරු සංගීතයට ඇන්ඩියන්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ අප්‍රිකානු මූලයන් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කාලවලදී, සෑම කලාපයකම සංගීත ප්‍රකාශන පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් විය; ක්වේනා සහ ටිනියා පොදු උපකරණ දෙකක් විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් ගිටාරය සහ වීණාව වැනි නව උපකරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර එය චරන්ගෝ වැනි දෙමුහුන් උපකරණ සංවර්ධනයට හේතු විය. පේරු සංගීතයට අප්‍රිකානු දායකත්වයන් අතර එහි රිද්මයන් සහ බෙර වාදනයක් වන කැජොන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජන නැටුම් අතර මැරිනෙරා, ටොන්ඩෙරෝ, සමකුවෙකා, ඩයබ්ලාඩා සහ හුවායිනෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු සංගීතය ජාතික උපකරණය වන චරන්ගෝ විසින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි. චරන්ගෝ යනු ලුට් සංගීත භාණ්ඩ පවුලේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර යටත් විජිත සමයේදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ විහුයෙලා අනුකරණය කරන සංගීතඥයින් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කැනාස් සහ ටිටිකාකා ප්‍රදේශවල, චරන්ගෝව පෙම් සබඳතා චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍රවල භාවිතා කරන අතර, සංකේතාත්මකව සුරංගනාවියන් කැඳවමින් කාන්තාව පිරිමි රංගන ශිල්පීන් වෙත ආකර්ෂණය කර ගනී. 1960 දශකය වන තෙක්, චරන්ගෝව ග්‍රාමීය දුප්පතුන්ගේ මෙවලමක් ලෙස අවමානයට ලක් කරන ලදී. ඉන්ඩිජෙනිස්මෝ ව්‍යාපාරය (1910-1940) ගොඩනැගූ 1959 විප්ලවයෙන් පසුව, චරන්ගෝ අනෙකුත් රංගන ශිල්පීන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය විය. ප්‍රභේද අතර වලයිචෝ, චිලඩෝර්, චින්ලිලි සහ විශාල සහ පහළ සුසර කරන ලද චරන්ගෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගිටාරය බහුලව වාදනය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සම්භවයක් ඇති බන්ඩුරියා ද එසේමය. ගිටාරය මෙන් නොව, එය වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා පේරු වාදකයින් විසින් පරිවර්තනය කර ඇති අතර, එය තත් 12 කින් යුත්, පාඨමාලා 6 කින් යුත් උපකරණයක සිට පාඨමාලා හතරකින් තත් 12 සිට 16 දක්වා ඇති එකක් බවට වෙනස් වී ඇත. යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති වයලීන සහ වීණා ද වාදනය කෙරේ. පේරු හි ඉතා ප්‍රසිද්ධ උපකරණයක් වන්නේ ඉන්කා යුගයේ සිට පැවත එන පෑන් නළාවයි. එය කුහර උණ බට වලින් සාදා ඇති අතර පේරු ඇන්ඩීස් හි බහුලව වාදනය වේ.

ලතින් ග්‍රැමී සම්මාන සහ ඔර්ගුලෝසමෙන්ටේ ලැටිනෝ සම්මානය වැනි සම්මානලාභීන් වන සුසන් ඔචෝවා, ඇනා කැරිනා, ජීන් පෝල් ස්ට්‍රෝස්, ලෙස්ලි ෂෝ, රාවුල් රොමේරෝ, ගියන් මාර්කෝ සහ පෙඩ්‍රෝ සුවාරෙස්-වර්ටිස් වැනි ජාතික හා ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් රොක් සහ පොප් ගායකයින් සහ සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් ද රට තුළ ඇත. පේරු යනු ලොව පළමු ගරාජ් රොක් සහ ප්‍රොටොපන්ක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම ලෙස සැලකෙන ලොස් සයිකෝස් උපත ලැබූ රට ද වේ. අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ පේරු රොක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් අතරට අරීනා හැෂ්, නොස්ක්වින් වයි ලොස් නොස්කුආන්ටෝස්, ෆ්‍රාගිල්, ආමෙන් සහ මාර් ඩි කොපාස් ඇතුළත් වේ.

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
පේරු චිත්‍රපට කර්මාන්තය වෙනත් සමහර ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල මෙන් බොහෝ දුරට සාර්ථක වී නැති අතර, සමහර පේරු චිත්‍රපට කලාපීය සාර්ථකත්වයක් භුක්ති විඳිති. ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන්, පේරු හි සිනමාව රබර් උත්පාතය සහ නගරයට තාක්ෂණය ගෙන එන විදේශිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම හේතුවෙන් 1932 දී ඉක්විටෝස් හි ඇන්ටෝනියෝ වොන්ග් රෙන්ගිෆෝ (1900 සිට සැලකිය යුතු මුල් චිත්‍රපට දැන්වීම් පුවරුවක් සමඟ) ආරම්භ විය. මෙය ලීමා අගනුවර නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද චිත්‍රපටවලට වඩා වෙනස් ශෛලියකින් සංලක්ෂිත වූ පුළුල් හා සුවිශේෂී චිත්‍රපටකරණයක් වර්ධනය වීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු විසින් ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සජීවිකරණ ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටය වන පිරටාස් එන් එල් කැලාඕ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ඓතිහාසික වරාය නගරයක් වන කැලාඕ හි පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර, යටත් විජිත සමයේදී එහි යටත් විජිත සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ වෙළඳාම අඩපණ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලන්දේසි සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පෞද්ගලික පුද්ගලයින්ගේ ප්‍රහාරවලින් ආරක්ෂා වීමට සිදු විය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද්දේ පේරු සමාගමක් වන අල්පමායෝ එන්ටර්ටේන්මන්ට් විසින් වන අතර එය වසරකට පසුව දෙවන ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටයක් නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය: ඩ්‍රැගන්ස්: ඩෙස්ටිනෝ ඩි ෆියුගෝ.


In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

2006 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී, පේරු සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤය අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපාරයක් ලෙස නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සහ ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද මැඩිනුසා චිත්‍රපටය, මනඃකල්පිත ඇන්ඩියන් ගම්මානයක පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර එය මැගලි සොලියර් විසින් රඟ දක්වන ලද මැඩිනුසා හි එකතැන පල්වෙන ජීවිතය සහ පශ්චාත් සිවිල් යුද්ධයේ පේරු හි කම්පන විස්තර කරයි.

ගේබ්‍රියෙල් ගාර්ෂියා මාර්කේස්ගේ මැජික් යථාර්ථවාදයේ අංග වලින් ආභාෂය ලැබූ ලෝසා, රොටර්ඩෑම් චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී සම්මානයක් දිනා ගත්තේය. ලෝසාගේ දෙවන විශේෂාංගය වන &quot;ද මිල්ක් ඔෆ් සොරෝ&quot; (&quot;ලා ටෙටා අසුස්ටාඩා&quot;), 82 වන ඇකඩමි සම්මාන උළෙලේ හොඳම විදේශ භාෂා චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා නම් කරන ලද අතර එය ඇකඩමි ඉතිහාසයේ නම් කරන ලද පළමු පේරු චිත්‍රපටයයි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය 59 වන බර්ලින් ජාත්‍යන්තර චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී ගෝල්ඩන් බෙයාර් සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය.

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

ක්‍රීඩාව පිළිබඳ අදහස 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සහ අනෙකුත් දේශීය විනෝදාස්වාද ක්‍රම යටත් විජිත යුගයට පෙර පැවතුනි. වඩාත් මෑතකදී, වාණිජකරණයට සම්බන්ධ ඇමරිකානු ශාරීරික අධ්‍යාපනය පිළිබඳ දෘෂ්ටිවාදය පුළුල් ආකර්ෂණයක් ලබා ඇත. රටේ ක්‍රීඩා ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන කිහිපයකට බෙදා ඇත (එක් එක් ක්‍රීඩා පුහුණුව සඳහා එකක්), ඒවා ඔවුන්ගේ පුහුණුව නියාමනය කිරීම සඳහා ඉහළම රාජ්‍ය ආයතනය වන පේරු ක්‍රීඩා ආයතනයේ (IPD) අධීක්ෂණය යටතේ පවතී. බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන ලීමා හි විලා ඩිපෝර්ටිවා නැෂනල් හි පිහිටා ඇත. පේරු හි විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය වන්නේ 80,000 කට අධික ධාරිතාවක් ඇති එස්ටාඩියෝ මොනුමෙන්ටල් &quot;යූ&quot; වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දෙවන විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය බවට පත් කරයි. රටේ ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාංගනය එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ය. පේරු 2004 කෝපා ඇමරිකා, 2005 FIFA U-17 ලෝක ශූරතාවලිය, 2013 සහ 2024 බොලිවේරියානු ක්‍රීඩා සහ රට විසින් පවත්වන ලද විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව්ව වන 2019 පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා වැනි විවිධ ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව් සඳහා සත්කාරකත්වය ලබා දී ඇත. පේරු හි ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාව පැලේටා ෆ්‍රොන්ටන් වන අතර එය 16 වන සියවසේ ලීමා හි වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

පාපන්දු යනු රටේ වඩාත්ම ජනප්‍රිය හා බහුලව භාවිතා වන ක්‍රීඩාවයි. පේරු ප්‍රයිමෙරා ඩිවිෂන් යනු ජාතියේ වැදගත්ම සමාජ තරඟාවලියයි. පිරිමි කණ්ඩායම ලෝක වේදිකාවේ වැදගත් දස්කම් කිහිපයක් දක්වා ඇත. ඔවුන් පස් වතාවක් FIFA ලෝක කුසලානයට සහභාගී විය. ඒ හා සමානව, ඔවුන් 1939 සහ 1975 දී කෝපා ඇමරිකාවේ ශූරයන් වූ අතර, 1936 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස කැපී පෙනුනේ අර්ධ අවසන් පූර්ව වටයේදී ඔස්ට්‍රියාවට ලබා දුන් වෝක් ඕවර් එකකින් ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව ගෙදර යාමට පෙරය. ටෙයෝෆිලෝ කුබිලස් පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම පාපන්දු ක්‍රීඩකයා ලෙස සැලකේ. සමාජ මට්ටමින්, යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ 1972 දී කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනෙන අතර 1997 දී ස්පෝර්ටිං ක්‍රිස්ටල් ද අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනේ. ජාත්‍යන්තර ශූරතා ඇති එකම පේරු සමාජ වන්නේ 2003 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා සහ 2004 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා දිනාගත් සියෙන්සියානෝ සහ 2011 U-20 කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි ශූරයා වූ යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ ය.

පේරු හි අනෙකුත් ජනප්‍රිය ක්‍රීඩා වන්නේ වොලිබෝල්, සර්ෆින් සහ කරාටේ ය. පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේදී පේරු රන්, රිදී සහ ලෝකඩ පදක්කම් කිහිපයක් දිනා ඇත. 1980 සහ 90 දශකවල ප්‍රමුඛ කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එකක් වූ පේරු කාන්තා ජාතික වොලිබෝල් කණ්ඩායම 1988 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී රිදී පදක්කම දිනා ගත් අතර, පුළුල් පරතරයකින් පෙරමුණ ගැනීමෙන් පසු සෝවියට් සංගමයට 3–2ක් ලෙස පරාජය විය. පේරු සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සර්ෆින් සහ වොලිබෝල් ක්‍රීඩාවට ඉතා දක්ෂ වී ඇත.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>nkicgtnozj7h151fvwfzdfjy6rwuw28</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754333</id>
      <parentid>754332</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:58:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන්</comment>
      <origin>754333</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44512" sha1="j09rltb5j88jh34xtchzfki7thaa10z" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.
=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර පිසාරෝ ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සෙරෙස් ද විය, ඔහු වර්ඩඩෙරා රිලේෂන් ඩි ලා කොන්ක්විස්ටා ඩෙල් පෙරූ වයි ප්‍රොවින්ෂියා ඩෙල් කුස්කෝ ලැමඩ ලා නුවා කැස්ටිලා ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, රිලේෂන් ඩි කොමෝ ලොස් එස්පනෝල්ස් එන්ට්රොන් එන් පිරූ වයි එල් උපසෙසෝ ක්වි ටූවෝ මැංගෝ ඉන්කා එන් එල් ටයිම්පෝ එන් ක්වි එන්ට්‍රි එලෝස් විවියෝ ලිවූ ටිටු කුසි යුපන්කුයි වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ සිරෝ ඇලෙග්‍රියා&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හොසේ මරියා ආර්ගුවෙඩාස් වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන හෝසේ කාලෝස් මරියාටෙගුයි විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණය සහ ඇමරිකාව සොයා ගැනීම නිසා, ගවේෂකයෝ කොලොම්බියානු හුවමාරුව ආරම්භ කළ අතර එයට අර්තාපල්, තක්කාලි සහ බඩ ඉරිඟු ඇතුළු පැරණි ලෝකයේ නොදන්නා ආහාර ඇතුළත් විය. නූතන ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාරවලට බොහෝ විට ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ මිරිස් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි ඉන්ස්ටිටියුටෝ පේරුආනෝ ඩි ලා පැපාට අනුව, පේරු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයේ වගා කරන ලද අර්තාපල් වර්ග 3,000 කට වඩා දැන් තිබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; නූතන පේරු ආහාර චීන, අප්‍රිකානු, අරාබි, ඉතාලි සහ ජපන් ආහාර පිසීමේ ප්‍රබල බලපෑම් සහිත ඇමරින්ඩියන් සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආහාර මිශ්‍ර කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; පොදු කෑම වර්ග අතර ඇන්ටිකුචෝස්, සෙවිචේ සහ පචමන්කා ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි විවිධ දේශගුණය ආහාර පිසීම සඳහා හොඳ විවිධ ශාක හා සතුන් වර්ධනය වීමට ඉඩ සලසයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝකයේ හොඳම ආහාර වලින් එකක් ඇති බව දන්නා කරුණකි. අගනුවර වන ලීමා, සෙන්ට්‍රල් අවන්හලේ නිවහන වන අතර එය ලොව හොඳම අවන්හල් වලින් එකක් වන අතර රටේ සෑම භූගෝලීය කොටසක් වන කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ), සියෙරා (කඳු) සහ සෙල්වා (වැසි වනාන්තර) වලින් විවිධ පේරු කෑම වර්ග සපයයි.

පේරු ආහාර පිසීම දේශීය භාවිතයන් සහ අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබිඹු කරයි - ඉන්කා වැනි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනයේ බලපෑම් සහ යටත් විජිතවාදීන් සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් ආහාර ඇතුළුව. ඔවුන්ගේ මව් රටවලින් හුරුපුරුදු අමුද්‍රව්‍ය නොමැතිව, සංක්‍රමණිකයන් පේරු හි ඇති අමුද්‍රව්‍ය භාවිතා කරමින් ඔවුන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර වෙනස් කළහ. පේරු ආහාර පිසීමේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ප්‍රධාන ආහාර හතර වන්නේ ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ අනෙකුත් අල, අමරන්තසීස් (ක්විනෝවා, කනිවා සහ කිවිචා) සහ රනිල කුලයට අයත් බෝංචි (බෝංචි සහ ලුපින්) ය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ගෙන එන ලද ප්‍රධාන ආහාර අතර සහල්, තිරිඟු සහ මස් (හරක් මස්, ඌරු මස් සහ කුකුල් මස්) ඇතුළත් වේ. ක්විනෝවා, කිවිචා, මිරිස් ගම්මිරිස් සහ මුල් සහ අල කිහිපයක් වැනි බොහෝ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර - මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ ජනප්‍රියතාවය වැඩි වී ඇති අතර, එය ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාර සහ සූපශාස්ත්‍ර ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව නැවත ඇති කිරීමක් පිළිබිඹු කරයි. සංචාරකයින් නැරඹීමට පැමිණෙන කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර නවීන රසයකින් පිරිනමනු දැකීම ද සුලභ ය. සූපවේදී ගැස්ටන් අකුරියෝ දේශීය අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබඳ දැනුවත්භාවය වැඩි කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ වී ඇත.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
පේරු සංගීතයට ඇන්ඩියන්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ අප්‍රිකානු මූලයන් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කාලවලදී, සෑම කලාපයකම සංගීත ප්‍රකාශන පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් විය; ක්වේනා සහ ටිනියා පොදු උපකරණ දෙකක් විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් ගිටාරය සහ වීණාව වැනි නව උපකරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර එය චරන්ගෝ වැනි දෙමුහුන් උපකරණ සංවර්ධනයට හේතු විය. පේරු සංගීතයට අප්‍රිකානු දායකත්වයන් අතර එහි රිද්මයන් සහ බෙර වාදනයක් වන කැජොන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජන නැටුම් අතර මැරිනෙරා, ටොන්ඩෙරෝ, සමකුවෙකා, ඩයබ්ලාඩා සහ හුවායිනෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු සංගීතය ජාතික උපකරණය වන චරන්ගෝ විසින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි. චරන්ගෝ යනු ලුට් සංගීත භාණ්ඩ පවුලේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර යටත් විජිත සමයේදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ විහුයෙලා අනුකරණය කරන සංගීතඥයින් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කැනාස් සහ ටිටිකාකා ප්‍රදේශවල, චරන්ගෝව පෙම් සබඳතා චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍රවල භාවිතා කරන අතර, සංකේතාත්මකව සුරංගනාවියන් කැඳවමින් කාන්තාව පිරිමි රංගන ශිල්පීන් වෙත ආකර්ෂණය කර ගනී. 1960 දශකය වන තෙක්, චරන්ගෝව ග්‍රාමීය දුප්පතුන්ගේ මෙවලමක් ලෙස අවමානයට ලක් කරන ලදී. ඉන්ඩිජෙනිස්මෝ ව්‍යාපාරය (1910-1940) ගොඩනැගූ 1959 විප්ලවයෙන් පසුව, චරන්ගෝ අනෙකුත් රංගන ශිල්පීන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය විය. ප්‍රභේද අතර වලයිචෝ, චිලඩෝර්, චින්ලිලි සහ විශාල සහ පහළ සුසර කරන ලද චරන්ගෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගිටාරය බහුලව වාදනය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සම්භවයක් ඇති බන්ඩුරියා ද එසේමය. ගිටාරය මෙන් නොව, එය වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා පේරු වාදකයින් විසින් පරිවර්තනය කර ඇති අතර, එය තත් 12 කින් යුත්, පාඨමාලා 6 කින් යුත් උපකරණයක සිට පාඨමාලා හතරකින් තත් 12 සිට 16 දක්වා ඇති එකක් බවට වෙනස් වී ඇත. යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති වයලීන සහ වීණා ද වාදනය කෙරේ. පේරු හි ඉතා ප්‍රසිද්ධ උපකරණයක් වන්නේ ඉන්කා යුගයේ සිට පැවත එන පෑන් නළාවයි. එය කුහර උණ බට වලින් සාදා ඇති අතර පේරු ඇන්ඩීස් හි බහුලව වාදනය වේ.

ලතින් ග්‍රැමී සම්මාන සහ ඔර්ගුලෝසමෙන්ටේ ලැටිනෝ සම්මානය වැනි සම්මානලාභීන් වන සුසන් ඔචෝවා, ඇනා කැරිනා, ජීන් පෝල් ස්ට්‍රෝස්, ලෙස්ලි ෂෝ, රාවුල් රොමේරෝ, ගියන් මාර්කෝ සහ පෙඩ්‍රෝ සුවාරෙස්-වර්ටිස් වැනි ජාතික හා ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් රොක් සහ පොප් ගායකයින් සහ සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් ද රට තුළ ඇත. පේරු යනු ලොව පළමු ගරාජ් රොක් සහ ප්‍රොටොපන්ක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම ලෙස සැලකෙන ලොස් සයිකෝස් උපත ලැබූ රට ද වේ. අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ පේරු රොක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් අතරට අරීනා හැෂ්, නොස්ක්වින් වයි ලොස් නොස්කුආන්ටෝස්, ෆ්‍රාගිල්, ආමෙන් සහ මාර් ඩි කොපාස් ඇතුළත් වේ.

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
පේරු චිත්‍රපට කර්මාන්තය වෙනත් සමහර ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල මෙන් බොහෝ දුරට සාර්ථක වී නැති අතර, සමහර පේරු චිත්‍රපට කලාපීය සාර්ථකත්වයක් භුක්ති විඳිති. ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන්, පේරු හි සිනමාව රබර් උත්පාතය සහ නගරයට තාක්ෂණය ගෙන එන විදේශිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම හේතුවෙන් 1932 දී ඉක්විටෝස් හි ඇන්ටෝනියෝ වොන්ග් රෙන්ගිෆෝ (1900 සිට සැලකිය යුතු මුල් චිත්‍රපට දැන්වීම් පුවරුවක් සමඟ) ආරම්භ විය. මෙය ලීමා අගනුවර නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද චිත්‍රපටවලට වඩා වෙනස් ශෛලියකින් සංලක්ෂිත වූ පුළුල් හා සුවිශේෂී චිත්‍රපටකරණයක් වර්ධනය වීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු විසින් ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සජීවිකරණ ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටය වන පිරටාස් එන් එල් කැලාඕ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ඓතිහාසික වරාය නගරයක් වන කැලාඕ හි පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර, යටත් විජිත සමයේදී එහි යටත් විජිත සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ වෙළඳාම අඩපණ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලන්දේසි සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පෞද්ගලික පුද්ගලයින්ගේ ප්‍රහාරවලින් ආරක්ෂා වීමට සිදු විය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද්දේ පේරු සමාගමක් වන අල්පමායෝ එන්ටර්ටේන්මන්ට් විසින් වන අතර එය වසරකට පසුව දෙවන ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටයක් නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය: ඩ්‍රැගන්ස්: ඩෙස්ටිනෝ ඩි ෆියුගෝ.


In February 2006, the film ''[[:en:Madeinusa|Madeinusa]]'', produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by [[:en:Claudia_Llosa|Claudia Llosa]], was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by [[:en:Magaly_Solier|Magaly Solier]] and the traumas of post-civil war Peru.

Llosa, who drew inspiration from elements of [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel García Márquez]]'s [[:en:Magic_realism|magic realism]], won an award at the [[:en:Rotterdam_Film_Festival|Rotterdam Film Festival]]. Llosa's second feature, ''[[:en:The_Milk_of_Sorrow|The Milk of Sorrow]]'' (&quot;La Teta Asustada&quot;), was nominated for the [[:en:82nd_Academy_Awards|82nd Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:59th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|59th Berlin International Film Festival]].

2006 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී, පේරු සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤය අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපාරයක් ලෙස නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සහ ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද මැඩිනුසා චිත්‍රපටය, මනඃකල්පිත ඇන්ඩියන් ගම්මානයක පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර එය මැගලි සොලියර් විසින් රඟ දක්වන ලද මැඩිනුසා හි එකතැන පල්වෙන ජීවිතය සහ පශ්චාත් සිවිල් යුද්ධයේ පේරු හි කම්පන විස්තර කරයි.

ගේබ්‍රියෙල් ගාර්ෂියා මාර්කේස්ගේ මැජික් යථාර්ථවාදයේ අංග වලින් ආභාෂය ලැබූ ලෝසා, රොටර්ඩෑම් චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී සම්මානයක් දිනා ගත්තේය. ලෝසාගේ දෙවන විශේෂාංගය වන &quot;ද මිල්ක් ඔෆ් සොරෝ&quot; (&quot;ලා ටෙටා අසුස්ටාඩා&quot;), 82 වන ඇකඩමි සම්මාන උළෙලේ හොඳම විදේශ භාෂා චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා නම් කරන ලද අතර එය ඇකඩමි ඉතිහාසයේ නම් කරන ලද පළමු පේරු චිත්‍රපටයයි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය 59 වන බර්ලින් ජාත්‍යන්තර චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී ගෝල්ඩන් බෙයාර් සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය.

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

ක්‍රීඩාව පිළිබඳ අදහස 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සහ අනෙකුත් දේශීය විනෝදාස්වාද ක්‍රම යටත් විජිත යුගයට පෙර පැවතුනි. වඩාත් මෑතකදී, වාණිජකරණයට සම්බන්ධ ඇමරිකානු ශාරීරික අධ්‍යාපනය පිළිබඳ දෘෂ්ටිවාදය පුළුල් ආකර්ෂණයක් ලබා ඇත. රටේ ක්‍රීඩා ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන කිහිපයකට බෙදා ඇත (එක් එක් ක්‍රීඩා පුහුණුව සඳහා එකක්), ඒවා ඔවුන්ගේ පුහුණුව නියාමනය කිරීම සඳහා ඉහළම රාජ්‍ය ආයතනය වන පේරු ක්‍රීඩා ආයතනයේ (IPD) අධීක්ෂණය යටතේ පවතී. බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන ලීමා හි විලා ඩිපෝර්ටිවා නැෂනල් හි පිහිටා ඇත. පේරු හි විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය වන්නේ 80,000 කට අධික ධාරිතාවක් ඇති එස්ටාඩියෝ මොනුමෙන්ටල් &quot;යූ&quot; වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දෙවන විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය බවට පත් කරයි. රටේ ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාංගනය එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ය. පේරු 2004 කෝපා ඇමරිකා, 2005 FIFA U-17 ලෝක ශූරතාවලිය, 2013 සහ 2024 බොලිවේරියානු ක්‍රීඩා සහ රට විසින් පවත්වන ලද විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව්ව වන 2019 පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා වැනි විවිධ ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව් සඳහා සත්කාරකත්වය ලබා දී ඇත. පේරු හි ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාව පැලේටා ෆ්‍රොන්ටන් වන අතර එය 16 වන සියවසේ ලීමා හි වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

පාපන්දු යනු රටේ වඩාත්ම ජනප්‍රිය හා බහුලව භාවිතා වන ක්‍රීඩාවයි. පේරු ප්‍රයිමෙරා ඩිවිෂන් යනු ජාතියේ වැදගත්ම සමාජ තරඟාවලියයි. පිරිමි කණ්ඩායම ලෝක වේදිකාවේ වැදගත් දස්කම් කිහිපයක් දක්වා ඇත. ඔවුන් පස් වතාවක් FIFA ලෝක කුසලානයට සහභාගී විය. ඒ හා සමානව, ඔවුන් 1939 සහ 1975 දී කෝපා ඇමරිකාවේ ශූරයන් වූ අතර, 1936 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස කැපී පෙනුනේ අර්ධ අවසන් පූර්ව වටයේදී ඔස්ට්‍රියාවට ලබා දුන් වෝක් ඕවර් එකකින් ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව ගෙදර යාමට පෙරය. ටෙයෝෆිලෝ කුබිලස් පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම පාපන්දු ක්‍රීඩකයා ලෙස සැලකේ. සමාජ මට්ටමින්, යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ 1972 දී කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනෙන අතර 1997 දී ස්පෝර්ටිං ක්‍රිස්ටල් ද අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනේ. ජාත්‍යන්තර ශූරතා ඇති එකම පේරු සමාජ වන්නේ 2003 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා සහ 2004 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා දිනාගත් සියෙන්සියානෝ සහ 2011 U-20 කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි ශූරයා වූ යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ ය.

පේරු හි අනෙකුත් ජනප්‍රිය ක්‍රීඩා වන්නේ වොලිබෝල්, සර්ෆින් සහ කරාටේ ය. පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේදී පේරු රන්, රිදී සහ ලෝකඩ පදක්කම් කිහිපයක් දිනා ඇත. 1980 සහ 90 දශකවල ප්‍රමුඛ කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එකක් වූ පේරු කාන්තා ජාතික වොලිබෝල් කණ්ඩායම 1988 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී රිදී පදක්කම දිනා ගත් අතර, පුළුල් පරතරයකින් පෙරමුණ ගැනීමෙන් පසු සෝවියට් සංගමයට 3–2ක් ලෙස පරාජය විය. පේරු සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සර්ෆින් සහ වොලිබෝල් ක්‍රීඩාවට ඉතා දක්ෂ වී ඇත.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු]]</text>
      <sha1>j09rltb5j88jh34xtchzfki7thaa10z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754341</id>
      <parentid>754333</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:02:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* සිනමාව */</comment>
      <origin>754341</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43491" sha1="8otxjs98dkpnexcz6rcyj901m1jtp6w" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.
=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර පිසාරෝ ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සෙරෙස් ද විය, ඔහු වර්ඩඩෙරා රිලේෂන් ඩි ලා කොන්ක්විස්ටා ඩෙල් පෙරූ වයි ප්‍රොවින්ෂියා ඩෙල් කුස්කෝ ලැමඩ ලා නුවා කැස්ටිලා ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, රිලේෂන් ඩි කොමෝ ලොස් එස්පනෝල්ස් එන්ට්රොන් එන් පිරූ වයි එල් උපසෙසෝ ක්වි ටූවෝ මැංගෝ ඉන්කා එන් එල් ටයිම්පෝ එන් ක්වි එන්ට්‍රි එලෝස් විවියෝ ලිවූ ටිටු කුසි යුපන්කුයි වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ සිරෝ ඇලෙග්‍රියා&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හොසේ මරියා ආර්ගුවෙඩාස් වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන හෝසේ කාලෝස් මරියාටෙගුයි විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණය සහ ඇමරිකාව සොයා ගැනීම නිසා, ගවේෂකයෝ කොලොම්බියානු හුවමාරුව ආරම්භ කළ අතර එයට අර්තාපල්, තක්කාලි සහ බඩ ඉරිඟු ඇතුළු පැරණි ලෝකයේ නොදන්නා ආහාර ඇතුළත් විය. නූතන ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාරවලට බොහෝ විට ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ මිරිස් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි ඉන්ස්ටිටියුටෝ පේරුආනෝ ඩි ලා පැපාට අනුව, පේරු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයේ වගා කරන ලද අර්තාපල් වර්ග 3,000 කට වඩා දැන් තිබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; නූතන පේරු ආහාර චීන, අප්‍රිකානු, අරාබි, ඉතාලි සහ ජපන් ආහාර පිසීමේ ප්‍රබල බලපෑම් සහිත ඇමරින්ඩියන් සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආහාර මිශ්‍ර කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; පොදු කෑම වර්ග අතර ඇන්ටිකුචෝස්, සෙවිචේ සහ පචමන්කා ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි විවිධ දේශගුණය ආහාර පිසීම සඳහා හොඳ විවිධ ශාක හා සතුන් වර්ධනය වීමට ඉඩ සලසයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝකයේ හොඳම ආහාර වලින් එකක් ඇති බව දන්නා කරුණකි. අගනුවර වන ලීමා, සෙන්ට්‍රල් අවන්හලේ නිවහන වන අතර එය ලොව හොඳම අවන්හල් වලින් එකක් වන අතර රටේ සෑම භූගෝලීය කොටසක් වන කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ), සියෙරා (කඳු) සහ සෙල්වා (වැසි වනාන්තර) වලින් විවිධ පේරු කෑම වර්ග සපයයි.

පේරු ආහාර පිසීම දේශීය භාවිතයන් සහ අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබිඹු කරයි - ඉන්කා වැනි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනයේ බලපෑම් සහ යටත් විජිතවාදීන් සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් ආහාර ඇතුළුව. ඔවුන්ගේ මව් රටවලින් හුරුපුරුදු අමුද්‍රව්‍ය නොමැතිව, සංක්‍රමණිකයන් පේරු හි ඇති අමුද්‍රව්‍ය භාවිතා කරමින් ඔවුන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර වෙනස් කළහ. පේරු ආහාර පිසීමේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ප්‍රධාන ආහාර හතර වන්නේ ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ අනෙකුත් අල, අමරන්තසීස් (ක්විනෝවා, කනිවා සහ කිවිචා) සහ රනිල කුලයට අයත් බෝංචි (බෝංචි සහ ලුපින්) ය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ගෙන එන ලද ප්‍රධාන ආහාර අතර සහල්, තිරිඟු සහ මස් (හරක් මස්, ඌරු මස් සහ කුකුල් මස්) ඇතුළත් වේ. ක්විනෝවා, කිවිචා, මිරිස් ගම්මිරිස් සහ මුල් සහ අල කිහිපයක් වැනි බොහෝ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර - මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ ජනප්‍රියතාවය වැඩි වී ඇති අතර, එය ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාර සහ සූපශාස්ත්‍ර ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව නැවත ඇති කිරීමක් පිළිබිඹු කරයි. සංචාරකයින් නැරඹීමට පැමිණෙන කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර නවීන රසයකින් පිරිනමනු දැකීම ද සුලභ ය. සූපවේදී ගැස්ටන් අකුරියෝ දේශීය අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබඳ දැනුවත්භාවය වැඩි කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ වී ඇත.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
පේරු සංගීතයට ඇන්ඩියන්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ අප්‍රිකානු මූලයන් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කාලවලදී, සෑම කලාපයකම සංගීත ප්‍රකාශන පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් විය; ක්වේනා සහ ටිනියා පොදු උපකරණ දෙකක් විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් ගිටාරය සහ වීණාව වැනි නව උපකරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර එය චරන්ගෝ වැනි දෙමුහුන් උපකරණ සංවර්ධනයට හේතු විය. පේරු සංගීතයට අප්‍රිකානු දායකත්වයන් අතර එහි රිද්මයන් සහ බෙර වාදනයක් වන කැජොන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජන නැටුම් අතර මැරිනෙරා, ටොන්ඩෙරෝ, සමකුවෙකා, ඩයබ්ලාඩා සහ හුවායිනෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු සංගීතය ජාතික උපකරණය වන චරන්ගෝ විසින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි. චරන්ගෝ යනු ලුට් සංගීත භාණ්ඩ පවුලේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර යටත් විජිත සමයේදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ විහුයෙලා අනුකරණය කරන සංගීතඥයින් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කැනාස් සහ ටිටිකාකා ප්‍රදේශවල, චරන්ගෝව පෙම් සබඳතා චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍රවල භාවිතා කරන අතර, සංකේතාත්මකව සුරංගනාවියන් කැඳවමින් කාන්තාව පිරිමි රංගන ශිල්පීන් වෙත ආකර්ෂණය කර ගනී. 1960 දශකය වන තෙක්, චරන්ගෝව ග්‍රාමීය දුප්පතුන්ගේ මෙවලමක් ලෙස අවමානයට ලක් කරන ලදී. ඉන්ඩිජෙනිස්මෝ ව්‍යාපාරය (1910-1940) ගොඩනැගූ 1959 විප්ලවයෙන් පසුව, චරන්ගෝ අනෙකුත් රංගන ශිල්පීන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය විය. ප්‍රභේද අතර වලයිචෝ, චිලඩෝර්, චින්ලිලි සහ විශාල සහ පහළ සුසර කරන ලද චරන්ගෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගිටාරය බහුලව වාදනය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සම්භවයක් ඇති බන්ඩුරියා ද එසේමය. ගිටාරය මෙන් නොව, එය වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා පේරු වාදකයින් විසින් පරිවර්තනය කර ඇති අතර, එය තත් 12 කින් යුත්, පාඨමාලා 6 කින් යුත් උපකරණයක සිට පාඨමාලා හතරකින් තත් 12 සිට 16 දක්වා ඇති එකක් බවට වෙනස් වී ඇත. යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති වයලීන සහ වීණා ද වාදනය කෙරේ. පේරු හි ඉතා ප්‍රසිද්ධ උපකරණයක් වන්නේ ඉන්කා යුගයේ සිට පැවත එන පෑන් නළාවයි. එය කුහර උණ බට වලින් සාදා ඇති අතර පේරු ඇන්ඩීස් හි බහුලව වාදනය වේ.

ලතින් ග්‍රැමී සම්මාන සහ ඔර්ගුලෝසමෙන්ටේ ලැටිනෝ සම්මානය වැනි සම්මානලාභීන් වන සුසන් ඔචෝවා, ඇනා කැරිනා, ජීන් පෝල් ස්ට්‍රෝස්, ලෙස්ලි ෂෝ, රාවුල් රොමේරෝ, ගියන් මාර්කෝ සහ පෙඩ්‍රෝ සුවාරෙස්-වර්ටිස් වැනි ජාතික හා ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් රොක් සහ පොප් ගායකයින් සහ සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් ද රට තුළ ඇත. පේරු යනු ලොව පළමු ගරාජ් රොක් සහ ප්‍රොටොපන්ක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම ලෙස සැලකෙන ලොස් සයිකෝස් උපත ලැබූ රට ද වේ. අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ පේරු රොක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් අතරට අරීනා හැෂ්, නොස්ක්වින් වයි ලොස් නොස්කුආන්ටෝස්, ෆ්‍රාගිල්, ආමෙන් සහ මාර් ඩි කොපාස් ඇතුළත් වේ.

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
පේරු චිත්‍රපට කර්මාන්තය වෙනත් සමහර ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල මෙන් බොහෝ දුරට සාර්ථක වී නැති අතර, සමහර පේරු චිත්‍රපට කලාපීය සාර්ථකත්වයක් භුක්ති විඳිති. ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන්, පේරු හි සිනමාව රබර් උත්පාතය සහ නගරයට තාක්ෂණය ගෙන එන විදේශිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම හේතුවෙන් 1932 දී ඉක්විටෝස් හි ඇන්ටෝනියෝ වොන්ග් රෙන්ගිෆෝ (1900 සිට සැලකිය යුතු මුල් චිත්‍රපට දැන්වීම් පුවරුවක් සමඟ) ආරම්භ විය. මෙය ලීමා අගනුවර නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද චිත්‍රපටවලට වඩා වෙනස් ශෛලියකින් සංලක්ෂිත වූ පුළුල් හා සුවිශේෂී චිත්‍රපටකරණයක් වර්ධනය වීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු විසින් ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සජීවිකරණ ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටය වන පිරටාස් එන් එල් කැලාඕ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ඓතිහාසික වරාය නගරයක් වන කැලාඕ හි පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර, යටත් විජිත සමයේදී එහි යටත් විජිත සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ වෙළඳාම අඩපණ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලන්දේසි සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පෞද්ගලික පුද්ගලයින්ගේ ප්‍රහාරවලින් ආරක්ෂා වීමට සිදු විය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද්දේ පේරු සමාගමක් වන අල්පමායෝ එන්ටර්ටේන්මන්ට් විසින් වන අතර එය වසරකට පසුව දෙවන ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටයක් නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය: ඩ්‍රැගන්ස්: ඩෙස්ටිනෝ ඩි ෆියුගෝ.

2006 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී, පේරු සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤය අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපාරයක් ලෙස නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සහ ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද මැඩිනුසා චිත්‍රපටය, මනඃකල්පිත ඇන්ඩියන් ගම්මානයක පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර එය මැගලි සොලියර් විසින් රඟ දක්වන ලද මැඩිනුසා හි එකතැන පල්වෙන ජීවිතය සහ පශ්චාත් සිවිල් යුද්ධයේ පේරු හි කම්පන විස්තර කරයි.

ගේබ්‍රියෙල් ගාර්ෂියා මාර්කේස්ගේ මැජික් යථාර්ථවාදයේ අංග වලින් ආභාෂය ලැබූ ලෝසා, රොටර්ඩෑම් චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී සම්මානයක් දිනා ගත්තේය. ලෝසාගේ දෙවන විශේෂාංගය වන &quot;ද මිල්ක් ඔෆ් සොරෝ&quot; (&quot;ලා ටෙටා අසුස්ටාඩා&quot;), 82 වන ඇකඩමි සම්මාන උළෙලේ හොඳම විදේශ භාෂා චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා නම් කරන ලද අතර එය ඇකඩමි ඉතිහාසයේ නම් කරන ලද පළමු පේරු චිත්‍රපටයයි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය 59 වන බර්ලින් ජාත්‍යන්තර චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී ගෝල්ඩන් බෙයාර් සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය.

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the [[:en:Villa_Deportiva_Nacional|Villa Deportiva Nacional]] in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is [[:en:Estadio_Monumental_&quot;U&quot;|Estadio Monumental &quot;U&quot;]] which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the [[:en:Estadio_Nacional_del_Perú|Estadio Nacional]]. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the [[:en:2004_Copa_América|2004 Copa América]], [[:en:2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship|2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], [[:en:2013_Bolivarian_Games|2013]] and [[:en:2024_Bolivarian_Games|2024 Bolivarian Games]], and the largest sporting event held by the country, the [[:en:2019_Pan_American_Games|2019 Pan American Games]]. The national sport of Peru is [[:en:Paleta_frontón|Paleta frontón]], which has developed in the 16th century in Lima.

ක්‍රීඩාව පිළිබඳ අදහස 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සහ අනෙකුත් දේශීය විනෝදාස්වාද ක්‍රම යටත් විජිත යුගයට පෙර පැවතුනි. වඩාත් මෑතකදී, වාණිජකරණයට සම්බන්ධ ඇමරිකානු ශාරීරික අධ්‍යාපනය පිළිබඳ දෘෂ්ටිවාදය පුළුල් ආකර්ෂණයක් ලබා ඇත. රටේ ක්‍රීඩා ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන කිහිපයකට බෙදා ඇත (එක් එක් ක්‍රීඩා පුහුණුව සඳහා එකක්), ඒවා ඔවුන්ගේ පුහුණුව නියාමනය කිරීම සඳහා ඉහළම රාජ්‍ය ආයතනය වන පේරු ක්‍රීඩා ආයතනයේ (IPD) අධීක්ෂණය යටතේ පවතී. බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන ලීමා හි විලා ඩිපෝර්ටිවා නැෂනල් හි පිහිටා ඇත. පේරු හි විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය වන්නේ 80,000 කට අධික ධාරිතාවක් ඇති එස්ටාඩියෝ මොනුමෙන්ටල් &quot;යූ&quot; වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දෙවන විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය බවට පත් කරයි. රටේ ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාංගනය එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ය. පේරු 2004 කෝපා ඇමරිකා, 2005 FIFA U-17 ලෝක ශූරතාවලිය, 2013 සහ 2024 බොලිවේරියානු ක්‍රීඩා සහ රට විසින් පවත්වන ලද විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව්ව වන 2019 පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා වැනි විවිධ ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව් සඳහා සත්කාරකත්වය ලබා දී ඇත. පේරු හි ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාව පැලේටා ෆ්‍රොන්ටන් වන අතර එය 16 වන සියවසේ ලීමා හි වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

පාපන්දු යනු රටේ වඩාත්ම ජනප්‍රිය හා බහුලව භාවිතා වන ක්‍රීඩාවයි. පේරු ප්‍රයිමෙරා ඩිවිෂන් යනු ජාතියේ වැදගත්ම සමාජ තරඟාවලියයි. පිරිමි කණ්ඩායම ලෝක වේදිකාවේ වැදගත් දස්කම් කිහිපයක් දක්වා ඇත. ඔවුන් පස් වතාවක් FIFA ලෝක කුසලානයට සහභාගී විය. ඒ හා සමානව, ඔවුන් 1939 සහ 1975 දී කෝපා ඇමරිකාවේ ශූරයන් වූ අතර, 1936 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස කැපී පෙනුනේ අර්ධ අවසන් පූර්ව වටයේදී ඔස්ට්‍රියාවට ලබා දුන් වෝක් ඕවර් එකකින් ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව ගෙදර යාමට පෙරය. ටෙයෝෆිලෝ කුබිලස් පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම පාපන්දු ක්‍රීඩකයා ලෙස සැලකේ. සමාජ මට්ටමින්, යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ 1972 දී කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනෙන අතර 1997 දී ස්පෝර්ටිං ක්‍රිස්ටල් ද අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනේ. ජාත්‍යන්තර ශූරතා ඇති එකම පේරු සමාජ වන්නේ 2003 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා සහ 2004 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා දිනාගත් සියෙන්සියානෝ සහ 2011 U-20 කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි ශූරයා වූ යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ ය.

පේරු හි අනෙකුත් ජනප්‍රිය ක්‍රීඩා වන්නේ වොලිබෝල්, සර්ෆින් සහ කරාටේ ය. පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේදී පේරු රන්, රිදී සහ ලෝකඩ පදක්කම් කිහිපයක් දිනා ඇත. 1980 සහ 90 දශකවල ප්‍රමුඛ කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එකක් වූ පේරු කාන්තා ජාතික වොලිබෝල් කණ්ඩායම 1988 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී රිදී පදක්කම දිනා ගත් අතර, පුළුල් පරතරයකින් පෙරමුණ ගැනීමෙන් පසු සෝවියට් සංගමයට 3–2ක් ලෙස පරාජය විය. පේරු සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සර්ෆින් සහ වොලිබෝල් ක්‍රීඩාවට ඉතා දක්ෂ වී ඇත.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>8otxjs98dkpnexcz6rcyj901m1jtp6w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754342</id>
      <parentid>754341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:04:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ක්‍රීඩාව */</comment>
      <origin>754342</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42113" sha1="b5gz2vngdcsyavvtppvl5lq6jho0o8u" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg|thumb|11 වන සියවසේ රෙදිපිළි බෝනික්කා, චැන්කේ සංස්කෘතිය, වෝල්ටර්ස් කලා කෞතුකාගාරය. පුරාණ පේරුහි සොහොන් ගෙවල්වල බෝනික්කන් නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Textile Doll |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
පේරු සංස්කෘතිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අයිබීරියානු සහ ඇන්ඩියන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් තුළ මුල් බැස ඇත, නමුත් එය විවිධ යුරෝපීය, ආසියානු සහ අප්‍රිකානු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්වල බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත. පේරු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායන් පූර්ව-ඉන්කා සංස්කෘතීන්හි විස්තීර්ණ මැටි භාණ්ඩ, රෙදිපිළි, ආභරණ සහ මූර්ති දක්වා දිව යයි. ඉන්කාවරු මෙම ශිල්ප නඩත්තු කළ අතර මචු පික්චු ඉදිකිරීම ඇතුළු වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගත්හ. ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන ලද නමුත් බැරොක් ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ යටත් විජිත කලාව.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, pp. 72–74.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෙම කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ, බොහෝ කලාවන් ආගමික විෂයයන් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය; යුගයේ බොහෝ පල්ලි සහ කුස්කෝ පාසලේ සිතුවම් නියෝජනය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය මතුවන තෙක් නිදහසින් පසු කලාවන් එකතැන පල් විය. 1950 ගණන්වල සිට, පේරු කලාව විදේශීය සහ දේශීය කලා ධාරා මගින් සාරාංශික සහ හැඩගස්වා ඇත.

=== දෘශ්‍ය කලා ===
පේරු කලාවේ ආරම්භය ඇන්ඩියන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල ඇත. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර නූතන පේරු භූමියේ ඇති විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසු පේරු කලාව යුරෝපීය අංග ඇතුළත් කර ගත් අතර නූතන කාලය දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා පරිණාමය විය.

==== පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කලාව ====
පේරු හි මුල්ම කලා කෘති පැමිණියේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළ තීරයේ සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වූ කුපිස්නික් සංස්කෘතියෙන් සහ කෝඩිලෙරා නෙග්‍රා සහ කෝඩිලෙරා බ්ලැන්කා හි ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටි අතර ලීමා හි උතුරින් බොහෝ දුරට පිහිටා තිබූ චාවින් සංස්කෘතියෙනි. මෙම යුගයේ සැරසිලි කටයුතු, ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 9 වන සියවසේදී සංකේතාත්මක හා ආගමික ස්වභාවයක් ගත්තේය. කලාකරුවන් විවිධ මූර්ති සහ සහන කැටයම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා රන්, රිදී සහ පිඟන් මැටි සමඟ වැඩ කළහ. මෙම ශිෂ්ටාචාර ඔවුන්ගේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ දැව මූර්ති සඳහා ද ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 9 වන සියවස සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2 වන සියවස අතර පේරු හි දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් සහ පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් සංස්කෘතීන් වර්ධනය විය. පැරකාස් කැවර්නාස් ආගමික නිරූපණයන් සහිත සංකීර්ණ බහු වර්ණ හා ඒකවර්ණ පිඟන් මැටි නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. පැරකාස් නෙක්‍රොපොලිස් හි භූමදානවලින් සංකීර්ණ රෙදිපිළි ද ලැබුණු අතර ඒවායින් බොහොමයක් නවීන ජ්‍යාමිතික රටා වලින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3 වන සියවසේදී ලැම්බයේක් කලාපයේ නාගරික සංස්කෘතිය වන මොචේ මල් පිපීම දක්නට ලැබුණි. මොචේ සංස්කෘතිය හුවාකාස් ඩෙල් සොල් වයි ඩි ලා ලූනා සහ සිපන් හි හුවාකා රජාඩා වැනි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔවුන් ටෙරස් සහ හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ වගා කිරීමේ විශේෂඥයින් වූ අතර මුල් පිඟන් මැටි, රෙදිපිළි, රූපමය සහ මූර්ති කෘති නිෂ්පාදනය කළහ. තවත් නාගරික සංස්කෘතියක් වන වාරි ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, 8 වන සහ 12 වන සියවස් අතර අයකුචෝ හි සමෘද්ධිමත් විය. ඔවුන්ගේ මධ්‍යගත නගර සැලසුම්කරණය පචකාමැක්, කැජමාර්කිල්ලා සහ වාරි විල්කා වැනි අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 9 වන සහ 13 වන සියවස් අතර, හමුදා නාගරික ටිවානාකු අධිරාජ්‍යය ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි මායිම් අසලින් නැඟී සිටියේය. නූතන බොලිවියාවේ එම නමින්ම ඇති නගරයක් වටා කේන්ද්‍රගත වූ ටිවානාකු, ස්මාරක ආකාරයේ ගල් ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ මූර්ති හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. මෙම ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ කලා කෘති ටිවානාකුගේ සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ලෝකඩ මගින් කළ හැකි වූ අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය මෙවලම් සෑදීමට හැකි විය.

14 වන සහ 15 වන සියවස් අතර චිමු සංස්කෘතියේ නාගරික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නව උසකට ළඟා විය. චිමු ලා ලිබර්ටැඩ් හි මෝචේ ගංගා නිම්නයේ චෑන් චෑන් නගරය ඉදි කළහ. චිමු දක්ෂ රන්කරුවන් වූ අතර ජලවිදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති නිර්මාණය කළේය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සියවස් වලදී පේරු එහි ආධිපත්‍යය යටතේ එක්සත් කළ ඉන්කා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය, ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල සංස්කෘතික උරුමයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් ඔවුන්ගේම කෘතිවලට ඇතුළත් කළේය. කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල ඔවුන්ගේ කලා කෘති හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ වැදගත් ධාතු දැකිය හැකිය, සක්සයිහුවාමන් සහ මචු පික්චු වැනි වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නටබුන් සහ ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ කුස්කෝව එක්සත් කළ ගල් පදික වේදිකා.

==== යටත් විජිත කලාව ====
[[File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''ශාන්ත ජෝසප් සහ ක්‍රිස්තුස් දරුවා, නිර්නාමික, යටත් විජිත කුස්කෝ සිතුවම් පාසල, 17-18 සියවස්'']]
සෙවිලියන් බැරොක් පාසලෙන් දැඩි ලෙස බලපෑමට ලක් වූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඇටලියර් වලින් පේරු මූර්ති සහ සිතුවම් තමන්ව නිර්වචනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙම සන්දර්භය තුළ, ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ ගායන කණ්ඩායමේ කුටි, පෙඩ්‍රෝ ඩි නොගුරා විසින් ලීමා ප්‍රධාන චතුරශ්‍රයේ දිය උල්පත සහ යටත් විජිත නිෂ්පාදනයේ විශාල කොටසක් ලියාපදිංචි කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද පළමු කලා මධ්‍යස්ථානය වූයේ ක්වෙචුවා කලාකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය සිතුවම් විලාසයන් ඉගැන්වූ කුස්කෝ පාසලයි. ඩියාගෝ ක්විස්පේ ටිටෝ (1611–1681) කුස්කෝ පාසලේ මුල්ම සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ අතර මාකෝස් සපාටා (1710–1773) අවසාන අයගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

මෙම කාලයේ සිතුවම් මගින් යුරෝපීය සහ ස්වදේශික බලපෑම්වල සංස්ලේෂණයක් පිළිබිඹු වන අතර, එය සිරකරු අටහුල්පාගේ චිත්‍රයෙන්, ඩී. ඩි මෝරා විසින් හෝ ඉතාලියානුවන් වන මැටියෝ පෙරෙස් ඩි ඇලෙසියෝ සහ ඇන්ජලිනෝ මෙඩෝරෝ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් වන ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ බෙජාරානෝ සහ ජේ. ඩි ඉලෙස්කාස් සහ ක්‍රියෝල් ජේ. රොඩ්‍රිගස්ගේ කැන්වස් වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

17 වන සහ 18 වන සියවස් වලදී, බැරොක් සහ රොකෝකෝ ශෛලීන්, ඒවායේ බර සැරසිලි සහ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වක්‍ර රේඛා සමඟ, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ද ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ලීමා හි සැන් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ආරාමයේ බිත්ති මත.
=== සාහිත්‍යය ===
පේරු සාහිත්‍යය නූතන පේරු ජනරජයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට පමණක් නොව, යටත් විජිත සමයේ පේරු හි උප රාජකීයත්වයේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සාහිත්‍යයට සහ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු යුගයේ දැන් පේරු ලෙස ජීවත් වූ විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද වාචික සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට ද යොමු වේ, එනම් කෙචුවා, අයිමාරා සහ චන්කා ජනතාව.[[File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg|thumb|පේරුහි වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ]]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් 16 වන සියවසේදී ලිවීම හඳුන්වා දුන්හ; යටත් විජිත සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රකාශනයට වංශකථා සහ ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය ඇතුළත් විය. පළමු වංශකථාකරුවන්ගෙන් සමහරක් හමුදා ගවේෂණවල නිල පිටපත් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ලේඛකයින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් විය. කලාපය යටත් කර ගැනීමට සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහය පිළිබඳ අද්විතීය පුද්ගලික අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන් නිල නොවන වංශකතාකරුවන් හෝ පුද්ගලික දිනපොත් ලියන්නන් කුඩා කණ්ඩායමක් ද සිටියහ. බොහෝ දුරට, මෙම වංශකතාකරුවන් සියලු දෙනාම &quot;ශිෂ්ටාචාරය&quot; කිරීම සහ පේරුහි ස්වදේශික ජනයාට &quot;සැබෑ ඇදහිල්ල හෙළි කිරීම&quot; යන මෙහෙවර දැරූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් ලිවීය. නිල ස්පාඤ්ඤ වංශකතාකරුවන් අතර පිසාරෝ ගේ පුද්ගලික ලේකම් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ සෙරෙස් ද විය, ඔහු වර්ඩඩෙරා රිලේෂන් ඩි ලා කොන්ක්විස්ටා ඩෙල් පෙරූ වයි ප්‍රොවින්ෂියා ඩෙල් කුස්කෝ ලැමඩ ලා නුවා කැස්ටිලා ලියා ඇත. ස්පාඤ්ඤ සංස්කෘතිය ගැන හුරුපුරුදු වීමෙන් පසුව, රිලේෂන් ඩි කොමෝ ලොස් එස්පනෝල්ස් එන්ට්රොන් එන් පිරූ වයි එල් උපසෙසෝ ක්වි ටූවෝ මැංගෝ ඉන්කා එන් එල් ටයිම්පෝ එන් ක්වි එන්ට්‍රි එලෝස් විවියෝ ලිවූ ටිටු කුසි යුපන්කුයි වැනි අය ද හැඳින්වේ.

නිදහසින් පසු, රිකාඩෝ පල්මාගේ කෘතිවල නිදසුන් ලෙස, කොස්ටම්බ්‍රිසම් සහ රොමෑන්ටිකවාදය වඩාත් පොදු සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රභේද බවට පත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870&quot;, pp. 37–39.&lt;/ref&gt; 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ස්වදේශිකවාදය ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවේ සිරෝ ඇලෙග්‍රියා&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 151–152.&lt;/ref&gt; සහ හොසේ මරියා ආර්ගුවෙඩාස් වැනි ලේඛකයින් විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 178–179.&lt;/ref&gt; 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ ඇවන්ගාඩ් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ කොලොනිඩා සහ අමවුටා යන සඟරා ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර, දෙවැන්න 1926 දී ප්‍රමුඛ සමාජවාදී රචකයෙකු වන හෝසේ කාලෝස් මරියාටෙගුයි විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එහි සහයෝගිතාකරුවෙකු වූ බලගතු කවියෙකු වන සීසර් වැලෙජෝ, 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල නූතනවාදී සහ බොහෝ විට දේශපාලනිකව සම්බන්ධ වූ පද්‍ය ලිවීය. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු උත්පාතයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභී මාරියෝ වර්ගාස් ලෝසා වැනි කතුවරුන්ට ස්තූතිවන්ත වෙමින් නූතන පේරු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිගැනේ.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, &quot;Narrative since c. 1920&quot;, pp. 186–188.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ආහාර පිසීම ===
[[File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg|alt=|thumb|''සෙවිචේ යනු පේරු හි ආරම්භ වූ ජනප්‍රිය දෙහි-මැරිනේටඩ් මුහුදු ආහාරයකි.'']]
ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණය සහ ඇමරිකාව සොයා ගැනීම නිසා, ගවේෂකයෝ කොලොම්බියානු හුවමාරුව ආරම්භ කළ අතර එයට අර්තාපල්, තක්කාලි සහ බඩ ඉරිඟු ඇතුළු පැරණි ලෝකයේ නොදන්නා ආහාර ඇතුළත් විය. නූතන ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාරවලට බොහෝ විට ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ මිරිස් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි ඉන්ස්ටිටියුටෝ පේරුආනෝ ඩි ලා පැපාට අනුව, පේරු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයේ වගා කරන ලද අර්තාපල් වර්ග 3,000 කට වඩා දැන් තිබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine |url=https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=MICHELIN Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; නූතන පේරු ආහාර චීන, අප්‍රිකානු, අරාබි, ඉතාලි සහ ජපන් ආහාර පිසීමේ ප්‍රබල බලපෑම් සහිත ඇමරින්ඩියන් සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආහාර මිශ්‍ර කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 17–22.&lt;/ref&gt; පොදු කෑම වර්ග අතර ඇන්ටිකුචෝස්, සෙවිචේ සහ පචමන්කා ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු හි විවිධ දේශගුණය ආහාර පිසීම සඳහා හොඳ විවිධ ශාක හා සතුන් වර්ධනය වීමට ඉඩ සලසයි.&lt;ref&gt;Custer, pp. 25–38.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝකයේ හොඳම ආහාර වලින් එකක් ඇති බව දන්නා කරුණකි. අගනුවර වන ලීමා, සෙන්ට්‍රල් අවන්හලේ නිවහන වන අතර එය ලොව හොඳම අවන්හල් වලින් එකක් වන අතර රටේ සෑම භූගෝලීය කොටසක් වන කොස්ටා (වෙරළබඩ), සියෙරා (කඳු) සහ සෙල්වා (වැසි වනාන්තර) වලින් විවිධ පේරු කෑම වර්ග සපයයි.

පේරු ආහාර පිසීම දේශීය භාවිතයන් සහ අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබිඹු කරයි - ඉන්කා වැනි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනයේ බලපෑම් සහ යටත් විජිතවාදීන් සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් ආහාර ඇතුළුව. ඔවුන්ගේ මව් රටවලින් හුරුපුරුදු අමුද්‍රව්‍ය නොමැතිව, සංක්‍රමණිකයන් පේරු හි ඇති අමුද්‍රව්‍ය භාවිතා කරමින් ඔවුන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර වෙනස් කළහ. පේරු ආහාර පිසීමේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ප්‍රධාන ආහාර හතර වන්නේ ඉරිඟු, අර්තාපල් සහ අනෙකුත් අල, අමරන්තසීස් (ක්විනෝවා, කනිවා සහ කිවිචා) සහ රනිල කුලයට අයත් බෝංචි (බෝංචි සහ ලුපින්) ය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ගෙන එන ලද ප්‍රධාන ආහාර අතර සහල්, තිරිඟු සහ මස් (හරක් මස්, ඌරු මස් සහ කුකුල් මස්) ඇතුළත් වේ. ක්විනෝවා, කිවිචා, මිරිස් ගම්මිරිස් සහ මුල් සහ අල කිහිපයක් වැනි බොහෝ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර - මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ ජනප්‍රියතාවය වැඩි වී ඇති අතර, එය ස්වදේශික පේරු ආහාර සහ සූපශාස්ත්‍ර ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව නැවත ඇති කිරීමක් පිළිබිඹු කරයි. සංචාරකයින් නැරඹීමට පැමිණෙන කුස්කෝ වැනි නගරවල සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආහාර නවීන රසයකින් පිරිනමනු දැකීම ද සුලභ ය. සූපවේදී ගැස්ටන් අකුරියෝ දේශීය අමුද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබඳ දැනුවත්භාවය වැඩි කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ වී ඇත.

=== සංගීතය ===
[[File:Marinera_Norteña.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg|thumb|මැරිනෙරා නොර්ටෙනා]]
පේරු සංගීතයට ඇන්ඩියන්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ අප්‍රිකානු මූලයන් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1999). &quot;Andean Peru&quot;. In: John Schechter (ed.), ''Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition''. New York: Schirmer Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;385–386.&lt;/ref&gt; පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු කාලවලදී, සෑම කලාපයකම සංගීත ප්‍රකාශන පුළුල් ලෙස වෙනස් විය; ක්වේනා සහ ටිනියා පොදු උපකරණ දෙකක් විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් ගිටාරය සහ වීණාව වැනි නව උපකරණ හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර එය චරන්ගෝ වැනි දෙමුහුන් උපකරණ සංවර්ධනයට හේතු විය. පේරු සංගීතයට අප්‍රිකානු දායකත්වයන් අතර එහි රිද්මයන් සහ බෙර වාදනයක් වන කැජොන් ඇතුළත් වේ. පේරු ජන නැටුම් අතර මැරිනෙරා, ටොන්ඩෙරෝ, සමකුවෙකා, ඩයබ්ලාඩා සහ හුවායිනෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;Romero, Raúl (1985). &quot;La música tradicional y popular&quot;. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, ''La música en el Perú''. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp.&amp;nbsp;pp. 243–245, 261–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු සංගීතය ජාතික උපකරණය වන චරන්ගෝ විසින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි. චරන්ගෝ යනු ලුට් සංගීත භාණ්ඩ පවුලේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර යටත් විජිත සමයේදී ස්පාඤ්ඤ විහුයෙලා අනුකරණය කරන සංගීතඥයින් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කැනාස් සහ ටිටිකාකා ප්‍රදේශවල, චරන්ගෝව පෙම් සබඳතා චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍රවල භාවිතා කරන අතර, සංකේතාත්මකව සුරංගනාවියන් කැඳවමින් කාන්තාව පිරිමි රංගන ශිල්පීන් වෙත ආකර්ෂණය කර ගනී. 1960 දශකය වන තෙක්, චරන්ගෝව ග්‍රාමීය දුප්පතුන්ගේ මෙවලමක් ලෙස අවමානයට ලක් කරන ලදී. ඉන්ඩිජෙනිස්මෝ ව්‍යාපාරය (1910-1940) ගොඩනැගූ 1959 විප්ලවයෙන් පසුව, චරන්ගෝ අනෙකුත් රංගන ශිල්පීන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය විය. ප්‍රභේද අතර වලයිචෝ, චිලඩෝර්, චින්ලිලි සහ විශාල සහ පහළ සුසර කරන ලද චරන්ගෝ ඇතුළත් වේ.

ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගිටාරය බහුලව වාදනය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සම්භවයක් ඇති බන්ඩුරියා ද එසේමය. ගිටාරය මෙන් නොව, එය වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා පේරු වාදකයින් විසින් පරිවර්තනය කර ඇති අතර, එය තත් 12 කින් යුත්, පාඨමාලා 6 කින් යුත් උපකරණයක සිට පාඨමාලා හතරකින් තත් 12 සිට 16 දක්වා ඇති එකක් බවට වෙනස් වී ඇත. යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති වයලීන සහ වීණා ද වාදනය කෙරේ. පේරු හි ඉතා ප්‍රසිද්ධ උපකරණයක් වන්නේ ඉන්කා යුගයේ සිට පැවත එන පෑන් නළාවයි. එය කුහර උණ බට වලින් සාදා ඇති අතර පේරු ඇන්ඩීස් හි බහුලව වාදනය වේ.

ලතින් ග්‍රැමී සම්මාන සහ ඔර්ගුලෝසමෙන්ටේ ලැටිනෝ සම්මානය වැනි සම්මානලාභීන් වන සුසන් ඔචෝවා, ඇනා කැරිනා, ජීන් පෝල් ස්ට්‍රෝස්, ලෙස්ලි ෂෝ, රාවුල් රොමේරෝ, ගියන් මාර්කෝ සහ පෙඩ්‍රෝ සුවාරෙස්-වර්ටිස් වැනි ජාතික හා ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් රොක් සහ පොප් ගායකයින් සහ සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් ද රට තුළ ඇත. පේරු යනු ලොව පළමු ගරාජ් රොක් සහ ප්‍රොටොපන්ක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම ලෙස සැලකෙන ලොස් සයිකෝස් උපත ලැබූ රට ද වේ. අනෙකුත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ පේරු රොක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායම් අතරට අරීනා හැෂ්, නොස්ක්වින් වයි ලොස් නොස්කුආන්ටෝස්, ෆ්‍රාගිල්, ආමෙන් සහ මාර් ඩි කොපාස් ඇතුළත් වේ.

=== සිනමාව ===
[[File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg|thumb|සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා]]
පේරු චිත්‍රපට කර්මාන්තය වෙනත් සමහර ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල මෙන් බොහෝ දුරට සාර්ථක වී නැති අතර, සමහර පේරු චිත්‍රපට කලාපීය සාර්ථකත්වයක් භුක්ති විඳිති. ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන්, පේරු හි සිනමාව රබර් උත්පාතය සහ නගරයට තාක්ෂණය ගෙන එන විදේශිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම හේතුවෙන් 1932 දී ඉක්විටෝස් හි ඇන්ටෝනියෝ වොන්ග් රෙන්ගිෆෝ (1900 සිට සැලකිය යුතු මුල් චිත්‍රපට දැන්වීම් පුවරුවක් සමඟ) ආරම්භ විය. මෙය ලීමා අගනුවර නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද චිත්‍රපටවලට වඩා වෙනස් ශෛලියකින් සංලක්ෂිත වූ පුළුල් හා සුවිශේෂී චිත්‍රපටකරණයක් වර්ධනය වීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු විසින් ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සජීවිකරණ ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටය වන පිරටාස් එන් එල් කැලාඕ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ඓතිහාසික වරාය නගරයක් වන කැලාඕ හි පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර, යටත් විජිත සමයේදී එහි යටත් විජිත සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ වෙළඳාම අඩපණ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලන්දේසි සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පෞද්ගලික පුද්ගලයින්ගේ ප්‍රහාරවලින් ආරක්ෂා වීමට සිදු විය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද්දේ පේරු සමාගමක් වන අල්පමායෝ එන්ටර්ටේන්මන්ට් විසින් වන අතර එය වසරකට පසුව දෙවන ත්‍රිමාණ චිත්‍රපටයක් නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය: ඩ්‍රැගන්ස්: ඩෙස්ටිනෝ ඩි ෆියුගෝ.

2006 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී, පේරු සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤය අතර ඒකාබද්ධ ව්‍යාපාරයක් ලෙස නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සහ ක්ලෝඩියා ලෝසා විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද මැඩිනුසා චිත්‍රපටය, මනඃකල්පිත ඇන්ඩියන් ගම්මානයක පසුබිම් කර ඇති අතර එය මැගලි සොලියර් විසින් රඟ දක්වන ලද මැඩිනුසා හි එකතැන පල්වෙන ජීවිතය සහ පශ්චාත් සිවිල් යුද්ධයේ පේරු හි කම්පන විස්තර කරයි.

ගේබ්‍රියෙල් ගාර්ෂියා මාර්කේස්ගේ මැජික් යථාර්ථවාදයේ අංග වලින් ආභාෂය ලැබූ ලෝසා, රොටර්ඩෑම් චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී සම්මානයක් දිනා ගත්තේය. ලෝසාගේ දෙවන විශේෂාංගය වන &quot;ද මිල්ක් ඔෆ් සොරෝ&quot; (&quot;ලා ටෙටා අසුස්ටාඩා&quot;), 82 වන ඇකඩමි සම්මාන උළෙලේ හොඳම විදේශ භාෂා චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා නම් කරන ලද අතර එය ඇකඩමි ඉතිහාසයේ නම් කරන ලද පළමු පේරු චිත්‍රපටයයි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය 59 වන බර්ලින් ජාත්‍යන්තර චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේදී ගෝල්ඩන් බෙයාර් සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය.

=== ක්‍රීඩාව ===
[[File:Vista_aérea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Perú_(2021).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg|thumb|2021 දී එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ඩෙල් පේරු]]
ක්‍රීඩාව පිළිබඳ අදහස 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන්ගේ පැමිණීම දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සහ අනෙකුත් දේශීය විනෝදාස්වාද ක්‍රම යටත් විජිත යුගයට පෙර පැවතුනි. වඩාත් මෑතකදී, වාණිජකරණයට සම්බන්ධ ඇමරිකානු ශාරීරික අධ්‍යාපනය පිළිබඳ දෘෂ්ටිවාදය පුළුල් ආකර්ෂණයක් ලබා ඇත. රටේ ක්‍රීඩා ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන කිහිපයකට බෙදා ඇත (එක් එක් ක්‍රීඩා පුහුණුව සඳහා එකක්), ඒවා ඔවුන්ගේ පුහුණුව නියාමනය කිරීම සඳහා ඉහළම රාජ්‍ය ආයතනය වන පේරු ක්‍රීඩා ආයතනයේ (IPD) අධීක්ෂණය යටතේ පවතී. බොහෝ ක්‍රීඩා සම්මේලන ලීමා හි විලා ඩිපෝර්ටිවා නැෂනල් හි පිහිටා ඇත. පේරු හි විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය වන්නේ 80,000 කට අධික ධාරිතාවක් ඇති එස්ටාඩියෝ මොනුමෙන්ටල් &quot;යූ&quot; වන අතර එය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දෙවන විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය බවට පත් කරයි. රටේ ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාංගනය එස්ටාඩියෝ නැෂනල් ය. පේරු 2004 කෝපා ඇමරිකා, 2005 FIFA U-17 ලෝක ශූරතාවලිය, 2013 සහ 2024 බොලිවේරියානු ක්‍රීඩා සහ රට විසින් පවත්වන ලද විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව්ව වන 2019 පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා වැනි විවිධ ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව් සඳහා සත්කාරකත්වය ලබා දී ඇත. පේරු හි ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාව පැලේටා ෆ්‍රොන්ටන් වන අතර එය 16 වන සියවසේ ලීමා හි වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

පාපන්දු යනු රටේ වඩාත්ම ජනප්‍රිය හා බහුලව භාවිතා වන ක්‍රීඩාවයි. පේරු ප්‍රයිමෙරා ඩිවිෂන් යනු ජාතියේ වැදගත්ම සමාජ තරඟාවලියයි. පිරිමි කණ්ඩායම ලෝක වේදිකාවේ වැදගත් දස්කම් කිහිපයක් දක්වා ඇත. ඔවුන් පස් වතාවක් FIFA ලෝක කුසලානයට සහභාගී විය. ඒ හා සමානව, ඔවුන් 1939 සහ 1975 දී කෝපා ඇමරිකාවේ ශූරයන් වූ අතර, 1936 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස කැපී පෙනුනේ අර්ධ අවසන් පූර්ව වටයේදී ඔස්ට්‍රියාවට ලබා දුන් වෝක් ඕවර් එකකින් ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව ගෙදර යාමට පෙරය. ටෙයෝෆිලෝ කුබිලස් පේරු හි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම පාපන්දු ක්‍රීඩකයා ලෙස සැලකේ. සමාජ මට්ටමින්, යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ 1972 දී කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනෙන අතර 1997 දී ස්පෝර්ටිං ක්‍රිස්ටල් ද අනුශූරයා සමඟ කැපී පෙනේ. ජාත්‍යන්තර ශූරතා ඇති එකම පේරු සමාජ වන්නේ 2003 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා සහ 2004 රෙකෝපා සුඩමෙරිකානා දිනාගත් සියෙන්සියානෝ සහ 2011 U-20 කෝපා ලිබර්ටඩෝර්ස් හි ශූරයා වූ යුනිවර්සිටාරියෝ ය.

පේරු හි අනෙකුත් ජනප්‍රිය ක්‍රීඩා වන්නේ වොලිබෝල්, සර්ෆින් සහ කරාටේ ය. පෑන් ඇමරිකානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේදී පේරු රන්, රිදී සහ ලෝකඩ පදක්කම් කිහිපයක් දිනා ඇත. 1980 සහ 90 දශකවල ප්‍රමුඛ කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එකක් වූ පේරු කාන්තා ජාතික වොලිබෝල් කණ්ඩායම 1988 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී රිදී පදක්කම දිනා ගත් අතර, පුළුල් පරතරයකින් පෙරමුණ ගැනීමෙන් පසු සෝවියට් සංගමයට 3–2ක් ලෙස පරාජය විය. පේරු සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සර්ෆින් සහ වොලිබෝල් ක්‍රීඩාවට ඉතා දක්ෂ වී ඇත.

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>b5gz2vngdcsyavvtppvl5lq6jho0o8u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:පේරු</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>183143</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754334</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T08:59:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created blank page</comment>
      <origin>754334</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>පේරු ජන විකාශනය</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183144</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754344</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:06:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>' == Demographics == {{main|Demographics of Peru|Peruvian people}} [[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|Population density, 2000]] With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the :en:List...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි</comment>
      <origin>754344</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26084" sha1="ejh0gj6pe8gzd8iue17lz6jxj3f1h2v" xml:space="preserve">
== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Peru|Peruvian people}}
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|Population density, 2000]]
With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|fourth most populous country in South America]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its population density is {{convert|25.79|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} and its annual growth rate is 1.1%. 58.8% of the Peruvian population lives on the coast, 27% in the mountains, and 14.2% in the jungle. In 2020, 27 million Peruvians lived in urban areas, which represents 80% of the population. Peru had a population of seven million residents in 1940; between 1950 and 2000, the demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6%, with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{As of|2017}}, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major cities include the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]] (home to over 9.8 million people), [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]], [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]], [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]], [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], [[:en:Chimbote|Chimbote]], and [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]]; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the [[:en:2007_Peru_Census|2007 census]].&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; Arequipa is Peru's second largest city, with an estimated population of 1,177,000, while Trujillo is the third largest city with 1,048,000. There are 15 known [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted]] Amerindian tribes in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Peru has a [[:en:Life_expectancy|life expectancy]] of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;The economically active population is equivalent to 53.78% of the total population, or about 17,830,500 inhabitants. The largest cities are located on the coast, such as Sullana, Piura, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Chimbote, Lima and Ica. In the mountains, the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, Cajamarca and Juliaca stand out. Finally, in the jungle, [[Iquitos]] is the most important, followed by [[Pucallpa]], [[Tarapoto]], [[Moyobamba]] and Tingo María.
{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== Ethnic groups ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Racial groups in Peru (2017 census)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[Mestizo]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = [[Indigenous peoples of Peru|Indigenous]]
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = [[White Peruvians|White]]
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = [[Black Peruvians|Black]]
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = [[Asian Peruvians|East Asian]]
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = Others
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
Peru is a [[:en:Multiethnic_society|multiethnic nation]] formed by successive waves of different peoples over five centuries. [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples_in_Peru|Amerindians]] inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before the [[:en:Spanish_conquest_of_Peru|Spanish conquest]] in the 16th century; according to historian [[:en:Noble_David_Cook|Noble David Cook]], their population decreased from nearly 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of [[:en:Infectious_disease|infectious diseases]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2017 census for the first time included a question on ethnic self-identification. According to the results, 60.2% of the people identified themselves as [[:en:Mestizo|mestizo]], 22.3% identified themselves as [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], 5.9% identified themselves as [[:en:White_Peruvians|white]], 3.6% identified themselves as [[:en:Afro-Peruvians|black]], 2.4% identified themselves as [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]], 2.3% identified themselves as other ethnic groups, and 3.3% did not declare their ethnicity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In the different stages of Peru's history, ethnic composition has varied, with a continuous decline in the Amerindian proportion, due to multiple socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, birth controls, high mortality rates, exclusion, among others. The country tends towards a slow generalized miscegenation of all ethnic segments that began from the beginning of the colonial period to the present day. Because the majority of the Peruvian population has become mestizo, some feel a superiority complex towards the natives of the mountains and the jungle, either because they do not pronounce a word properly, or simply because they do not know how to read a text well, leading to a kind of [[:en:Racism|racism]] towards them.

During the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers, mixing widely with each other and with the native population, mainly on the coast (the mountains and the jungle maintained a very little mixed indigenous majority). After independence there was European immigration from Spain, Italy, England, France, and Germany, along with the Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru freed its black slaves in 1854.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese and Japanese arrived in the 1850s as laborers following the end of slavery, and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; The first Croatian immigrants came to Peru in 1573 from Dubrovnik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|Quechua travelers in the Andes]]
In recent decades, Peruvian emigration figures have shown a marked growth and currently more than 10% of Peruvians are residing outside the country. This migratory movement has been accentuated since the year 2000, the official figure of Peruvian emigrants is 2,444,634 from 1990 to 2011. This without considering the descendant population, and the illegal floating population that is essentially found in neighboring countries. It is estimated that in the last 82 years, more than 3.5 million Peruvians emigrated from the country. With respect to the main countries of destination for Peruvian emigrants between 1990 and 2011, these were: the United States (31.5%), Spain (16%), Argentina (14.3%), Italy (10.1%), Chile (8.8%), Japan (4.1%) and Venezuela (3.8%). 75% of Peruvian emigrants are between 19 and 49 years old, with a slight majority of women. For the most part, Peruvian emigration is a labor migration.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Throughout its history, Peru has received migrations from Europe (mainly Spain and Italy; and to a lesser extent from France, United Kingdom, and from other Central European countries and Southern), sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (China and Japan). It currently receives a large number of Venezuelan immigrants, who are escaping the economic crisis that their country is suffering.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

From 2016, the flow of Venezuelans to Peru increased, going from 6615 residents in that year to around 820,000 until mid-June 2019, being the most important migratory wave of the 21st century in the country. Peru is home to the second largest number of Venezuelan immigrants after Colombia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Language ===
{{main|Languages of Peru}}
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|[[:en:Casa_de_Osambela|Casa de Osambela]], headquarters of the [[:en:Academia_Peruana_de_la_Lengua|Academia Peruana de la Lengua]] (APL) in [[:en:Lima|Lima]]]]
According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]] and, in areas where they predominate, [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] and other Indigenous languages. Spanish is spoken natively by 82.6% of the population, and coexists with several native languages, of which the most important is the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechuan languages]], spoken by 16.92% of the population, 1.7% [[:en:Aymara_language|Aymara]] and 0.8% speaking another native language. In the urban areas of the country, especially in the coastal region, monolingualism of Spanish predominates; while in many rural areas of the country, particularly in the Amazon, multilingual populations dominate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish language is used by the government and is the mainstream language of the country, which is used by the media and in educational systems and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse Indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the [[:en:Amazon_basin|Amazon basin]].

Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a language divide between the coast where Spanish is more predominant over the Amerindian languages, and the more diverse traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The Indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional Indigenous languages, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Spanish language. There has been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where Quechua is spoken. In the Peruvian Amazon, numerous Indigenous languages are spoken, including [[:en:Asháninka_language|Asháninka]], [[:en:Bora_language|Bora]], and [[:en:Aguaruna_language|Aguaruna]].

=== Religion ===
{{main|Religion in Peru}}
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[:en:Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa|Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa]]]]
Roman Catholicism has been the predominant faith in Peru for centuries, albeit religious practices have a high degree of [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] with Indigenous traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two of its universities, [[:en:Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Peru|Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]] and Universidad Católica San Pablo, are among the country's five top universities.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; As of the 2017 census, 76% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholic]]; 14.1% as [[:en:Evangelical_Protestant|Evangelical]]; 4.8% as Protestant, Jewish, [[:en:Latter-day_Saints|Latter-day Saints]], and [[:en:Jehovah's_Witnesses|Jehovah's Witnesses]]; and 5.1% as nonreligious.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2025, naturalized Peruvian citizen [[:en:Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)|Cardinal]] Robert Francis Prevost became [[:en:Pope_Leo_XIV|Pope Leo XIV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amerindian religious traditions continue to play a major role in the beliefs of Peruvians. Catholic festivities like [[:en:Corpus_Christi_(feast)|Corpus Christi]], [[:en:Holy_Week|Holy Week]] and Christmas sometimes blend with Amerindian traditions. Pre-Columbian Amerindian festivities remain widespread; [[:en:Inti_Raymi|Inti Raymi]], an ancient Inca festival, is still celebrated, especially in rural communities.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

The majority of towns, cities, and villages have their own official church or cathedral and [[:en:Patron_saint|patron saint]]. The two saints of Peru are [[:en:Rose_of_Lima|Rose of Lima]], the first Saint of the Americas, and [[:en:Martin_de_Porres|Martin de Porres]]. The largest cathedral in Peru is the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima]]. Other notable churches and cathedrals are the [[:en:Cusco_Cathedral|Cusco Cathedral]] [[:en:Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa|Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa]] and the [[:en:Basilica_of_Santo_Domingo,_Lima|Basilica of Santo Domingo]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}

=== Education ===
{{main|Education in Peru}}
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|[[:en:National_University_of_San_Marcos|National University of San Marcos]] located in [[:en:Lima|Lima]], the oldest university in the Americas]]
In Peru, education is under the jurisdiction of the [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_(Peru)|Ministry of Education]], which is in charge of formulating, implementing and supervising the national education policy. According to the Political Constitution of Peru, education is [[:en:Compulsory_education|compulsory]] and free in public schools for the initial, primary and secondary levels.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; It is also free in public universities for students who have satisfactory academic performance and pass the admission exams. Most of the schools in Peru are [[:en:Private_school|private]] and [[:en:Religious_school|religious]]. Peru's literacy rate is estimated at 92.9% as of 2007; this rate is lower in rural areas (80.3%) than in urban areas (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

Education is divided into different levels: Initial education corresponds to the period between zero and five years of age, and is in charge of cribs whose purpose is to provide children with the stimulation required for their comprehensive development and the gardens that offer technical-pedagogical activities. Primary education begins with the first cycle, made up of the first and second grades. The entry age for children is six years old. This level begins in the first grade and ends in the sixth grade of primary school. Secondary education consists of five years, from first to fifth year. Then comes higher education that can be technical, productive, technological or university. To enter universities it is essential to take an admission exam, although the difficulty of this depends on the requirements of the university.

Peru is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World. The [[:en:National_University_of_San_Marcos|National University of San Marcos]], founded on 12 May 1551, during the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The University of San Marcos is known to be the best in Peru and among the best in South America.

=== Toponyms ===
Many of the Peruvian [[:en:Toponym|toponyms]] have [[:en:Indigenous_language|Indigenous]] sources. In the Andes communities of [[:en:Áncash_Region|Ancash]], [[:en:Cusco_Region|Cusco]] and [[:en:Puno_Region|Puno]], Quechua or Aymara names are overwhelmingly predominant. Their Spanish-based orthography, however, is in conflict with the normalized alphabets of these languages. According to Article 20 of ''Decreto Supremo No 004-2016-MC'' (Supreme Decree) which approves the Regulations to Law 29735, published in the official newspaper El Peruano on 22 July 2016, adequate spellings of the [[:en:Toponym|toponyms]] in the normalized alphabets of the Indigenous languages must progressively be proposed with the aim of standardizing the naming used by the National Geographic Institute ''(Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN)''. The National Geographic Institute realizes the necessary changes in the official maps of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>ejh0gj6pe8gzd8iue17lz6jxj3f1h2v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754352</id>
      <parentid>754344</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:16:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754352</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26267" sha1="qpcvodptfugfq4dol5bxb55umnyo7jp" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|fourth most populous country in South America]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its population density is {{convert|25.79|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} and its annual growth rate is 1.1%. 58.8% of the Peruvian population lives on the coast, 27% in the mountains, and 14.2% in the jungle. In 2020, 27 million Peruvians lived in urban areas, which represents 80% of the population. Peru had a population of seven million residents in 1940; between 1950 and 2000, the demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6%, with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{As of|2017}}, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major cities include the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]] (home to over 9.8 million people), [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]], [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]], [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]], [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], [[:en:Chimbote|Chimbote]], and [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]]; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the [[:en:2007_Peru_Census|2007 census]].&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; Arequipa is Peru's second largest city, with an estimated population of 1,177,000, while Trujillo is the third largest city with 1,048,000. There are 15 known [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted]] Amerindian tribes in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Peru has a [[:en:Life_expectancy|life expectancy]] of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;The economically active population is equivalent to 53.78% of the total population, or about 17,830,500 inhabitants. The largest cities are located on the coast, such as Sullana, Piura, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Chimbote, Lima and Ica. In the mountains, the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, Cajamarca and Juliaca stand out. Finally, in the jungle, [[Iquitos]] is the most important, followed by [[Pucallpa]], [[Tarapoto]], [[Moyobamba]] and Tingo María.
{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
Peru is a [[:en:Multiethnic_society|multiethnic nation]] formed by successive waves of different peoples over five centuries. [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples_in_Peru|Amerindians]] inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before the [[:en:Spanish_conquest_of_Peru|Spanish conquest]] in the 16th century; according to historian [[:en:Noble_David_Cook|Noble David Cook]], their population decreased from nearly 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of [[:en:Infectious_disease|infectious diseases]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2017 census for the first time included a question on ethnic self-identification. According to the results, 60.2% of the people identified themselves as [[:en:Mestizo|mestizo]], 22.3% identified themselves as [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], 5.9% identified themselves as [[:en:White_Peruvians|white]], 3.6% identified themselves as [[:en:Afro-Peruvians|black]], 2.4% identified themselves as [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]], 2.3% identified themselves as other ethnic groups, and 3.3% did not declare their ethnicity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In the different stages of Peru's history, ethnic composition has varied, with a continuous decline in the Amerindian proportion, due to multiple socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, birth controls, high mortality rates, exclusion, among others. The country tends towards a slow generalized miscegenation of all ethnic segments that began from the beginning of the colonial period to the present day. Because the majority of the Peruvian population has become mestizo, some feel a superiority complex towards the natives of the mountains and the jungle, either because they do not pronounce a word properly, or simply because they do not know how to read a text well, leading to a kind of [[:en:Racism|racism]] towards them.

During the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers, mixing widely with each other and with the native population, mainly on the coast (the mountains and the jungle maintained a very little mixed indigenous majority). After independence there was European immigration from Spain, Italy, England, France, and Germany, along with the Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru freed its black slaves in 1854.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese and Japanese arrived in the 1850s as laborers following the end of slavery, and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; The first Croatian immigrants came to Peru in 1573 from Dubrovnik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
In recent decades, Peruvian emigration figures have shown a marked growth and currently more than 10% of Peruvians are residing outside the country. This migratory movement has been accentuated since the year 2000, the official figure of Peruvian emigrants is 2,444,634 from 1990 to 2011. This without considering the descendant population, and the illegal floating population that is essentially found in neighboring countries. It is estimated that in the last 82 years, more than 3.5 million Peruvians emigrated from the country. With respect to the main countries of destination for Peruvian emigrants between 1990 and 2011, these were: the United States (31.5%), Spain (16%), Argentina (14.3%), Italy (10.1%), Chile (8.8%), Japan (4.1%) and Venezuela (3.8%). 75% of Peruvian emigrants are between 19 and 49 years old, with a slight majority of women. For the most part, Peruvian emigration is a labor migration.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Throughout its history, Peru has received migrations from Europe (mainly Spain and Italy; and to a lesser extent from France, United Kingdom, and from other Central European countries and Southern), sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (China and Japan). It currently receives a large number of Venezuelan immigrants, who are escaping the economic crisis that their country is suffering.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

From 2016, the flow of Venezuelans to Peru increased, going from 6615 residents in that year to around 820,000 until mid-June 2019, being the most important migratory wave of the 21st century in the country. Peru is home to the second largest number of Venezuelan immigrants after Colombia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]] and, in areas where they predominate, [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] and other Indigenous languages. Spanish is spoken natively by 82.6% of the population, and coexists with several native languages, of which the most important is the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechuan languages]], spoken by 16.92% of the population, 1.7% [[:en:Aymara_language|Aymara]] and 0.8% speaking another native language. In the urban areas of the country, especially in the coastal region, monolingualism of Spanish predominates; while in many rural areas of the country, particularly in the Amazon, multilingual populations dominate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish language is used by the government and is the mainstream language of the country, which is used by the media and in educational systems and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse Indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the [[:en:Amazon_basin|Amazon basin]].

Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a language divide between the coast where Spanish is more predominant over the Amerindian languages, and the more diverse traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The Indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional Indigenous languages, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Spanish language. There has been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where Quechua is spoken. In the Peruvian Amazon, numerous Indigenous languages are spoken, including [[:en:Asháninka_language|Asháninka]], [[:en:Bora_language|Bora]], and [[:en:Aguaruna_language|Aguaruna]].

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]
Roman Catholicism has been the predominant faith in Peru for centuries, albeit religious practices have a high degree of [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] with Indigenous traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two of its universities, [[:en:Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Peru|Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]] and Universidad Católica San Pablo, are among the country's five top universities.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; As of the 2017 census, 76% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholic]]; 14.1% as [[:en:Evangelical_Protestant|Evangelical]]; 4.8% as Protestant, Jewish, [[:en:Latter-day_Saints|Latter-day Saints]], and [[:en:Jehovah's_Witnesses|Jehovah's Witnesses]]; and 5.1% as nonreligious.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2025, naturalized Peruvian citizen [[:en:Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)|Cardinal]] Robert Francis Prevost became [[:en:Pope_Leo_XIV|Pope Leo XIV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amerindian religious traditions continue to play a major role in the beliefs of Peruvians. Catholic festivities like [[:en:Corpus_Christi_(feast)|Corpus Christi]], [[:en:Holy_Week|Holy Week]] and Christmas sometimes blend with Amerindian traditions. Pre-Columbian Amerindian festivities remain widespread; [[:en:Inti_Raymi|Inti Raymi]], an ancient Inca festival, is still celebrated, especially in rural communities.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

The majority of towns, cities, and villages have their own official church or cathedral and [[:en:Patron_saint|patron saint]]. The two saints of Peru are [[:en:Rose_of_Lima|Rose of Lima]], the first Saint of the Americas, and [[:en:Martin_de_Porres|Martin de Porres]]. The largest cathedral in Peru is the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima]]. Other notable churches and cathedrals are the [[:en:Cusco_Cathedral|Cusco Cathedral]] [[:en:Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa|Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa]] and the [[:en:Basilica_of_Santo_Domingo,_Lima|Basilica of Santo Domingo]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
In Peru, education is under the jurisdiction of the [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_(Peru)|Ministry of Education]], which is in charge of formulating, implementing and supervising the national education policy. According to the Political Constitution of Peru, education is [[:en:Compulsory_education|compulsory]] and free in public schools for the initial, primary and secondary levels.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; It is also free in public universities for students who have satisfactory academic performance and pass the admission exams. Most of the schools in Peru are [[:en:Private_school|private]] and [[:en:Religious_school|religious]]. Peru's literacy rate is estimated at 92.9% as of 2007; this rate is lower in rural areas (80.3%) than in urban areas (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

Education is divided into different levels: Initial education corresponds to the period between zero and five years of age, and is in charge of cribs whose purpose is to provide children with the stimulation required for their comprehensive development and the gardens that offer technical-pedagogical activities. Primary education begins with the first cycle, made up of the first and second grades. The entry age for children is six years old. This level begins in the first grade and ends in the sixth grade of primary school. Secondary education consists of five years, from first to fifth year. Then comes higher education that can be technical, productive, technological or university. To enter universities it is essential to take an admission exam, although the difficulty of this depends on the requirements of the university.

Peru is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World. The [[:en:National_University_of_San_Marcos|National University of San Marcos]], founded on 12 May 1551, during the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The University of San Marcos is known to be the best in Peru and among the best in South America.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
Many of the Peruvian [[:en:Toponym|toponyms]] have [[:en:Indigenous_language|Indigenous]] sources. In the Andes communities of [[:en:Áncash_Region|Ancash]], [[:en:Cusco_Region|Cusco]] and [[:en:Puno_Region|Puno]], Quechua or Aymara names are overwhelmingly predominant. Their Spanish-based orthography, however, is in conflict with the normalized alphabets of these languages. According to Article 20 of ''Decreto Supremo No 004-2016-MC'' (Supreme Decree) which approves the Regulations to Law 29735, published in the official newspaper El Peruano on 22 July 2016, adequate spellings of the [[:en:Toponym|toponyms]] in the normalized alphabets of the Indigenous languages must progressively be proposed with the aim of standardizing the naming used by the National Geographic Institute ''(Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN)''. The National Geographic Institute realizes the necessary changes in the official maps of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>qpcvodptfugfq4dol5bxb55umnyo7jp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754353</id>
      <parentid>754352</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:16:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754353</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30123" sha1="0gqaiq4z0eg6j3j9n159aqz1asg1yq0" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|fourth most populous country in South America]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its population density is {{convert|25.79|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} and its annual growth rate is 1.1%. 58.8% of the Peruvian population lives on the coast, 27% in the mountains, and 14.2% in the jungle. In 2020, 27 million Peruvians lived in urban areas, which represents 80% of the population. Peru had a population of seven million residents in 1940; between 1950 and 2000, the demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6%, with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{As of|2017}}, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major cities include the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]] (home to over 9.8 million people), [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]], [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]], [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]], [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], [[:en:Chimbote|Chimbote]], and [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]]; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the [[:en:2007_Peru_Census|2007 census]].&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; Arequipa is Peru's second largest city, with an estimated population of 1,177,000, while Trujillo is the third largest city with 1,048,000. There are 15 known [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted]] Amerindian tribes in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Peru has a [[:en:Life_expectancy|life expectancy]] of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;The economically active population is equivalent to 53.78% of the total population, or about 17,830,500 inhabitants. The largest cities are located on the coast, such as Sullana, Piura, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Chimbote, Lima and Ica. In the mountains, the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, Cajamarca and Juliaca stand out. Finally, in the jungle, [[Iquitos]] is the most important, followed by [[Pucallpa]], [[Tarapoto]], [[Moyobamba]] and Tingo María.

2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.[1] එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.[2][3]

2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.[4] ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Cusco, Chimbote සහ Huancayo; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.[5] Arequipa යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර Trujillo 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.[6] 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7). [7] ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
Peru is a [[:en:Multiethnic_society|multiethnic nation]] formed by successive waves of different peoples over five centuries. [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples_in_Peru|Amerindians]] inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before the [[:en:Spanish_conquest_of_Peru|Spanish conquest]] in the 16th century; according to historian [[:en:Noble_David_Cook|Noble David Cook]], their population decreased from nearly 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of [[:en:Infectious_disease|infectious diseases]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2017 census for the first time included a question on ethnic self-identification. According to the results, 60.2% of the people identified themselves as [[:en:Mestizo|mestizo]], 22.3% identified themselves as [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], 5.9% identified themselves as [[:en:White_Peruvians|white]], 3.6% identified themselves as [[:en:Afro-Peruvians|black]], 2.4% identified themselves as [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]], 2.3% identified themselves as other ethnic groups, and 3.3% did not declare their ethnicity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In the different stages of Peru's history, ethnic composition has varied, with a continuous decline in the Amerindian proportion, due to multiple socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, birth controls, high mortality rates, exclusion, among others. The country tends towards a slow generalized miscegenation of all ethnic segments that began from the beginning of the colonial period to the present day. Because the majority of the Peruvian population has become mestizo, some feel a superiority complex towards the natives of the mountains and the jungle, either because they do not pronounce a word properly, or simply because they do not know how to read a text well, leading to a kind of [[:en:Racism|racism]] towards them.

During the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers, mixing widely with each other and with the native population, mainly on the coast (the mountains and the jungle maintained a very little mixed indigenous majority). After independence there was European immigration from Spain, Italy, England, France, and Germany, along with the Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru freed its black slaves in 1854.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese and Japanese arrived in the 1850s as laborers following the end of slavery, and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; The first Croatian immigrants came to Peru in 1573 from Dubrovnik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
In recent decades, Peruvian emigration figures have shown a marked growth and currently more than 10% of Peruvians are residing outside the country. This migratory movement has been accentuated since the year 2000, the official figure of Peruvian emigrants is 2,444,634 from 1990 to 2011. This without considering the descendant population, and the illegal floating population that is essentially found in neighboring countries. It is estimated that in the last 82 years, more than 3.5 million Peruvians emigrated from the country. With respect to the main countries of destination for Peruvian emigrants between 1990 and 2011, these were: the United States (31.5%), Spain (16%), Argentina (14.3%), Italy (10.1%), Chile (8.8%), Japan (4.1%) and Venezuela (3.8%). 75% of Peruvian emigrants are between 19 and 49 years old, with a slight majority of women. For the most part, Peruvian emigration is a labor migration.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Throughout its history, Peru has received migrations from Europe (mainly Spain and Italy; and to a lesser extent from France, United Kingdom, and from other Central European countries and Southern), sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (China and Japan). It currently receives a large number of Venezuelan immigrants, who are escaping the economic crisis that their country is suffering.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

From 2016, the flow of Venezuelans to Peru increased, going from 6615 residents in that year to around 820,000 until mid-June 2019, being the most important migratory wave of the 21st century in the country. Peru is home to the second largest number of Venezuelan immigrants after Colombia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]] and, in areas where they predominate, [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] and other Indigenous languages. Spanish is spoken natively by 82.6% of the population, and coexists with several native languages, of which the most important is the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechuan languages]], spoken by 16.92% of the population, 1.7% [[:en:Aymara_language|Aymara]] and 0.8% speaking another native language. In the urban areas of the country, especially in the coastal region, monolingualism of Spanish predominates; while in many rural areas of the country, particularly in the Amazon, multilingual populations dominate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish language is used by the government and is the mainstream language of the country, which is used by the media and in educational systems and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse Indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the [[:en:Amazon_basin|Amazon basin]].

Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a language divide between the coast where Spanish is more predominant over the Amerindian languages, and the more diverse traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The Indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional Indigenous languages, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Spanish language. There has been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where Quechua is spoken. In the Peruvian Amazon, numerous Indigenous languages are spoken, including [[:en:Asháninka_language|Asháninka]], [[:en:Bora_language|Bora]], and [[:en:Aguaruna_language|Aguaruna]].

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]
Roman Catholicism has been the predominant faith in Peru for centuries, albeit religious practices have a high degree of [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] with Indigenous traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two of its universities, [[:en:Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Peru|Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]] and Universidad Católica San Pablo, are among the country's five top universities.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; As of the 2017 census, 76% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholic]]; 14.1% as [[:en:Evangelical_Protestant|Evangelical]]; 4.8% as Protestant, Jewish, [[:en:Latter-day_Saints|Latter-day Saints]], and [[:en:Jehovah's_Witnesses|Jehovah's Witnesses]]; and 5.1% as nonreligious.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2025, naturalized Peruvian citizen [[:en:Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)|Cardinal]] Robert Francis Prevost became [[:en:Pope_Leo_XIV|Pope Leo XIV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amerindian religious traditions continue to play a major role in the beliefs of Peruvians. Catholic festivities like [[:en:Corpus_Christi_(feast)|Corpus Christi]], [[:en:Holy_Week|Holy Week]] and Christmas sometimes blend with Amerindian traditions. Pre-Columbian Amerindian festivities remain widespread; [[:en:Inti_Raymi|Inti Raymi]], an ancient Inca festival, is still celebrated, especially in rural communities.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

The majority of towns, cities, and villages have their own official church or cathedral and [[:en:Patron_saint|patron saint]]. The two saints of Peru are [[:en:Rose_of_Lima|Rose of Lima]], the first Saint of the Americas, and [[:en:Martin_de_Porres|Martin de Porres]]. The largest cathedral in Peru is the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima]]. Other notable churches and cathedrals are the [[:en:Cusco_Cathedral|Cusco Cathedral]] [[:en:Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa|Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa]] and the [[:en:Basilica_of_Santo_Domingo,_Lima|Basilica of Santo Domingo]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
In Peru, education is under the jurisdiction of the [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_(Peru)|Ministry of Education]], which is in charge of formulating, implementing and supervising the national education policy. According to the Political Constitution of Peru, education is [[:en:Compulsory_education|compulsory]] and free in public schools for the initial, primary and secondary levels.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; It is also free in public universities for students who have satisfactory academic performance and pass the admission exams. Most of the schools in Peru are [[:en:Private_school|private]] and [[:en:Religious_school|religious]]. Peru's literacy rate is estimated at 92.9% as of 2007; this rate is lower in rural areas (80.3%) than in urban areas (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

Education is divided into different levels: Initial education corresponds to the period between zero and five years of age, and is in charge of cribs whose purpose is to provide children with the stimulation required for their comprehensive development and the gardens that offer technical-pedagogical activities. Primary education begins with the first cycle, made up of the first and second grades. The entry age for children is six years old. This level begins in the first grade and ends in the sixth grade of primary school. Secondary education consists of five years, from first to fifth year. Then comes higher education that can be technical, productive, technological or university. To enter universities it is essential to take an admission exam, although the difficulty of this depends on the requirements of the university.

Peru is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World. The [[:en:National_University_of_San_Marcos|National University of San Marcos]], founded on 12 May 1551, during the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The University of San Marcos is known to be the best in Peru and among the best in South America.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
Many of the Peruvian [[:en:Toponym|toponyms]] have [[:en:Indigenous_language|Indigenous]] sources. In the Andes communities of [[:en:Áncash_Region|Ancash]], [[:en:Cusco_Region|Cusco]] and [[:en:Puno_Region|Puno]], Quechua or Aymara names are overwhelmingly predominant. Their Spanish-based orthography, however, is in conflict with the normalized alphabets of these languages. According to Article 20 of ''Decreto Supremo No 004-2016-MC'' (Supreme Decree) which approves the Regulations to Law 29735, published in the official newspaper El Peruano on 22 July 2016, adequate spellings of the [[:en:Toponym|toponyms]] in the normalized alphabets of the Indigenous languages must progressively be proposed with the aim of standardizing the naming used by the National Geographic Institute ''(Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN)''. The National Geographic Institute realizes the necessary changes in the official maps of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>0gqaiq4z0eg6j3j9n159aqz1asg1yq0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754354</id>
      <parentid>754353</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:17:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් */</comment>
      <origin>754354</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38838" sha1="giabtxobvwbt6ar1hluk451o0f138o3" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|fourth most populous country in South America]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its population density is {{convert|25.79|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} and its annual growth rate is 1.1%. 58.8% of the Peruvian population lives on the coast, 27% in the mountains, and 14.2% in the jungle. In 2020, 27 million Peruvians lived in urban areas, which represents 80% of the population. Peru had a population of seven million residents in 1940; between 1950 and 2000, the demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6%, with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{As of|2017}}, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major cities include the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]] (home to over 9.8 million people), [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]], [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]], [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]], [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], [[:en:Chimbote|Chimbote]], and [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]]; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the [[:en:2007_Peru_Census|2007 census]].&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; Arequipa is Peru's second largest city, with an estimated population of 1,177,000, while Trujillo is the third largest city with 1,048,000. There are 15 known [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted]] Amerindian tribes in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Peru has a [[:en:Life_expectancy|life expectancy]] of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;The economically active population is equivalent to 53.78% of the total population, or about 17,830,500 inhabitants. The largest cities are located on the coast, such as Sullana, Piura, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Chimbote, Lima and Ica. In the mountains, the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, Cajamarca and Juliaca stand out. Finally, in the jungle, [[Iquitos]] is the most important, followed by [[Pucallpa]], [[Tarapoto]], [[Moyobamba]] and Tingo María.

2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.[1] එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.[2][3]

2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.[4] ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Cusco, Chimbote සහ Huancayo; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.[5] Arequipa යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර Trujillo 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.[6] 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7). [7] ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
Peru is a [[:en:Multiethnic_society|multiethnic nation]] formed by successive waves of different peoples over five centuries. [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples_in_Peru|Amerindians]] inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before the [[:en:Spanish_conquest_of_Peru|Spanish conquest]] in the 16th century; according to historian [[:en:Noble_David_Cook|Noble David Cook]], their population decreased from nearly 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of [[:en:Infectious_disease|infectious diseases]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2017 census for the first time included a question on ethnic self-identification. According to the results, 60.2% of the people identified themselves as [[:en:Mestizo|mestizo]], 22.3% identified themselves as [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], 5.9% identified themselves as [[:en:White_Peruvians|white]], 3.6% identified themselves as [[:en:Afro-Peruvians|black]], 2.4% identified themselves as [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]], 2.3% identified themselves as other ethnic groups, and 3.3% did not declare their ethnicity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In the different stages of Peru's history, ethnic composition has varied, with a continuous decline in the Amerindian proportion, due to multiple socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, birth controls, high mortality rates, exclusion, among others. The country tends towards a slow generalized miscegenation of all ethnic segments that began from the beginning of the colonial period to the present day. Because the majority of the Peruvian population has become mestizo, some feel a superiority complex towards the natives of the mountains and the jungle, either because they do not pronounce a word properly, or simply because they do not know how to read a text well, leading to a kind of [[:en:Racism|racism]] towards them.

පේරු යනු සියවස් පහක් පුරා විවිධ ජනයාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රැළි මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ බහු වාර්ගික ජාතියකි. 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු පේරු භූමියේ වාසය කළහ; ඉතිහාසඥ නොබල් ඩේවිඩ් කුක්ට අනුව, ඔවුන්ගේ ජනගහනය 1520 ගණන්වල මිලියන 5–9 කට ආසන්න සිට 1620 දී 600,000 දක්වා අඩු වූයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බෝවන රෝග නිසාය.[10]

2017 සංගණනයට ප්‍රථම වරට ජනවාර්ගික ස්වයං හඳුනාගැනීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නයක් ඇතුළත් විය. ප්‍රතිඵලවලට අනුව, ජනතාවගෙන් 60.2% ක් තමන් මෙස්ටිසෝ ලෙසත්, 22.3% ක් තමන් කෙචුවා ලෙසත්, 5.9% ක් තමන් සුදු ලෙසත්, 3.6% ක් තමන් කළු ලෙසත්, 2.4% ක් තමන් අයිමාරා ලෙසත්, 2.3% ක් තමන් වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසත්, 3.3% ක් තම ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කළේ නැත.[11] පේරු ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවධීන්හිදී, ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතිය වෙනස් වී ඇති අතර, බහු සමාජ ආර්ථික හා සමාජ සංස්කෘතික සාධක, උපත් පාලනය, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාත, බැහැර කිරීම යනාදිය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරින්ඩියන් අනුපාතය අඛණ්ඩව පහත වැටෙමින් පවතී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අද දක්වා ආරම්භ වූ සියලුම ජනවාර්ගික කොටස් මන්දගාමී සාමාන්‍යකරණය වූ විකෘතිකරණයකට රට නැඹුරු වේ. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් මෙස්ටිසෝ බවට පත්ව ඇති නිසා, සමහරු කඳුකරයේ සහ වනාන්තරයේ ස්වදේශිකයන් කෙරෙහි උසස් සංකීර්ණයක් අත්විඳිති, එක්කෝ ඔවුන් වචනයක් නිසි ලෙස උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම නිසා හෝ හුදෙක් පෙළක් හොඳින් කියවීමට නොදන්නා නිසා, ඔවුන් කෙරෙහි ජාතිවාදයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු විය.


During the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers, mixing widely with each other and with the native population, mainly on the coast (the mountains and the jungle maintained a very little mixed indigenous majority). After independence there was European immigration from Spain, Italy, England, France, and Germany, along with the Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru freed its black slaves in 1854.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese and Japanese arrived in the 1850s as laborers following the end of slavery, and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; The first Croatian immigrants came to Peru in 1573 from Dubrovnik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලන සමයේදී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන් විශාල වශයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, එකිනෙකා සමඟ සහ ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය සමඟ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ තීරයේ (කඳුකරය සහ වනාන්තරය ඉතා සුළු මිශ්‍ර ස්වදේශික බහුතරයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය) බහුලව මිශ්‍ර විය. නිදහසින් පසු මැද පෙරදිග සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඉතාලිය, එංගලන්තය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ජර්මනියෙන් යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණයක් සිදු විය.[12] 1854 දී පේරු එහි කළු වහලුන් නිදහස් කළේය.[13] වහල්භාවය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු 1850 ගණන්වල කම්කරුවන් ලෙස චීන සහ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් පැමිණි අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු සමාජයේ ප්‍රධාන බලපෑමක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.[14] පළමු ක්‍රොඒෂියානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් 1573 දී ඩුබ්‍රොව්නික් සිට පේරු වෙත පැමිණියහ.[15]
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
In recent decades, Peruvian emigration figures have shown a marked growth and currently more than 10% of Peruvians are residing outside the country. This migratory movement has been accentuated since the year 2000, the official figure of Peruvian emigrants is 2,444,634 from 1990 to 2011. This without considering the descendant population, and the illegal floating population that is essentially found in neighboring countries. It is estimated that in the last 82 years, more than 3.5 million Peruvians emigrated from the country. With respect to the main countries of destination for Peruvian emigrants between 1990 and 2011, these were: the United States (31.5%), Spain (16%), Argentina (14.3%), Italy (10.1%), Chile (8.8%), Japan (4.1%) and Venezuela (3.8%). 75% of Peruvian emigrants are between 19 and 49 years old, with a slight majority of women. For the most part, Peruvian emigration is a labor migration.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Throughout its history, Peru has received migrations from Europe (mainly Spain and Italy; and to a lesser extent from France, United Kingdom, and from other Central European countries and Southern), sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (China and Japan). It currently receives a large number of Venezuelan immigrants, who are escaping the economic crisis that their country is suffering.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

From 2016, the flow of Venezuelans to Peru increased, going from 6615 residents in that year to around 820,000 until mid-June 2019, being the most important migratory wave of the 21st century in the country. Peru is home to the second largest number of Venezuelan immigrants after Colombia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු සංක්‍රමණ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන කැපී පෙනෙන වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 10% කට වඩා වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් පිටත ජීවත් වෙති. මෙම සංක්‍රමණික ව්‍යාපාරය 2000 වසරේ සිට උද්දීපනය වී ඇති අතර, 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නිල සංඛ්‍යාව 2,444,634 කි. මෙය පැවත එන ජනගහනය සහ අසල්වැසි රටවල අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම දක්නට ලැබෙන නීති විරෝධී පාවෙන ජනගහනය සැලකිල්ලට නොගනී. පසුගිය වසර 82 තුළ පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 3.5 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇති බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත. 1990 සහ 2011 අතර පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ ගමනාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන රටවල් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ඒවා නම්: ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය (31.5%), ස්පාඤ්ඤය (16%), ආර්ජන්ටිනාව (14.3%), ඉතාලිය (10.1%), චිලී (8.8%), ජපානය (4.1%) සහ වෙනිසියුලාව (3.8%). පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් 75% ක් වයස අවුරුදු 19 ත් 49 ත් අතර වන අතර සුළු බහුතරයක් කාන්තාවන් වේ. බොහෝ දුරට, පේරු සංක්‍රමණය ශ්‍රම සංක්‍රමණයකි.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]

එහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යයට යුරෝපයෙන් (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ ඉතාලිය; සහ තරමක් දුරට ප්‍රංශය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අනෙකුත් මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය රටවල් සහ දකුණු), උප සහරා අප්‍රිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවෙන් (චීනය සහ ජපානය) සංක්‍රමණ ලැබී ඇත. වර්තමානයේ එයට වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඔවුන් තම රට විඳින ආර්ථික අර්බුදයෙන් බේරෙමින් සිටිති.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]

2016 සිට පේරු වෙත වෙනිසියුලානු ජාතිකයින්ගේ ගලායාම වැඩි වූ අතර, එම වසරේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 6615 සිට 2019 ජුනි මැද භාගය වන විට එය 820,000 ක් පමණ දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇති අතර එය 21 වන සියවසේ රටේ වැදගත්ම සංක්‍රමණික රැල්ල විය. කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දෙවන විශාලතම වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට පේරු වේ.[16]

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]] and, in areas where they predominate, [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] and other Indigenous languages. Spanish is spoken natively by 82.6% of the population, and coexists with several native languages, of which the most important is the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechuan languages]], spoken by 16.92% of the population, 1.7% [[:en:Aymara_language|Aymara]] and 0.8% speaking another native language. In the urban areas of the country, especially in the coastal region, monolingualism of Spanish predominates; while in many rural areas of the country, particularly in the Amazon, multilingual populations dominate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish language is used by the government and is the mainstream language of the country, which is used by the media and in educational systems and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse Indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the [[:en:Amazon_basin|Amazon basin]].

Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a language divide between the coast where Spanish is more predominant over the Amerindian languages, and the more diverse traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The Indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional Indigenous languages, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Spanish language. There has been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where Quechua is spoken. In the Peruvian Amazon, numerous Indigenous languages are spoken, including [[:en:Asháninka_language|Asháninka]], [[:en:Bora_language|Bora]], and [[:en:Aguaruna_language|Aguaruna]].

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]
Roman Catholicism has been the predominant faith in Peru for centuries, albeit religious practices have a high degree of [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] with Indigenous traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two of its universities, [[:en:Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Peru|Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]] and Universidad Católica San Pablo, are among the country's five top universities.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; As of the 2017 census, 76% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholic]]; 14.1% as [[:en:Evangelical_Protestant|Evangelical]]; 4.8% as Protestant, Jewish, [[:en:Latter-day_Saints|Latter-day Saints]], and [[:en:Jehovah's_Witnesses|Jehovah's Witnesses]]; and 5.1% as nonreligious.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2025, naturalized Peruvian citizen [[:en:Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)|Cardinal]] Robert Francis Prevost became [[:en:Pope_Leo_XIV|Pope Leo XIV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amerindian religious traditions continue to play a major role in the beliefs of Peruvians. Catholic festivities like [[:en:Corpus_Christi_(feast)|Corpus Christi]], [[:en:Holy_Week|Holy Week]] and Christmas sometimes blend with Amerindian traditions. Pre-Columbian Amerindian festivities remain widespread; [[:en:Inti_Raymi|Inti Raymi]], an ancient Inca festival, is still celebrated, especially in rural communities.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

The majority of towns, cities, and villages have their own official church or cathedral and [[:en:Patron_saint|patron saint]]. The two saints of Peru are [[:en:Rose_of_Lima|Rose of Lima]], the first Saint of the Americas, and [[:en:Martin_de_Porres|Martin de Porres]]. The largest cathedral in Peru is the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima]]. Other notable churches and cathedrals are the [[:en:Cusco_Cathedral|Cusco Cathedral]] [[:en:Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa|Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa]] and the [[:en:Basilica_of_Santo_Domingo,_Lima|Basilica of Santo Domingo]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
In Peru, education is under the jurisdiction of the [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_(Peru)|Ministry of Education]], which is in charge of formulating, implementing and supervising the national education policy. According to the Political Constitution of Peru, education is [[:en:Compulsory_education|compulsory]] and free in public schools for the initial, primary and secondary levels.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; It is also free in public universities for students who have satisfactory academic performance and pass the admission exams. Most of the schools in Peru are [[:en:Private_school|private]] and [[:en:Religious_school|religious]]. Peru's literacy rate is estimated at 92.9% as of 2007; this rate is lower in rural areas (80.3%) than in urban areas (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

Education is divided into different levels: Initial education corresponds to the period between zero and five years of age, and is in charge of cribs whose purpose is to provide children with the stimulation required for their comprehensive development and the gardens that offer technical-pedagogical activities. Primary education begins with the first cycle, made up of the first and second grades. The entry age for children is six years old. This level begins in the first grade and ends in the sixth grade of primary school. Secondary education consists of five years, from first to fifth year. Then comes higher education that can be technical, productive, technological or university. To enter universities it is essential to take an admission exam, although the difficulty of this depends on the requirements of the university.

Peru is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World. The [[:en:National_University_of_San_Marcos|National University of San Marcos]], founded on 12 May 1551, during the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The University of San Marcos is known to be the best in Peru and among the best in South America.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
Many of the Peruvian [[:en:Toponym|toponyms]] have [[:en:Indigenous_language|Indigenous]] sources. In the Andes communities of [[:en:Áncash_Region|Ancash]], [[:en:Cusco_Region|Cusco]] and [[:en:Puno_Region|Puno]], Quechua or Aymara names are overwhelmingly predominant. Their Spanish-based orthography, however, is in conflict with the normalized alphabets of these languages. According to Article 20 of ''Decreto Supremo No 004-2016-MC'' (Supreme Decree) which approves the Regulations to Law 29735, published in the official newspaper El Peruano on 22 July 2016, adequate spellings of the [[:en:Toponym|toponyms]] in the normalized alphabets of the Indigenous languages must progressively be proposed with the aim of standardizing the naming used by the National Geographic Institute ''(Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN)''. The National Geographic Institute realizes the necessary changes in the official maps of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>giabtxobvwbt6ar1hluk451o0f138o3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754355</id>
      <parentid>754354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:17:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* භාෂාව */</comment>
      <origin>754355</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42759" sha1="5y71ejr8motenubn0u1g14wdyqve5cd" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|fourth most populous country in South America]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its population density is {{convert|25.79|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} and its annual growth rate is 1.1%. 58.8% of the Peruvian population lives on the coast, 27% in the mountains, and 14.2% in the jungle. In 2020, 27 million Peruvians lived in urban areas, which represents 80% of the population. Peru had a population of seven million residents in 1940; between 1950 and 2000, the demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6%, with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{As of|2017}}, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major cities include the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]] (home to over 9.8 million people), [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]], [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]], [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]], [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], [[:en:Chimbote|Chimbote]], and [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]]; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the [[:en:2007_Peru_Census|2007 census]].&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; Arequipa is Peru's second largest city, with an estimated population of 1,177,000, while Trujillo is the third largest city with 1,048,000. There are 15 known [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted]] Amerindian tribes in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Peru has a [[:en:Life_expectancy|life expectancy]] of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;The economically active population is equivalent to 53.78% of the total population, or about 17,830,500 inhabitants. The largest cities are located on the coast, such as Sullana, Piura, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Chimbote, Lima and Ica. In the mountains, the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, Cajamarca and Juliaca stand out. Finally, in the jungle, [[Iquitos]] is the most important, followed by [[Pucallpa]], [[Tarapoto]], [[Moyobamba]] and Tingo María.

2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.[1] එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.[2][3]

2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.[4] ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Cusco, Chimbote සහ Huancayo; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.[5] Arequipa යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර Trujillo 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.[6] 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7). [7] ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
Peru is a [[:en:Multiethnic_society|multiethnic nation]] formed by successive waves of different peoples over five centuries. [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples_in_Peru|Amerindians]] inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before the [[:en:Spanish_conquest_of_Peru|Spanish conquest]] in the 16th century; according to historian [[:en:Noble_David_Cook|Noble David Cook]], their population decreased from nearly 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of [[:en:Infectious_disease|infectious diseases]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2017 census for the first time included a question on ethnic self-identification. According to the results, 60.2% of the people identified themselves as [[:en:Mestizo|mestizo]], 22.3% identified themselves as [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], 5.9% identified themselves as [[:en:White_Peruvians|white]], 3.6% identified themselves as [[:en:Afro-Peruvians|black]], 2.4% identified themselves as [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]], 2.3% identified themselves as other ethnic groups, and 3.3% did not declare their ethnicity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In the different stages of Peru's history, ethnic composition has varied, with a continuous decline in the Amerindian proportion, due to multiple socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, birth controls, high mortality rates, exclusion, among others. The country tends towards a slow generalized miscegenation of all ethnic segments that began from the beginning of the colonial period to the present day. Because the majority of the Peruvian population has become mestizo, some feel a superiority complex towards the natives of the mountains and the jungle, either because they do not pronounce a word properly, or simply because they do not know how to read a text well, leading to a kind of [[:en:Racism|racism]] towards them.

පේරු යනු සියවස් පහක් පුරා විවිධ ජනයාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රැළි මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ බහු වාර්ගික ජාතියකි. 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු පේරු භූමියේ වාසය කළහ; ඉතිහාසඥ නොබල් ඩේවිඩ් කුක්ට අනුව, ඔවුන්ගේ ජනගහනය 1520 ගණන්වල මිලියන 5–9 කට ආසන්න සිට 1620 දී 600,000 දක්වා අඩු වූයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බෝවන රෝග නිසාය.[10]

2017 සංගණනයට ප්‍රථම වරට ජනවාර්ගික ස්වයං හඳුනාගැනීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නයක් ඇතුළත් විය. ප්‍රතිඵලවලට අනුව, ජනතාවගෙන් 60.2% ක් තමන් මෙස්ටිසෝ ලෙසත්, 22.3% ක් තමන් කෙචුවා ලෙසත්, 5.9% ක් තමන් සුදු ලෙසත්, 3.6% ක් තමන් කළු ලෙසත්, 2.4% ක් තමන් අයිමාරා ලෙසත්, 2.3% ක් තමන් වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසත්, 3.3% ක් තම ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කළේ නැත.[11] පේරු ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවධීන්හිදී, ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතිය වෙනස් වී ඇති අතර, බහු සමාජ ආර්ථික හා සමාජ සංස්කෘතික සාධක, උපත් පාලනය, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාත, බැහැර කිරීම යනාදිය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරින්ඩියන් අනුපාතය අඛණ්ඩව පහත වැටෙමින් පවතී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අද දක්වා ආරම්භ වූ සියලුම ජනවාර්ගික කොටස් මන්දගාමී සාමාන්‍යකරණය වූ විකෘතිකරණයකට රට නැඹුරු වේ. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් මෙස්ටිසෝ බවට පත්ව ඇති නිසා, සමහරු කඳුකරයේ සහ වනාන්තරයේ ස්වදේශිකයන් කෙරෙහි උසස් සංකීර්ණයක් අත්විඳිති, එක්කෝ ඔවුන් වචනයක් නිසි ලෙස උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම නිසා හෝ හුදෙක් පෙළක් හොඳින් කියවීමට නොදන්නා නිසා, ඔවුන් කෙරෙහි ජාතිවාදයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු විය.


During the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers, mixing widely with each other and with the native population, mainly on the coast (the mountains and the jungle maintained a very little mixed indigenous majority). After independence there was European immigration from Spain, Italy, England, France, and Germany, along with the Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru freed its black slaves in 1854.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese and Japanese arrived in the 1850s as laborers following the end of slavery, and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; The first Croatian immigrants came to Peru in 1573 from Dubrovnik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලන සමයේදී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන් විශාල වශයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, එකිනෙකා සමඟ සහ ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය සමඟ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ තීරයේ (කඳුකරය සහ වනාන්තරය ඉතා සුළු මිශ්‍ර ස්වදේශික බහුතරයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය) බහුලව මිශ්‍ර විය. නිදහසින් පසු මැද පෙරදිග සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඉතාලිය, එංගලන්තය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ජර්මනියෙන් යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණයක් සිදු විය.[12] 1854 දී පේරු එහි කළු වහලුන් නිදහස් කළේය.[13] වහල්භාවය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු 1850 ගණන්වල කම්කරුවන් ලෙස චීන සහ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් පැමිණි අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු සමාජයේ ප්‍රධාන බලපෑමක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.[14] පළමු ක්‍රොඒෂියානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් 1573 දී ඩුබ්‍රොව්නික් සිට පේරු වෙත පැමිණියහ.[15]
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
In recent decades, Peruvian emigration figures have shown a marked growth and currently more than 10% of Peruvians are residing outside the country. This migratory movement has been accentuated since the year 2000, the official figure of Peruvian emigrants is 2,444,634 from 1990 to 2011. This without considering the descendant population, and the illegal floating population that is essentially found in neighboring countries. It is estimated that in the last 82 years, more than 3.5 million Peruvians emigrated from the country. With respect to the main countries of destination for Peruvian emigrants between 1990 and 2011, these were: the United States (31.5%), Spain (16%), Argentina (14.3%), Italy (10.1%), Chile (8.8%), Japan (4.1%) and Venezuela (3.8%). 75% of Peruvian emigrants are between 19 and 49 years old, with a slight majority of women. For the most part, Peruvian emigration is a labor migration.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Throughout its history, Peru has received migrations from Europe (mainly Spain and Italy; and to a lesser extent from France, United Kingdom, and from other Central European countries and Southern), sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (China and Japan). It currently receives a large number of Venezuelan immigrants, who are escaping the economic crisis that their country is suffering.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

From 2016, the flow of Venezuelans to Peru increased, going from 6615 residents in that year to around 820,000 until mid-June 2019, being the most important migratory wave of the 21st century in the country. Peru is home to the second largest number of Venezuelan immigrants after Colombia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු සංක්‍රමණ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන කැපී පෙනෙන වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 10% කට වඩා වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් පිටත ජීවත් වෙති. මෙම සංක්‍රමණික ව්‍යාපාරය 2000 වසරේ සිට උද්දීපනය වී ඇති අතර, 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නිල සංඛ්‍යාව 2,444,634 කි. මෙය පැවත එන ජනගහනය සහ අසල්වැසි රටවල අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම දක්නට ලැබෙන නීති විරෝධී පාවෙන ජනගහනය සැලකිල්ලට නොගනී. පසුගිය වසර 82 තුළ පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 3.5 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇති බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත. 1990 සහ 2011 අතර පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ ගමනාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන රටවල් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ඒවා නම්: ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය (31.5%), ස්පාඤ්ඤය (16%), ආර්ජන්ටිනාව (14.3%), ඉතාලිය (10.1%), චිලී (8.8%), ජපානය (4.1%) සහ වෙනිසියුලාව (3.8%). පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් 75% ක් වයස අවුරුදු 19 ත් 49 ත් අතර වන අතර සුළු බහුතරයක් කාන්තාවන් වේ. බොහෝ දුරට, පේරු සංක්‍රමණය ශ්‍රම සංක්‍රමණයකි.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]

එහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යයට යුරෝපයෙන් (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ ඉතාලිය; සහ තරමක් දුරට ප්‍රංශය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අනෙකුත් මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය රටවල් සහ දකුණු), උප සහරා අප්‍රිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවෙන් (චීනය සහ ජපානය) සංක්‍රමණ ලැබී ඇත. වර්තමානයේ එයට වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඔවුන් තම රට විඳින ආර්ථික අර්බුදයෙන් බේරෙමින් සිටිති.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]

2016 සිට පේරු වෙත වෙනිසියුලානු ජාතිකයින්ගේ ගලායාම වැඩි වූ අතර, එම වසරේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 6615 සිට 2019 ජුනි මැද භාගය වන විට එය 820,000 ක් පමණ දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇති අතර එය 21 වන සියවසේ රටේ වැදගත්ම සංක්‍රමණික රැල්ල විය. කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දෙවන විශාලතම වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට පේරු වේ.[16]

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]] and, in areas where they predominate, [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] and other Indigenous languages. Spanish is spoken natively by 82.6% of the population, and coexists with several native languages, of which the most important is the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechuan languages]], spoken by 16.92% of the population, 1.7% [[:en:Aymara_language|Aymara]] and 0.8% speaking another native language. In the urban areas of the country, especially in the coastal region, monolingualism of Spanish predominates; while in many rural areas of the country, particularly in the Amazon, multilingual populations dominate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish language is used by the government and is the mainstream language of the country, which is used by the media and in educational systems and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse Indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the [[:en:Amazon_basin|Amazon basin]].

Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a language divide between the coast where Spanish is more predominant over the Amerindian languages, and the more diverse traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The Indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional Indigenous languages, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Spanish language. There has been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where Quechua is spoken. In the Peruvian Amazon, numerous Indigenous languages are spoken, including [[:en:Asháninka_language|Asháninka]], [[:en:Bora_language|Bora]], and [[:en:Aguaruna_language|Aguaruna]].

1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, පේරු හි නිල භාෂා ස්පාඤ්ඤ වන අතර, ඔවුන් ප්‍රමුඛ වන ප්‍රදේශවල, කෙචුවා සහ අනෙකුත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ජනගහනයෙන් 82.6% ක් ස්වදේශීයව කතා කරන අතර, ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කිහිපයක් සමඟ සහජීවනයෙන් පවතී, ඒවායින් වඩාත්ම වැදගත් වන්නේ ජනගහනයෙන් 16.92% ක් කතා කරන කෙචුවාන් භාෂා වන අතර, 1.7% ක් අයිමාරා සහ 0.8% ක් වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවක් කතා කරති. රටේ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවේ ඒකභාෂාවාදය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ; රටේ බොහෝ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් ඇමසන් හි, බහුභාෂා ජනගහනය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.[17]

ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව රජය විසින් භාවිතා කරන අතර එය රටේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ භාෂාව වන අතර එය මාධ්‍ය සහ අධ්‍යාපන පද්ධති සහ වාණිජ්‍යය විසින් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරයේ ජීවත් වන ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු ක්වෙචුවා සහ අයිමාරා කතා කරන අතර ඇන්ඩීස් හි නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ සහ ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියට යාබද නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්වල ජීවත් වන විවිධ ස්වදේශික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් වාර්ගිකව වෙනස් වේ.

පේරුහි සුවිශේෂී භූගෝලීය කලාප, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ඇමරින්ඩියන් භාෂාවට වඩා ප්‍රමුඛ වන වෙරළ තීරය සහ කඳුකරයේ සහ උස්බිම් වල වඩාත් විවිධාකාර සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඇන්ඩියන් සංස්කෘතීන් අතර භාෂා බෙදීමකින් පිළිබිඹු වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියට නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය විවිධ භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරයි. මෙම කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමහරක් තවමත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආදිවාසී භාෂාවන්ට අනුගත වන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට උකහා ගෙන ඇත. ක්වෙචුවා කතා කරන ප්‍රදේශවල රජයේ පාසල්වල ක්වෙචුවා ඉගැන්වීම සඳහා වැඩි වැඩියෙන් සහ සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයක් ගෙන තිබේ. පේරු ඇමසන් වනාන්තරයේ, අෂානින්කා, බෝරා සහ අගුවාරුනා ඇතුළු බොහෝ ආදිවාසී භාෂා කතා කෙරේ.

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]
Roman Catholicism has been the predominant faith in Peru for centuries, albeit religious practices have a high degree of [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] with Indigenous traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two of its universities, [[:en:Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Peru|Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]] and Universidad Católica San Pablo, are among the country's five top universities.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; As of the 2017 census, 76% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholic]]; 14.1% as [[:en:Evangelical_Protestant|Evangelical]]; 4.8% as Protestant, Jewish, [[:en:Latter-day_Saints|Latter-day Saints]], and [[:en:Jehovah's_Witnesses|Jehovah's Witnesses]]; and 5.1% as nonreligious.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2025, naturalized Peruvian citizen [[:en:Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)|Cardinal]] Robert Francis Prevost became [[:en:Pope_Leo_XIV|Pope Leo XIV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amerindian religious traditions continue to play a major role in the beliefs of Peruvians. Catholic festivities like [[:en:Corpus_Christi_(feast)|Corpus Christi]], [[:en:Holy_Week|Holy Week]] and Christmas sometimes blend with Amerindian traditions. Pre-Columbian Amerindian festivities remain widespread; [[:en:Inti_Raymi|Inti Raymi]], an ancient Inca festival, is still celebrated, especially in rural communities.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

The majority of towns, cities, and villages have their own official church or cathedral and [[:en:Patron_saint|patron saint]]. The two saints of Peru are [[:en:Rose_of_Lima|Rose of Lima]], the first Saint of the Americas, and [[:en:Martin_de_Porres|Martin de Porres]]. The largest cathedral in Peru is the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima]]. Other notable churches and cathedrals are the [[:en:Cusco_Cathedral|Cusco Cathedral]] [[:en:Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa|Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa]] and the [[:en:Basilica_of_Santo_Domingo,_Lima|Basilica of Santo Domingo]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
In Peru, education is under the jurisdiction of the [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_(Peru)|Ministry of Education]], which is in charge of formulating, implementing and supervising the national education policy. According to the Political Constitution of Peru, education is [[:en:Compulsory_education|compulsory]] and free in public schools for the initial, primary and secondary levels.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; It is also free in public universities for students who have satisfactory academic performance and pass the admission exams. Most of the schools in Peru are [[:en:Private_school|private]] and [[:en:Religious_school|religious]]. Peru's literacy rate is estimated at 92.9% as of 2007; this rate is lower in rural areas (80.3%) than in urban areas (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

Education is divided into different levels: Initial education corresponds to the period between zero and five years of age, and is in charge of cribs whose purpose is to provide children with the stimulation required for their comprehensive development and the gardens that offer technical-pedagogical activities. Primary education begins with the first cycle, made up of the first and second grades. The entry age for children is six years old. This level begins in the first grade and ends in the sixth grade of primary school. Secondary education consists of five years, from first to fifth year. Then comes higher education that can be technical, productive, technological or university. To enter universities it is essential to take an admission exam, although the difficulty of this depends on the requirements of the university.

Peru is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World. The [[:en:National_University_of_San_Marcos|National University of San Marcos]], founded on 12 May 1551, during the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The University of San Marcos is known to be the best in Peru and among the best in South America.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
Many of the Peruvian [[:en:Toponym|toponyms]] have [[:en:Indigenous_language|Indigenous]] sources. In the Andes communities of [[:en:Áncash_Region|Ancash]], [[:en:Cusco_Region|Cusco]] and [[:en:Puno_Region|Puno]], Quechua or Aymara names are overwhelmingly predominant. Their Spanish-based orthography, however, is in conflict with the normalized alphabets of these languages. According to Article 20 of ''Decreto Supremo No 004-2016-MC'' (Supreme Decree) which approves the Regulations to Law 29735, published in the official newspaper El Peruano on 22 July 2016, adequate spellings of the [[:en:Toponym|toponyms]] in the normalized alphabets of the Indigenous languages must progressively be proposed with the aim of standardizing the naming used by the National Geographic Institute ''(Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN)''. The National Geographic Institute realizes the necessary changes in the official maps of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>5y71ejr8motenubn0u1g14wdyqve5cd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754356</id>
      <parentid>754355</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:18:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ආගම */</comment>
      <origin>754356</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="52634" sha1="1z0y8heuf400ay24qkhlfud0j00n3p9" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|fourth most populous country in South America]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its population density is {{convert|25.79|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} and its annual growth rate is 1.1%. 58.8% of the Peruvian population lives on the coast, 27% in the mountains, and 14.2% in the jungle. In 2020, 27 million Peruvians lived in urban areas, which represents 80% of the population. Peru had a population of seven million residents in 1940; between 1950 and 2000, the demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6%, with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{As of|2017}}, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major cities include the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]] (home to over 9.8 million people), [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]], [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]], [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]], [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], [[:en:Chimbote|Chimbote]], and [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]]; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the [[:en:2007_Peru_Census|2007 census]].&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; Arequipa is Peru's second largest city, with an estimated population of 1,177,000, while Trujillo is the third largest city with 1,048,000. There are 15 known [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted]] Amerindian tribes in Peru.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Peru has a [[:en:Life_expectancy|life expectancy]] of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;The economically active population is equivalent to 53.78% of the total population, or about 17,830,500 inhabitants. The largest cities are located on the coast, such as Sullana, Piura, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Chimbote, Lima and Ica. In the mountains, the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, Cajamarca and Juliaca stand out. Finally, in the jungle, [[Iquitos]] is the most important, followed by [[Pucallpa]], [[Tarapoto]], [[Moyobamba]] and Tingo María.

2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.[1] එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.[2][3]

2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.[4] ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Cusco, Chimbote සහ Huancayo; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.[5] Arequipa යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර Trujillo 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.[6] 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7). [7] ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
Peru is a [[:en:Multiethnic_society|multiethnic nation]] formed by successive waves of different peoples over five centuries. [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples_in_Peru|Amerindians]] inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before the [[:en:Spanish_conquest_of_Peru|Spanish conquest]] in the 16th century; according to historian [[:en:Noble_David_Cook|Noble David Cook]], their population decreased from nearly 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of [[:en:Infectious_disease|infectious diseases]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2017 census for the first time included a question on ethnic self-identification. According to the results, 60.2% of the people identified themselves as [[:en:Mestizo|mestizo]], 22.3% identified themselves as [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], 5.9% identified themselves as [[:en:White_Peruvians|white]], 3.6% identified themselves as [[:en:Afro-Peruvians|black]], 2.4% identified themselves as [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]], 2.3% identified themselves as other ethnic groups, and 3.3% did not declare their ethnicity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In the different stages of Peru's history, ethnic composition has varied, with a continuous decline in the Amerindian proportion, due to multiple socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, birth controls, high mortality rates, exclusion, among others. The country tends towards a slow generalized miscegenation of all ethnic segments that began from the beginning of the colonial period to the present day. Because the majority of the Peruvian population has become mestizo, some feel a superiority complex towards the natives of the mountains and the jungle, either because they do not pronounce a word properly, or simply because they do not know how to read a text well, leading to a kind of [[:en:Racism|racism]] towards them.

පේරු යනු සියවස් පහක් පුරා විවිධ ජනයාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රැළි මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ බහු වාර්ගික ජාතියකි. 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු පේරු භූමියේ වාසය කළහ; ඉතිහාසඥ නොබල් ඩේවිඩ් කුක්ට අනුව, ඔවුන්ගේ ජනගහනය 1520 ගණන්වල මිලියන 5–9 කට ආසන්න සිට 1620 දී 600,000 දක්වා අඩු වූයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බෝවන රෝග නිසාය.[10]

2017 සංගණනයට ප්‍රථම වරට ජනවාර්ගික ස්වයං හඳුනාගැනීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නයක් ඇතුළත් විය. ප්‍රතිඵලවලට අනුව, ජනතාවගෙන් 60.2% ක් තමන් මෙස්ටිසෝ ලෙසත්, 22.3% ක් තමන් කෙචුවා ලෙසත්, 5.9% ක් තමන් සුදු ලෙසත්, 3.6% ක් තමන් කළු ලෙසත්, 2.4% ක් තමන් අයිමාරා ලෙසත්, 2.3% ක් තමන් වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසත්, 3.3% ක් තම ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කළේ නැත.[11] පේරු ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවධීන්හිදී, ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතිය වෙනස් වී ඇති අතර, බහු සමාජ ආර්ථික හා සමාජ සංස්කෘතික සාධක, උපත් පාලනය, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාත, බැහැර කිරීම යනාදිය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරින්ඩියන් අනුපාතය අඛණ්ඩව පහත වැටෙමින් පවතී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අද දක්වා ආරම්භ වූ සියලුම ජනවාර්ගික කොටස් මන්දගාමී සාමාන්‍යකරණය වූ විකෘතිකරණයකට රට නැඹුරු වේ. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් මෙස්ටිසෝ බවට පත්ව ඇති නිසා, සමහරු කඳුකරයේ සහ වනාන්තරයේ ස්වදේශිකයන් කෙරෙහි උසස් සංකීර්ණයක් අත්විඳිති, එක්කෝ ඔවුන් වචනයක් නිසි ලෙස උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම නිසා හෝ හුදෙක් පෙළක් හොඳින් කියවීමට නොදන්නා නිසා, ඔවුන් කෙරෙහි ජාතිවාදයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු විය.


During the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers, mixing widely with each other and with the native population, mainly on the coast (the mountains and the jungle maintained a very little mixed indigenous majority). After independence there was European immigration from Spain, Italy, England, France, and Germany, along with the Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru freed its black slaves in 1854.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese and Japanese arrived in the 1850s as laborers following the end of slavery, and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; The first Croatian immigrants came to Peru in 1573 from Dubrovnik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලන සමයේදී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන් විශාල වශයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, එකිනෙකා සමඟ සහ ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය සමඟ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ තීරයේ (කඳුකරය සහ වනාන්තරය ඉතා සුළු මිශ්‍ර ස්වදේශික බහුතරයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය) බහුලව මිශ්‍ර විය. නිදහසින් පසු මැද පෙරදිග සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඉතාලිය, එංගලන්තය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ජර්මනියෙන් යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණයක් සිදු විය.[12] 1854 දී පේරු එහි කළු වහලුන් නිදහස් කළේය.[13] වහල්භාවය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු 1850 ගණන්වල කම්කරුවන් ලෙස චීන සහ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් පැමිණි අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු සමාජයේ ප්‍රධාන බලපෑමක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.[14] පළමු ක්‍රොඒෂියානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් 1573 දී ඩුබ්‍රොව්නික් සිට පේරු වෙත පැමිණියහ.[15]
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
In recent decades, Peruvian emigration figures have shown a marked growth and currently more than 10% of Peruvians are residing outside the country. This migratory movement has been accentuated since the year 2000, the official figure of Peruvian emigrants is 2,444,634 from 1990 to 2011. This without considering the descendant population, and the illegal floating population that is essentially found in neighboring countries. It is estimated that in the last 82 years, more than 3.5 million Peruvians emigrated from the country. With respect to the main countries of destination for Peruvian emigrants between 1990 and 2011, these were: the United States (31.5%), Spain (16%), Argentina (14.3%), Italy (10.1%), Chile (8.8%), Japan (4.1%) and Venezuela (3.8%). 75% of Peruvian emigrants are between 19 and 49 years old, with a slight majority of women. For the most part, Peruvian emigration is a labor migration.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Throughout its history, Peru has received migrations from Europe (mainly Spain and Italy; and to a lesser extent from France, United Kingdom, and from other Central European countries and Southern), sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (China and Japan). It currently receives a large number of Venezuelan immigrants, who are escaping the economic crisis that their country is suffering.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

From 2016, the flow of Venezuelans to Peru increased, going from 6615 residents in that year to around 820,000 until mid-June 2019, being the most important migratory wave of the 21st century in the country. Peru is home to the second largest number of Venezuelan immigrants after Colombia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු සංක්‍රමණ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන කැපී පෙනෙන වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 10% කට වඩා වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් පිටත ජීවත් වෙති. මෙම සංක්‍රමණික ව්‍යාපාරය 2000 වසරේ සිට උද්දීපනය වී ඇති අතර, 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නිල සංඛ්‍යාව 2,444,634 කි. මෙය පැවත එන ජනගහනය සහ අසල්වැසි රටවල අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම දක්නට ලැබෙන නීති විරෝධී පාවෙන ජනගහනය සැලකිල්ලට නොගනී. පසුගිය වසර 82 තුළ පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 3.5 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇති බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත. 1990 සහ 2011 අතර පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ ගමනාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන රටවල් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ඒවා නම්: ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය (31.5%), ස්පාඤ්ඤය (16%), ආර්ජන්ටිනාව (14.3%), ඉතාලිය (10.1%), චිලී (8.8%), ජපානය (4.1%) සහ වෙනිසියුලාව (3.8%). පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් 75% ක් වයස අවුරුදු 19 ත් 49 ත් අතර වන අතර සුළු බහුතරයක් කාන්තාවන් වේ. බොහෝ දුරට, පේරු සංක්‍රමණය ශ්‍රම සංක්‍රමණයකි.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]

එහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යයට යුරෝපයෙන් (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ ඉතාලිය; සහ තරමක් දුරට ප්‍රංශය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අනෙකුත් මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය රටවල් සහ දකුණු), උප සහරා අප්‍රිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවෙන් (චීනය සහ ජපානය) සංක්‍රමණ ලැබී ඇත. වර්තමානයේ එයට වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඔවුන් තම රට විඳින ආර්ථික අර්බුදයෙන් බේරෙමින් සිටිති.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]

2016 සිට පේරු වෙත වෙනිසියුලානු ජාතිකයින්ගේ ගලායාම වැඩි වූ අතර, එම වසරේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 6615 සිට 2019 ජුනි මැද භාගය වන විට එය 820,000 ක් පමණ දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇති අතර එය 21 වන සියවසේ රටේ වැදගත්ම සංක්‍රමණික රැල්ල විය. කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දෙවන විශාලතම වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට පේරු වේ.[16]

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]] and, in areas where they predominate, [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] and other Indigenous languages. Spanish is spoken natively by 82.6% of the population, and coexists with several native languages, of which the most important is the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechuan languages]], spoken by 16.92% of the population, 1.7% [[:en:Aymara_language|Aymara]] and 0.8% speaking another native language. In the urban areas of the country, especially in the coastal region, monolingualism of Spanish predominates; while in many rural areas of the country, particularly in the Amazon, multilingual populations dominate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spanish language is used by the government and is the mainstream language of the country, which is used by the media and in educational systems and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse Indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the [[:en:Amazon_basin|Amazon basin]].

Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a language divide between the coast where Spanish is more predominant over the Amerindian languages, and the more diverse traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The Indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional Indigenous languages, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Spanish language. There has been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where Quechua is spoken. In the Peruvian Amazon, numerous Indigenous languages are spoken, including [[:en:Asháninka_language|Asháninka]], [[:en:Bora_language|Bora]], and [[:en:Aguaruna_language|Aguaruna]].

1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, පේරු හි නිල භාෂා ස්පාඤ්ඤ වන අතර, ඔවුන් ප්‍රමුඛ වන ප්‍රදේශවල, කෙචුවා සහ අනෙකුත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ජනගහනයෙන් 82.6% ක් ස්වදේශීයව කතා කරන අතර, ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කිහිපයක් සමඟ සහජීවනයෙන් පවතී, ඒවායින් වඩාත්ම වැදගත් වන්නේ ජනගහනයෙන් 16.92% ක් කතා කරන කෙචුවාන් භාෂා වන අතර, 1.7% ක් අයිමාරා සහ 0.8% ක් වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවක් කතා කරති. රටේ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවේ ඒකභාෂාවාදය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ; රටේ බොහෝ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් ඇමසන් හි, බහුභාෂා ජනගහනය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.[17]

ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව රජය විසින් භාවිතා කරන අතර එය රටේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ භාෂාව වන අතර එය මාධ්‍ය සහ අධ්‍යාපන පද්ධති සහ වාණිජ්‍යය විසින් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරයේ ජීවත් වන ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු ක්වෙචුවා සහ අයිමාරා කතා කරන අතර ඇන්ඩීස් හි නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ සහ ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියට යාබද නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්වල ජීවත් වන විවිධ ස්වදේශික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් වාර්ගිකව වෙනස් වේ.

පේරුහි සුවිශේෂී භූගෝලීය කලාප, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ඇමරින්ඩියන් භාෂාවට වඩා ප්‍රමුඛ වන වෙරළ තීරය සහ කඳුකරයේ සහ උස්බිම් වල වඩාත් විවිධාකාර සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඇන්ඩියන් සංස්කෘතීන් අතර භාෂා බෙදීමකින් පිළිබිඹු වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියට නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය විවිධ භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරයි. මෙම කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමහරක් තවමත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආදිවාසී භාෂාවන්ට අනුගත වන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට උකහා ගෙන ඇත. ක්වෙචුවා කතා කරන ප්‍රදේශවල රජයේ පාසල්වල ක්වෙචුවා ඉගැන්වීම සඳහා වැඩි වැඩියෙන් සහ සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයක් ගෙන තිබේ. පේරු ඇමසන් වනාන්තරයේ, අෂානින්කා, බෝරා සහ අගුවාරුනා ඇතුළු බොහෝ ආදිවාසී භාෂා කතා කෙරේ.

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]
Roman Catholicism has been the predominant faith in Peru for centuries, albeit religious practices have a high degree of [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] with Indigenous traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two of its universities, [[:en:Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Peru|Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]] and Universidad Católica San Pablo, are among the country's five top universities.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; As of the 2017 census, 76% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholic]]; 14.1% as [[:en:Evangelical_Protestant|Evangelical]]; 4.8% as Protestant, Jewish, [[:en:Latter-day_Saints|Latter-day Saints]], and [[:en:Jehovah's_Witnesses|Jehovah's Witnesses]]; and 5.1% as nonreligious.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2025, naturalized Peruvian citizen [[:en:Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)|Cardinal]] Robert Francis Prevost became [[:en:Pope_Leo_XIV|Pope Leo XIV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amerindian religious traditions continue to play a major role in the beliefs of Peruvians. Catholic festivities like [[:en:Corpus_Christi_(feast)|Corpus Christi]], [[:en:Holy_Week|Holy Week]] and Christmas sometimes blend with Amerindian traditions. Pre-Columbian Amerindian festivities remain widespread; [[:en:Inti_Raymi|Inti Raymi]], an ancient Inca festival, is still celebrated, especially in rural communities.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

The majority of towns, cities, and villages have their own official church or cathedral and [[:en:Patron_saint|patron saint]]. The two saints of Peru are [[:en:Rose_of_Lima|Rose of Lima]], the first Saint of the Americas, and [[:en:Martin_de_Porres|Martin de Porres]]. The largest cathedral in Peru is the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima]]. Other notable churches and cathedrals are the [[:en:Cusco_Cathedral|Cusco Cathedral]] [[:en:Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa|Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa]] and the [[:en:Basilica_of_Santo_Domingo,_Lima|Basilica of Santo Domingo]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}

පේරු හි සියවස් ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මය ප්‍රමුඛ ඇදහිල්ලක් වී ඇත, නමුත් ආගමික පිළිවෙත් ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ ඉහළ සමමුහුර්තතාවයක් ඇත.[18] එහි විශ්ව විද්‍යාල දෙකක් වන පේරු හි පොන්ටිෆිකල් කතෝලික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ යුනිවර්සිඩෑඩ් කැටෝලිකා සැන් පැබ්ලෝ, රටේ ඉහළම විශ්ව විද්‍යාල පහ අතර වේ.[19] 2017 සංගණනයට අනුව, අවුරුදු 12 ට වැඩි ජනගහනයෙන් 76% ක් තමන් කතෝලිකයන් ලෙස විස්තර කළහ; 14.1% ක් එවැන්ජලිකල්; 4.8% ක් රෙපරමාදු, යුදෙව්, පසුකාලීන සාන්තුවරයන් සහ යෙහෝවාගේ සාක්ෂිකරුවන්; සහ 5.1% ක් ආගමික නොවන අයයි.[20] 2025 දී, ස්වභාවිකකරණය වූ පේරු පුරවැසියෙකු වන කාදිනල් රොබට් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ප්‍රෙවොස්ට් XIV වන ලියෝ පාප් වහන්සේ බවට පත්විය.[21]

ඇමරින්දියානු ආගමික සම්ප්‍රදායන් පේරු වැසියන්ගේ විශ්වාසයන් තුළ ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. කෝපස් ක්‍රිස්ටි, ශුද්ධ සතිය සහ නත්තල් වැනි කතෝලික උත්සව සමහර විට ඇමරින්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වේ. පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරින්දියානු උත්සව පුළුල් ලෙස පවතී; Inti Raymi, පුරාණ Inca උත්සවයක්, විශේෂයෙන් ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවන් තුළ තවමත් සමරනු ලැබේ.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]

නගර, නගර සහ ගම්වල බහුතරයකට තමන්ගේම නිල පල්ලියක් හෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුරක් සහ අනුශාසක සාන්තුවරයෙකු ඇත. පේරුහි සාන්තුවරයන් දෙදෙනා වන්නේ ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සාන්තුවරයා වන ලීමා හි රෝස් සහ මාටින් ඩි පෝරස් ය. පේරු හි විශාලතම ආසන දෙව්මැදුර ලීමා හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ආසන දෙව්මැදුරයි. අනෙකුත් කැපී පෙනෙන පල්ලි සහ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර වන්නේ Arequipa හි Cusco Cathedral Basilica Cathedral සහ Santo Domingo බැසිලිකාවයි.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]

අධ්යාපනය

ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය


ස්ථාන නාම

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
In Peru, education is under the jurisdiction of the [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_(Peru)|Ministry of Education]], which is in charge of formulating, implementing and supervising the national education policy. According to the Political Constitution of Peru, education is [[:en:Compulsory_education|compulsory]] and free in public schools for the initial, primary and secondary levels.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; It is also free in public universities for students who have satisfactory academic performance and pass the admission exams. Most of the schools in Peru are [[:en:Private_school|private]] and [[:en:Religious_school|religious]]. Peru's literacy rate is estimated at 92.9% as of 2007; this rate is lower in rural areas (80.3%) than in urban areas (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

Education is divided into different levels: Initial education corresponds to the period between zero and five years of age, and is in charge of cribs whose purpose is to provide children with the stimulation required for their comprehensive development and the gardens that offer technical-pedagogical activities. Primary education begins with the first cycle, made up of the first and second grades. The entry age for children is six years old. This level begins in the first grade and ends in the sixth grade of primary school. Secondary education consists of five years, from first to fifth year. Then comes higher education that can be technical, productive, technological or university. To enter universities it is essential to take an admission exam, although the difficulty of this depends on the requirements of the university.

Peru is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World. The [[:en:National_University_of_San_Marcos|National University of San Marcos]], founded on 12 May 1551, during the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The University of San Marcos is known to be the best in Peru and among the best in South America.

පේරු හි අධ්‍යාපනය ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සකස් කිරීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අධීක්ෂණය කිරීම භාරව සිටින අධ්‍යාපන අමාත්‍යාංශයේ අධිකරණ බලය යටතේ පවතී. පේරු හි දේශපාලන ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, මූලික, ප්‍රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයික මට්ටම් සඳහා රජයේ පාසල්වල අධ්‍යාපනය අනිවාර්ය සහ නොමිලේ වේ.[22][23] සතුටුදායක අධ්‍යයන කාර්ය සාධනයක් ඇති සහ ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාග සමත් වන සිසුන් සඳහා රජයේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවල ද එය නොමිලේ. පේරු හි බොහෝ පාසල් පෞද්ගලික සහ ආගමික වේ. 2007 වන විට පේරු හි සාක්ෂරතා අනුපාතය 92.9% ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත; මෙම අනුපාතය නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවලට වඩා ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල (80.3%) අඩුය (96.3%).[24]

අධ්‍යාපනය විවිධ මට්ටම්වලට බෙදා ඇත: මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ශුන්‍යයේ සිට අවුරුදු පහ දක්වා කාලයට අනුරූප වන අතර, දරුවන්ගේ පුළුල් සංවර්ධනය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය උත්තේජනය සහ තාක්ෂණික-අධ්‍යාපනික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ලබා දෙන උද්‍යාන සැපයීම අරමුණු කරගත් තොටිල්ල භාරව සිටී. ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සහ දෙවන ශ්‍රේණිවලින් සමන්විත පළමු චක්‍රයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ. ළමුන් සඳහා ඇතුළත් වීමේ වයස අවුරුදු හයකි. මෙම මට්ටම පළමු ශ්‍රේණියේ සිට ආරම්භ වී ප්‍රාථමික පාසලේ හයවන ශ්‍රේණියේදී අවසන් වේ. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සිට පස්වන වසර දක්වා වසර පහකින් සමන්විත වේ. ඉන්පසු තාක්ෂණික, ඵලදායී, තාක්ෂණික හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල විය හැකි උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය පැමිණේ. විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවලට ඇතුළත් වීමට ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාගයක් පැවැත්වීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ, නමුත් මෙහි දුෂ්කරතාවය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ අවශ්‍යතා මත රඳා පවතී.

පේරු යනු නව ලෝකයේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනයේ පැරණිතම ආයතනවලින් එකකි. පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලනය යටතේ 1551 මැයි 12 වන දින ආරම්භ කරන ලද සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, ඇමරිකාවේ නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවන ලද සහ අඛණ්ඩව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වේ.[25] සැන් මාකෝස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය පේරු හි හොඳම සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ හොඳම ඒවා අතර ප්‍රසිද්ධය.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
Many of the Peruvian [[:en:Toponym|toponyms]] have [[:en:Indigenous_language|Indigenous]] sources. In the Andes communities of [[:en:Áncash_Region|Ancash]], [[:en:Cusco_Region|Cusco]] and [[:en:Puno_Region|Puno]], Quechua or Aymara names are overwhelmingly predominant. Their Spanish-based orthography, however, is in conflict with the normalized alphabets of these languages. According to Article 20 of ''Decreto Supremo No 004-2016-MC'' (Supreme Decree) which approves the Regulations to Law 29735, published in the official newspaper El Peruano on 22 July 2016, adequate spellings of the [[:en:Toponym|toponyms]] in the normalized alphabets of the Indigenous languages must progressively be proposed with the aim of standardizing the naming used by the National Geographic Institute ''(Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN)''. The National Geographic Institute realizes the necessary changes in the official maps of Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ස්ථාන නාම බොහොමයකට ස්වදේශීය මූලාශ්‍ර ඇත. ඇන්කාෂ්, කුස්කෝ සහ පූනෝ යන ඇන්ඩීස් ප්‍රජාවන්හි, ක්වෙචුවා හෝ අයිමාරා නම් අතිමහත් ලෙස ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔවුන්ගේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදනම් කරගත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය මෙම භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩිය සමඟ ගැටෙයි. 2016 ජූලි 22 වන දින නිල පුවත්පතක් වන එල් පේරුආනෝ හි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද 29735 නීතිය සඳහා වන රෙගුලාසි අනුමත කරන ඩෙක්‍රෙටෝ සුප්‍රීමෝ අංක 004-2016-MC (උත්තරීතර ආඥාව) හි 20 වන වගන්තියට අනුව, ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) විසින් භාවිතා කරන නම් කිරීම ප්‍රමිතිකරණය කිරීමේ අරමුණින් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩියේ ස්ථාන නාමවල ප්‍රමාණවත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය ක්‍රමයෙන් යෝජනා කළ යුතුය. පේරුහි නිල සිතියම්වල අවශ්‍ය වෙනස්කම් ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය විසින් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ.[26]

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>1z0y8heuf400ay24qkhlfud0j00n3p9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754357</id>
      <parentid>754356</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:28:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754357</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51454" sha1="pk1vjsq6xsvkphe4ozchq1k04gqpbuj" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|fourth most populous country in South America]]. Its population density is {{convert|25.79|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} and its annual growth rate is 1.1%. 58.8% of the Peruvian population lives on the coast, 27% in the mountains, and 14.2% in the jungle. In 2020, 27 million Peruvians lived in urban areas, which represents 80% of the population. Peru had a population of seven million residents in 1940; between 1950 and 2000, the demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6%, with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050

{{As of|2017}}, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas. Major cities include the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]] (home to over 9.8 million people), [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]], [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]], [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]], [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], [[:en:Chimbote|Chimbote]], and [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]]; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the [[:en:2007_Peru_Census|2007 census]]. Arequipa is Peru's second largest city, with an estimated population of 1,177,000, while Trujillo is the third largest city with 1,048,000. There are 15 known [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted]] Amerindian tribes in Peru. Peru has a [[:en:Life_expectancy|life expectancy]] of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]].The economically active population is equivalent to 53.78% of the total population, or about 17,830,500 inhabitants. The largest cities are located on the coast, such as Sullana, Piura, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Chimbote, Lima and Ica. In the mountains, the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, Cajamarca and Juliaca stand out. Finally, in the jungle, [[Iquitos]] is the most important, followed by [[Pucallpa]], [[Tarapoto]], [[Moyobamba]] and Tingo María.

2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), අරක්විපා, ටෘජිලෝ, චික්ලයෝ, පියුරා, ඉකිටෝස්, කුස්කෝ, චිම්බෝටේ සහ හුවාන්කායෝ; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; අරක්විපා යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර ටෘජිලෝ 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
Peru is a [[:en:Multiethnic_society|multiethnic nation]] formed by successive waves of different peoples over five centuries. [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples_in_Peru|Amerindians]] inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before the [[:en:Spanish_conquest_of_Peru|Spanish conquest]] in the 16th century; according to historian [[:en:Noble_David_Cook|Noble David Cook]], their population decreased from nearly 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of [[:en:Infectious_disease|infectious diseases]].

The 2017 census for the first time included a question on ethnic self-identification. According to the results, 60.2% of the people identified themselves as [[:en:Mestizo|mestizo]], 22.3% identified themselves as [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], 5.9% identified themselves as [[:en:White_Peruvians|white]], 3.6% identified themselves as [[:en:Afro-Peruvians|black]], 2.4% identified themselves as [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]], 2.3% identified themselves as other ethnic groups, and 3.3% did not declare their ethnicity.  In the different stages of Peru's history, ethnic composition has varied, with a continuous decline in the Amerindian proportion, due to multiple socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, birth controls, high mortality rates, exclusion, among others. The country tends towards a slow generalized miscegenation of all ethnic segments that began from the beginning of the colonial period to the present day. Because the majority of the Peruvian population has become mestizo, some feel a superiority complex towards the natives of the mountains and the jungle, either because they do not pronounce a word properly, or simply because they do not know how to read a text well, leading to a kind of [[:en:Racism|racism]] towards them.

පේරු යනු සියවස් පහක් පුරා විවිධ ජනයාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රැළි මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ බහු වාර්ගික ජාතියකි. 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු පේරු භූමියේ වාසය කළහ; ඉතිහාසඥ නොබල් ඩේවිඩ් කුක්ට අනුව, ඔවුන්ගේ ජනගහනය 1520 ගණන්වල මිලියන 5–9 කට ආසන්න සිට 1620 දී 600,000 දක්වා අඩු වූයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බෝවන රෝග නිසාය.&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 සංගණනයට ප්‍රථම වරට ජනවාර්ගික ස්වයං හඳුනාගැනීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නයක් ඇතුළත් විය. ප්‍රතිඵලවලට අනුව, ජනතාවගෙන් 60.2% ක් තමන් මෙස්ටිසෝ ලෙසත්, 22.3% ක් තමන් කෙචුවා ලෙසත්, 5.9% ක් තමන් සුදු ලෙසත්, 3.6% ක් තමන් කළු ලෙසත්, 2.4% ක් තමන් අයිමාරා ලෙසත්, 2.3% ක් තමන් වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසත්, 3.3% ක් තම ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කළේ නැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවධීන්හිදී, ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතිය වෙනස් වී ඇති අතර, බහු සමාජ ආර්ථික හා සමාජ සංස්කෘතික සාධක, උපත් පාලනය, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාත, බැහැර කිරීම යනාදිය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරින්ඩියන් අනුපාතය අඛණ්ඩව පහත වැටෙමින් පවතී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අද දක්වා ආරම්භ වූ සියලුම ජනවාර්ගික කොටස් මන්දගාමී සාමාන්‍යකරණය වූ විකෘතිකරණයකට රට නැඹුරු වේ. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් මෙස්ටිසෝ බවට පත්ව ඇති නිසා, සමහරු කඳුකරයේ සහ වනාන්තරයේ ස්වදේශිකයන් කෙරෙහි උසස් සංකීර්ණයක් අත්විඳිති, එක්කෝ ඔවුන් වචනයක් නිසි ලෙස උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම නිසා හෝ හුදෙක් පෙළක් හොඳින් කියවීමට නොදන්නා නිසා, ඔවුන් කෙරෙහි ජාතිවාදයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු විය.


During the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers, mixing widely with each other and with the native population, mainly on the coast (the mountains and the jungle maintained a very little mixed indigenous majority). After independence there was European immigration from Spain, Italy, England, France, and Germany, along with the Middle East. Peru freed its black slaves in 1854. Chinese and Japanese arrived in the 1850s as laborers following the end of slavery, and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society. The first Croatian immigrants came to Peru in 1573 from Dubrovnik.

පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලන සමයේදී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන් විශාල වශයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, එකිනෙකා සමඟ සහ ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය සමඟ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ තීරයේ (කඳුකරය සහ වනාන්තරය ඉතා සුළු මිශ්‍ර ස්වදේශික බහුතරයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය) බහුලව මිශ්‍ර විය. නිදහසින් පසු මැද පෙරදිග සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඉතාලිය, එංගලන්තය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ජර්මනියෙන් යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණයක් සිදු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1854 දී පේරු එහි කළු වහලුන් නිදහස් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; වහල්භාවය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු 1850 ගණන්වල කම්කරුවන් ලෙස චීන සහ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් පැමිණි අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු සමාජයේ ප්‍රධාන බලපෑමක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; පළමු ක්‍රොඒෂියානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් 1573 දී ඩුබ්‍රොව්නික් සිට පේරු වෙත පැමිණියහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
In recent decades, Peruvian emigration figures have shown a marked growth and currently more than 10% of Peruvians are residing outside the country. This migratory movement has been accentuated since the year 2000, the official figure of Peruvian emigrants is 2,444,634 from 1990 to 2011. This without considering the descendant population, and the illegal floating population that is essentially found in neighboring countries. It is estimated that in the last 82 years, more than 3.5 million Peruvians emigrated from the country. With respect to the main countries of destination for Peruvian emigrants between 1990 and 2011, these were: the United States (31.5%), Spain (16%), Argentina (14.3%), Italy (10.1%), Chile (8.8%), Japan (4.1%) and Venezuela (3.8%). 75% of Peruvian emigrants are between 19 and 49 years old, with a slight majority of women. For the most part, Peruvian emigration is a labor migration.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Throughout its history, Peru has received migrations from Europe (mainly Spain and Italy; and to a lesser extent from France, United Kingdom, and from other Central European countries and Southern), sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (China and Japan). It currently receives a large number of Venezuelan immigrants, who are escaping the economic crisis that their country is suffering.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

From 2016, the flow of Venezuelans to Peru increased, going from 6615 residents in that year to around 820,000 until mid-June 2019, being the most important migratory wave of the 21st century in the country. Peru is home to the second largest number of Venezuelan immigrants after Colombia.

මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු සංක්‍රමණ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන කැපී පෙනෙන වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 10% කට වඩා වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් පිටත ජීවත් වෙති. මෙම සංක්‍රමණික ව්‍යාපාරය 2000 වසරේ සිට උද්දීපනය වී ඇති අතර, 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නිල සංඛ්‍යාව 2,444,634 කි. මෙය පැවත එන ජනගහනය සහ අසල්වැසි රටවල අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම දක්නට ලැබෙන නීති විරෝධී පාවෙන ජනගහනය සැලකිල්ලට නොගනී. පසුගිය වසර 82 තුළ පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 3.5 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇති බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත. 1990 සහ 2011 අතර පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ ගමනාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන රටවල් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ඒවා නම්: ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය (31.5%), ස්පාඤ්ඤය (16%), ආර්ජන්ටිනාව (14.3%), ඉතාලිය (10.1%), චිලී (8.8%), ජපානය (4.1%) සහ වෙනිසියුලාව (3.8%). පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් 75% ක් වයස අවුරුදු 19 ත් 49 ත් අතර වන අතර සුළු බහුතරයක් කාන්තාවන් වේ. බොහෝ දුරට, පේරු සංක්‍රමණය ශ්‍රම සංක්‍රමණයකි.

එහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යයට යුරෝපයෙන් (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ ඉතාලිය; සහ තරමක් දුරට ප්‍රංශය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අනෙකුත් මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය රටවල් සහ දකුණු), උප සහරා අප්‍රිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවෙන් (චීනය සහ ජපානය) සංක්‍රමණ ලැබී ඇත. වර්තමානයේ එයට වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඔවුන් තම රට විඳින ආර්ථික අර්බුදයෙන් බේරෙමින් සිටිති.

2016 සිට පේරු වෙත වෙනිසියුලානු ජාතිකයින්ගේ ගලායාම වැඩි වූ අතර, එම වසරේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 6615 සිට 2019 ජුනි මැද භාගය වන විට එය 820,000 ක් පමණ දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇති අතර එය 21 වන සියවසේ රටේ වැදගත්ම සංක්‍රමණික රැල්ල විය. කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දෙවන විශාලතම වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට පේරු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]] and, in areas where they predominate, [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] and other Indigenous languages. Spanish is spoken natively by 82.6% of the population, and coexists with several native languages, of which the most important is the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechuan languages]], spoken by 16.92% of the population, 1.7% [[:en:Aymara_language|Aymara]] and 0.8% speaking another native language. In the urban areas of the country, especially in the coastal region, monolingualism of Spanish predominates; while in many rural areas of the country, particularly in the Amazon, multilingual populations dominate.

Spanish language is used by the government and is the mainstream language of the country, which is used by the media and in educational systems and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse Indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the [[:en:Amazon_basin|Amazon basin]].

Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a language divide between the coast where Spanish is more predominant over the Amerindian languages, and the more diverse traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The Indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional Indigenous languages, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Spanish language. There has been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where Quechua is spoken. In the Peruvian Amazon, numerous Indigenous languages are spoken, including [[:en:Asháninka_language|Asháninka]], [[:en:Bora_language|Bora]], and [[:en:Aguaruna_language|Aguaruna]].

1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, පේරු හි නිල භාෂා ස්පාඤ්ඤ වන අතර, ඔවුන් ප්‍රමුඛ වන ප්‍රදේශවල, කෙචුවා සහ අනෙකුත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ජනගහනයෙන් 82.6% ක් ස්වදේශීයව කතා කරන අතර, ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කිහිපයක් සමඟ සහජීවනයෙන් පවතී, ඒවායින් වඩාත්ම වැදගත් වන්නේ ජනගහනයෙන් 16.92% ක් කතා කරන කෙචුවාන් භාෂා වන අතර, 1.7% ක් අයිමාරා සහ 0.8% ක් වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවක් කතා කරති. රටේ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවේ ඒකභාෂාවාදය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ; රටේ බොහෝ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් ඇමසන් හි, බහුභාෂා ජනගහනය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව රජය විසින් භාවිතා කරන අතර එය රටේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ භාෂාව වන අතර එය මාධ්‍ය සහ අධ්‍යාපන පද්ධති සහ වාණිජ්‍යය විසින් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරයේ ජීවත් වන ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු ක්වෙචුවා සහ අයිමාරා කතා කරන අතර ඇන්ඩීස් හි නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ සහ ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියට යාබද නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්වල ජීවත් වන විවිධ ස්වදේශික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් වාර්ගිකව වෙනස් වේ.

පේරුහි සුවිශේෂී භූගෝලීය කලාප, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ඇමරින්ඩියන් භාෂාවට වඩා ප්‍රමුඛ වන වෙරළ තීරය සහ කඳුකරයේ සහ උස්බිම් වල වඩාත් විවිධාකාර සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඇන්ඩියන් සංස්කෘතීන් අතර භාෂා බෙදීමකින් පිළිබිඹු වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියට නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය විවිධ භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරයි. මෙම කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමහරක් තවමත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආදිවාසී භාෂාවන්ට අනුගත වන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට උකහා ගෙන ඇත. ක්වෙචුවා කතා කරන ප්‍රදේශවල රජයේ පාසල්වල ක්වෙචුවා ඉගැන්වීම සඳහා වැඩි වැඩියෙන් සහ සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයක් ගෙන තිබේ. පේරු ඇමසන් වනාන්තරයේ, අෂානින්කා, බෝරා සහ අගුවාරුනා ඇතුළු බොහෝ ආදිවාසී භාෂා කතා කෙරේ.

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]
Roman Catholicism has been the predominant faith in Peru for centuries, albeit religious practices have a high degree of [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] with Indigenous traditions. Two of its universities, [[:en:Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Peru|Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]] and Universidad Católica San Pablo, are among the country's five top universities. As of the 2017 census, 76% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholic]]; 14.1% as [[:en:Evangelical_Protestant|Evangelical]]; 4.8% as Protestant, Jewish, [[:en:Latter-day_Saints|Latter-day Saints]], and [[:en:Jehovah's_Witnesses|Jehovah's Witnesses]]; and 5.1% as nonreligious. In 2025, naturalized Peruvian citizen [[:en:Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)|Cardinal]] Robert Francis Prevost became [[:en:Pope_Leo_XIV|Pope Leo XIV]].

Amerindian religious traditions continue to play a major role in the beliefs of Peruvians. Catholic festivities like [[:en:Corpus_Christi_(feast)|Corpus Christi]], [[:en:Holy_Week|Holy Week]] and Christmas sometimes blend with Amerindian traditions. Pre-Columbian Amerindian festivities remain widespread; [[:en:Inti_Raymi|Inti Raymi]], an ancient Inca festival, is still celebrated, especially in rural communities.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

The majority of towns, cities, and villages have their own official church or cathedral and [[:en:Patron_saint|patron saint]]. The two saints of Peru are [[:en:Rose_of_Lima|Rose of Lima]], the first Saint of the Americas, and [[:en:Martin_de_Porres|Martin de Porres]]. The largest cathedral in Peru is the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima]]. Other notable churches and cathedrals are the [[:en:Cusco_Cathedral|Cusco Cathedral]] [[:en:Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa|Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa]] and the [[:en:Basilica_of_Santo_Domingo,_Lima|Basilica of Santo Domingo]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}

පේරු හි සියවස් ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මය ප්‍රමුඛ ඇදහිල්ලක් වී ඇත, නමුත් ආගමික පිළිවෙත් ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ ඉහළ සමමුහුර්තතාවයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි විශ්ව විද්‍යාල දෙකක් වන පේරු හි පොන්ටිෆිකල් කතෝලික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ යුනිවර්සිඩෑඩ් කැටෝලිකා සැන් පැබ්ලෝ, රටේ ඉහළම විශ්ව විද්‍යාල පහ අතර වේ.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; 2017 සංගණනයට අනුව, අවුරුදු 12 ට වැඩි ජනගහනයෙන් 76% ක් තමන් කතෝලිකයන් ලෙස විස්තර කළහ; 14.1% ක් එවැන්ජලිකල්; 4.8% ක් රෙපරමාදු, යුදෙව්, පසුකාලීන සාන්තුවරයන් සහ යෙහෝවාගේ සාක්ෂිකරුවන්; සහ 5.1% ක් ආගමික නොවන අයයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2025 දී, ස්වභාවිකකරණය වූ පේරු පුරවැසියෙකු වන කාදිනල් රොබට් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ප්‍රෙවොස්ට් XIV වන ලියෝ පාප් වහන්සේ බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඇමරින්දියානු ආගමික සම්ප්‍රදායන් පේරු වැසියන්ගේ විශ්වාසයන් තුළ ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. කෝපස් ක්‍රිස්ටි, ශුද්ධ සතිය සහ නත්තල් වැනි කතෝලික උත්සව සමහර විට ඇමරින්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වේ. පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරින්දියානු උත්සව පුළුල් ලෙස පවතී; ඉන්ටි රේමි, පුරාණ ඉන්කා උත්සවයක්, විශේෂයෙන් ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවන් තුළ තවමත් සමරනු ලැබේ.

නගර, නගර සහ ගම්වල බහුතරයකට තමන්ගේම නිල පල්ලියක් හෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුරක් සහ අනුශාසක සාන්තුවරයෙකු ඇත. පේරුහි සාන්තුවරයන් දෙදෙනා වන්නේ ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සාන්තුවරයා වන ලීමා හි රෝස් සහ මාටින් ඩි පෝරස් ය. පේරු හි විශාලතම ආසන දෙව්මැදුර ලීමා හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ආසන දෙව්මැදුරයි. අනෙකුත් කැපී පෙනෙන පල්ලි සහ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර වන්නේ අරැකිපා හි කුස්කෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර සහ සැන්ටෝ ඩොමින්ගෝ බැසිලිකාවයි.

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
In Peru, education is under the jurisdiction of the [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_(Peru)|Ministry of Education]], which is in charge of formulating, implementing and supervising the national education policy. According to the Political Constitution of Peru, education is [[:en:Compulsory_education|compulsory]] and free in public schools for the initial, primary and secondary levels It is also free in public universities for students who have satisfactory academic performance and pass the admission exams. Most of the schools in Peru are [[:en:Private_school|private]] and [[:en:Religious_school|religious]]. Peru's literacy rate is estimated at 92.9% as of 2007; this rate is lower in rural areas (80.3%) than in urban areas (96.3%).

Education is divided into different levels: Initial education corresponds to the period between zero and five years of age, and is in charge of cribs whose purpose is to provide children with the stimulation required for their comprehensive development and the gardens that offer technical-pedagogical activities. Primary education begins with the first cycle, made up of the first and second grades. The entry age for children is six years old. This level begins in the first grade and ends in the sixth grade of primary school. Secondary education consists of five years, from first to fifth year. Then comes higher education that can be technical, productive, technological or university. To enter universities it is essential to take an admission exam, although the difficulty of this depends on the requirements of the university.

Peru is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World. The [[:en:National_University_of_San_Marcos|National University of San Marcos]], founded on 12 May 1551, during the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas. The University of San Marcos is known to be the best in Peru and among the best in South America.

පේරු හි අධ්‍යාපනය ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සකස් කිරීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අධීක්ෂණය කිරීම භාරව සිටින අධ්‍යාපන අමාත්‍යාංශයේ අධිකරණ බලය යටතේ පවතී. පේරු හි දේශපාලන ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, මූලික, ප්‍රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයික මට්ටම් සඳහා රජයේ පාසල්වල අධ්‍යාපනය අනිවාර්ය සහ නොමිලේ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; සතුටුදායක අධ්‍යයන කාර්ය සාධනයක් ඇති සහ ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාග සමත් වන සිසුන් සඳහා රජයේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවල ද එය නොමිලේ. පේරු හි බොහෝ පාසල් පෞද්ගලික සහ ආගමික වේ. 2007 වන විට පේරු හි සාක්ෂරතා අනුපාතය 92.9% ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත; මෙම අනුපාතය නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවලට වඩා ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල (80.3%) අඩුය (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

අධ්‍යාපනය විවිධ මට්ටම්වලට බෙදා ඇත: මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ශුන්‍යයේ සිට අවුරුදු පහ දක්වා කාලයට අනුරූප වන අතර, දරුවන්ගේ පුළුල් සංවර්ධනය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය උත්තේජනය සහ තාක්ෂණික-අධ්‍යාපනික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ලබා දෙන උද්‍යාන සැපයීම අරමුණු කරගත් තොටිල්ල භාරව සිටී. ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සහ දෙවන ශ්‍රේණිවලින් සමන්විත පළමු චක්‍රයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ. ළමුන් සඳහා ඇතුළත් වීමේ වයස අවුරුදු හයකි. මෙම මට්ටම පළමු ශ්‍රේණියේ සිට ආරම්භ වී ප්‍රාථමික පාසලේ හයවන ශ්‍රේණියේදී අවසන් වේ. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සිට පස්වන වසර දක්වා වසර පහකින් සමන්විත වේ. ඉන්පසු තාක්ෂණික, ඵලදායී, තාක්ෂණික හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල විය හැකි උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය පැමිණේ. විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවලට ඇතුළත් වීමට ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාගයක් පැවැත්වීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ, නමුත් මෙහි දුෂ්කරතාවය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ අවශ්‍යතා මත රඳා පවතී.

පේරු යනු නව ලෝකයේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනයේ පැරණිතම ආයතනවලින් එකකි. පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලනය යටතේ 1551 මැයි 12 වන දින ආරම්භ කරන ලද සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, ඇමරිකාවේ නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවන ලද සහ අඛණ්ඩව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; සැන් මාකෝස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය පේරු හි හොඳම සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ හොඳම ඒවා අතර ප්‍රසිද්ධය.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
පේරු ස්ථාන නාම බොහොමයකට ස්වදේශීය මූලාශ්‍ර ඇත. ඇන්කාෂ්, කුස්කෝ සහ පූනෝ යන ඇන්ඩීස් ප්‍රජාවන්හි, ක්වෙචුවා හෝ අයිමාරා නම් අතිමහත් ලෙස ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔවුන්ගේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදනම් කරගත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය මෙම භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩිය සමඟ ගැටෙයි. 2016 ජූලි 22 වන දින නිල පුවත්පතක් වන එල් පේරුආනෝ හි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද 29735 නීතිය සඳහා වන රෙගුලාසි අනුමත කරන ඩෙක්‍රෙටෝ සුප්‍රීමෝ අංක 004-2016-MC (උත්තරීතර ආඥාව) හි 20 වන වගන්තියට අනුව, ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) විසින් භාවිතා කරන නම් කිරීම ප්‍රමිතිකරණය කිරීමේ අරමුණින් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩියේ ස්ථාන නාමවල ප්‍රමාණවත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය ක්‍රමයෙන් යෝජනා කළ යුතුය. පේරුහි නිල සිතියම්වල අවශ්‍ය වෙනස්කම් ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය විසින් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>pk1vjsq6xsvkphe4ozchq1k04gqpbuj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754358</id>
      <parentid>754357</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:28:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* අධ්‍යාපනය */</comment>
      <origin>754358</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49428" sha1="018vg3yuifrlrpv32a07w0nkvhlqhbf" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|fourth most populous country in South America]]. Its population density is {{convert|25.79|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} and its annual growth rate is 1.1%. 58.8% of the Peruvian population lives on the coast, 27% in the mountains, and 14.2% in the jungle. In 2020, 27 million Peruvians lived in urban areas, which represents 80% of the population. Peru had a population of seven million residents in 1940; between 1950 and 2000, the demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6%, with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050

{{As of|2017}}, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas. Major cities include the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]] (home to over 9.8 million people), [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]], [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]], [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]], [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], [[:en:Chimbote|Chimbote]], and [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]]; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the [[:en:2007_Peru_Census|2007 census]]. Arequipa is Peru's second largest city, with an estimated population of 1,177,000, while Trujillo is the third largest city with 1,048,000. There are 15 known [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted]] Amerindian tribes in Peru. Peru has a [[:en:Life_expectancy|life expectancy]] of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]].The economically active population is equivalent to 53.78% of the total population, or about 17,830,500 inhabitants. The largest cities are located on the coast, such as Sullana, Piura, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Chimbote, Lima and Ica. In the mountains, the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, Cajamarca and Juliaca stand out. Finally, in the jungle, [[Iquitos]] is the most important, followed by [[Pucallpa]], [[Tarapoto]], [[Moyobamba]] and Tingo María.

2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), අරක්විපා, ටෘජිලෝ, චික්ලයෝ, පියුරා, ඉකිටෝස්, කුස්කෝ, චිම්බෝටේ සහ හුවාන්කායෝ; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; අරක්විපා යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර ටෘජිලෝ 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
Peru is a [[:en:Multiethnic_society|multiethnic nation]] formed by successive waves of different peoples over five centuries. [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples_in_Peru|Amerindians]] inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before the [[:en:Spanish_conquest_of_Peru|Spanish conquest]] in the 16th century; according to historian [[:en:Noble_David_Cook|Noble David Cook]], their population decreased from nearly 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of [[:en:Infectious_disease|infectious diseases]].

The 2017 census for the first time included a question on ethnic self-identification. According to the results, 60.2% of the people identified themselves as [[:en:Mestizo|mestizo]], 22.3% identified themselves as [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], 5.9% identified themselves as [[:en:White_Peruvians|white]], 3.6% identified themselves as [[:en:Afro-Peruvians|black]], 2.4% identified themselves as [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]], 2.3% identified themselves as other ethnic groups, and 3.3% did not declare their ethnicity.  In the different stages of Peru's history, ethnic composition has varied, with a continuous decline in the Amerindian proportion, due to multiple socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, birth controls, high mortality rates, exclusion, among others. The country tends towards a slow generalized miscegenation of all ethnic segments that began from the beginning of the colonial period to the present day. Because the majority of the Peruvian population has become mestizo, some feel a superiority complex towards the natives of the mountains and the jungle, either because they do not pronounce a word properly, or simply because they do not know how to read a text well, leading to a kind of [[:en:Racism|racism]] towards them.

පේරු යනු සියවස් පහක් පුරා විවිධ ජනයාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රැළි මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ බහු වාර්ගික ජාතියකි. 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු පේරු භූමියේ වාසය කළහ; ඉතිහාසඥ නොබල් ඩේවිඩ් කුක්ට අනුව, ඔවුන්ගේ ජනගහනය 1520 ගණන්වල මිලියන 5–9 කට ආසන්න සිට 1620 දී 600,000 දක්වා අඩු වූයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බෝවන රෝග නිසාය.&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 සංගණනයට ප්‍රථම වරට ජනවාර්ගික ස්වයං හඳුනාගැනීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නයක් ඇතුළත් විය. ප්‍රතිඵලවලට අනුව, ජනතාවගෙන් 60.2% ක් තමන් මෙස්ටිසෝ ලෙසත්, 22.3% ක් තමන් කෙචුවා ලෙසත්, 5.9% ක් තමන් සුදු ලෙසත්, 3.6% ක් තමන් කළු ලෙසත්, 2.4% ක් තමන් අයිමාරා ලෙසත්, 2.3% ක් තමන් වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසත්, 3.3% ක් තම ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කළේ නැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවධීන්හිදී, ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතිය වෙනස් වී ඇති අතර, බහු සමාජ ආර්ථික හා සමාජ සංස්කෘතික සාධක, උපත් පාලනය, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාත, බැහැර කිරීම යනාදිය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරින්ඩියන් අනුපාතය අඛණ්ඩව පහත වැටෙමින් පවතී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අද දක්වා ආරම්භ වූ සියලුම ජනවාර්ගික කොටස් මන්දගාමී සාමාන්‍යකරණය වූ විකෘතිකරණයකට රට නැඹුරු වේ. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් මෙස්ටිසෝ බවට පත්ව ඇති නිසා, සමහරු කඳුකරයේ සහ වනාන්තරයේ ස්වදේශිකයන් කෙරෙහි උසස් සංකීර්ණයක් අත්විඳිති, එක්කෝ ඔවුන් වචනයක් නිසි ලෙස උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම නිසා හෝ හුදෙක් පෙළක් හොඳින් කියවීමට නොදන්නා නිසා, ඔවුන් කෙරෙහි ජාතිවාදයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු විය.


During the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers, mixing widely with each other and with the native population, mainly on the coast (the mountains and the jungle maintained a very little mixed indigenous majority). After independence there was European immigration from Spain, Italy, England, France, and Germany, along with the Middle East. Peru freed its black slaves in 1854. Chinese and Japanese arrived in the 1850s as laborers following the end of slavery, and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society. The first Croatian immigrants came to Peru in 1573 from Dubrovnik.

පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලන සමයේදී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන් විශාල වශයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, එකිනෙකා සමඟ සහ ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය සමඟ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ තීරයේ (කඳුකරය සහ වනාන්තරය ඉතා සුළු මිශ්‍ර ස්වදේශික බහුතරයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය) බහුලව මිශ්‍ර විය. නිදහසින් පසු මැද පෙරදිග සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඉතාලිය, එංගලන්තය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ජර්මනියෙන් යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණයක් සිදු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1854 දී පේරු එහි කළු වහලුන් නිදහස් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; වහල්භාවය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු 1850 ගණන්වල කම්කරුවන් ලෙස චීන සහ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් පැමිණි අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු සමාජයේ ප්‍රධාන බලපෑමක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; පළමු ක්‍රොඒෂියානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් 1573 දී ඩුබ්‍රොව්නික් සිට පේරු වෙත පැමිණියහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
In recent decades, Peruvian emigration figures have shown a marked growth and currently more than 10% of Peruvians are residing outside the country. This migratory movement has been accentuated since the year 2000, the official figure of Peruvian emigrants is 2,444,634 from 1990 to 2011. This without considering the descendant population, and the illegal floating population that is essentially found in neighboring countries. It is estimated that in the last 82 years, more than 3.5 million Peruvians emigrated from the country. With respect to the main countries of destination for Peruvian emigrants between 1990 and 2011, these were: the United States (31.5%), Spain (16%), Argentina (14.3%), Italy (10.1%), Chile (8.8%), Japan (4.1%) and Venezuela (3.8%). 75% of Peruvian emigrants are between 19 and 49 years old, with a slight majority of women. For the most part, Peruvian emigration is a labor migration.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Throughout its history, Peru has received migrations from Europe (mainly Spain and Italy; and to a lesser extent from France, United Kingdom, and from other Central European countries and Southern), sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (China and Japan). It currently receives a large number of Venezuelan immigrants, who are escaping the economic crisis that their country is suffering.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

From 2016, the flow of Venezuelans to Peru increased, going from 6615 residents in that year to around 820,000 until mid-June 2019, being the most important migratory wave of the 21st century in the country. Peru is home to the second largest number of Venezuelan immigrants after Colombia.

මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු සංක්‍රමණ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන කැපී පෙනෙන වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 10% කට වඩා වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් පිටත ජීවත් වෙති. මෙම සංක්‍රමණික ව්‍යාපාරය 2000 වසරේ සිට උද්දීපනය වී ඇති අතර, 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නිල සංඛ්‍යාව 2,444,634 කි. මෙය පැවත එන ජනගහනය සහ අසල්වැසි රටවල අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම දක්නට ලැබෙන නීති විරෝධී පාවෙන ජනගහනය සැලකිල්ලට නොගනී. පසුගිය වසර 82 තුළ පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 3.5 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇති බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත. 1990 සහ 2011 අතර පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ ගමනාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන රටවල් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ඒවා නම්: ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය (31.5%), ස්පාඤ්ඤය (16%), ආර්ජන්ටිනාව (14.3%), ඉතාලිය (10.1%), චිලී (8.8%), ජපානය (4.1%) සහ වෙනිසියුලාව (3.8%). පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් 75% ක් වයස අවුරුදු 19 ත් 49 ත් අතර වන අතර සුළු බහුතරයක් කාන්තාවන් වේ. බොහෝ දුරට, පේරු සංක්‍රමණය ශ්‍රම සංක්‍රමණයකි.

එහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යයට යුරෝපයෙන් (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ ඉතාලිය; සහ තරමක් දුරට ප්‍රංශය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අනෙකුත් මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය රටවල් සහ දකුණු), උප සහරා අප්‍රිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවෙන් (චීනය සහ ජපානය) සංක්‍රමණ ලැබී ඇත. වර්තමානයේ එයට වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඔවුන් තම රට විඳින ආර්ථික අර්බුදයෙන් බේරෙමින් සිටිති.

2016 සිට පේරු වෙත වෙනිසියුලානු ජාතිකයින්ගේ ගලායාම වැඩි වූ අතර, එම වසරේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 6615 සිට 2019 ජුනි මැද භාගය වන විට එය 820,000 ක් පමණ දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇති අතර එය 21 වන සියවසේ රටේ වැදගත්ම සංක්‍රමණික රැල්ල විය. කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දෙවන විශාලතම වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට පේරු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]] and, in areas where they predominate, [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] and other Indigenous languages. Spanish is spoken natively by 82.6% of the population, and coexists with several native languages, of which the most important is the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechuan languages]], spoken by 16.92% of the population, 1.7% [[:en:Aymara_language|Aymara]] and 0.8% speaking another native language. In the urban areas of the country, especially in the coastal region, monolingualism of Spanish predominates; while in many rural areas of the country, particularly in the Amazon, multilingual populations dominate.

Spanish language is used by the government and is the mainstream language of the country, which is used by the media and in educational systems and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse Indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the [[:en:Amazon_basin|Amazon basin]].

Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a language divide between the coast where Spanish is more predominant over the Amerindian languages, and the more diverse traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The Indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional Indigenous languages, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Spanish language. There has been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where Quechua is spoken. In the Peruvian Amazon, numerous Indigenous languages are spoken, including [[:en:Asháninka_language|Asháninka]], [[:en:Bora_language|Bora]], and [[:en:Aguaruna_language|Aguaruna]].

1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, පේරු හි නිල භාෂා ස්පාඤ්ඤ වන අතර, ඔවුන් ප්‍රමුඛ වන ප්‍රදේශවල, කෙචුවා සහ අනෙකුත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ජනගහනයෙන් 82.6% ක් ස්වදේශීයව කතා කරන අතර, ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කිහිපයක් සමඟ සහජීවනයෙන් පවතී, ඒවායින් වඩාත්ම වැදගත් වන්නේ ජනගහනයෙන් 16.92% ක් කතා කරන කෙචුවාන් භාෂා වන අතර, 1.7% ක් අයිමාරා සහ 0.8% ක් වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවක් කතා කරති. රටේ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවේ ඒකභාෂාවාදය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ; රටේ බොහෝ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් ඇමසන් හි, බහුභාෂා ජනගහනය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව රජය විසින් භාවිතා කරන අතර එය රටේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ භාෂාව වන අතර එය මාධ්‍ය සහ අධ්‍යාපන පද්ධති සහ වාණිජ්‍යය විසින් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරයේ ජීවත් වන ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු ක්වෙචුවා සහ අයිමාරා කතා කරන අතර ඇන්ඩීස් හි නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ සහ ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියට යාබද නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්වල ජීවත් වන විවිධ ස්වදේශික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් වාර්ගිකව වෙනස් වේ.

පේරුහි සුවිශේෂී භූගෝලීය කලාප, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ඇමරින්ඩියන් භාෂාවට වඩා ප්‍රමුඛ වන වෙරළ තීරය සහ කඳුකරයේ සහ උස්බිම් වල වඩාත් විවිධාකාර සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඇන්ඩියන් සංස්කෘතීන් අතර භාෂා බෙදීමකින් පිළිබිඹු වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියට නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය විවිධ භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරයි. මෙම කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමහරක් තවමත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආදිවාසී භාෂාවන්ට අනුගත වන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට උකහා ගෙන ඇත. ක්වෙචුවා කතා කරන ප්‍රදේශවල රජයේ පාසල්වල ක්වෙචුවා ඉගැන්වීම සඳහා වැඩි වැඩියෙන් සහ සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයක් ගෙන තිබේ. පේරු ඇමසන් වනාන්තරයේ, අෂානින්කා, බෝරා සහ අගුවාරුනා ඇතුළු බොහෝ ආදිවාසී භාෂා කතා කෙරේ.

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]
Roman Catholicism has been the predominant faith in Peru for centuries, albeit religious practices have a high degree of [[:en:Syncretism|syncretism]] with Indigenous traditions. Two of its universities, [[:en:Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Peru|Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]] and Universidad Católica San Pablo, are among the country's five top universities. As of the 2017 census, 76% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as [[:en:Catholic_Church|Catholic]]; 14.1% as [[:en:Evangelical_Protestant|Evangelical]]; 4.8% as Protestant, Jewish, [[:en:Latter-day_Saints|Latter-day Saints]], and [[:en:Jehovah's_Witnesses|Jehovah's Witnesses]]; and 5.1% as nonreligious. In 2025, naturalized Peruvian citizen [[:en:Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)|Cardinal]] Robert Francis Prevost became [[:en:Pope_Leo_XIV|Pope Leo XIV]].

Amerindian religious traditions continue to play a major role in the beliefs of Peruvians. Catholic festivities like [[:en:Corpus_Christi_(feast)|Corpus Christi]], [[:en:Holy_Week|Holy Week]] and Christmas sometimes blend with Amerindian traditions. Pre-Columbian Amerindian festivities remain widespread; [[:en:Inti_Raymi|Inti Raymi]], an ancient Inca festival, is still celebrated, especially in rural communities.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

The majority of towns, cities, and villages have their own official church or cathedral and [[:en:Patron_saint|patron saint]]. The two saints of Peru are [[:en:Rose_of_Lima|Rose of Lima]], the first Saint of the Americas, and [[:en:Martin_de_Porres|Martin de Porres]]. The largest cathedral in Peru is the [[:en:Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima|Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima]]. Other notable churches and cathedrals are the [[:en:Cusco_Cathedral|Cusco Cathedral]] [[:en:Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa|Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa]] and the [[:en:Basilica_of_Santo_Domingo,_Lima|Basilica of Santo Domingo]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}

පේරු හි සියවස් ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මය ප්‍රමුඛ ඇදහිල්ලක් වී ඇත, නමුත් ආගමික පිළිවෙත් ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ ඉහළ සමමුහුර්තතාවයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි විශ්ව විද්‍යාල දෙකක් වන පේරු හි පොන්ටිෆිකල් කතෝලික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ යුනිවර්සිඩෑඩ් කැටෝලිකා සැන් පැබ්ලෝ, රටේ ඉහළම විශ්ව විද්‍යාල පහ අතර වේ.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; 2017 සංගණනයට අනුව, අවුරුදු 12 ට වැඩි ජනගහනයෙන් 76% ක් තමන් කතෝලිකයන් ලෙස විස්තර කළහ; 14.1% ක් එවැන්ජලිකල්; 4.8% ක් රෙපරමාදු, යුදෙව්, පසුකාලීන සාන්තුවරයන් සහ යෙහෝවාගේ සාක්ෂිකරුවන්; සහ 5.1% ක් ආගමික නොවන අයයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2025 දී, ස්වභාවිකකරණය වූ පේරු පුරවැසියෙකු වන කාදිනල් රොබට් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ප්‍රෙවොස්ට් XIV වන ලියෝ පාප් වහන්සේ බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඇමරින්දියානු ආගමික සම්ප්‍රදායන් පේරු වැසියන්ගේ විශ්වාසයන් තුළ ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. කෝපස් ක්‍රිස්ටි, ශුද්ධ සතිය සහ නත්තල් වැනි කතෝලික උත්සව සමහර විට ඇමරින්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වේ. පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරින්දියානු උත්සව පුළුල් ලෙස පවතී; ඉන්ටි රේමි, පුරාණ ඉන්කා උත්සවයක්, විශේෂයෙන් ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවන් තුළ තවමත් සමරනු ලැබේ.

නගර, නගර සහ ගම්වල බහුතරයකට තමන්ගේම නිල පල්ලියක් හෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුරක් සහ අනුශාසක සාන්තුවරයෙකු ඇත. පේරුහි සාන්තුවරයන් දෙදෙනා වන්නේ ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සාන්තුවරයා වන ලීමා හි රෝස් සහ මාටින් ඩි පෝරස් ය. පේරු හි විශාලතම ආසන දෙව්මැදුර ලීමා හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ආසන දෙව්මැදුරයි. අනෙකුත් කැපී පෙනෙන පල්ලි සහ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර වන්නේ අරැකිපා හි කුස්කෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර සහ සැන්ටෝ ඩොමින්ගෝ බැසිලිකාවයි.

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
පේරු හි අධ්‍යාපනය ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සකස් කිරීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අධීක්ෂණය කිරීම භාරව සිටින අධ්‍යාපන අමාත්‍යාංශයේ අධිකරණ බලය යටතේ පවතී. පේරු හි දේශපාලන ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, මූලික, ප්‍රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයික මට්ටම් සඳහා රජයේ පාසල්වල අධ්‍යාපනය අනිවාර්ය සහ නොමිලේ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; සතුටුදායක අධ්‍යයන කාර්ය සාධනයක් ඇති සහ ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාග සමත් වන සිසුන් සඳහා රජයේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවල ද එය නොමිලේ. පේරු හි බොහෝ පාසල් පෞද්ගලික සහ ආගමික වේ. 2007 වන විට පේරු හි සාක්ෂරතා අනුපාතය 92.9% ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත; මෙම අනුපාතය නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවලට වඩා ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල (80.3%) අඩුය (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

අධ්‍යාපනය විවිධ මට්ටම්වලට බෙදා ඇත: මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ශුන්‍යයේ සිට අවුරුදු පහ දක්වා කාලයට අනුරූප වන අතර, දරුවන්ගේ පුළුල් සංවර්ධනය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය උත්තේජනය සහ තාක්ෂණික-අධ්‍යාපනික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ලබා දෙන උද්‍යාන සැපයීම අරමුණු කරගත් තොටිල්ල භාරව සිටී. ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සහ දෙවන ශ්‍රේණිවලින් සමන්විත පළමු චක්‍රයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ. ළමුන් සඳහා ඇතුළත් වීමේ වයස අවුරුදු හයකි. මෙම මට්ටම පළමු ශ්‍රේණියේ සිට ආරම්භ වී ප්‍රාථමික පාසලේ හයවන ශ්‍රේණියේදී අවසන් වේ. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සිට පස්වන වසර දක්වා වසර පහකින් සමන්විත වේ. ඉන්පසු තාක්ෂණික, ඵලදායී, තාක්ෂණික හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල විය හැකි උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය පැමිණේ. විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවලට ඇතුළත් වීමට ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාගයක් පැවැත්වීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ, නමුත් මෙහි දුෂ්කරතාවය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ අවශ්‍යතා මත රඳා පවතී.

පේරු යනු නව ලෝකයේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනයේ පැරණිතම ආයතනවලින් එකකි. පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලනය යටතේ 1551 මැයි 12 වන දින ආරම්භ කරන ලද සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, ඇමරිකාවේ නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවන ලද සහ අඛණ්ඩව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; සැන් මාකෝස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය පේරු හි හොඳම සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ හොඳම ඒවා අතර ප්‍රසිද්ධය.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
පේරු ස්ථාන නාම බොහොමයකට ස්වදේශීය මූලාශ්‍ර ඇත. ඇන්කාෂ්, කුස්කෝ සහ පූනෝ යන ඇන්ඩීස් ප්‍රජාවන්හි, ක්වෙචුවා හෝ අයිමාරා නම් අතිමහත් ලෙස ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔවුන්ගේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදනම් කරගත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය මෙම භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩිය සමඟ ගැටෙයි. 2016 ජූලි 22 වන දින නිල පුවත්පතක් වන එල් පේරුආනෝ හි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද 29735 නීතිය සඳහා වන රෙගුලාසි අනුමත කරන ඩෙක්‍රෙටෝ සුප්‍රීමෝ අංක 004-2016-MC (උත්තරීතර ආඥාව) හි 20 වන වගන්තියට අනුව, ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) විසින් භාවිතා කරන නම් කිරීම ප්‍රමිතිකරණය කිරීමේ අරමුණින් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩියේ ස්ථාන නාමවල ප්‍රමාණවත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය ක්‍රමයෙන් යෝජනා කළ යුතුය. පේරුහි නිල සිතියම්වල අවශ්‍ය වෙනස්කම් ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය විසින් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>018vg3yuifrlrpv32a07w0nkvhlqhbf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754359</id>
      <parentid>754358</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:28:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ආගම */</comment>
      <origin>754359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47506" sha1="iwu77iflhh85rujcqs5cuu6zc6potpl" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|fourth most populous country in South America]]. Its population density is {{convert|25.79|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} and its annual growth rate is 1.1%. 58.8% of the Peruvian population lives on the coast, 27% in the mountains, and 14.2% in the jungle. In 2020, 27 million Peruvians lived in urban areas, which represents 80% of the population. Peru had a population of seven million residents in 1940; between 1950 and 2000, the demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6%, with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050

{{As of|2017}}, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas. Major cities include the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]] (home to over 9.8 million people), [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]], [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]], [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]], [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], [[:en:Chimbote|Chimbote]], and [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]]; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the [[:en:2007_Peru_Census|2007 census]]. Arequipa is Peru's second largest city, with an estimated population of 1,177,000, while Trujillo is the third largest city with 1,048,000. There are 15 known [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted]] Amerindian tribes in Peru. Peru has a [[:en:Life_expectancy|life expectancy]] of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]].The economically active population is equivalent to 53.78% of the total population, or about 17,830,500 inhabitants. The largest cities are located on the coast, such as Sullana, Piura, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Chimbote, Lima and Ica. In the mountains, the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, Cajamarca and Juliaca stand out. Finally, in the jungle, [[Iquitos]] is the most important, followed by [[Pucallpa]], [[Tarapoto]], [[Moyobamba]] and Tingo María.

2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), අරක්විපා, ටෘජිලෝ, චික්ලයෝ, පියුරා, ඉකිටෝස්, කුස්කෝ, චිම්බෝටේ සහ හුවාන්කායෝ; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; අරක්විපා යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර ටෘජිලෝ 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
Peru is a [[:en:Multiethnic_society|multiethnic nation]] formed by successive waves of different peoples over five centuries. [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples_in_Peru|Amerindians]] inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before the [[:en:Spanish_conquest_of_Peru|Spanish conquest]] in the 16th century; according to historian [[:en:Noble_David_Cook|Noble David Cook]], their population decreased from nearly 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of [[:en:Infectious_disease|infectious diseases]].

The 2017 census for the first time included a question on ethnic self-identification. According to the results, 60.2% of the people identified themselves as [[:en:Mestizo|mestizo]], 22.3% identified themselves as [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], 5.9% identified themselves as [[:en:White_Peruvians|white]], 3.6% identified themselves as [[:en:Afro-Peruvians|black]], 2.4% identified themselves as [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]], 2.3% identified themselves as other ethnic groups, and 3.3% did not declare their ethnicity.  In the different stages of Peru's history, ethnic composition has varied, with a continuous decline in the Amerindian proportion, due to multiple socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, birth controls, high mortality rates, exclusion, among others. The country tends towards a slow generalized miscegenation of all ethnic segments that began from the beginning of the colonial period to the present day. Because the majority of the Peruvian population has become mestizo, some feel a superiority complex towards the natives of the mountains and the jungle, either because they do not pronounce a word properly, or simply because they do not know how to read a text well, leading to a kind of [[:en:Racism|racism]] towards them.

පේරු යනු සියවස් පහක් පුරා විවිධ ජනයාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රැළි මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ බහු වාර්ගික ජාතියකි. 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු පේරු භූමියේ වාසය කළහ; ඉතිහාසඥ නොබල් ඩේවිඩ් කුක්ට අනුව, ඔවුන්ගේ ජනගහනය 1520 ගණන්වල මිලියන 5–9 කට ආසන්න සිට 1620 දී 600,000 දක්වා අඩු වූයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බෝවන රෝග නිසාය.&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 සංගණනයට ප්‍රථම වරට ජනවාර්ගික ස්වයං හඳුනාගැනීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නයක් ඇතුළත් විය. ප්‍රතිඵලවලට අනුව, ජනතාවගෙන් 60.2% ක් තමන් මෙස්ටිසෝ ලෙසත්, 22.3% ක් තමන් කෙචුවා ලෙසත්, 5.9% ක් තමන් සුදු ලෙසත්, 3.6% ක් තමන් කළු ලෙසත්, 2.4% ක් තමන් අයිමාරා ලෙසත්, 2.3% ක් තමන් වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසත්, 3.3% ක් තම ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කළේ නැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවධීන්හිදී, ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතිය වෙනස් වී ඇති අතර, බහු සමාජ ආර්ථික හා සමාජ සංස්කෘතික සාධක, උපත් පාලනය, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාත, බැහැර කිරීම යනාදිය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරින්ඩියන් අනුපාතය අඛණ්ඩව පහත වැටෙමින් පවතී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අද දක්වා ආරම්භ වූ සියලුම ජනවාර්ගික කොටස් මන්දගාමී සාමාන්‍යකරණය වූ විකෘතිකරණයකට රට නැඹුරු වේ. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් මෙස්ටිසෝ බවට පත්ව ඇති නිසා, සමහරු කඳුකරයේ සහ වනාන්තරයේ ස්වදේශිකයන් කෙරෙහි උසස් සංකීර්ණයක් අත්විඳිති, එක්කෝ ඔවුන් වචනයක් නිසි ලෙස උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම නිසා හෝ හුදෙක් පෙළක් හොඳින් කියවීමට නොදන්නා නිසා, ඔවුන් කෙරෙහි ජාතිවාදයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු විය.


During the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers, mixing widely with each other and with the native population, mainly on the coast (the mountains and the jungle maintained a very little mixed indigenous majority). After independence there was European immigration from Spain, Italy, England, France, and Germany, along with the Middle East. Peru freed its black slaves in 1854. Chinese and Japanese arrived in the 1850s as laborers following the end of slavery, and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society. The first Croatian immigrants came to Peru in 1573 from Dubrovnik.

පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලන සමයේදී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන් විශාල වශයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, එකිනෙකා සමඟ සහ ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය සමඟ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ තීරයේ (කඳුකරය සහ වනාන්තරය ඉතා සුළු මිශ්‍ර ස්වදේශික බහුතරයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය) බහුලව මිශ්‍ර විය. නිදහසින් පසු මැද පෙරදිග සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඉතාලිය, එංගලන්තය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ජර්මනියෙන් යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණයක් සිදු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1854 දී පේරු එහි කළු වහලුන් නිදහස් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; වහල්භාවය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු 1850 ගණන්වල කම්කරුවන් ලෙස චීන සහ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් පැමිණි අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු සමාජයේ ප්‍රධාන බලපෑමක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; පළමු ක්‍රොඒෂියානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් 1573 දී ඩුබ්‍රොව්නික් සිට පේරු වෙත පැමිණියහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
In recent decades, Peruvian emigration figures have shown a marked growth and currently more than 10% of Peruvians are residing outside the country. This migratory movement has been accentuated since the year 2000, the official figure of Peruvian emigrants is 2,444,634 from 1990 to 2011. This without considering the descendant population, and the illegal floating population that is essentially found in neighboring countries. It is estimated that in the last 82 years, more than 3.5 million Peruvians emigrated from the country. With respect to the main countries of destination for Peruvian emigrants between 1990 and 2011, these were: the United States (31.5%), Spain (16%), Argentina (14.3%), Italy (10.1%), Chile (8.8%), Japan (4.1%) and Venezuela (3.8%). 75% of Peruvian emigrants are between 19 and 49 years old, with a slight majority of women. For the most part, Peruvian emigration is a labor migration.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Throughout its history, Peru has received migrations from Europe (mainly Spain and Italy; and to a lesser extent from France, United Kingdom, and from other Central European countries and Southern), sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (China and Japan). It currently receives a large number of Venezuelan immigrants, who are escaping the economic crisis that their country is suffering.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

From 2016, the flow of Venezuelans to Peru increased, going from 6615 residents in that year to around 820,000 until mid-June 2019, being the most important migratory wave of the 21st century in the country. Peru is home to the second largest number of Venezuelan immigrants after Colombia.

මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු සංක්‍රමණ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන කැපී පෙනෙන වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 10% කට වඩා වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් පිටත ජීවත් වෙති. මෙම සංක්‍රමණික ව්‍යාපාරය 2000 වසරේ සිට උද්දීපනය වී ඇති අතර, 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නිල සංඛ්‍යාව 2,444,634 කි. මෙය පැවත එන ජනගහනය සහ අසල්වැසි රටවල අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම දක්නට ලැබෙන නීති විරෝධී පාවෙන ජනගහනය සැලකිල්ලට නොගනී. පසුගිය වසර 82 තුළ පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 3.5 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇති බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත. 1990 සහ 2011 අතර පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ ගමනාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන රටවල් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ඒවා නම්: ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය (31.5%), ස්පාඤ්ඤය (16%), ආර්ජන්ටිනාව (14.3%), ඉතාලිය (10.1%), චිලී (8.8%), ජපානය (4.1%) සහ වෙනිසියුලාව (3.8%). පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් 75% ක් වයස අවුරුදු 19 ත් 49 ත් අතර වන අතර සුළු බහුතරයක් කාන්තාවන් වේ. බොහෝ දුරට, පේරු සංක්‍රමණය ශ්‍රම සංක්‍රමණයකි.

එහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යයට යුරෝපයෙන් (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ ඉතාලිය; සහ තරමක් දුරට ප්‍රංශය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අනෙකුත් මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය රටවල් සහ දකුණු), උප සහරා අප්‍රිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවෙන් (චීනය සහ ජපානය) සංක්‍රමණ ලැබී ඇත. වර්තමානයේ එයට වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඔවුන් තම රට විඳින ආර්ථික අර්බුදයෙන් බේරෙමින් සිටිති.

2016 සිට පේරු වෙත වෙනිසියුලානු ජාතිකයින්ගේ ගලායාම වැඩි වූ අතර, එම වසරේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 6615 සිට 2019 ජුනි මැද භාගය වන විට එය 820,000 ක් පමණ දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇති අතර එය 21 වන සියවසේ රටේ වැදගත්ම සංක්‍රමණික රැල්ල විය. කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දෙවන විශාලතම වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට පේරු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are [[:en:Spanish_language|Spanish]] and, in areas where they predominate, [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechua]] and other Indigenous languages. Spanish is spoken natively by 82.6% of the population, and coexists with several native languages, of which the most important is the [[:en:Quechuan_languages|Quechuan languages]], spoken by 16.92% of the population, 1.7% [[:en:Aymara_language|Aymara]] and 0.8% speaking another native language. In the urban areas of the country, especially in the coastal region, monolingualism of Spanish predominates; while in many rural areas of the country, particularly in the Amazon, multilingual populations dominate.

Spanish language is used by the government and is the mainstream language of the country, which is used by the media and in educational systems and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse Indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the [[:en:Amazon_basin|Amazon basin]].

Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a language divide between the coast where Spanish is more predominant over the Amerindian languages, and the more diverse traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The Indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional Indigenous languages, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Spanish language. There has been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where Quechua is spoken. In the Peruvian Amazon, numerous Indigenous languages are spoken, including [[:en:Asháninka_language|Asháninka]], [[:en:Bora_language|Bora]], and [[:en:Aguaruna_language|Aguaruna]].

1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, පේරු හි නිල භාෂා ස්පාඤ්ඤ වන අතර, ඔවුන් ප්‍රමුඛ වන ප්‍රදේශවල, කෙචුවා සහ අනෙකුත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ජනගහනයෙන් 82.6% ක් ස්වදේශීයව කතා කරන අතර, ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කිහිපයක් සමඟ සහජීවනයෙන් පවතී, ඒවායින් වඩාත්ම වැදගත් වන්නේ ජනගහනයෙන් 16.92% ක් කතා කරන කෙචුවාන් භාෂා වන අතර, 1.7% ක් අයිමාරා සහ 0.8% ක් වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවක් කතා කරති. රටේ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවේ ඒකභාෂාවාදය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ; රටේ බොහෝ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් ඇමසන් හි, බහුභාෂා ජනගහනය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව රජය විසින් භාවිතා කරන අතර එය රටේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ භාෂාව වන අතර එය මාධ්‍ය සහ අධ්‍යාපන පද්ධති සහ වාණිජ්‍යය විසින් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරයේ ජීවත් වන ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු ක්වෙචුවා සහ අයිමාරා කතා කරන අතර ඇන්ඩීස් හි නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ සහ ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියට යාබද නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්වල ජීවත් වන විවිධ ස්වදේශික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් වාර්ගිකව වෙනස් වේ.

පේරුහි සුවිශේෂී භූගෝලීය කලාප, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ඇමරින්ඩියන් භාෂාවට වඩා ප්‍රමුඛ වන වෙරළ තීරය සහ කඳුකරයේ සහ උස්බිම් වල වඩාත් විවිධාකාර සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඇන්ඩියන් සංස්කෘතීන් අතර භාෂා බෙදීමකින් පිළිබිඹු වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියට නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය විවිධ භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරයි. මෙම කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමහරක් තවමත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආදිවාසී භාෂාවන්ට අනුගත වන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට උකහා ගෙන ඇත. ක්වෙචුවා කතා කරන ප්‍රදේශවල රජයේ පාසල්වල ක්වෙචුවා ඉගැන්වීම සඳහා වැඩි වැඩියෙන් සහ සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයක් ගෙන තිබේ. පේරු ඇමසන් වනාන්තරයේ, අෂානින්කා, බෝරා සහ අගුවාරුනා ඇතුළු බොහෝ ආදිවාසී භාෂා කතා කෙරේ.

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]පේරු හි සියවස් ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මය ප්‍රමුඛ ඇදහිල්ලක් වී ඇත, නමුත් ආගමික පිළිවෙත් ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ ඉහළ සමමුහුර්තතාවයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි විශ්ව විද්‍යාල දෙකක් වන පේරු හි පොන්ටිෆිකල් කතෝලික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ යුනිවර්සිඩෑඩ් කැටෝලිකා සැන් පැබ්ලෝ, රටේ ඉහළම විශ්ව විද්‍යාල පහ අතර වේ.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; 2017 සංගණනයට අනුව, අවුරුදු 12 ට වැඩි ජනගහනයෙන් 76% ක් තමන් කතෝලිකයන් ලෙස විස්තර කළහ; 14.1% ක් එවැන්ජලිකල්; 4.8% ක් රෙපරමාදු, යුදෙව්, පසුකාලීන සාන්තුවරයන් සහ යෙහෝවාගේ සාක්ෂිකරුවන්; සහ 5.1% ක් ආගමික නොවන අයයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2025 දී, ස්වභාවිකකරණය වූ පේරු පුරවැසියෙකු වන කාදිනල් රොබට් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ප්‍රෙවොස්ට් XIV වන ලියෝ පාප් වහන්සේ බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඇමරින්දියානු ආගමික සම්ප්‍රදායන් පේරු වැසියන්ගේ විශ්වාසයන් තුළ ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. කෝපස් ක්‍රිස්ටි, ශුද්ධ සතිය සහ නත්තල් වැනි කතෝලික උත්සව සමහර විට ඇමරින්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වේ. පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරින්දියානු උත්සව පුළුල් ලෙස පවතී; ඉන්ටි රේමි, පුරාණ ඉන්කා උත්සවයක්, විශේෂයෙන් ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවන් තුළ තවමත් සමරනු ලැබේ.

නගර, නගර සහ ගම්වල බහුතරයකට තමන්ගේම නිල පල්ලියක් හෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුරක් සහ අනුශාසක සාන්තුවරයෙකු ඇත. පේරුහි සාන්තුවරයන් දෙදෙනා වන්නේ ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සාන්තුවරයා වන ලීමා හි රෝස් සහ මාටින් ඩි පෝරස් ය. පේරු හි විශාලතම ආසන දෙව්මැදුර ලීමා හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ආසන දෙව්මැදුරයි. අනෙකුත් කැපී පෙනෙන පල්ලි සහ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර වන්නේ අරැකිපා හි කුස්කෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර සහ සැන්ටෝ ඩොමින්ගෝ බැසිලිකාවයි.

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
පේරු හි අධ්‍යාපනය ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සකස් කිරීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අධීක්ෂණය කිරීම භාරව සිටින අධ්‍යාපන අමාත්‍යාංශයේ අධිකරණ බලය යටතේ පවතී. පේරු හි දේශපාලන ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, මූලික, ප්‍රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයික මට්ටම් සඳහා රජයේ පාසල්වල අධ්‍යාපනය අනිවාර්ය සහ නොමිලේ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; සතුටුදායක අධ්‍යයන කාර්ය සාධනයක් ඇති සහ ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාග සමත් වන සිසුන් සඳහා රජයේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවල ද එය නොමිලේ. පේරු හි බොහෝ පාසල් පෞද්ගලික සහ ආගමික වේ. 2007 වන විට පේරු හි සාක්ෂරතා අනුපාතය 92.9% ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත; මෙම අනුපාතය නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවලට වඩා ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල (80.3%) අඩුය (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

අධ්‍යාපනය විවිධ මට්ටම්වලට බෙදා ඇත: මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ශුන්‍යයේ සිට අවුරුදු පහ දක්වා කාලයට අනුරූප වන අතර, දරුවන්ගේ පුළුල් සංවර්ධනය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය උත්තේජනය සහ තාක්ෂණික-අධ්‍යාපනික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ලබා දෙන උද්‍යාන සැපයීම අරමුණු කරගත් තොටිල්ල භාරව සිටී. ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සහ දෙවන ශ්‍රේණිවලින් සමන්විත පළමු චක්‍රයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ. ළමුන් සඳහා ඇතුළත් වීමේ වයස අවුරුදු හයකි. මෙම මට්ටම පළමු ශ්‍රේණියේ සිට ආරම්භ වී ප්‍රාථමික පාසලේ හයවන ශ්‍රේණියේදී අවසන් වේ. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සිට පස්වන වසර දක්වා වසර පහකින් සමන්විත වේ. ඉන්පසු තාක්ෂණික, ඵලදායී, තාක්ෂණික හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල විය හැකි උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය පැමිණේ. විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවලට ඇතුළත් වීමට ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාගයක් පැවැත්වීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ, නමුත් මෙහි දුෂ්කරතාවය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ අවශ්‍යතා මත රඳා පවතී.

පේරු යනු නව ලෝකයේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනයේ පැරණිතම ආයතනවලින් එකකි. පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලනය යටතේ 1551 මැයි 12 වන දින ආරම්භ කරන ලද සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, ඇමරිකාවේ නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවන ලද සහ අඛණ්ඩව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; සැන් මාකෝස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය පේරු හි හොඳම සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ හොඳම ඒවා අතර ප්‍රසිද්ධය.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
පේරු ස්ථාන නාම බොහොමයකට ස්වදේශීය මූලාශ්‍ර ඇත. ඇන්කාෂ්, කුස්කෝ සහ පූනෝ යන ඇන්ඩීස් ප්‍රජාවන්හි, ක්වෙචුවා හෝ අයිමාරා නම් අතිමහත් ලෙස ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔවුන්ගේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදනම් කරගත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය මෙම භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩිය සමඟ ගැටෙයි. 2016 ජූලි 22 වන දින නිල පුවත්පතක් වන එල් පේරුආනෝ හි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද 29735 නීතිය සඳහා වන රෙගුලාසි අනුමත කරන ඩෙක්‍රෙටෝ සුප්‍රීමෝ අංක 004-2016-MC (උත්තරීතර ආඥාව) හි 20 වන වගන්තියට අනුව, ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) විසින් භාවිතා කරන නම් කිරීම ප්‍රමිතිකරණය කිරීමේ අරමුණින් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩියේ ස්ථාන නාමවල ප්‍රමාණවත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය ක්‍රමයෙන් යෝජනා කළ යුතුය. පේරුහි නිල සිතියම්වල අවශ්‍ය වෙනස්කම් ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය විසින් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>iwu77iflhh85rujcqs5cuu6zc6potpl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754360</id>
      <parentid>754359</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:29:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* භාෂාව */</comment>
      <origin>754360</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45588" sha1="cugs6zntc9b2epa604zag9ia9bjou1n" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|fourth most populous country in South America]]. Its population density is {{convert|25.79|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} and its annual growth rate is 1.1%. 58.8% of the Peruvian population lives on the coast, 27% in the mountains, and 14.2% in the jungle. In 2020, 27 million Peruvians lived in urban areas, which represents 80% of the population. Peru had a population of seven million residents in 1940; between 1950 and 2000, the demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6%, with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050

{{As of|2017}}, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas. Major cities include the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]] (home to over 9.8 million people), [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]], [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]], [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]], [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], [[:en:Chimbote|Chimbote]], and [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]]; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the [[:en:2007_Peru_Census|2007 census]]. Arequipa is Peru's second largest city, with an estimated population of 1,177,000, while Trujillo is the third largest city with 1,048,000. There are 15 known [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted]] Amerindian tribes in Peru. Peru has a [[:en:Life_expectancy|life expectancy]] of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]].The economically active population is equivalent to 53.78% of the total population, or about 17,830,500 inhabitants. The largest cities are located on the coast, such as Sullana, Piura, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Chimbote, Lima and Ica. In the mountains, the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, Cajamarca and Juliaca stand out. Finally, in the jungle, [[Iquitos]] is the most important, followed by [[Pucallpa]], [[Tarapoto]], [[Moyobamba]] and Tingo María.

2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), අරක්විපා, ටෘජිලෝ, චික්ලයෝ, පියුරා, ඉකිටෝස්, කුස්කෝ, චිම්බෝටේ සහ හුවාන්කායෝ; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; අරක්විපා යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර ටෘජිලෝ 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
Peru is a [[:en:Multiethnic_society|multiethnic nation]] formed by successive waves of different peoples over five centuries. [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples_in_Peru|Amerindians]] inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before the [[:en:Spanish_conquest_of_Peru|Spanish conquest]] in the 16th century; according to historian [[:en:Noble_David_Cook|Noble David Cook]], their population decreased from nearly 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of [[:en:Infectious_disease|infectious diseases]].

The 2017 census for the first time included a question on ethnic self-identification. According to the results, 60.2% of the people identified themselves as [[:en:Mestizo|mestizo]], 22.3% identified themselves as [[:en:Quechua_people|Quechua]], 5.9% identified themselves as [[:en:White_Peruvians|white]], 3.6% identified themselves as [[:en:Afro-Peruvians|black]], 2.4% identified themselves as [[:en:Aymara_people|Aymara]], 2.3% identified themselves as other ethnic groups, and 3.3% did not declare their ethnicity.  In the different stages of Peru's history, ethnic composition has varied, with a continuous decline in the Amerindian proportion, due to multiple socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, birth controls, high mortality rates, exclusion, among others. The country tends towards a slow generalized miscegenation of all ethnic segments that began from the beginning of the colonial period to the present day. Because the majority of the Peruvian population has become mestizo, some feel a superiority complex towards the natives of the mountains and the jungle, either because they do not pronounce a word properly, or simply because they do not know how to read a text well, leading to a kind of [[:en:Racism|racism]] towards them.

පේරු යනු සියවස් පහක් පුරා විවිධ ජනයාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රැළි මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ බහු වාර්ගික ජාතියකි. 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු පේරු භූමියේ වාසය කළහ; ඉතිහාසඥ නොබල් ඩේවිඩ් කුක්ට අනුව, ඔවුන්ගේ ජනගහනය 1520 ගණන්වල මිලියන 5–9 කට ආසන්න සිට 1620 දී 600,000 දක්වා අඩු වූයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බෝවන රෝග නිසාය.&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 සංගණනයට ප්‍රථම වරට ජනවාර්ගික ස්වයං හඳුනාගැනීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නයක් ඇතුළත් විය. ප්‍රතිඵලවලට අනුව, ජනතාවගෙන් 60.2% ක් තමන් මෙස්ටිසෝ ලෙසත්, 22.3% ක් තමන් කෙචුවා ලෙසත්, 5.9% ක් තමන් සුදු ලෙසත්, 3.6% ක් තමන් කළු ලෙසත්, 2.4% ක් තමන් අයිමාරා ලෙසත්, 2.3% ක් තමන් වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසත්, 3.3% ක් තම ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කළේ නැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවධීන්හිදී, ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතිය වෙනස් වී ඇති අතර, බහු සමාජ ආර්ථික හා සමාජ සංස්කෘතික සාධක, උපත් පාලනය, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාත, බැහැර කිරීම යනාදිය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරින්ඩියන් අනුපාතය අඛණ්ඩව පහත වැටෙමින් පවතී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අද දක්වා ආරම්භ වූ සියලුම ජනවාර්ගික කොටස් මන්දගාමී සාමාන්‍යකරණය වූ විකෘතිකරණයකට රට නැඹුරු වේ. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් මෙස්ටිසෝ බවට පත්ව ඇති නිසා, සමහරු කඳුකරයේ සහ වනාන්තරයේ ස්වදේශිකයන් කෙරෙහි උසස් සංකීර්ණයක් අත්විඳිති, එක්කෝ ඔවුන් වචනයක් නිසි ලෙස උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම නිසා හෝ හුදෙක් පෙළක් හොඳින් කියවීමට නොදන්නා නිසා, ඔවුන් කෙරෙහි ජාතිවාදයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු විය.


During the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers, mixing widely with each other and with the native population, mainly on the coast (the mountains and the jungle maintained a very little mixed indigenous majority). After independence there was European immigration from Spain, Italy, England, France, and Germany, along with the Middle East. Peru freed its black slaves in 1854. Chinese and Japanese arrived in the 1850s as laborers following the end of slavery, and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society. The first Croatian immigrants came to Peru in 1573 from Dubrovnik.

පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලන සමයේදී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන් විශාල වශයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, එකිනෙකා සමඟ සහ ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය සමඟ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ තීරයේ (කඳුකරය සහ වනාන්තරය ඉතා සුළු මිශ්‍ර ස්වදේශික බහුතරයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය) බහුලව මිශ්‍ර විය. නිදහසින් පසු මැද පෙරදිග සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඉතාලිය, එංගලන්තය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ජර්මනියෙන් යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණයක් සිදු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1854 දී පේරු එහි කළු වහලුන් නිදහස් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; වහල්භාවය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු 1850 ගණන්වල කම්කරුවන් ලෙස චීන සහ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් පැමිණි අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු සමාජයේ ප්‍රධාන බලපෑමක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; පළමු ක්‍රොඒෂියානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් 1573 දී ඩුබ්‍රොව්නික් සිට පේරු වෙත පැමිණියහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
In recent decades, Peruvian emigration figures have shown a marked growth and currently more than 10% of Peruvians are residing outside the country. This migratory movement has been accentuated since the year 2000, the official figure of Peruvian emigrants is 2,444,634 from 1990 to 2011. This without considering the descendant population, and the illegal floating population that is essentially found in neighboring countries. It is estimated that in the last 82 years, more than 3.5 million Peruvians emigrated from the country. With respect to the main countries of destination for Peruvian emigrants between 1990 and 2011, these were: the United States (31.5%), Spain (16%), Argentina (14.3%), Italy (10.1%), Chile (8.8%), Japan (4.1%) and Venezuela (3.8%). 75% of Peruvian emigrants are between 19 and 49 years old, with a slight majority of women. For the most part, Peruvian emigration is a labor migration.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Throughout its history, Peru has received migrations from Europe (mainly Spain and Italy; and to a lesser extent from France, United Kingdom, and from other Central European countries and Southern), sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (China and Japan). It currently receives a large number of Venezuelan immigrants, who are escaping the economic crisis that their country is suffering.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

From 2016, the flow of Venezuelans to Peru increased, going from 6615 residents in that year to around 820,000 until mid-June 2019, being the most important migratory wave of the 21st century in the country. Peru is home to the second largest number of Venezuelan immigrants after Colombia.

මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු සංක්‍රමණ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන කැපී පෙනෙන වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 10% කට වඩා වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් පිටත ජීවත් වෙති. මෙම සංක්‍රමණික ව්‍යාපාරය 2000 වසරේ සිට උද්දීපනය වී ඇති අතර, 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නිල සංඛ්‍යාව 2,444,634 කි. මෙය පැවත එන ජනගහනය සහ අසල්වැසි රටවල අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම දක්නට ලැබෙන නීති විරෝධී පාවෙන ජනගහනය සැලකිල්ලට නොගනී. පසුගිය වසර 82 තුළ පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 3.5 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇති බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත. 1990 සහ 2011 අතර පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ ගමනාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන රටවල් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ඒවා නම්: ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය (31.5%), ස්පාඤ්ඤය (16%), ආර්ජන්ටිනාව (14.3%), ඉතාලිය (10.1%), චිලී (8.8%), ජපානය (4.1%) සහ වෙනිසියුලාව (3.8%). පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් 75% ක් වයස අවුරුදු 19 ත් 49 ත් අතර වන අතර සුළු බහුතරයක් කාන්තාවන් වේ. බොහෝ දුරට, පේරු සංක්‍රමණය ශ්‍රම සංක්‍රමණයකි.

එහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යයට යුරෝපයෙන් (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ ඉතාලිය; සහ තරමක් දුරට ප්‍රංශය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අනෙකුත් මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය රටවල් සහ දකුණු), උප සහරා අප්‍රිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවෙන් (චීනය සහ ජපානය) සංක්‍රමණ ලැබී ඇත. වර්තමානයේ එයට වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඔවුන් තම රට විඳින ආර්ථික අර්බුදයෙන් බේරෙමින් සිටිති.

2016 සිට පේරු වෙත වෙනිසියුලානු ජාතිකයින්ගේ ගලායාම වැඩි වූ අතර, එම වසරේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 6615 සිට 2019 ජුනි මැද භාගය වන විට එය 820,000 ක් පමණ දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇති අතර එය 21 වන සියවසේ රටේ වැදගත්ම සංක්‍රමණික රැල්ල විය. කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දෙවන විශාලතම වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට පේරු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, පේරු හි නිල භාෂා ස්පාඤ්ඤ වන අතර, ඔවුන් ප්‍රමුඛ වන ප්‍රදේශවල, කෙචුවා සහ අනෙකුත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ජනගහනයෙන් 82.6% ක් ස්වදේශීයව කතා කරන අතර, ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කිහිපයක් සමඟ සහජීවනයෙන් පවතී, ඒවායින් වඩාත්ම වැදගත් වන්නේ ජනගහනයෙන් 16.92% ක් කතා කරන කෙචුවාන් භාෂා වන අතර, 1.7% ක් අයිමාරා සහ 0.8% ක් වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවක් කතා කරති. රටේ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවේ ඒකභාෂාවාදය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ; රටේ බොහෝ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් ඇමසන් හි, බහුභාෂා ජනගහනය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව රජය විසින් භාවිතා කරන අතර එය රටේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ භාෂාව වන අතර එය මාධ්‍ය සහ අධ්‍යාපන පද්ධති සහ වාණිජ්‍යය විසින් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරයේ ජීවත් වන ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු ක්වෙචුවා සහ අයිමාරා කතා කරන අතර ඇන්ඩීස් හි නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ සහ ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියට යාබද නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්වල ජීවත් වන විවිධ ස්වදේශික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් වාර්ගිකව වෙනස් වේ.

පේරුහි සුවිශේෂී භූගෝලීය කලාප, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ඇමරින්ඩියන් භාෂාවට වඩා ප්‍රමුඛ වන වෙරළ තීරය සහ කඳුකරයේ සහ උස්බිම් වල වඩාත් විවිධාකාර සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඇන්ඩියන් සංස්කෘතීන් අතර භාෂා බෙදීමකින් පිළිබිඹු වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියට නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය විවිධ භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරයි. මෙම කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමහරක් තවමත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආදිවාසී භාෂාවන්ට අනුගත වන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට උකහා ගෙන ඇත. ක්වෙචුවා කතා කරන ප්‍රදේශවල රජයේ පාසල්වල ක්වෙචුවා ඉගැන්වීම සඳහා වැඩි වැඩියෙන් සහ සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයක් ගෙන තිබේ. පේරු ඇමසන් වනාන්තරයේ, අෂානින්කා, බෝරා සහ අගුවාරුනා ඇතුළු බොහෝ ආදිවාසී භාෂා කතා කෙරේ.

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]පේරු හි සියවස් ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මය ප්‍රමුඛ ඇදහිල්ලක් වී ඇත, නමුත් ආගමික පිළිවෙත් ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ ඉහළ සමමුහුර්තතාවයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි විශ්ව විද්‍යාල දෙකක් වන පේරු හි පොන්ටිෆිකල් කතෝලික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ යුනිවර්සිඩෑඩ් කැටෝලිකා සැන් පැබ්ලෝ, රටේ ඉහළම විශ්ව විද්‍යාල පහ අතර වේ.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; 2017 සංගණනයට අනුව, අවුරුදු 12 ට වැඩි ජනගහනයෙන් 76% ක් තමන් කතෝලිකයන් ලෙස විස්තර කළහ; 14.1% ක් එවැන්ජලිකල්; 4.8% ක් රෙපරමාදු, යුදෙව්, පසුකාලීන සාන්තුවරයන් සහ යෙහෝවාගේ සාක්ෂිකරුවන්; සහ 5.1% ක් ආගමික නොවන අයයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2025 දී, ස්වභාවිකකරණය වූ පේරු පුරවැසියෙකු වන කාදිනල් රොබට් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ප්‍රෙවොස්ට් XIV වන ලියෝ පාප් වහන්සේ බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඇමරින්දියානු ආගමික සම්ප්‍රදායන් පේරු වැසියන්ගේ විශ්වාසයන් තුළ ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. කෝපස් ක්‍රිස්ටි, ශුද්ධ සතිය සහ නත්තල් වැනි කතෝලික උත්සව සමහර විට ඇමරින්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වේ. පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරින්දියානු උත්සව පුළුල් ලෙස පවතී; ඉන්ටි රේමි, පුරාණ ඉන්කා උත්සවයක්, විශේෂයෙන් ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවන් තුළ තවමත් සමරනු ලැබේ.

නගර, නගර සහ ගම්වල බහුතරයකට තමන්ගේම නිල පල්ලියක් හෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුරක් සහ අනුශාසක සාන්තුවරයෙකු ඇත. පේරුහි සාන්තුවරයන් දෙදෙනා වන්නේ ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සාන්තුවරයා වන ලීමා හි රෝස් සහ මාටින් ඩි පෝරස් ය. පේරු හි විශාලතම ආසන දෙව්මැදුර ලීමා හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ආසන දෙව්මැදුරයි. අනෙකුත් කැපී පෙනෙන පල්ලි සහ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර වන්නේ අරැකිපා හි කුස්කෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර සහ සැන්ටෝ ඩොමින්ගෝ බැසිලිකාවයි.

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
පේරු හි අධ්‍යාපනය ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සකස් කිරීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අධීක්ෂණය කිරීම භාරව සිටින අධ්‍යාපන අමාත්‍යාංශයේ අධිකරණ බලය යටතේ පවතී. පේරු හි දේශපාලන ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, මූලික, ප්‍රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයික මට්ටම් සඳහා රජයේ පාසල්වල අධ්‍යාපනය අනිවාර්ය සහ නොමිලේ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; සතුටුදායක අධ්‍යයන කාර්ය සාධනයක් ඇති සහ ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාග සමත් වන සිසුන් සඳහා රජයේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවල ද එය නොමිලේ. පේරු හි බොහෝ පාසල් පෞද්ගලික සහ ආගමික වේ. 2007 වන විට පේරු හි සාක්ෂරතා අනුපාතය 92.9% ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත; මෙම අනුපාතය නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවලට වඩා ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල (80.3%) අඩුය (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

අධ්‍යාපනය විවිධ මට්ටම්වලට බෙදා ඇත: මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ශුන්‍යයේ සිට අවුරුදු පහ දක්වා කාලයට අනුරූප වන අතර, දරුවන්ගේ පුළුල් සංවර්ධනය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය උත්තේජනය සහ තාක්ෂණික-අධ්‍යාපනික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ලබා දෙන උද්‍යාන සැපයීම අරමුණු කරගත් තොටිල්ල භාරව සිටී. ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සහ දෙවන ශ්‍රේණිවලින් සමන්විත පළමු චක්‍රයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ. ළමුන් සඳහා ඇතුළත් වීමේ වයස අවුරුදු හයකි. මෙම මට්ටම පළමු ශ්‍රේණියේ සිට ආරම්භ වී ප්‍රාථමික පාසලේ හයවන ශ්‍රේණියේදී අවසන් වේ. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සිට පස්වන වසර දක්වා වසර පහකින් සමන්විත වේ. ඉන්පසු තාක්ෂණික, ඵලදායී, තාක්ෂණික හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල විය හැකි උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය පැමිණේ. විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවලට ඇතුළත් වීමට ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාගයක් පැවැත්වීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ, නමුත් මෙහි දුෂ්කරතාවය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ අවශ්‍යතා මත රඳා පවතී.

පේරු යනු නව ලෝකයේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනයේ පැරණිතම ආයතනවලින් එකකි. පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලනය යටතේ 1551 මැයි 12 වන දින ආරම්භ කරන ලද සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, ඇමරිකාවේ නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවන ලද සහ අඛණ්ඩව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; සැන් මාකෝස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය පේරු හි හොඳම සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ හොඳම ඒවා අතර ප්‍රසිද්ධය.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
පේරු ස්ථාන නාම බොහොමයකට ස්වදේශීය මූලාශ්‍ර ඇත. ඇන්කාෂ්, කුස්කෝ සහ පූනෝ යන ඇන්ඩීස් ප්‍රජාවන්හි, ක්වෙචුවා හෝ අයිමාරා නම් අතිමහත් ලෙස ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔවුන්ගේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදනම් කරගත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය මෙම භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩිය සමඟ ගැටෙයි. 2016 ජූලි 22 වන දින නිල පුවත්පතක් වන එල් පේරුආනෝ හි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද 29735 නීතිය සඳහා වන රෙගුලාසි අනුමත කරන ඩෙක්‍රෙටෝ සුප්‍රීමෝ අංක 004-2016-MC (උත්තරීතර ආඥාව) හි 20 වන වගන්තියට අනුව, ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) විසින් භාවිතා කරන නම් කිරීම ප්‍රමිතිකරණය කිරීමේ අරමුණින් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩියේ ස්ථාන නාමවල ප්‍රමාණවත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය ක්‍රමයෙන් යෝජනා කළ යුතුය. පේරුහි නිල සිතියම්වල අවශ්‍ය වෙනස්කම් ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය විසින් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>cugs6zntc9b2epa604zag9ia9bjou1n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754361</id>
      <parentid>754360</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:29:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් */</comment>
      <origin>754361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43807" sha1="hsb75zpkm715yhk07o5jzgvizvohgyd" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|fourth most populous country in South America]]. Its population density is {{convert|25.79|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} and its annual growth rate is 1.1%. 58.8% of the Peruvian population lives on the coast, 27% in the mountains, and 14.2% in the jungle. In 2020, 27 million Peruvians lived in urban areas, which represents 80% of the population. Peru had a population of seven million residents in 1940; between 1950 and 2000, the demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6%, with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050

{{As of|2017}}, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas. Major cities include the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]] (home to over 9.8 million people), [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]], [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]], [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]], [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], [[:en:Chimbote|Chimbote]], and [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]]; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the [[:en:2007_Peru_Census|2007 census]]. Arequipa is Peru's second largest city, with an estimated population of 1,177,000, while Trujillo is the third largest city with 1,048,000. There are 15 known [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted]] Amerindian tribes in Peru. Peru has a [[:en:Life_expectancy|life expectancy]] of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]].The economically active population is equivalent to 53.78% of the total population, or about 17,830,500 inhabitants. The largest cities are located on the coast, such as Sullana, Piura, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Chimbote, Lima and Ica. In the mountains, the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, Cajamarca and Juliaca stand out. Finally, in the jungle, [[Iquitos]] is the most important, followed by [[Pucallpa]], [[Tarapoto]], [[Moyobamba]] and Tingo María.

2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), අරක්විපා, ටෘජිලෝ, චික්ලයෝ, පියුරා, ඉකිටෝස්, කුස්කෝ, චිම්බෝටේ සහ හුවාන්කායෝ; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; අරක්විපා යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර ටෘජිලෝ 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
පේරු යනු සියවස් පහක් පුරා විවිධ ජනයාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රැළි මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ බහු වාර්ගික ජාතියකි. 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු පේරු භූමියේ වාසය කළහ; ඉතිහාසඥ නොබල් ඩේවිඩ් කුක්ට අනුව, ඔවුන්ගේ ජනගහනය 1520 ගණන්වල මිලියන 5–9 කට ආසන්න සිට 1620 දී 600,000 දක්වා අඩු වූයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බෝවන රෝග නිසාය.&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 සංගණනයට ප්‍රථම වරට ජනවාර්ගික ස්වයං හඳුනාගැනීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නයක් ඇතුළත් විය. ප්‍රතිඵලවලට අනුව, ජනතාවගෙන් 60.2% ක් තමන් මෙස්ටිසෝ ලෙසත්, 22.3% ක් තමන් කෙචුවා ලෙසත්, 5.9% ක් තමන් සුදු ලෙසත්, 3.6% ක් තමන් කළු ලෙසත්, 2.4% ක් තමන් අයිමාරා ලෙසත්, 2.3% ක් තමන් වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසත්, 3.3% ක් තම ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කළේ නැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවධීන්හිදී, ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතිය වෙනස් වී ඇති අතර, බහු සමාජ ආර්ථික හා සමාජ සංස්කෘතික සාධක, උපත් පාලනය, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාත, බැහැර කිරීම යනාදිය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරින්ඩියන් අනුපාතය අඛණ්ඩව පහත වැටෙමින් පවතී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අද දක්වා ආරම්භ වූ සියලුම ජනවාර්ගික කොටස් මන්දගාමී සාමාන්‍යකරණය වූ විකෘතිකරණයකට රට නැඹුරු වේ. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් මෙස්ටිසෝ බවට පත්ව ඇති නිසා, සමහරු කඳුකරයේ සහ වනාන්තරයේ ස්වදේශිකයන් කෙරෙහි උසස් සංකීර්ණයක් අත්විඳිති, එක්කෝ ඔවුන් වචනයක් නිසි ලෙස උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම නිසා හෝ හුදෙක් පෙළක් හොඳින් කියවීමට නොදන්නා නිසා, ඔවුන් කෙරෙහි ජාතිවාදයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු විය.


During the [[:en:Viceroyalty_of_Peru|Viceroyalty of Peru]], Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers, mixing widely with each other and with the native population, mainly on the coast (the mountains and the jungle maintained a very little mixed indigenous majority). After independence there was European immigration from Spain, Italy, England, France, and Germany, along with the Middle East. Peru freed its black slaves in 1854. Chinese and Japanese arrived in the 1850s as laborers following the end of slavery, and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society. The first Croatian immigrants came to Peru in 1573 from Dubrovnik.

පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලන සමයේදී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන් විශාල වශයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, එකිනෙකා සමඟ සහ ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය සමඟ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ තීරයේ (කඳුකරය සහ වනාන්තරය ඉතා සුළු මිශ්‍ර ස්වදේශික බහුතරයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය) බහුලව මිශ්‍ර විය. නිදහසින් පසු මැද පෙරදිග සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඉතාලිය, එංගලන්තය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ජර්මනියෙන් යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණයක් සිදු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1854 දී පේරු එහි කළු වහලුන් නිදහස් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; වහල්භාවය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු 1850 ගණන්වල කම්කරුවන් ලෙස චීන සහ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් පැමිණි අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු සමාජයේ ප්‍රධාන බලපෑමක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; පළමු ක්‍රොඒෂියානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් 1573 දී ඩුබ්‍රොව්නික් සිට පේරු වෙත පැමිණියහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
In recent decades, Peruvian emigration figures have shown a marked growth and currently more than 10% of Peruvians are residing outside the country. This migratory movement has been accentuated since the year 2000, the official figure of Peruvian emigrants is 2,444,634 from 1990 to 2011. This without considering the descendant population, and the illegal floating population that is essentially found in neighboring countries. It is estimated that in the last 82 years, more than 3.5 million Peruvians emigrated from the country. With respect to the main countries of destination for Peruvian emigrants between 1990 and 2011, these were: the United States (31.5%), Spain (16%), Argentina (14.3%), Italy (10.1%), Chile (8.8%), Japan (4.1%) and Venezuela (3.8%). 75% of Peruvian emigrants are between 19 and 49 years old, with a slight majority of women. For the most part, Peruvian emigration is a labor migration.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Throughout its history, Peru has received migrations from Europe (mainly Spain and Italy; and to a lesser extent from France, United Kingdom, and from other Central European countries and Southern), sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (China and Japan). It currently receives a large number of Venezuelan immigrants, who are escaping the economic crisis that their country is suffering.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

From 2016, the flow of Venezuelans to Peru increased, going from 6615 residents in that year to around 820,000 until mid-June 2019, being the most important migratory wave of the 21st century in the country. Peru is home to the second largest number of Venezuelan immigrants after Colombia.

මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු සංක්‍රමණ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන කැපී පෙනෙන වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 10% කට වඩා වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් පිටත ජීවත් වෙති. මෙම සංක්‍රමණික ව්‍යාපාරය 2000 වසරේ සිට උද්දීපනය වී ඇති අතර, 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නිල සංඛ්‍යාව 2,444,634 කි. මෙය පැවත එන ජනගහනය සහ අසල්වැසි රටවල අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම දක්නට ලැබෙන නීති විරෝධී පාවෙන ජනගහනය සැලකිල්ලට නොගනී. පසුගිය වසර 82 තුළ පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 3.5 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇති බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත. 1990 සහ 2011 අතර පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ ගමනාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන රටවල් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ඒවා නම්: ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය (31.5%), ස්පාඤ්ඤය (16%), ආර්ජන්ටිනාව (14.3%), ඉතාලිය (10.1%), චිලී (8.8%), ජපානය (4.1%) සහ වෙනිසියුලාව (3.8%). පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් 75% ක් වයස අවුරුදු 19 ත් 49 ත් අතර වන අතර සුළු බහුතරයක් කාන්තාවන් වේ. බොහෝ දුරට, පේරු සංක්‍රමණය ශ්‍රම සංක්‍රමණයකි.

එහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යයට යුරෝපයෙන් (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ ඉතාලිය; සහ තරමක් දුරට ප්‍රංශය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අනෙකුත් මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය රටවල් සහ දකුණු), උප සහරා අප්‍රිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවෙන් (චීනය සහ ජපානය) සංක්‍රමණ ලැබී ඇත. වර්තමානයේ එයට වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඔවුන් තම රට විඳින ආර්ථික අර්බුදයෙන් බේරෙමින් සිටිති.

2016 සිට පේරු වෙත වෙනිසියුලානු ජාතිකයින්ගේ ගලායාම වැඩි වූ අතර, එම වසරේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 6615 සිට 2019 ජුනි මැද භාගය වන විට එය 820,000 ක් පමණ දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇති අතර එය 21 වන සියවසේ රටේ වැදගත්ම සංක්‍රමණික රැල්ල විය. කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දෙවන විශාලතම වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට පේරු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, පේරු හි නිල භාෂා ස්පාඤ්ඤ වන අතර, ඔවුන් ප්‍රමුඛ වන ප්‍රදේශවල, කෙචුවා සහ අනෙකුත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ජනගහනයෙන් 82.6% ක් ස්වදේශීයව කතා කරන අතර, ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කිහිපයක් සමඟ සහජීවනයෙන් පවතී, ඒවායින් වඩාත්ම වැදගත් වන්නේ ජනගහනයෙන් 16.92% ක් කතා කරන කෙචුවාන් භාෂා වන අතර, 1.7% ක් අයිමාරා සහ 0.8% ක් වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවක් කතා කරති. රටේ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවේ ඒකභාෂාවාදය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ; රටේ බොහෝ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් ඇමසන් හි, බහුභාෂා ජනගහනය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව රජය විසින් භාවිතා කරන අතර එය රටේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ භාෂාව වන අතර එය මාධ්‍ය සහ අධ්‍යාපන පද්ධති සහ වාණිජ්‍යය විසින් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරයේ ජීවත් වන ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු ක්වෙචුවා සහ අයිමාරා කතා කරන අතර ඇන්ඩීස් හි නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ සහ ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියට යාබද නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්වල ජීවත් වන විවිධ ස්වදේශික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් වාර්ගිකව වෙනස් වේ.

පේරුහි සුවිශේෂී භූගෝලීය කලාප, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ඇමරින්ඩියන් භාෂාවට වඩා ප්‍රමුඛ වන වෙරළ තීරය සහ කඳුකරයේ සහ උස්බිම් වල වඩාත් විවිධාකාර සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඇන්ඩියන් සංස්කෘතීන් අතර භාෂා බෙදීමකින් පිළිබිඹු වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියට නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය විවිධ භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරයි. මෙම කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමහරක් තවමත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආදිවාසී භාෂාවන්ට අනුගත වන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට උකහා ගෙන ඇත. ක්වෙචුවා කතා කරන ප්‍රදේශවල රජයේ පාසල්වල ක්වෙචුවා ඉගැන්වීම සඳහා වැඩි වැඩියෙන් සහ සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයක් ගෙන තිබේ. පේරු ඇමසන් වනාන්තරයේ, අෂානින්කා, බෝරා සහ අගුවාරුනා ඇතුළු බොහෝ ආදිවාසී භාෂා කතා කෙරේ.

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]පේරු හි සියවස් ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මය ප්‍රමුඛ ඇදහිල්ලක් වී ඇත, නමුත් ආගමික පිළිවෙත් ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ ඉහළ සමමුහුර්තතාවයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි විශ්ව විද්‍යාල දෙකක් වන පේරු හි පොන්ටිෆිකල් කතෝලික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ යුනිවර්සිඩෑඩ් කැටෝලිකා සැන් පැබ්ලෝ, රටේ ඉහළම විශ්ව විද්‍යාල පහ අතර වේ.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; 2017 සංගණනයට අනුව, අවුරුදු 12 ට වැඩි ජනගහනයෙන් 76% ක් තමන් කතෝලිකයන් ලෙස විස්තර කළහ; 14.1% ක් එවැන්ජලිකල්; 4.8% ක් රෙපරමාදු, යුදෙව්, පසුකාලීන සාන්තුවරයන් සහ යෙහෝවාගේ සාක්ෂිකරුවන්; සහ 5.1% ක් ආගමික නොවන අයයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2025 දී, ස්වභාවිකකරණය වූ පේරු පුරවැසියෙකු වන කාදිනල් රොබට් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ප්‍රෙවොස්ට් XIV වන ලියෝ පාප් වහන්සේ බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඇමරින්දියානු ආගමික සම්ප්‍රදායන් පේරු වැසියන්ගේ විශ්වාසයන් තුළ ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. කෝපස් ක්‍රිස්ටි, ශුද්ධ සතිය සහ නත්තල් වැනි කතෝලික උත්සව සමහර විට ඇමරින්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වේ. පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරින්දියානු උත්සව පුළුල් ලෙස පවතී; ඉන්ටි රේමි, පුරාණ ඉන්කා උත්සවයක්, විශේෂයෙන් ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවන් තුළ තවමත් සමරනු ලැබේ.

නගර, නගර සහ ගම්වල බහුතරයකට තමන්ගේම නිල පල්ලියක් හෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුරක් සහ අනුශාසක සාන්තුවරයෙකු ඇත. පේරුහි සාන්තුවරයන් දෙදෙනා වන්නේ ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සාන්තුවරයා වන ලීමා හි රෝස් සහ මාටින් ඩි පෝරස් ය. පේරු හි විශාලතම ආසන දෙව්මැදුර ලීමා හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ආසන දෙව්මැදුරයි. අනෙකුත් කැපී පෙනෙන පල්ලි සහ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර වන්නේ අරැකිපා හි කුස්කෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර සහ සැන්ටෝ ඩොමින්ගෝ බැසිලිකාවයි.

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
පේරු හි අධ්‍යාපනය ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සකස් කිරීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අධීක්ෂණය කිරීම භාරව සිටින අධ්‍යාපන අමාත්‍යාංශයේ අධිකරණ බලය යටතේ පවතී. පේරු හි දේශපාලන ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, මූලික, ප්‍රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයික මට්ටම් සඳහා රජයේ පාසල්වල අධ්‍යාපනය අනිවාර්ය සහ නොමිලේ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; සතුටුදායක අධ්‍යයන කාර්ය සාධනයක් ඇති සහ ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාග සමත් වන සිසුන් සඳහා රජයේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවල ද එය නොමිලේ. පේරු හි බොහෝ පාසල් පෞද්ගලික සහ ආගමික වේ. 2007 වන විට පේරු හි සාක්ෂරතා අනුපාතය 92.9% ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත; මෙම අනුපාතය නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවලට වඩා ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල (80.3%) අඩුය (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

අධ්‍යාපනය විවිධ මට්ටම්වලට බෙදා ඇත: මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ශුන්‍යයේ සිට අවුරුදු පහ දක්වා කාලයට අනුරූප වන අතර, දරුවන්ගේ පුළුල් සංවර්ධනය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය උත්තේජනය සහ තාක්ෂණික-අධ්‍යාපනික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ලබා දෙන උද්‍යාන සැපයීම අරමුණු කරගත් තොටිල්ල භාරව සිටී. ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සහ දෙවන ශ්‍රේණිවලින් සමන්විත පළමු චක්‍රයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ. ළමුන් සඳහා ඇතුළත් වීමේ වයස අවුරුදු හයකි. මෙම මට්ටම පළමු ශ්‍රේණියේ සිට ආරම්භ වී ප්‍රාථමික පාසලේ හයවන ශ්‍රේණියේදී අවසන් වේ. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සිට පස්වන වසර දක්වා වසර පහකින් සමන්විත වේ. ඉන්පසු තාක්ෂණික, ඵලදායී, තාක්ෂණික හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල විය හැකි උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය පැමිණේ. විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවලට ඇතුළත් වීමට ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාගයක් පැවැත්වීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ, නමුත් මෙහි දුෂ්කරතාවය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ අවශ්‍යතා මත රඳා පවතී.

පේරු යනු නව ලෝකයේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනයේ පැරණිතම ආයතනවලින් එකකි. පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලනය යටතේ 1551 මැයි 12 වන දින ආරම්භ කරන ලද සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, ඇමරිකාවේ නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවන ලද සහ අඛණ්ඩව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; සැන් මාකෝස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය පේරු හි හොඳම සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ හොඳම ඒවා අතර ප්‍රසිද්ධය.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
පේරු ස්ථාන නාම බොහොමයකට ස්වදේශීය මූලාශ්‍ර ඇත. ඇන්කාෂ්, කුස්කෝ සහ පූනෝ යන ඇන්ඩීස් ප්‍රජාවන්හි, ක්වෙචුවා හෝ අයිමාරා නම් අතිමහත් ලෙස ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔවුන්ගේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදනම් කරගත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය මෙම භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩිය සමඟ ගැටෙයි. 2016 ජූලි 22 වන දින නිල පුවත්පතක් වන එල් පේරුආනෝ හි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද 29735 නීතිය සඳහා වන රෙගුලාසි අනුමත කරන ඩෙක්‍රෙටෝ සුප්‍රීමෝ අංක 004-2016-MC (උත්තරීතර ආඥාව) හි 20 වන වගන්තියට අනුව, ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) විසින් භාවිතා කරන නම් කිරීම ප්‍රමිතිකරණය කිරීමේ අරමුණින් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩියේ ස්ථාන නාමවල ප්‍රමාණවත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය ක්‍රමයෙන් යෝජනා කළ යුතුය. පේරුහි නිල සිතියම්වල අවශ්‍ය වෙනස්කම් ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය විසින් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>hsb75zpkm715yhk07o5jzgvizvohgyd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754362</id>
      <parentid>754361</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:29:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් */</comment>
      <origin>754362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43150" sha1="rdk4jnf3mha1p957vqyjhtrooubuqj3" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|fourth most populous country in South America]]. Its population density is {{convert|25.79|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} and its annual growth rate is 1.1%. 58.8% of the Peruvian population lives on the coast, 27% in the mountains, and 14.2% in the jungle. In 2020, 27 million Peruvians lived in urban areas, which represents 80% of the population. Peru had a population of seven million residents in 1940; between 1950 and 2000, the demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6%, with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050

{{As of|2017}}, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas. Major cities include the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]] (home to over 9.8 million people), [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]], [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]], [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]], [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], [[:en:Chimbote|Chimbote]], and [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]]; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the [[:en:2007_Peru_Census|2007 census]]. Arequipa is Peru's second largest city, with an estimated population of 1,177,000, while Trujillo is the third largest city with 1,048,000. There are 15 known [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted]] Amerindian tribes in Peru. Peru has a [[:en:Life_expectancy|life expectancy]] of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]].The economically active population is equivalent to 53.78% of the total population, or about 17,830,500 inhabitants. The largest cities are located on the coast, such as Sullana, Piura, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Chimbote, Lima and Ica. In the mountains, the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, Cajamarca and Juliaca stand out. Finally, in the jungle, [[Iquitos]] is the most important, followed by [[Pucallpa]], [[Tarapoto]], [[Moyobamba]] and Tingo María.

2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), අරක්විපා, ටෘජිලෝ, චික්ලයෝ, පියුරා, ඉකිටෝස්, කුස්කෝ, චිම්බෝටේ සහ හුවාන්කායෝ; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; අරක්විපා යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර ටෘජිලෝ 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
පේරු යනු සියවස් පහක් පුරා විවිධ ජනයාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රැළි මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ බහු වාර්ගික ජාතියකි. 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු පේරු භූමියේ වාසය කළහ; ඉතිහාසඥ නොබල් ඩේවිඩ් කුක්ට අනුව, ඔවුන්ගේ ජනගහනය 1520 ගණන්වල මිලියන 5–9 කට ආසන්න සිට 1620 දී 600,000 දක්වා අඩු වූයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බෝවන රෝග නිසාය.&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 සංගණනයට ප්‍රථම වරට ජනවාර්ගික ස්වයං හඳුනාගැනීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නයක් ඇතුළත් විය. ප්‍රතිඵලවලට අනුව, ජනතාවගෙන් 60.2% ක් තමන් මෙස්ටිසෝ ලෙසත්, 22.3% ක් තමන් කෙචුවා ලෙසත්, 5.9% ක් තමන් සුදු ලෙසත්, 3.6% ක් තමන් කළු ලෙසත්, 2.4% ක් තමන් අයිමාරා ලෙසත්, 2.3% ක් තමන් වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසත්, 3.3% ක් තම ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කළේ නැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවධීන්හිදී, ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතිය වෙනස් වී ඇති අතර, බහු සමාජ ආර්ථික හා සමාජ සංස්කෘතික සාධක, උපත් පාලනය, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාත, බැහැර කිරීම යනාදිය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරින්ඩියන් අනුපාතය අඛණ්ඩව පහත වැටෙමින් පවතී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අද දක්වා ආරම්භ වූ සියලුම ජනවාර්ගික කොටස් මන්දගාමී සාමාන්‍යකරණය වූ විකෘතිකරණයකට රට නැඹුරු වේ. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් මෙස්ටිසෝ බවට පත්ව ඇති නිසා, සමහරු කඳුකරයේ සහ වනාන්තරයේ ස්වදේශිකයන් කෙරෙහි උසස් සංකීර්ණයක් අත්විඳිති, එක්කෝ ඔවුන් වචනයක් නිසි ලෙස උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම නිසා හෝ හුදෙක් පෙළක් හොඳින් කියවීමට නොදන්නා නිසා, ඔවුන් කෙරෙහි ජාතිවාදයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලන සමයේදී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන් විශාල වශයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, එකිනෙකා සමඟ සහ ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය සමඟ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ තීරයේ (කඳුකරය සහ වනාන්තරය ඉතා සුළු මිශ්‍ර ස්වදේශික බහුතරයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය) බහුලව මිශ්‍ර විය. නිදහසින් පසු මැද පෙරදිග සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඉතාලිය, එංගලන්තය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ජර්මනියෙන් යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණයක් සිදු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1854 දී පේරු එහි කළු වහලුන් නිදහස් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; වහල්භාවය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු 1850 ගණන්වල කම්කරුවන් ලෙස චීන සහ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් පැමිණි අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු සමාජයේ ප්‍රධාන බලපෑමක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; පළමු ක්‍රොඒෂියානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් 1573 දී ඩුබ්‍රොව්නික් සිට පේරු වෙත පැමිණියහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
In recent decades, Peruvian emigration figures have shown a marked growth and currently more than 10% of Peruvians are residing outside the country. This migratory movement has been accentuated since the year 2000, the official figure of Peruvian emigrants is 2,444,634 from 1990 to 2011. This without considering the descendant population, and the illegal floating population that is essentially found in neighboring countries. It is estimated that in the last 82 years, more than 3.5 million Peruvians emigrated from the country. With respect to the main countries of destination for Peruvian emigrants between 1990 and 2011, these were: the United States (31.5%), Spain (16%), Argentina (14.3%), Italy (10.1%), Chile (8.8%), Japan (4.1%) and Venezuela (3.8%). 75% of Peruvian emigrants are between 19 and 49 years old, with a slight majority of women. For the most part, Peruvian emigration is a labor migration.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Throughout its history, Peru has received migrations from Europe (mainly Spain and Italy; and to a lesser extent from France, United Kingdom, and from other Central European countries and Southern), sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (China and Japan). It currently receives a large number of Venezuelan immigrants, who are escaping the economic crisis that their country is suffering.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

From 2016, the flow of Venezuelans to Peru increased, going from 6615 residents in that year to around 820,000 until mid-June 2019, being the most important migratory wave of the 21st century in the country. Peru is home to the second largest number of Venezuelan immigrants after Colombia.

මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු සංක්‍රමණ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන කැපී පෙනෙන වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 10% කට වඩා වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් පිටත ජීවත් වෙති. මෙම සංක්‍රමණික ව්‍යාපාරය 2000 වසරේ සිට උද්දීපනය වී ඇති අතර, 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නිල සංඛ්‍යාව 2,444,634 කි. මෙය පැවත එන ජනගහනය සහ අසල්වැසි රටවල අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම දක්නට ලැබෙන නීති විරෝධී පාවෙන ජනගහනය සැලකිල්ලට නොගනී. පසුගිය වසර 82 තුළ පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 3.5 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇති බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත. 1990 සහ 2011 අතර පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ ගමනාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන රටවල් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ඒවා නම්: ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය (31.5%), ස්පාඤ්ඤය (16%), ආර්ජන්ටිනාව (14.3%), ඉතාලිය (10.1%), චිලී (8.8%), ජපානය (4.1%) සහ වෙනිසියුලාව (3.8%). පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් 75% ක් වයස අවුරුදු 19 ත් 49 ත් අතර වන අතර සුළු බහුතරයක් කාන්තාවන් වේ. බොහෝ දුරට, පේරු සංක්‍රමණය ශ්‍රම සංක්‍රමණයකි.

එහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යයට යුරෝපයෙන් (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ ඉතාලිය; සහ තරමක් දුරට ප්‍රංශය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අනෙකුත් මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය රටවල් සහ දකුණු), උප සහරා අප්‍රිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවෙන් (චීනය සහ ජපානය) සංක්‍රමණ ලැබී ඇත. වර්තමානයේ එයට වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඔවුන් තම රට විඳින ආර්ථික අර්බුදයෙන් බේරෙමින් සිටිති.

2016 සිට පේරු වෙත වෙනිසියුලානු ජාතිකයින්ගේ ගලායාම වැඩි වූ අතර, එම වසරේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 6615 සිට 2019 ජුනි මැද භාගය වන විට එය 820,000 ක් පමණ දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇති අතර එය 21 වන සියවසේ රටේ වැදගත්ම සංක්‍රමණික රැල්ල විය. කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දෙවන විශාලතම වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට පේරු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, පේරු හි නිල භාෂා ස්පාඤ්ඤ වන අතර, ඔවුන් ප්‍රමුඛ වන ප්‍රදේශවල, කෙචුවා සහ අනෙකුත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ජනගහනයෙන් 82.6% ක් ස්වදේශීයව කතා කරන අතර, ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කිහිපයක් සමඟ සහජීවනයෙන් පවතී, ඒවායින් වඩාත්ම වැදගත් වන්නේ ජනගහනයෙන් 16.92% ක් කතා කරන කෙචුවාන් භාෂා වන අතර, 1.7% ක් අයිමාරා සහ 0.8% ක් වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවක් කතා කරති. රටේ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවේ ඒකභාෂාවාදය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ; රටේ බොහෝ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් ඇමසන් හි, බහුභාෂා ජනගහනය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව රජය විසින් භාවිතා කරන අතර එය රටේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ භාෂාව වන අතර එය මාධ්‍ය සහ අධ්‍යාපන පද්ධති සහ වාණිජ්‍යය විසින් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරයේ ජීවත් වන ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු ක්වෙචුවා සහ අයිමාරා කතා කරන අතර ඇන්ඩීස් හි නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ සහ ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියට යාබද නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්වල ජීවත් වන විවිධ ස්වදේශික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් වාර්ගිකව වෙනස් වේ.

පේරුහි සුවිශේෂී භූගෝලීය කලාප, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ඇමරින්ඩියන් භාෂාවට වඩා ප්‍රමුඛ වන වෙරළ තීරය සහ කඳුකරයේ සහ උස්බිම් වල වඩාත් විවිධාකාර සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඇන්ඩියන් සංස්කෘතීන් අතර භාෂා බෙදීමකින් පිළිබිඹු වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියට නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය විවිධ භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරයි. මෙම කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමහරක් තවමත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආදිවාසී භාෂාවන්ට අනුගත වන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට උකහා ගෙන ඇත. ක්වෙචුවා කතා කරන ප්‍රදේශවල රජයේ පාසල්වල ක්වෙචුවා ඉගැන්වීම සඳහා වැඩි වැඩියෙන් සහ සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයක් ගෙන තිබේ. පේරු ඇමසන් වනාන්තරයේ, අෂානින්කා, බෝරා සහ අගුවාරුනා ඇතුළු බොහෝ ආදිවාසී භාෂා කතා කෙරේ.

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]පේරු හි සියවස් ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මය ප්‍රමුඛ ඇදහිල්ලක් වී ඇත, නමුත් ආගමික පිළිවෙත් ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ ඉහළ සමමුහුර්තතාවයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි විශ්ව විද්‍යාල දෙකක් වන පේරු හි පොන්ටිෆිකල් කතෝලික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ යුනිවර්සිඩෑඩ් කැටෝලිකා සැන් පැබ්ලෝ, රටේ ඉහළම විශ්ව විද්‍යාල පහ අතර වේ.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; 2017 සංගණනයට අනුව, අවුරුදු 12 ට වැඩි ජනගහනයෙන් 76% ක් තමන් කතෝලිකයන් ලෙස විස්තර කළහ; 14.1% ක් එවැන්ජලිකල්; 4.8% ක් රෙපරමාදු, යුදෙව්, පසුකාලීන සාන්තුවරයන් සහ යෙහෝවාගේ සාක්ෂිකරුවන්; සහ 5.1% ක් ආගමික නොවන අයයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2025 දී, ස්වභාවිකකරණය වූ පේරු පුරවැසියෙකු වන කාදිනල් රොබට් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ප්‍රෙවොස්ට් XIV වන ලියෝ පාප් වහන්සේ බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඇමරින්දියානු ආගමික සම්ප්‍රදායන් පේරු වැසියන්ගේ විශ්වාසයන් තුළ ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. කෝපස් ක්‍රිස්ටි, ශුද්ධ සතිය සහ නත්තල් වැනි කතෝලික උත්සව සමහර විට ඇමරින්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වේ. පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරින්දියානු උත්සව පුළුල් ලෙස පවතී; ඉන්ටි රේමි, පුරාණ ඉන්කා උත්සවයක්, විශේෂයෙන් ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවන් තුළ තවමත් සමරනු ලැබේ.

නගර, නගර සහ ගම්වල බහුතරයකට තමන්ගේම නිල පල්ලියක් හෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුරක් සහ අනුශාසක සාන්තුවරයෙකු ඇත. පේරුහි සාන්තුවරයන් දෙදෙනා වන්නේ ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සාන්තුවරයා වන ලීමා හි රෝස් සහ මාටින් ඩි පෝරස් ය. පේරු හි විශාලතම ආසන දෙව්මැදුර ලීමා හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ආසන දෙව්මැදුරයි. අනෙකුත් කැපී පෙනෙන පල්ලි සහ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර වන්නේ අරැකිපා හි කුස්කෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර සහ සැන්ටෝ ඩොමින්ගෝ බැසිලිකාවයි.

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
පේරු හි අධ්‍යාපනය ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සකස් කිරීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අධීක්ෂණය කිරීම භාරව සිටින අධ්‍යාපන අමාත්‍යාංශයේ අධිකරණ බලය යටතේ පවතී. පේරු හි දේශපාලන ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, මූලික, ප්‍රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයික මට්ටම් සඳහා රජයේ පාසල්වල අධ්‍යාපනය අනිවාර්ය සහ නොමිලේ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; සතුටුදායක අධ්‍යයන කාර්ය සාධනයක් ඇති සහ ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාග සමත් වන සිසුන් සඳහා රජයේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවල ද එය නොමිලේ. පේරු හි බොහෝ පාසල් පෞද්ගලික සහ ආගමික වේ. 2007 වන විට පේරු හි සාක්ෂරතා අනුපාතය 92.9% ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත; මෙම අනුපාතය නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවලට වඩා ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල (80.3%) අඩුය (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

අධ්‍යාපනය විවිධ මට්ටම්වලට බෙදා ඇත: මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ශුන්‍යයේ සිට අවුරුදු පහ දක්වා කාලයට අනුරූප වන අතර, දරුවන්ගේ පුළුල් සංවර්ධනය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය උත්තේජනය සහ තාක්ෂණික-අධ්‍යාපනික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ලබා දෙන උද්‍යාන සැපයීම අරමුණු කරගත් තොටිල්ල භාරව සිටී. ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සහ දෙවන ශ්‍රේණිවලින් සමන්විත පළමු චක්‍රයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ. ළමුන් සඳහා ඇතුළත් වීමේ වයස අවුරුදු හයකි. මෙම මට්ටම පළමු ශ්‍රේණියේ සිට ආරම්භ වී ප්‍රාථමික පාසලේ හයවන ශ්‍රේණියේදී අවසන් වේ. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සිට පස්වන වසර දක්වා වසර පහකින් සමන්විත වේ. ඉන්පසු තාක්ෂණික, ඵලදායී, තාක්ෂණික හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල විය හැකි උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය පැමිණේ. විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවලට ඇතුළත් වීමට ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාගයක් පැවැත්වීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ, නමුත් මෙහි දුෂ්කරතාවය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ අවශ්‍යතා මත රඳා පවතී.

පේරු යනු නව ලෝකයේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනයේ පැරණිතම ආයතනවලින් එකකි. පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලනය යටතේ 1551 මැයි 12 වන දින ආරම්භ කරන ලද සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, ඇමරිකාවේ නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවන ලද සහ අඛණ්ඩව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; සැන් මාකෝස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය පේරු හි හොඳම සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ හොඳම ඒවා අතර ප්‍රසිද්ධය.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
පේරු ස්ථාන නාම බොහොමයකට ස්වදේශීය මූලාශ්‍ර ඇත. ඇන්කාෂ්, කුස්කෝ සහ පූනෝ යන ඇන්ඩීස් ප්‍රජාවන්හි, ක්වෙචුවා හෝ අයිමාරා නම් අතිමහත් ලෙස ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔවුන්ගේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදනම් කරගත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය මෙම භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩිය සමඟ ගැටෙයි. 2016 ජූලි 22 වන දින නිල පුවත්පතක් වන එල් පේරුආනෝ හි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද 29735 නීතිය සඳහා වන රෙගුලාසි අනුමත කරන ඩෙක්‍රෙටෝ සුප්‍රීමෝ අංක 004-2016-MC (උත්තරීතර ආඥාව) හි 20 වන වගන්තියට අනුව, ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) විසින් භාවිතා කරන නම් කිරීම ප්‍රමිතිකරණය කිරීමේ අරමුණින් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩියේ ස්ථාන නාමවල ප්‍රමාණවත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය ක්‍රමයෙන් යෝජනා කළ යුතුය. පේරුහි නිල සිතියම්වල අවශ්‍ය වෙනස්කම් ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය විසින් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>rdk4jnf3mha1p957vqyjhtrooubuqj3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754363</id>
      <parentid>754362</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:29:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් */</comment>
      <origin>754363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41510" sha1="2nmdp4mjmawpd240rh23s2h9annhzft" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|fourth most populous country in South America]]. Its population density is {{convert|25.79|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} and its annual growth rate is 1.1%. 58.8% of the Peruvian population lives on the coast, 27% in the mountains, and 14.2% in the jungle. In 2020, 27 million Peruvians lived in urban areas, which represents 80% of the population. Peru had a population of seven million residents in 1940; between 1950 and 2000, the demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6%, with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050

{{As of|2017}}, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas. Major cities include the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]] (home to over 9.8 million people), [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]], [[:en:Trujillo,_Peru|Trujillo]], [[:en:Chiclayo|Chiclayo]], [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]], [[:en:Cusco|Cusco]], [[:en:Chimbote|Chimbote]], and [[:en:Huancayo|Huancayo]]; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the [[:en:2007_Peru_Census|2007 census]]. Arequipa is Peru's second largest city, with an estimated population of 1,177,000, while Trujillo is the third largest city with 1,048,000. There are 15 known [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted]] Amerindian tribes in Peru. Peru has a [[:en:Life_expectancy|life expectancy]] of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]].The economically active population is equivalent to 53.78% of the total population, or about 17,830,500 inhabitants. The largest cities are located on the coast, such as Sullana, Piura, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Chimbote, Lima and Ica. In the mountains, the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, Cajamarca and Juliaca stand out. Finally, in the jungle, [[Iquitos]] is the most important, followed by [[Pucallpa]], [[Tarapoto]], [[Moyobamba]] and Tingo María.

2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), අරක්විපා, ටෘජිලෝ, චික්ලයෝ, පියුරා, ඉකිටෝස්, කුස්කෝ, චිම්බෝටේ සහ හුවාන්කායෝ; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; අරක්විපා යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර ටෘජිලෝ 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
පේරු යනු සියවස් පහක් පුරා විවිධ ජනයාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රැළි මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ බහු වාර්ගික ජාතියකි. 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු පේරු භූමියේ වාසය කළහ; ඉතිහාසඥ නොබල් ඩේවිඩ් කුක්ට අනුව, ඔවුන්ගේ ජනගහනය 1520 ගණන්වල මිලියන 5–9 කට ආසන්න සිට 1620 දී 600,000 දක්වා අඩු වූයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බෝවන රෝග නිසාය.&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 සංගණනයට ප්‍රථම වරට ජනවාර්ගික ස්වයං හඳුනාගැනීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නයක් ඇතුළත් විය. ප්‍රතිඵලවලට අනුව, ජනතාවගෙන් 60.2% ක් තමන් මෙස්ටිසෝ ලෙසත්, 22.3% ක් තමන් කෙචුවා ලෙසත්, 5.9% ක් තමන් සුදු ලෙසත්, 3.6% ක් තමන් කළු ලෙසත්, 2.4% ක් තමන් අයිමාරා ලෙසත්, 2.3% ක් තමන් වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසත්, 3.3% ක් තම ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කළේ නැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවධීන්හිදී, ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතිය වෙනස් වී ඇති අතර, බහු සමාජ ආර්ථික හා සමාජ සංස්කෘතික සාධක, උපත් පාලනය, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාත, බැහැර කිරීම යනාදිය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරින්ඩියන් අනුපාතය අඛණ්ඩව පහත වැටෙමින් පවතී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අද දක්වා ආරම්භ වූ සියලුම ජනවාර්ගික කොටස් මන්දගාමී සාමාන්‍යකරණය වූ විකෘතිකරණයකට රට නැඹුරු වේ. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් මෙස්ටිසෝ බවට පත්ව ඇති නිසා, සමහරු කඳුකරයේ සහ වනාන්තරයේ ස්වදේශිකයන් කෙරෙහි උසස් සංකීර්ණයක් අත්විඳිති, එක්කෝ ඔවුන් වචනයක් නිසි ලෙස උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම නිසා හෝ හුදෙක් පෙළක් හොඳින් කියවීමට නොදන්නා නිසා, ඔවුන් කෙරෙහි ජාතිවාදයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලන සමයේදී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන් විශාල වශයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, එකිනෙකා සමඟ සහ ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය සමඟ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ තීරයේ (කඳුකරය සහ වනාන්තරය ඉතා සුළු මිශ්‍ර ස්වදේශික බහුතරයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය) බහුලව මිශ්‍ර විය. නිදහසින් පසු මැද පෙරදිග සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඉතාලිය, එංගලන්තය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ජර්මනියෙන් යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණයක් සිදු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1854 දී පේරු එහි කළු වහලුන් නිදහස් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; වහල්භාවය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු 1850 ගණන්වල කම්කරුවන් ලෙස චීන සහ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් පැමිණි අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු සමාජයේ ප්‍රධාන බලපෑමක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; පළමු ක්‍රොඒෂියානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් 1573 දී ඩුබ්‍රොව්නික් සිට පේරු වෙත පැමිණියහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු සංක්‍රමණ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන කැපී පෙනෙන වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 10% කට වඩා වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් පිටත ජීවත් වෙති. මෙම සංක්‍රමණික ව්‍යාපාරය 2000 වසරේ සිට උද්දීපනය වී ඇති අතර, 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නිල සංඛ්‍යාව 2,444,634 කි. මෙය පැවත එන ජනගහනය සහ අසල්වැසි රටවල අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම දක්නට ලැබෙන නීති විරෝධී පාවෙන ජනගහනය සැලකිල්ලට නොගනී. පසුගිය වසර 82 තුළ පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 3.5 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇති බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත. 1990 සහ 2011 අතර පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ ගමනාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන රටවල් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ඒවා නම්: ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය (31.5%), ස්පාඤ්ඤය (16%), ආර්ජන්ටිනාව (14.3%), ඉතාලිය (10.1%), චිලී (8.8%), ජපානය (4.1%) සහ වෙනිසියුලාව (3.8%). පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් 75% ක් වයස අවුරුදු 19 ත් 49 ත් අතර වන අතර සුළු බහුතරයක් කාන්තාවන් වේ. බොහෝ දුරට, පේරු සංක්‍රමණය ශ්‍රම සංක්‍රමණයකි.

එහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යයට යුරෝපයෙන් (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ ඉතාලිය; සහ තරමක් දුරට ප්‍රංශය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අනෙකුත් මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය රටවල් සහ දකුණු), උප සහරා අප්‍රිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවෙන් (චීනය සහ ජපානය) සංක්‍රමණ ලැබී ඇත. වර්තමානයේ එයට වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඔවුන් තම රට විඳින ආර්ථික අර්බුදයෙන් බේරෙමින් සිටිති.

2016 සිට පේරු වෙත වෙනිසියුලානු ජාතිකයින්ගේ ගලායාම වැඩි වූ අතර, එම වසරේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 6615 සිට 2019 ජුනි මැද භාගය වන විට එය 820,000 ක් පමණ දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇති අතර එය 21 වන සියවසේ රටේ වැදගත්ම සංක්‍රමණික රැල්ල විය. කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දෙවන විශාලතම වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට පේරු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, පේරු හි නිල භාෂා ස්පාඤ්ඤ වන අතර, ඔවුන් ප්‍රමුඛ වන ප්‍රදේශවල, කෙචුවා සහ අනෙකුත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ජනගහනයෙන් 82.6% ක් ස්වදේශීයව කතා කරන අතර, ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කිහිපයක් සමඟ සහජීවනයෙන් පවතී, ඒවායින් වඩාත්ම වැදගත් වන්නේ ජනගහනයෙන් 16.92% ක් කතා කරන කෙචුවාන් භාෂා වන අතර, 1.7% ක් අයිමාරා සහ 0.8% ක් වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවක් කතා කරති. රටේ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවේ ඒකභාෂාවාදය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ; රටේ බොහෝ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් ඇමසන් හි, බහුභාෂා ජනගහනය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව රජය විසින් භාවිතා කරන අතර එය රටේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ භාෂාව වන අතර එය මාධ්‍ය සහ අධ්‍යාපන පද්ධති සහ වාණිජ්‍යය විසින් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරයේ ජීවත් වන ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු ක්වෙචුවා සහ අයිමාරා කතා කරන අතර ඇන්ඩීස් හි නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ සහ ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියට යාබද නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්වල ජීවත් වන විවිධ ස්වදේශික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් වාර්ගිකව වෙනස් වේ.

පේරුහි සුවිශේෂී භූගෝලීය කලාප, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ඇමරින්ඩියන් භාෂාවට වඩා ප්‍රමුඛ වන වෙරළ තීරය සහ කඳුකරයේ සහ උස්බිම් වල වඩාත් විවිධාකාර සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඇන්ඩියන් සංස්කෘතීන් අතර භාෂා බෙදීමකින් පිළිබිඹු වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියට නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය විවිධ භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරයි. මෙම කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමහරක් තවමත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආදිවාසී භාෂාවන්ට අනුගත වන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට උකහා ගෙන ඇත. ක්වෙචුවා කතා කරන ප්‍රදේශවල රජයේ පාසල්වල ක්වෙචුවා ඉගැන්වීම සඳහා වැඩි වැඩියෙන් සහ සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයක් ගෙන තිබේ. පේරු ඇමසන් වනාන්තරයේ, අෂානින්කා, බෝරා සහ අගුවාරුනා ඇතුළු බොහෝ ආදිවාසී භාෂා කතා කෙරේ.

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]පේරු හි සියවස් ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මය ප්‍රමුඛ ඇදහිල්ලක් වී ඇත, නමුත් ආගමික පිළිවෙත් ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ ඉහළ සමමුහුර්තතාවයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි විශ්ව විද්‍යාල දෙකක් වන පේරු හි පොන්ටිෆිකල් කතෝලික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ යුනිවර්සිඩෑඩ් කැටෝලිකා සැන් පැබ්ලෝ, රටේ ඉහළම විශ්ව විද්‍යාල පහ අතර වේ.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; 2017 සංගණනයට අනුව, අවුරුදු 12 ට වැඩි ජනගහනයෙන් 76% ක් තමන් කතෝලිකයන් ලෙස විස්තර කළහ; 14.1% ක් එවැන්ජලිකල්; 4.8% ක් රෙපරමාදු, යුදෙව්, පසුකාලීන සාන්තුවරයන් සහ යෙහෝවාගේ සාක්ෂිකරුවන්; සහ 5.1% ක් ආගමික නොවන අයයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2025 දී, ස්වභාවිකකරණය වූ පේරු පුරවැසියෙකු වන කාදිනල් රොබට් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ප්‍රෙවොස්ට් XIV වන ලියෝ පාප් වහන්සේ බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඇමරින්දියානු ආගමික සම්ප්‍රදායන් පේරු වැසියන්ගේ විශ්වාසයන් තුළ ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. කෝපස් ක්‍රිස්ටි, ශුද්ධ සතිය සහ නත්තල් වැනි කතෝලික උත්සව සමහර විට ඇමරින්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වේ. පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරින්දියානු උත්සව පුළුල් ලෙස පවතී; ඉන්ටි රේමි, පුරාණ ඉන්කා උත්සවයක්, විශේෂයෙන් ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවන් තුළ තවමත් සමරනු ලැබේ.

නගර, නගර සහ ගම්වල බහුතරයකට තමන්ගේම නිල පල්ලියක් හෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුරක් සහ අනුශාසක සාන්තුවරයෙකු ඇත. පේරුහි සාන්තුවරයන් දෙදෙනා වන්නේ ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සාන්තුවරයා වන ලීමා හි රෝස් සහ මාටින් ඩි පෝරස් ය. පේරු හි විශාලතම ආසන දෙව්මැදුර ලීමා හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ආසන දෙව්මැදුරයි. අනෙකුත් කැපී පෙනෙන පල්ලි සහ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර වන්නේ අරැකිපා හි කුස්කෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර සහ සැන්ටෝ ඩොමින්ගෝ බැසිලිකාවයි.

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
පේරු හි අධ්‍යාපනය ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සකස් කිරීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අධීක්ෂණය කිරීම භාරව සිටින අධ්‍යාපන අමාත්‍යාංශයේ අධිකරණ බලය යටතේ පවතී. පේරු හි දේශපාලන ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, මූලික, ප්‍රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයික මට්ටම් සඳහා රජයේ පාසල්වල අධ්‍යාපනය අනිවාර්ය සහ නොමිලේ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; සතුටුදායක අධ්‍යයන කාර්ය සාධනයක් ඇති සහ ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාග සමත් වන සිසුන් සඳහා රජයේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවල ද එය නොමිලේ. පේරු හි බොහෝ පාසල් පෞද්ගලික සහ ආගමික වේ. 2007 වන විට පේරු හි සාක්ෂරතා අනුපාතය 92.9% ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත; මෙම අනුපාතය නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවලට වඩා ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල (80.3%) අඩුය (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

අධ්‍යාපනය විවිධ මට්ටම්වලට බෙදා ඇත: මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ශුන්‍යයේ සිට අවුරුදු පහ දක්වා කාලයට අනුරූප වන අතර, දරුවන්ගේ පුළුල් සංවර්ධනය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය උත්තේජනය සහ තාක්ෂණික-අධ්‍යාපනික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ලබා දෙන උද්‍යාන සැපයීම අරමුණු කරගත් තොටිල්ල භාරව සිටී. ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සහ දෙවන ශ්‍රේණිවලින් සමන්විත පළමු චක්‍රයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ. ළමුන් සඳහා ඇතුළත් වීමේ වයස අවුරුදු හයකි. මෙම මට්ටම පළමු ශ්‍රේණියේ සිට ආරම්භ වී ප්‍රාථමික පාසලේ හයවන ශ්‍රේණියේදී අවසන් වේ. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සිට පස්වන වසර දක්වා වසර පහකින් සමන්විත වේ. ඉන්පසු තාක්ෂණික, ඵලදායී, තාක්ෂණික හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල විය හැකි උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය පැමිණේ. විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවලට ඇතුළත් වීමට ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාගයක් පැවැත්වීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ, නමුත් මෙහි දුෂ්කරතාවය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ අවශ්‍යතා මත රඳා පවතී.

පේරු යනු නව ලෝකයේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනයේ පැරණිතම ආයතනවලින් එකකි. පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලනය යටතේ 1551 මැයි 12 වන දින ආරම්භ කරන ලද සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, ඇමරිකාවේ නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවන ලද සහ අඛණ්ඩව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; සැන් මාකෝස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය පේරු හි හොඳම සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ හොඳම ඒවා අතර ප්‍රසිද්ධය.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
පේරු ස්ථාන නාම බොහොමයකට ස්වදේශීය මූලාශ්‍ර ඇත. ඇන්කාෂ්, කුස්කෝ සහ පූනෝ යන ඇන්ඩීස් ප්‍රජාවන්හි, ක්වෙචුවා හෝ අයිමාරා නම් අතිමහත් ලෙස ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔවුන්ගේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදනම් කරගත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය මෙම භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩිය සමඟ ගැටෙයි. 2016 ජූලි 22 වන දින නිල පුවත්පතක් වන එල් පේරුආනෝ හි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද 29735 නීතිය සඳහා වන රෙගුලාසි අනුමත කරන ඩෙක්‍රෙටෝ සුප්‍රීමෝ අංක 004-2016-MC (උත්තරීතර ආඥාව) හි 20 වන වගන්තියට අනුව, ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) විසින් භාවිතා කරන නම් කිරීම ප්‍රමිතිකරණය කිරීමේ අරමුණින් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩියේ ස්ථාන නාමවල ප්‍රමාණවත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය ක්‍රමයෙන් යෝජනා කළ යුතුය. පේරුහි නිල සිතියම්වල අවශ්‍ය වෙනස්කම් ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය විසින් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>2nmdp4mjmawpd240rh23s2h9annhzft</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754364</id>
      <parentid>754363</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:30:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39376" sha1="aiuddmkjz9l49ko8hh7jn4kh6fc9lw1" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;


2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), අරක්විපා, ටෘජිලෝ, චික්ලයෝ, පියුරා, ඉකිටෝස්, කුස්කෝ, චිම්බෝටේ සහ හුවාන්කායෝ; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; අරක්විපා යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර ටෘජිලෝ 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
පේරු යනු සියවස් පහක් පුරා විවිධ ජනයාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රැළි මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ බහු වාර්ගික ජාතියකි. 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු පේරු භූමියේ වාසය කළහ; ඉතිහාසඥ නොබල් ඩේවිඩ් කුක්ට අනුව, ඔවුන්ගේ ජනගහනය 1520 ගණන්වල මිලියන 5–9 කට ආසන්න සිට 1620 දී 600,000 දක්වා අඩු වූයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බෝවන රෝග නිසාය.&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 සංගණනයට ප්‍රථම වරට ජනවාර්ගික ස්වයං හඳුනාගැනීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නයක් ඇතුළත් විය. ප්‍රතිඵලවලට අනුව, ජනතාවගෙන් 60.2% ක් තමන් මෙස්ටිසෝ ලෙසත්, 22.3% ක් තමන් කෙචුවා ලෙසත්, 5.9% ක් තමන් සුදු ලෙසත්, 3.6% ක් තමන් කළු ලෙසත්, 2.4% ක් තමන් අයිමාරා ලෙසත්, 2.3% ක් තමන් වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසත්, 3.3% ක් තම ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කළේ නැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවධීන්හිදී, ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතිය වෙනස් වී ඇති අතර, බහු සමාජ ආර්ථික හා සමාජ සංස්කෘතික සාධක, උපත් පාලනය, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාත, බැහැර කිරීම යනාදිය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරින්ඩියන් අනුපාතය අඛණ්ඩව පහත වැටෙමින් පවතී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අද දක්වා ආරම්භ වූ සියලුම ජනවාර්ගික කොටස් මන්දගාමී සාමාන්‍යකරණය වූ විකෘතිකරණයකට රට නැඹුරු වේ. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් මෙස්ටිසෝ බවට පත්ව ඇති නිසා, සමහරු කඳුකරයේ සහ වනාන්තරයේ ස්වදේශිකයන් කෙරෙහි උසස් සංකීර්ණයක් අත්විඳිති, එක්කෝ ඔවුන් වචනයක් නිසි ලෙස උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම නිසා හෝ හුදෙක් පෙළක් හොඳින් කියවීමට නොදන්නා නිසා, ඔවුන් කෙරෙහි ජාතිවාදයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලන සමයේදී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන් විශාල වශයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, එකිනෙකා සමඟ සහ ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය සමඟ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ තීරයේ (කඳුකරය සහ වනාන්තරය ඉතා සුළු මිශ්‍ර ස්වදේශික බහුතරයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය) බහුලව මිශ්‍ර විය. නිදහසින් පසු මැද පෙරදිග සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඉතාලිය, එංගලන්තය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ජර්මනියෙන් යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණයක් සිදු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1854 දී පේරු එහි කළු වහලුන් නිදහස් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; වහල්භාවය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු 1850 ගණන්වල කම්කරුවන් ලෙස චීන සහ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් පැමිණි අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු සමාජයේ ප්‍රධාන බලපෑමක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; පළමු ක්‍රොඒෂියානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් 1573 දී ඩුබ්‍රොව්නික් සිට පේරු වෙත පැමිණියහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු සංක්‍රමණ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන කැපී පෙනෙන වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 10% කට වඩා වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් පිටත ජීවත් වෙති. මෙම සංක්‍රමණික ව්‍යාපාරය 2000 වසරේ සිට උද්දීපනය වී ඇති අතර, 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නිල සංඛ්‍යාව 2,444,634 කි. මෙය පැවත එන ජනගහනය සහ අසල්වැසි රටවල අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම දක්නට ලැබෙන නීති විරෝධී පාවෙන ජනගහනය සැලකිල්ලට නොගනී. පසුගිය වසර 82 තුළ පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 3.5 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇති බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත. 1990 සහ 2011 අතර පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ ගමනාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන රටවල් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ඒවා නම්: ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය (31.5%), ස්පාඤ්ඤය (16%), ආර්ජන්ටිනාව (14.3%), ඉතාලිය (10.1%), චිලී (8.8%), ජපානය (4.1%) සහ වෙනිසියුලාව (3.8%). පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් 75% ක් වයස අවුරුදු 19 ත් 49 ත් අතර වන අතර සුළු බහුතරයක් කාන්තාවන් වේ. බොහෝ දුරට, පේරු සංක්‍රමණය ශ්‍රම සංක්‍රමණයකි.

එහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යයට යුරෝපයෙන් (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ ඉතාලිය; සහ තරමක් දුරට ප්‍රංශය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අනෙකුත් මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය රටවල් සහ දකුණු), උප සහරා අප්‍රිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවෙන් (චීනය සහ ජපානය) සංක්‍රමණ ලැබී ඇත. වර්තමානයේ එයට වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඔවුන් තම රට විඳින ආර්ථික අර්බුදයෙන් බේරෙමින් සිටිති.

2016 සිට පේරු වෙත වෙනිසියුලානු ජාතිකයින්ගේ ගලායාම වැඩි වූ අතර, එම වසරේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 6615 සිට 2019 ජුනි මැද භාගය වන විට එය 820,000 ක් පමණ දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇති අතර එය 21 වන සියවසේ රටේ වැදගත්ම සංක්‍රමණික රැල්ල විය. කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දෙවන විශාලතම වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට පේරු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, පේරු හි නිල භාෂා ස්පාඤ්ඤ වන අතර, ඔවුන් ප්‍රමුඛ වන ප්‍රදේශවල, කෙචුවා සහ අනෙකුත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ජනගහනයෙන් 82.6% ක් ස්වදේශීයව කතා කරන අතර, ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කිහිපයක් සමඟ සහජීවනයෙන් පවතී, ඒවායින් වඩාත්ම වැදගත් වන්නේ ජනගහනයෙන් 16.92% ක් කතා කරන කෙචුවාන් භාෂා වන අතර, 1.7% ක් අයිමාරා සහ 0.8% ක් වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවක් කතා කරති. රටේ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවේ ඒකභාෂාවාදය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ; රටේ බොහෝ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් ඇමසන් හි, බහුභාෂා ජනගහනය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව රජය විසින් භාවිතා කරන අතර එය රටේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ භාෂාව වන අතර එය මාධ්‍ය සහ අධ්‍යාපන පද්ධති සහ වාණිජ්‍යය විසින් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරයේ ජීවත් වන ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු ක්වෙචුවා සහ අයිමාරා කතා කරන අතර ඇන්ඩීස් හි නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ සහ ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියට යාබද නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්වල ජීවත් වන විවිධ ස්වදේශික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් වාර්ගිකව වෙනස් වේ.

පේරුහි සුවිශේෂී භූගෝලීය කලාප, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ඇමරින්ඩියන් භාෂාවට වඩා ප්‍රමුඛ වන වෙරළ තීරය සහ කඳුකරයේ සහ උස්බිම් වල වඩාත් විවිධාකාර සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඇන්ඩියන් සංස්කෘතීන් අතර භාෂා බෙදීමකින් පිළිබිඹු වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියට නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය විවිධ භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරයි. මෙම කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමහරක් තවමත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආදිවාසී භාෂාවන්ට අනුගත වන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට උකහා ගෙන ඇත. ක්වෙචුවා කතා කරන ප්‍රදේශවල රජයේ පාසල්වල ක්වෙචුවා ඉගැන්වීම සඳහා වැඩි වැඩියෙන් සහ සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයක් ගෙන තිබේ. පේරු ඇමසන් වනාන්තරයේ, අෂානින්කා, බෝරා සහ අගුවාරුනා ඇතුළු බොහෝ ආදිවාසී භාෂා කතා කෙරේ.

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]පේරු හි සියවස් ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මය ප්‍රමුඛ ඇදහිල්ලක් වී ඇත, නමුත් ආගමික පිළිවෙත් ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ ඉහළ සමමුහුර්තතාවයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි විශ්ව විද්‍යාල දෙකක් වන පේරු හි පොන්ටිෆිකල් කතෝලික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ යුනිවර්සිඩෑඩ් කැටෝලිකා සැන් පැබ්ලෝ, රටේ ඉහළම විශ්ව විද්‍යාල පහ අතර වේ.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; 2017 සංගණනයට අනුව, අවුරුදු 12 ට වැඩි ජනගහනයෙන් 76% ක් තමන් කතෝලිකයන් ලෙස විස්තර කළහ; 14.1% ක් එවැන්ජලිකල්; 4.8% ක් රෙපරමාදු, යුදෙව්, පසුකාලීන සාන්තුවරයන් සහ යෙහෝවාගේ සාක්ෂිකරුවන්; සහ 5.1% ක් ආගමික නොවන අයයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2025 දී, ස්වභාවිකකරණය වූ පේරු පුරවැසියෙකු වන කාදිනල් රොබට් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ප්‍රෙවොස්ට් XIV වන ලියෝ පාප් වහන්සේ බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඇමරින්දියානු ආගමික සම්ප්‍රදායන් පේරු වැසියන්ගේ විශ්වාසයන් තුළ ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. කෝපස් ක්‍රිස්ටි, ශුද්ධ සතිය සහ නත්තල් වැනි කතෝලික උත්සව සමහර විට ඇමරින්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වේ. පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරින්දියානු උත්සව පුළුල් ලෙස පවතී; ඉන්ටි රේමි, පුරාණ ඉන්කා උත්සවයක්, විශේෂයෙන් ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවන් තුළ තවමත් සමරනු ලැබේ.

නගර, නගර සහ ගම්වල බහුතරයකට තමන්ගේම නිල පල්ලියක් හෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුරක් සහ අනුශාසක සාන්තුවරයෙකු ඇත. පේරුහි සාන්තුවරයන් දෙදෙනා වන්නේ ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සාන්තුවරයා වන ලීමා හි රෝස් සහ මාටින් ඩි පෝරස් ය. පේරු හි විශාලතම ආසන දෙව්මැදුර ලීමා හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ආසන දෙව්මැදුරයි. අනෙකුත් කැපී පෙනෙන පල්ලි සහ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර වන්නේ අරැකිපා හි කුස්කෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර සහ සැන්ටෝ ඩොමින්ගෝ බැසිලිකාවයි.

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
පේරු හි අධ්‍යාපනය ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සකස් කිරීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අධීක්ෂණය කිරීම භාරව සිටින අධ්‍යාපන අමාත්‍යාංශයේ අධිකරණ බලය යටතේ පවතී. පේරු හි දේශපාලන ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, මූලික, ප්‍රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයික මට්ටම් සඳහා රජයේ පාසල්වල අධ්‍යාපනය අනිවාර්ය සහ නොමිලේ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; සතුටුදායක අධ්‍යයන කාර්ය සාධනයක් ඇති සහ ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාග සමත් වන සිසුන් සඳහා රජයේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවල ද එය නොමිලේ. පේරු හි බොහෝ පාසල් පෞද්ගලික සහ ආගමික වේ. 2007 වන විට පේරු හි සාක්ෂරතා අනුපාතය 92.9% ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත; මෙම අනුපාතය නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවලට වඩා ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල (80.3%) අඩුය (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

අධ්‍යාපනය විවිධ මට්ටම්වලට බෙදා ඇත: මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ශුන්‍යයේ සිට අවුරුදු පහ දක්වා කාලයට අනුරූප වන අතර, දරුවන්ගේ පුළුල් සංවර්ධනය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය උත්තේජනය සහ තාක්ෂණික-අධ්‍යාපනික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ලබා දෙන උද්‍යාන සැපයීම අරමුණු කරගත් තොටිල්ල භාරව සිටී. ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සහ දෙවන ශ්‍රේණිවලින් සමන්විත පළමු චක්‍රයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ. ළමුන් සඳහා ඇතුළත් වීමේ වයස අවුරුදු හයකි. මෙම මට්ටම පළමු ශ්‍රේණියේ සිට ආරම්භ වී ප්‍රාථමික පාසලේ හයවන ශ්‍රේණියේදී අවසන් වේ. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සිට පස්වන වසර දක්වා වසර පහකින් සමන්විත වේ. ඉන්පසු තාක්ෂණික, ඵලදායී, තාක්ෂණික හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල විය හැකි උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය පැමිණේ. විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවලට ඇතුළත් වීමට ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාගයක් පැවැත්වීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ, නමුත් මෙහි දුෂ්කරතාවය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ අවශ්‍යතා මත රඳා පවතී.

පේරු යනු නව ලෝකයේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනයේ පැරණිතම ආයතනවලින් එකකි. පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලනය යටතේ 1551 මැයි 12 වන දින ආරම්භ කරන ලද සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, ඇමරිකාවේ නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවන ලද සහ අඛණ්ඩව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; සැන් මාකෝස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය පේරු හි හොඳම සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ හොඳම ඒවා අතර ප්‍රසිද්ධය.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
පේරු ස්ථාන නාම බොහොමයකට ස්වදේශීය මූලාශ්‍ර ඇත. ඇන්කාෂ්, කුස්කෝ සහ පූනෝ යන ඇන්ඩීස් ප්‍රජාවන්හි, ක්වෙචුවා හෝ අයිමාරා නම් අතිමහත් ලෙස ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔවුන්ගේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදනම් කරගත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය මෙම භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩිය සමඟ ගැටෙයි. 2016 ජූලි 22 වන දින නිල පුවත්පතක් වන එල් පේරුආනෝ හි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද 29735 නීතිය සඳහා වන රෙගුලාසි අනුමත කරන ඩෙක්‍රෙටෝ සුප්‍රීමෝ අංක 004-2016-MC (උත්තරීතර ආඥාව) හි 20 වන වගන්තියට අනුව, ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) විසින් භාවිතා කරන නම් කිරීම ප්‍රමිතිකරණය කිරීමේ අරමුණින් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩියේ ස්ථාන නාමවල ප්‍රමාණවත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය ක්‍රමයෙන් යෝජනා කළ යුතුය. පේරුහි නිල සිතියම්වල අවශ්‍ය වෙනස්කම් ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය විසින් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>aiuddmkjz9l49ko8hh7jn4kh6fc9lw1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754365</id>
      <parentid>754364</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:30:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754365</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39374" sha1="98xj2fun3am65eh1o7g3fq2hji8mcxm" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), අරක්විපා, ටෘජිලෝ, චික්ලයෝ, පියුරා, ඉකිටෝස්, කුස්කෝ, චිම්බෝටේ සහ හුවාන්කායෝ; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; අරක්විපා යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර ටෘජිලෝ 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=Peru|stat_ref=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] - INEI (Estimated 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=Arequipa Region{{!}}Arequipa|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=Puno Region{{!}}Puno|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=Tacna Region{{!}}Tacna|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
පේරු යනු සියවස් පහක් පුරා විවිධ ජනයාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රැළි මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ බහු වාර්ගික ජාතියකි. 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු පේරු භූමියේ වාසය කළහ; ඉතිහාසඥ නොබල් ඩේවිඩ් කුක්ට අනුව, ඔවුන්ගේ ජනගහනය 1520 ගණන්වල මිලියන 5–9 කට ආසන්න සිට 1620 දී 600,000 දක්වා අඩු වූයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බෝවන රෝග නිසාය.&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 සංගණනයට ප්‍රථම වරට ජනවාර්ගික ස්වයං හඳුනාගැනීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නයක් ඇතුළත් විය. ප්‍රතිඵලවලට අනුව, ජනතාවගෙන් 60.2% ක් තමන් මෙස්ටිසෝ ලෙසත්, 22.3% ක් තමන් කෙචුවා ලෙසත්, 5.9% ක් තමන් සුදු ලෙසත්, 3.6% ක් තමන් කළු ලෙසත්, 2.4% ක් තමන් අයිමාරා ලෙසත්, 2.3% ක් තමන් වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසත්, 3.3% ක් තම ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කළේ නැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවධීන්හිදී, ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතිය වෙනස් වී ඇති අතර, බහු සමාජ ආර්ථික හා සමාජ සංස්කෘතික සාධක, උපත් පාලනය, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාත, බැහැර කිරීම යනාදිය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරින්ඩියන් අනුපාතය අඛණ්ඩව පහත වැටෙමින් පවතී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අද දක්වා ආරම්භ වූ සියලුම ජනවාර්ගික කොටස් මන්දගාමී සාමාන්‍යකරණය වූ විකෘතිකරණයකට රට නැඹුරු වේ. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් මෙස්ටිසෝ බවට පත්ව ඇති නිසා, සමහරු කඳුකරයේ සහ වනාන්තරයේ ස්වදේශිකයන් කෙරෙහි උසස් සංකීර්ණයක් අත්විඳිති, එක්කෝ ඔවුන් වචනයක් නිසි ලෙස උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම නිසා හෝ හුදෙක් පෙළක් හොඳින් කියවීමට නොදන්නා නිසා, ඔවුන් කෙරෙහි ජාතිවාදයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලන සමයේදී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන් විශාල වශයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, එකිනෙකා සමඟ සහ ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය සමඟ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ තීරයේ (කඳුකරය සහ වනාන්තරය ඉතා සුළු මිශ්‍ර ස්වදේශික බහුතරයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය) බහුලව මිශ්‍ර විය. නිදහසින් පසු මැද පෙරදිග සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඉතාලිය, එංගලන්තය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ජර්මනියෙන් යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණයක් සිදු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1854 දී පේරු එහි කළු වහලුන් නිදහස් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; වහල්භාවය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු 1850 ගණන්වල කම්කරුවන් ලෙස චීන සහ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් පැමිණි අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු සමාජයේ ප්‍රධාන බලපෑමක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; පළමු ක්‍රොඒෂියානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් 1573 දී ඩුබ්‍රොව්නික් සිට පේරු වෙත පැමිණියහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු සංක්‍රමණ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන කැපී පෙනෙන වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 10% කට වඩා වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් පිටත ජීවත් වෙති. මෙම සංක්‍රමණික ව්‍යාපාරය 2000 වසරේ සිට උද්දීපනය වී ඇති අතර, 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නිල සංඛ්‍යාව 2,444,634 කි. මෙය පැවත එන ජනගහනය සහ අසල්වැසි රටවල අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම දක්නට ලැබෙන නීති විරෝධී පාවෙන ජනගහනය සැලකිල්ලට නොගනී. පසුගිය වසර 82 තුළ පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 3.5 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇති බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත. 1990 සහ 2011 අතර පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ ගමනාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන රටවල් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ඒවා නම්: ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය (31.5%), ස්පාඤ්ඤය (16%), ආර්ජන්ටිනාව (14.3%), ඉතාලිය (10.1%), චිලී (8.8%), ජපානය (4.1%) සහ වෙනිසියුලාව (3.8%). පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් 75% ක් වයස අවුරුදු 19 ත් 49 ත් අතර වන අතර සුළු බහුතරයක් කාන්තාවන් වේ. බොහෝ දුරට, පේරු සංක්‍රමණය ශ්‍රම සංක්‍රමණයකි.

එහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යයට යුරෝපයෙන් (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ ඉතාලිය; සහ තරමක් දුරට ප්‍රංශය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අනෙකුත් මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය රටවල් සහ දකුණු), උප සහරා අප්‍රිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවෙන් (චීනය සහ ජපානය) සංක්‍රමණ ලැබී ඇත. වර්තමානයේ එයට වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඔවුන් තම රට විඳින ආර්ථික අර්බුදයෙන් බේරෙමින් සිටිති.

2016 සිට පේරු වෙත වෙනිසියුලානු ජාතිකයින්ගේ ගලායාම වැඩි වූ අතර, එම වසරේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 6615 සිට 2019 ජුනි මැද භාගය වන විට එය 820,000 ක් පමණ දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇති අතර එය 21 වන සියවසේ රටේ වැදගත්ම සංක්‍රමණික රැල්ල විය. කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දෙවන විශාලතම වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට පේරු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, පේරු හි නිල භාෂා ස්පාඤ්ඤ වන අතර, ඔවුන් ප්‍රමුඛ වන ප්‍රදේශවල, කෙචුවා සහ අනෙකුත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ජනගහනයෙන් 82.6% ක් ස්වදේශීයව කතා කරන අතර, ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කිහිපයක් සමඟ සහජීවනයෙන් පවතී, ඒවායින් වඩාත්ම වැදගත් වන්නේ ජනගහනයෙන් 16.92% ක් කතා කරන කෙචුවාන් භාෂා වන අතර, 1.7% ක් අයිමාරා සහ 0.8% ක් වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවක් කතා කරති. රටේ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවේ ඒකභාෂාවාදය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ; රටේ බොහෝ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් ඇමසන් හි, බහුභාෂා ජනගහනය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව රජය විසින් භාවිතා කරන අතර එය රටේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ භාෂාව වන අතර එය මාධ්‍ය සහ අධ්‍යාපන පද්ධති සහ වාණිජ්‍යය විසින් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරයේ ජීවත් වන ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු ක්වෙචුවා සහ අයිමාරා කතා කරන අතර ඇන්ඩීස් හි නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ සහ ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියට යාබද නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්වල ජීවත් වන විවිධ ස්වදේශික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් වාර්ගිකව වෙනස් වේ.

පේරුහි සුවිශේෂී භූගෝලීය කලාප, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ඇමරින්ඩියන් භාෂාවට වඩා ප්‍රමුඛ වන වෙරළ තීරය සහ කඳුකරයේ සහ උස්බිම් වල වඩාත් විවිධාකාර සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඇන්ඩියන් සංස්කෘතීන් අතර භාෂා බෙදීමකින් පිළිබිඹු වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියට නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය විවිධ භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරයි. මෙම කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමහරක් තවමත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආදිවාසී භාෂාවන්ට අනුගත වන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට උකහා ගෙන ඇත. ක්වෙචුවා කතා කරන ප්‍රදේශවල රජයේ පාසල්වල ක්වෙචුවා ඉගැන්වීම සඳහා වැඩි වැඩියෙන් සහ සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයක් ගෙන තිබේ. පේරු ඇමසන් වනාන්තරයේ, අෂානින්කා, බෝරා සහ අගුවාරුනා ඇතුළු බොහෝ ආදිවාසී භාෂා කතා කෙරේ.

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]පේරු හි සියවස් ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මය ප්‍රමුඛ ඇදහිල්ලක් වී ඇත, නමුත් ආගමික පිළිවෙත් ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ ඉහළ සමමුහුර්තතාවයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි විශ්ව විද්‍යාල දෙකක් වන පේරු හි පොන්ටිෆිකල් කතෝලික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ යුනිවර්සිඩෑඩ් කැටෝලිකා සැන් පැබ්ලෝ, රටේ ඉහළම විශ්ව විද්‍යාල පහ අතර වේ.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; 2017 සංගණනයට අනුව, අවුරුදු 12 ට වැඩි ජනගහනයෙන් 76% ක් තමන් කතෝලිකයන් ලෙස විස්තර කළහ; 14.1% ක් එවැන්ජලිකල්; 4.8% ක් රෙපරමාදු, යුදෙව්, පසුකාලීන සාන්තුවරයන් සහ යෙහෝවාගේ සාක්ෂිකරුවන්; සහ 5.1% ක් ආගමික නොවන අයයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2025 දී, ස්වභාවිකකරණය වූ පේරු පුරවැසියෙකු වන කාදිනල් රොබට් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ප්‍රෙවොස්ට් XIV වන ලියෝ පාප් වහන්සේ බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඇමරින්දියානු ආගමික සම්ප්‍රදායන් පේරු වැසියන්ගේ විශ්වාසයන් තුළ ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. කෝපස් ක්‍රිස්ටි, ශුද්ධ සතිය සහ නත්තල් වැනි කතෝලික උත්සව සමහර විට ඇමරින්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වේ. පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරින්දියානු උත්සව පුළුල් ලෙස පවතී; ඉන්ටි රේමි, පුරාණ ඉන්කා උත්සවයක්, විශේෂයෙන් ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවන් තුළ තවමත් සමරනු ලැබේ.

නගර, නගර සහ ගම්වල බහුතරයකට තමන්ගේම නිල පල්ලියක් හෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුරක් සහ අනුශාසක සාන්තුවරයෙකු ඇත. පේරුහි සාන්තුවරයන් දෙදෙනා වන්නේ ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සාන්තුවරයා වන ලීමා හි රෝස් සහ මාටින් ඩි පෝරස් ය. පේරු හි විශාලතම ආසන දෙව්මැදුර ලීමා හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ආසන දෙව්මැදුරයි. අනෙකුත් කැපී පෙනෙන පල්ලි සහ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර වන්නේ අරැකිපා හි කුස්කෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර සහ සැන්ටෝ ඩොමින්ගෝ බැසිලිකාවයි.

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
පේරු හි අධ්‍යාපනය ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සකස් කිරීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අධීක්ෂණය කිරීම භාරව සිටින අධ්‍යාපන අමාත්‍යාංශයේ අධිකරණ බලය යටතේ පවතී. පේරු හි දේශපාලන ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, මූලික, ප්‍රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයික මට්ටම් සඳහා රජයේ පාසල්වල අධ්‍යාපනය අනිවාර්ය සහ නොමිලේ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; සතුටුදායක අධ්‍යයන කාර්ය සාධනයක් ඇති සහ ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාග සමත් වන සිසුන් සඳහා රජයේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවල ද එය නොමිලේ. පේරු හි බොහෝ පාසල් පෞද්ගලික සහ ආගමික වේ. 2007 වන විට පේරු හි සාක්ෂරතා අනුපාතය 92.9% ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත; මෙම අනුපාතය නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවලට වඩා ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල (80.3%) අඩුය (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

අධ්‍යාපනය විවිධ මට්ටම්වලට බෙදා ඇත: මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ශුන්‍යයේ සිට අවුරුදු පහ දක්වා කාලයට අනුරූප වන අතර, දරුවන්ගේ පුළුල් සංවර්ධනය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය උත්තේජනය සහ තාක්ෂණික-අධ්‍යාපනික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ලබා දෙන උද්‍යාන සැපයීම අරමුණු කරගත් තොටිල්ල භාරව සිටී. ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සහ දෙවන ශ්‍රේණිවලින් සමන්විත පළමු චක්‍රයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ. ළමුන් සඳහා ඇතුළත් වීමේ වයස අවුරුදු හයකි. මෙම මට්ටම පළමු ශ්‍රේණියේ සිට ආරම්භ වී ප්‍රාථමික පාසලේ හයවන ශ්‍රේණියේදී අවසන් වේ. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සිට පස්වන වසර දක්වා වසර පහකින් සමන්විත වේ. ඉන්පසු තාක්ෂණික, ඵලදායී, තාක්ෂණික හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල විය හැකි උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය පැමිණේ. විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවලට ඇතුළත් වීමට ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාගයක් පැවැත්වීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ, නමුත් මෙහි දුෂ්කරතාවය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ අවශ්‍යතා මත රඳා පවතී.

පේරු යනු නව ලෝකයේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනයේ පැරණිතම ආයතනවලින් එකකි. පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලනය යටතේ 1551 මැයි 12 වන දින ආරම්භ කරන ලද සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, ඇමරිකාවේ නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවන ලද සහ අඛණ්ඩව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; සැන් මාකෝස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය පේරු හි හොඳම සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ හොඳම ඒවා අතර ප්‍රසිද්ධය.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
පේරු ස්ථාන නාම බොහොමයකට ස්වදේශීය මූලාශ්‍ර ඇත. ඇන්කාෂ්, කුස්කෝ සහ පූනෝ යන ඇන්ඩීස් ප්‍රජාවන්හි, ක්වෙචුවා හෝ අයිමාරා නම් අතිමහත් ලෙස ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔවුන්ගේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදනම් කරගත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය මෙම භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩිය සමඟ ගැටෙයි. 2016 ජූලි 22 වන දින නිල පුවත්පතක් වන එල් පේරුආනෝ හි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද 29735 නීතිය සඳහා වන රෙගුලාසි අනුමත කරන ඩෙක්‍රෙටෝ සුප්‍රීමෝ අංක 004-2016-MC (උත්තරීතර ආඥාව) හි 20 වන වගන්තියට අනුව, ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) විසින් භාවිතා කරන නම් කිරීම ප්‍රමිතිකරණය කිරීමේ අරමුණින් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩියේ ස්ථාන නාමවල ප්‍රමාණවත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය ක්‍රමයෙන් යෝජනා කළ යුතුය. පේරුහි නිල සිතියම්වල අවශ්‍ය වෙනස්කම් ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය විසින් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>98xj2fun3am65eh1o7g3fq2hji8mcxm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754400</id>
      <parentid>754365</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:33:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754400</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39647" sha1="m3lzotmacnaeoyxh8qjrig9c7g4lwgv" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), අරක්විපා, ටෘජිලෝ, චික්ලයෝ, පියුරා, ඉකිටෝස්, කුස්කෝ, චිම්බෝටේ සහ හුවාන්කායෝ; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; අරක්විපා යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර ටෘජිලෝ 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=පේරු|stat_ref=ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන සහ තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනය - INEI (ඇස්තමේන්තුගත 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=Region|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;([[Lima metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=අරෙක්විපා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු{{!}}අරෙක්විපා|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;([[Arequipa metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;([[Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;([[Chiclayo metropolitan area|Metro pop.]])&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=පූනෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු{{!}}පූනෝ|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=ටක්නා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු{{!}}ටක්නා|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
පේරු යනු සියවස් පහක් පුරා විවිධ ජනයාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රැළි මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ බහු වාර්ගික ජාතියකි. 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු පේරු භූමියේ වාසය කළහ; ඉතිහාසඥ නොබල් ඩේවිඩ් කුක්ට අනුව, ඔවුන්ගේ ජනගහනය 1520 ගණන්වල මිලියන 5–9 කට ආසන්න සිට 1620 දී 600,000 දක්වා අඩු වූයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බෝවන රෝග නිසාය.&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 සංගණනයට ප්‍රථම වරට ජනවාර්ගික ස්වයං හඳුනාගැනීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නයක් ඇතුළත් විය. ප්‍රතිඵලවලට අනුව, ජනතාවගෙන් 60.2% ක් තමන් මෙස්ටිසෝ ලෙසත්, 22.3% ක් තමන් කෙචුවා ලෙසත්, 5.9% ක් තමන් සුදු ලෙසත්, 3.6% ක් තමන් කළු ලෙසත්, 2.4% ක් තමන් අයිමාරා ලෙසත්, 2.3% ක් තමන් වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසත්, 3.3% ක් තම ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කළේ නැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවධීන්හිදී, ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතිය වෙනස් වී ඇති අතර, බහු සමාජ ආර්ථික හා සමාජ සංස්කෘතික සාධක, උපත් පාලනය, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාත, බැහැර කිරීම යනාදිය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරින්ඩියන් අනුපාතය අඛණ්ඩව පහත වැටෙමින් පවතී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අද දක්වා ආරම්භ වූ සියලුම ජනවාර්ගික කොටස් මන්දගාමී සාමාන්‍යකරණය වූ විකෘතිකරණයකට රට නැඹුරු වේ. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් මෙස්ටිසෝ බවට පත්ව ඇති නිසා, සමහරු කඳුකරයේ සහ වනාන්තරයේ ස්වදේශිකයන් කෙරෙහි උසස් සංකීර්ණයක් අත්විඳිති, එක්කෝ ඔවුන් වචනයක් නිසි ලෙස උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම නිසා හෝ හුදෙක් පෙළක් හොඳින් කියවීමට නොදන්නා නිසා, ඔවුන් කෙරෙහි ජාතිවාදයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලන සමයේදී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන් විශාල වශයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, එකිනෙකා සමඟ සහ ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය සමඟ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ තීරයේ (කඳුකරය සහ වනාන්තරය ඉතා සුළු මිශ්‍ර ස්වදේශික බහුතරයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය) බහුලව මිශ්‍ර විය. නිදහසින් පසු මැද පෙරදිග සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඉතාලිය, එංගලන්තය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ජර්මනියෙන් යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණයක් සිදු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1854 දී පේරු එහි කළු වහලුන් නිදහස් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; වහල්භාවය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු 1850 ගණන්වල කම්කරුවන් ලෙස චීන සහ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් පැමිණි අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු සමාජයේ ප්‍රධාන බලපෑමක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; පළමු ක්‍රොඒෂියානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් 1573 දී ඩුබ්‍රොව්නික් සිට පේරු වෙත පැමිණියහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු සංක්‍රමණ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන කැපී පෙනෙන වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 10% කට වඩා වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් පිටත ජීවත් වෙති. මෙම සංක්‍රමණික ව්‍යාපාරය 2000 වසරේ සිට උද්දීපනය වී ඇති අතර, 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නිල සංඛ්‍යාව 2,444,634 කි. මෙය පැවත එන ජනගහනය සහ අසල්වැසි රටවල අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම දක්නට ලැබෙන නීති විරෝධී පාවෙන ජනගහනය සැලකිල්ලට නොගනී. පසුගිය වසර 82 තුළ පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 3.5 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇති බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත. 1990 සහ 2011 අතර පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ ගමනාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන රටවල් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ඒවා නම්: ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය (31.5%), ස්පාඤ්ඤය (16%), ආර්ජන්ටිනාව (14.3%), ඉතාලිය (10.1%), චිලී (8.8%), ජපානය (4.1%) සහ වෙනිසියුලාව (3.8%). පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් 75% ක් වයස අවුරුදු 19 ත් 49 ත් අතර වන අතර සුළු බහුතරයක් කාන්තාවන් වේ. බොහෝ දුරට, පේරු සංක්‍රමණය ශ්‍රම සංක්‍රමණයකි.

එහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යයට යුරෝපයෙන් (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ ඉතාලිය; සහ තරමක් දුරට ප්‍රංශය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අනෙකුත් මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය රටවල් සහ දකුණු), උප සහරා අප්‍රිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවෙන් (චීනය සහ ජපානය) සංක්‍රමණ ලැබී ඇත. වර්තමානයේ එයට වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඔවුන් තම රට විඳින ආර්ථික අර්බුදයෙන් බේරෙමින් සිටිති.

2016 සිට පේරු වෙත වෙනිසියුලානු ජාතිකයින්ගේ ගලායාම වැඩි වූ අතර, එම වසරේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 6615 සිට 2019 ජුනි මැද භාගය වන විට එය 820,000 ක් පමණ දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇති අතර එය 21 වන සියවසේ රටේ වැදගත්ම සංක්‍රමණික රැල්ල විය. කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දෙවන විශාලතම වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට පේරු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, පේරු හි නිල භාෂා ස්පාඤ්ඤ වන අතර, ඔවුන් ප්‍රමුඛ වන ප්‍රදේශවල, කෙචුවා සහ අනෙකුත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ජනගහනයෙන් 82.6% ක් ස්වදේශීයව කතා කරන අතර, ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කිහිපයක් සමඟ සහජීවනයෙන් පවතී, ඒවායින් වඩාත්ම වැදගත් වන්නේ ජනගහනයෙන් 16.92% ක් කතා කරන කෙචුවාන් භාෂා වන අතර, 1.7% ක් අයිමාරා සහ 0.8% ක් වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවක් කතා කරති. රටේ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවේ ඒකභාෂාවාදය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ; රටේ බොහෝ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් ඇමසන් හි, බහුභාෂා ජනගහනය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව රජය විසින් භාවිතා කරන අතර එය රටේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ භාෂාව වන අතර එය මාධ්‍ය සහ අධ්‍යාපන පද්ධති සහ වාණිජ්‍යය විසින් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරයේ ජීවත් වන ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු ක්වෙචුවා සහ අයිමාරා කතා කරන අතර ඇන්ඩීස් හි නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ සහ ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියට යාබද නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්වල ජීවත් වන විවිධ ස්වදේශික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් වාර්ගිකව වෙනස් වේ.

පේරුහි සුවිශේෂී භූගෝලීය කලාප, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ඇමරින්ඩියන් භාෂාවට වඩා ප්‍රමුඛ වන වෙරළ තීරය සහ කඳුකරයේ සහ උස්බිම් වල වඩාත් විවිධාකාර සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඇන්ඩියන් සංස්කෘතීන් අතර භාෂා බෙදීමකින් පිළිබිඹු වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියට නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය විවිධ භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරයි. මෙම කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමහරක් තවමත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආදිවාසී භාෂාවන්ට අනුගත වන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට උකහා ගෙන ඇත. ක්වෙචුවා කතා කරන ප්‍රදේශවල රජයේ පාසල්වල ක්වෙචුවා ඉගැන්වීම සඳහා වැඩි වැඩියෙන් සහ සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයක් ගෙන තිබේ. පේරු ඇමසන් වනාන්තරයේ, අෂානින්කා, බෝරා සහ අගුවාරුනා ඇතුළු බොහෝ ආදිවාසී භාෂා කතා කෙරේ.

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]පේරු හි සියවස් ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මය ප්‍රමුඛ ඇදහිල්ලක් වී ඇත, නමුත් ආගමික පිළිවෙත් ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ ඉහළ සමමුහුර්තතාවයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි විශ්ව විද්‍යාල දෙකක් වන පේරු හි පොන්ටිෆිකල් කතෝලික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ යුනිවර්සිඩෑඩ් කැටෝලිකා සැන් පැබ්ලෝ, රටේ ඉහළම විශ්ව විද්‍යාල පහ අතර වේ.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; 2017 සංගණනයට අනුව, අවුරුදු 12 ට වැඩි ජනගහනයෙන් 76% ක් තමන් කතෝලිකයන් ලෙස විස්තර කළහ; 14.1% ක් එවැන්ජලිකල්; 4.8% ක් රෙපරමාදු, යුදෙව්, පසුකාලීන සාන්තුවරයන් සහ යෙහෝවාගේ සාක්ෂිකරුවන්; සහ 5.1% ක් ආගමික නොවන අයයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2025 දී, ස්වභාවිකකරණය වූ පේරු පුරවැසියෙකු වන කාදිනල් රොබට් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ප්‍රෙවොස්ට් XIV වන ලියෝ පාප් වහන්සේ බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඇමරින්දියානු ආගමික සම්ප්‍රදායන් පේරු වැසියන්ගේ විශ්වාසයන් තුළ ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. කෝපස් ක්‍රිස්ටි, ශුද්ධ සතිය සහ නත්තල් වැනි කතෝලික උත්සව සමහර විට ඇමරින්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වේ. පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරින්දියානු උත්සව පුළුල් ලෙස පවතී; ඉන්ටි රේමි, පුරාණ ඉන්කා උත්සවයක්, විශේෂයෙන් ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවන් තුළ තවමත් සමරනු ලැබේ.

නගර, නගර සහ ගම්වල බහුතරයකට තමන්ගේම නිල පල්ලියක් හෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුරක් සහ අනුශාසක සාන්තුවරයෙකු ඇත. පේරුහි සාන්තුවරයන් දෙදෙනා වන්නේ ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සාන්තුවරයා වන ලීමා හි රෝස් සහ මාටින් ඩි පෝරස් ය. පේරු හි විශාලතම ආසන දෙව්මැදුර ලීමා හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ආසන දෙව්මැදුරයි. අනෙකුත් කැපී පෙනෙන පල්ලි සහ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර වන්නේ අරැකිපා හි කුස්කෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර සහ සැන්ටෝ ඩොමින්ගෝ බැසිලිකාවයි.

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
පේරු හි අධ්‍යාපනය ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සකස් කිරීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අධීක්ෂණය කිරීම භාරව සිටින අධ්‍යාපන අමාත්‍යාංශයේ අධිකරණ බලය යටතේ පවතී. පේරු හි දේශපාලන ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, මූලික, ප්‍රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයික මට්ටම් සඳහා රජයේ පාසල්වල අධ්‍යාපනය අනිවාර්ය සහ නොමිලේ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; සතුටුදායක අධ්‍යයන කාර්ය සාධනයක් ඇති සහ ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාග සමත් වන සිසුන් සඳහා රජයේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවල ද එය නොමිලේ. පේරු හි බොහෝ පාසල් පෞද්ගලික සහ ආගමික වේ. 2007 වන විට පේරු හි සාක්ෂරතා අනුපාතය 92.9% ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත; මෙම අනුපාතය නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවලට වඩා ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල (80.3%) අඩුය (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

අධ්‍යාපනය විවිධ මට්ටම්වලට බෙදා ඇත: මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ශුන්‍යයේ සිට අවුරුදු පහ දක්වා කාලයට අනුරූප වන අතර, දරුවන්ගේ පුළුල් සංවර්ධනය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය උත්තේජනය සහ තාක්ෂණික-අධ්‍යාපනික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ලබා දෙන උද්‍යාන සැපයීම අරමුණු කරගත් තොටිල්ල භාරව සිටී. ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සහ දෙවන ශ්‍රේණිවලින් සමන්විත පළමු චක්‍රයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ. ළමුන් සඳහා ඇතුළත් වීමේ වයස අවුරුදු හයකි. මෙම මට්ටම පළමු ශ්‍රේණියේ සිට ආරම්භ වී ප්‍රාථමික පාසලේ හයවන ශ්‍රේණියේදී අවසන් වේ. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සිට පස්වන වසර දක්වා වසර පහකින් සමන්විත වේ. ඉන්පසු තාක්ෂණික, ඵලදායී, තාක්ෂණික හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල විය හැකි උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය පැමිණේ. විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවලට ඇතුළත් වීමට ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාගයක් පැවැත්වීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ, නමුත් මෙහි දුෂ්කරතාවය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ අවශ්‍යතා මත රඳා පවතී.

පේරු යනු නව ලෝකයේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනයේ පැරණිතම ආයතනවලින් එකකි. පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලනය යටතේ 1551 මැයි 12 වන දින ආරම්භ කරන ලද සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, ඇමරිකාවේ නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවන ලද සහ අඛණ්ඩව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; සැන් මාකෝස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය පේරු හි හොඳම සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ හොඳම ඒවා අතර ප්‍රසිද්ධය.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
පේරු ස්ථාන නාම බොහොමයකට ස්වදේශීය මූලාශ්‍ර ඇත. ඇන්කාෂ්, කුස්කෝ සහ පූනෝ යන ඇන්ඩීස් ප්‍රජාවන්හි, ක්වෙචුවා හෝ අයිමාරා නම් අතිමහත් ලෙස ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔවුන්ගේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදනම් කරගත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය මෙම භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩිය සමඟ ගැටෙයි. 2016 ජූලි 22 වන දින නිල පුවත්පතක් වන එල් පේරුආනෝ හි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද 29735 නීතිය සඳහා වන රෙගුලාසි අනුමත කරන ඩෙක්‍රෙටෝ සුප්‍රීමෝ අංක 004-2016-MC (උත්තරීතර ආඥාව) හි 20 වන වගන්තියට අනුව, ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) විසින් භාවිතා කරන නම් කිරීම ප්‍රමිතිකරණය කිරීමේ අරමුණින් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩියේ ස්ථාන නාමවල ප්‍රමාණවත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය ක්‍රමයෙන් යෝජනා කළ යුතුය. පේරුහි නිල සිතියම්වල අවශ්‍ය වෙනස්කම් ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය විසින් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>m3lzotmacnaeoyxh8qjrig9c7g4lwgv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754409</id>
      <parentid>754400</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:44:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754409</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39593" sha1="2eglvn1agx4mq8oigpn2cxo4wl13vye" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg|thumb|ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, 2000]]
2022 වසර දක්වා ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන හා තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණවලට අනුව, ජනගහනය 33,396,698 ක් වන පේරු, දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත රට වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes |trans-title=Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=www.inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 25.79 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 66.8) වන අතර එහි වාර්ෂික වර්ධන වේගය 1.1% කි. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් 58.8% ක් වෙරළ තීරයේ, 27% ක් කඳුකරයේ සහ 14.2% ක් වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වෙති. 2020 දී, පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 27 ක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වූ අතර එය ජනගහනයෙන් 80% ක් නියෝජනය කරයි. 1940 දී පේරු හි ජනගහනය මිලියන හතක් විය; 1950 සහ 2000 අතර, පේරු හි ජන විකාශන වර්ධන වේගය 2.6% සිට 1.6% දක්වා අඩු වූ අතර, 2050 දී ජනගහනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් මිලියන 42 දක්වා ළඟා වනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050'', pp. 37–38, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|title=First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year|date=26 June 2018|work=The Peru Telegraph|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 වන විට, 79.3% නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල සහ 20.7% ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ප්‍රධාන නගර අතරට ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය (මිලියන 9.8 කට අධික ජනතාවක් වාසය කරයි), අරක්විපා, ටෘජිලෝ, චික්ලයෝ, පියුරා, ඉකිටෝස්, කුස්කෝ, චිම්බෝටේ සහ හුවාන්කායෝ; 2007 සංගණනයේදී සියල්ලෝම 250,000කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් වාර්තා කළෝය.&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; අරක්විපා යනු පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,177,000 ක් වන අතර ටෘජිලෝ 1,048,000 ක් සිටින තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය වේ. පේරු හි දන්නා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ ඇමරින්දියන් ගෝත්‍ර 15ක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1 Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders]. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 2016 ලෝක බැංකුවේ නවතම දත්ත වලට අනුව පේරු හි ආයු අපේක්ෂාව අවුරුදු 75.0 කි (පිරිමින් සඳහා 72.4 සහ කාන්තාවන් සඳහා 77.7).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&amp;year_high_desc=true |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 53.78% ක් හෙවත් 17,830,500 ක් පමණ වේ. විශාලතම නගර වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, සුල්ලානා, පියුරා, චික්ලායෝ, ටෘජිලෝ, චිම්බෝට්, ලීමා සහ ඉකා වැනි නගර වේ. කඳුකරයේ, අරෙක්විපා, කුස්කෝ, හුවාන්කායෝ, කැජමාර්කා සහ ජූලියාකා නගර කැපී පෙනේ. අවසාන වශයෙන්, වනාන්තරයේ, ඉක්විටෝස් වඩාත් වැදගත් වන අතර, පසුව පුකල්පා, ටාරපොටෝ, මොයොබම්බා සහ ටින්ගෝ මරියා වේ.{{Largest cities|country=පේරු|stat_ref=ජාතික සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන සහ තොරතුරු විද්‍යා ආයතනය - INEI (ඇස්තමේන්තුගත 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |title=&quot;Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica |page=20 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815224314/https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|list_by_pop=List of metropolitan areas of Peru|div_name=කලාපය|city_1=Lima|div_1=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_1=10,213,900 &lt;small&gt;(නාගරික ජන.)&lt;/small&gt;|img_1=Miraflores 2023.jpg|city_2=Arequipa|div_2=අරෙක්විපා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු{{!}}අරෙක්විපා|pop_2=1,177,200 &lt;small&gt;(නාගරික ජන.)&lt;/small&gt;|img_2=Arequipa, Plaza de Armas and Volcan El Misti - panoramio.jpg|city_3=Trujillo, Peru{{!}}Trujillo|div_3=La Libertad Region{{!}}La Libertad|pop_3=1,048,800 &lt;small&gt;(නාගරික ජන.)&lt;/small&gt;|img_3=Freedom Monument, Trujillo.jpg|city_4=Chiclayo|div_4=Lambayeque Region{{!}}Lambayeque|pop_4=615,700 &lt;small&gt;(නාගරික ජන.)&lt;/small&gt;|img_4=Chiclayo - panoramio.jpg|city_5=Piura|div_5=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_5=586,300|city_6=Huancayo|div_6=Junín Region{{!}}Junín|pop_6=563,400|city_7=Cusco|div_7=Cusco Region{{!}}Cusco|pop_7=490,900|city_8=Iquitos|div_8=Loreto Region{{!}}Loreto|pop_8=458,300|city_9=Pucallpa|div_9=Ucayali Region{{!}}Ucayali|pop_9=428,700|city_10=Chimbote|div_10=Ancash Region{{!}}Ancash|pop_10=410,300|city_11=Ica, Peru{{!}}Ica|div_11=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_11=362,400|city_12=Juliaca|div_12=පූනෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු{{!}}පූනෝ|pop_12=341,700|city_13=Tacna|div_13=ටක්නා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු{{!}}ටක්නා|pop_13=327,800|city_14=Ayacucho|div_14=Ayacucho Region{{!}}Ayacucho|pop_14=261,200|city_15=Cajamarca|div_15=Cajamarca Region{{!}}Cajamarca|pop_15=254,300|city_16=Huánuco|div_16=Huánuco Region{{!}}Huánuco|pop_16=242,400|city_17=Chincha Alta|div_17=Ica Region{{!}}Ica|pop_17=222,500|city_18=Sullana|div_18=Piura Region{{!}}Piura|pop_18=209,200|city_19=Huacho|div_19=Lima Region{{!}}Lima|pop_19=192,100|city_20=Tarapoto|div_20=San Martin Region{{!}}San Martín|pop_20=178,800}}

=== ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = පේරු හි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් (2017 සංගණනය)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=2017 Peruvian census|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| value1 = 60.20
| label1 = [[මෙස්ටිසෝ]]
| color1 = #CBA481
| value2 = 25.75
| label2 = දේශීය
| color2 = #A65B3A
| value3 = 5.89
| label3 = සුදු
| color3 = #FBC5A7
| value4 = 3.57
| label4 = කළු
| color4 = #55382A
| value5 = 0.16
| label5 = නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු
| color5 = #E3B67F
| value6 = 4.42
| label6 = වෙනත්
| color6 = Lightgray
}}
පේරු යනු සියවස් පහක් පුරා විවිධ ජනයාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රැළි මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ බහු වාර්ගික ජාතියකි. 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණයට පෙර සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු පේරු භූමියේ වාසය කළහ; ඉතිහාසඥ නොබල් ඩේවිඩ් කුක්ට අනුව, ඔවුන්ගේ ජනගහනය 1520 ගණන්වල මිලියන 5–9 කට ආසන්න සිට 1620 දී 600,000 දක්වා අඩු වූයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බෝවන රෝග නිසාය.&lt;ref&gt;[[Noble David Cook|Cook, Noble David]] (1982) ''Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620''. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|0521239958}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

2017 සංගණනයට ප්‍රථම වරට ජනවාර්ගික ස්වයං හඳුනාගැනීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නයක් ඇතුළත් විය. ප්‍රතිඵලවලට අනුව, ජනතාවගෙන් 60.2% ක් තමන් මෙස්ටිසෝ ලෙසත්, 22.3% ක් තමන් කෙචුවා ලෙසත්, 5.9% ක් තමන් සුදු ලෙසත්, 3.6% ක් තමන් කළු ලෙසත්, 2.4% ක් තමන් අයිමාරා ලෙසත්, 2.3% ක් තමන් වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසත්, 3.3% ක් තම ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කළේ නැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවධීන්හිදී, ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතිය වෙනස් වී ඇති අතර, බහු සමාජ ආර්ථික හා සමාජ සංස්කෘතික සාධක, උපත් පාලනය, ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාත, බැහැර කිරීම යනාදිය හේතුවෙන් ඇමරින්ඩියන් අනුපාතය අඛණ්ඩව පහත වැටෙමින් පවතී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අද දක්වා ආරම්භ වූ සියලුම ජනවාර්ගික කොටස් මන්දගාමී සාමාන්‍යකරණය වූ විකෘතිකරණයකට රට නැඹුරු වේ. පේරු ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් මෙස්ටිසෝ බවට පත්ව ඇති නිසා, සමහරු කඳුකරයේ සහ වනාන්තරයේ ස්වදේශිකයන් කෙරෙහි උසස් සංකීර්ණයක් අත්විඳිති, එක්කෝ ඔවුන් වචනයක් නිසි ලෙස උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම නිසා හෝ හුදෙක් පෙළක් හොඳින් කියවීමට නොදන්නා නිසා, ඔවුන් කෙරෙහි ජාතිවාදයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතු විය.

පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලන සමයේදී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන් විශාල වශයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, එකිනෙකා සමඟ සහ ස්වදේශික ජනගහනය සමඟ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ තීරයේ (කඳුකරය සහ වනාන්තරය ඉතා සුළු මිශ්‍ර ස්වදේශික බහුතරයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය) බහුලව මිශ්‍ර විය. නිදහසින් පසු මැද පෙරදිග සමඟ ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඉතාලිය, එංගලන්තය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ජර්මනියෙන් යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණයක් සිදු විය.&lt;ref&gt;Vázquez, Mario (1970) &quot;Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru&quot;, pp. 79–81 in ''Race and class in Latin America''. Columbia Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03295-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1854 දී පේරු එහි කළු වහලුන් නිදහස් කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm|date=19 July 2018}}&quot;. BBC News. 29 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; වහල්භාවය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු 1850 ගණන්වල කම්කරුවන් ලෙස චීන සහ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් පැමිණි අතර එතැන් සිට පේරු සමාජයේ ප්‍රධාන බලපෑමක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Mörner, Magnus (1967), ''Race mixture in the history of Latin America'', p.&amp;nbsp;131.&lt;/ref&gt; පළමු ක්‍රොඒෂියානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් 1573 දී ඩුබ්‍රොව්නික් සිට පේරු වෙත පැමිණියහ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් හි කෙචුවා සංචාරකයින්]]
මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු සංක්‍රමණ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන කැපී පෙනෙන වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කර ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේ පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 10% කට වඩා වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් පිටත ජීවත් වෙති. මෙම සංක්‍රමණික ව්‍යාපාරය 2000 වසරේ සිට උද්දීපනය වී ඇති අතර, 1990 සිට 2011 දක්වා පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නිල සංඛ්‍යාව 2,444,634 කි. මෙය පැවත එන ජනගහනය සහ අසල්වැසි රටවල අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම දක්නට ලැබෙන නීති විරෝධී පාවෙන ජනගහනය සැලකිල්ලට නොගනී. පසුගිය වසර 82 තුළ පේරු ජාතිකයන් මිලියන 3.5 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් රටින් සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇති බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත. 1990 සහ 2011 අතර පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ ගමනාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන රටවල් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, ඒවා නම්: ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය (31.5%), ස්පාඤ්ඤය (16%), ආර්ජන්ටිනාව (14.3%), ඉතාලිය (10.1%), චිලී (8.8%), ජපානය (4.1%) සහ වෙනිසියුලාව (3.8%). පේරු සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් 75% ක් වයස අවුරුදු 19 ත් 49 ත් අතර වන අතර සුළු බහුතරයක් කාන්තාවන් වේ. බොහෝ දුරට, පේරු සංක්‍රමණය ශ්‍රම සංක්‍රමණයකි.

එහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම, පේරු රාජ්‍යයට යුරෝපයෙන් (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ ඉතාලිය; සහ තරමක් දුරට ප්‍රංශය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අනෙකුත් මධ්‍යම යුරෝපීය රටවල් සහ දකුණු), උප සහරා අප්‍රිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවෙන් (චීනය සහ ජපානය) සංක්‍රමණ ලැබී ඇත. වර්තමානයේ එයට වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඔවුන් තම රට විඳින ආර්ථික අර්බුදයෙන් බේරෙමින් සිටිති.

2016 සිට පේරු වෙත වෙනිසියුලානු ජාතිකයින්ගේ ගලායාම වැඩි වූ අතර, එම වසරේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 6615 සිට 2019 ජුනි මැද භාගය වන විට එය 820,000 ක් පමණ දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇති අතර එය 21 වන සියවසේ රටේ වැදගත්ම සංක්‍රමණික රැල්ල විය. කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දෙවන විශාලතම වෙනිසියුලානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට පේරු වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ap |first1=Agencia |date=2019-06-14 |title=Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria {{!}} Mundo {{!}} Gestion |url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=Gestion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== භාෂාව ===
[[File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg|alt=|thumb|කැසා ඩි ඔසම්බෙලා, ලීමා හි පේරුවානා ඩි ලා ලෙංගුවා ඇකඩමියා (APL) හි මූලස්ථානය]]
1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, පේරු හි නිල භාෂා ස්පාඤ්ඤ වන අතර, ඔවුන් ප්‍රමුඛ වන ප්‍රදේශවල, කෙචුවා සහ අනෙකුත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂා වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ජනගහනයෙන් 82.6% ක් ස්වදේශීයව කතා කරන අතර, ස්වදේශීය භාෂා කිහිපයක් සමඟ සහජීවනයෙන් පවතී, ඒවායින් වඩාත්ම වැදගත් වන්නේ ජනගහනයෙන් 16.92% ක් කතා කරන කෙචුවාන් භාෂා වන අතර, 1.7% ක් අයිමාරා සහ 0.8% ක් වෙනත් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවක් කතා කරති. රටේ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ කලාපයේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවේ ඒකභාෂාවාදය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ; රටේ බොහෝ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් ඇමසන් හි, බහුභාෂා ජනගහනය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව රජය විසින් භාවිතා කරන අතර එය රටේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ භාෂාව වන අතර එය මාධ්‍ය සහ අධ්‍යාපන පද්ධති සහ වාණිජ්‍යය විසින් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරයේ ජීවත් වන ඇමරින්ඩියන්වරු ක්වෙචුවා සහ අයිමාරා කතා කරන අතර ඇන්ඩීස් හි නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ සහ ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියට යාබද නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්වල ජීවත් වන විවිධ ස්වදේශික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් වාර්ගිකව වෙනස් වේ.

පේරුහි සුවිශේෂී භූගෝලීය කලාප, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ඇමරින්ඩියන් භාෂාවට වඩා ප්‍රමුඛ වන වෙරළ තීරය සහ කඳුකරයේ සහ උස්බිම් වල වඩාත් විවිධාකාර සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඇන්ඩියන් සංස්කෘතීන් අතර භාෂා බෙදීමකින් පිළිබිඹු වේ. ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියට නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය විවිධ භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා කතා කරයි. මෙම කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමහරක් තවමත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආදිවාසී භාෂාවන්ට අනුගත වන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවට උකහා ගෙන ඇත. ක්වෙචුවා කතා කරන ප්‍රදේශවල රජයේ පාසල්වල ක්වෙචුවා ඉගැන්වීම සඳහා වැඩි වැඩියෙන් සහ සංවිධානාත්මක උත්සාහයක් ගෙන තිබේ. පේරු ඇමසන් වනාන්තරයේ, අෂානින්කා, බෝරා සහ අගුවාරුනා ඇතුළු බොහෝ ආදිවාසී භාෂා කතා කෙරේ.

=== ආගම ===
[[File:La_Basílica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_de_Arequipa_03.jpg|alt=|thumb|අරෙක්විපා බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර]]පේරු හි සියවස් ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මය ප්‍රමුඛ ඇදහිල්ලක් වී ඇත, නමුත් ආගමික පිළිවෙත් ස්වදේශික සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ ඉහළ සමමුහුර්තතාවයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tJ0DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=syncretism+with+Indigenous+traditions+Peru&amp;pg=PA201 |title=Beyond the Borders of Baptism: Catholicity, Allegiances, and Lived Identities |date=2016-09-02 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-0473-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; එහි විශ්ව විද්‍යාල දෙකක් වන පේරු හි පොන්ටිෆිකල් කතෝලික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ යුනිවර්සිඩෑඩ් කැටෝලිකා සැන් පැබ්ලෝ, රටේ ඉහළම විශ්ව විද්‍යාල පහ අතර වේ.&lt;ref&gt;World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/|date=27 January 2022}} highereducation.com &gt; world-ranking&lt;/ref&gt; 2017 සංගණනයට අනුව, අවුරුදු 12 ට වැඩි ජනගහනයෙන් 76% ක් තමන් කතෝලිකයන් ලෙස විස්තර කළහ; 14.1% ක් එවැන්ජලිකල්; 4.8% ක් රෙපරමාදු, යුදෙව්, පසුකාලීන සාන්තුවරයන් සහ යෙහෝවාගේ සාක්ෂිකරුවන්; සහ 5.1% ක් ආගමික නොවන අයයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2025 දී, ස්වභාවිකකරණය වූ පේරු පුරවැසියෙකු වන කාදිනල් රොබට් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ප්‍රෙවොස්ට් XIV වන ලියෝ පාප් වහන්සේ බවට පත්විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop|last1=Collyns|first1=Dan|date=8 May 2025|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509010417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america|archive-date=9 May 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඇමරින්දියානු ආගමික සම්ප්‍රදායන් පේරු වැසියන්ගේ විශ්වාසයන් තුළ ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. කෝපස් ක්‍රිස්ටි, ශුද්ධ සතිය සහ නත්තල් වැනි කතෝලික උත්සව සමහර විට ඇමරින්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායන් සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වේ. පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඇමරින්දියානු උත්සව පුළුල් ලෙස පවතී; ඉන්ටි රේමි, පුරාණ ඉන්කා උත්සවයක්, විශේෂයෙන් ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවන් තුළ තවමත් සමරනු ලැබේ.

නගර, නගර සහ ගම්වල බහුතරයකට තමන්ගේම නිල පල්ලියක් හෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුරක් සහ අනුශාසක සාන්තුවරයෙකු ඇත. පේරුහි සාන්තුවරයන් දෙදෙනා වන්නේ ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු සාන්තුවරයා වන ලීමා හි රෝස් සහ මාටින් ඩි පෝරස් ය. පේරු හි විශාලතම ආසන දෙව්මැදුර ලීමා හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ආසන දෙව්මැදුරයි. අනෙකුත් කැපී පෙනෙන පල්ලි සහ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර වන්නේ අරැකිපා හි කුස්කෝ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර බැසිලිකා ආසන දෙව්මැදුර සහ සැන්ටෝ ඩොමින්ගෝ බැසිලිකාවයි.

=== අධ්‍යාපනය ===
[[File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Colorido_-_UNMSM.jpg|thumb|ඇමරිකාවේ පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වන ලීමා හි පිහිටි සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]]
පේරු හි අධ්‍යාපනය ජාතික අධ්‍යාපන ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සකස් කිරීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අධීක්ෂණය කිරීම භාරව සිටින අධ්‍යාපන අමාත්‍යාංශයේ අධිකරණ බලය යටතේ පවතී. පේරු හි දේශපාලන ව්‍යවස්ථාවට අනුව, මූලික, ප්‍රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයික මට්ටම් සඳහා රජයේ පාසල්වල අධ්‍යාපනය අනිවාර්ය සහ නොමිලේ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|date=23 January 2021}} . CIA, The World Factbook&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; සතුටුදායක අධ්‍යයන කාර්ය සාධනයක් ඇති සහ ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාග සමත් වන සිසුන් සඳහා රජයේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවල ද එය නොමිලේ. පේරු හි බොහෝ පාසල් පෞද්ගලික සහ ආගමික වේ. 2007 වන විට පේරු හි සාක්ෂරතා අනුපාතය 92.9% ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත; මෙම අනුපාතය නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවලට වඩා ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශවල (80.3%) අඩුය (96.3%).&lt;ref&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

අධ්‍යාපනය විවිධ මට්ටම්වලට බෙදා ඇත: මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ශුන්‍යයේ සිට අවුරුදු පහ දක්වා කාලයට අනුරූප වන අතර, දරුවන්ගේ පුළුල් සංවර්ධනය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය උත්තේජනය සහ තාක්ෂණික-අධ්‍යාපනික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ලබා දෙන උද්‍යාන සැපයීම අරමුණු කරගත් තොටිල්ල භාරව සිටී. ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සහ දෙවන ශ්‍රේණිවලින් සමන්විත පළමු චක්‍රයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ. ළමුන් සඳහා ඇතුළත් වීමේ වයස අවුරුදු හයකි. මෙම මට්ටම පළමු ශ්‍රේණියේ සිට ආරම්භ වී ප්‍රාථමික පාසලේ හයවන ශ්‍රේණියේදී අවසන් වේ. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය පළමු සිට පස්වන වසර දක්වා වසර පහකින් සමන්විත වේ. ඉන්පසු තාක්ෂණික, ඵලදායී, තාක්ෂණික හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල විය හැකි උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය පැමිණේ. විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවලට ඇතුළත් වීමට ඇතුළත් වීමේ විභාගයක් පැවැත්වීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ, නමුත් මෙහි දුෂ්කරතාවය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ අවශ්‍යතා මත රඳා පවතී.

පේරු යනු නව ලෝකයේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනයේ පැරණිතම ආයතනවලින් එකකි. පේරු හි උපරාජ පාලනය යටතේ 1551 මැයි 12 වන දින ආරම්භ කරන ලද සැන් මාකෝස් ජාතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, ඇමරිකාවේ නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවන ලද සහ අඛණ්ඩව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පැරණිතම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Samaké |first=Cynthia LeCount |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qAuEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91 |title=Textile Traveler's Guide to Peru &amp; Bolivia |date=2019-04-05 |publisher=Schiffer + ORM |isbn=978-1-5073-0253-8 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219125140/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textile_Traveler_s_Guide_to_Peru_Bolivia/5qAuEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=National+University+of+San+Marcos+oldest+continuously+functioning+university+in+the+Americas&amp;pg=PT91&amp;printsec=frontcover |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; සැන් මාකෝස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය පේරු හි හොඳම සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ හොඳම ඒවා අතර ප්‍රසිද්ධය.

=== ස්ථාන නාම ===
පේරු ස්ථාන නාම බොහොමයකට ස්වදේශීය මූලාශ්‍ර ඇත. ඇන්කාෂ්, කුස්කෝ සහ පූනෝ යන ඇන්ඩීස් ප්‍රජාවන්හි, ක්වෙචුවා හෝ අයිමාරා නම් අතිමහත් ලෙස ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔවුන්ගේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ පදනම් කරගත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය මෙම භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩිය සමඟ ගැටෙයි. 2016 ජූලි 22 වන දින නිල පුවත්පතක් වන එල් පේරුආනෝ හි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද 29735 නීතිය සඳහා වන රෙගුලාසි අනුමත කරන ඩෙක්‍රෙටෝ සුප්‍රීමෝ අංක 004-2016-MC (උත්තරීතර ආඥාව) හි 20 වන වගන්තියට අනුව, ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) විසින් භාවිතා කරන නම් කිරීම ප්‍රමිතිකරණය කිරීමේ අරමුණින් ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවල සාමාන්‍යකරණය කළ හෝඩියේ ස්ථාන නාමවල ප්‍රමාණවත් අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය ක්‍රමයෙන් යෝජනා කළ යුතුය. පේරුහි නිල සිතියම්වල අවශ්‍ය වෙනස්කම් ජාතික භූගෝලීය ආයතනය විසින් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC |url=http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>2eglvn1agx4mq8oigpn2cxo4wl13vye</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>පේරු රජය සහ දේශපාලනය</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183145</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754345</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:08:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>' == Government and politics == {{main|Government of Peru|Politics of Peru}} [[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Government_Palace_(Peru)|Palacio de Gobierno]], in [[:en:Lima|Lima]]]] Peru is a unitary [[:en:Semi-presidential_system|semi-presidential]] [[:en:Republic|republic]] with a multi-party system. The country has maintained a :en:Lib...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි</comment>
      <origin>754345</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6160" sha1="solmnmu8tlmkoqx2n7qwb0aqj3cf342" xml:space="preserve">
== Government and politics ==
{{main|Government of Peru|Politics of Peru}}
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Government_Palace_(Peru)|Palacio de Gobierno]], in [[:en:Lima|Lima]]]]
Peru is a unitary [[:en:Semi-presidential_system|semi-presidential]] [[:en:Republic|republic]] with a multi-party system. The country has maintained a [[:en:Liberal_democracy|liberal democratic]] system under its [[:en:1993_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum|1993 Constitution]], which replaced a [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|constitution]] that leaned the government to a federation to authorize more power to the president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also a [[:en:Unitary_state|unitary republic]], in which the central government holds the most power and can create [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]]. The Peruvian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United States (a [[:en:Constitution|written constitution]], an autonomous [[:en:Supreme_court|Supreme court]], and a [[:en:Presidential_system|presidential system]]) and the [[:en:Government_of_China|People's Republic of China]] (a [[:en:Unicameralism|unicameral]] congress, a [[:en:Premier|premier]] and [[:en:Minister_(government)|ministry system]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Peruvian government is [[:en:Separation_of_powers|separated]] into three branches:

* Legislature: the unicameral [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], consisting of 130 members of Congress (on a basis of population), the president of Congress, and the Permanent Commission;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Executive: the president, the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Council of Ministers]], which in practice controls [[:en:Legislation|domestic legislation]] and serve as a Cabinet to the president, consisting of the [[:en:President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|prime minister]] and 18 ministers of the state;
* Judiciary: the [[:en:Supreme_Court_of_Peru|Supreme Court of Peru]], also known as the [[:en:Real_Audiencia_of_Lima|Royal Audencia of Lima]], composed of 18 [[:en:Judge|justices]] including a supreme justice, along with 28 [[:en:Superior_Courts_of_Justice_of_Peru|superior courts]], 195 [[:en:Trial_court|trial courts]], and 1,838 [[:en:District_court|district courts]].

Under its constitution, the president of Peru is both [[:en:Head_of_state|head of state]] and [[:en:Head_of_government|government]] and is elected to a five-year term without immediate reelection.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; The president appoints [[:en:Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|ministers]] who oversee the 18 ministries of the state, including the [[:en:Prime_Minister_of_Peru|prime minister]], into the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Cabinet]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; The constitution designates minimal authority to the prime minister, who presides over [[:en:Cabinet_(government)|cabinet meetings]] in which ministers advise the president and acts as a spokesperson on behalf of the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive branch]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; The president is also able to pose [[:en:Motion_of_confidence|questions of confidence]] to the Congress of Peru, and consequently order the [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|dissolution of congress]], done in [[:en:1992_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|1992]] by [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] and in [[:en:2019–20_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|2019]] by [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>solmnmu8tlmkoqx2n7qwb0aqj3cf342</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754346</id>
      <parentid>754345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:09:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754346</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15541" sha1="dyz0xak03vygdv2ia3cf9fbmzc8ie1i" xml:space="preserve">
== Government and politics ==
{{main|Government of Peru|Politics of Peru}}
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Government_Palace_(Peru)|Palacio de Gobierno]], in [[:en:Lima|Lima]]]]
Peru is a unitary [[:en:Semi-presidential_system|semi-presidential]] [[:en:Republic|republic]] with a multi-party system. The country has maintained a [[:en:Liberal_democracy|liberal democratic]] system under its [[:en:1993_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum|1993 Constitution]], which replaced a [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|constitution]] that leaned the government to a federation to authorize more power to the president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also a [[:en:Unitary_state|unitary republic]], in which the central government holds the most power and can create [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]]. The Peruvian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United States (a [[:en:Constitution|written constitution]], an autonomous [[:en:Supreme_court|Supreme court]], and a [[:en:Presidential_system|presidential system]]) and the [[:en:Government_of_China|People's Republic of China]] (a [[:en:Unicameralism|unicameral]] congress, a [[:en:Premier|premier]] and [[:en:Minister_(government)|ministry system]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Peruvian government is [[:en:Separation_of_powers|separated]] into three branches:

* Legislature: the unicameral [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], consisting of 130 members of Congress (on a basis of population), the president of Congress, and the Permanent Commission;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Executive: the president, the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Council of Ministers]], which in practice controls [[:en:Legislation|domestic legislation]] and serve as a Cabinet to the president, consisting of the [[:en:President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|prime minister]] and 18 ministers of the state;
* Judiciary: the [[:en:Supreme_Court_of_Peru|Supreme Court of Peru]], also known as the [[:en:Real_Audiencia_of_Lima|Royal Audencia of Lima]], composed of 18 [[:en:Judge|justices]] including a supreme justice, along with 28 [[:en:Superior_Courts_of_Justice_of_Peru|superior courts]], 195 [[:en:Trial_court|trial courts]], and 1,838 [[:en:District_court|district courts]].

Under its constitution, the president of Peru is both [[:en:Head_of_state|head of state]] and [[:en:Head_of_government|government]] and is elected to a five-year term without immediate reelection.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; The president appoints [[:en:Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|ministers]] who oversee the 18 ministries of the state, including the [[:en:Prime_Minister_of_Peru|prime minister]], into the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Cabinet]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; The constitution designates minimal authority to the prime minister, who presides over [[:en:Cabinet_(government)|cabinet meetings]] in which ministers advise the president and acts as a spokesperson on behalf of the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive branch]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; The president is also able to pose [[:en:Motion_of_confidence|questions of confidence]] to the Congress of Peru, and consequently order the [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|dissolution of congress]], done in [[:en:1992_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|1992]] by [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] and in [[:en:2019–20_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|2019]] by [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the Congress of Peru there are 130 members, from 25 [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]], determined by respective population and elected to five-year terms.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; Bills are proposed by the executive and [[:en:Legislature|legislative]] powers and become law through a [[:en:Plurality_voting|plurality]] vote in Congress.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; The judiciary is nominally independent,&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; The Congress of Peru can also pass a [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|motion of no confidence]], [[:en:Censure|censure]] ministers, as well as initiate impeachments and [[:en:Convict|convict]] executives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to broadly interpreted [[:en:Impeachment|impeachment]] wording in the [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|1993 Constitution of Peru]], the legislative branch can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to Congress. In recent history, the legislative body has passed semi-successful impeachment and two successful impeachments; [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] resigned prior to removal in 2000, [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] [[:en:Resignation_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|resigned]] in 2018, [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]] was [[:en:Removal_of_Martín_Vizcarra|removed from office]] in 2020 and [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] was removed in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a ruling in February 2023 by the [[:en:Constitutional_Court_of_Peru|Constitutional Court of Peru]], whose members are elected by Congress, judicial oversight of the legislative body was also removed by the court, essentially giving Congress absolute control of Peru's government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], in Lima]]
Peru's [[:en:Electoral_system|electoral system]] uses [[:en:Compulsory_voting|compulsory voting]] for citizens from the age of 18 to 70, including [[:en:Multiple_citizenship|dual-citizens]] and [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvians]] abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Members of Congress are [[:en:Directly_elected|directly elected]] by constituents in respective districts through [[:en:Proportional_representation|proportional voting]]. The president is elected in a general election, along with the [[:en:Vice_President_of_Peru|vice president]], through a majority in a [[:en:Two-round_system|two-round system]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Elections are observed and organized by the [[:en:National_Jury_of_Elections|National Jury of Elections]], [[:en:National_Office_of_Electoral_Processes|National Office of Electoral Processes]], and the [[:en:National_Registry_of_Identification_and_Civil_Status|National Registry of Identification and Civil Status]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru uses a [[:en:Multi-party_system|multi-party system]] for [[:en:Congress|congressional]] and general elections. Major groups that have formed governments, both on a federal and legislative level, are parties that have historically adopted [[:en:Economic_liberalism|economic liberalism]], [[:en:Progressivism|progressivism]], [[:en:Right-wing_populism|right-wing populism]] (specifically [[:en:Fujimorism|Fujimorism]]), [[:en:Nationalism|nationalism]], and [[:en:Reformism|reformism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[:en:2021_Peruvian_general_election|most recent general election]] was held on 11 April 2021 and resulted in [[:en:Free_Peru|Free Peru]] winning the most seats in Congress, although it fell well short of a majority.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A presidential runoff between [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] and [[:en:Keiko_Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]] took place on 5 June 2021 and resulted in the victory of Castillo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Allegations of corruption in politics ===

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>dyz0xak03vygdv2ia3cf9fbmzc8ie1i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754347</id>
      <parentid>754346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:09:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Allegations of corruption in politics */</comment>
      <origin>754347</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18927" sha1="srhsdy3kudmabddkz6ukoj6dv7pdqmu" xml:space="preserve">
== Government and politics ==
{{main|Government of Peru|Politics of Peru}}
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Government_Palace_(Peru)|Palacio de Gobierno]], in [[:en:Lima|Lima]]]]
Peru is a unitary [[:en:Semi-presidential_system|semi-presidential]] [[:en:Republic|republic]] with a multi-party system. The country has maintained a [[:en:Liberal_democracy|liberal democratic]] system under its [[:en:1993_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum|1993 Constitution]], which replaced a [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|constitution]] that leaned the government to a federation to authorize more power to the president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also a [[:en:Unitary_state|unitary republic]], in which the central government holds the most power and can create [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]]. The Peruvian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United States (a [[:en:Constitution|written constitution]], an autonomous [[:en:Supreme_court|Supreme court]], and a [[:en:Presidential_system|presidential system]]) and the [[:en:Government_of_China|People's Republic of China]] (a [[:en:Unicameralism|unicameral]] congress, a [[:en:Premier|premier]] and [[:en:Minister_(government)|ministry system]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Peruvian government is [[:en:Separation_of_powers|separated]] into three branches:

* Legislature: the unicameral [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], consisting of 130 members of Congress (on a basis of population), the president of Congress, and the Permanent Commission;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Executive: the president, the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Council of Ministers]], which in practice controls [[:en:Legislation|domestic legislation]] and serve as a Cabinet to the president, consisting of the [[:en:President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|prime minister]] and 18 ministers of the state;
* Judiciary: the [[:en:Supreme_Court_of_Peru|Supreme Court of Peru]], also known as the [[:en:Real_Audiencia_of_Lima|Royal Audencia of Lima]], composed of 18 [[:en:Judge|justices]] including a supreme justice, along with 28 [[:en:Superior_Courts_of_Justice_of_Peru|superior courts]], 195 [[:en:Trial_court|trial courts]], and 1,838 [[:en:District_court|district courts]].

Under its constitution, the president of Peru is both [[:en:Head_of_state|head of state]] and [[:en:Head_of_government|government]] and is elected to a five-year term without immediate reelection.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; The president appoints [[:en:Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|ministers]] who oversee the 18 ministries of the state, including the [[:en:Prime_Minister_of_Peru|prime minister]], into the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Cabinet]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; The constitution designates minimal authority to the prime minister, who presides over [[:en:Cabinet_(government)|cabinet meetings]] in which ministers advise the president and acts as a spokesperson on behalf of the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive branch]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; The president is also able to pose [[:en:Motion_of_confidence|questions of confidence]] to the Congress of Peru, and consequently order the [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|dissolution of congress]], done in [[:en:1992_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|1992]] by [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] and in [[:en:2019–20_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|2019]] by [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the Congress of Peru there are 130 members, from 25 [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]], determined by respective population and elected to five-year terms.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; Bills are proposed by the executive and [[:en:Legislature|legislative]] powers and become law through a [[:en:Plurality_voting|plurality]] vote in Congress.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; The judiciary is nominally independent,&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; The Congress of Peru can also pass a [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|motion of no confidence]], [[:en:Censure|censure]] ministers, as well as initiate impeachments and [[:en:Convict|convict]] executives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to broadly interpreted [[:en:Impeachment|impeachment]] wording in the [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|1993 Constitution of Peru]], the legislative branch can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to Congress. In recent history, the legislative body has passed semi-successful impeachment and two successful impeachments; [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] resigned prior to removal in 2000, [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] [[:en:Resignation_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|resigned]] in 2018, [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]] was [[:en:Removal_of_Martín_Vizcarra|removed from office]] in 2020 and [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] was removed in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a ruling in February 2023 by the [[:en:Constitutional_Court_of_Peru|Constitutional Court of Peru]], whose members are elected by Congress, judicial oversight of the legislative body was also removed by the court, essentially giving Congress absolute control of Peru's government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], in Lima]]
Peru's [[:en:Electoral_system|electoral system]] uses [[:en:Compulsory_voting|compulsory voting]] for citizens from the age of 18 to 70, including [[:en:Multiple_citizenship|dual-citizens]] and [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvians]] abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Members of Congress are [[:en:Directly_elected|directly elected]] by constituents in respective districts through [[:en:Proportional_representation|proportional voting]]. The president is elected in a general election, along with the [[:en:Vice_President_of_Peru|vice president]], through a majority in a [[:en:Two-round_system|two-round system]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Elections are observed and organized by the [[:en:National_Jury_of_Elections|National Jury of Elections]], [[:en:National_Office_of_Electoral_Processes|National Office of Electoral Processes]], and the [[:en:National_Registry_of_Identification_and_Civil_Status|National Registry of Identification and Civil Status]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru uses a [[:en:Multi-party_system|multi-party system]] for [[:en:Congress|congressional]] and general elections. Major groups that have formed governments, both on a federal and legislative level, are parties that have historically adopted [[:en:Economic_liberalism|economic liberalism]], [[:en:Progressivism|progressivism]], [[:en:Right-wing_populism|right-wing populism]] (specifically [[:en:Fujimorism|Fujimorism]]), [[:en:Nationalism|nationalism]], and [[:en:Reformism|reformism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[:en:2021_Peruvian_general_election|most recent general election]] was held on 11 April 2021 and resulted in [[:en:Free_Peru|Free Peru]] winning the most seats in Congress, although it fell well short of a majority.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A presidential runoff between [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] and [[:en:Keiko_Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]] took place on 5 June 2021 and resulted in the victory of Castillo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Allegations of corruption in politics ===
{{main|Corruption in Peru}}

Many Peruvian presidents have been removed from office or imprisoned on allegations of corruption from the 1990s into the 2020s. Alberto Fujimori was serving a 25-year prison sentence for commanding [[:en:Death_squad|death squads]] that killed civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign during his tenure (1990–2000). He was later also found guilty of corruption. Former president Alan García (1985–1990 and 2006–2011) killed himself in April 2019 when Peruvian police arrived to arrest him over allegations he participated in the [[:en:Odebrecht_Case|Odebrecht bribery]] scheme. Former president Alejandro Toledo is accused of allegedly receiving bribes from Brazilian construction firm [[:en:Odebrecht|Odebrecht]] during his government (2001–2006). Former president Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) is also under investigation for allegedly receiving bribes from Odebrecht during his presidential election campaign. Humala's successor Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) remains under house arrest while prosecutors investigate him for favoring contracts with Odebrecht. Former president Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) was controversially ousted by Congress after media reports alleged he had received bribes while he was a regional governor years earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Corruption is also widespread throughout Congress as legislators use their office for [[:en:Parliamentary_immunity|parliamentary immunity]] and other benefits, despite a large majority of Peruvians disapproving of Congress and its behavior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Administrative divisions ===

== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>srhsdy3kudmabddkz6ukoj6dv7pdqmu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754348</id>
      <parentid>754347</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:10:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Administrative divisions */</comment>
      <origin>754348</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24177" sha1="m0idqigu75napqbkpqnv87hv1sk97um" xml:space="preserve">
== Government and politics ==
{{main|Government of Peru|Politics of Peru}}
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Government_Palace_(Peru)|Palacio de Gobierno]], in [[:en:Lima|Lima]]]]
Peru is a unitary [[:en:Semi-presidential_system|semi-presidential]] [[:en:Republic|republic]] with a multi-party system. The country has maintained a [[:en:Liberal_democracy|liberal democratic]] system under its [[:en:1993_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum|1993 Constitution]], which replaced a [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|constitution]] that leaned the government to a federation to authorize more power to the president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also a [[:en:Unitary_state|unitary republic]], in which the central government holds the most power and can create [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]]. The Peruvian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United States (a [[:en:Constitution|written constitution]], an autonomous [[:en:Supreme_court|Supreme court]], and a [[:en:Presidential_system|presidential system]]) and the [[:en:Government_of_China|People's Republic of China]] (a [[:en:Unicameralism|unicameral]] congress, a [[:en:Premier|premier]] and [[:en:Minister_(government)|ministry system]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Peruvian government is [[:en:Separation_of_powers|separated]] into three branches:

* Legislature: the unicameral [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], consisting of 130 members of Congress (on a basis of population), the president of Congress, and the Permanent Commission;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Executive: the president, the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Council of Ministers]], which in practice controls [[:en:Legislation|domestic legislation]] and serve as a Cabinet to the president, consisting of the [[:en:President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|prime minister]] and 18 ministers of the state;
* Judiciary: the [[:en:Supreme_Court_of_Peru|Supreme Court of Peru]], also known as the [[:en:Real_Audiencia_of_Lima|Royal Audencia of Lima]], composed of 18 [[:en:Judge|justices]] including a supreme justice, along with 28 [[:en:Superior_Courts_of_Justice_of_Peru|superior courts]], 195 [[:en:Trial_court|trial courts]], and 1,838 [[:en:District_court|district courts]].

Under its constitution, the president of Peru is both [[:en:Head_of_state|head of state]] and [[:en:Head_of_government|government]] and is elected to a five-year term without immediate reelection.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; The president appoints [[:en:Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|ministers]] who oversee the 18 ministries of the state, including the [[:en:Prime_Minister_of_Peru|prime minister]], into the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Cabinet]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; The constitution designates minimal authority to the prime minister, who presides over [[:en:Cabinet_(government)|cabinet meetings]] in which ministers advise the president and acts as a spokesperson on behalf of the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive branch]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; The president is also able to pose [[:en:Motion_of_confidence|questions of confidence]] to the Congress of Peru, and consequently order the [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|dissolution of congress]], done in [[:en:1992_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|1992]] by [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] and in [[:en:2019–20_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|2019]] by [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the Congress of Peru there are 130 members, from 25 [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]], determined by respective population and elected to five-year terms.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; Bills are proposed by the executive and [[:en:Legislature|legislative]] powers and become law through a [[:en:Plurality_voting|plurality]] vote in Congress.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; The judiciary is nominally independent,&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; The Congress of Peru can also pass a [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|motion of no confidence]], [[:en:Censure|censure]] ministers, as well as initiate impeachments and [[:en:Convict|convict]] executives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to broadly interpreted [[:en:Impeachment|impeachment]] wording in the [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|1993 Constitution of Peru]], the legislative branch can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to Congress. In recent history, the legislative body has passed semi-successful impeachment and two successful impeachments; [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] resigned prior to removal in 2000, [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] [[:en:Resignation_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|resigned]] in 2018, [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]] was [[:en:Removal_of_Martín_Vizcarra|removed from office]] in 2020 and [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] was removed in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a ruling in February 2023 by the [[:en:Constitutional_Court_of_Peru|Constitutional Court of Peru]], whose members are elected by Congress, judicial oversight of the legislative body was also removed by the court, essentially giving Congress absolute control of Peru's government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], in Lima]]
Peru's [[:en:Electoral_system|electoral system]] uses [[:en:Compulsory_voting|compulsory voting]] for citizens from the age of 18 to 70, including [[:en:Multiple_citizenship|dual-citizens]] and [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvians]] abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Members of Congress are [[:en:Directly_elected|directly elected]] by constituents in respective districts through [[:en:Proportional_representation|proportional voting]]. The president is elected in a general election, along with the [[:en:Vice_President_of_Peru|vice president]], through a majority in a [[:en:Two-round_system|two-round system]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Elections are observed and organized by the [[:en:National_Jury_of_Elections|National Jury of Elections]], [[:en:National_Office_of_Electoral_Processes|National Office of Electoral Processes]], and the [[:en:National_Registry_of_Identification_and_Civil_Status|National Registry of Identification and Civil Status]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru uses a [[:en:Multi-party_system|multi-party system]] for [[:en:Congress|congressional]] and general elections. Major groups that have formed governments, both on a federal and legislative level, are parties that have historically adopted [[:en:Economic_liberalism|economic liberalism]], [[:en:Progressivism|progressivism]], [[:en:Right-wing_populism|right-wing populism]] (specifically [[:en:Fujimorism|Fujimorism]]), [[:en:Nationalism|nationalism]], and [[:en:Reformism|reformism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[:en:2021_Peruvian_general_election|most recent general election]] was held on 11 April 2021 and resulted in [[:en:Free_Peru|Free Peru]] winning the most seats in Congress, although it fell well short of a majority.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A presidential runoff between [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] and [[:en:Keiko_Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]] took place on 5 June 2021 and resulted in the victory of Castillo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Allegations of corruption in politics ===
{{main|Corruption in Peru}}

Many Peruvian presidents have been removed from office or imprisoned on allegations of corruption from the 1990s into the 2020s. Alberto Fujimori was serving a 25-year prison sentence for commanding [[:en:Death_squad|death squads]] that killed civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign during his tenure (1990–2000). He was later also found guilty of corruption. Former president Alan García (1985–1990 and 2006–2011) killed himself in April 2019 when Peruvian police arrived to arrest him over allegations he participated in the [[:en:Odebrecht_Case|Odebrecht bribery]] scheme. Former president Alejandro Toledo is accused of allegedly receiving bribes from Brazilian construction firm [[:en:Odebrecht|Odebrecht]] during his government (2001–2006). Former president Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) is also under investigation for allegedly receiving bribes from Odebrecht during his presidential election campaign. Humala's successor Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) remains under house arrest while prosecutors investigate him for favoring contracts with Odebrecht. Former president Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) was controversially ousted by Congress after media reports alleged he had received bribes while he was a regional governor years earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Corruption is also widespread throughout Congress as legislators use their office for [[:en:Parliamentary_immunity|parliamentary immunity]] and other benefits, despite a large majority of Peruvians disapproving of Congress and its behavior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Administrative divisions ===


Peru is divided into 26 units: [[:en:Regions_of_Peru#History|24 departments]], the [[:en:Constitutional_Province_of_Callao|Constitutional Province of Callao]] and the [[:en:Lima_Province|Province of Lima]] (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the [[:en:Capital_city|country's capital]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected &quot;regional&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} government composed of the regional governor and the [[:en:Regions_of_Peru|regional council]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The governor constitutes the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive body]], proposes [[:en:Budget|budgets]], and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Regional Council, the region's [[:en:Legislature|legislative body]], debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Provinces such as [[:en:Lima|Lima]] are administered by a [[:en:Municipal_council|municipal council]], headed by a mayor.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the [[:en:Decentralization|decentralization]] process and still influence local politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some areas of Peru are defined as [[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru|metropolitan areas]] which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]], is the seventh-[[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas|largest metropolis in the Americas]].

=== Foreign relations ===


== යොමු කිරීම් ==</text>
      <sha1>m0idqigu75napqbkpqnv87hv1sk97um</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754349</id>
      <parentid>754348</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:10:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Foreign relations */</comment>
      <origin>754349</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31598" sha1="thfb5l43mt5uc4m17szdpxyjhlqz9bo" xml:space="preserve">
== Government and politics ==
{{main|Government of Peru|Politics of Peru}}
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Government_Palace_(Peru)|Palacio de Gobierno]], in [[:en:Lima|Lima]]]]
Peru is a unitary [[:en:Semi-presidential_system|semi-presidential]] [[:en:Republic|republic]] with a multi-party system. The country has maintained a [[:en:Liberal_democracy|liberal democratic]] system under its [[:en:1993_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum|1993 Constitution]], which replaced a [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|constitution]] that leaned the government to a federation to authorize more power to the president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also a [[:en:Unitary_state|unitary republic]], in which the central government holds the most power and can create [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]]. The Peruvian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United States (a [[:en:Constitution|written constitution]], an autonomous [[:en:Supreme_court|Supreme court]], and a [[:en:Presidential_system|presidential system]]) and the [[:en:Government_of_China|People's Republic of China]] (a [[:en:Unicameralism|unicameral]] congress, a [[:en:Premier|premier]] and [[:en:Minister_(government)|ministry system]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Peruvian government is [[:en:Separation_of_powers|separated]] into three branches:

* Legislature: the unicameral [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], consisting of 130 members of Congress (on a basis of population), the president of Congress, and the Permanent Commission;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Executive: the president, the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Council of Ministers]], which in practice controls [[:en:Legislation|domestic legislation]] and serve as a Cabinet to the president, consisting of the [[:en:President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|prime minister]] and 18 ministers of the state;
* Judiciary: the [[:en:Supreme_Court_of_Peru|Supreme Court of Peru]], also known as the [[:en:Real_Audiencia_of_Lima|Royal Audencia of Lima]], composed of 18 [[:en:Judge|justices]] including a supreme justice, along with 28 [[:en:Superior_Courts_of_Justice_of_Peru|superior courts]], 195 [[:en:Trial_court|trial courts]], and 1,838 [[:en:District_court|district courts]].

Under its constitution, the president of Peru is both [[:en:Head_of_state|head of state]] and [[:en:Head_of_government|government]] and is elected to a five-year term without immediate reelection.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; The president appoints [[:en:Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|ministers]] who oversee the 18 ministries of the state, including the [[:en:Prime_Minister_of_Peru|prime minister]], into the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Cabinet]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; The constitution designates minimal authority to the prime minister, who presides over [[:en:Cabinet_(government)|cabinet meetings]] in which ministers advise the president and acts as a spokesperson on behalf of the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive branch]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; The president is also able to pose [[:en:Motion_of_confidence|questions of confidence]] to the Congress of Peru, and consequently order the [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|dissolution of congress]], done in [[:en:1992_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|1992]] by [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] and in [[:en:2019–20_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|2019]] by [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the Congress of Peru there are 130 members, from 25 [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]], determined by respective population and elected to five-year terms.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; Bills are proposed by the executive and [[:en:Legislature|legislative]] powers and become law through a [[:en:Plurality_voting|plurality]] vote in Congress.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; The judiciary is nominally independent,&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; The Congress of Peru can also pass a [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|motion of no confidence]], [[:en:Censure|censure]] ministers, as well as initiate impeachments and [[:en:Convict|convict]] executives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to broadly interpreted [[:en:Impeachment|impeachment]] wording in the [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|1993 Constitution of Peru]], the legislative branch can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to Congress. In recent history, the legislative body has passed semi-successful impeachment and two successful impeachments; [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] resigned prior to removal in 2000, [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] [[:en:Resignation_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|resigned]] in 2018, [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]] was [[:en:Removal_of_Martín_Vizcarra|removed from office]] in 2020 and [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] was removed in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a ruling in February 2023 by the [[:en:Constitutional_Court_of_Peru|Constitutional Court of Peru]], whose members are elected by Congress, judicial oversight of the legislative body was also removed by the court, essentially giving Congress absolute control of Peru's government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], in Lima]]
Peru's [[:en:Electoral_system|electoral system]] uses [[:en:Compulsory_voting|compulsory voting]] for citizens from the age of 18 to 70, including [[:en:Multiple_citizenship|dual-citizens]] and [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvians]] abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Members of Congress are [[:en:Directly_elected|directly elected]] by constituents in respective districts through [[:en:Proportional_representation|proportional voting]]. The president is elected in a general election, along with the [[:en:Vice_President_of_Peru|vice president]], through a majority in a [[:en:Two-round_system|two-round system]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Elections are observed and organized by the [[:en:National_Jury_of_Elections|National Jury of Elections]], [[:en:National_Office_of_Electoral_Processes|National Office of Electoral Processes]], and the [[:en:National_Registry_of_Identification_and_Civil_Status|National Registry of Identification and Civil Status]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru uses a [[:en:Multi-party_system|multi-party system]] for [[:en:Congress|congressional]] and general elections. Major groups that have formed governments, both on a federal and legislative level, are parties that have historically adopted [[:en:Economic_liberalism|economic liberalism]], [[:en:Progressivism|progressivism]], [[:en:Right-wing_populism|right-wing populism]] (specifically [[:en:Fujimorism|Fujimorism]]), [[:en:Nationalism|nationalism]], and [[:en:Reformism|reformism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[:en:2021_Peruvian_general_election|most recent general election]] was held on 11 April 2021 and resulted in [[:en:Free_Peru|Free Peru]] winning the most seats in Congress, although it fell well short of a majority.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A presidential runoff between [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] and [[:en:Keiko_Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]] took place on 5 June 2021 and resulted in the victory of Castillo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Allegations of corruption in politics ===
{{main|Corruption in Peru}}

Many Peruvian presidents have been removed from office or imprisoned on allegations of corruption from the 1990s into the 2020s. Alberto Fujimori was serving a 25-year prison sentence for commanding [[:en:Death_squad|death squads]] that killed civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign during his tenure (1990–2000). He was later also found guilty of corruption. Former president Alan García (1985–1990 and 2006–2011) killed himself in April 2019 when Peruvian police arrived to arrest him over allegations he participated in the [[:en:Odebrecht_Case|Odebrecht bribery]] scheme. Former president Alejandro Toledo is accused of allegedly receiving bribes from Brazilian construction firm [[:en:Odebrecht|Odebrecht]] during his government (2001–2006). Former president Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) is also under investigation for allegedly receiving bribes from Odebrecht during his presidential election campaign. Humala's successor Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) remains under house arrest while prosecutors investigate him for favoring contracts with Odebrecht. Former president Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) was controversially ousted by Congress after media reports alleged he had received bribes while he was a regional governor years earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Corruption is also widespread throughout Congress as legislators use their office for [[:en:Parliamentary_immunity|parliamentary immunity]] and other benefits, despite a large majority of Peruvians disapproving of Congress and its behavior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Administrative divisions ===


Peru is divided into 26 units: [[:en:Regions_of_Peru#History|24 departments]], the [[:en:Constitutional_Province_of_Callao|Constitutional Province of Callao]] and the [[:en:Lima_Province|Province of Lima]] (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the [[:en:Capital_city|country's capital]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected &quot;regional&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} government composed of the regional governor and the [[:en:Regions_of_Peru|regional council]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The governor constitutes the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive body]], proposes [[:en:Budget|budgets]], and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Regional Council, the region's [[:en:Legislature|legislative body]], debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Provinces such as [[:en:Lima|Lima]] are administered by a [[:en:Municipal_council|municipal council]], headed by a mayor.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the [[:en:Decentralization|decentralization]] process and still influence local politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some areas of Peru are defined as [[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru|metropolitan areas]] which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]], is the seventh-[[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas|largest metropolis in the Americas]].

=== Foreign relations ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|The headquarters of the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] is located in Lima.]]
Over recent decades, [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Peru|Peru's foreign relations]] has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly through the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], and the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]] (OAS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is an active member of several [[:en:Trade_bloc|regional trade blocs]] and is one of the founding members of the [[:en:Andean_Community_of_Nations|Andean Community of Nations]]. It is also a member of international organizations such as the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|OAS]] and the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar|Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as [[:en:Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] from 1981 to 1991.

Peru planned to be fully integrated into the [[:en:OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is a member of the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the [[:en:United_States_-_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:China–Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement|China–Peru Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:European_Union_free_trade_agreements|European Union Free Trade Agreement]], free trade agreements with Japan, and many others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], and the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[:en:Chile–Peru_relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[:en:Peru_v_Chile|Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[:en:Chilean–Peruvian_maritime_dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[:en:Crisis_in_Venezuela|crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[:en:Lima_Group|Lima Group]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[:en:Global_Peace_Index|Global Peace Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military and law enforcement ===


== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>thfb5l43mt5uc4m17szdpxyjhlqz9bo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754350</id>
      <parentid>754349</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:11:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Military and law enforcement */</comment>
      <origin>754350</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37366" sha1="d0vl1heir44likuct4cw4io9ztlwohl" xml:space="preserve">
== Government and politics ==
{{main|Government of Peru|Politics of Peru}}
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Government_Palace_(Peru)|Palacio de Gobierno]], in [[:en:Lima|Lima]]]]
Peru is a unitary [[:en:Semi-presidential_system|semi-presidential]] [[:en:Republic|republic]] with a multi-party system. The country has maintained a [[:en:Liberal_democracy|liberal democratic]] system under its [[:en:1993_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum|1993 Constitution]], which replaced a [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|constitution]] that leaned the government to a federation to authorize more power to the president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also a [[:en:Unitary_state|unitary republic]], in which the central government holds the most power and can create [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]]. The Peruvian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United States (a [[:en:Constitution|written constitution]], an autonomous [[:en:Supreme_court|Supreme court]], and a [[:en:Presidential_system|presidential system]]) and the [[:en:Government_of_China|People's Republic of China]] (a [[:en:Unicameralism|unicameral]] congress, a [[:en:Premier|premier]] and [[:en:Minister_(government)|ministry system]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Peruvian government is [[:en:Separation_of_powers|separated]] into three branches:

* Legislature: the unicameral [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], consisting of 130 members of Congress (on a basis of population), the president of Congress, and the Permanent Commission;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Executive: the president, the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Council of Ministers]], which in practice controls [[:en:Legislation|domestic legislation]] and serve as a Cabinet to the president, consisting of the [[:en:President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|prime minister]] and 18 ministers of the state;
* Judiciary: the [[:en:Supreme_Court_of_Peru|Supreme Court of Peru]], also known as the [[:en:Real_Audiencia_of_Lima|Royal Audencia of Lima]], composed of 18 [[:en:Judge|justices]] including a supreme justice, along with 28 [[:en:Superior_Courts_of_Justice_of_Peru|superior courts]], 195 [[:en:Trial_court|trial courts]], and 1,838 [[:en:District_court|district courts]].

Under its constitution, the president of Peru is both [[:en:Head_of_state|head of state]] and [[:en:Head_of_government|government]] and is elected to a five-year term without immediate reelection.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; The president appoints [[:en:Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|ministers]] who oversee the 18 ministries of the state, including the [[:en:Prime_Minister_of_Peru|prime minister]], into the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Cabinet]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; The constitution designates minimal authority to the prime minister, who presides over [[:en:Cabinet_(government)|cabinet meetings]] in which ministers advise the president and acts as a spokesperson on behalf of the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive branch]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; The president is also able to pose [[:en:Motion_of_confidence|questions of confidence]] to the Congress of Peru, and consequently order the [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|dissolution of congress]], done in [[:en:1992_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|1992]] by [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] and in [[:en:2019–20_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|2019]] by [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the Congress of Peru there are 130 members, from 25 [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]], determined by respective population and elected to five-year terms.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; Bills are proposed by the executive and [[:en:Legislature|legislative]] powers and become law through a [[:en:Plurality_voting|plurality]] vote in Congress.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; The judiciary is nominally independent,&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; The Congress of Peru can also pass a [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|motion of no confidence]], [[:en:Censure|censure]] ministers, as well as initiate impeachments and [[:en:Convict|convict]] executives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to broadly interpreted [[:en:Impeachment|impeachment]] wording in the [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|1993 Constitution of Peru]], the legislative branch can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to Congress. In recent history, the legislative body has passed semi-successful impeachment and two successful impeachments; [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] resigned prior to removal in 2000, [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] [[:en:Resignation_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|resigned]] in 2018, [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]] was [[:en:Removal_of_Martín_Vizcarra|removed from office]] in 2020 and [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] was removed in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a ruling in February 2023 by the [[:en:Constitutional_Court_of_Peru|Constitutional Court of Peru]], whose members are elected by Congress, judicial oversight of the legislative body was also removed by the court, essentially giving Congress absolute control of Peru's government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], in Lima]]
Peru's [[:en:Electoral_system|electoral system]] uses [[:en:Compulsory_voting|compulsory voting]] for citizens from the age of 18 to 70, including [[:en:Multiple_citizenship|dual-citizens]] and [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvians]] abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Members of Congress are [[:en:Directly_elected|directly elected]] by constituents in respective districts through [[:en:Proportional_representation|proportional voting]]. The president is elected in a general election, along with the [[:en:Vice_President_of_Peru|vice president]], through a majority in a [[:en:Two-round_system|two-round system]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Elections are observed and organized by the [[:en:National_Jury_of_Elections|National Jury of Elections]], [[:en:National_Office_of_Electoral_Processes|National Office of Electoral Processes]], and the [[:en:National_Registry_of_Identification_and_Civil_Status|National Registry of Identification and Civil Status]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru uses a [[:en:Multi-party_system|multi-party system]] for [[:en:Congress|congressional]] and general elections. Major groups that have formed governments, both on a federal and legislative level, are parties that have historically adopted [[:en:Economic_liberalism|economic liberalism]], [[:en:Progressivism|progressivism]], [[:en:Right-wing_populism|right-wing populism]] (specifically [[:en:Fujimorism|Fujimorism]]), [[:en:Nationalism|nationalism]], and [[:en:Reformism|reformism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[:en:2021_Peruvian_general_election|most recent general election]] was held on 11 April 2021 and resulted in [[:en:Free_Peru|Free Peru]] winning the most seats in Congress, although it fell well short of a majority.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A presidential runoff between [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] and [[:en:Keiko_Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]] took place on 5 June 2021 and resulted in the victory of Castillo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Allegations of corruption in politics ===
{{main|Corruption in Peru}}

Many Peruvian presidents have been removed from office or imprisoned on allegations of corruption from the 1990s into the 2020s. Alberto Fujimori was serving a 25-year prison sentence for commanding [[:en:Death_squad|death squads]] that killed civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign during his tenure (1990–2000). He was later also found guilty of corruption. Former president Alan García (1985–1990 and 2006–2011) killed himself in April 2019 when Peruvian police arrived to arrest him over allegations he participated in the [[:en:Odebrecht_Case|Odebrecht bribery]] scheme. Former president Alejandro Toledo is accused of allegedly receiving bribes from Brazilian construction firm [[:en:Odebrecht|Odebrecht]] during his government (2001–2006). Former president Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) is also under investigation for allegedly receiving bribes from Odebrecht during his presidential election campaign. Humala's successor Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) remains under house arrest while prosecutors investigate him for favoring contracts with Odebrecht. Former president Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) was controversially ousted by Congress after media reports alleged he had received bribes while he was a regional governor years earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Corruption is also widespread throughout Congress as legislators use their office for [[:en:Parliamentary_immunity|parliamentary immunity]] and other benefits, despite a large majority of Peruvians disapproving of Congress and its behavior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Administrative divisions ===


Peru is divided into 26 units: [[:en:Regions_of_Peru#History|24 departments]], the [[:en:Constitutional_Province_of_Callao|Constitutional Province of Callao]] and the [[:en:Lima_Province|Province of Lima]] (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the [[:en:Capital_city|country's capital]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected &quot;regional&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} government composed of the regional governor and the [[:en:Regions_of_Peru|regional council]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The governor constitutes the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive body]], proposes [[:en:Budget|budgets]], and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Regional Council, the region's [[:en:Legislature|legislative body]], debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Provinces such as [[:en:Lima|Lima]] are administered by a [[:en:Municipal_council|municipal council]], headed by a mayor.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the [[:en:Decentralization|decentralization]] process and still influence local politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some areas of Peru are defined as [[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru|metropolitan areas]] which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]], is the seventh-[[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas|largest metropolis in the Americas]].

=== Foreign relations ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|The headquarters of the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] is located in Lima.]]
Over recent decades, [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Peru|Peru's foreign relations]] has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly through the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], and the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]] (OAS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is an active member of several [[:en:Trade_bloc|regional trade blocs]] and is one of the founding members of the [[:en:Andean_Community_of_Nations|Andean Community of Nations]]. It is also a member of international organizations such as the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|OAS]] and the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar|Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as [[:en:Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] from 1981 to 1991.

Peru planned to be fully integrated into the [[:en:OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is a member of the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the [[:en:United_States_-_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:China–Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement|China–Peru Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:European_Union_free_trade_agreements|European Union Free Trade Agreement]], free trade agreements with Japan, and many others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], and the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[:en:Chile–Peru_relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[:en:Peru_v_Chile|Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[:en:Chilean–Peruvian_maritime_dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[:en:Crisis_in_Venezuela|crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[:en:Lima_Group|Lima Group]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[:en:Global_Peace_Index|Global Peace Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Military and law enforcement ===

=== Military and law enforcement ===
{{main|Peruvian Armed Forces}}
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[:en:Peruvian_Naval_Infantry|Peruvian marines]] in the [[:en:Valle_de_los_Ríos_Apurímac,_Ene_y_Mantaro|VRAEM]] in 2019]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Their functions are separated by branch:

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.

The military is governed by both the [[:en:President_of_Peru|commander in chief]], [[:en:Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)|Ministry of Defense]], and [[:en:Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru|Joint Command of the Armed Forces]] (CCFFAA). The CCFFAA has subordinates to the Operational Commands and Special Commands, with which it carries out the military operations that are required for the defense and the fulfillment of the tasks that the executive power provides.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Conscription|Conscription]] was abolished in 1999 and replaced by [[:en:Voluntary_military_service|voluntary military service]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:National_Police_of_Peru|National Police of Peru]] is often classified as a part of the armed forces. However, it has a distinct organizational structure and a purely civilian mandate. Its training and operations, particularly over the past two decades as an anti-terrorist unit, have imbued it with distinctly military traits, leading to its portrayal as a de facto fourth military branch with substantial land, sea, and air capabilities, and a work force of around 140,000 individuals.The Peruvian armed forces report through the Ministry of Defense, while the National Police of Peru reports through the Ministry of Interior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since the end of the [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|crisis in Peru]] in 2000, the federal government has significantly reduced annual spending in defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2016–2017 budget, defense spending has constituted 1.1% of GDP ($2.3&amp;nbsp;billion), the second lowest spending relative to GDP in South America following Argentina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; More recently, the Armed Forces of Peru have been used in [[:en:Civil_defense|civil defense]]. In 2020, Peru used its military personnel and even reservists to enforce the strict [[:en:Quarantine|quarantine]] measures placed during the [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Economy ==


== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>d0vl1heir44likuct4cw4io9ztlwohl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754351</id>
      <parentid>754350</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:12:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37250" sha1="lv6d853i25svjnuuejukljajkumtjl6" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ද ගොබියර්නෝ]]
Peru is a unitary [[:en:Semi-presidential_system|semi-presidential]] [[:en:Republic|republic]] with a multi-party system. The country has maintained a [[:en:Liberal_democracy|liberal democratic]] system under its [[:en:1993_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum|1993 Constitution]], which replaced a [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|constitution]] that leaned the government to a federation to authorize more power to the president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also a [[:en:Unitary_state|unitary republic]], in which the central government holds the most power and can create [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]]. The Peruvian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United States (a [[:en:Constitution|written constitution]], an autonomous [[:en:Supreme_court|Supreme court]], and a [[:en:Presidential_system|presidential system]]) and the [[:en:Government_of_China|People's Republic of China]] (a [[:en:Unicameralism|unicameral]] congress, a [[:en:Premier|premier]] and [[:en:Minister_(government)|ministry system]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Peruvian government is [[:en:Separation_of_powers|separated]] into three branches:

* Legislature: the unicameral [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], consisting of 130 members of Congress (on a basis of population), the president of Congress, and the Permanent Commission;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Executive: the president, the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Council of Ministers]], which in practice controls [[:en:Legislation|domestic legislation]] and serve as a Cabinet to the president, consisting of the [[:en:President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|prime minister]] and 18 ministers of the state;
* Judiciary: the [[:en:Supreme_Court_of_Peru|Supreme Court of Peru]], also known as the [[:en:Real_Audiencia_of_Lima|Royal Audencia of Lima]], composed of 18 [[:en:Judge|justices]] including a supreme justice, along with 28 [[:en:Superior_Courts_of_Justice_of_Peru|superior courts]], 195 [[:en:Trial_court|trial courts]], and 1,838 [[:en:District_court|district courts]].

Under its constitution, the president of Peru is both [[:en:Head_of_state|head of state]] and [[:en:Head_of_government|government]] and is elected to a five-year term without immediate reelection.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; The president appoints [[:en:Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|ministers]] who oversee the 18 ministries of the state, including the [[:en:Prime_Minister_of_Peru|prime minister]], into the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Cabinet]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; The constitution designates minimal authority to the prime minister, who presides over [[:en:Cabinet_(government)|cabinet meetings]] in which ministers advise the president and acts as a spokesperson on behalf of the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive branch]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; The president is also able to pose [[:en:Motion_of_confidence|questions of confidence]] to the Congress of Peru, and consequently order the [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|dissolution of congress]], done in [[:en:1992_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|1992]] by [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] and in [[:en:2019–20_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|2019]] by [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the Congress of Peru there are 130 members, from 25 [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]], determined by respective population and elected to five-year terms.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; Bills are proposed by the executive and [[:en:Legislature|legislative]] powers and become law through a [[:en:Plurality_voting|plurality]] vote in Congress.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; The judiciary is nominally independent,&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; The Congress of Peru can also pass a [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|motion of no confidence]], [[:en:Censure|censure]] ministers, as well as initiate impeachments and [[:en:Convict|convict]] executives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to broadly interpreted [[:en:Impeachment|impeachment]] wording in the [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|1993 Constitution of Peru]], the legislative branch can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to Congress. In recent history, the legislative body has passed semi-successful impeachment and two successful impeachments; [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] resigned prior to removal in 2000, [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] [[:en:Resignation_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|resigned]] in 2018, [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]] was [[:en:Removal_of_Martín_Vizcarra|removed from office]] in 2020 and [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] was removed in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a ruling in February 2023 by the [[:en:Constitutional_Court_of_Peru|Constitutional Court of Peru]], whose members are elected by Congress, judicial oversight of the legislative body was also removed by the court, essentially giving Congress absolute control of Peru's government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
Peru's [[:en:Electoral_system|electoral system]] uses [[:en:Compulsory_voting|compulsory voting]] for citizens from the age of 18 to 70, including [[:en:Multiple_citizenship|dual-citizens]] and [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvians]] abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Members of Congress are [[:en:Directly_elected|directly elected]] by constituents in respective districts through [[:en:Proportional_representation|proportional voting]]. The president is elected in a general election, along with the [[:en:Vice_President_of_Peru|vice president]], through a majority in a [[:en:Two-round_system|two-round system]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Elections are observed and organized by the [[:en:National_Jury_of_Elections|National Jury of Elections]], [[:en:National_Office_of_Electoral_Processes|National Office of Electoral Processes]], and the [[:en:National_Registry_of_Identification_and_Civil_Status|National Registry of Identification and Civil Status]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru uses a [[:en:Multi-party_system|multi-party system]] for [[:en:Congress|congressional]] and general elections. Major groups that have formed governments, both on a federal and legislative level, are parties that have historically adopted [[:en:Economic_liberalism|economic liberalism]], [[:en:Progressivism|progressivism]], [[:en:Right-wing_populism|right-wing populism]] (specifically [[:en:Fujimorism|Fujimorism]]), [[:en:Nationalism|nationalism]], and [[:en:Reformism|reformism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[:en:2021_Peruvian_general_election|most recent general election]] was held on 11 April 2021 and resulted in [[:en:Free_Peru|Free Peru]] winning the most seats in Congress, although it fell well short of a majority.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A presidential runoff between [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] and [[:en:Keiko_Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]] took place on 5 June 2021 and resulted in the victory of Castillo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
Many Peruvian presidents have been removed from office or imprisoned on allegations of corruption from the 1990s into the 2020s. Alberto Fujimori was serving a 25-year prison sentence for commanding [[:en:Death_squad|death squads]] that killed civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign during his tenure (1990–2000). He was later also found guilty of corruption. Former president Alan García (1985–1990 and 2006–2011) killed himself in April 2019 when Peruvian police arrived to arrest him over allegations he participated in the [[:en:Odebrecht_Case|Odebrecht bribery]] scheme. Former president Alejandro Toledo is accused of allegedly receiving bribes from Brazilian construction firm [[:en:Odebrecht|Odebrecht]] during his government (2001–2006). Former president Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) is also under investigation for allegedly receiving bribes from Odebrecht during his presidential election campaign. Humala's successor Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) remains under house arrest while prosecutors investigate him for favoring contracts with Odebrecht. Former president Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) was controversially ousted by Congress after media reports alleged he had received bribes while he was a regional governor years earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Corruption is also widespread throughout Congress as legislators use their office for [[:en:Parliamentary_immunity|parliamentary immunity]] and other benefits, despite a large majority of Peruvians disapproving of Congress and its behavior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

Peru is divided into 26 units: [[:en:Regions_of_Peru#History|24 departments]], the [[:en:Constitutional_Province_of_Callao|Constitutional Province of Callao]] and the [[:en:Lima_Province|Province of Lima]] (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the [[:en:Capital_city|country's capital]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected &quot;regional&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} government composed of the regional governor and the [[:en:Regions_of_Peru|regional council]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The governor constitutes the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive body]], proposes [[:en:Budget|budgets]], and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Regional Council, the region's [[:en:Legislature|legislative body]], debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Provinces such as [[:en:Lima|Lima]] are administered by a [[:en:Municipal_council|municipal council]], headed by a mayor.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the [[:en:Decentralization|decentralization]] process and still influence local politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some areas of Peru are defined as [[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru|metropolitan areas]] which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]], is the seventh-[[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas|largest metropolis in the Americas]].

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
Over recent decades, [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Peru|Peru's foreign relations]] has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly through the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], and the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]] (OAS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is an active member of several [[:en:Trade_bloc|regional trade blocs]] and is one of the founding members of the [[:en:Andean_Community_of_Nations|Andean Community of Nations]]. It is also a member of international organizations such as the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|OAS]] and the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar|Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as [[:en:Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] from 1981 to 1991.

Peru planned to be fully integrated into the [[:en:OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is a member of the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the [[:en:United_States_-_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:China–Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement|China–Peru Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:European_Union_free_trade_agreements|European Union Free Trade Agreement]], free trade agreements with Japan, and many others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], and the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[:en:Chile–Peru_relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[:en:Peru_v_Chile|Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[:en:Chilean–Peruvian_maritime_dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[:en:Crisis_in_Venezuela|crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[:en:Lima_Group|Lima Group]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[:en:Global_Peace_Index|Global Peace Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Their functions are separated by branch:

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.

The military is governed by both the [[:en:President_of_Peru|commander in chief]], [[:en:Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)|Ministry of Defense]], and [[:en:Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru|Joint Command of the Armed Forces]] (CCFFAA). The CCFFAA has subordinates to the Operational Commands and Special Commands, with which it carries out the military operations that are required for the defense and the fulfillment of the tasks that the executive power provides.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Conscription|Conscription]] was abolished in 1999 and replaced by [[:en:Voluntary_military_service|voluntary military service]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:National_Police_of_Peru|National Police of Peru]] is often classified as a part of the armed forces. However, it has a distinct organizational structure and a purely civilian mandate. Its training and operations, particularly over the past two decades as an anti-terrorist unit, have imbued it with distinctly military traits, leading to its portrayal as a de facto fourth military branch with substantial land, sea, and air capabilities, and a work force of around 140,000 individuals.The Peruvian armed forces report through the Ministry of Defense, while the National Police of Peru reports through the Ministry of Interior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since the end of the [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|crisis in Peru]] in 2000, the federal government has significantly reduced annual spending in defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2016–2017 budget, defense spending has constituted 1.1% of GDP ($2.3&amp;nbsp;billion), the second lowest spending relative to GDP in South America following Argentina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; More recently, the Armed Forces of Peru have been used in [[:en:Civil_defense|civil defense]]. In 2020, Peru used its military personnel and even reservists to enforce the strict [[:en:Quarantine|quarantine]] measures placed during the [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lv6d853i25svjnuuejukljajkumtjl6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754366</id>
      <parentid>754351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:31:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754366</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37253" sha1="1rgejyg5f8h42cd031wy1rcm62n8iv2" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
Peru is a unitary [[:en:Semi-presidential_system|semi-presidential]] [[:en:Republic|republic]] with a multi-party system. The country has maintained a [[:en:Liberal_democracy|liberal democratic]] system under its [[:en:1993_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum|1993 Constitution]], which replaced a [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|constitution]] that leaned the government to a federation to authorize more power to the president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also a [[:en:Unitary_state|unitary republic]], in which the central government holds the most power and can create [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]]. The Peruvian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United States (a [[:en:Constitution|written constitution]], an autonomous [[:en:Supreme_court|Supreme court]], and a [[:en:Presidential_system|presidential system]]) and the [[:en:Government_of_China|People's Republic of China]] (a [[:en:Unicameralism|unicameral]] congress, a [[:en:Premier|premier]] and [[:en:Minister_(government)|ministry system]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Peruvian government is [[:en:Separation_of_powers|separated]] into three branches:

* Legislature: the unicameral [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], consisting of 130 members of Congress (on a basis of population), the president of Congress, and the Permanent Commission;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Executive: the president, the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Council of Ministers]], which in practice controls [[:en:Legislation|domestic legislation]] and serve as a Cabinet to the president, consisting of the [[:en:President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|prime minister]] and 18 ministers of the state;
* Judiciary: the [[:en:Supreme_Court_of_Peru|Supreme Court of Peru]], also known as the [[:en:Real_Audiencia_of_Lima|Royal Audencia of Lima]], composed of 18 [[:en:Judge|justices]] including a supreme justice, along with 28 [[:en:Superior_Courts_of_Justice_of_Peru|superior courts]], 195 [[:en:Trial_court|trial courts]], and 1,838 [[:en:District_court|district courts]].

Under its constitution, the president of Peru is both [[:en:Head_of_state|head of state]] and [[:en:Head_of_government|government]] and is elected to a five-year term without immediate reelection.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; The president appoints [[:en:Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|ministers]] who oversee the 18 ministries of the state, including the [[:en:Prime_Minister_of_Peru|prime minister]], into the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Cabinet]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; The constitution designates minimal authority to the prime minister, who presides over [[:en:Cabinet_(government)|cabinet meetings]] in which ministers advise the president and acts as a spokesperson on behalf of the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive branch]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; The president is also able to pose [[:en:Motion_of_confidence|questions of confidence]] to the Congress of Peru, and consequently order the [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|dissolution of congress]], done in [[:en:1992_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|1992]] by [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] and in [[:en:2019–20_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|2019]] by [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the Congress of Peru there are 130 members, from 25 [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]], determined by respective population and elected to five-year terms.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; Bills are proposed by the executive and [[:en:Legislature|legislative]] powers and become law through a [[:en:Plurality_voting|plurality]] vote in Congress.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; The judiciary is nominally independent,&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; The Congress of Peru can also pass a [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|motion of no confidence]], [[:en:Censure|censure]] ministers, as well as initiate impeachments and [[:en:Convict|convict]] executives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to broadly interpreted [[:en:Impeachment|impeachment]] wording in the [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|1993 Constitution of Peru]], the legislative branch can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to Congress. In recent history, the legislative body has passed semi-successful impeachment and two successful impeachments; [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] resigned prior to removal in 2000, [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] [[:en:Resignation_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|resigned]] in 2018, [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]] was [[:en:Removal_of_Martín_Vizcarra|removed from office]] in 2020 and [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] was removed in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a ruling in February 2023 by the [[:en:Constitutional_Court_of_Peru|Constitutional Court of Peru]], whose members are elected by Congress, judicial oversight of the legislative body was also removed by the court, essentially giving Congress absolute control of Peru's government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
Peru's [[:en:Electoral_system|electoral system]] uses [[:en:Compulsory_voting|compulsory voting]] for citizens from the age of 18 to 70, including [[:en:Multiple_citizenship|dual-citizens]] and [[:en:Peruvians|Peruvians]] abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Members of Congress are [[:en:Directly_elected|directly elected]] by constituents in respective districts through [[:en:Proportional_representation|proportional voting]]. The president is elected in a general election, along with the [[:en:Vice_President_of_Peru|vice president]], through a majority in a [[:en:Two-round_system|two-round system]].&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Elections are observed and organized by the [[:en:National_Jury_of_Elections|National Jury of Elections]], [[:en:National_Office_of_Electoral_Processes|National Office of Electoral Processes]], and the [[:en:National_Registry_of_Identification_and_Civil_Status|National Registry of Identification and Civil Status]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru uses a [[:en:Multi-party_system|multi-party system]] for [[:en:Congress|congressional]] and general elections. Major groups that have formed governments, both on a federal and legislative level, are parties that have historically adopted [[:en:Economic_liberalism|economic liberalism]], [[:en:Progressivism|progressivism]], [[:en:Right-wing_populism|right-wing populism]] (specifically [[:en:Fujimorism|Fujimorism]]), [[:en:Nationalism|nationalism]], and [[:en:Reformism|reformism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[:en:2021_Peruvian_general_election|most recent general election]] was held on 11 April 2021 and resulted in [[:en:Free_Peru|Free Peru]] winning the most seats in Congress, although it fell well short of a majority.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A presidential runoff between [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] and [[:en:Keiko_Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]] took place on 5 June 2021 and resulted in the victory of Castillo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
Many Peruvian presidents have been removed from office or imprisoned on allegations of corruption from the 1990s into the 2020s. Alberto Fujimori was serving a 25-year prison sentence for commanding [[:en:Death_squad|death squads]] that killed civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign during his tenure (1990–2000). He was later also found guilty of corruption. Former president Alan García (1985–1990 and 2006–2011) killed himself in April 2019 when Peruvian police arrived to arrest him over allegations he participated in the [[:en:Odebrecht_Case|Odebrecht bribery]] scheme. Former president Alejandro Toledo is accused of allegedly receiving bribes from Brazilian construction firm [[:en:Odebrecht|Odebrecht]] during his government (2001–2006). Former president Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) is also under investigation for allegedly receiving bribes from Odebrecht during his presidential election campaign. Humala's successor Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) remains under house arrest while prosecutors investigate him for favoring contracts with Odebrecht. Former president Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) was controversially ousted by Congress after media reports alleged he had received bribes while he was a regional governor years earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Corruption is also widespread throughout Congress as legislators use their office for [[:en:Parliamentary_immunity|parliamentary immunity]] and other benefits, despite a large majority of Peruvians disapproving of Congress and its behavior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

Peru is divided into 26 units: [[:en:Regions_of_Peru#History|24 departments]], the [[:en:Constitutional_Province_of_Callao|Constitutional Province of Callao]] and the [[:en:Lima_Province|Province of Lima]] (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the [[:en:Capital_city|country's capital]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected &quot;regional&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} government composed of the regional governor and the [[:en:Regions_of_Peru|regional council]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The governor constitutes the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive body]], proposes [[:en:Budget|budgets]], and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Regional Council, the region's [[:en:Legislature|legislative body]], debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Provinces such as [[:en:Lima|Lima]] are administered by a [[:en:Municipal_council|municipal council]], headed by a mayor.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the [[:en:Decentralization|decentralization]] process and still influence local politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some areas of Peru are defined as [[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru|metropolitan areas]] which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]], is the seventh-[[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas|largest metropolis in the Americas]].

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
Over recent decades, [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Peru|Peru's foreign relations]] has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly through the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], and the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]] (OAS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is an active member of several [[:en:Trade_bloc|regional trade blocs]] and is one of the founding members of the [[:en:Andean_Community_of_Nations|Andean Community of Nations]]. It is also a member of international organizations such as the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|OAS]] and the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar|Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as [[:en:Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] from 1981 to 1991.

Peru planned to be fully integrated into the [[:en:OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is a member of the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the [[:en:United_States_-_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:China–Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement|China–Peru Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:European_Union_free_trade_agreements|European Union Free Trade Agreement]], free trade agreements with Japan, and many others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], and the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[:en:Chile–Peru_relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[:en:Peru_v_Chile|Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[:en:Chilean–Peruvian_maritime_dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[:en:Crisis_in_Venezuela|crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[:en:Lima_Group|Lima Group]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[:en:Global_Peace_Index|Global Peace Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Their functions are separated by branch:

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.

The military is governed by both the [[:en:President_of_Peru|commander in chief]], [[:en:Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)|Ministry of Defense]], and [[:en:Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru|Joint Command of the Armed Forces]] (CCFFAA). The CCFFAA has subordinates to the Operational Commands and Special Commands, with which it carries out the military operations that are required for the defense and the fulfillment of the tasks that the executive power provides.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Conscription|Conscription]] was abolished in 1999 and replaced by [[:en:Voluntary_military_service|voluntary military service]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:National_Police_of_Peru|National Police of Peru]] is often classified as a part of the armed forces. However, it has a distinct organizational structure and a purely civilian mandate. Its training and operations, particularly over the past two decades as an anti-terrorist unit, have imbued it with distinctly military traits, leading to its portrayal as a de facto fourth military branch with substantial land, sea, and air capabilities, and a work force of around 140,000 individuals.The Peruvian armed forces report through the Ministry of Defense, while the National Police of Peru reports through the Ministry of Interior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since the end of the [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|crisis in Peru]] in 2000, the federal government has significantly reduced annual spending in defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2016–2017 budget, defense spending has constituted 1.1% of GDP ($2.3&amp;nbsp;billion), the second lowest spending relative to GDP in South America following Argentina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; More recently, the Armed Forces of Peru have been used in [[:en:Civil_defense|civil defense]]. In 2020, Peru used its military personnel and even reservists to enforce the strict [[:en:Quarantine|quarantine]] measures placed during the [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1rgejyg5f8h42cd031wy1rcm62n8iv2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754371</id>
      <parentid>754366</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:37:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754371</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46360" sha1="6ccrv4mui66bd4qasv71crvbap20h31" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
Peru is a unitary [[:en:Semi-presidential_system|semi-presidential]] [[:en:Republic|republic]] with a multi-party system. The country has maintained a [[:en:Liberal_democracy|liberal democratic]] system under its [[:en:1993_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum|1993 Constitution]], which replaced a [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|constitution]] that leaned the government to a federation to authorize more power to the president It is also a [[:en:Unitary_state|unitary republic]], in which the central government holds the most power and can create [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]]. The Peruvian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United States (a [[:en:Constitution|written constitution]], an autonomous [[:en:Supreme_court|Supreme court]], and a [[:en:Presidential_system|presidential system]]) and the [[:en:Government_of_China|People's Republic of China]] (a [[:en:Unicameralism|unicameral]] congress, a [[:en:Premier|premier]] and [[:en:Minister_(government)|ministry system]]).

The Peruvian government is [[:en:Separation_of_powers|separated]] into three branches:

පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.


ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය


දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා
* Legislature: the unicameral [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], consisting of 130 members of Congress (on a basis of population), the president of Congress, and the Permanent Commission;
* Executive: the president, the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Council of Ministers]], which in practice controls [[:en:Legislation|domestic legislation]] and serve as a Cabinet to the president, consisting of the [[:en:President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|prime minister]] and 18 ministers of the state;
* Judiciary: the [[:en:Supreme_Court_of_Peru|Supreme Court of Peru]], also known as the [[:en:Real_Audiencia_of_Lima|Royal Audencia of Lima]], composed of 18 [[:en:Judge|justices]] including a supreme justice, along with 28 [[:en:Superior_Courts_of_Justice_of_Peru|superior courts]], 195 [[:en:Trial_court|trial courts]], and 1,838 [[:en:District_court|district courts]].

Under its constitution, the president of Peru is both [[:en:Head_of_state|head of state]] and [[:en:Head_of_government|government]] and is elected to a five-year term without immediate reelection. The president appoints [[:en:Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|ministers]] who oversee the 18 ministries of the state, including the [[:en:Prime_Minister_of_Peru|prime minister]], into the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Cabinet]]. The constitution designates minimal authority to the prime minister, who presides over [[:en:Cabinet_(government)|cabinet meetings]] in which ministers advise the president and acts as a spokesperson on behalf of the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive branch]]. The president is also able to pose [[:en:Motion_of_confidence|questions of confidence]] to the Congress of Peru, and consequently order the [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|dissolution of congress]], done in [[:en:1992_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|1992]] by [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] and in [[:en:2019–20_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|2019]] by [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]].

In the Congress of Peru there are 130 members, from 25 [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]], determined by respective population and elected to five-year terms. Bills are proposed by the executive and [[:en:Legislature|legislative]] powers and become law through a [[:en:Plurality_voting|plurality]] vote in Congress. The judiciary is nominally independent, though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history. The Congress of Peru can also pass a [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|motion of no confidence]], [[:en:Censure|censure]] ministers, as well as initiate impeachments and [[:en:Convict|convict]] executives Due to broadly interpreted [[:en:Impeachment|impeachment]] wording in the [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|1993 Constitution of Peru]], the legislative branch can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to Congress. In recent history, the legislative body has passed semi-successful impeachment and two successful impeachments; [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] resigned prior to removal in 2000, [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] [[:en:Resignation_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|resigned]] in 2018, [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]] was [[:en:Removal_of_Martín_Vizcarra|removed from office]] in 2020 and [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] was removed in 2022. Following a ruling in February 2023 by the [[:en:Constitutional_Court_of_Peru|Constitutional Court of Peru]], whose members are elected by Congress, judicial oversight of the legislative body was also removed by the court, essentially giving Congress absolute control of Peru's government

එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
Many Peruvian presidents have been removed from office or imprisoned on allegations of corruption from the 1990s into the 2020s. Alberto Fujimori was serving a 25-year prison sentence for commanding [[:en:Death_squad|death squads]] that killed civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign during his tenure (1990–2000). He was later also found guilty of corruption. Former president Alan García (1985–1990 and 2006–2011) killed himself in April 2019 when Peruvian police arrived to arrest him over allegations he participated in the [[:en:Odebrecht_Case|Odebrecht bribery]] scheme. Former president Alejandro Toledo is accused of allegedly receiving bribes from Brazilian construction firm [[:en:Odebrecht|Odebrecht]] during his government (2001–2006). Former president Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) is also under investigation for allegedly receiving bribes from Odebrecht during his presidential election campaign. Humala's successor Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) remains under house arrest while prosecutors investigate him for favoring contracts with Odebrecht. Former president Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) was controversially ousted by Congress after media reports alleged he had received bribes while he was a regional governor years earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Corruption is also widespread throughout Congress as legislators use their office for [[:en:Parliamentary_immunity|parliamentary immunity]] and other benefits, despite a large majority of Peruvians disapproving of Congress and its behavior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

Peru is divided into 26 units: [[:en:Regions_of_Peru#History|24 departments]], the [[:en:Constitutional_Province_of_Callao|Constitutional Province of Callao]] and the [[:en:Lima_Province|Province of Lima]] (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the [[:en:Capital_city|country's capital]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected &quot;regional&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} government composed of the regional governor and the [[:en:Regions_of_Peru|regional council]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The governor constitutes the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive body]], proposes [[:en:Budget|budgets]], and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Regional Council, the region's [[:en:Legislature|legislative body]], debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Provinces such as [[:en:Lima|Lima]] are administered by a [[:en:Municipal_council|municipal council]], headed by a mayor.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the [[:en:Decentralization|decentralization]] process and still influence local politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some areas of Peru are defined as [[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru|metropolitan areas]] which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]], is the seventh-[[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas|largest metropolis in the Americas]].

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
Over recent decades, [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Peru|Peru's foreign relations]] has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly through the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], and the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]] (OAS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is an active member of several [[:en:Trade_bloc|regional trade blocs]] and is one of the founding members of the [[:en:Andean_Community_of_Nations|Andean Community of Nations]]. It is also a member of international organizations such as the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|OAS]] and the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar|Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as [[:en:Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] from 1981 to 1991.

Peru planned to be fully integrated into the [[:en:OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is a member of the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the [[:en:United_States_-_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:China–Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement|China–Peru Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:European_Union_free_trade_agreements|European Union Free Trade Agreement]], free trade agreements with Japan, and many others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], and the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[:en:Chile–Peru_relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[:en:Peru_v_Chile|Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[:en:Chilean–Peruvian_maritime_dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[:en:Crisis_in_Venezuela|crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[:en:Lima_Group|Lima Group]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[:en:Global_Peace_Index|Global Peace Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Their functions are separated by branch:

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.

The military is governed by both the [[:en:President_of_Peru|commander in chief]], [[:en:Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)|Ministry of Defense]], and [[:en:Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru|Joint Command of the Armed Forces]] (CCFFAA). The CCFFAA has subordinates to the Operational Commands and Special Commands, with which it carries out the military operations that are required for the defense and the fulfillment of the tasks that the executive power provides.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Conscription|Conscription]] was abolished in 1999 and replaced by [[:en:Voluntary_military_service|voluntary military service]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:National_Police_of_Peru|National Police of Peru]] is often classified as a part of the armed forces. However, it has a distinct organizational structure and a purely civilian mandate. Its training and operations, particularly over the past two decades as an anti-terrorist unit, have imbued it with distinctly military traits, leading to its portrayal as a de facto fourth military branch with substantial land, sea, and air capabilities, and a work force of around 140,000 individuals.The Peruvian armed forces report through the Ministry of Defense, while the National Police of Peru reports through the Ministry of Interior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since the end of the [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|crisis in Peru]] in 2000, the federal government has significantly reduced annual spending in defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2016–2017 budget, defense spending has constituted 1.1% of GDP ($2.3&amp;nbsp;billion), the second lowest spending relative to GDP in South America following Argentina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; More recently, the Armed Forces of Peru have been used in [[:en:Civil_defense|civil defense]]. In 2020, Peru used its military personnel and even reservists to enforce the strict [[:en:Quarantine|quarantine]] measures placed during the [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6ccrv4mui66bd4qasv71crvbap20h31</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754372</id>
      <parentid>754371</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:37:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45222" sha1="seyrhu5d1sc27s70hh83169lrd5g1ag" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.


ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය


දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා
* Legislature: the unicameral [[:en:Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru|Congress of Peru]], consisting of 130 members of Congress (on a basis of population), the president of Congress, and the Permanent Commission;
* Executive: the president, the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Council of Ministers]], which in practice controls [[:en:Legislation|domestic legislation]] and serve as a Cabinet to the president, consisting of the [[:en:President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|prime minister]] and 18 ministers of the state;
* Judiciary: the [[:en:Supreme_Court_of_Peru|Supreme Court of Peru]], also known as the [[:en:Real_Audiencia_of_Lima|Royal Audencia of Lima]], composed of 18 [[:en:Judge|justices]] including a supreme justice, along with 28 [[:en:Superior_Courts_of_Justice_of_Peru|superior courts]], 195 [[:en:Trial_court|trial courts]], and 1,838 [[:en:District_court|district courts]].

Under its constitution, the president of Peru is both [[:en:Head_of_state|head of state]] and [[:en:Head_of_government|government]] and is elected to a five-year term without immediate reelection. The president appoints [[:en:Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru|ministers]] who oversee the 18 ministries of the state, including the [[:en:Prime_Minister_of_Peru|prime minister]], into the [[:en:Cabinet_of_Peru|Cabinet]]. The constitution designates minimal authority to the prime minister, who presides over [[:en:Cabinet_(government)|cabinet meetings]] in which ministers advise the president and acts as a spokesperson on behalf of the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive branch]]. The president is also able to pose [[:en:Motion_of_confidence|questions of confidence]] to the Congress of Peru, and consequently order the [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|dissolution of congress]], done in [[:en:1992_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|1992]] by [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] and in [[:en:2019–20_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis|2019]] by [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]].

In the Congress of Peru there are 130 members, from 25 [[:en:Administrative_division|administrative divisions]], determined by respective population and elected to five-year terms. Bills are proposed by the executive and [[:en:Legislature|legislative]] powers and become law through a [[:en:Plurality_voting|plurality]] vote in Congress. The judiciary is nominally independent, though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history. The Congress of Peru can also pass a [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|motion of no confidence]], [[:en:Censure|censure]] ministers, as well as initiate impeachments and [[:en:Convict|convict]] executives Due to broadly interpreted [[:en:Impeachment|impeachment]] wording in the [[:en:Constitution_of_Peru|1993 Constitution of Peru]], the legislative branch can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to Congress. In recent history, the legislative body has passed semi-successful impeachment and two successful impeachments; [[:en:Alberto_Fujimori|Alberto Fujimori]] resigned prior to removal in 2000, [[:en:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] [[:en:Resignation_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski|resigned]] in 2018, [[:en:Martín_Vizcarra|Martín Vizcarra]] was [[:en:Removal_of_Martín_Vizcarra|removed from office]] in 2020 and [[:en:Pedro_Castillo|Pedro Castillo]] was removed in 2022. Following a ruling in February 2023 by the [[:en:Constitutional_Court_of_Peru|Constitutional Court of Peru]], whose members are elected by Congress, judicial oversight of the legislative body was also removed by the court, essentially giving Congress absolute control of Peru's government

එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
Many Peruvian presidents have been removed from office or imprisoned on allegations of corruption from the 1990s into the 2020s. Alberto Fujimori was serving a 25-year prison sentence for commanding [[:en:Death_squad|death squads]] that killed civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign during his tenure (1990–2000). He was later also found guilty of corruption. Former president Alan García (1985–1990 and 2006–2011) killed himself in April 2019 when Peruvian police arrived to arrest him over allegations he participated in the [[:en:Odebrecht_Case|Odebrecht bribery]] scheme. Former president Alejandro Toledo is accused of allegedly receiving bribes from Brazilian construction firm [[:en:Odebrecht|Odebrecht]] during his government (2001–2006). Former president Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) is also under investigation for allegedly receiving bribes from Odebrecht during his presidential election campaign. Humala's successor Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) remains under house arrest while prosecutors investigate him for favoring contracts with Odebrecht. Former president Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) was controversially ousted by Congress after media reports alleged he had received bribes while he was a regional governor years earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Corruption is also widespread throughout Congress as legislators use their office for [[:en:Parliamentary_immunity|parliamentary immunity]] and other benefits, despite a large majority of Peruvians disapproving of Congress and its behavior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

Peru is divided into 26 units: [[:en:Regions_of_Peru#History|24 departments]], the [[:en:Constitutional_Province_of_Callao|Constitutional Province of Callao]] and the [[:en:Lima_Province|Province of Lima]] (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the [[:en:Capital_city|country's capital]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected &quot;regional&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} government composed of the regional governor and the [[:en:Regions_of_Peru|regional council]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The governor constitutes the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive body]], proposes [[:en:Budget|budgets]], and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Regional Council, the region's [[:en:Legislature|legislative body]], debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Provinces such as [[:en:Lima|Lima]] are administered by a [[:en:Municipal_council|municipal council]], headed by a mayor.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the [[:en:Decentralization|decentralization]] process and still influence local politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some areas of Peru are defined as [[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru|metropolitan areas]] which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]], is the seventh-[[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas|largest metropolis in the Americas]].

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
Over recent decades, [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Peru|Peru's foreign relations]] has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly through the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], and the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]] (OAS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is an active member of several [[:en:Trade_bloc|regional trade blocs]] and is one of the founding members of the [[:en:Andean_Community_of_Nations|Andean Community of Nations]]. It is also a member of international organizations such as the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|OAS]] and the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar|Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as [[:en:Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] from 1981 to 1991.

Peru planned to be fully integrated into the [[:en:OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is a member of the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the [[:en:United_States_-_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:China–Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement|China–Peru Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:European_Union_free_trade_agreements|European Union Free Trade Agreement]], free trade agreements with Japan, and many others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], and the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[:en:Chile–Peru_relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[:en:Peru_v_Chile|Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[:en:Chilean–Peruvian_maritime_dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[:en:Crisis_in_Venezuela|crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[:en:Lima_Group|Lima Group]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[:en:Global_Peace_Index|Global Peace Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Their functions are separated by branch:

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.

The military is governed by both the [[:en:President_of_Peru|commander in chief]], [[:en:Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)|Ministry of Defense]], and [[:en:Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru|Joint Command of the Armed Forces]] (CCFFAA). The CCFFAA has subordinates to the Operational Commands and Special Commands, with which it carries out the military operations that are required for the defense and the fulfillment of the tasks that the executive power provides.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Conscription|Conscription]] was abolished in 1999 and replaced by [[:en:Voluntary_military_service|voluntary military service]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:National_Police_of_Peru|National Police of Peru]] is often classified as a part of the armed forces. However, it has a distinct organizational structure and a purely civilian mandate. Its training and operations, particularly over the past two decades as an anti-terrorist unit, have imbued it with distinctly military traits, leading to its portrayal as a de facto fourth military branch with substantial land, sea, and air capabilities, and a work force of around 140,000 individuals.The Peruvian armed forces report through the Ministry of Defense, while the National Police of Peru reports through the Ministry of Interior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since the end of the [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|crisis in Peru]] in 2000, the federal government has significantly reduced annual spending in defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2016–2017 budget, defense spending has constituted 1.1% of GDP ($2.3&amp;nbsp;billion), the second lowest spending relative to GDP in South America following Argentina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; More recently, the Armed Forces of Peru have been used in [[:en:Civil_defense|civil defense]]. In 2020, Peru used its military personnel and even reservists to enforce the strict [[:en:Quarantine|quarantine]] measures placed during the [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>seyrhu5d1sc27s70hh83169lrd5g1ag</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754373</id>
      <parentid>754372</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:37:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754373</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41435" sha1="dp2pprj5n8ofilb0l4hpmmk0r68luqo" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
Many Peruvian presidents have been removed from office or imprisoned on allegations of corruption from the 1990s into the 2020s. Alberto Fujimori was serving a 25-year prison sentence for commanding [[:en:Death_squad|death squads]] that killed civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign during his tenure (1990–2000). He was later also found guilty of corruption. Former president Alan García (1985–1990 and 2006–2011) killed himself in April 2019 when Peruvian police arrived to arrest him over allegations he participated in the [[:en:Odebrecht_Case|Odebrecht bribery]] scheme. Former president Alejandro Toledo is accused of allegedly receiving bribes from Brazilian construction firm [[:en:Odebrecht|Odebrecht]] during his government (2001–2006). Former president Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) is also under investigation for allegedly receiving bribes from Odebrecht during his presidential election campaign. Humala's successor Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) remains under house arrest while prosecutors investigate him for favoring contracts with Odebrecht. Former president Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) was controversially ousted by Congress after media reports alleged he had received bribes while he was a regional governor years earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Corruption is also widespread throughout Congress as legislators use their office for [[:en:Parliamentary_immunity|parliamentary immunity]] and other benefits, despite a large majority of Peruvians disapproving of Congress and its behavior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

Peru is divided into 26 units: [[:en:Regions_of_Peru#History|24 departments]], the [[:en:Constitutional_Province_of_Callao|Constitutional Province of Callao]] and the [[:en:Lima_Province|Province of Lima]] (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the [[:en:Capital_city|country's capital]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected &quot;regional&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} government composed of the regional governor and the [[:en:Regions_of_Peru|regional council]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The governor constitutes the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive body]], proposes [[:en:Budget|budgets]], and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Regional Council, the region's [[:en:Legislature|legislative body]], debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Provinces such as [[:en:Lima|Lima]] are administered by a [[:en:Municipal_council|municipal council]], headed by a mayor.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the [[:en:Decentralization|decentralization]] process and still influence local politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some areas of Peru are defined as [[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru|metropolitan areas]] which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]], is the seventh-[[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas|largest metropolis in the Americas]].

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
Over recent decades, [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Peru|Peru's foreign relations]] has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly through the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], and the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]] (OAS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is an active member of several [[:en:Trade_bloc|regional trade blocs]] and is one of the founding members of the [[:en:Andean_Community_of_Nations|Andean Community of Nations]]. It is also a member of international organizations such as the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|OAS]] and the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar|Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as [[:en:Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] from 1981 to 1991.

Peru planned to be fully integrated into the [[:en:OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is a member of the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the [[:en:United_States_-_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:China–Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement|China–Peru Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:European_Union_free_trade_agreements|European Union Free Trade Agreement]], free trade agreements with Japan, and many others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], and the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[:en:Chile–Peru_relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[:en:Peru_v_Chile|Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[:en:Chilean–Peruvian_maritime_dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[:en:Crisis_in_Venezuela|crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[:en:Lima_Group|Lima Group]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[:en:Global_Peace_Index|Global Peace Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Their functions are separated by branch:

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.

The military is governed by both the [[:en:President_of_Peru|commander in chief]], [[:en:Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)|Ministry of Defense]], and [[:en:Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru|Joint Command of the Armed Forces]] (CCFFAA). The CCFFAA has subordinates to the Operational Commands and Special Commands, with which it carries out the military operations that are required for the defense and the fulfillment of the tasks that the executive power provides.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Conscription|Conscription]] was abolished in 1999 and replaced by [[:en:Voluntary_military_service|voluntary military service]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:National_Police_of_Peru|National Police of Peru]] is often classified as a part of the armed forces. However, it has a distinct organizational structure and a purely civilian mandate. Its training and operations, particularly over the past two decades as an anti-terrorist unit, have imbued it with distinctly military traits, leading to its portrayal as a de facto fourth military branch with substantial land, sea, and air capabilities, and a work force of around 140,000 individuals.The Peruvian armed forces report through the Ministry of Defense, while the National Police of Peru reports through the Ministry of Interior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since the end of the [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|crisis in Peru]] in 2000, the federal government has significantly reduced annual spending in defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2016–2017 budget, defense spending has constituted 1.1% of GDP ($2.3&amp;nbsp;billion), the second lowest spending relative to GDP in South America following Argentina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; More recently, the Armed Forces of Peru have been used in [[:en:Civil_defense|civil defense]]. In 2020, Peru used its military personnel and even reservists to enforce the strict [[:en:Quarantine|quarantine]] measures placed during the [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dp2pprj5n8ofilb0l4hpmmk0r68luqo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754374</id>
      <parentid>754373</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:38:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා */</comment>
      <origin>754374</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44909" sha1="dftpu6r5rh89zjfz60p4xtz7o7jmsrp" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
Many Peruvian presidents have been removed from office or imprisoned on allegations of corruption from the 1990s into the 2020s. Alberto Fujimori was serving a 25-year prison sentence for commanding [[:en:Death_squad|death squads]] that killed civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign during his tenure (1990–2000). He was later also found guilty of corruption. Former president Alan García (1985–1990 and 2006–2011) killed himself in April 2019 when Peruvian police arrived to arrest him over allegations he participated in the [[:en:Odebrecht_Case|Odebrecht bribery]] scheme. Former president Alejandro Toledo is accused of allegedly receiving bribes from Brazilian construction firm [[:en:Odebrecht|Odebrecht]] during his government (2001–2006). Former president Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) is also under investigation for allegedly receiving bribes from Odebrecht during his presidential election campaign. Humala's successor Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) remains under house arrest while prosecutors investigate him for favoring contracts with Odebrecht. Former president Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) was controversially ousted by Congress after media reports alleged he had received bribes while he was a regional governor years earlier

Corruption is also widespread throughout Congress as legislators use their office for [[:en:Parliamentary_immunity|parliamentary immunity]] and other benefits, despite a large majority of Peruvians disapproving of Congress and its behavior.

1990 ගණන්වල සිට 2020 ගණන් දක්වා දූෂණ චෝදනා මත පේරු ජනාධිපතිවරුන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකු තනතුරුවලින් ඉවත් කර හෝ සිරගත කර ඇත. ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය තුළ (1990–2000) කැරලි මර්දන ව්‍යාපාරයකදී සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනය කළ ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම්වලට අණ දීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් විඳිමින් සිටියේය. පසුව ඔහු දූෂණයට ද වැරදිකරු විය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා (1985–1990 සහ 2006–2011) 2019 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් අල්ලස් යෝජනා ක්‍රමයට සහභාගී වූ බවට චෝදනා මත පේරු පොලිසිය ඔහුව අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීමට පැමිණි විට සියදිවි නසා ගත්තේය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ඔහුගේ රජය (2001–2006) තුළ බ්‍රසීලියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සමාගමක් වන ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා (2011–2016) ද ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය අතරතුර ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හුමාලාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි (2016–2018) නිවාස අඩස්සියේ පසුවන අතර, ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් සමඟ ගිවිසුම්වලට පක්ෂව නඩු පවරන්නන් ඔහු ගැන විමර්ශනය කරයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා (2018–2020) වසර ගණනාවකට පෙර ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙකු ලෙස සිටියදී අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට මාධ්‍ය වාර්තා චෝදනා කිරීමෙන් පසු කොංග්‍රසය විසින් මතභේදාත්මක ලෙස නෙරපා හරින ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එහි හැසිරීම අනුමත නොකළද, නීති සම්පාදකයින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මුක්තිය සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රතිලාභ සඳහා තම කාර්යාලය භාවිතා කරන බැවින් කොංග්‍රසය පුරා දූෂණය ද පැතිර පවතී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

Peru is divided into 26 units: [[:en:Regions_of_Peru#History|24 departments]], the [[:en:Constitutional_Province_of_Callao|Constitutional Province of Callao]] and the [[:en:Lima_Province|Province of Lima]] (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the [[:en:Capital_city|country's capital]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected &quot;regional&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} government composed of the regional governor and the [[:en:Regions_of_Peru|regional council]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The governor constitutes the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive body]], proposes [[:en:Budget|budgets]], and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Regional Council, the region's [[:en:Legislature|legislative body]], debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Provinces such as [[:en:Lima|Lima]] are administered by a [[:en:Municipal_council|municipal council]], headed by a mayor.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the [[:en:Decentralization|decentralization]] process and still influence local politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some areas of Peru are defined as [[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru|metropolitan areas]] which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]], is the seventh-[[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas|largest metropolis in the Americas]].

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
Over recent decades, [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Peru|Peru's foreign relations]] has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly through the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], and the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]] (OAS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is an active member of several [[:en:Trade_bloc|regional trade blocs]] and is one of the founding members of the [[:en:Andean_Community_of_Nations|Andean Community of Nations]]. It is also a member of international organizations such as the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|OAS]] and the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar|Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as [[:en:Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] from 1981 to 1991.

Peru planned to be fully integrated into the [[:en:OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is a member of the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the [[:en:United_States_-_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:China–Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement|China–Peru Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:European_Union_free_trade_agreements|European Union Free Trade Agreement]], free trade agreements with Japan, and many others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], and the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[:en:Chile–Peru_relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[:en:Peru_v_Chile|Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[:en:Chilean–Peruvian_maritime_dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[:en:Crisis_in_Venezuela|crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[:en:Lima_Group|Lima Group]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[:en:Global_Peace_Index|Global Peace Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Their functions are separated by branch:

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.

The military is governed by both the [[:en:President_of_Peru|commander in chief]], [[:en:Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)|Ministry of Defense]], and [[:en:Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru|Joint Command of the Armed Forces]] (CCFFAA). The CCFFAA has subordinates to the Operational Commands and Special Commands, with which it carries out the military operations that are required for the defense and the fulfillment of the tasks that the executive power provides.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Conscription|Conscription]] was abolished in 1999 and replaced by [[:en:Voluntary_military_service|voluntary military service]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:National_Police_of_Peru|National Police of Peru]] is often classified as a part of the armed forces. However, it has a distinct organizational structure and a purely civilian mandate. Its training and operations, particularly over the past two decades as an anti-terrorist unit, have imbued it with distinctly military traits, leading to its portrayal as a de facto fourth military branch with substantial land, sea, and air capabilities, and a work force of around 140,000 individuals.The Peruvian armed forces report through the Ministry of Defense, while the National Police of Peru reports through the Ministry of Interior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since the end of the [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|crisis in Peru]] in 2000, the federal government has significantly reduced annual spending in defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2016–2017 budget, defense spending has constituted 1.1% of GDP ($2.3&amp;nbsp;billion), the second lowest spending relative to GDP in South America following Argentina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; More recently, the Armed Forces of Peru have been used in [[:en:Civil_defense|civil defense]]. In 2020, Peru used its military personnel and even reservists to enforce the strict [[:en:Quarantine|quarantine]] measures placed during the [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dftpu6r5rh89zjfz60p4xtz7o7jmsrp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754375</id>
      <parentid>754374</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:39:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා */</comment>
      <origin>754375</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43404" sha1="30pz2wbrg2oonro1qlkhd53mfy7i1pc" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
1990 ගණන්වල සිට 2020 ගණන් දක්වා දූෂණ චෝදනා මත පේරු ජනාධිපතිවරුන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකු තනතුරුවලින් ඉවත් කර හෝ සිරගත කර ඇත. ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය තුළ (1990–2000) කැරලි මර්දන ව්‍යාපාරයකදී සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනය කළ ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම්වලට අණ දීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් විඳිමින් සිටියේය. පසුව ඔහු දූෂණයට ද වැරදිකරු විය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා (1985–1990 සහ 2006–2011) 2019 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් අල්ලස් යෝජනා ක්‍රමයට සහභාගී වූ බවට චෝදනා මත පේරු පොලිසිය ඔහුව අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීමට පැමිණි විට සියදිවි නසා ගත්තේය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ඔහුගේ රජය (2001–2006) තුළ බ්‍රසීලියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සමාගමක් වන ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා (2011–2016) ද ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය අතරතුර ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හුමාලාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි (2016–2018) නිවාස අඩස්සියේ පසුවන අතර, ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් සමඟ ගිවිසුම්වලට පක්ෂව නඩු පවරන්නන් ඔහු ගැන විමර්ශනය කරයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා (2018–2020) වසර ගණනාවකට පෙර ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙකු ලෙස සිටියදී අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට මාධ්‍ය වාර්තා චෝදනා කිරීමෙන් පසු කොංග්‍රසය විසින් මතභේදාත්මක ලෙස නෙරපා හරින ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එහි හැසිරීම අනුමත නොකළද, නීති සම්පාදකයින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මුක්තිය සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රතිලාභ සඳහා තම කාර්යාලය භාවිතා කරන බැවින් කොංග්‍රසය පුරා දූෂණය ද පැතිර පවතී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

Peru is divided into 26 units: [[:en:Regions_of_Peru#History|24 departments]], the [[:en:Constitutional_Province_of_Callao|Constitutional Province of Callao]] and the [[:en:Lima_Province|Province of Lima]] (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the [[:en:Capital_city|country's capital]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected &quot;regional&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} government composed of the regional governor and the [[:en:Regions_of_Peru|regional council]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The governor constitutes the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive body]], proposes [[:en:Budget|budgets]], and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Regional Council, the region's [[:en:Legislature|legislative body]], debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Provinces such as [[:en:Lima|Lima]] are administered by a [[:en:Municipal_council|municipal council]], headed by a mayor.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the [[:en:Decentralization|decentralization]] process and still influence local politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some areas of Peru are defined as [[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru|metropolitan areas]] which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]], is the seventh-[[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas|largest metropolis in the Americas]].

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
Over recent decades, [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Peru|Peru's foreign relations]] has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly through the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], and the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]] (OAS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is an active member of several [[:en:Trade_bloc|regional trade blocs]] and is one of the founding members of the [[:en:Andean_Community_of_Nations|Andean Community of Nations]]. It is also a member of international organizations such as the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|OAS]] and the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar|Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as [[:en:Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] from 1981 to 1991.

Peru planned to be fully integrated into the [[:en:OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is a member of the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the [[:en:United_States_-_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:China–Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement|China–Peru Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:European_Union_free_trade_agreements|European Union Free Trade Agreement]], free trade agreements with Japan, and many others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], and the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[:en:Chile–Peru_relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[:en:Peru_v_Chile|Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[:en:Chilean–Peruvian_maritime_dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[:en:Crisis_in_Venezuela|crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[:en:Lima_Group|Lima Group]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[:en:Global_Peace_Index|Global Peace Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Their functions are separated by branch:

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.

The military is governed by both the [[:en:President_of_Peru|commander in chief]], [[:en:Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)|Ministry of Defense]], and [[:en:Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru|Joint Command of the Armed Forces]] (CCFFAA). The CCFFAA has subordinates to the Operational Commands and Special Commands, with which it carries out the military operations that are required for the defense and the fulfillment of the tasks that the executive power provides.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Conscription|Conscription]] was abolished in 1999 and replaced by [[:en:Voluntary_military_service|voluntary military service]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:National_Police_of_Peru|National Police of Peru]] is often classified as a part of the armed forces. However, it has a distinct organizational structure and a purely civilian mandate. Its training and operations, particularly over the past two decades as an anti-terrorist unit, have imbued it with distinctly military traits, leading to its portrayal as a de facto fourth military branch with substantial land, sea, and air capabilities, and a work force of around 140,000 individuals.The Peruvian armed forces report through the Ministry of Defense, while the National Police of Peru reports through the Ministry of Interior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since the end of the [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|crisis in Peru]] in 2000, the federal government has significantly reduced annual spending in defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2016–2017 budget, defense spending has constituted 1.1% of GDP ($2.3&amp;nbsp;billion), the second lowest spending relative to GDP in South America following Argentina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; More recently, the Armed Forces of Peru have been used in [[:en:Civil_defense|civil defense]]. In 2020, Peru used its military personnel and even reservists to enforce the strict [[:en:Quarantine|quarantine]] measures placed during the [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>30pz2wbrg2oonro1qlkhd53mfy7i1pc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754376</id>
      <parentid>754375</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:41:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* පරිපාලන අංශ */</comment>
      <origin>754376</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="58034" sha1="h4nxmupbpelkcqd78rlbav1u3hyys7v" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
1990 ගණන්වල සිට 2020 ගණන් දක්වා දූෂණ චෝදනා මත පේරු ජනාධිපතිවරුන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකු තනතුරුවලින් ඉවත් කර හෝ සිරගත කර ඇත. ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය තුළ (1990–2000) කැරලි මර්දන ව්‍යාපාරයකදී සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනය කළ ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම්වලට අණ දීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් විඳිමින් සිටියේය. පසුව ඔහු දූෂණයට ද වැරදිකරු විය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා (1985–1990 සහ 2006–2011) 2019 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් අල්ලස් යෝජනා ක්‍රමයට සහභාගී වූ බවට චෝදනා මත පේරු පොලිසිය ඔහුව අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීමට පැමිණි විට සියදිවි නසා ගත්තේය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ඔහුගේ රජය (2001–2006) තුළ බ්‍රසීලියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සමාගමක් වන ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා (2011–2016) ද ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය අතරතුර ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හුමාලාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි (2016–2018) නිවාස අඩස්සියේ පසුවන අතර, ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් සමඟ ගිවිසුම්වලට පක්ෂව නඩු පවරන්නන් ඔහු ගැන විමර්ශනය කරයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා (2018–2020) වසර ගණනාවකට පෙර ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙකු ලෙස සිටියදී අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට මාධ්‍ය වාර්තා චෝදනා කිරීමෙන් පසු කොංග්‍රසය විසින් මතභේදාත්මක ලෙස නෙරපා හරින ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එහි හැසිරීම අනුමත නොකළද, නීති සම්පාදකයින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මුක්තිය සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රතිලාභ සඳහා තම කාර්යාලය භාවිතා කරන බැවින් කොංග්‍රසය පුරා දූෂණය ද පැතිර පවතී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

Peru is divided into 26 units: [[:en:Regions_of_Peru#History|24 departments]], the [[:en:Constitutional_Province_of_Callao|Constitutional Province of Callao]] and the [[:en:Lima_Province|Province of Lima]] (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the [[:en:Capital_city|country's capital]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected &quot;regional&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} government composed of the regional governor and the [[:en:Regions_of_Peru|regional council]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The governor constitutes the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive body]], proposes [[:en:Budget|budgets]], and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Regional Council, the region's [[:en:Legislature|legislative body]], debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Provinces such as [[:en:Lima|Lima]] are administered by a [[:en:Municipal_council|municipal council]], headed by a mayor.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the [[:en:Decentralization|decentralization]] process and still influence local politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some areas of Peru are defined as [[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru|metropolitan areas]] which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]], is the seventh-[[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas|largest metropolis in the Americas]].

පේරු ඒකක 26 කට බෙදා ඇත: දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 ක්, කැලාඕ ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත පළාත සහ ලීමා පළාත (LIM) - එය ඕනෑම කලාපයකින් ස්වාධීන වන අතර රටේ අගනුවර ලෙස සේවය කරයි. [28] ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 සහ කැලාඕ පළාතට ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාවෙන් සමන්විත තේරී පත් වූ &quot;ප්‍රාදේශීය&quot; [a] රජයක් ඇත. [29] [30]

ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විධායක ආයතනය පිහිටුවන අතර, අයවැය යෝජනා කරන අතර, නියෝග, යෝජනා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය කරයි. [31] කලාපයේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ආයතනය වන ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව, අයවැය පිළිබඳ විවාද සහ ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කරයි, ප්‍රාදේශීය නිලධාරීන් අධීක්ෂණය කරයි, සහ ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා, නියෝජ්‍ය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා හෝ කවුන්සිලයේ ඕනෑම සාමාජිකයෙකු ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට ඡන්දය දිය හැකිය. ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර හතරක කාලයක් සේවය කරයි. මෙම රජයන් කලාපීය සංවර්ධනය සැලසුම් කරයි, රාජ්‍ය ආයෝජන ව්‍යාපෘති ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි, ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරයි සහ පොදු දේපළ කළමනාකරණය කරයි.[32] [33]

ලීමා වැනි පළාත් නගරාධිපතිවරයෙකුගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් නාගරික සභාවක් විසින් පරිපාලනය කරනු ලැබේ.[34] ප්‍රාදේශීය සහ නාගරික ආණ්ඩු වෙත බලය බෙදා හැරීමේ ඉලක්කය වූයේ මහජන සහභාගීත්වය වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමයි. රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන විමධ්‍යගත කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියේදී වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළ අතර තවමත් ප්‍රාදේශීය දේශපාලනයට බලපෑම් කරයි.[35][36]

පේරු හි සමහර ප්‍රදේශ දිස්ත්‍රික් ප්‍රදේශ අතිච්ඡාදනය වන අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. ඒවායින් විශාලතම ප්‍රදේශය වන ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය ඇමරිකාවේ හත්වන විශාලතම අගනගරය වේ.

විදේශීය සභාතා

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
Over recent decades, [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Peru|Peru's foreign relations]] has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly through the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], and the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]] (OAS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is an active member of several [[:en:Trade_bloc|regional trade blocs]] and is one of the founding members of the [[:en:Andean_Community_of_Nations|Andean Community of Nations]]. It is also a member of international organizations such as the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|OAS]] and the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar|Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as [[:en:Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] from 1981 to 1991.

Peru planned to be fully integrated into the [[:en:OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru is a member of the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the [[:en:United_States_-_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:China–Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement|China–Peru Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:European_Union_free_trade_agreements|European Union Free Trade Agreement]], free trade agreements with Japan, and many others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], and the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[:en:Chile–Peru_relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[:en:Peru_v_Chile|Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[:en:Chilean–Peruvian_maritime_dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[:en:Crisis_in_Venezuela|crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[:en:Lima_Group|Lima Group]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[:en:Global_Peace_Index|Global Peace Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු හි විදේශ සබඳතා ඓතිහාසිකව එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ ආසියාව සමඟ සමීප සබඳතා මගින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි,[37] විශේෂයෙන් ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව (APEC), ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානය, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, මර්කෝසූර් සහ ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය (OAS) හරහා.[38] පේරු යනු කලාපීය වෙළඳ කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාවේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකි. එය OAS සහ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය වැනි ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවිධානවල ද සාමාජිකයෙකි.[39] කීර්තිමත් පේරු රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකයෙකු වන ජේවියර් පෙරෙස් ද කුයෙලර් 1981 සිට 1991 දක්වා එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහලේකම්වරයා ලෙස සේවය කළේය.

2021 වන විට පේරු ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව සහ සංවර්ධනය සඳහා වූ සංවිධානයට (OECD) සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වීමට සැලසුම් කළ අතර, එහි ආර්ථික සාර්ථකත්වය සහ ආයතන ශක්තිමත් කිරීමට දරන උත්සාහයන් OECD හි කොටසක් වීමට සාධක ලෙස ආරෝපණය කළේය.[40][41] පේරු ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර, මෑතකදී පේරු-එක්සත් ජනපද නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, චීන-පේරු නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, ජපානය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් සහ තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රධාන නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් අනුගමනය කර ඇත.[42][43]

පේරු අනෙකුත් දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පවත්වා ගෙන යන අතර, විවිධ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය ගිවිසුම්වල සාමාජිකයෙකි, මෑතකදී ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය, මර්කෝසූර්, ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය සහ APEC. පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඓතිහාසිකව චිලී රාජ්‍යය සමඟ ආතති සහගත සබඳතා අත්විඳ ඇති අතර, පේරු එදිරිව චිලී ජාත්‍යන්තර අධිකරණ යෝජනාව සහ චිලී-පේරු සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල ඇතුළුව, සබඳතා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සඳහා කටයුතු කිරීමට දෙරට එකඟ වී ඇත. [44]

ලීමා සමූහය පිහිටුවීම හරහා වෙනිසියුලාවේ අර්බුදය විසඳීම සඳහා පේරු රාජ්‍යය ප්‍රමුඛ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත. [45]

2024 ගෝලීය සාම දර්ශකයට අනුව, පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ 99 වන සාමකාමීම රටයි.[46]

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Their functions are separated by branch:

ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන විශාලතම හමුදාව පේරු සතුය. පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු නාවික හමුදාව (MGP), පේරු හමුදාව (EP) සහ පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව (FAP) සමන්විත වන අතර, 2020 වන විට එහි මුළු කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය 392,660 කි (නිත්‍ය භටයින් 120,660 ක් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් 272,000 ක් ඇතුළුව). [47] ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන මෙහෙවර වන්නේ රටේ ස්වාධීනත්වය, ස්වෛරීභාවය සහ භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි.

ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යයන් ශාඛාව අනුව වෙන් කර ඇත:

* පේරු හමුදාව මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානියා, පාලන ආයතන දෙකක්, සහාය ආයතන දෙකක්, හමුදා කලාප පහක් සහ අණදෙන කාමර හයකින් සමන්විත වේ.
* පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව නිල වශයෙන් 1929 මැයි 20 වන දින පේරු ගුවන් සේවා බලකාය ලෙස නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රධාන කාර්යය වන්නේ රටේ ගුවන් ආරක්ෂාව ලෙස සේවය කිරීමයි. එය ළඟා වීමට අපහසු ජනගහනය සඳහා සමාජ ආධාර ව්‍යාපාරවලට ද සහභාගී වේ, ආපදා වලදී ගුවන් පාලම් සංවිධානය කරයි, සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර සාම මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා සහභාගී වේ. එහි ප්‍රධාන ගුවන් කඳවුරු හතර පියුරා, කැලාඕ, අරෙක්විපා සහ ඉක්විටෝස් නගරවල පිහිටා ඇත.
* පේරු නාවික හමුදාව රටේ සමුද්‍ර, ගංගා සහ විල් ආරක්ෂාව භාරව සිටී. එය නාවිකයින් 26,000 කින් සමන්විත වේ. පිරිස් මට්ටම් තුනකට බෙදා ඇත: උසස් පිරිස්, කනිෂ්ඨ පිරිස් සහ නාවිකයින්.

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.

The military is governed by both the [[:en:President_of_Peru|commander in chief]], [[:en:Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)|Ministry of Defense]], and [[:en:Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru|Joint Command of the Armed Forces]] (CCFFAA). The CCFFAA has subordinates to the Operational Commands and Special Commands, with which it carries out the military operations that are required for the defense and the fulfillment of the tasks that the executive power provides.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Conscription|Conscription]] was abolished in 1999 and replaced by [[:en:Voluntary_military_service|voluntary military service]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[:en:National_Police_of_Peru|National Police of Peru]] is often classified as a part of the armed forces. However, it has a distinct organizational structure and a purely civilian mandate. Its training and operations, particularly over the past two decades as an anti-terrorist unit, have imbued it with distinctly military traits, leading to its portrayal as a de facto fourth military branch with substantial land, sea, and air capabilities, and a work force of around 140,000 individuals.The Peruvian armed forces report through the Ministry of Defense, while the National Police of Peru reports through the Ministry of Interior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since the end of the [[:en:Internal_conflict_in_Peru|crisis in Peru]] in 2000, the federal government has significantly reduced annual spending in defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2016–2017 budget, defense spending has constituted 1.1% of GDP ($2.3&amp;nbsp;billion), the second lowest spending relative to GDP in South America following Argentina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; More recently, the Armed Forces of Peru have been used in [[:en:Civil_defense|civil defense]]. In 2020, Peru used its military personnel and even reservists to enforce the strict [[:en:Quarantine|quarantine]] measures placed during the [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

හමුදාව පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා, ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය සහ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ඒකාබද්ධ අණදෙන නිලධාරියා (CCFFAA) යන දෙදෙනාම විසිනි. CCFFAA සතුව මෙහෙයුම් අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සහ විශේෂ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් විසින් ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා අවශ්‍ය හමුදා මෙහෙයුම් සහ විධායක බලය සපයන කාර්යයන් ඉටු කිරීම සිදු කරයි. [48] 1999 දී බලහත්කාරයෙන් බඳවා ගැනීම අහෝසි කරන ලද අතර ස්වේච්ඡා හමුදා සේවය මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී. [49] පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය බොහෝ විට සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හි කොටසක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත්, එයට සුවිශේෂී සංවිධානාත්මක ව්‍යුහයක් සහ තනිකරම සිවිල් වරමක් ඇත. එහි පුහුණුව සහ මෙහෙයුම්, විශේෂයෙන් පසුගිය දශක දෙක තුළ ත්‍රස්ත විරෝධී ඒකකයක් ලෙස, එය සුවිශේෂී මිලිටරි ලක්ෂණ වලින් පුරවා ඇති අතර, එය සැලකිය යුතු ගොඩබිම, මුහුද සහ ගුවන් හැකියාවන් සහ පුද්ගලයින් 140,000 ක් පමණ සිටින තථ්‍ය සිව්වන හමුදා ශාඛාවක් ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමට හේතු වේ. පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරන අතර පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය අභ්‍යන්තර කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරයි.[50]

2000 දී පේරු හි අර්බුදය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු, ෆෙඩරල් රජය ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා වාර්ෂික වියදම් සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කර ඇත.[51] 2016–2017 අයවැයෙන්, ආරක්ෂක වියදම් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 1.1%ක් (ඩොලර් බිලියන 2.3ක්) වන අතර එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවෙන් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සාපේක්ෂව දෙවන අඩුම වියදමයි.[52] මෑතකදී, පේරු හි සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සිවිල් ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා යොදා ගෙන ඇත. 2020 දී, COVID-19 වසංගතය අතරතුර තබා ඇති දැඩි නිරෝධායන පියවර ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සිය හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් පවා භාවිතා කළේය.[53]

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>h4nxmupbpelkcqd78rlbav1u3hyys7v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754377</id>
      <parentid>754376</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:45:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* පරිපාලන අංශ */</comment>
      <origin>754377</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="56026" sha1="0wct188dijhhqlw93f5ktvd3m60yubd" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
1990 ගණන්වල සිට 2020 ගණන් දක්වා දූෂණ චෝදනා මත පේරු ජනාධිපතිවරුන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකු තනතුරුවලින් ඉවත් කර හෝ සිරගත කර ඇත. ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය තුළ (1990–2000) කැරලි මර්දන ව්‍යාපාරයකදී සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනය කළ ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම්වලට අණ දීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් විඳිමින් සිටියේය. පසුව ඔහු දූෂණයට ද වැරදිකරු විය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා (1985–1990 සහ 2006–2011) 2019 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් අල්ලස් යෝජනා ක්‍රමයට සහභාගී වූ බවට චෝදනා මත පේරු පොලිසිය ඔහුව අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීමට පැමිණි විට සියදිවි නසා ගත්තේය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ඔහුගේ රජය (2001–2006) තුළ බ්‍රසීලියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සමාගමක් වන ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා (2011–2016) ද ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය අතරතුර ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හුමාලාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි (2016–2018) නිවාස අඩස්සියේ පසුවන අතර, ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් සමඟ ගිවිසුම්වලට පක්ෂව නඩු පවරන්නන් ඔහු ගැන විමර්ශනය කරයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා (2018–2020) වසර ගණනාවකට පෙර ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙකු ලෙස සිටියදී අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට මාධ්‍ය වාර්තා චෝදනා කිරීමෙන් පසු කොංග්‍රසය විසින් මතභේදාත්මක ලෙස නෙරපා හරින ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එහි හැසිරීම අනුමත නොකළද, නීති සම්පාදකයින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මුක්තිය සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රතිලාභ සඳහා තම කාර්යාලය භාවිතා කරන බැවින් කොංග්‍රසය පුරා දූෂණය ද පැතිර පවතී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

Peru is divided into 26 units: [[:en:Regions_of_Peru#History|24 departments]], the [[:en:Constitutional_Province_of_Callao|Constitutional Province of Callao]] and the [[:en:Lima_Province|Province of Lima]] (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the [[:en:Capital_city|country's capital]]. Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected &quot;regional&quot; government composed of the regional governor and the [[:en:Regions_of_Peru|regional council]]

The governor constitutes the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive body]], proposes [[:en:Budget|budgets]], and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs. The Regional Council, the region's [[:en:Legislature|legislative body]], debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property

Provinces such as [[:en:Lima|Lima]] are administered by a [[:en:Municipal_council|municipal council]], headed by a mayor.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the [[:en:Decentralization|decentralization]] process and still influence local politics

Some areas of Peru are defined as [[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru|metropolitan areas]] which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the [[:en:Lima_metropolitan_area|Lima metropolitan area]], is the seventh-[[:en:List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas|largest metropolis in the Americas]].

පේරු ඒකක 26 කට බෙදා ඇත: දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 ක්, කැලාඕ ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත පළාත සහ ලීමා පළාත (LIM) - එය ඕනෑම කලාපයකින් ස්වාධීන වන අතර රටේ අගනුවර ලෙස සේවය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 සහ කැලාඕ පළාතට ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාවෙන් සමන්විත තේරී පත් වූ &quot;ප්‍රාදේශීය&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} රජයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විධායක ආයතනය පිහිටුවන අතර, අයවැය යෝජනා කරන අතර, නියෝග, යෝජනා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; කලාපයේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ආයතනය වන ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව, අයවැය පිළිබඳ විවාද සහ ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කරයි, ප්‍රාදේශීය නිලධාරීන් අධීක්ෂණය කරයි, සහ ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා, නියෝජ්‍ය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා හෝ කවුන්සිලයේ ඕනෑම සාමාජිකයෙකු ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට ඡන්දය දිය හැකිය. ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර හතරක කාලයක් සේවය කරයි. මෙම රජයන් කලාපීය සංවර්ධනය සැලසුම් කරයි, රාජ්‍ය ආයෝජන ව්‍යාපෘති ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි, ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරයි සහ පොදු දේපළ කළමනාකරණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා වැනි පළාත් නගරාධිපතිවරයෙකුගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් නාගරික සභාවක් විසින් පරිපාලනය කරනු ලැබේ.[34] ප්‍රාදේශීය සහ නාගරික ආණ්ඩු වෙත බලය බෙදා හැරීමේ ඉලක්කය වූයේ මහජන සහභාගීත්වය වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමයි. රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන විමධ්‍යගත කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියේදී වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළ අතර තවමත් ප්‍රාදේශීය දේශපාලනයට බලපෑම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි සමහර ප්‍රදේශ දිස්ත්‍රික් ප්‍රදේශ අතිච්ඡාදනය වන අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. ඒවායින් විශාලතම ප්‍රදේශය වන ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය ඇමරිකාවේ හත්වන විශාලතම අගනගරය වේ.

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
Over recent decades, [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Peru|Peru's foreign relations]] has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia, particularly through the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], and the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]] (OAS). Peru is an active member of several [[:en:Trade_bloc|regional trade blocs]] and is one of the founding members of the [[:en:Andean_Community_of_Nations|Andean Community of Nations]]. It is also a member of international organizations such as the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|OAS]] and the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]]. [[:en:Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar|Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as [[:en:Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] from 1981 to 1991.

Peru planned to be fully integrated into the [[:en:OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD. Peru is a member of the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the [[:en:United_States_-_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:China–Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement|China–Peru Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:European_Union_free_trade_agreements|European Union Free Trade Agreement]], free trade agreements with Japan, and many others

මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු හි විදේශ සබඳතා ඓතිහාසිකව එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ ආසියාව සමඟ සමීප සබඳතා මගින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; විශේෂයෙන් ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව (APEC), ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානය, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, මර්කෝසූර් සහ ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය (OAS) හරහා.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු යනු කලාපීය වෙළඳ කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාවේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකි. එය OAS සහ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය වැනි ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවිධානවල ද සාමාජිකයෙකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; කීර්තිමත් පේරු රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකයෙකු වන ජේවියර් පෙරෙස් ද කුයෙලර් 1981 සිට 1991 දක්වා එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහලේකම්වරයා ලෙස සේවය කළේය.

2021 වන විට පේරු ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව සහ සංවර්ධනය සඳහා වූ සංවිධානයට (OECD) සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වීමට සැලසුම් කළ අතර, එහි ආර්ථික සාර්ථකත්වය සහ ආයතන ශක්තිමත් කිරීමට දරන උත්සාහයන් OECD හි කොටසක් වීමට සාධක ලෙස ආරෝපණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර, මෑතකදී පේරු-එක්සත් ජනපද නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, චීන-පේරු නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, ජපානය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් සහ තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රධාන නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් අනුගමනය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], and the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[:en:Chile–Peru_relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[:en:Peru_v_Chile|Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[:en:Chilean–Peruvian_maritime_dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[:en:Crisis_in_Venezuela|crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[:en:Lima_Group|Lima Group]].

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[:en:Global_Peace_Index|Global Peace Index]].


පේරු අනෙකුත් දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පවත්වා ගෙන යන අතර, විවිධ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය ගිවිසුම්වල සාමාජිකයෙකි, මෑතකදී ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය, මර්කෝසූර්, ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය සහ APEC. පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඓතිහාසිකව චිලී රාජ්‍යය සමඟ ආතති සහගත සබඳතා අත්විඳ ඇති අතර, පේරු එදිරිව චිලී ජාත්‍යන්තර අධිකරණ යෝජනාව සහ චිලී-පේරු සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල ඇතුළුව, සබඳතා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සඳහා කටයුතු කිරීමට දෙරට එකඟ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා සමූහය පිහිටුවීම හරහා වෙනිසියුලාවේ අර්බුදය විසඳීම සඳහා පේරු රාජ්‍යය ප්‍රමුඛ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024 ගෝලීය සාම දර්ශකයට අනුව, පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ 99 වන සාමකාමීම රටයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020. Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Their functions are separated by branch:

ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන විශාලතම හමුදාව පේරු සතුය. පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු නාවික හමුදාව (MGP), පේරු හමුදාව (EP) සහ පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව (FAP) සමන්විත වන අතර, 2020 වන විට එහි මුළු කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය 392,660 කි (නිත්‍ය භටයින් 120,660 ක් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් 272,000 ක් ඇතුළුව).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන මෙහෙවර වන්නේ රටේ ස්වාධීනත්වය, ස්වෛරීභාවය සහ භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි.

ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යයන් ශාඛාව අනුව වෙන් කර ඇත:

* පේරු හමුදාව මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානියා, පාලන ආයතන දෙකක්, සහාය ආයතන දෙකක්, හමුදා කලාප පහක් සහ අණදෙන කාමර හයකින් සමන්විත වේ.
* පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව නිල වශයෙන් 1929 මැයි 20 වන දින පේරු ගුවන් සේවා බලකාය ලෙස නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රධාන කාර්යය වන්නේ රටේ ගුවන් ආරක්ෂාව ලෙස සේවය කිරීමයි. එය ළඟා වීමට අපහසු ජනගහනය සඳහා සමාජ ආධාර ව්‍යාපාරවලට ද සහභාගී වේ, ආපදා වලදී ගුවන් පාලම් සංවිධානය කරයි, සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර සාම මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා සහභාගී වේ. එහි ප්‍රධාන ගුවන් කඳවුරු හතර පියුරා, කැලාඕ, අරෙක්විපා සහ ඉක්විටෝස් නගරවල පිහිටා ඇත.
* පේරු නාවික හමුදාව රටේ සමුද්‍ර, ගංගා සහ විල් ආරක්ෂාව භාරව සිටී. එය නාවිකයින් 26,000 කින් සමන්විත වේ. පිරිස් මට්ටම් තුනකට බෙදා ඇත: උසස් පිරිස්, කනිෂ්ඨ පිරිස් සහ නාවිකයින්.

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.


හමුදාව පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා, ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය සහ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ඒකාබද්ධ අණදෙන නිලධාරියා (CCFFAA) යන දෙදෙනාම විසිනි. CCFFAA සතුව මෙහෙයුම් අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සහ විශේෂ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් විසින් ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා අවශ්‍ය හමුදා මෙහෙයුම් සහ විධායක බලය සපයන කාර්යයන් ඉටු කිරීම සිදු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; 1999 දී බලහත්කාරයෙන් බඳවා ගැනීම අහෝසි කරන ලද අතර ස්වේච්ඡා හමුදා සේවය මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය බොහෝ විට සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හි කොටසක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත්, එයට සුවිශේෂී සංවිධානාත්මක ව්‍යුහයක් සහ තනිකරම සිවිල් වරමක් ඇත. එහි පුහුණුව සහ මෙහෙයුම්, විශේෂයෙන් පසුගිය දශක දෙක තුළ ත්‍රස්ත විරෝධී ඒකකයක් ලෙස, එය සුවිශේෂී මිලිටරි ලක්ෂණ වලින් පුරවා ඇති අතර, එය සැලකිය යුතු ගොඩබිම, මුහුද සහ ගුවන් හැකියාවන් සහ පුද්ගලයින් 140,000 ක් පමණ සිටින තථ්‍ය සිව්වන හමුදා ශාඛාවක් ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමට හේතු වේ. පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරන අතර පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය අභ්‍යන්තර කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000 දී පේරු හි අර්බුදය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු, ෆෙඩරල් රජය ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා වාර්ෂික වියදම් සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016–2017 අයවැයෙන්, ආරක්ෂක වියදම් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 1.1%ක් (ඩොලර් බිලියන 2.3ක්) වන අතර එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවෙන් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සාපේක්ෂව දෙවන අඩුම වියදමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෑතකදී, පේරු හි සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සිවිල් ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා යොදා ගෙන ඇත. 2020 දී, COVID-19 වසංගතය අතරතුර තබා ඇති දැඩි නිරෝධායන පියවර ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සිය හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් පවා භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0wct188dijhhqlw93f5ktvd3m60yubd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754378</id>
      <parentid>754377</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:45:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* පරිපාලන අංශ */</comment>
      <origin>754378</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="55272" sha1="icxp6kfutghawi4lcrad2054wmdk9dh" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
1990 ගණන්වල සිට 2020 ගණන් දක්වා දූෂණ චෝදනා මත පේරු ජනාධිපතිවරුන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකු තනතුරුවලින් ඉවත් කර හෝ සිරගත කර ඇත. ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය තුළ (1990–2000) කැරලි මර්දන ව්‍යාපාරයකදී සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනය කළ ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම්වලට අණ දීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් විඳිමින් සිටියේය. පසුව ඔහු දූෂණයට ද වැරදිකරු විය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා (1985–1990 සහ 2006–2011) 2019 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් අල්ලස් යෝජනා ක්‍රමයට සහභාගී වූ බවට චෝදනා මත පේරු පොලිසිය ඔහුව අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීමට පැමිණි විට සියදිවි නසා ගත්තේය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ඔහුගේ රජය (2001–2006) තුළ බ්‍රසීලියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සමාගමක් වන ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා (2011–2016) ද ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය අතරතුර ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හුමාලාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි (2016–2018) නිවාස අඩස්සියේ පසුවන අතර, ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් සමඟ ගිවිසුම්වලට පක්ෂව නඩු පවරන්නන් ඔහු ගැන විමර්ශනය කරයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා (2018–2020) වසර ගණනාවකට පෙර ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙකු ලෙස සිටියදී අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට මාධ්‍ය වාර්තා චෝදනා කිරීමෙන් පසු කොංග්‍රසය විසින් මතභේදාත්මක ලෙස නෙරපා හරින ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එහි හැසිරීම අනුමත නොකළද, නීති සම්පාදකයින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මුක්තිය සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රතිලාභ සඳහා තම කාර්යාලය භාවිතා කරන බැවින් කොංග්‍රසය පුරා දූෂණය ද පැතිර පවතී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

Peru is divided into 26 units: [[:en:Regions_of_Peru#History|24 departments]], the [[:en:Constitutional_Province_of_Callao|Constitutional Province of Callao]] and the [[:en:Lima_Province|Province of Lima]] (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the [[:en:Capital_city|country's capital]]. Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected &quot;regional&quot; government composed of the regional governor and the [[:en:Regions_of_Peru|regional council]]

The governor constitutes the [[:en:Executive_(government)|executive body]], proposes [[:en:Budget|budgets]], and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs. The Regional Council, the region's [[:en:Legislature|legislative body]], debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property


පේරු ඒකක 26 කට බෙදා ඇත: දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 ක්, කැලාඕ ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත පළාත සහ ලීමා පළාත (LIM) - එය ඕනෑම කලාපයකින් ස්වාධීන වන අතර රටේ අගනුවර ලෙස සේවය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 සහ කැලාඕ පළාතට ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාවෙන් සමන්විත තේරී පත් වූ &quot;ප්‍රාදේශීය&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} රජයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විධායක ආයතනය පිහිටුවන අතර, අයවැය යෝජනා කරන අතර, නියෝග, යෝජනා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; කලාපයේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ආයතනය වන ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව, අයවැය පිළිබඳ විවාද සහ ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කරයි, ප්‍රාදේශීය නිලධාරීන් අධීක්ෂණය කරයි, සහ ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා, නියෝජ්‍ය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා හෝ කවුන්සිලයේ ඕනෑම සාමාජිකයෙකු ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට ඡන්දය දිය හැකිය. ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර හතරක කාලයක් සේවය කරයි. මෙම රජයන් කලාපීය සංවර්ධනය සැලසුම් කරයි, රාජ්‍ය ආයෝජන ව්‍යාපෘති ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි, ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරයි සහ පොදු දේපළ කළමනාකරණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා වැනි පළාත් නගරාධිපතිවරයෙකුගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් නාගරික සභාවක් විසින් පරිපාලනය කරනු ලැබේ.[34] ප්‍රාදේශීය සහ නාගරික ආණ්ඩු වෙත බලය බෙදා හැරීමේ ඉලක්කය වූයේ මහජන සහභාගීත්වය වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමයි. රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන විමධ්‍යගත කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියේදී වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළ අතර තවමත් ප්‍රාදේශීය දේශපාලනයට බලපෑම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි සමහර ප්‍රදේශ දිස්ත්‍රික් ප්‍රදේශ අතිච්ඡාදනය වන අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. ඒවායින් විශාලතම ප්‍රදේශය වන ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය ඇමරිකාවේ හත්වන විශාලතම අගනගරය වේ.

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
Over recent decades, [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Peru|Peru's foreign relations]] has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia, particularly through the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], and the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]] (OAS). Peru is an active member of several [[:en:Trade_bloc|regional trade blocs]] and is one of the founding members of the [[:en:Andean_Community_of_Nations|Andean Community of Nations]]. It is also a member of international organizations such as the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|OAS]] and the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]]. [[:en:Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar|Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as [[:en:Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] from 1981 to 1991.

Peru planned to be fully integrated into the [[:en:OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD. Peru is a member of the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the [[:en:United_States_-_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:China–Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement|China–Peru Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:European_Union_free_trade_agreements|European Union Free Trade Agreement]], free trade agreements with Japan, and many others

මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු හි විදේශ සබඳතා ඓතිහාසිකව එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ ආසියාව සමඟ සමීප සබඳතා මගින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; විශේෂයෙන් ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව (APEC), ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානය, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, මර්කෝසූර් සහ ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය (OAS) හරහා.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු යනු කලාපීය වෙළඳ කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාවේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකි. එය OAS සහ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය වැනි ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවිධානවල ද සාමාජිකයෙකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; කීර්තිමත් පේරු රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකයෙකු වන ජේවියර් පෙරෙස් ද කුයෙලර් 1981 සිට 1991 දක්වා එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහලේකම්වරයා ලෙස සේවය කළේය.

2021 වන විට පේරු ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව සහ සංවර්ධනය සඳහා වූ සංවිධානයට (OECD) සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වීමට සැලසුම් කළ අතර, එහි ආර්ථික සාර්ථකත්වය සහ ආයතන ශක්තිමත් කිරීමට දරන උත්සාහයන් OECD හි කොටසක් වීමට සාධක ලෙස ආරෝපණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර, මෑතකදී පේරු-එක්සත් ජනපද නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, චීන-පේරු නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, ජපානය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් සහ තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රධාන නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් අනුගමනය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], and the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[:en:Chile–Peru_relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[:en:Peru_v_Chile|Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[:en:Chilean–Peruvian_maritime_dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[:en:Crisis_in_Venezuela|crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[:en:Lima_Group|Lima Group]].

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[:en:Global_Peace_Index|Global Peace Index]].


පේරු අනෙකුත් දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පවත්වා ගෙන යන අතර, විවිධ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය ගිවිසුම්වල සාමාජිකයෙකි, මෑතකදී ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය, මර්කෝසූර්, ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය සහ APEC. පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඓතිහාසිකව චිලී රාජ්‍යය සමඟ ආතති සහගත සබඳතා අත්විඳ ඇති අතර, පේරු එදිරිව චිලී ජාත්‍යන්තර අධිකරණ යෝජනාව සහ චිලී-පේරු සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල ඇතුළුව, සබඳතා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සඳහා කටයුතු කිරීමට දෙරට එකඟ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා සමූහය පිහිටුවීම හරහා වෙනිසියුලාවේ අර්බුදය විසඳීම සඳහා පේරු රාජ්‍යය ප්‍රමුඛ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024 ගෝලීය සාම දර්ශකයට අනුව, පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ 99 වන සාමකාමීම රටයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020. Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Their functions are separated by branch:

ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන විශාලතම හමුදාව පේරු සතුය. පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු නාවික හමුදාව (MGP), පේරු හමුදාව (EP) සහ පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව (FAP) සමන්විත වන අතර, 2020 වන විට එහි මුළු කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය 392,660 කි (නිත්‍ය භටයින් 120,660 ක් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් 272,000 ක් ඇතුළුව).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන මෙහෙවර වන්නේ රටේ ස්වාධීනත්වය, ස්වෛරීභාවය සහ භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි.

ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යයන් ශාඛාව අනුව වෙන් කර ඇත:

* පේරු හමුදාව මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානියා, පාලන ආයතන දෙකක්, සහාය ආයතන දෙකක්, හමුදා කලාප පහක් සහ අණදෙන කාමර හයකින් සමන්විත වේ.
* පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව නිල වශයෙන් 1929 මැයි 20 වන දින පේරු ගුවන් සේවා බලකාය ලෙස නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රධාන කාර්යය වන්නේ රටේ ගුවන් ආරක්ෂාව ලෙස සේවය කිරීමයි. එය ළඟා වීමට අපහසු ජනගහනය සඳහා සමාජ ආධාර ව්‍යාපාරවලට ද සහභාගී වේ, ආපදා වලදී ගුවන් පාලම් සංවිධානය කරයි, සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර සාම මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා සහභාගී වේ. එහි ප්‍රධාන ගුවන් කඳවුරු හතර පියුරා, කැලාඕ, අරෙක්විපා සහ ඉක්විටෝස් නගරවල පිහිටා ඇත.
* පේරු නාවික හමුදාව රටේ සමුද්‍ර, ගංගා සහ විල් ආරක්ෂාව භාරව සිටී. එය නාවිකයින් 26,000 කින් සමන්විත වේ. පිරිස් මට්ටම් තුනකට බෙදා ඇත: උසස් පිරිස්, කනිෂ්ඨ පිරිස් සහ නාවිකයින්.

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.


හමුදාව පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා, ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය සහ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ඒකාබද්ධ අණදෙන නිලධාරියා (CCFFAA) යන දෙදෙනාම විසිනි. CCFFAA සතුව මෙහෙයුම් අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සහ විශේෂ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් විසින් ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා අවශ්‍ය හමුදා මෙහෙයුම් සහ විධායක බලය සපයන කාර්යයන් ඉටු කිරීම සිදු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; 1999 දී බලහත්කාරයෙන් බඳවා ගැනීම අහෝසි කරන ලද අතර ස්වේච්ඡා හමුදා සේවය මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය බොහෝ විට සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හි කොටසක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත්, එයට සුවිශේෂී සංවිධානාත්මක ව්‍යුහයක් සහ තනිකරම සිවිල් වරමක් ඇත. එහි පුහුණුව සහ මෙහෙයුම්, විශේෂයෙන් පසුගිය දශක දෙක තුළ ත්‍රස්ත විරෝධී ඒකකයක් ලෙස, එය සුවිශේෂී මිලිටරි ලක්ෂණ වලින් පුරවා ඇති අතර, එය සැලකිය යුතු ගොඩබිම, මුහුද සහ ගුවන් හැකියාවන් සහ පුද්ගලයින් 140,000 ක් පමණ සිටින තථ්‍ය සිව්වන හමුදා ශාඛාවක් ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමට හේතු වේ. පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරන අතර පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය අභ්‍යන්තර කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000 දී පේරු හි අර්බුදය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු, ෆෙඩරල් රජය ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා වාර්ෂික වියදම් සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016–2017 අයවැයෙන්, ආරක්ෂක වියදම් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 1.1%ක් (ඩොලර් බිලියන 2.3ක්) වන අතර එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවෙන් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සාපේක්ෂව දෙවන අඩුම වියදමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෑතකදී, පේරු හි සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සිවිල් ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා යොදා ගෙන ඇත. 2020 දී, COVID-19 වසංගතය අතරතුර තබා ඇති දැඩි නිරෝධායන පියවර ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සිය හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් පවා භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>icxp6kfutghawi4lcrad2054wmdk9dh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754379</id>
      <parentid>754378</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:46:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* පරිපාලන අංශ */</comment>
      <origin>754379</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="54137" sha1="2794s4z7lxcqbcsonjeiitrx2vmpbn3" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
1990 ගණන්වල සිට 2020 ගණන් දක්වා දූෂණ චෝදනා මත පේරු ජනාධිපතිවරුන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකු තනතුරුවලින් ඉවත් කර හෝ සිරගත කර ඇත. ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය තුළ (1990–2000) කැරලි මර්දන ව්‍යාපාරයකදී සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනය කළ ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම්වලට අණ දීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් විඳිමින් සිටියේය. පසුව ඔහු දූෂණයට ද වැරදිකරු විය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා (1985–1990 සහ 2006–2011) 2019 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් අල්ලස් යෝජනා ක්‍රමයට සහභාගී වූ බවට චෝදනා මත පේරු පොලිසිය ඔහුව අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීමට පැමිණි විට සියදිවි නසා ගත්තේය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ඔහුගේ රජය (2001–2006) තුළ බ්‍රසීලියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සමාගමක් වන ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා (2011–2016) ද ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය අතරතුර ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හුමාලාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි (2016–2018) නිවාස අඩස්සියේ පසුවන අතර, ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් සමඟ ගිවිසුම්වලට පක්ෂව නඩු පවරන්නන් ඔහු ගැන විමර්ශනය කරයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා (2018–2020) වසර ගණනාවකට පෙර ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙකු ලෙස සිටියදී අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට මාධ්‍ය වාර්තා චෝදනා කිරීමෙන් පසු කොංග්‍රසය විසින් මතභේදාත්මක ලෙස නෙරපා හරින ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එහි හැසිරීම අනුමත නොකළද, නීති සම්පාදකයින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මුක්තිය සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රතිලාභ සඳහා තම කාර්යාලය භාවිතා කරන බැවින් කොංග්‍රසය පුරා දූෂණය ද පැතිර පවතී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

පේරු ඒකක 26 කට බෙදා ඇත: දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 ක්, කැලාඕ ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත පළාත සහ ලීමා පළාත (LIM) - එය ඕනෑම කලාපයකින් ස්වාධීන වන අතර රටේ අගනුවර ලෙස සේවය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 සහ කැලාඕ පළාතට ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාවෙන් සමන්විත තේරී පත් වූ &quot;ප්‍රාදේශීය&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} රජයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විධායක ආයතනය පිහිටුවන අතර, අයවැය යෝජනා කරන අතර, නියෝග, යෝජනා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; කලාපයේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ආයතනය වන ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව, අයවැය පිළිබඳ විවාද සහ ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කරයි, ප්‍රාදේශීය නිලධාරීන් අධීක්ෂණය කරයි, සහ ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා, නියෝජ්‍ය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා හෝ කවුන්සිලයේ ඕනෑම සාමාජිකයෙකු ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට ඡන්දය දිය හැකිය. ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර හතරක කාලයක් සේවය කරයි. මෙම රජයන් කලාපීය සංවර්ධනය සැලසුම් කරයි, රාජ්‍ය ආයෝජන ව්‍යාපෘති ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි, ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරයි සහ පොදු දේපළ කළමනාකරණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා වැනි පළාත් නගරාධිපතිවරයෙකුගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් නාගරික සභාවක් විසින් පරිපාලනය කරනු ලැබේ.[34] ප්‍රාදේශීය සහ නාගරික ආණ්ඩු වෙත බලය බෙදා හැරීමේ ඉලක්කය වූයේ මහජන සහභාගීත්වය වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමයි. රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන විමධ්‍යගත කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියේදී වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළ අතර තවමත් ප්‍රාදේශීය දේශපාලනයට බලපෑම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි සමහර ප්‍රදේශ දිස්ත්‍රික් ප්‍රදේශ අතිච්ඡාදනය වන අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. ඒවායින් විශාලතම ප්‍රදේශය වන ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය ඇමරිකාවේ හත්වන විශාලතම අගනගරය වේ.

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
Over recent decades, [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Peru|Peru's foreign relations]] has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia, particularly through the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], and the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]] (OAS). Peru is an active member of several [[:en:Trade_bloc|regional trade blocs]] and is one of the founding members of the [[:en:Andean_Community_of_Nations|Andean Community of Nations]]. It is also a member of international organizations such as the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|OAS]] and the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]]. [[:en:Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar|Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as [[:en:Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] from 1981 to 1991.

Peru planned to be fully integrated into the [[:en:OECD|Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD. Peru is a member of the [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|World Trade Organization]], and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the [[:en:United_States_-_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement|Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:China–Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement|China–Peru Free Trade Agreement]], the [[:en:European_Union_free_trade_agreements|European Union Free Trade Agreement]], free trade agreements with Japan, and many others

මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු හි විදේශ සබඳතා ඓතිහාසිකව එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ ආසියාව සමඟ සමීප සබඳතා මගින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; විශේෂයෙන් ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව (APEC), ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානය, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, මර්කෝසූර් සහ ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය (OAS) හරහා.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු යනු කලාපීය වෙළඳ කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාවේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකි. එය OAS සහ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය වැනි ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවිධානවල ද සාමාජිකයෙකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; කීර්තිමත් පේරු රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකයෙකු වන ජේවියර් පෙරෙස් ද කුයෙලර් 1981 සිට 1991 දක්වා එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහලේකම්වරයා ලෙස සේවය කළේය.

2021 වන විට පේරු ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව සහ සංවර්ධනය සඳහා වූ සංවිධානයට (OECD) සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වීමට සැලසුම් කළ අතර, එහි ආර්ථික සාර්ථකත්වය සහ ආයතන ශක්තිමත් කිරීමට දරන උත්සාහයන් OECD හි කොටසක් වීමට සාධක ලෙස ආරෝපණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර, මෑතකදී පේරු-එක්සත් ජනපද නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, චීන-පේරු නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, ජපානය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් සහ තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රධාන නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් අනුගමනය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], and the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[:en:Chile–Peru_relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[:en:Peru_v_Chile|Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[:en:Chilean–Peruvian_maritime_dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[:en:Crisis_in_Venezuela|crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[:en:Lima_Group|Lima Group]].

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[:en:Global_Peace_Index|Global Peace Index]].


පේරු අනෙකුත් දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පවත්වා ගෙන යන අතර, විවිධ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය ගිවිසුම්වල සාමාජිකයෙකි, මෑතකදී ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය, මර්කෝසූර්, ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය සහ APEC. පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඓතිහාසිකව චිලී රාජ්‍යය සමඟ ආතති සහගත සබඳතා අත්විඳ ඇති අතර, පේරු එදිරිව චිලී ජාත්‍යන්තර අධිකරණ යෝජනාව සහ චිලී-පේරු සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල ඇතුළුව, සබඳතා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සඳහා කටයුතු කිරීමට දෙරට එකඟ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා සමූහය පිහිටුවීම හරහා වෙනිසියුලාවේ අර්බුදය විසඳීම සඳහා පේරු රාජ්‍යය ප්‍රමුඛ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024 ගෝලීය සාම දර්ශකයට අනුව, පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ 99 වන සාමකාමීම රටයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020. Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Their functions are separated by branch:

ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන විශාලතම හමුදාව පේරු සතුය. පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු නාවික හමුදාව (MGP), පේරු හමුදාව (EP) සහ පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව (FAP) සමන්විත වන අතර, 2020 වන විට එහි මුළු කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය 392,660 කි (නිත්‍ය භටයින් 120,660 ක් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් 272,000 ක් ඇතුළුව).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන මෙහෙවර වන්නේ රටේ ස්වාධීනත්වය, ස්වෛරීභාවය සහ භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි.

ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යයන් ශාඛාව අනුව වෙන් කර ඇත:

* පේරු හමුදාව මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානියා, පාලන ආයතන දෙකක්, සහාය ආයතන දෙකක්, හමුදා කලාප පහක් සහ අණදෙන කාමර හයකින් සමන්විත වේ.
* පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව නිල වශයෙන් 1929 මැයි 20 වන දින පේරු ගුවන් සේවා බලකාය ලෙස නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රධාන කාර්යය වන්නේ රටේ ගුවන් ආරක්ෂාව ලෙස සේවය කිරීමයි. එය ළඟා වීමට අපහසු ජනගහනය සඳහා සමාජ ආධාර ව්‍යාපාරවලට ද සහභාගී වේ, ආපදා වලදී ගුවන් පාලම් සංවිධානය කරයි, සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර සාම මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා සහභාගී වේ. එහි ප්‍රධාන ගුවන් කඳවුරු හතර පියුරා, කැලාඕ, අරෙක්විපා සහ ඉක්විටෝස් නගරවල පිහිටා ඇත.
* පේරු නාවික හමුදාව රටේ සමුද්‍ර, ගංගා සහ විල් ආරක්ෂාව භාරව සිටී. එය නාවිකයින් 26,000 කින් සමන්විත වේ. පිරිස් මට්ටම් තුනකට බෙදා ඇත: උසස් පිරිස්, කනිෂ්ඨ පිරිස් සහ නාවිකයින්.

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.


හමුදාව පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා, ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය සහ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ඒකාබද්ධ අණදෙන නිලධාරියා (CCFFAA) යන දෙදෙනාම විසිනි. CCFFAA සතුව මෙහෙයුම් අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සහ විශේෂ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් විසින් ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා අවශ්‍ය හමුදා මෙහෙයුම් සහ විධායක බලය සපයන කාර්යයන් ඉටු කිරීම සිදු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; 1999 දී බලහත්කාරයෙන් බඳවා ගැනීම අහෝසි කරන ලද අතර ස්වේච්ඡා හමුදා සේවය මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය බොහෝ විට සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හි කොටසක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත්, එයට සුවිශේෂී සංවිධානාත්මක ව්‍යුහයක් සහ තනිකරම සිවිල් වරමක් ඇත. එහි පුහුණුව සහ මෙහෙයුම්, විශේෂයෙන් පසුගිය දශක දෙක තුළ ත්‍රස්ත විරෝධී ඒකකයක් ලෙස, එය සුවිශේෂී මිලිටරි ලක්ෂණ වලින් පුරවා ඇති අතර, එය සැලකිය යුතු ගොඩබිම, මුහුද සහ ගුවන් හැකියාවන් සහ පුද්ගලයින් 140,000 ක් පමණ සිටින තථ්‍ය සිව්වන හමුදා ශාඛාවක් ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමට හේතු වේ. පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරන අතර පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය අභ්‍යන්තර කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000 දී පේරු හි අර්බුදය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු, ෆෙඩරල් රජය ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා වාර්ෂික වියදම් සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016–2017 අයවැයෙන්, ආරක්ෂක වියදම් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 1.1%ක් (ඩොලර් බිලියන 2.3ක්) වන අතර එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවෙන් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සාපේක්ෂව දෙවන අඩුම වියදමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෑතකදී, පේරු හි සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සිවිල් ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා යොදා ගෙන ඇත. 2020 දී, COVID-19 වසංගතය අතරතුර තබා ඇති දැඩි නිරෝධායන පියවර ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සිය හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් පවා භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2794s4z7lxcqbcsonjeiitrx2vmpbn3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754380</id>
      <parentid>754379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:46:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* විදේශ සබඳතා */</comment>
      <origin>754380</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="52387" sha1="nq3xa9vlrqy6mnvdhqh4yi6cwn6yljs" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
1990 ගණන්වල සිට 2020 ගණන් දක්වා දූෂණ චෝදනා මත පේරු ජනාධිපතිවරුන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකු තනතුරුවලින් ඉවත් කර හෝ සිරගත කර ඇත. ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය තුළ (1990–2000) කැරලි මර්දන ව්‍යාපාරයකදී සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනය කළ ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම්වලට අණ දීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් විඳිමින් සිටියේය. පසුව ඔහු දූෂණයට ද වැරදිකරු විය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා (1985–1990 සහ 2006–2011) 2019 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් අල්ලස් යෝජනා ක්‍රමයට සහභාගී වූ බවට චෝදනා මත පේරු පොලිසිය ඔහුව අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීමට පැමිණි විට සියදිවි නසා ගත්තේය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ඔහුගේ රජය (2001–2006) තුළ බ්‍රසීලියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සමාගමක් වන ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා (2011–2016) ද ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය අතරතුර ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හුමාලාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි (2016–2018) නිවාස අඩස්සියේ පසුවන අතර, ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් සමඟ ගිවිසුම්වලට පක්ෂව නඩු පවරන්නන් ඔහු ගැන විමර්ශනය කරයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා (2018–2020) වසර ගණනාවකට පෙර ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙකු ලෙස සිටියදී අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට මාධ්‍ය වාර්තා චෝදනා කිරීමෙන් පසු කොංග්‍රසය විසින් මතභේදාත්මක ලෙස නෙරපා හරින ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එහි හැසිරීම අනුමත නොකළද, නීති සම්පාදකයින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මුක්තිය සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රතිලාභ සඳහා තම කාර්යාලය භාවිතා කරන බැවින් කොංග්‍රසය පුරා දූෂණය ද පැතිර පවතී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

පේරු ඒකක 26 කට බෙදා ඇත: දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 ක්, කැලාඕ ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත පළාත සහ ලීමා පළාත (LIM) - එය ඕනෑම කලාපයකින් ස්වාධීන වන අතර රටේ අගනුවර ලෙස සේවය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 සහ කැලාඕ පළාතට ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාවෙන් සමන්විත තේරී පත් වූ &quot;ප්‍රාදේශීය&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} රජයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විධායක ආයතනය පිහිටුවන අතර, අයවැය යෝජනා කරන අතර, නියෝග, යෝජනා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; කලාපයේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ආයතනය වන ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව, අයවැය පිළිබඳ විවාද සහ ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කරයි, ප්‍රාදේශීය නිලධාරීන් අධීක්ෂණය කරයි, සහ ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා, නියෝජ්‍ය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා හෝ කවුන්සිලයේ ඕනෑම සාමාජිකයෙකු ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට ඡන්දය දිය හැකිය. ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර හතරක කාලයක් සේවය කරයි. මෙම රජයන් කලාපීය සංවර්ධනය සැලසුම් කරයි, රාජ්‍ය ආයෝජන ව්‍යාපෘති ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි, ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරයි සහ පොදු දේපළ කළමනාකරණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා වැනි පළාත් නගරාධිපතිවරයෙකුගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් නාගරික සභාවක් විසින් පරිපාලනය කරනු ලැබේ.[34] ප්‍රාදේශීය සහ නාගරික ආණ්ඩු වෙත බලය බෙදා හැරීමේ ඉලක්කය වූයේ මහජන සහභාගීත්වය වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමයි. රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන විමධ්‍යගත කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියේදී වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළ අතර තවමත් ප්‍රාදේශීය දේශපාලනයට බලපෑම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි සමහර ප්‍රදේශ දිස්ත්‍රික් ප්‍රදේශ අතිච්ඡාදනය වන අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. ඒවායින් විශාලතම ප්‍රදේශය වන ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය ඇමරිකාවේ හත්වන විශාලතම අගනගරය වේ.

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු හි විදේශ සබඳතා ඓතිහාසිකව එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ ආසියාව සමඟ සමීප සබඳතා මගින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; විශේෂයෙන් ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව (APEC), ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානය, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, මර්කෝසූර් සහ ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය (OAS) හරහා.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු යනු කලාපීය වෙළඳ කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාවේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකි. එය OAS සහ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය වැනි ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවිධානවල ද සාමාජිකයෙකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; කීර්තිමත් පේරු රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකයෙකු වන ජේවියර් පෙරෙස් ද කුයෙලර් 1981 සිට 1991 දක්වා එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහලේකම්වරයා ලෙස සේවය කළේය.

2021 වන විට පේරු ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව සහ සංවර්ධනය සඳහා වූ සංවිධානයට (OECD) සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වීමට සැලසුම් කළ අතර, එහි ආර්ථික සාර්ථකත්වය සහ ආයතන ශක්තිමත් කිරීමට දරන උත්සාහයන් OECD හි කොටසක් වීමට සාධක ලෙස ආරෝපණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර, මෑතකදී පේරු-එක්සත් ජනපද නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, චීන-පේරු නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, ජපානය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් සහ තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රධාන නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් අනුගමනය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the [[:en:Organization_of_American_States|Organization of American States]], [[:en:Mercosur|Mercosur]], the [[:en:Andean_Community|Andean Community]] of Nations, the [[:en:Pacific_Alliance|Pacific Alliance]], and the [[:en:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation|APEC]]. Peru has historically experienced [[:en:Chile–Peru_relations|stressed relations with Chile]], including the [[:en:Peru_v_Chile|Peru v Chile]] international court resolution and the [[:en:Chilean–Peruvian_maritime_dispute|Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute]], but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the [[:en:Crisis_in_Venezuela|crisis in Venezuela]] through the establishment of the [[:en:Lima_Group|Lima Group]].

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[:en:Global_Peace_Index|Global Peace Index]].


පේරු අනෙකුත් දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පවත්වා ගෙන යන අතර, විවිධ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය ගිවිසුම්වල සාමාජිකයෙකි, මෑතකදී ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය, මර්කෝසූර්, ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය සහ APEC. පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඓතිහාසිකව චිලී රාජ්‍යය සමඟ ආතති සහගත සබඳතා අත්විඳ ඇති අතර, පේරු එදිරිව චිලී ජාත්‍යන්තර අධිකරණ යෝජනාව සහ චිලී-පේරු සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල ඇතුළුව, සබඳතා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සඳහා කටයුතු කිරීමට දෙරට එකඟ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා සමූහය පිහිටුවීම හරහා වෙනිසියුලාවේ අර්බුදය විසඳීම සඳහා පේරු රාජ්‍යය ප්‍රමුඛ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024 ගෝලීය සාම දර්ශකයට අනුව, පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ 99 වන සාමකාමීම රටයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020. Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Their functions are separated by branch:

ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන විශාලතම හමුදාව පේරු සතුය. පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු නාවික හමුදාව (MGP), පේරු හමුදාව (EP) සහ පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව (FAP) සමන්විත වන අතර, 2020 වන විට එහි මුළු කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය 392,660 කි (නිත්‍ය භටයින් 120,660 ක් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් 272,000 ක් ඇතුළුව).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන මෙහෙවර වන්නේ රටේ ස්වාධීනත්වය, ස්වෛරීභාවය සහ භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි.

ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යයන් ශාඛාව අනුව වෙන් කර ඇත:

* පේරු හමුදාව මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානියා, පාලන ආයතන දෙකක්, සහාය ආයතන දෙකක්, හමුදා කලාප පහක් සහ අණදෙන කාමර හයකින් සමන්විත වේ.
* පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව නිල වශයෙන් 1929 මැයි 20 වන දින පේරු ගුවන් සේවා බලකාය ලෙස නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රධාන කාර්යය වන්නේ රටේ ගුවන් ආරක්ෂාව ලෙස සේවය කිරීමයි. එය ළඟා වීමට අපහසු ජනගහනය සඳහා සමාජ ආධාර ව්‍යාපාරවලට ද සහභාගී වේ, ආපදා වලදී ගුවන් පාලම් සංවිධානය කරයි, සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර සාම මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා සහභාගී වේ. එහි ප්‍රධාන ගුවන් කඳවුරු හතර පියුරා, කැලාඕ, අරෙක්විපා සහ ඉක්විටෝස් නගරවල පිහිටා ඇත.
* පේරු නාවික හමුදාව රටේ සමුද්‍ර, ගංගා සහ විල් ආරක්ෂාව භාරව සිටී. එය නාවිකයින් 26,000 කින් සමන්විත වේ. පිරිස් මට්ටම් තුනකට බෙදා ඇත: උසස් පිරිස්, කනිෂ්ඨ පිරිස් සහ නාවිකයින්.

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.


හමුදාව පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා, ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය සහ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ඒකාබද්ධ අණදෙන නිලධාරියා (CCFFAA) යන දෙදෙනාම විසිනි. CCFFAA සතුව මෙහෙයුම් අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සහ විශේෂ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් විසින් ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා අවශ්‍ය හමුදා මෙහෙයුම් සහ විධායක බලය සපයන කාර්යයන් ඉටු කිරීම සිදු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; 1999 දී බලහත්කාරයෙන් බඳවා ගැනීම අහෝසි කරන ලද අතර ස්වේච්ඡා හමුදා සේවය මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය බොහෝ විට සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හි කොටසක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත්, එයට සුවිශේෂී සංවිධානාත්මක ව්‍යුහයක් සහ තනිකරම සිවිල් වරමක් ඇත. එහි පුහුණුව සහ මෙහෙයුම්, විශේෂයෙන් පසුගිය දශක දෙක තුළ ත්‍රස්ත විරෝධී ඒකකයක් ලෙස, එය සුවිශේෂී මිලිටරි ලක්ෂණ වලින් පුරවා ඇති අතර, එය සැලකිය යුතු ගොඩබිම, මුහුද සහ ගුවන් හැකියාවන් සහ පුද්ගලයින් 140,000 ක් පමණ සිටින තථ්‍ය සිව්වන හමුදා ශාඛාවක් ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමට හේතු වේ. පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරන අතර පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය අභ්‍යන්තර කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000 දී පේරු හි අර්බුදය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු, ෆෙඩරල් රජය ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා වාර්ෂික වියදම් සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016–2017 අයවැයෙන්, ආරක්ෂක වියදම් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 1.1%ක් (ඩොලර් බිලියන 2.3ක්) වන අතර එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවෙන් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සාපේක්ෂව දෙවන අඩුම වියදමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෑතකදී, පේරු හි සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සිවිල් ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා යොදා ගෙන ඇත. 2020 දී, COVID-19 වසංගතය අතරතුර තබා ඇති දැඩි නිරෝධායන පියවර ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සිය හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් පවා භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nq3xa9vlrqy6mnvdhqh4yi6cwn6yljs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754381</id>
      <parentid>754380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:47:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* විදේශ සබඳතා */</comment>
      <origin>754381</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51328" sha1="qai960xwzcq2tw8plp4o86gg0p9hvfu" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
1990 ගණන්වල සිට 2020 ගණන් දක්වා දූෂණ චෝදනා මත පේරු ජනාධිපතිවරුන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකු තනතුරුවලින් ඉවත් කර හෝ සිරගත කර ඇත. ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය තුළ (1990–2000) කැරලි මර්දන ව්‍යාපාරයකදී සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනය කළ ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම්වලට අණ දීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් විඳිමින් සිටියේය. පසුව ඔහු දූෂණයට ද වැරදිකරු විය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා (1985–1990 සහ 2006–2011) 2019 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් අල්ලස් යෝජනා ක්‍රමයට සහභාගී වූ බවට චෝදනා මත පේරු පොලිසිය ඔහුව අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීමට පැමිණි විට සියදිවි නසා ගත්තේය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ඔහුගේ රජය (2001–2006) තුළ බ්‍රසීලියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සමාගමක් වන ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා (2011–2016) ද ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය අතරතුර ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හුමාලාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි (2016–2018) නිවාස අඩස්සියේ පසුවන අතර, ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් සමඟ ගිවිසුම්වලට පක්ෂව නඩු පවරන්නන් ඔහු ගැන විමර්ශනය කරයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා (2018–2020) වසර ගණනාවකට පෙර ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙකු ලෙස සිටියදී අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට මාධ්‍ය වාර්තා චෝදනා කිරීමෙන් පසු කොංග්‍රසය විසින් මතභේදාත්මක ලෙස නෙරපා හරින ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එහි හැසිරීම අනුමත නොකළද, නීති සම්පාදකයින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මුක්තිය සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රතිලාභ සඳහා තම කාර්යාලය භාවිතා කරන බැවින් කොංග්‍රසය පුරා දූෂණය ද පැතිර පවතී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

පේරු ඒකක 26 කට බෙදා ඇත: දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 ක්, කැලාඕ ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත පළාත සහ ලීමා පළාත (LIM) - එය ඕනෑම කලාපයකින් ස්වාධීන වන අතර රටේ අගනුවර ලෙස සේවය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 සහ කැලාඕ පළාතට ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාවෙන් සමන්විත තේරී පත් වූ &quot;ප්‍රාදේශීය&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} රජයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විධායක ආයතනය පිහිටුවන අතර, අයවැය යෝජනා කරන අතර, නියෝග, යෝජනා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; කලාපයේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ආයතනය වන ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව, අයවැය පිළිබඳ විවාද සහ ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කරයි, ප්‍රාදේශීය නිලධාරීන් අධීක්ෂණය කරයි, සහ ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා, නියෝජ්‍ය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා හෝ කවුන්සිලයේ ඕනෑම සාමාජිකයෙකු ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට ඡන්දය දිය හැකිය. ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර හතරක කාලයක් සේවය කරයි. මෙම රජයන් කලාපීය සංවර්ධනය සැලසුම් කරයි, රාජ්‍ය ආයෝජන ව්‍යාපෘති ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි, ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරයි සහ පොදු දේපළ කළමනාකරණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා වැනි පළාත් නගරාධිපතිවරයෙකුගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් නාගරික සභාවක් විසින් පරිපාලනය කරනු ලැබේ.[34] ප්‍රාදේශීය සහ නාගරික ආණ්ඩු වෙත බලය බෙදා හැරීමේ ඉලක්කය වූයේ මහජන සහභාගීත්වය වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමයි. රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන විමධ්‍යගත කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියේදී වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළ අතර තවමත් ප්‍රාදේශීය දේශපාලනයට බලපෑම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි සමහර ප්‍රදේශ දිස්ත්‍රික් ප්‍රදේශ අතිච්ඡාදනය වන අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. ඒවායින් විශාලතම ප්‍රදේශය වන ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය ඇමරිකාවේ හත්වන විශාලතම අගනගරය වේ.

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු හි විදේශ සබඳතා ඓතිහාසිකව එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ ආසියාව සමඟ සමීප සබඳතා මගින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; විශේෂයෙන් ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව (APEC), ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානය, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, මර්කෝසූර් සහ ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය (OAS) හරහා.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු යනු කලාපීය වෙළඳ කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාවේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකි. එය OAS සහ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය වැනි ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවිධානවල ද සාමාජිකයෙකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; කීර්තිමත් පේරු රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකයෙකු වන ජේවියර් පෙරෙස් ද කුයෙලර් 1981 සිට 1991 දක්වා එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහලේකම්වරයා ලෙස සේවය කළේය.

2021 වන විට පේරු ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව සහ සංවර්ධනය සඳහා වූ සංවිධානයට (OECD) සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වීමට සැලසුම් කළ අතර, එහි ආර්ථික සාර්ථකත්වය සහ ආයතන ශක්තිමත් කිරීමට දරන උත්සාහයන් OECD හි කොටසක් වීමට සාධක ලෙස ආරෝපණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර, මෑතකදී පේරු-එක්සත් ජනපද නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, චීන-පේරු නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, ජපානය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් සහ තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රධාන නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් අනුගමනය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු අනෙකුත් දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පවත්වා ගෙන යන අතර, විවිධ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය ගිවිසුම්වල සාමාජිකයෙකි, මෑතකදී ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය, මර්කෝසූර්, ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය සහ APEC. පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඓතිහාසිකව චිලී රාජ්‍යය සමඟ ආතති සහගත සබඳතා අත්විඳ ඇති අතර, පේරු එදිරිව චිලී ජාත්‍යන්තර අධිකරණ යෝජනාව සහ චිලී-පේරු සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල ඇතුළුව, සබඳතා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සඳහා කටයුතු කිරීමට දෙරට එකඟ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා සමූහය පිහිටුවීම හරහා වෙනිසියුලාවේ අර්බුදය විසඳීම සඳහා පේරු රාජ්‍යය ප්‍රමුඛ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024 ගෝලීය සාම දර්ශකයට අනුව, පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ 99 වන සාමකාමීම රටයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces{{snd}}the [[:en:Peruvian_Armed_Forces|Armed Forces of Peru]]{{snd}}comprise the [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] (MGP), the [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] (EP), and the [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020. Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Their functions are separated by branch:

ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන විශාලතම හමුදාව පේරු සතුය. පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු නාවික හමුදාව (MGP), පේරු හමුදාව (EP) සහ පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව (FAP) සමන්විත වන අතර, 2020 වන විට එහි මුළු කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය 392,660 කි (නිත්‍ය භටයින් 120,660 ක් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් 272,000 ක් ඇතුළුව).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන මෙහෙවර වන්නේ රටේ ස්වාධීනත්වය, ස්වෛරීභාවය සහ භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි.

ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යයන් ශාඛාව අනුව වෙන් කර ඇත:

* පේරු හමුදාව මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානියා, පාලන ආයතන දෙකක්, සහාය ආයතන දෙකක්, හමුදා කලාප පහක් සහ අණදෙන කාමර හයකින් සමන්විත වේ.
* පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව නිල වශයෙන් 1929 මැයි 20 වන දින පේරු ගුවන් සේවා බලකාය ලෙස නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රධාන කාර්යය වන්නේ රටේ ගුවන් ආරක්ෂාව ලෙස සේවය කිරීමයි. එය ළඟා වීමට අපහසු ජනගහනය සඳහා සමාජ ආධාර ව්‍යාපාරවලට ද සහභාගී වේ, ආපදා වලදී ගුවන් පාලම් සංවිධානය කරයි, සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර සාම මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා සහභාගී වේ. එහි ප්‍රධාන ගුවන් කඳවුරු හතර පියුරා, කැලාඕ, අරෙක්විපා සහ ඉක්විටෝස් නගරවල පිහිටා ඇත.
* පේරු නාවික හමුදාව රටේ සමුද්‍ර, ගංගා සහ විල් ආරක්ෂාව භාරව සිටී. එය නාවිකයින් 26,000 කින් සමන්විත වේ. පිරිස් මට්ටම් තුනකට බෙදා ඇත: උසස් පිරිස්, කනිෂ්ඨ පිරිස් සහ නාවිකයින්.

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.


හමුදාව පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා, ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය සහ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ඒකාබද්ධ අණදෙන නිලධාරියා (CCFFAA) යන දෙදෙනාම විසිනි. CCFFAA සතුව මෙහෙයුම් අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සහ විශේෂ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් විසින් ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා අවශ්‍ය හමුදා මෙහෙයුම් සහ විධායක බලය සපයන කාර්යයන් ඉටු කිරීම සිදු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; 1999 දී බලහත්කාරයෙන් බඳවා ගැනීම අහෝසි කරන ලද අතර ස්වේච්ඡා හමුදා සේවය මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය බොහෝ විට සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හි කොටසක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත්, එයට සුවිශේෂී සංවිධානාත්මක ව්‍යුහයක් සහ තනිකරම සිවිල් වරමක් ඇත. එහි පුහුණුව සහ මෙහෙයුම්, විශේෂයෙන් පසුගිය දශක දෙක තුළ ත්‍රස්ත විරෝධී ඒකකයක් ලෙස, එය සුවිශේෂී මිලිටරි ලක්ෂණ වලින් පුරවා ඇති අතර, එය සැලකිය යුතු ගොඩබිම, මුහුද සහ ගුවන් හැකියාවන් සහ පුද්ගලයින් 140,000 ක් පමණ සිටින තථ්‍ය සිව්වන හමුදා ශාඛාවක් ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමට හේතු වේ. පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරන අතර පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය අභ්‍යන්තර කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000 දී පේරු හි අර්බුදය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු, ෆෙඩරල් රජය ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා වාර්ෂික වියදම් සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016–2017 අයවැයෙන්, ආරක්ෂක වියදම් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 1.1%ක් (ඩොලර් බිලියන 2.3ක්) වන අතර එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවෙන් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සාපේක්ෂව දෙවන අඩුම වියදමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෑතකදී, පේරු හි සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සිවිල් ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා යොදා ගෙන ඇත. 2020 දී, COVID-19 වසංගතය අතරතුර තබා ඇති දැඩි නිරෝධායන පියවර ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සිය හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් පවා භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qai960xwzcq2tw8plp4o86gg0p9hvfu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754382</id>
      <parentid>754381</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:48:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම */</comment>
      <origin>754382</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50769" sha1="6nxrcw9oxr010bdo73qmbab8g6auwor" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
1990 ගණන්වල සිට 2020 ගණන් දක්වා දූෂණ චෝදනා මත පේරු ජනාධිපතිවරුන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකු තනතුරුවලින් ඉවත් කර හෝ සිරගත කර ඇත. ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය තුළ (1990–2000) කැරලි මර්දන ව්‍යාපාරයකදී සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනය කළ ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම්වලට අණ දීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් විඳිමින් සිටියේය. පසුව ඔහු දූෂණයට ද වැරදිකරු විය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා (1985–1990 සහ 2006–2011) 2019 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් අල්ලස් යෝජනා ක්‍රමයට සහභාගී වූ බවට චෝදනා මත පේරු පොලිසිය ඔහුව අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීමට පැමිණි විට සියදිවි නසා ගත්තේය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ඔහුගේ රජය (2001–2006) තුළ බ්‍රසීලියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සමාගමක් වන ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා (2011–2016) ද ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය අතරතුර ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හුමාලාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි (2016–2018) නිවාස අඩස්සියේ පසුවන අතර, ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් සමඟ ගිවිසුම්වලට පක්ෂව නඩු පවරන්නන් ඔහු ගැන විමර්ශනය කරයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා (2018–2020) වසර ගණනාවකට පෙර ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙකු ලෙස සිටියදී අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට මාධ්‍ය වාර්තා චෝදනා කිරීමෙන් පසු කොංග්‍රසය විසින් මතභේදාත්මක ලෙස නෙරපා හරින ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එහි හැසිරීම අනුමත නොකළද, නීති සම්පාදකයින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මුක්තිය සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රතිලාභ සඳහා තම කාර්යාලය භාවිතා කරන බැවින් කොංග්‍රසය පුරා දූෂණය ද පැතිර පවතී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

පේරු ඒකක 26 කට බෙදා ඇත: දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 ක්, කැලාඕ ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත පළාත සහ ලීමා පළාත (LIM) - එය ඕනෑම කලාපයකින් ස්වාධීන වන අතර රටේ අගනුවර ලෙස සේවය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 සහ කැලාඕ පළාතට ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාවෙන් සමන්විත තේරී පත් වූ &quot;ප්‍රාදේශීය&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} රජයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විධායක ආයතනය පිහිටුවන අතර, අයවැය යෝජනා කරන අතර, නියෝග, යෝජනා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; කලාපයේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ආයතනය වන ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව, අයවැය පිළිබඳ විවාද සහ ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කරයි, ප්‍රාදේශීය නිලධාරීන් අධීක්ෂණය කරයි, සහ ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා, නියෝජ්‍ය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා හෝ කවුන්සිලයේ ඕනෑම සාමාජිකයෙකු ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට ඡන්දය දිය හැකිය. ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර හතරක කාලයක් සේවය කරයි. මෙම රජයන් කලාපීය සංවර්ධනය සැලසුම් කරයි, රාජ්‍ය ආයෝජන ව්‍යාපෘති ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි, ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරයි සහ පොදු දේපළ කළමනාකරණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා වැනි පළාත් නගරාධිපතිවරයෙකුගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් නාගරික සභාවක් විසින් පරිපාලනය කරනු ලැබේ.[34] ප්‍රාදේශීය සහ නාගරික ආණ්ඩු වෙත බලය බෙදා හැරීමේ ඉලක්කය වූයේ මහජන සහභාගීත්වය වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමයි. රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන විමධ්‍යගත කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියේදී වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළ අතර තවමත් ප්‍රාදේශීය දේශපාලනයට බලපෑම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි සමහර ප්‍රදේශ දිස්ත්‍රික් ප්‍රදේශ අතිච්ඡාදනය වන අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. ඒවායින් විශාලතම ප්‍රදේශය වන ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය ඇමරිකාවේ හත්වන විශාලතම අගනගරය වේ.

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු හි විදේශ සබඳතා ඓතිහාසිකව එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ ආසියාව සමඟ සමීප සබඳතා මගින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; විශේෂයෙන් ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව (APEC), ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානය, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, මර්කෝසූර් සහ ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය (OAS) හරහා.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු යනු කලාපීය වෙළඳ කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාවේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකි. එය OAS සහ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය වැනි ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවිධානවල ද සාමාජිකයෙකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; කීර්තිමත් පේරු රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකයෙකු වන ජේවියර් පෙරෙස් ද කුයෙලර් 1981 සිට 1991 දක්වා එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහලේකම්වරයා ලෙස සේවය කළේය.

2021 වන විට පේරු ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව සහ සංවර්ධනය සඳහා වූ සංවිධානයට (OECD) සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වීමට සැලසුම් කළ අතර, එහි ආර්ථික සාර්ථකත්වය සහ ආයතන ශක්තිමත් කිරීමට දරන උත්සාහයන් OECD හි කොටසක් වීමට සාධක ලෙස ආරෝපණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර, මෑතකදී පේරු-එක්සත් ජනපද නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, චීන-පේරු නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, ජපානය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් සහ තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රධාන නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් අනුගමනය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු අනෙකුත් දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පවත්වා ගෙන යන අතර, විවිධ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය ගිවිසුම්වල සාමාජිකයෙකි, මෑතකදී ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය, මර්කෝසූර්, ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය සහ APEC. පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඓතිහාසිකව චිලී රාජ්‍යය සමඟ ආතති සහගත සබඳතා අත්විඳ ඇති අතර, පේරු එදිරිව චිලී ජාත්‍යන්තර අධිකරණ යෝජනාව සහ චිලී-පේරු සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල ඇතුළුව, සබඳතා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සඳහා කටයුතු කිරීමට දෙරට එකඟ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා සමූහය පිහිටුවීම හරහා වෙනිසියුලාවේ අර්බුදය විසඳීම සඳහා පේරු රාජ්‍යය ප්‍රමුඛ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024 ගෝලීය සාම දර්ශකයට අනුව, පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ 99 වන සාමකාමීම රටයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන විශාලතම හමුදාව පේරු සතුය. පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු නාවික හමුදාව (MGP), පේරු හමුදාව (EP) සහ පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව (FAP) සමන්විත වන අතර, 2020 වන විට එහි මුළු කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය 392,660 කි (නිත්‍ය භටයින් 120,660 ක් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් 272,000 ක් ඇතුළුව).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන මෙහෙවර වන්නේ රටේ ස්වාධීනත්වය, ස්වෛරීභාවය සහ භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි.

ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යයන් ශාඛාව අනුව වෙන් කර ඇත:

* පේරු හමුදාව මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානියා, පාලන ආයතන දෙකක්, සහාය ආයතන දෙකක්, හමුදා කලාප පහක් සහ අණදෙන කාමර හයකින් සමන්විත වේ.
* පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව නිල වශයෙන් 1929 මැයි 20 වන දින පේරු ගුවන් සේවා බලකාය ලෙස නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රධාන කාර්යය වන්නේ රටේ ගුවන් ආරක්ෂාව ලෙස සේවය කිරීමයි. එය ළඟා වීමට අපහසු ජනගහනය සඳහා සමාජ ආධාර ව්‍යාපාරවලට ද සහභාගී වේ, ආපදා වලදී ගුවන් පාලම් සංවිධානය කරයි, සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර සාම මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා සහභාගී වේ. එහි ප්‍රධාන ගුවන් කඳවුරු හතර පියුරා, කැලාඕ, අරෙක්විපා සහ ඉක්විටෝස් නගරවල පිහිටා ඇත.
* පේරු නාවික හමුදාව රටේ සමුද්‍ර, ගංගා සහ විල් ආරක්ෂාව භාරව සිටී. එය නාවිකයින් 26,000 කින් සමන්විත වේ. පිරිස් මට්ටම් තුනකට බෙදා ඇත: උසස් පිරිස්, කනිෂ්ඨ පිරිස් සහ නාවිකයින්.

* The [[:en:Peruvian_Army|Peruvian Army]] is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Air_Force|Peruvian Air Force]] was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's [[:en:Air_defense|air defense]]. It also participates in [[:en:Peace_movement|social support campaigns]] for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in [[:en:Peacekeeping|international peace missions]]. Its four major [[:en:Air_base|air bases]] are located in the cities of [[:en:Piura|Piura]], [[:en:Callao|Callao]], [[:en:Arequipa|Arequipa]] and [[:en:Iquitos|Iquitos]].
* The [[:en:Peruvian_Navy|Peruvian Navy]] is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.


හමුදාව පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා, ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය සහ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ඒකාබද්ධ අණදෙන නිලධාරියා (CCFFAA) යන දෙදෙනාම විසිනි. CCFFAA සතුව මෙහෙයුම් අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සහ විශේෂ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් විසින් ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා අවශ්‍ය හමුදා මෙහෙයුම් සහ විධායක බලය සපයන කාර්යයන් ඉටු කිරීම සිදු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; 1999 දී බලහත්කාරයෙන් බඳවා ගැනීම අහෝසි කරන ලද අතර ස්වේච්ඡා හමුදා සේවය මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය බොහෝ විට සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හි කොටසක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත්, එයට සුවිශේෂී සංවිධානාත්මක ව්‍යුහයක් සහ තනිකරම සිවිල් වරමක් ඇත. එහි පුහුණුව සහ මෙහෙයුම්, විශේෂයෙන් පසුගිය දශක දෙක තුළ ත්‍රස්ත විරෝධී ඒකකයක් ලෙස, එය සුවිශේෂී මිලිටරි ලක්ෂණ වලින් පුරවා ඇති අතර, එය සැලකිය යුතු ගොඩබිම, මුහුද සහ ගුවන් හැකියාවන් සහ පුද්ගලයින් 140,000 ක් පමණ සිටින තථ්‍ය සිව්වන හමුදා ශාඛාවක් ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමට හේතු වේ. පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරන අතර පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය අභ්‍යන්තර කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000 දී පේරු හි අර්බුදය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු, ෆෙඩරල් රජය ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා වාර්ෂික වියදම් සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016–2017 අයවැයෙන්, ආරක්ෂක වියදම් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 1.1%ක් (ඩොලර් බිලියන 2.3ක්) වන අතර එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවෙන් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සාපේක්ෂව දෙවන අඩුම වියදමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෑතකදී, පේරු හි සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සිවිල් ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා යොදා ගෙන ඇත. 2020 දී, COVID-19 වසංගතය අතරතුර තබා ඇති දැඩි නිරෝධායන පියවර ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සිය හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් පවා භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6nxrcw9oxr010bdo73qmbab8g6auwor</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754383</id>
      <parentid>754382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:48:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම */</comment>
      <origin>754383</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49798" sha1="c4iyrmv797o01saewlafs7odjm53njp" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
1990 ගණන්වල සිට 2020 ගණන් දක්වා දූෂණ චෝදනා මත පේරු ජනාධිපතිවරුන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකු තනතුරුවලින් ඉවත් කර හෝ සිරගත කර ඇත. ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය තුළ (1990–2000) කැරලි මර්දන ව්‍යාපාරයකදී සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනය කළ ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම්වලට අණ දීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් විඳිමින් සිටියේය. පසුව ඔහු දූෂණයට ද වැරදිකරු විය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා (1985–1990 සහ 2006–2011) 2019 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් අල්ලස් යෝජනා ක්‍රමයට සහභාගී වූ බවට චෝදනා මත පේරු පොලිසිය ඔහුව අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීමට පැමිණි විට සියදිවි නසා ගත්තේය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ඔහුගේ රජය (2001–2006) තුළ බ්‍රසීලියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සමාගමක් වන ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා (2011–2016) ද ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය අතරතුර ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හුමාලාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි (2016–2018) නිවාස අඩස්සියේ පසුවන අතර, ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් සමඟ ගිවිසුම්වලට පක්ෂව නඩු පවරන්නන් ඔහු ගැන විමර්ශනය කරයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා (2018–2020) වසර ගණනාවකට පෙර ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙකු ලෙස සිටියදී අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට මාධ්‍ය වාර්තා චෝදනා කිරීමෙන් පසු කොංග්‍රසය විසින් මතභේදාත්මක ලෙස නෙරපා හරින ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එහි හැසිරීම අනුමත නොකළද, නීති සම්පාදකයින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මුක්තිය සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රතිලාභ සඳහා තම කාර්යාලය භාවිතා කරන බැවින් කොංග්‍රසය පුරා දූෂණය ද පැතිර පවතී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===

පේරු ඒකක 26 කට බෙදා ඇත: දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 ක්, කැලාඕ ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත පළාත සහ ලීමා පළාත (LIM) - එය ඕනෑම කලාපයකින් ස්වාධීන වන අතර රටේ අගනුවර ලෙස සේවය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 සහ කැලාඕ පළාතට ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාවෙන් සමන්විත තේරී පත් වූ &quot;ප්‍රාදේශීය&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} රජයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විධායක ආයතනය පිහිටුවන අතර, අයවැය යෝජනා කරන අතර, නියෝග, යෝජනා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; කලාපයේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ආයතනය වන ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව, අයවැය පිළිබඳ විවාද සහ ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කරයි, ප්‍රාදේශීය නිලධාරීන් අධීක්ෂණය කරයි, සහ ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා, නියෝජ්‍ය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා හෝ කවුන්සිලයේ ඕනෑම සාමාජිකයෙකු ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට ඡන්දය දිය හැකිය. ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර හතරක කාලයක් සේවය කරයි. මෙම රජයන් කලාපීය සංවර්ධනය සැලසුම් කරයි, රාජ්‍ය ආයෝජන ව්‍යාපෘති ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි, ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරයි සහ පොදු දේපළ කළමනාකරණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා වැනි පළාත් නගරාධිපතිවරයෙකුගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් නාගරික සභාවක් විසින් පරිපාලනය කරනු ලැබේ.[34] ප්‍රාදේශීය සහ නාගරික ආණ්ඩු වෙත බලය බෙදා හැරීමේ ඉලක්කය වූයේ මහජන සහභාගීත්වය වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමයි. රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන විමධ්‍යගත කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියේදී වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළ අතර තවමත් ප්‍රාදේශීය දේශපාලනයට බලපෑම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි සමහර ප්‍රදේශ දිස්ත්‍රික් ප්‍රදේශ අතිච්ඡාදනය වන අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. ඒවායින් විශාලතම ප්‍රදේශය වන ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය ඇමරිකාවේ හත්වන විශාලතම අගනගරය වේ.

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු හි විදේශ සබඳතා ඓතිහාසිකව එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ ආසියාව සමඟ සමීප සබඳතා මගින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; විශේෂයෙන් ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව (APEC), ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානය, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, මර්කෝසූර් සහ ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය (OAS) හරහා.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු යනු කලාපීය වෙළඳ කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාවේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකි. එය OAS සහ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය වැනි ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවිධානවල ද සාමාජිකයෙකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; කීර්තිමත් පේරු රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකයෙකු වන ජේවියර් පෙරෙස් ද කුයෙලර් 1981 සිට 1991 දක්වා එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහලේකම්වරයා ලෙස සේවය කළේය.

2021 වන විට පේරු ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව සහ සංවර්ධනය සඳහා වූ සංවිධානයට (OECD) සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වීමට සැලසුම් කළ අතර, එහි ආර්ථික සාර්ථකත්වය සහ ආයතන ශක්තිමත් කිරීමට දරන උත්සාහයන් OECD හි කොටසක් වීමට සාධක ලෙස ආරෝපණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර, මෑතකදී පේරු-එක්සත් ජනපද නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, චීන-පේරු නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, ජපානය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් සහ තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රධාන නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් අනුගමනය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු අනෙකුත් දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පවත්වා ගෙන යන අතර, විවිධ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය ගිවිසුම්වල සාමාජිකයෙකි, මෑතකදී ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය, මර්කෝසූර්, ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය සහ APEC. පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඓතිහාසිකව චිලී රාජ්‍යය සමඟ ආතති සහගත සබඳතා අත්විඳ ඇති අතර, පේරු එදිරිව චිලී ජාත්‍යන්තර අධිකරණ යෝජනාව සහ චිලී-පේරු සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල ඇතුළුව, සබඳතා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සඳහා කටයුතු කිරීමට දෙරට එකඟ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා සමූහය පිහිටුවීම හරහා වෙනිසියුලාවේ අර්බුදය විසඳීම සඳහා පේරු රාජ්‍යය ප්‍රමුඛ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024 ගෝලීය සාම දර්ශකයට අනුව, පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ 99 වන සාමකාමීම රටයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන විශාලතම හමුදාව පේරු සතුය. පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු නාවික හමුදාව (MGP), පේරු හමුදාව (EP) සහ පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව (FAP) සමන්විත වන අතර, 2020 වන විට එහි මුළු කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය 392,660 කි (නිත්‍ය භටයින් 120,660 ක් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් 272,000 ක් ඇතුළුව).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන මෙහෙවර වන්නේ රටේ ස්වාධීනත්වය, ස්වෛරීභාවය සහ භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි.

ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යයන් ශාඛාව අනුව වෙන් කර ඇත:

* පේරු හමුදාව මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානියා, පාලන ආයතන දෙකක්, සහාය ආයතන දෙකක්, හමුදා කලාප පහක් සහ අණදෙන කාමර හයකින් සමන්විත වේ.
* පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව නිල වශයෙන් 1929 මැයි 20 වන දින පේරු ගුවන් සේවා බලකාය ලෙස නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රධාන කාර්යය වන්නේ රටේ ගුවන් ආරක්ෂාව ලෙස සේවය කිරීමයි. එය ළඟා වීමට අපහසු ජනගහනය සඳහා සමාජ ආධාර ව්‍යාපාරවලට ද සහභාගී වේ, ආපදා වලදී ගුවන් පාලම් සංවිධානය කරයි, සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර සාම මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා සහභාගී වේ. එහි ප්‍රධාන ගුවන් කඳවුරු හතර පියුරා, කැලාඕ, අරෙක්විපා සහ ඉක්විටෝස් නගරවල පිහිටා ඇත.
* පේරු නාවික හමුදාව රටේ සමුද්‍ර, ගංගා සහ විල් ආරක්ෂාව භාරව සිටී. එය නාවිකයින් 26,000 කින් සමන්විත වේ. පිරිස් මට්ටම් තුනකට බෙදා ඇත: උසස් පිරිස්, කනිෂ්ඨ පිරිස් සහ නාවිකයින්.
හමුදාව පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා, ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය සහ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ඒකාබද්ධ අණදෙන නිලධාරියා (CCFFAA) යන දෙදෙනාම විසිනි. CCFFAA සතුව මෙහෙයුම් අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සහ විශේෂ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් විසින් ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා අවශ්‍ය හමුදා මෙහෙයුම් සහ විධායක බලය සපයන කාර්යයන් ඉටු කිරීම සිදු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; 1999 දී බලහත්කාරයෙන් බඳවා ගැනීම අහෝසි කරන ලද අතර ස්වේච්ඡා හමුදා සේවය මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය බොහෝ විට සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හි කොටසක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත්, එයට සුවිශේෂී සංවිධානාත්මක ව්‍යුහයක් සහ තනිකරම සිවිල් වරමක් ඇත. එහි පුහුණුව සහ මෙහෙයුම්, විශේෂයෙන් පසුගිය දශක දෙක තුළ ත්‍රස්ත විරෝධී ඒකකයක් ලෙස, එය සුවිශේෂී මිලිටරි ලක්ෂණ වලින් පුරවා ඇති අතර, එය සැලකිය යුතු ගොඩබිම, මුහුද සහ ගුවන් හැකියාවන් සහ පුද්ගලයින් 140,000 ක් පමණ සිටින තථ්‍ය සිව්වන හමුදා ශාඛාවක් ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමට හේතු වේ. පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරන අතර පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය අභ්‍යන්තර කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000 දී පේරු හි අර්බුදය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු, ෆෙඩරල් රජය ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා වාර්ෂික වියදම් සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016–2017 අයවැයෙන්, ආරක්ෂක වියදම් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 1.1%ක් (ඩොලර් බිලියන 2.3ක්) වන අතර එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවෙන් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සාපේක්ෂව දෙවන අඩුම වියදමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෑතකදී, පේරු හි සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සිවිල් ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා යොදා ගෙන ඇත. 2020 දී, COVID-19 වසංගතය අතරතුර තබා ඇති දැඩි නිරෝධායන පියවර ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සිය හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් පවා භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== සටහන් ==

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>c4iyrmv797o01saewlafs7odjm53njp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754385</id>
      <parentid>754383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:02:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* පරිපාලන අංශ */</comment>
      <origin>754385</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50031" sha1="619mag157nprurkedjsk3pfax1r0o7w" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
1990 ගණන්වල සිට 2020 ගණන් දක්වා දූෂණ චෝදනා මත පේරු ජනාධිපතිවරුන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකු තනතුරුවලින් ඉවත් කර හෝ සිරගත කර ඇත. ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය තුළ (1990–2000) කැරලි මර්දන ව්‍යාපාරයකදී සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනය කළ ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම්වලට අණ දීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් විඳිමින් සිටියේය. පසුව ඔහු දූෂණයට ද වැරදිකරු විය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා (1985–1990 සහ 2006–2011) 2019 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් අල්ලස් යෝජනා ක්‍රමයට සහභාගී වූ බවට චෝදනා මත පේරු පොලිසිය ඔහුව අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීමට පැමිණි විට සියදිවි නසා ගත්තේය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ඔහුගේ රජය (2001–2006) තුළ බ්‍රසීලියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සමාගමක් වන ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා (2011–2016) ද ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය අතරතුර ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හුමාලාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි (2016–2018) නිවාස අඩස්සියේ පසුවන අතර, ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් සමඟ ගිවිසුම්වලට පක්ෂව නඩු පවරන්නන් ඔහු ගැන විමර්ශනය කරයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා (2018–2020) වසර ගණනාවකට පෙර ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙකු ලෙස සිටියදී අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට මාධ්‍ය වාර්තා චෝදනා කිරීමෙන් පසු කොංග්‍රසය විසින් මතභේදාත්මක ලෙස නෙරපා හරින ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එහි හැසිරීම අනුමත නොකළද, නීති සම්පාදකයින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මුක්තිය සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රතිලාභ සඳහා තම කාර්යාලය භාවිතා කරන බැවින් කොංග්‍රසය පුරා දූෂණය ද පැතිර පවතී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===
{{Imageframe|width=450|content= {{Peru Labelled Area Map}} &lt;!--map text is jumbled on mobile--&gt; |caption=Clickable map of the regions of Peru|link=Image:Perú Mapa Divisiones Administrativas (Sin etiquetas) ImgID1.png |align=right}}

පේරු ඒකක 26 කට බෙදා ඇත: දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 ක්, කැලාඕ ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත පළාත සහ ලීමා පළාත (LIM) - එය ඕනෑම කලාපයකින් ස්වාධීන වන අතර රටේ අගනුවර ලෙස සේවය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 සහ කැලාඕ පළාතට ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාවෙන් සමන්විත තේරී පත් වූ &quot;ප්‍රාදේශීය&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} රජයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විධායක ආයතනය පිහිටුවන අතර, අයවැය යෝජනා කරන අතර, නියෝග, යෝජනා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; කලාපයේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ආයතනය වන ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව, අයවැය පිළිබඳ විවාද සහ ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කරයි, ප්‍රාදේශීය නිලධාරීන් අධීක්ෂණය කරයි, සහ ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා, නියෝජ්‍ය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා හෝ කවුන්සිලයේ ඕනෑම සාමාජිකයෙකු ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට ඡන්දය දිය හැකිය. ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර හතරක කාලයක් සේවය කරයි. මෙම රජයන් කලාපීය සංවර්ධනය සැලසුම් කරයි, රාජ්‍ය ආයෝජන ව්‍යාපෘති ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි, ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරයි සහ පොදු දේපළ කළමනාකරණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා වැනි පළාත් නගරාධිපතිවරයෙකුගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් නාගරික සභාවක් විසින් පරිපාලනය කරනු ලැබේ.[34] ප්‍රාදේශීය සහ නාගරික ආණ්ඩු වෙත බලය බෙදා හැරීමේ ඉලක්කය වූයේ මහජන සහභාගීත්වය වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමයි. රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන විමධ්‍යගත කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියේදී වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළ අතර තවමත් ප්‍රාදේශීය දේශපාලනයට බලපෑම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි සමහර ප්‍රදේශ දිස්ත්‍රික් ප්‍රදේශ අතිච්ඡාදනය වන අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. ඒවායින් විශාලතම ප්‍රදේශය වන ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය ඇමරිකාවේ හත්වන විශාලතම අගනගරය වේ.

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු හි විදේශ සබඳතා ඓතිහාසිකව එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ ආසියාව සමඟ සමීප සබඳතා මගින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; විශේෂයෙන් ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව (APEC), ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානය, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, මර්කෝසූර් සහ ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය (OAS) හරහා.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු යනු කලාපීය වෙළඳ කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාවේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකි. එය OAS සහ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය වැනි ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවිධානවල ද සාමාජිකයෙකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; කීර්තිමත් පේරු රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකයෙකු වන ජේවියර් පෙරෙස් ද කුයෙලර් 1981 සිට 1991 දක්වා එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහලේකම්වරයා ලෙස සේවය කළේය.

2021 වන විට පේරු ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව සහ සංවර්ධනය සඳහා වූ සංවිධානයට (OECD) සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වීමට සැලසුම් කළ අතර, එහි ආර්ථික සාර්ථකත්වය සහ ආයතන ශක්තිමත් කිරීමට දරන උත්සාහයන් OECD හි කොටසක් වීමට සාධක ලෙස ආරෝපණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර, මෑතකදී පේරු-එක්සත් ජනපද නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, චීන-පේරු නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, ජපානය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් සහ තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රධාන නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් අනුගමනය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු අනෙකුත් දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පවත්වා ගෙන යන අතර, විවිධ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය ගිවිසුම්වල සාමාජිකයෙකි, මෑතකදී ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය, මර්කෝසූර්, ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය සහ APEC. පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඓතිහාසිකව චිලී රාජ්‍යය සමඟ ආතති සහගත සබඳතා අත්විඳ ඇති අතර, පේරු එදිරිව චිලී ජාත්‍යන්තර අධිකරණ යෝජනාව සහ චිලී-පේරු සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල ඇතුළුව, සබඳතා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සඳහා කටයුතු කිරීමට දෙරට එකඟ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා සමූහය පිහිටුවීම හරහා වෙනිසියුලාවේ අර්බුදය විසඳීම සඳහා පේරු රාජ්‍යය ප්‍රමුඛ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024 ගෝලීය සාම දර්ශකයට අනුව, පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ 99 වන සාමකාමීම රටයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන විශාලතම හමුදාව පේරු සතුය. පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු නාවික හමුදාව (MGP), පේරු හමුදාව (EP) සහ පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව (FAP) සමන්විත වන අතර, 2020 වන විට එහි මුළු කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය 392,660 කි (නිත්‍ය භටයින් 120,660 ක් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් 272,000 ක් ඇතුළුව).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන මෙහෙවර වන්නේ රටේ ස්වාධීනත්වය, ස්වෛරීභාවය සහ භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි.

ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යයන් ශාඛාව අනුව වෙන් කර ඇත:

* පේරු හමුදාව මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානියා, පාලන ආයතන දෙකක්, සහාය ආයතන දෙකක්, හමුදා කලාප පහක් සහ අණදෙන කාමර හයකින් සමන්විත වේ.
* පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව නිල වශයෙන් 1929 මැයි 20 වන දින පේරු ගුවන් සේවා බලකාය ලෙස නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රධාන කාර්යය වන්නේ රටේ ගුවන් ආරක්ෂාව ලෙස සේවය කිරීමයි. එය ළඟා වීමට අපහසු ජනගහනය සඳහා සමාජ ආධාර ව්‍යාපාරවලට ද සහභාගී වේ, ආපදා වලදී ගුවන් පාලම් සංවිධානය කරයි, සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර සාම මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා සහභාගී වේ. එහි ප්‍රධාන ගුවන් කඳවුරු හතර පියුරා, කැලාඕ, අරෙක්විපා සහ ඉක්විටෝස් නගරවල පිහිටා ඇත.
* පේරු නාවික හමුදාව රටේ සමුද්‍ර, ගංගා සහ විල් ආරක්ෂාව භාරව සිටී. එය නාවිකයින් 26,000 කින් සමන්විත වේ. පිරිස් මට්ටම් තුනකට බෙදා ඇත: උසස් පිරිස්, කනිෂ්ඨ පිරිස් සහ නාවිකයින්.
හමුදාව පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා, ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය සහ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ඒකාබද්ධ අණදෙන නිලධාරියා (CCFFAA) යන දෙදෙනාම විසිනි. CCFFAA සතුව මෙහෙයුම් අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සහ විශේෂ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් විසින් ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා අවශ්‍ය හමුදා මෙහෙයුම් සහ විධායක බලය සපයන කාර්යයන් ඉටු කිරීම සිදු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; 1999 දී බලහත්කාරයෙන් බඳවා ගැනීම අහෝසි කරන ලද අතර ස්වේච්ඡා හමුදා සේවය මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය බොහෝ විට සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හි කොටසක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත්, එයට සුවිශේෂී සංවිධානාත්මක ව්‍යුහයක් සහ තනිකරම සිවිල් වරමක් ඇත. එහි පුහුණුව සහ මෙහෙයුම්, විශේෂයෙන් පසුගිය දශක දෙක තුළ ත්‍රස්ත විරෝධී ඒකකයක් ලෙස, එය සුවිශේෂී මිලිටරි ලක්ෂණ වලින් පුරවා ඇති අතර, එය සැලකිය යුතු ගොඩබිම, මුහුද සහ ගුවන් හැකියාවන් සහ පුද්ගලයින් 140,000 ක් පමණ සිටින තථ්‍ය සිව්වන හමුදා ශාඛාවක් ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමට හේතු වේ. පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරන අතර පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය අභ්‍යන්තර කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000 දී පේරු හි අර්බුදය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු, ෆෙඩරල් රජය ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා වාර්ෂික වියදම් සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016–2017 අයවැයෙන්, ආරක්ෂක වියදම් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 1.1%ක් (ඩොලර් බිලියන 2.3ක්) වන අතර එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවෙන් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සාපේක්ෂව දෙවන අඩුම වියදමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෑතකදී, පේරු හි සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සිවිල් ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා යොදා ගෙන ඇත. 2020 දී, COVID-19 වසංගතය අතරතුර තබා ඇති දැඩි නිරෝධායන පියවර ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සිය හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් පවා භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== සටහන් ==

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>619mag157nprurkedjsk3pfax1r0o7w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754387</id>
      <parentid>754385</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:07:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754387</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50091" sha1="t414vh40d3pvv28egx45rt8w0d4mwl9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
1990 ගණන්වල සිට 2020 ගණන් දක්වා දූෂණ චෝදනා මත පේරු ජනාධිපතිවරුන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකු තනතුරුවලින් ඉවත් කර හෝ සිරගත කර ඇත. ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය තුළ (1990–2000) කැරලි මර්දන ව්‍යාපාරයකදී සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනය කළ ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම්වලට අණ දීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් විඳිමින් සිටියේය. පසුව ඔහු දූෂණයට ද වැරදිකරු විය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා (1985–1990 සහ 2006–2011) 2019 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් අල්ලස් යෝජනා ක්‍රමයට සහභාගී වූ බවට චෝදනා මත පේරු පොලිසිය ඔහුව අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීමට පැමිණි විට සියදිවි නසා ගත්තේය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ඔහුගේ රජය (2001–2006) තුළ බ්‍රසීලියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සමාගමක් වන ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා (2011–2016) ද ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය අතරතුර ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හුමාලාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි (2016–2018) නිවාස අඩස්සියේ පසුවන අතර, ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් සමඟ ගිවිසුම්වලට පක්ෂව නඩු පවරන්නන් ඔහු ගැන විමර්ශනය කරයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා (2018–2020) වසර ගණනාවකට පෙර ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙකු ලෙස සිටියදී අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට මාධ්‍ය වාර්තා චෝදනා කිරීමෙන් පසු කොංග්‍රසය විසින් මතභේදාත්මක ලෙස නෙරපා හරින ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එහි හැසිරීම අනුමත නොකළද, නීති සම්පාදකයින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මුක්තිය සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රතිලාභ සඳහා තම කාර්යාලය භාවිතා කරන බැවින් කොංග්‍රසය පුරා දූෂණය ද පැතිර පවතී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===
{{Image_frame|width=450|content= {{Peru Labelled Area Map}} &lt;!--map text is jumbled on mobile--&gt; |caption=පේරු හි කලාපවල ක්ලික් කළ හැකි සිතියම|link=Image:Perú Mapa Divisiones Administrativas (Sin etiquetas) ImgID1.png |align=right}}

පේරු ඒකක 26 කට බෙදා ඇත: දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 ක්, කැලාඕ ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත පළාත සහ ලීමා පළාත (LIM) - එය ඕනෑම කලාපයකින් ස්වාධීන වන අතර රටේ අගනුවර ලෙස සේවය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 සහ කැලාඕ පළාතට ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාවෙන් සමන්විත තේරී පත් වූ &quot;ප්‍රාදේශීය&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} රජයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විධායක ආයතනය පිහිටුවන අතර, අයවැය යෝජනා කරන අතර, නියෝග, යෝජනා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; කලාපයේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ආයතනය වන ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව, අයවැය පිළිබඳ විවාද සහ ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කරයි, ප්‍රාදේශීය නිලධාරීන් අධීක්ෂණය කරයි, සහ ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා, නියෝජ්‍ය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා හෝ කවුන්සිලයේ ඕනෑම සාමාජිකයෙකු ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට ඡන්දය දිය හැකිය. ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර හතරක කාලයක් සේවය කරයි. මෙම රජයන් කලාපීය සංවර්ධනය සැලසුම් කරයි, රාජ්‍ය ආයෝජන ව්‍යාපෘති ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි, ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරයි සහ පොදු දේපළ කළමනාකරණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා වැනි පළාත් නගරාධිපතිවරයෙකුගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් නාගරික සභාවක් විසින් පරිපාලනය කරනු ලැබේ.[34] ප්‍රාදේශීය සහ නාගරික ආණ්ඩු වෙත බලය බෙදා හැරීමේ ඉලක්කය වූයේ මහජන සහභාගීත්වය වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමයි. රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන විමධ්‍යගත කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියේදී වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළ අතර තවමත් ප්‍රාදේශීය දේශපාලනයට බලපෑම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි සමහර ප්‍රදේශ දිස්ත්‍රික් ප්‍රදේශ අතිච්ඡාදනය වන අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. ඒවායින් විශාලතම ප්‍රදේශය වන ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය ඇමරිකාවේ හත්වන විශාලතම අගනගරය වේ.

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු හි විදේශ සබඳතා ඓතිහාසිකව එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ ආසියාව සමඟ සමීප සබඳතා මගින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; විශේෂයෙන් ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව (APEC), ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානය, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, මර්කෝසූර් සහ ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය (OAS) හරහා.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු යනු කලාපීය වෙළඳ කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාවේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකි. එය OAS සහ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය වැනි ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවිධානවල ද සාමාජිකයෙකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; කීර්තිමත් පේරු රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකයෙකු වන ජේවියර් පෙරෙස් ද කුයෙලර් 1981 සිට 1991 දක්වා එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහලේකම්වරයා ලෙස සේවය කළේය.

2021 වන විට පේරු ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව සහ සංවර්ධනය සඳහා වූ සංවිධානයට (OECD) සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වීමට සැලසුම් කළ අතර, එහි ආර්ථික සාර්ථකත්වය සහ ආයතන ශක්තිමත් කිරීමට දරන උත්සාහයන් OECD හි කොටසක් වීමට සාධක ලෙස ආරෝපණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර, මෑතකදී පේරු-එක්සත් ජනපද නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, චීන-පේරු නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, ජපානය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් සහ තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රධාන නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් අනුගමනය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු අනෙකුත් දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පවත්වා ගෙන යන අතර, විවිධ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය ගිවිසුම්වල සාමාජිකයෙකි, මෑතකදී ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය, මර්කෝසූර්, ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය සහ APEC. පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඓතිහාසිකව චිලී රාජ්‍යය සමඟ ආතති සහගත සබඳතා අත්විඳ ඇති අතර, පේරු එදිරිව චිලී ජාත්‍යන්තර අධිකරණ යෝජනාව සහ චිලී-පේරු සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල ඇතුළුව, සබඳතා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සඳහා කටයුතු කිරීමට දෙරට එකඟ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා සමූහය පිහිටුවීම හරහා වෙනිසියුලාවේ අර්බුදය විසඳීම සඳහා පේරු රාජ්‍යය ප්‍රමුඛ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024 ගෝලීය සාම දර්ශකයට අනුව, පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ 99 වන සාමකාමීම රටයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන විශාලතම හමුදාව පේරු සතුය. පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු නාවික හමුදාව (MGP), පේරු හමුදාව (EP) සහ පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව (FAP) සමන්විත වන අතර, 2020 වන විට එහි මුළු කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය 392,660 කි (නිත්‍ය භටයින් 120,660 ක් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් 272,000 ක් ඇතුළුව).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන මෙහෙවර වන්නේ රටේ ස්වාධීනත්වය, ස්වෛරීභාවය සහ භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි.

ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යයන් ශාඛාව අනුව වෙන් කර ඇත:

* පේරු හමුදාව මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානියා, පාලන ආයතන දෙකක්, සහාය ආයතන දෙකක්, හමුදා කලාප පහක් සහ අණදෙන කාමර හයකින් සමන්විත වේ.
* පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව නිල වශයෙන් 1929 මැයි 20 වන දින පේරු ගුවන් සේවා බලකාය ලෙස නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රධාන කාර්යය වන්නේ රටේ ගුවන් ආරක්ෂාව ලෙස සේවය කිරීමයි. එය ළඟා වීමට අපහසු ජනගහනය සඳහා සමාජ ආධාර ව්‍යාපාරවලට ද සහභාගී වේ, ආපදා වලදී ගුවන් පාලම් සංවිධානය කරයි, සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර සාම මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා සහභාගී වේ. එහි ප්‍රධාන ගුවන් කඳවුරු හතර පියුරා, කැලාඕ, අරෙක්විපා සහ ඉක්විටෝස් නගරවල පිහිටා ඇත.
* පේරු නාවික හමුදාව රටේ සමුද්‍ර, ගංගා සහ විල් ආරක්ෂාව භාරව සිටී. එය නාවිකයින් 26,000 කින් සමන්විත වේ. පිරිස් මට්ටම් තුනකට බෙදා ඇත: උසස් පිරිස්, කනිෂ්ඨ පිරිස් සහ නාවිකයින්.
හමුදාව පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා, ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය සහ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ඒකාබද්ධ අණදෙන නිලධාරියා (CCFFAA) යන දෙදෙනාම විසිනි. CCFFAA සතුව මෙහෙයුම් අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සහ විශේෂ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් විසින් ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා අවශ්‍ය හමුදා මෙහෙයුම් සහ විධායක බලය සපයන කාර්යයන් ඉටු කිරීම සිදු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; 1999 දී බලහත්කාරයෙන් බඳවා ගැනීම අහෝසි කරන ලද අතර ස්වේච්ඡා හමුදා සේවය මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය බොහෝ විට සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හි කොටසක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත්, එයට සුවිශේෂී සංවිධානාත්මක ව්‍යුහයක් සහ තනිකරම සිවිල් වරමක් ඇත. එහි පුහුණුව සහ මෙහෙයුම්, විශේෂයෙන් පසුගිය දශක දෙක තුළ ත්‍රස්ත විරෝධී ඒකකයක් ලෙස, එය සුවිශේෂී මිලිටරි ලක්ෂණ වලින් පුරවා ඇති අතර, එය සැලකිය යුතු ගොඩබිම, මුහුද සහ ගුවන් හැකියාවන් සහ පුද්ගලයින් 140,000 ක් පමණ සිටින තථ්‍ය සිව්වන හමුදා ශාඛාවක් ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමට හේතු වේ. පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරන අතර පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය අභ්‍යන්තර කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000 දී පේරු හි අර්බුදය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු, ෆෙඩරල් රජය ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා වාර්ෂික වියදම් සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016–2017 අයවැයෙන්, ආරක්ෂක වියදම් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 1.1%ක් (ඩොලර් බිලියන 2.3ක්) වන අතර එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවෙන් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සාපේක්ෂව දෙවන අඩුම වියදමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෑතකදී, පේරු හි සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සිවිල් ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා යොදා ගෙන ඇත. 2020 දී, COVID-19 වසංගතය අතරතුර තබා ඇති දැඩි නිරෝධායන පියවර ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සිය හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් පවා භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== සටහන් ==

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>t414vh40d3pvv28egx45rt8w0d4mwl9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754388</id>
      <parentid>754387</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:08:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* සටහන් */</comment>
      <origin>754388</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50126" sha1="jyh6vwfdp2se5bbyadivxbi44gqjvyr" xml:space="preserve">[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|ලීමා හි පැලසියෝ ඩි ගොබියර්නෝ]]
පේරු යනු බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් සහිත ඒකීය අර්ධ-ජනාධිපති ජනරජයකි. 1993 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ රට ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ක්‍රමයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර, එය ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වැඩි බලයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා රජය සම්මේලනයකට නැඹුරු කළ ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=globaledge.msu.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Andrade|first=Guilherme Trivellato|date=21 April 2017|title=From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය ඒකීය ජනරජයක් ද වන අතර, එහි මධ්‍යම රජය වැඩිම බලය දරන අතර පරිපාලන බෙදීම් ඇති කළ හැකිය. පේරු රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දේශපාලන පද්ධති (ලිඛිත ව්‍යවස්ථාවක්, ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයක් සහ ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක්) සහ චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුවෙන් (ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක්, අගමැති සහ අමාත්‍යාංශ ක්‍රමයක්) ලබාගත් අංග ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandini|first1=Patrick Wieland|last2=Sousa|first2=Ronnie Farfan|date=2015|title=Overview of the different levels of government|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|url-status=live|journal=The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru|pages=1–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5|archive-date=26 July 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු රජය ශාඛා තුනකට වෙන් කර ඇත:

* ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය: කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් 130 දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ජනගහනය අනුව), කොංග්‍රස් සභාපති සහ ස්ථිර කොමිසමෙන් සමන්විත පේරුහි ඒක මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනය;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Diego |title=Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures |date=30 August 2019 |isbn=9781788978644 |pages=142–162 |language=en-US |chapter=Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru |doi=10.4337/9781788978644.00016 |access-date=2 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live |s2cid=203215051}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* විධායක: ප්‍රායෝගිකව දේශීය නීති පාලනය කරන සහ අගමැති සහ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත ජනාධිපතිවරයා, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය;
* අධිකරණය: පේරුහි ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ලීමාහි රාජකීය ඕඩෙන්සියා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය උත්තරීතර විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ඇතුළු විනිසුරුවරුන් 18 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, උසස් අධිකරණ 28 ක්, නඩු විභාග අධිකරණ 195 ක් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් අධිකරණ 1,838 ක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
එහි ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, පේරුහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා රාජ්‍යයේ සහ රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා වන අතර වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර පහක ධුර කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; ජනාධිපතිවරයා අගමැති ඇතුළු රාජ්‍යයේ අමාත්‍යාංශ 18 අධීක්ෂණය කරන අමාත්‍යවරුන් කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට පත් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මඟින් අගමැතිට අවම අධිකාරියක් නියම කරයි, ඔහු කැබිනට් රැස්වීම්වල මුලසුන හොබවන අතර එහිදී අමාත්‍යවරුන් ජනාධිපතිවරයාට උපදෙස් දෙන අතර විධායක ශාඛාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hildebrancht |first=Martha |title=El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo) |year=2003 |location=Lima |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරුහි කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්න ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හැකි වන අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 1992 දී ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි සහ 2019 දී මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා විසින් කොංග්‍රසය විසුරුවා හැරීමට නියෝග කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|title=Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president.|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ 25 කින් සාමාජිකයින් 130 ක් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් අදාළ ජනගහනය අනුව තීරණය කර වසර පහක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; පනත් කෙටුම්පත් විධායක සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක බලතල මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලබන අතර කොංග්‍රසයේ බහු ඡන්දයක් හරහා නීතිය බවට පත්වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Articles No. 107–108.&lt;/ref&gt; අධිකරණය නාමිකව ස්වාධීන වේ, &lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; නමුත් අධිකරණ කටයුතුවලට දේශපාලන මැදිහත්වීම ඉතිහාසය පුරා සුලභ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Jeffrey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm ''Building on quicksand'']. Retrieved 24 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු කොංග්‍රසයට විශ්වාසභංග යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමට, අමාත්‍යවරුන්ට දෝෂාභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විධායක නිලධාරීන් වරදකරුවන් කිරීමට ද හැකිය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=www2.congreso.gob.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Hoon|last2=Magallanes|first2=José Manuel|last3=Porter|first3=Mason A.|date=1 March 2017|title=Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru|url=https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Complex Networks|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=127–144|arxiv=1510.01002|doi=10.1093/comnet/cnw004|issn=2051-1310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=15837465}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1993 පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ පුළුල් ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරන ලද දෝෂාභියෝග වචන හේතුවෙන්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ශාඛාවට හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ජනාධිපතිවරයාට දෝෂාභියෝගයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි අතර, විධායක ශාඛාව කොංග්‍රසයට යටත් කරයි. මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය අර්ධ-සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝගයක් සහ සාර්ථක දෝෂාභියෝග දෙකක් සම්මත කර ඇත; 2000 දී ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙර ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2018 දී පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි ඉල්ලා අස්විය, 2020 දී මාටින් විස්කාරා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී සහ 2022 දී පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ ඉවත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|title=Under fire Peru president resigns|date=22 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421|archive-date=4 March 2020|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී කොංග්‍රසය විසින් සාමාජිකයින් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා පේරු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා අධිකරණය විසින් දුන් තීන්දුවකින් පසුව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ අධිකරණ අධීක්ෂණය ද අධිකරණය විසින් ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, එය මූලික වශයෙන් පේරු රජයේ නිරපේක්ෂ පාලනය කොංග්‍රසයට ලබා දුන්නේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=28 February 2023 |title=Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=25 February 2023 |title=El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La República]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg|alt=|thumb|ලීමා හි පේරු සම්මේලනය]]
පේරු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය ද්විත්ව පුරවැසියන් සහ විදේශයන්හි පේරු ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළුව වයස අවුරුදු 18 සිට 70 දක්වා පුරවැසියන් සඳහා අනිවාර්ය ඡන්දය භාවිතා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Compulsory Voting: For and Against |last2=Hill |first2=Lisa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04151-6 |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; කොංග්‍රස් සාමාජිකයින් සමානුපාතික ඡන්දය හරහා අදාළ දිස්ත්‍රික්කවල ඡන්දදායකයින් විසින් සෘජුවම තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. ජනාධිපතිවරයා, උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා සමඟ, බහුතර ඡන්දයකින්, වට දෙකක ක්‍රමයකින් තේරී පත් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; මැතිවරණ නිරීක්ෂණය කර සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජාතික මැතිවරණ ජූරි සභාව, ජාතික මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලීන් කාර්යාලය සහ ජාතික හඳුනාගැනීමේ සහ සිවිල් තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ලේඛනය විසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=pdba.georgetown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු කොංග්‍රස් සහ මහා මැතිවරණ සඳහා බහු-පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරයි. ෆෙඩරල් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මට්ටමින් ආණ්ඩු පිහිටුවා ඇති ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම්, ඓතිහාසිකව ආර්ථික ලිබරල්වාදය, ප්‍රගතිශීලීවාදය, දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනප්‍රියවාදය (විශේෂයෙන් ෆුජිමෝරවාදය), ජාතිකවාදය සහ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදය අනුගමනය කළ පක්ෂ වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|es}} Congreso de la República del Perú, [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp ''Grupos Parlamentarios''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp|date=29 December 2007}}. Retrieved 27 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

මෑත කාලීන මහ මැතිවරණය 2021 අප්‍රේල් 11 වන දින පවත්වන ලද අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නිදහස් පේරු කොංග්‍රසයේ වැඩිම ආසන දිනා ගත් නමුත් එය බහුතරයකට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩු විය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|title=Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions|date=14 April 2021|work=Finch Ratings|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේද්‍රෝ කැස්ටිලෝ සහ කීකෝ ෆුජිමෝරි අතර ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමක් 2021 ජුනි 5 වන දින පැවති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කැස්ටිලෝ ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|title=Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results|last=Aquino|first=Marco|date=20 July 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/|archive-date=20 July 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දේශපාලනයේ දූෂණ චෝදනා ===
1990 ගණන්වල සිට 2020 ගණන් දක්වා දූෂණ චෝදනා මත පේරු ජනාධිපතිවරුන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකු තනතුරුවලින් ඉවත් කර හෝ සිරගත කර ඇත. ඇල්බර්ටෝ ෆුජිමෝරි ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය තුළ (1990–2000) කැරලි මර්දන ව්‍යාපාරයකදී සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනය කළ ඝාතක කණ්ඩායම්වලට අණ දීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර 25 ක සිර දඬුවමක් විඳිමින් සිටියේය. පසුව ඔහු දූෂණයට ද වැරදිකරු විය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලන් ගාර්ෂියා (1985–1990 සහ 2006–2011) 2019 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් අල්ලස් යෝජනා ක්‍රමයට සහභාගී වූ බවට චෝදනා මත පේරු පොලිසිය ඔහුව අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීමට පැමිණි විට සියදිවි නසා ගත්තේය. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඇලෙජැන්ඩ්‍රෝ ටොලිඩෝ ඔහුගේ රජය (2001–2006) තුළ බ්‍රසීලියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සමාගමක් වන ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හිටපු ජනාධිපති ඔලන්ටා හුමාලා (2011–2016) ද ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය අතරතුර ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් වෙතින් අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට චෝදනා ලැබ සිටී. හුමාලාගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ පේද්‍රෝ පැබ්ලෝ කුසින්ස්කි (2016–2018) නිවාස අඩස්සියේ පසුවන අතර, ඔඩෙබ්‍රෙක්ට් සමඟ ගිවිසුම්වලට පක්ෂව නඩු පවරන්නන් ඔහු ගැන විමර්ශනය කරයි. හිටපු ජනාධිපති මාර්ටින් විස්කාරා (2018–2020) වසර ගණනාවකට පෙර ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙකු ලෙස සිටියදී අල්ලස් ලබා ගත් බවට මාධ්‍ය වාර්තා චෝදනා කිරීමෙන් පසු කොංග්‍රසය විසින් මතභේදාත්මක ලෙස නෙරපා හරින ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics|work=The Week|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment|date=15 November 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1|archive-date=22 November 2021|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එහි හැසිරීම අනුමත නොකළද, නීති සම්පාදකයින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මුක්තිය සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රතිලාභ සඳහා තම කාර්යාලය භාවිතා කරන බැවින් කොංග්‍රසය පුරා දූෂණය ද පැතිර පවතී.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Claire |date=23 August 2017 |title=Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=El misterio del harakiri {{!}} IDL Reporteros |url=https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=[[IDL Reporteros]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== පරිපාලන අංශ ===
{{Image_frame|width=450|content= {{Peru Labelled Area Map}} &lt;!--map text is jumbled on mobile--&gt; |caption=පේරු හි කලාපවල ක්ලික් කළ හැකි සිතියම|link=Image:Perú Mapa Divisiones Administrativas (Sin etiquetas) ImgID1.png |align=right}}

පේරු ඒකක 26 කට බෙදා ඇත: දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 ක්, කැලාඕ ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත පළාත සහ ලීමා පළාත (LIM) - එය ඕනෑම කලාපයකින් ස්වාධීන වන අතර රටේ අගනුවර ලෙස සේවය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pozo Díaz|first=Hildebrando Castro|date=August 2008|title=Existen regiones en nuestro pais|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Congreso de la Republica de Peru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 24 සහ කැලාඕ පළාතට ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාවෙන් සමන්විත තේරී පත් වූ &quot;ප්‍රාදේශීය&quot;{{efn|The government in each department is referred to as &quot;regional&quot; governments despite being departments.|name=e}} රජයක් ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gobierno del Perú |url=https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විධායක ආයතනය පිහිටුවන අතර, අයවැය යෝජනා කරන අතර, නියෝග, යෝජනා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dickovick|first=J. Tyler|date=1 January 2007|title=Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa|url=https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|url-status=live|journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl012|issn=0048-5950|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; කලාපයේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක ආයතනය වන ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව, අයවැය පිළිබඳ විවාද සහ ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කරයි, ප්‍රාදේශීය නිලධාරීන් අධීක්ෂණය කරයි, සහ ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා, නියෝජ්‍ය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා හෝ කවුන්සිලයේ ඕනෑම සාමාජිකයෙකු ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට ඡන්දය දිය හැකිය. ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව වහාම නැවත තේරී පත්වීමකින් තොරව වසර හතරක කාලයක් සේවය කරයි. මෙම රජයන් කලාපීය සංවර්ධනය සැලසුම් කරයි, රාජ්‍ය ආයෝජන ව්‍යාපෘති ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි, ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරයි සහ පොදු දේපළ කළමනාකරණය කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales'', Article No. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schönwälder |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-271-02379-3 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru+government&amp;pg=PP1 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා වැනි පළාත් නගරාධිපතිවරයෙකුගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත් නාගරික සභාවක් විසින් පරිපාලනය කරනු ලැබේ.[34] ප්‍රාදේශීය සහ නාගරික ආණ්ඩු වෙත බලය බෙදා හැරීමේ ඉලක්කය වූයේ මහජන සහභාගීත්වය වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමයි. රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන විමධ්‍යගත කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියේදී වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළ අතර තවමත් ප්‍රාදේශීය දේශපාලනයට බලපෑම් කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Monika Huber |author2=Wolfgang Kaiser |date=February 2013 |title=Mixed Feelings |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=dandc.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pique|first=Ricardo|date=1 May 2019|title=Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=173|pages=1–20|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2 April 2020|s2cid=14763370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු හි සමහර ප්‍රදේශ දිස්ත්‍රික් ප්‍රදේශ අතිච්ඡාදනය වන අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. ඒවායින් විශාලතම ප්‍රදේශය වන ලීමා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය ඇමරිකාවේ හත්වන විශාලතම අගනගරය වේ.

=== විදේශ සබඳතා ===

[[File:Perú_asume_Presidencia_Pro_Témpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg|alt=|වම|thumb|ඇන්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවේ මූලස්ථානය ලීමා හි පිහිටා ඇත.]]
මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ, පේරු හි විදේශ සබඳතා ඓතිහාසිකව එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ ආසියාව සමඟ සමීප සබඳතා මගින් ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Costa|first=Eduardo Ferrero|date=1987|title=Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=29|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/166073|issn=0022-1937|jstor=166073}}&lt;/ref&gt; විශේෂයෙන් ආසියා-පැසිෆික් ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව (APEC), ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානය, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය, මර්කෝසූර් සහ ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය (OAS) හරහා.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lincoln |first1=Jennie K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |title=The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s |last2=Ferris |first2=Elizabeth G. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-31605-6 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&amp;pg=PT150 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු යනු කලාපීය වෙළඳ කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාවේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකි. එය OAS සහ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය වැනි ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවිධානවල ද සාමාජිකයෙකි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. |title=Regional Integration in Latin America |date=30 May 2019 |isbn=978-1-78973-160-6 |volume=1 |pages=1–12 |chapter=Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications |doi=10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001 |s2cid=181395804}}&lt;/ref&gt; කීර්තිමත් පේරු රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකයෙකු වන ජේවියර් පෙරෙස් ද කුයෙලර් 1981 සිට 1991 දක්වා එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහලේකම්වරයා ලෙස සේවය කළේය.

2021 වන විට පේරු ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව සහ සංවර්ධනය සඳහා වූ සංවිධානයට (OECD) සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වීමට සැලසුම් කළ අතර, එහි ආර්ථික සාර්ථකත්වය සහ ආයතන ශක්තිමත් කිරීමට දරන උත්සාහයන් OECD හි කොටසක් වීමට සාධක ලෙස ආරෝපණය කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Alonso Morán de Romaña |date=25 January 2018 |title=Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=LSE Latin America and Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානයේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර, මෑතකදී පේරු-එක්සත් ජනපද නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, චීන-පේරු නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම, ජපානය සමඟ නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් සහ තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රධාන නිදහස් වෙළඳ ගිවිසුම් අනුගමනය කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|url-status=live|journal=Socrates|volume=7|issue=1 and 2|issn=2347-2146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&amp;volume=7&amp;issue=1and2&amp;article=004|archive-date=18 February 2020|access-date=2 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaffer|first1=Gregory|last2=Winters|first2=L. Alan|date=April 2017|title=FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law|journal=World Trade Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=303–326|doi=10.1017/S1474745616000550|issn=1474-7456|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පේරු අනෙකුත් දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පවත්වා ගෙන යන අතර, විවිධ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය ගිවිසුම්වල සාමාජිකයෙකි, මෑතකදී ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය, මර්කෝසූර්, ඇන්ඩියන් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රජාව, පැසිෆික් සන්ධානය සහ APEC. පේරු රාජ්‍යය ඓතිහාසිකව චිලී රාජ්‍යය සමඟ ආතති සහගත සබඳතා අත්විඳ ඇති අතර, පේරු එදිරිව චිලී ජාත්‍යන්තර අධිකරණ යෝජනාව සහ චිලී-පේරු සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල ඇතුළුව, සබඳතා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සඳහා කටයුතු කිරීමට දෙරට එකඟ වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;BBC News (4 November 2005), [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm ''Peru–Chile border row escalates''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm|date=15 January 2009}}. Retrieved 16 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

ලීමා සමූහය පිහිටුවීම හරහා වෙනිසියුලාවේ අර්බුදය විසඳීම සඳහා පේරු රාජ්‍යය ප්‍රමුඛ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada |date=29 August 2019 |title=Lima Group statement |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024 ගෝලීය සාම දර්ශකයට අනුව, පේරු රාජ්‍යය ලෝකයේ 99 වන සාමකාමීම රටයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== හමුදා සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම ===
[[File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|2019 දී VRAEM හි පේරු නාවික භටයින්]]
ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ සිව්වන විශාලතම හමුදාව පේරු සතුය. පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු රාජ්‍යයේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන් - පේරු නාවික හමුදාව (MGP), පේරු හමුදාව (EP) සහ පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව (FAP) සමන්විත වන අතර, 2020 වන විට එහි මුළු කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය 392,660 කි (නිත්‍ය භටයින් 120,660 ක් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් 272,000 ක් ඇතුළුව).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica |url=https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=RPP |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන මෙහෙවර වන්නේ රටේ ස්වාධීනත්වය, ස්වෛරීභාවය සහ භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාව ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි.

ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යයන් ශාඛාව අනුව වෙන් කර ඇත:

* පේරු හමුදාව මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානියා, පාලන ආයතන දෙකක්, සහාය ආයතන දෙකක්, හමුදා කලාප පහක් සහ අණදෙන කාමර හයකින් සමන්විත වේ.
* පේරු ගුවන් හමුදාව නිල වශයෙන් 1929 මැයි 20 වන දින පේරු ගුවන් සේවා බලකාය ලෙස නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රධාන කාර්යය වන්නේ රටේ ගුවන් ආරක්ෂාව ලෙස සේවය කිරීමයි. එය ළඟා වීමට අපහසු ජනගහනය සඳහා සමාජ ආධාර ව්‍යාපාරවලට ද සහභාගී වේ, ආපදා වලදී ගුවන් පාලම් සංවිධානය කරයි, සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර සාම මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා සහභාගී වේ. එහි ප්‍රධාන ගුවන් කඳවුරු හතර පියුරා, කැලාඕ, අරෙක්විපා සහ ඉක්විටෝස් නගරවල පිහිටා ඇත.
* පේරු නාවික හමුදාව රටේ සමුද්‍ර, ගංගා සහ විල් ආරක්ෂාව භාරව සිටී. එය නාවිකයින් 26,000 කින් සමන්විත වේ. පිරිස් මට්ටම් තුනකට බෙදා ඇත: උසස් පිරිස්, කනිෂ්ඨ පිරිස් සහ නාවිකයින්.
හමුදාව පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා, ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය සහ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ඒකාබද්ධ අණදෙන නිලධාරියා (CCFFAA) යන දෙදෙනාම විසිනි. CCFFAA සතුව මෙහෙයුම් අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සහ විශේෂ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් විසින් ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා අවශ්‍ය හමුදා මෙහෙයුම් සහ විධායක බලය සපයන කාර්යයන් ඉටු කිරීම සිදු කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;Ministerio de Defensa, ''Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional''. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.&lt;/ref&gt; 1999 දී බලහත්කාරයෙන් බඳවා ගැනීම අහෝසි කරන ලද අතර ස්වේච්ඡා හමුදා සේවය මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;''Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar'', Articles No. 29, 42 and 45.&lt;/ref&gt; පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය බොහෝ විට සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හි කොටසක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත්, එයට සුවිශේෂී සංවිධානාත්මක ව්‍යුහයක් සහ තනිකරම සිවිල් වරමක් ඇත. එහි පුහුණුව සහ මෙහෙයුම්, විශේෂයෙන් පසුගිය දශක දෙක තුළ ත්‍රස්ත විරෝධී ඒකකයක් ලෙස, එය සුවිශේෂී මිලිටරි ලක්ෂණ වලින් පුරවා ඇති අතර, එය සැලකිය යුතු ගොඩබිම, මුහුද සහ ගුවන් හැකියාවන් සහ පුද්ගලයින් 140,000 ක් පමණ සිටින තථ්‍ය සිව්වන හමුදා ශාඛාවක් ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමට හේතු වේ. පේරු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරන අතර පේරු ජාතික පොලිසිය අභ්‍යන්තර කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශය හරහා වාර්තා කරයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vásquez|first=George L.|date=1994|title=The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=100–116|issn=8755-3449|jstor=45197485}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000 දී පේරු හි අර්බුදය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු, ෆෙඩරල් රජය ආරක්ෂක කටයුතු සඳහා වාර්ෂික වියදම් සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩු කර ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=Cynthia|date=1990|title=Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=34|issue=3|pages=353–365|doi=10.2307/2600575|issn=0020-8833|jstor=2600575}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016–2017 අයවැයෙන්, ආරක්ෂක වියදම් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 1.1%ක් (ඩොලර් බිලියන 2.3ක්) වන අතර එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවෙන් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සාපේක්ෂව දෙවන අඩුම වියදමයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෑතකදී, පේරු හි සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සිවිල් ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා යොදා ගෙන ඇත. 2020 දී, COVID-19 වසංගතය අතරතුර තබා ඇති දැඩි නිරෝධායන පියවර ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා පේරු සිය හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ රක්ෂිත භටයින් පවා භාවිතා කළේය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|title=Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine|date=1 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A|archive-date=6 April 2020|language=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== සටහන් ==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jyh6vwfdp2se5bbyadivxbi44gqjvyr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සාකච්ඡාව:ගාමිණී ලොකුගේ</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>183146</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754369</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:35:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Titanciwiki</username>
        <id>17542</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'{{Talk header}}' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි</comment>
      <origin>754369</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15" sha1="6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb" xml:space="preserve">{{Talk header}}</text>
      <sha1>6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:Peru Labelled Area Map</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>183147</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754384</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T09:59:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'{{Image label begin|image=Perú Mapa Divisiones Administrativas (Sin etiquetas) ImgID1.png|width=450|font-size=79%|float=none}} {{Image label small|x=0.583|y=0.637|scale=550|text=[[Department of Madre de Dios|Madre de Dios]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.560|y=0.723|scale=530|text=[[Department of Cusco|Cusco]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.310|y=0.390|scale=550|text={{center|[[Department of San Martín|San&lt;br&gt;Martín]]}}}} {{I...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි</comment>
      <origin>754384</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3605" sha1="g7nbmuma618x4zi0nkzf42rdr3m01qu" xml:space="preserve">{{Image label begin|image=Perú Mapa Divisiones Administrativas (Sin etiquetas) ImgID1.png|width=450|font-size=79%|float=none}}
{{Image label small|x=0.583|y=0.637|scale=550|text=[[Department of Madre de Dios|Madre de Dios]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.560|y=0.723|scale=530|text=[[Department of Cusco|Cusco]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.310|y=0.390|scale=550|text={{center|[[Department of San Martín|San&lt;br&gt;Martín]]}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.115|y=0.230|scale=550|text=[[Department of Tumbes|Tumbes]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.123|y=0.363|scale=550|text=[[Department of Lambayeque|Lambayeque]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.226|y=0.305|scale=550|text=[[Amazonas (Peruvian department)|Amazonas]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.138|y=0.295|scale=550|text=[[Department of Piura|Piura]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.211|y=0.432|scale=550|text=[[Department of La Libertad|La Libertad]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.258|y=0.505|scale=550|text=[[Department of Áncash|Áncash]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.345|y=0.515|scale=550|text=[[Department of Huánuco|Huánuco]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.502|y=0.555|scale=520|text=[[Department of Ucayali|Ucayali]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.199|y=0.390|scale=550|text=[[Department of Cajamarca|Cajamarca]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.380|y=0.560|scale=550|text=[[Department of Pasco|Pasco]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.3215|y=0.630|scale=550|text=[[Department of Lima|''Lima'']]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.405|y=0.610|scale=550|text=[[Department of Junín|Junín]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.414|y=0.231|scale=570|text=[[Department of Loreto|Loreto]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.485|y=0.730|scale=550|text=[[Department of Apurímac|Apurímac]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.507|y=0.830|scale=550|text=[[Department of Arequipa|Arequipa]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.200|y=0.840|scale=550|text=[[Pacific Ocean|&lt;i style=&quot;color: #35759F&quot;&gt;Pacific&lt;br&gt;Ocean&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.417|y=0.748|scale=550|text=[[Department of Ayacucho|Ayacucho]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.639|y=0.790|scale=550|text=[[Department of Puno|Puno]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.747|y=0.793|scale=550|text=[[Bolivia|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;Bolivia&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.620|y=0.919|scale=550|text=[[Department of Tacna|Tacna]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.657|y=0.978|scale=550|text=[[Chile|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;Chile&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.535|y=0.065|scale=550|text=[[Colombia|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;Colombia&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.230|y=0.100|scale=550|text=[[Ecuador|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;Ecuador&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.698|y=0.820|scale=550|text=[[Lago Titicaca|&lt;i style=&quot;color: #35759F&quot;&gt;Lake&lt;br&gt;Titicaca&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.017|y=0.630|scale=550|text={{center|[[Callao|C. p. of&lt;br&gt;Callao]]}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.675|y=0.390|scale=550|text=[[Brazil|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.131|y=0.569|scale=550|text={{center|&lt;small&gt;[[Regional Government of Lima|Regional&lt;br&gt;Government&lt;br&gt;of Lima]]&lt;/small&gt;}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.092|y=0.679|scale=550|text={{center|&lt;small&gt;[[Metropolitan Municipality of Lima|Metropolitan&lt;br&gt;Municipality&lt;br&gt;of Lima]]&lt;/small&gt;}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.380|y=0.750|scale=550|text=[[Department of Ica|Ica]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.367|y=0.690|scale=550|text=[[Department of Huancavelica|Huancavelica]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.585|y=0.875|scale=550|text=[[Department of Moquegua|Moquegua]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.075|y=0.180|scale=550|text=[[Gulf of Guayaquil|&lt;i style=&quot;color: #35759F&quot;&gt;Gulf of&lt;br&gt;Guayaquil&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label end}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Peru subdivision templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>g7nbmuma618x4zi0nkzf42rdr3m01qu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754389</id>
      <parentid>754384</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:13:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754389</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3740" sha1="ldr8co3frkxuy28kpqougwi9jdvtfwa" xml:space="preserve">{{Image label begin|image=Perú Mapa Divisiones Administrativas (Sin etiquetas) ImgID1.png|width=450|font-size=79%|float=none}}
{{Image label small|x=0.583|y=0.637|scale=550|text=[[Department of Madre de Dios|Madre de Dios]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.560|y=0.723|scale=530|text=[[Department of Cusco|Cusco]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.310|y=0.390|scale=550|text={{center|[[Department of San Martín|San&lt;br&gt;Martín]]}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.115|y=0.230|scale=550|text=[[Department of Tumbes|Tumbes]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.123|y=0.363|scale=550|text=[[Department of Lambayeque|Lambayeque]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.226|y=0.305|scale=550|text=[[Amazonas (Peruvian department)|Amazonas]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.138|y=0.295|scale=550|text=[[Department of Piura|Piura]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.211|y=0.432|scale=550|text=[[Department of La Libertad|La Libertad]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.258|y=0.505|scale=550|text=[[Department of Áncash|Áncash]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.345|y=0.515|scale=550|text=[[Department of Huánuco|Huánuco]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.502|y=0.555|scale=520|text=[[Department of Ucayali|Ucayali]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.199|y=0.390|scale=550|text=[[Department of Cajamarca|Cajamarca]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.380|y=0.560|scale=550|text=[[Department of Pasco|Pasco]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.3215|y=0.630|scale=550|text=[[Department of Lima|''Lima'']]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.405|y=0.610|scale=550|text=[[Department of Junín|Junín]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.414|y=0.231|scale=570|text=[[Department of Loreto|Loreto]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.485|y=0.730|scale=550|text=[[Department of Apurímac|Apurímac]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.507|y=0.830|scale=550|text=[[Department of Arequipa|Arequipa]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.200|y=0.840|scale=550|text=[[Pacific Ocean|&lt;i style=&quot;color: #35759F&quot;&gt;පැසිෆික්&lt;br&gt;සාගරය&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.417|y=0.748|scale=550|text=[[Department of Ayacucho|Ayacucho]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.639|y=0.790|scale=550|text=[[Department of Puno|Puno]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.747|y=0.793|scale=550|text=[[Bolivia|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;බොලීවියාව&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.620|y=0.919|scale=550|text=[[Department of Tacna|Tacna]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.657|y=0.978|scale=550|text=[[Chile|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;චිලී&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.535|y=0.065|scale=550|text=[[Colombia|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;කොලොම්බියාව&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.230|y=0.100|scale=550|text=[[Ecuador|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;ඉක්වදෝරය&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.698|y=0.820|scale=550|text=[[Lago Titicaca|&lt;i style=&quot;color: #35759F&quot;&gt;ටිටිකාකා&lt;br&gt;විල&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.017|y=0.630|scale=550|text={{center|[[Callao|C. p. of&lt;br&gt;Callao]]}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.675|y=0.390|scale=550|text=[[Brazil|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;බ්‍රසීලය&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.131|y=0.569|scale=550|text={{center|&lt;small&gt;[[Regional Government of Lima|Regional&lt;br&gt;Government&lt;br&gt;of Lima]]&lt;/small&gt;}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.092|y=0.679|scale=550|text={{center|&lt;small&gt;[[Metropolitan Municipality of Lima|Metropolitan&lt;br&gt;Municipality&lt;br&gt;of Lima]]&lt;/small&gt;}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.380|y=0.750|scale=550|text=[[Department of Ica|Ica]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.367|y=0.690|scale=550|text=[[Department of Huancavelica|Huancavelica]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.585|y=0.875|scale=550|text=[[Department of Moquegua|Moquegua]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.075|y=0.180|scale=550|text=[[Gulf of Guayaquil|&lt;i style=&quot;color: #35759F&quot;&gt;Gulf of&lt;br&gt;Guayaquil&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label end}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Peru subdivision templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ldr8co3frkxuy28kpqougwi9jdvtfwa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754392</id>
      <parentid>754389</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:19:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754392</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3933" sha1="7gj6o0pp0dmnvujjjzctug486slgtrp" xml:space="preserve">{{Image label begin|image=Perú Mapa Divisiones Administrativas (Sin etiquetas) ImgID1.png|width=450|font-size=79%|float=none}}
{{Image label small|x=0.583|y=0.637|scale=550|text=[[Department of Madre de Dios|Madre de Dios]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.560|y=0.723|scale=530|text=[[Department of Cusco|Cusco]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.310|y=0.390|scale=550|text={{center|[[Department of San Martín|San&lt;br&gt;Martín]]}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.115|y=0.230|scale=550|text=[[Department of Tumbes|Tumbes]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.123|y=0.363|scale=550|text=[[Department of Lambayeque|Lambayeque]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.226|y=0.305|scale=550|text=[[Amazonas (Peruvian department)|Amazonas]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.138|y=0.295|scale=550|text=[[Department of Piura|Piura]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.211|y=0.432|scale=550|text=[[Department of La Libertad|La Libertad]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.258|y=0.505|scale=550|text=[[Department of Áncash|Áncash]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.345|y=0.515|scale=550|text=[[Department of Huánuco|Huánuco]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.502|y=0.555|scale=520|text=[[Department of Ucayali|Ucayali]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.199|y=0.390|scale=550|text=[[Department of Cajamarca|Cajamarca]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.380|y=0.560|scale=550|text=[[Department of Pasco|Pasco]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.3215|y=0.630|scale=550|text=[[Department of Lima|''Lima'']]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.405|y=0.610|scale=550|text=[[Department of Junín|Junín]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.414|y=0.231|scale=570|text=[[Department of Loreto|Loreto]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.485|y=0.730|scale=550|text=[[Department of Apurímac|Apurímac]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.507|y=0.830|scale=550|text=[[Department of Arequipa|Arequipa]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.200|y=0.840|scale=550|text=[[පැසිෆික් සාගරය|&lt;i style=&quot;color: #35759F&quot;&gt;පැසිෆික්&lt;br&gt;සාගරය&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.417|y=0.748|scale=550|text=[[Department of Ayacucho|Ayacucho]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.639|y=0.790|scale=550|text=[[Department of Puno|Puno]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.747|y=0.793|scale=550|text=[[බොලීවියාව|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;බොලීවියාව&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.620|y=0.919|scale=550|text=[[Department of Tacna|Tacna]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.657|y=0.978|scale=550|text=[[චිලී|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;චිලී&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.535|y=0.065|scale=550|text=[[කොලොම්බියාව|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;කොලොම්බියාව&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.230|y=0.100|scale=550|text=[[ඉක්වදෝරය|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;ඉක්වදෝරය&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.698|y=0.820|scale=550|text=[[ටිටිකාකා විල|&lt;i style=&quot;color: #35759F&quot;&gt;ටිටිකාකා&lt;br&gt;විල&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.017|y=0.630|scale=550|text={{center|[[Callao|C. p. of&lt;br&gt;Callao]]}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.675|y=0.390|scale=550|text=[[බ්‍රසීලය|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;බ්‍රසීලය&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.131|y=0.569|scale=550|text={{center|&lt;small&gt;[[Regional Government of Lima|Regional&lt;br&gt;Government&lt;br&gt;of Lima]]&lt;/small&gt;}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.092|y=0.679|scale=550|text={{center|&lt;small&gt;[[Metropolitan Municipality of Lima|Metropolitan&lt;br&gt;Municipality&lt;br&gt;of Lima]]&lt;/small&gt;}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.380|y=0.750|scale=550|text=[[Department of Ica|Ica]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.367|y=0.690|scale=550|text=[[Department of Huancavelica|Huancavelica]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.585|y=0.875|scale=550|text=[[Department of Moquegua|Moquegua]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.075|y=0.180|scale=550|text=[[ගුවායාකිල් බොක්ක|&lt;i style=&quot;color: #35759F&quot;&gt;ගුවායාකිල්&lt;br&gt;බොක්ක&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label end}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Peru subdivision templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7gj6o0pp0dmnvujjjzctug486slgtrp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754399</id>
      <parentid>754392</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:33:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4211" sha1="2a06k7xafj951mke530zszax4tzs8re" xml:space="preserve">{{Image label begin|image=Perú Mapa Divisiones Administrativas (Sin etiquetas) ImgID1.png|width=450|font-size=79%|float=none}}
{{Image label small|x=0.583|y=0.637|scale=550|text=[[Department of Madre de Dios|Madre de Dios]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.560|y=0.723|scale=530|text=[[Department of Cusco|Cusco]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.310|y=0.390|scale=550|text={{center|[[Department of San Martín|San&lt;br&gt;Martín]]}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.115|y=0.230|scale=550|text=[[Department of Tumbes|Tumbes]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.123|y=0.363|scale=550|text=[[Department of Lambayeque|Lambayeque]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.226|y=0.305|scale=550|text=[[Amazonas (Peruvian department)|Amazonas]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.138|y=0.295|scale=550|text=[[Department of Piura|Piura]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.211|y=0.432|scale=550|text=[[Department of La Libertad|La Libertad]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.258|y=0.505|scale=550|text=[[Department of Áncash|Áncash]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.345|y=0.515|scale=550|text=[[Department of Huánuco|Huánuco]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.502|y=0.555|scale=520|text=[[Department of Ucayali|Ucayali]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.199|y=0.390|scale=550|text=[[Department of Cajamarca|Cajamarca]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.380|y=0.560|scale=550|text=[[Department of Pasco|Pasco]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.3215|y=0.630|scale=550|text=[[Department of Lima|''Lima'']]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.405|y=0.610|scale=550|text=[[Department of Junín|Junín]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.414|y=0.231|scale=570|text=[[Department of Loreto|Loreto]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.485|y=0.730|scale=550|text=[[Department of Apurímac|Apurímac]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.507|y=0.830|scale=550|text=[[අරෙක්විපා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු|අරෙක්විපා]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.200|y=0.840|scale=550|text=[[පැසිෆික් සාගරය|&lt;i style=&quot;color: #35759F&quot;&gt;පැසිෆික්&lt;br&gt;සාගරය&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.417|y=0.748|scale=550|text=[[Department of Ayacucho|Ayacucho]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.639|y=0.790|scale=550|text=[[පූනෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු|පූනෝ]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.747|y=0.793|scale=550|text=[[බොලීවියාව|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;බොලීවියාව&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.620|y=0.919|scale=550|text=[[ටක්නා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු|ටක්නා]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.657|y=0.978|scale=550|text=[[චිලී|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;චිලී&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.535|y=0.065|scale=550|text=[[කොලොම්බියාව|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;කොලොම්බියාව&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.230|y=0.100|scale=550|text=[[ඉක්වදෝරය|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;ඉක්වදෝරය&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.698|y=0.820|scale=550|text=[[ටිටිකාකා විල|&lt;i style=&quot;color: #35759F&quot;&gt;ටිටිකාකා&lt;br&gt;විල&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.017|y=0.630|scale=550|text={{center|[[Callao|C. p. of&lt;br&gt;Callao]]}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.675|y=0.390|scale=550|text=[[බ්‍රසීලය|&lt;i style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;බ්‍රසීලය&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.131|y=0.569|scale=550|text={{center|&lt;small&gt;[[Regional Government of Lima|Regional&lt;br&gt;Government&lt;br&gt;of Lima]]&lt;/small&gt;}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.092|y=0.679|scale=550|text={{center|&lt;small&gt;[[Metropolitan Municipality of Lima|Metropolitan&lt;br&gt;Municipality&lt;br&gt;of Lima]]&lt;/small&gt;}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.380|y=0.750|scale=550|text=[[Department of Ica|Ica]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.367|y=0.690|scale=550|text=[[Department of Huancavelica|Huancavelica]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.585|y=0.875|scale=550|text=[[මොකෙගුවා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු|මොකෙගුවා]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.075|y=0.180|scale=550|text=[[ගුවායාකිල් බොක්ක|&lt;i style=&quot;color: #35759F&quot;&gt;ගුවායාකිල්&lt;br&gt;බොක්ක&lt;/i&gt;]]}}
{{Image label end}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Peru subdivision templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2a06k7xafj951mke530zszax4tzs8re</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:Imageframe</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>183148</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754386</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:03:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'gfhjhgj' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි</comment>
      <origin>754386</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7" sha1="p2lm6lewsb7i4a7918fgf1mt6scnwa1" xml:space="preserve">gfhjhgj</text>
      <sha1>p2lm6lewsb7i4a7918fgf1mt6scnwa1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ගුවායාකිල් බොක්ක</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754390</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:16:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290630577|Gulf of Guayaquil]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>754390</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3144" sha1="6adxmxf2m5aweqfiumrbvr44cksmt1l" xml:space="preserve">[[ගොනුව:Golfo_de_Guayaquil_Blue_Marble_2.jpg|thumb|250x250පික්| ගුවායාකිල් බොක්ක]]
'''ගුවායාකිල් බොක්ක''' යනු [[දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] බටහිර දෙසින් පිහිටි [[ශාන්තිකර සාගරය|පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ]] විශාල [[ජල ස්කන්ධ|ජල කඳකි]] . එහි උතුරු සීමාව [[ඉක්වදෝරය|ඉක්වදෝරයේ]] [[සැන්ටා එලිනා, ඉක්වදෝරය|සැන්ටා එලේනා]] නගරය වන අතර එහි දකුණු සීමාව [[පේරු]] හි කාබෝ බ්ලැන්කෝ වේ. ස සඩ් සඩ් සඩ් සඩ් සඩ් සඩ් ස ඩ්සඩ් සඩ් සඩ් සඩ් ස ඩ්සඩ් සඩ්

මෙම බොක්ක එහි නම ලබාගෙන ඇත්තේ [[ගුආයාක්විල්, ඉක්වදෝරය|ගුවායාකිල්]] නගරයෙනි. ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහ පේරුහි [[ගංගා]] දෙකම ගුවායාකිල් බොක්කෙහි ගලා බසින අතර, ගුවාස් ගඟ, ජුබොන්ස් ගඟ, සරුමිල්ලා ගඟ සහ ටුම්බෙස් ගඟ වැනි ගංගා ඊට ඇතුළත් වේ.

ගල්ෆ් බොක්ක යටින් [[විභේදන (භූ විද්‍යාව)|භූ විද්‍යාත්මක දෝෂ]] මාලාවක් පවතී. &lt;ref name=&quot;chungass2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chunga|first=Kervin|last2=Ochoa-Cornejo|first2=Felipe|last3=Mulas|first3=Maurizio|last4=Toulkeridis|first4=Theofilos|last5=Menéndez|first5=Edgar|date=2019|title=Characterization of seismogenic crustal faults in the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador|url=http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V46n1-2991/html|journal=[[Andean Geology]]|volume=46|issue=1|pages=66–81|doi=10.5027/andgeoV46n1-2991|access-date=April 12, 2019|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම දෝෂයන්ගෙන් විවිධත්වයක් ඉක්වදෝරයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය පුරා දිගටම පවතී. &lt;ref name=&quot;chungass2019&quot; /&gt; ගල්ෆ් ප්‍රදේශයේ ප්‍රධාන දෝෂ NNE-SSW නැඹුරු වන අතර ඒවා මිශ්‍ර [[විභේදන (භූ විද්‍යාව)|ස්ට්‍රයික්-ස්ලිප් සහ ඩෙක්ස්ට්‍රල් චලනය සහිත ප්‍රතිලෝම]] වර්ගයකි. &lt;ref name=&quot;chungass2019&quot; /&gt; මෙම දෝෂ නිසා භයානක භූමිකම්පා ඇති විය හැක. &lt;ref name=&quot;chungass2019&quot; /&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
{{ආශ්‍රලැයිස්තුව}}
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>6adxmxf2m5aweqfiumrbvr44cksmt1l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754391</id>
      <parentid>754390</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:17:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754391</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3001" sha1="3kudh1gz97bhgm5iga69xjmbtxeeyi3" xml:space="preserve">[[ගොනුව:Golfo_de_Guayaquil_Blue_Marble_2.jpg|thumb|250x250පික්| ගුවායාකිල් බොක්ක]]
'''ගුවායාකිල් බොක්ක''' යනු [[දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] බටහිර දෙසින් පිහිටි [[ශාන්තිකර සාගරය|පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ]] විශාල [[ජල ස්කන්ධ|ජල කඳකි]] . එහි උතුරු සීමාව [[ඉක්වදෝරය|ඉක්වදෝරයේ]] [[සැන්ටා එලිනා, ඉක්වදෝරය|සැන්ටා එලේනා]] නගරය වන අතර එහි දකුණු සීමාව [[පේරු]] හි කාබෝ බ්ලැන්කෝ වේ. 

මෙම බොක්ක එහි නම ලබාගෙන ඇත්තේ [[ගුආයාක්විල්, ඉක්වදෝරය|ගුවායාකිල්]] නගරයෙනි. ඉක්වදෝරයේ සහ පේරුහි [[ගංගා]] දෙකම ගුවායාකිල් බොක්කෙහි ගලා බසින අතර, ගුවාස් ගඟ, ජුබොන්ස් ගඟ, සරුමිල්ලා ගඟ සහ ටුම්බෙස් ගඟ වැනි ගංගා ඊට ඇතුළත් වේ.

ගල්ෆ් බොක්ක යටින් [[විභේදන (භූ විද්‍යාව)|භූ විද්‍යාත්මක දෝෂ]] මාලාවක් පවතී. &lt;ref name=&quot;chungass2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chunga|first=Kervin|last2=Ochoa-Cornejo|first2=Felipe|last3=Mulas|first3=Maurizio|last4=Toulkeridis|first4=Theofilos|last5=Menéndez|first5=Edgar|date=2019|title=Characterization of seismogenic crustal faults in the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador|url=http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V46n1-2991/html|journal=[[Andean Geology]]|volume=46|issue=1|pages=66–81|doi=10.5027/andgeoV46n1-2991|access-date=April 12, 2019|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙම දෝෂයන්ගෙන් විවිධත්වයක් ඉක්වදෝරයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය පුරා දිගටම පවතී. &lt;ref name=&quot;chungass2019&quot; /&gt; ගල්ෆ් ප්‍රදේශයේ ප්‍රධාන දෝෂ NNE-SSW නැඹුරු වන අතර ඒවා මිශ්‍ර [[විභේදන (භූ විද්‍යාව)|ස්ට්‍රයික්-ස්ලිප් සහ ඩෙක්ස්ට්‍රල් චලනය සහිත ප්‍රතිලෝම]] වර්ගයකි. &lt;ref name=&quot;chungass2019&quot; /&gt; මෙම දෝෂ නිසා භයානක භූමිකම්පා ඇති විය හැක. &lt;ref name=&quot;chungass2019&quot; /&gt;

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
{{ආශ්‍රලැයිස්තුව}}
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>3kudh1gz97bhgm5iga69xjmbtxeeyi3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>අරෙක්විපා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183150</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754393</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:27:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1287901687|Department of Arequipa]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>754393</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6747" sha1="0axejfgeuwqb4zrv982ru3wqsy6ag21" xml:space="preserve">
'''අරෙක්විපා''' ( {{Langx|qu|Ariqipa}}   ) යනු නිරිතදිග [[පේරු]] හි පිහිටි දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි . &lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Arequipa Peru, tours in Arequipa, How to get to Arequipa and what to do |url=https://www.explorebyyourself.com/en/peru/tourist_attractions/arequipa/ |access-date=2020-03-26 |website=www.explorebyyourself.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය පේරු හි හයවන විශාලතම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව වන අතර, පූනෝ, කුස්කෝ, මැඩ්‍රේ ද ඩියෝස්, උකායාලි සහ ලොරෙටෝ යන නගරවලට පසුව එහි හයවන වැඩිම ජනගහනය සහිත දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එකොළොස්වන අඩුම ජනගහනය සහිත දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව වේ. එය උතුරින් ඉකා, අයකුචෝ, අපුරිමාක් සහ කුස්කෝ යන දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලින් ද, නැගෙනහිරින් පූනෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවෙන් ද, දකුණින් මොකෙගුවා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවෙන් ද, බටහිරින් [[ශාන්තිකර සාගරය|පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන්]] ද මායිම් වේ. එහි අගනුවර, අරෙක්විපා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වේ.ඩ්ස් ෆ්ඩ්ස්ෆ් ස්ඩ්ෆ් ඩ්ස් ෆ්ඩ්ස් ෆ්ස්ඩ්ෆ් ඩ්ස් ග්ෆ්ජ්හ්ග්ෆ් ජ්  ග්ට්ඩ්ස් ඩ්cග් ස්ඩ්ෆ් ග්ඩ්ස්ෆ්ග් ඩ්ස්ෆ්ග්

== භූගෝලය ==
මෙම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවට රළු භූ විෂමතාවයක් ඇති අතර, එය අන්තර්- ඇන්ඩියන් අංශයේ විශාල ප්‍රදේශ ආවරණය කරන [[ගිනි කඳු|ගිනිකඳු]] ලාවා ස්ථර වලින් සංලක්ෂිත වේ. එහි ඔකෝනා සහ මේජස් ගංගා මගින් සෑදුණු ගැඹුරු කැනියන් ඇත. ලා ජෝයා වැනි මධ්‍යම ප්‍රමාණයේ සිට උසින් යුත් සානු දක්වාත්, අරියෙරෝස් පම්පා වැනි ඉහළ උන්නතාංශ සහ චිවේ, හුවාම්බෝ සහ පිචුකොල්ලා කලාපවල පිහිටා ඇති සානු දක්වාත් විහිදේ. මිස්ටි, චචානි, ඇම්පාටෝ, මිස්මි, සොලිමානා සහ කොරොපුනා වැනි ගිනිකඳු කේතු සානුවලට ඉහළින් මතු වී හිම පතනය ආකර්ෂණය කරයි. මෙම උසට වෙනස්ව, මේජස්, කොල්කා, සිහුවාස් සහ ඔකෝනා ඇතුළු ගැඹුරු කැනියන් ඇත, එහිදී මෙම කලාපයේ [[පරිසර විද්‍යාව|පාරිසරික]] පරිණාමයේ වැදගත් අංග පැහැදිලිව නිරීක්ෂණය කළ හැකිය.

වෙරළ තීරය දිගේ, කුඩා සානු සහ [[වැලි කඳු]], මජෙස්, සිහුවාස් සහ ලා ජෝයා තැනිතලා වල පිහිටා ඇති ඒවා වැනි අරෙක්විපා කාන්තාරයේ ලක්ෂණ නියෝජනය කරයි. මේවා විශේෂයෙන් ලස්සන හා දියුණුයි.

ජල විද්‍යාත්මක දෘෂ්ටි කෝණයකින්, එහි භූමිය ජලය බැස යන ගංගා ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් පැසිෆික් ජල පෝෂක ප්‍රදේශයට අයත් වේ. සමහර ගංගා ඇමසන් ජල විද්‍යාත්මක පද්ධතියට අයත් වේ. කලාපයේ ප්‍රධාන ගංගා කිහිපයක් නම්: ඔකෝනා, යූකා, කමානා සහ ක්විල්කා. ඇමසන් ගඟේ ආරම්භක ස්ථානය පිහිටා ඇත්තේ අරෙක්විපා කලාපයේ ය.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=December 2012}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

අරෙක්විපා හි උසම කඳු:

# කොරොපුනා 6,425 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# ඇම්පාටෝ 6,288 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# සොලිමානා 6,093 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# චචානි 6,057 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# හුවාල්කා හුවාල්කා 6,025 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# Sabancaya 5,976 mamsl, Ampato පරාසය.
# මිස්ටි 5,822 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# නොකරේන් 5,784 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# පිචු පිචු 5,664 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# Chila 5,654 mamsl, Chila Range.
# කැසිරි 5,647 mamsl, Chila Range.
# මිස්මි 5,597 mamsl, Chila Range.
# Minaspata 5,555 mamsl, Chila Range.
# Quehuisha 5,514 mamsl, Chila Range.
# Surihuiri 5,506 mamsl, Chila Range.
# ටකූන් 5,500 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# ෆිරුරා 5,498 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# යුරකාසා 5,465 mamsl, Chila Range.
# ජතුන්පිල 5,450 mamsl, Chila Range.
# Jatun Huaychahui 5,445 mamsl, Huanzo Range
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>0axejfgeuwqb4zrv982ru3wqsy6ag21</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754397</id>
      <parentid>754393</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:29:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>BuddhikaW88 විසින් [[අරෙකුයිපා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු]] සිට [[අරෙක්විපා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී: Misspelled title</comment>
      <origin>754393</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6747" sha1="0axejfgeuwqb4zrv982ru3wqsy6ag21" xml:space="preserve">
'''අරෙක්විපා''' ( {{Langx|qu|Ariqipa}}   ) යනු නිරිතදිග [[පේරු]] හි පිහිටි දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි . &lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Arequipa Peru, tours in Arequipa, How to get to Arequipa and what to do |url=https://www.explorebyyourself.com/en/peru/tourist_attractions/arequipa/ |access-date=2020-03-26 |website=www.explorebyyourself.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය පේරු හි හයවන විශාලතම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව වන අතර, පූනෝ, කුස්කෝ, මැඩ්‍රේ ද ඩියෝස්, උකායාලි සහ ලොරෙටෝ යන නගරවලට පසුව එහි හයවන වැඩිම ජනගහනය සහිත දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එකොළොස්වන අඩුම ජනගහනය සහිත දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව වේ. එය උතුරින් ඉකා, අයකුචෝ, අපුරිමාක් සහ කුස්කෝ යන දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලින් ද, නැගෙනහිරින් පූනෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවෙන් ද, දකුණින් මොකෙගුවා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවෙන් ද, බටහිරින් [[ශාන්තිකර සාගරය|පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන්]] ද මායිම් වේ. එහි අගනුවර, අරෙක්විපා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වේ.ඩ්ස් ෆ්ඩ්ස්ෆ් ස්ඩ්ෆ් ඩ්ස් ෆ්ඩ්ස් ෆ්ස්ඩ්ෆ් ඩ්ස් ග්ෆ්ජ්හ්ග්ෆ් ජ්  ග්ට්ඩ්ස් ඩ්cග් ස්ඩ්ෆ් ග්ඩ්ස්ෆ්ග් ඩ්ස්ෆ්ග්

== භූගෝලය ==
මෙම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවට රළු භූ විෂමතාවයක් ඇති අතර, එය අන්තර්- ඇන්ඩියන් අංශයේ විශාල ප්‍රදේශ ආවරණය කරන [[ගිනි කඳු|ගිනිකඳු]] ලාවා ස්ථර වලින් සංලක්ෂිත වේ. එහි ඔකෝනා සහ මේජස් ගංගා මගින් සෑදුණු ගැඹුරු කැනියන් ඇත. ලා ජෝයා වැනි මධ්‍යම ප්‍රමාණයේ සිට උසින් යුත් සානු දක්වාත්, අරියෙරෝස් පම්පා වැනි ඉහළ උන්නතාංශ සහ චිවේ, හුවාම්බෝ සහ පිචුකොල්ලා කලාපවල පිහිටා ඇති සානු දක්වාත් විහිදේ. මිස්ටි, චචානි, ඇම්පාටෝ, මිස්මි, සොලිමානා සහ කොරොපුනා වැනි ගිනිකඳු කේතු සානුවලට ඉහළින් මතු වී හිම පතනය ආකර්ෂණය කරයි. මෙම උසට වෙනස්ව, මේජස්, කොල්කා, සිහුවාස් සහ ඔකෝනා ඇතුළු ගැඹුරු කැනියන් ඇත, එහිදී මෙම කලාපයේ [[පරිසර විද්‍යාව|පාරිසරික]] පරිණාමයේ වැදගත් අංග පැහැදිලිව නිරීක්ෂණය කළ හැකිය.

වෙරළ තීරය දිගේ, කුඩා සානු සහ [[වැලි කඳු]], මජෙස්, සිහුවාස් සහ ලා ජෝයා තැනිතලා වල පිහිටා ඇති ඒවා වැනි අරෙක්විපා කාන්තාරයේ ලක්ෂණ නියෝජනය කරයි. මේවා විශේෂයෙන් ලස්සන හා දියුණුයි.

ජල විද්‍යාත්මක දෘෂ්ටි කෝණයකින්, එහි භූමිය ජලය බැස යන ගංගා ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් පැසිෆික් ජල පෝෂක ප්‍රදේශයට අයත් වේ. සමහර ගංගා ඇමසන් ජල විද්‍යාත්මක පද්ධතියට අයත් වේ. කලාපයේ ප්‍රධාන ගංගා කිහිපයක් නම්: ඔකෝනා, යූකා, කමානා සහ ක්විල්කා. ඇමසන් ගඟේ ආරම්භක ස්ථානය පිහිටා ඇත්තේ අරෙක්විපා කලාපයේ ය.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=December 2012}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

අරෙක්විපා හි උසම කඳු:

# කොරොපුනා 6,425 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# ඇම්පාටෝ 6,288 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# සොලිමානා 6,093 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# චචානි 6,057 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# හුවාල්කා හුවාල්කා 6,025 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# Sabancaya 5,976 mamsl, Ampato පරාසය.
# මිස්ටි 5,822 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# නොකරේන් 5,784 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# පිචු පිචු 5,664 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# Chila 5,654 mamsl, Chila Range.
# කැසිරි 5,647 mamsl, Chila Range.
# මිස්මි 5,597 mamsl, Chila Range.
# Minaspata 5,555 mamsl, Chila Range.
# Quehuisha 5,514 mamsl, Chila Range.
# Surihuiri 5,506 mamsl, Chila Range.
# ටකූන් 5,500 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# ෆිරුරා 5,498 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# යුරකාසා 5,465 mamsl, Chila Range.
# ජතුන්පිල 5,450 mamsl, Chila Range.
# Jatun Huaychahui 5,445 mamsl, Huanzo Range
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>0axejfgeuwqb4zrv982ru3wqsy6ag21</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754401</id>
      <parentid>754397</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:38:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754401</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6800" sha1="e94x09ufbrt8apxsujkm8xkm4tp6w4x" xml:space="preserve">
'''අරෙක්විපා''' ( {{Langx|qu|Ariqipa}}   ) යනු නිරිතදිග [[පේරු]] හි පිහිටි දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි . &lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Arequipa Peru, tours in Arequipa, How to get to Arequipa and what to do |url=https://www.explorebyyourself.com/en/peru/tourist_attractions/arequipa/ |access-date=2020-03-26 |website=www.explorebyyourself.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය පේරු හි හයවන විශාලතම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව වන අතර, පූනෝ, කුස්කෝ, මැඩ්‍රේ ද ඩියෝස්, උකායාලි සහ ලොරෙටෝ යන නගරවලට පසුව එහි හයවන වැඩිම ජනගහනය සහිත දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එකොළොස්වන අඩුම ජනගහනය සහිත දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව වේ. එය උතුරින් ඉකා, අයකුචෝ, අපුරිමාක් සහ කුස්කෝ යන දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලින් ද, නැගෙනහිරින් පූනෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවෙන් ද, දකුණින් මොකෙගුවා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවෙන් ද, බටහිරින් [[ශාන්තිකර සාගරය|පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන්]] ද මායිම් වේ. එහි අගනුවර, අරෙක්විපා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වේ.

== භූගෝලය ==
මෙම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවට රළු භූ විෂමතාවයක් ඇති අතර, එය අන්තර්- ඇන්ඩියන් අංශයේ විශාල ප්‍රදේශ ආවරණය කරන [[ගිනි කඳු|ගිනිකඳු]] ලාවා ස්ථර වලින් සංලක්ෂිත වේ. එහි ඔකෝනා සහ මේජස් ගංගා මගින් සෑදුණු ගැඹුරු කැනියන් ඇත. ලා ජෝයා වැනි මධ්‍යම ප්‍රමාණයේ සිට උසින් යුත් සානු දක්වාත්, අරියෙරෝස් පම්පා වැනි ඉහළ උන්නතාංශ සහ චිවේ, හුවාම්බෝ සහ පිචුකොල්ලා කලාපවල පිහිටා ඇති සානු දක්වාත් විහිදේ. මිස්ටි, චචානි, ඇම්පාටෝ, මිස්මි, සොලිමානා සහ කොරොපුනා වැනි ගිනිකඳු කේතු සානුවලට ඉහළින් මතු වී හිම පතනය ආකර්ෂණය කරයි. මෙම උසට වෙනස්ව, මේජස්, කොල්කා, සිහුවාස් සහ ඔකෝනා ඇතුළු ගැඹුරු කැනියන් ඇත, එහිදී මෙම කලාපයේ [[පරිසර විද්‍යාව|පාරිසරික]] පරිණාමයේ වැදගත් අංග පැහැදිලිව නිරීක්ෂණය කළ හැකිය.

වෙරළ තීරය දිගේ, කුඩා සානු සහ [[වැලි කඳු]], මජෙස්, සිහුවාස් සහ ලා ජෝයා තැනිතලා වල පිහිටා ඇති ඒවා වැනි අරෙක්විපා කාන්තාරයේ ලක්ෂණ නියෝජනය කරයි. මේවා විශේෂයෙන් ලස්සන හා දියුණුයි.

ජල විද්‍යාත්මක දෘෂ්ටි කෝණයකින්, එහි භූමිය ජලය බැස යන ගංගා ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් පැසිෆික් ජල පෝෂක ප්‍රදේශයට අයත් වේ. සමහර ගංගා ඇමසන් ජල විද්‍යාත්මක පද්ධතියට අයත් වේ. කලාපයේ ප්‍රධාන ගංගා කිහිපයක් නම්: ඔකෝනා, යූකා, කමානා සහ ක්විල්කා. ඇමසන් ගඟේ ආරම්භක ස්ථානය පිහිටා ඇත්තේ අරෙක්විපා කලාපයේ ය.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=December 2012}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

අරෙක්විපා හි උසම කඳු:

# කොරොපුනා 6,425 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# ඇම්පාටෝ 6,288 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# සොලිමානා 6,093 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# චචානි 6,057 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# හුවාල්කා හුවාල්කා 6,025 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# සබන්කායා 5,976 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# මිස්ටි 5,822 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# නොකරේන් 5,784 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# පිචු පිචු 5,664 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# චිලා 5,654 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය.
# කැසිරි 5,647 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය.
# මිස්මි 5,597 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය.
# මිනස්පාටා 5,555 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය.
# කුයිහුයිෂා 5,514 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය.
# සුරිහුයිරි 5,506 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය.
# ටකූන් 5,500 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# ෆිරුරා 5,498 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# යුරකාසා 5,465 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය.
# ජතුන්පිල 5,450 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය
# ජාතුන් හුවායිචාහුයි 5,445 mamsl, හුවාන්සෝ පරාසය

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>e94x09ufbrt8apxsujkm8xkm4tp6w4x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754405</id>
      <parentid>754401</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:40:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754405</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6889" sha1="15mfm7iagorqvkis6nid99bwz8tvhaq" xml:space="preserve">[[ගොනුව:Peru - Arequipa Department (locator map).svg|thumb|සිතියම]]
'''අරෙක්විපා''' ( {{Langx|qu|Ariqipa}}   ) යනු නිරිතදිග [[පේරු]] හි පිහිටි දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි . &lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Arequipa Peru, tours in Arequipa, How to get to Arequipa and what to do |url=https://www.explorebyyourself.com/en/peru/tourist_attractions/arequipa/ |access-date=2020-03-26 |website=www.explorebyyourself.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය පේරු හි හයවන විශාලතම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව වන අතර, පූනෝ, කුස්කෝ, මැඩ්‍රේ ද ඩියෝස්, උකායාලි සහ ලොරෙටෝ යන නගරවලට පසුව එහි හයවන වැඩිම ජනගහනය සහිත දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ එකොළොස්වන අඩුම ජනගහනය සහිත දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව වේ. එය උතුරින් ඉකා, අයකුචෝ, අපුරිමාක් සහ කුස්කෝ යන දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලින් ද, නැගෙනහිරින් පූනෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවෙන් ද, දකුණින් මොකෙගුවා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවෙන් ද, බටහිරින් [[ශාන්තිකර සාගරය|පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන්]] ද මායිම් වේ. එහි අගනුවර, අරෙක්විපා ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, පේරු හි දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වේ.

== භූගෝලය ==
මෙම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවට රළු භූ විෂමතාවයක් ඇති අතර, එය අන්තර්- ඇන්ඩියන් අංශයේ විශාල ප්‍රදේශ ආවරණය කරන [[ගිනි කඳු|ගිනිකඳු]] ලාවා ස්ථර වලින් සංලක්ෂිත වේ. එහි ඔකෝනා සහ මේජස් ගංගා මගින් සෑදුණු ගැඹුරු කැනියන් ඇත. ලා ජෝයා වැනි මධ්‍යම ප්‍රමාණයේ සිට උසින් යුත් සානු දක්වාත්, අරියෙරෝස් පම්පා වැනි ඉහළ උන්නතාංශ සහ චිවේ, හුවාම්බෝ සහ පිචුකොල්ලා කලාපවල පිහිටා ඇති සානු දක්වාත් විහිදේ. මිස්ටි, චචානි, ඇම්පාටෝ, මිස්මි, සොලිමානා සහ කොරොපුනා වැනි ගිනිකඳු කේතු සානුවලට ඉහළින් මතු වී හිම පතනය ආකර්ෂණය කරයි. මෙම උසට වෙනස්ව, මේජස්, කොල්කා, සිහුවාස් සහ ඔකෝනා ඇතුළු ගැඹුරු කැනියන් ඇත, එහිදී මෙම කලාපයේ [[පරිසර විද්‍යාව|පාරිසරික]] පරිණාමයේ වැදගත් අංග පැහැදිලිව නිරීක්ෂණය කළ හැකිය.

වෙරළ තීරය දිගේ, කුඩා සානු සහ [[වැලි කඳු]], මජෙස්, සිහුවාස් සහ ලා ජෝයා තැනිතලා වල පිහිටා ඇති ඒවා වැනි අරෙක්විපා කාන්තාරයේ ලක්ෂණ නියෝජනය කරයි. මේවා විශේෂයෙන් ලස්සන හා දියුණුයි.

ජල විද්‍යාත්මක දෘෂ්ටි කෝණයකින්, එහි භූමිය ජලය බැස යන ගංගා ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් පැසිෆික් ජල පෝෂක ප්‍රදේශයට අයත් වේ. සමහර ගංගා ඇමසන් ජල විද්‍යාත්මක පද්ධතියට අයත් වේ. කලාපයේ ප්‍රධාන ගංගා කිහිපයක් නම්: ඔකෝනා, යූකා, කමානා සහ ක්විල්කා. ඇමසන් ගඟේ ආරම්භක ස්ථානය පිහිටා ඇත්තේ අරෙක්විපා කලාපයේ ය.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=December 2012}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

අරෙක්විපා හි උසම කඳු:

# කොරොපුනා 6,425 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# ඇම්පාටෝ 6,288 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# සොලිමානා 6,093 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# චචානි 6,057 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# හුවාල්කා හුවාල්කා 6,025 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# සබන්කායා 5,976 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# මිස්ටි 5,822 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# නොකරේන් 5,784 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# පිචු පිචු 5,664 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# චිලා 5,654 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය.
# කැසිරි 5,647 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය.
# මිස්මි 5,597 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය.
# මිනස්පාටා 5,555 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය.
# කුයිහුයිෂා 5,514 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය.
# සුරිහුයිරි 5,506 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය.
# ටකූන් 5,500 mamsl, ගිනිකඳු පරාසය.
# ෆිරුරා 5,498 mamsl, ඇම්පාටෝ පරාසය.
# යුරකාසා 5,465 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය.
# ජතුන්පිල 5,450 mamsl, චිලා පරාසය
# ජාතුන් හුවායිචාහුයි 5,445 mamsl, හුවාන්සෝ පරාසය

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>15mfm7iagorqvkis6nid99bwz8tvhaq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ටක්නා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183151</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754394</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:28:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1280555438|Department of Tacna]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>754394</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4545" sha1="j5kwtuqz0mtravk3swoqfjeoedhv7h2" xml:space="preserve">
'''ටක්නා''' ({{IPA|es|ˈtaɣna}} ; Aymara සහ Quechua : ''Taqna'' ) යනු [[පේරු]] හි දකුණු දෙසින් පිහිටි දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ කලාපයයි . 1885 සිට 1929 දක්වා පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, [[චිලී]] හමුදාව වර්තමාන ටක්නා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව අත්පත් කරගෙන සිටි අතර, පසුව එය පේරු රාජ්‍යයට නැවත ඇතුළත් කරන ලදී. ඩ්ස් ෆ්ඩ්ස්ෆ් ස්ඩ්ෆ් ඩ්ස් ෆ්ඩ්ස් ෆ්ස්ඩ්ෆ් ඩ්ස් ග්ෆ්ජ්හ්ග්ෆ් ජ්  ග්ට්ඩ්ස් ඩ්cග් ස්ඩ්ෆ් ග්ඩ්ස්ෆ්ග් ඩ්ස්ෆ්ග් 

== භූගෝලය ==
ටක්නා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව බටහිරින් [[ශාන්තිකර සාගරය|පැසිෆික් සාගරය]] සමඟත්, උතුරින් මොකෙගුවා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සමඟත්, ඊසාන දෙසින් පූනෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සමඟත්, නැගෙනහිරින් [[බොලිවියාව|බොලිවියානු]] [[ලා පාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, බොලිවියාව|ලා පාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව]] සමඟත්, දකුණින් චිලීහි ඇරිකා-පැරිනකොටා කලාපය සමඟත් මායිම් වේ. Tacna කලාපය සහ චිලී අතර මායිම ''La Línea de la Concordia'' ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=January 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

මෙම කලාපය [[ටිටිකාකා විල|ටිටිකාකා]] සානුවට පහළින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර [[ගිනි කඳු]], [[කාන්තාර]] සහ කඳුකර කලාප ඇතුළු විවිධ [[භූගෝල විද්‍යාව|භූගෝලීය පිහිටීමක්]] ඇති අතර, එයින් පූනා සහ සානු හරහා [[ගංගා]] පැන නගින අතර එමඟින් මෙම කලාපයේ ජල විද්‍යාත්මක පද්ධතිය සාදයි. මෙම කලාපය ප්‍රමාණයෙන් කුඩා නමුත් සැලකිය යුතු පතල් හා [[කෘෂිකර්මය|කෘෂිකාර්මික]] විභවයක් ඇත. එය විවිධ [[දේශගුණය|දේශගුණික තත්ත්වයන්]] සහ විවිධ නිෂ්පාදන හැකියාවන් ඇත.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=January 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== දේශගුණය ===
මෙම ප්‍රදේශයේ ස්ථාවර අවරෝහණ වාතය සහ අධි පීඩනය හේතුවෙන් වසර පුරා ඉහළ හිරු එළියක් පවතී. කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණ පද්ධතියට අනුව, ටක්නාහි කාන්තාර දේශගුණයක් ඇති අතර එය දේශගුණික සිතියම්වල &quot;Bwh&quot; ලෙස කෙටියෙන් දැක්වේ. 
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>j5kwtuqz0mtravk3swoqfjeoedhv7h2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754404</id>
      <parentid>754394</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:39:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754404</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4260" sha1="k597hiq5td9foajk4ksnzj0gz7s8v91" xml:space="preserve">
'''ටක්නා''' ({{IPA|es|ˈtaɣna}} ; Aymara සහ Quechua : ''Taqna'' ) යනු [[පේරු]] හි දකුණු දෙසින් පිහිටි දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ කලාපයයි . 1885 සිට 1929 දක්වා පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, [[චිලී]] හමුදාව වර්තමාන ටක්නා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව අත්පත් කරගෙන සිටි අතර, පසුව එය පේරු රාජ්‍යයට නැවත ඇතුළත් කරන ලදී.  

== භූගෝලය ==
ටක්නා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව බටහිරින් [[ශාන්තිකර සාගරය|පැසිෆික් සාගරය]] සමඟත්, උතුරින් මොකෙගුවා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සමඟත්, ඊසාන දෙසින් පූනෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සමඟත්, නැගෙනහිරින් [[බොලිවියාව|බොලිවියානු]] [[ලා පාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, බොලිවියාව|ලා පාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව]] සමඟත්, දකුණින් චිලීහි ඇරිකා-පැරිනකොටා කලාපය සමඟත් මායිම් වේ. Tacna කලාපය සහ චිලී අතර මායිම ''La Línea de la Concordia'' ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=January 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

මෙම කලාපය [[ටිටිකාකා විල|ටිටිකාකා]] සානුවට පහළින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර [[ගිනි කඳු]], [[කාන්තාර]] සහ කඳුකර කලාප ඇතුළු විවිධ [[භූගෝල විද්‍යාව|භූගෝලීය පිහිටීමක්]] ඇති අතර, එයින් පූනා සහ සානු හරහා [[ගංගා]] පැන නගින අතර එමඟින් මෙම කලාපයේ ජල විද්‍යාත්මක පද්ධතිය සාදයි. මෙම කලාපය ප්‍රමාණයෙන් කුඩා නමුත් සැලකිය යුතු පතල් හා [[කෘෂිකර්මය|කෘෂිකාර්මික]] විභවයක් ඇත. එය විවිධ [[දේශගුණය|දේශගුණික තත්ත්වයන්]] සහ විවිධ නිෂ්පාදන හැකියාවන් ඇත.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=January 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== දේශගුණය ===
මෙම ප්‍රදේශයේ ස්ථාවර අවරෝහණ වාතය සහ අධි පීඩනය හේතුවෙන් වසර පුරා ඉහළ හිරු එළියක් පවතී. කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණ පද්ධතියට අනුව, ටක්නාහි කාන්තාර දේශගුණයක් ඇති අතර එය දේශගුණික සිතියම්වල &quot;Bwh&quot; ලෙස කෙටියෙන් දැක්වේ. 
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>k597hiq5td9foajk4ksnzj0gz7s8v91</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754408</id>
      <parentid>754404</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754408</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4346" sha1="dna9tol3twjboz6ehlbh8j4cdij1rts" xml:space="preserve">[[ගොනුව:Peru - Tacna Department (locator map).svg|thumb|සිතියම]]
'''ටක්නා''' ({{IPA|es|ˈtaɣna}} ; Aymara සහ Quechua : ''Taqna'' ) යනු [[පේරු]] හි දකුණු දෙසින් පිහිටි දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සහ කලාපයයි . 1885 සිට 1929 දක්වා පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය අතරතුර, [[චිලී]] හමුදාව වර්තමාන ටක්නා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව අත්පත් කරගෙන සිටි අතර, පසුව එය පේරු රාජ්‍යයට නැවත ඇතුළත් කරන ලදී.  

== භූගෝලය ==
ටක්නා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව බටහිරින් [[ශාන්තිකර සාගරය|පැසිෆික් සාගරය]] සමඟත්, උතුරින් මොකෙගුවා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සමඟත්, ඊසාන දෙසින් පූනෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සමඟත්, නැගෙනහිරින් [[බොලිවියාව|බොලිවියානු]] [[ලා පාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, බොලිවියාව|ලා පාස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව]] සමඟත්, දකුණින් චිලීහි ඇරිකා-පැරිනකොටා කලාපය සමඟත් මායිම් වේ. Tacna කලාපය සහ චිලී අතර මායිම ''La Línea de la Concordia'' ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=January 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

මෙම කලාපය [[ටිටිකාකා විල|ටිටිකාකා]] සානුවට පහළින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර [[ගිනි කඳු]], [[කාන්තාර]] සහ කඳුකර කලාප ඇතුළු විවිධ [[භූගෝල විද්‍යාව|භූගෝලීය පිහිටීමක්]] ඇති අතර, එයින් පූනා සහ සානු හරහා [[ගංගා]] පැන නගින අතර එමඟින් මෙම කලාපයේ ජල විද්‍යාත්මක පද්ධතිය සාදයි. මෙම කලාපය ප්‍රමාණයෙන් කුඩා නමුත් සැලකිය යුතු පතල් හා [[කෘෂිකර්මය|කෘෂිකාර්මික]] විභවයක් ඇත. එය විවිධ [[දේශගුණය|දේශගුණික තත්ත්වයන්]] සහ විවිධ නිෂ්පාදන හැකියාවන් ඇත.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=January 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== දේශගුණය ===
මෙම ප්‍රදේශයේ ස්ථාවර අවරෝහණ වාතය සහ අධි පීඩනය හේතුවෙන් වසර පුරා ඉහළ හිරු එළියක් පවතී. කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණ පද්ධතියට අනුව, ටක්නාහි කාන්තාර දේශගුණයක් ඇති අතර එය දේශගුණික සිතියම්වල &quot;Bwh&quot; ලෙස කෙටියෙන් දැක්වේ. 
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>dna9tol3twjboz6ehlbh8j4cdij1rts</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>පූනෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183152</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754395</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:28:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289984722|Department of Puno]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>754395</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5735" sha1="oqrr54bgegrm6asqqprv2p7jgka0t07" xml:space="preserve">
'''පූනෝ''' ({{IPA|es|ˈpuno}} ) යනු ගිනිකොනදිග [[පේරු]] හි පිහිටි දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි . එය Cuzco, Madre de Dios, Ucayali සහ Loreto වලින් පසු පේරු හි පස්වන විශාලතම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව වේ. එය නැගෙනහිරින් [[බොලිවියාව|බොලිවියාවෙන්]], උතුරින් මැඩ්‍රේ ඩි ඩියෝස්, බටහිරින් කුස්කෝ සහ අරෙක්විපා, නිරිත දෙසින් මොකෙගුවා සහ දකුණින් ටක්නා යන දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලින් මායිම් වේ. එහි අගනුවර වන්නේ ඇල්ටිප්ලානෝ නොහොත් උස් සියෙරා ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන භූගෝලීය කලාපයේ [[ටිටිකාකා විල|ටිටිකාකා]] විලෙහි පිහිටා ඇති පූනෝ නගරයයි.ඩ්ස් ෆ්ඩ්ස්ෆ් ස්ඩ්ෆ් ඩ්ස් ෆ්ඩ්ස් ෆ්ස්ඩ්ෆ් ඩ්ස් ග්ෆ්ජ්හ්ග්ෆ් ජ්  ග්ට්ඩ්ස් ඩ්cග් ස්ඩ්ෆ් ග්ඩ්ස්ෆ්ග් ඩ්ස්ෆ්ග් ස්ඩ් ස්ඩ් ඩ්ස් ස්ඩ්ග්ඩ්ස්ෆ් හ්ඩ්ස් හ්ෆ්ඩ්ස් හ්ෆ්ඩ්ස් හ්ඩ්ෆ් හ්ෆ්ඩ්ශ් ඩ්ස්ෆ්හ් ඩ්ස්ෆ් හ්ඩ්ස්ෆ්හ්

පූනෝ යනු ටියුවානාකෝස් (ක්‍රි.ව. 800 – ක්‍රි.ව. 1200) හි භූමි ප්‍රදේශය වූ අතර, ඔවුන් අද පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව ලෙස හඳුන්වන ප්‍රදේශයේ ස්ථාපිත වූ අයිමාරා ජනයාගේ ඉහළම සංස්කෘතික ප්‍රකාශනය විය. පහළොස්වන සියවසේදී ඉන්කාවරුන් මෙම ඉඩම් අත්පත් කරගත් අතර, එහි දියුණු වූ පතල් කර්මාන්තයෙන් ආකර්ෂණය වූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මුළු ප්‍රදේශය පුරාම වැදගත් යටත් විජිත උරුමයක් ඉතිරි කළහ.

== භූගෝලය ==
පූනෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව කොලාඕ සානුවේ පිහිටා ඇත. ලොව උසම යාත්‍රා කළ හැකි විල [[ටිටිකාකා විල|වන ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි]] බටහිර කොටස දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ පිහිටා ඇත. කලාපයේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 70% ක් ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරය විසින් අත්පත් කරගෙන ඇති අතර ඉතිරි කොටස [[ඇමසෝන් වැසි වනාන්තරය|ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරයෙන්]] වැසී ඇත.

මෙම විලෙහි දූපත් රාශියක් අඩංගු වන අතර, එහි වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ මුතුන් මිත්තන්ගේ සිරිත් විරිත් හා සම්ප්‍රදායන් අනුව දිගටම ජීවත් වෙති. යුරෝස් මෙයට උදාහරණයක්; මෙම ජන කණ්ඩායම ජීවත් වන්නේ ටොටෝරා බටවලින් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම කෘතිමව සාදන ලද &quot;පාවෙන දූපත්&quot; වල වන අතර, ඔවුන් ටොටෝරා බටවලින් සාදන ලද ඔවුන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික බෝට්ටු වල ගමන් කරති. ටකීල්, සුවාසි සහ අමන්තානි ඔවුන්ගේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ට දැක්වූ කරුණාව, රෙදි විවීමේ ඔවුන්ගේ මුතුන් මිත්තන්ගේ කුසලතාව, ඔවුන්ගේ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සහ සුන්දර ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධය. ටිටිකාකා ජාතික රක්ෂිතය (හෙක්ටයාර 36,180) ටොටෝරා බට සහ විවිධ ශාක හා සත්ව විශේෂවල පුළුල් පරාසයක් ආරක්ෂා කරයි.

දේශගුණය සීතල හා වියලි වන අතර, මාස හතරක වැසි සමයක් පවතී. අනෙක් අතට, වැසි වනාන්තරයේ දේශගුණය උණුසුම් ය. ජල සම්පත් ටිටිකාකා විලෙන්, කලපු 50 කින් සහ ගංගා 300 කට වැඩි ගණනකින් ලබා ගනී. භූගත ජලයේ ද වැදගත් විභවයක් පවතී.
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>oqrr54bgegrm6asqqprv2p7jgka0t07</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754402</id>
      <parentid>754395</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:38:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754402</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5253" sha1="muh5abb81folyzbo7o8133f8apd1w7a" xml:space="preserve">
'''පූනෝ''' ({{IPA|es|ˈpuno}} ) යනු ගිනිකොනදිග [[පේරු]] හි පිහිටි දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි . එය කුස්කෝ, මැඩ්රේ ඩි ඩියෝස්, උකයාලි සහ ලොරෙටෝ වලින් පසු පේරු හි පස්වන විශාලතම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව වේ. එය නැගෙනහිරින් [[බොලිවියාව|බොලිවියාවෙන්]], උතුරින් මැඩ්‍රේ ඩි ඩියෝස්, බටහිරින් කුස්කෝ සහ අරෙක්විපා, නිරිත දෙසින් මොකෙගුවා සහ දකුණින් ටක්නා යන දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලින් මායිම් වේ. එහි අගනුවර වන්නේ ඇල්ටිප්ලානෝ නොහොත් උස් සියෙරා ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන භූගෝලීය කලාපයේ [[ටිටිකාකා විල|ටිටිකාකා]] විලෙහි පිහිටා ඇති පූනෝ නගරයයි.

පූනෝ යනු ටියුවානාකෝස් (ක්‍රි.ව. 800 – ක්‍රි.ව. 1200) හි භූමි ප්‍රදේශය වූ අතර, ඔවුන් අද පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව ලෙස හඳුන්වන ප්‍රදේශයේ ස්ථාපිත වූ අයිමාරා ජනයාගේ ඉහළම සංස්කෘතික ප්‍රකාශනය විය. පහළොස්වන සියවසේදී ඉන්කාවරුන් මෙම ඉඩම් අත්පත් කරගත් අතර, එහි දියුණු වූ පතල් කර්මාන්තයෙන් ආකර්ෂණය වූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මුළු ප්‍රදේශය පුරාම වැදගත් යටත් විජිත උරුමයක් ඉතිරි කළහ.

== භූගෝලය ==
පූනෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව කොලාඕ සානුවේ පිහිටා ඇත. ලොව උසම යාත්‍රා කළ හැකි විල [[ටිටිකාකා විල|වන ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි]] බටහිර කොටස දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ පිහිටා ඇත. කලාපයේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 70% ක් ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරය විසින් අත්පත් කරගෙන ඇති අතර ඉතිරි කොටස [[ඇමසෝන් වැසි වනාන්තරය|ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරයෙන්]] වැසී ඇත.

මෙම විලෙහි දූපත් රාශියක් අඩංගු වන අතර, එහි වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ මුතුන් මිත්තන්ගේ සිරිත් විරිත් හා සම්ප්‍රදායන් අනුව දිගටම ජීවත් වෙති. යුරෝස් මෙයට උදාහරණයක්; මෙම ජන කණ්ඩායම ජීවත් වන්නේ ටොටෝරා බටවලින් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම කෘතිමව සාදන ලද &quot;පාවෙන දූපත්&quot; වල වන අතර, ඔවුන් ටොටෝරා බටවලින් සාදන ලද ඔවුන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික බෝට්ටු වල ගමන් කරති. ටකීල්, සුවාසි සහ අමන්තානි ඔවුන්ගේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ට දැක්වූ කරුණාව, රෙදි විවීමේ ඔවුන්ගේ මුතුන් මිත්තන්ගේ කුසලතාව, ඔවුන්ගේ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සහ සුන්දර ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධය. ටිටිකාකා ජාතික රක්ෂිතය (හෙක්ටයාර 36,180) ටොටෝරා බට සහ විවිධ ශාක හා සත්ව විශේෂවල පුළුල් පරාසයක් ආරක්ෂා කරයි.

දේශගුණය සීතල හා වියලි වන අතර, මාස හතරක වැසි සමයක් පවතී. අනෙක් අතට, වැසි වනාන්තරයේ දේශගුණය උණුසුම් ය. ජල සම්පත් ටිටිකාකා විලෙන්, කලපු 50 කින් සහ ගංගා 300 කට වැඩි ගණනකින් ලබා ගනී. භූගත ජලයේ ද වැදගත් විභවයක් පවතී.
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>muh5abb81folyzbo7o8133f8apd1w7a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754406</id>
      <parentid>754402</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:40:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754406</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5338" sha1="r329ggza83awq9tgcpohfr59rlbxoev" xml:space="preserve">[[ගොනුව:Peru - Puno Department (locator map).svg|thumb|සිතියම]]
'''පූනෝ''' ({{IPA|es|ˈpuno}} ) යනු ගිනිකොනදිග [[පේරු]] හි පිහිටි දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි . එය කුස්කෝ, මැඩ්රේ ඩි ඩියෝස්, උකයාලි සහ ලොරෙටෝ වලින් පසු පේරු හි පස්වන විශාලතම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව වේ. එය නැගෙනහිරින් [[බොලිවියාව|බොලිවියාවෙන්]], උතුරින් මැඩ්‍රේ ඩි ඩියෝස්, බටහිරින් කුස්කෝ සහ අරෙක්විපා, නිරිත දෙසින් මොකෙගුවා සහ දකුණින් ටක්නා යන දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලින් මායිම් වේ. එහි අගනුවර වන්නේ ඇල්ටිප්ලානෝ නොහොත් උස් සියෙරා ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන භූගෝලීය කලාපයේ [[ටිටිකාකා විල|ටිටිකාකා]] විලෙහි පිහිටා ඇති පූනෝ නගරයයි.

පූනෝ යනු ටියුවානාකෝස් (ක්‍රි.ව. 800 – ක්‍රි.ව. 1200) හි භූමි ප්‍රදේශය වූ අතර, ඔවුන් අද පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව ලෙස හඳුන්වන ප්‍රදේශයේ ස්ථාපිත වූ අයිමාරා ජනයාගේ ඉහළම සංස්කෘතික ප්‍රකාශනය විය. පහළොස්වන සියවසේදී ඉන්කාවරුන් මෙම ඉඩම් අත්පත් කරගත් අතර, එහි දියුණු වූ පතල් කර්මාන්තයෙන් ආකර්ෂණය වූ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් මුළු ප්‍රදේශය පුරාම වැදගත් යටත් විජිත උරුමයක් ඉතිරි කළහ.

== භූගෝලය ==
පූනෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව කොලාඕ සානුවේ පිහිටා ඇත. ලොව උසම යාත්‍රා කළ හැකි විල [[ටිටිකාකා විල|වන ටිටිකාකා විලෙහි]] බටහිර කොටස දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ පිහිටා ඇත. කලාපයේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 70% ක් ඇන්ඩියන් කඳුකරය විසින් අත්පත් කරගෙන ඇති අතර ඉතිරි කොටස [[ඇමසෝන් වැසි වනාන්තරය|ඇමසන් වැසි වනාන්තරයෙන්]] වැසී ඇත.

මෙම විලෙහි දූපත් රාශියක් අඩංගු වන අතර, එහි වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ මුතුන් මිත්තන්ගේ සිරිත් විරිත් හා සම්ප්‍රදායන් අනුව දිගටම ජීවත් වෙති. යුරෝස් මෙයට උදාහරණයක්; මෙම ජන කණ්ඩායම ජීවත් වන්නේ ටොටෝරා බටවලින් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම කෘතිමව සාදන ලද &quot;පාවෙන දූපත්&quot; වල වන අතර, ඔවුන් ටොටෝරා බටවලින් සාදන ලද ඔවුන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික බෝට්ටු වල ගමන් කරති. ටකීල්, සුවාසි සහ අමන්තානි ඔවුන්ගේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ට දැක්වූ කරුණාව, රෙදි විවීමේ ඔවුන්ගේ මුතුන් මිත්තන්ගේ කුසලතාව, ඔවුන්ගේ පූර්ව-කොලොම්බියානු ඉදිකිරීම් සහ සුන්දර ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධය. ටිටිකාකා ජාතික රක්ෂිතය (හෙක්ටයාර 36,180) ටොටෝරා බට සහ විවිධ ශාක හා සත්ව විශේෂවල පුළුල් පරාසයක් ආරක්ෂා කරයි.

දේශගුණය සීතල හා වියලි වන අතර, මාස හතරක වැසි සමයක් පවතී. අනෙක් අතට, වැසි වනාන්තරයේ දේශගුණය උණුසුම් ය. ජල සම්පත් ටිටිකාකා විලෙන්, කලපු 50 කින් සහ ගංගා 300 කට වැඩි ගණනකින් ලබා ගනී. භූගත ජලයේ ද වැදගත් විභවයක් පවතී.
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>r329ggza83awq9tgcpohfr59rlbxoev</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>මොකෙගුවා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183153</id>
    <revision>
      <id>754396</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:28:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1285510690|Department of Moquegua]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>754396</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5037" sha1="nqt2vsic3kt4xdwt1g1kut6pn3duw8k" xml:space="preserve">
'''මොකෙගුවා''' ({{IPA|es|moˈkeɣwa|-|ES-pe - Moquegua.ogg}} ) යනු දකුණු [[පේරු]] හි වෙරළ තීරයේ සිට උස්බිම් දක්වා විහිදෙන දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි . එහි අගනුවර වන්නේ මොකෙගුවා නගරය වන අතර එය දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයේ සහ ජාතික අධ්‍යාපනයේ ඉහළ අනුපාත සඳහා ප්‍රධාන පේරු නගර අතර වේ.ඩ්ස් ෆ්ඩ්ස්ෆ් ස්ඩ්ෆ් ඩ්ස් ෆ්ඩ්ස් ෆ්ස්ඩ්ෆ් ඩ්ස් ග්ෆ්ජ්හ්ග්ෆ් ජ්  ග්ට්ඩ්ස් ඩ්cග් ස්ඩ්ෆ් ග්ඩ්ස්ෆ්ග් ඩ්ස්ෆ්ග්

== භූගෝලය ==
දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ [[ගිනි කඳු]] සහ එහි භූ රූප විද්‍යාව එහි භූගෝල විද්‍යාව කැපී පෙනේ. එය සෑදී ඇත්තේ වඩාත් ධාරානිපාත වෙරළබඩ ගංගාවලින් එකක් වන ටැම්බෝ ගඟේ උඩුගං බලා කොටසෙනි, එය ගැඹුරු නිම්න සාදයි, ඒවා අංශ තුනකට බෙදිය හැකිය, පළමුවැන්න වයඹ දෙසින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර එය පුකිනා-ලා කැපිලා අංශය සාදයි. මේවා පාෂාණවලින් වට වූ සැබෑ ක්ෂේම භූමියකි; ශුෂ්ක කඳු බෑවුම් සහ උද්‍යාන වගාව කළ හැකි සමහර ටෙරස්. හොඳ දේශගුණයක් සහ පොහොසත් පසක් නිසා උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ඇල්ෆල්ෆා මෙන්ම පලතුරු, විශේෂයෙන් මිදි මෙහි නිෂ්පාදනය කෙරේ. දෙවන අංශය වන්නේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ හා සාරවත් පසක් වන ඔමේට් නිම්නයයි. පේරුහි වඩාත් ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කන්ද වන උබිනස් ගිනි කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත්තේ ඒ අසල ය. කඳු බෑවුම්වල භූමිය සාරවත් වන අතර එහි උස්බිම් පාළු වී හා වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත. ටැම්බෝ ගඟේ දකුණු කොටසේ කරුමාස් නගරය පිහිටා ඇති අතර එය පුකිනා සහ ඔමේට් සමඟ මෙම භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් වැදගත් මධ්‍යස්ථාන වේ. [[Moquegua River|මොකෙගුවා ගඟ]] කෙටි කාලීන එකක් වන අතර එය එහි අතු ගංගා වන [[Torata River|ටොරාටා]], [[Huaracane River|හුවාරකේන්]] සහ [[Tumilaca River|ටුමිලකා]] ගංගා මගින් සෑදී ඇත. [[Regional capital|කලාපීය අගනුවර]] හරහා ගිය පසු, එය ඔස්මාරේ නම් කැනියනයකට ගැඹුරට හාරයි.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=January 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== සීමා මායිම් ===
මොකෙගුවා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව උතුරින් අරෙක්විපා කලාපයෙන්, නැගෙනහිරින් පූනෝ කලාපයෙන්, දකුණින් ටක්නා කලාපයෙන් සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන් මායිම් වී ඇත.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=January 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>nqt2vsic3kt4xdwt1g1kut6pn3duw8k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754403</id>
      <parentid>754396</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:38:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754403</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4752" sha1="7nvd5znyv6oglngk5dupx1z14dybm0z" xml:space="preserve">
'''මොකෙගුවා''' ({{IPA|es|moˈkeɣwa|-|ES-pe - Moquegua.ogg}} ) යනු දකුණු [[පේරු]] හි වෙරළ තීරයේ සිට උස්බිම් දක්වා විහිදෙන දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි . එහි අගනුවර වන්නේ මොකෙගුවා නගරය වන අතර එය දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයේ සහ ජාතික අධ්‍යාපනයේ ඉහළ අනුපාත සඳහා ප්‍රධාන පේරු නගර අතර වේ.

== භූගෝලය ==
දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ [[ගිනි කඳු]] සහ එහි භූ රූප විද්‍යාව එහි භූගෝල විද්‍යාව කැපී පෙනේ. එය සෑදී ඇත්තේ වඩාත් ධාරානිපාත වෙරළබඩ ගංගාවලින් එකක් වන ටැම්බෝ ගඟේ උඩුගං බලා කොටසෙනි, එය ගැඹුරු නිම්න සාදයි, ඒවා අංශ තුනකට බෙදිය හැකිය, පළමුවැන්න වයඹ දෙසින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර එය පුකිනා-ලා කැපිලා අංශය සාදයි. මේවා පාෂාණවලින් වට වූ සැබෑ ක්ෂේම භූමියකි; ශුෂ්ක කඳු බෑවුම් සහ උද්‍යාන වගාව කළ හැකි සමහර ටෙරස්. හොඳ දේශගුණයක් සහ පොහොසත් පසක් නිසා උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ඇල්ෆල්ෆා මෙන්ම පලතුරු, විශේෂයෙන් මිදි මෙහි නිෂ්පාදනය කෙරේ. දෙවන අංශය වන්නේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ හා සාරවත් පසක් වන ඔමේට් නිම්නයයි. පේරුහි වඩාත් ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කන්ද වන උබිනස් ගිනි කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත්තේ ඒ අසල ය. කඳු බෑවුම්වල භූමිය සාරවත් වන අතර එහි උස්බිම් පාළු වී හා වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත. ටැම්බෝ ගඟේ දකුණු කොටසේ කරුමාස් නගරය පිහිටා ඇති අතර එය පුකිනා සහ ඔමේට් සමඟ මෙම භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් වැදගත් මධ්‍යස්ථාන වේ. [[Moquegua River|මොකෙගුවා ගඟ]] කෙටි කාලීන එකක් වන අතර එය එහි අතු ගංගා වන [[Torata River|ටොරාටා]], [[Huaracane River|හුවාරකේන්]] සහ [[Tumilaca River|ටුමිලකා]] ගංගා මගින් සෑදී ඇත. [[Regional capital|කලාපීය අගනුවර]] හරහා ගිය පසු, එය ඔස්මාරේ නම් කැනියනයකට ගැඹුරට හාරයි.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=January 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== සීමා මායිම් ===
මොකෙගුවා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව උතුරින් අරෙක්විපා කලාපයෙන්, නැගෙනහිරින් පූනෝ කලාපයෙන්, දකුණින් ටක්නා කලාපයෙන් සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන් මායිම් වී ඇත.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=January 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>7nvd5znyv6oglngk5dupx1z14dybm0z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>754407</id>
      <parentid>754403</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:40:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>754407</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4841" sha1="i1lz01oi4b5445scfhduskbizwoihy8" xml:space="preserve">[[ගොනුව:Peru - Moquegua Department (locator map).svg|thumb|සිතියම]]
'''මොකෙගුවා''' ({{IPA|es|moˈkeɣwa|-|ES-pe - Moquegua.ogg}} ) යනු දකුණු [[පේරු]] හි වෙරළ තීරයේ සිට උස්බිම් දක්වා විහිදෙන දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි . එහි අගනුවර වන්නේ මොකෙගුවා නගරය වන අතර එය දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයේ සහ ජාතික අධ්‍යාපනයේ ඉහළ අනුපාත සඳහා ප්‍රධාන පේරු නගර අතර වේ.

== භූගෝලය ==
දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ [[ගිනි කඳු]] සහ එහි භූ රූප විද්‍යාව එහි භූගෝල විද්‍යාව කැපී පෙනේ. එය සෑදී ඇත්තේ වඩාත් ධාරානිපාත වෙරළබඩ ගංගාවලින් එකක් වන ටැම්බෝ ගඟේ උඩුගං බලා කොටසෙනි, එය ගැඹුරු නිම්න සාදයි, ඒවා අංශ තුනකට බෙදිය හැකිය, පළමුවැන්න වයඹ දෙසින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර එය පුකිනා-ලා කැපිලා අංශය සාදයි. මේවා පාෂාණවලින් වට වූ සැබෑ ක්ෂේම භූමියකි; ශුෂ්ක කඳු බෑවුම් සහ උද්‍යාන වගාව කළ හැකි සමහර ටෙරස්. හොඳ දේශගුණයක් සහ පොහොසත් පසක් නිසා උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ඇල්ෆල්ෆා මෙන්ම පලතුරු, විශේෂයෙන් මිදි මෙහි නිෂ්පාදනය කෙරේ. දෙවන අංශය වන්නේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ හා සාරවත් පසක් වන ඔමේට් නිම්නයයි. පේරුහි වඩාත් ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කන්ද වන උබිනස් ගිනි කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත්තේ ඒ අසල ය. කඳු බෑවුම්වල භූමිය සාරවත් වන අතර එහි උස්බිම් පාළු වී හා වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත. ටැම්බෝ ගඟේ දකුණු කොටසේ කරුමාස් නගරය පිහිටා ඇති අතර එය පුකිනා සහ ඔමේට් සමඟ මෙම භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් වැදගත් මධ්‍යස්ථාන වේ. [[Moquegua River|මොකෙගුවා ගඟ]] කෙටි කාලීන එකක් වන අතර එය එහි අතු ගංගා වන [[Torata River|ටොරාටා]], [[Huaracane River|හුවාරකේන්]] සහ [[Tumilaca River|ටුමිලකා]] ගංගා මගින් සෑදී ඇත. [[Regional capital|කලාපීය අගනුවර]] හරහා ගිය පසු, එය ඔස්මාරේ නම් කැනියනයකට ගැඹුරට හාරයි.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=January 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== සීමා මායිම් ===
මොකෙගුවා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව උතුරින් අරෙක්විපා කලාපයෙන්, නැගෙනහිරින් පූනෝ කලාපයෙන්, දකුණින් ටක්නා කලාපයෙන් සහ බටහිරින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයෙන් මායිම් වී ඇත.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=January 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</text>
      <sha1>i1lz01oi4b5445scfhduskbizwoihy8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>අරෙකුයිපා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183154</id>
    <redirect title="අරෙක්විපා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු" />
    <revision>
      <id>754398</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-08T10:29:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BuddhikaW88</username>
        <id>37808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>BuddhikaW88 විසින් [[අරෙකුයිපා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු]] සිට [[අරෙක්විපා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී: Misspelled title</comment>
      <origin>754398</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="114" sha1="1g9oldg97bq8r7qp35yzmw1wn99cq9i" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[අරෙක්විපා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, පේරු]]</text>
      <sha1>1g9oldg97bq8r7qp35yzmw1wn99cq9i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>