ක්‍ෂුද්‍රපාලකය

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      <text bytes="1423" sha1="gtp63cmserinugbxpwsbern15noh4iu" xml:space="preserve">''ක්‍ෂුද්‍රපාලකයක්'' (microcontroller) යනු සංගෘහිත [[පරිපථ]]යක අන්තර්ගත කරන ලද කුඩා එහෙත් සම්පූර්ණ [[පරිගණකය|පරිගණකයක්]] ලෙස හැඳින්විය හකිය. ක්‍ෂුද්‍රපාලකයක සාමන්‍ය ක්‍ෂුද්‍රසකසනයක (Microprocessor) ඇති ගණක හා තාර්කික ඒකකය, පාලක ඒකකයට යන ඒකක වලට අමතරව තම ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වයට අදාල RAM සහ ROM සේම ආදාන-ප්‍රතිදාන ඒකකත් සංගත කර ඇත. මේ හෙයින් සාමාන්‍ය කක්‍ෂුද්‍රසකසනයක් හ සැසඳූ කල ක්‍ෂුද්‍රපාලකයක් මිලෙන් අඩු මෙන්ම අනෙක් කිසිම අමතර උපාංගයක් රහිතව ක්‍රියාකාරී වීමේ හැකියාව ඇත.

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[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික විද්‍යාව]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පරිගණකවේදය]]

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පරිගණකවේදය]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1423" sha1="aux8nqumhntg86lzbawyiwar8otdboj" xml:space="preserve">''ක්‍ෂුද්‍රපාලකයක්'' (microcontroller) යනු සංගෘහිත [[පරිපථ]]යක අන්තර්ගත කරන ලද කුඩා එහෙත් සම්පූර්ණ [[පරිගණකය|පරිගණකයක්]] ලෙස හැඳින්විය හකිය. ක්‍ෂුද්‍රපාලකයක සාමන්‍ය ක්‍ෂුද්‍රසකසනයක (microprocessor) ඇති ගණක හා තාර්කික ඒකකය, පාලක ඒකකයට යන ඒකක වලට අමතරව තම ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වයට අදාල RAM සහ ROM සේම ආදාන-ප්‍රතිදාන ඒකකත් සංගත කර ඇත. මේ හෙයින් සාමාන්‍ය කක්‍ෂුද්‍රසකසනයක් හ සැසඳූ කල ක්‍ෂුද්‍රපාලකයක් මිලෙන් අඩු මෙන්ම අනෙක් කිසිම අමතර උපාංගයක් රහිතව ක්‍රියාකාරී වීමේ හැකියාව ඇත.

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[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික විද්‍යාව]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පරිගණකවේදය]]

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පරිගණකවේදය]]</text>
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    <title>තාරකා වාසලමුදලිආරච්චි</title>
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        <username>Tharindu4777</username>
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      <text bytes="21027" sha1="fmlzj87vwx7l28122z8h9v73tugqs8z" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Tharaka Wasalamudaliarachchi
| image = Tharaka Wasalamudaliarachchi.jpg
| caption = Tharaka Wasalamudaliarachchi in 2024
| birth_date = October 18, 1973
| other_names = Tharu Queen
| occupation = Author
| years_active = 1989 -
| organization = Tharu Queen Productions
| known_for = සිංහල සාහිත්‍ය
| notable_works = කළු (book), හෙළිදරව්ව (tv series)
| height_m = 1.57
| television = හෙළිදරව්ව, චරිත, පෙරවදන
| spouse = චන්දන සූරියබණ්ඩාර
| website = https://tharakawasalamudaliarachchi.com/
}}
'''තාරකා වාසලමුදලිආරච්චි''' ([[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසී:]] Tharaka Wasalamudaliarachchi (1973 ඔක්තෝබර් 18) ශ්‍රී ලාංකික කතුවරියක්, මාධ්යවේදිනියෙක් , නිළියක්, ගීත රචකයෙකුවේ.

2000 සිට 2001 දක්වා කාලය තුළ ඇය ස්වර්ණවාහිනිය ඔස්සේ විකාශය වූ '''&quot;හෙළිදරව්ව&quot;''' ගවේෂණාත්මක වාර්තා වැඩසටහන නිෂ්පාදනය කරමින් ඉදිරිපත් කළාය. තාරකා වාසලමුදලිාඅරච්චි ඇගේ [[සාහිත්‍යය]] කාර්යය ආරම්භ කළේ  '''අන්දරමණ්ඩිය''' [[නවකතා|නවකතාව]] සමඟය. 2006 වසරේදී '''&quot;පිපි පියුම්&quot;''' ටෙලි නාට්‍යයෙන් රංගන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසි වාසලමුදලිආරච්චි, &quot;නිකිණි මල්වැන්න&quot; නම් චරිතය නිරූපණය කළාය. පසුව ඇය '''දෙහි (2006)''', '''මැටි (2007)''' සහ '''කළු (2009)''' නවකතා ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළා. කළු 2010 ස්වර්ණ පුස්තක සම්මානයට නම් විය. පසුව ඇය '''ඇස් (2014)''', '''පාට (2016)''', '''ඉන්ද්‍රචාප (2019)''', '''ගුරු (2019)''', '''කාසි (2021)''' සහ '''නීල නිම්න (2023)''' නවකතා ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළා.

== මුල් ජීවිතය සහ අධ්‍යාපනය ==
තාරකා වාසලමුදලිආරච්චි උපත ලැබුවේ [[Journalism|මාධ්‍යවේදියෙකු]] සහ [[ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව|ආර්ථික විද්‍යා]] ගුරුවරයෙකු වූ අතුල සෙනාරත්න මහතාට සහ බැංකු කළමනාකාරිනියක ලෙස සේවය කළ මවකට දාව ය. ඇගේ පියා මහනුවර ශාන්ත සිල්වෙස්ටර් විද්‍යාලයේ [[ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව]] ඉගැන්වූ අතර, ඔහු සමඟ ඇය ඉතා සමීප සබඳතාවක් පැවැත්වූ බව කියවේ. ඇගේ කුඩා අ වධියේදී, එනම් 1980 වසරේදී ඔහු මියගිය අතර, එම සිදුවීම ඇගේ මුල් ජීවිතයට දැඩි බලපෑමක් ඇති කළේය. පියාගේ අභාවයෙන් පසු ඇය හැදී වැඩුණේ ඇගේ මව යටතේ ය.

මාතර ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශයක හැදී වැඩුණු ඇය දෙයියන්දර මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලයෙන් සහ පල්ලෙවෙල මහා විද්‍යාලයෙන් මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ අතර, පසුව මාතර ශාන්ත තෝමස් බාලිකා උසස් විද්‍යාලයට ඇතුළත් වූවාය.

== වෘත්තීය ==
පාසල් කාලයේ සිටම ඇය විවිධ [[සාහිත්‍යය|සාහිත්‍ය]] හා කලා කටයුතුවල නිරත වූවාය. පසුකාලීනව ඇය ලේඛන කලාවට යොමු වීමට එය ප්‍රධාන හේතුවක් වූ අතර, මාතර සිට කොළඹට පැමිණීමෙන් පසු ඇය [[පුවත්පත්]] කලාවේදිනියක ලෙස සිය වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළාය. එහිදී ඇය Capital Maharaja ආයතනය මගින් නිකුත් කරන ලද &quot;TV Sri Lanka&quot; රූපවාහිනී සඟරාවේ සහය සංස්කාරකවරිය ලෙස කටයුතු කළාය.

=== හෙළිදරව්ව ===
2000 සිට 2001 දක්වා කාලය තුළ ඇය ස්වර්ණවාහිනී නාලිකාවේ විකාශය වූ &quot;හෙළිදරව්ව&quot; නම් ගවේෂණාත්මක වාර්තා වැඩසටහන නිෂ්පාදනය කරමින් ඉදිරිපත් කළාය. එම වැඩසටහන සුමති සම්මාන උළෙලේදී හොඳම ගවේෂණාත්මක වැඩසටහන සඳහා වන සම්මානය දෙවරක් දිනා ගැනීමට සමත් විය. මාධ්‍ය ක්ෂේත්‍රයට ඇය දක්වන ලද දායකත්වය අගය කරමින් 2006 වසරේදී ඇයට HSBC JCP TOYP සම්මානය හිමි විය. 

=== '''පිපි පියුම්''' ===
වාසලමුදලිආරච්චි සිය රංගන ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළේ 2006 වසරේ විකාශය වූ ''&quot;පිපි පියුම්&quot;'' ටෙලිනාට්‍යයෙනි. එහි ඇය [[සාරංග දිසාසේකර]] සමඟ &quot;නිකිණි මල්වැන්න&quot; නම් චරිතය නිරූපණය කළාය. මෙම ටෙලිනාට්‍යය ප්‍රේමකුමාර ජයවර්ධන විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද අතර එහි [[තිර රචනය]] සුමිත්‍රා රාහුබද්ධගෙනි. එය 2006 වසරේදී [[ස්වර්ණවාහිනී]] නාලිකාව ඔස්සේ විකාශය විය. මෙහි තාරකා විසින් නිරූපණය කළේ පාදවල [[ආබාධිත තත්ත්‍ව|ආබාධිත තත්ත්වයකින්]] පෙළෙන &quot;නිකිණි මල්වැන්න&quot; නම් යුවතියගේ චරිතයයි. [[ආදරය|ආදරණීය]] මෙන්ම ශෝකජනක කතාවක් වූ මෙම නිර්මාණය, නිළියක ලෙස තාරකාගේ නාමය ජනප්‍රිය වීමට බෙහෙවින් ඉවහල් විය.

=== '''උඩු වියන්''' ===
2007 වසරේදී ඇය ස්වර්ණවාහිනී නාලිකාවේ විකාශය වූ ''&quot;උඩු වියන්&quot;'' ටෙලිනාට්‍යයේ &quot;ඉෂාදි විජේවර්ධන&quot; නම් චරිතය නිරූපණය කළාය. එහිදී ඇය බිමල් ජයකොඩි විසින් රඟපෑ නවකතාකරුවෙකුගේ බිරිඳ ලෙස ප්‍රධාන රංගනයෙන් දායක වූවාය.

=== '''චරිත''' ===
ඇය ''&quot;චරිත&quot;'' නමින් නව රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහනක් ආරම්භ කළ අතර, එය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රමුඛ පෙළේ චරිත කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළ වැඩසටහනක් විය. මෙම වැඩසටහන 2007 වසරේදී '''&quot;හොඳම වාර්තා වැඩසටහන&quot;''' සඳහා වන සුමති සම්මානය දිනාගත් අතර, එම වසරේම &quot;'''හොඳම රූපවාහිනී ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නිය&quot;''' සම්මානය සඳහා ද නිර්දේශ විය.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!'''වැඩසටහන'''
!කථාංගය
!විශේෂ අමුත්තා
!කථාංගය
!විශේෂ අමුත්තා
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E1
|[[හෙන්රි ජයසේන]]
|S2. E1
|චින්තන ගීතාල් විදානගේ
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E2
|[[සුනිල් එදිරිසිංහ]]
|S2. E2
|කුලසිරි බුදවත්ත
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E3
|සබීතා පෙරේරා
|S2. E3
|කුසුමා කරුණාරත්න
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E4
|වසන්ති චතුරානි
|S2. E4
|ධර්මසිරි බණ්ඩාරනායක
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E5
|ජෙයරාජ් ප්‍රනාන්දුපුල්ලේ
|S2. E5
|ආචාර්ය අජන්තා රණසිංහ
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E6
|සුසන්තිකා ජයසිංහ
|S2. E6
|ෆේරියල් අෂ්රොෆ්
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E7
|ජේ.බී. දිසානායක
|S2. E7
|එස්. බී. දිසානායක
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E8
|ප්‍රසන්න විතානගේ
|S2. E8
|නන්දා මාලිනී
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E9
|මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා
|S2. E9
|රාජිත සෙල්වනායගම්
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E10
|දයාන් විතාරණ
|S2. E10
|රඹුක්කන සිද්ධාර්ථ හිමි
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E11
|ලතා වල්පොල
|S2. E11
|අනෝජා වීරසිංහ
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E12
|කරු ජයසූරිය
|S2. E12
|සුමිත්‍රා රාහුබද්ධ
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E13
|ටෝනි රණසිංහ
|S2. E13
|ෂෙල්ටන් ප්‍රේමරත්න
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E14
|සුනිල් ආරියරත්න
|S2. E14
|ජයන්ත චන්ද්‍රසිරි
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E15
|සරත් අමුණුගම
|S2. E15
|පරාක්‍රම කොඩිතුවක්කු
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E16
|එච්.ඩී. ප්‍රේමරත්න
|S2. E16
|හරේන්ද්‍ර ද සිල්වා
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E17
|සනත් ජයසූරිය
|S2. E17
|ආචාර්ය ඩී.බී. නිහාල්සිංහ
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E18
|මාදුළුවාවේ සෝභිත හිමි
|S2. E18
|චන්ද්‍රා ප්‍රනාන්දු
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E19
|ප්‍රේමසිරි කේමදාස
|S2. E19
|වසන්ත ඔබේසේකර
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E20
|විජේරත්න වරකාගොඩ 
|S2. E20
|ශේෂා පලිහක්කාර
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E21
|ආචාර්ය ලෙස්ටර් ජේම්ස් පීරිස්
|S2. E21
|අයිරාංගනී සේරසිංහ
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E22
|මිරැන්ඩා හේමලතා
|S2. E22
|මාලිනී වීරමුණි 
නාමෙල් වීරමුණි
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E23
|සුමිත්‍රා පීරිස්
|S2. E23
|තිස්ස කාරියවසම්
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E24
|එඩ්වින් ආරියදාස
|S2. E24
|A.D. රංජිත් කුමාර
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E25
|සෝමබන්ධු විද්‍යාපති 
රවිබන්ධු විද්‍යාපති
|S2. E25
|කුමාර් රූපසිංහ
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E26
|සෑම් විජේසිංහ
|S2. E26
|කේ. ජයතිලක
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E27
|සිබිල් වෙත්තසිංහ
|S2. E27
|සනත් නන්දසිරි
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E28
|අරිසෙන් අහුබුදු
|S2. E28
|ගාමිණී වේරගම
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E29
|වජිරා චිත්‍රසේන
|N/A
|N/A
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E30
|K.A.W. පෙරේරා
|N/A
|N/A
|}
[[ගොනුව:Tharaka Wasalamudaliarachchi signing books for a fan.jpg|thumb|330x330පික්|තාරක වාසලමුදලිආරච්චි රසිකයෙකුට පොත් අත්සන් කරමින්]]

=== නවකතා ===
වාසලමුදලිආරච්චි සිය සාහිත්‍ය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළේ 2001 වසරේදී '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'අන්දරමංඩිය'&lt;nowiki/&gt;''' නවකතාවෙනි. එය 2001 වසරේ යොවුන් සාහිත්‍ය සම්මානයෙන් පිදුම් ලැබීය. පසුව ඇය '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'දෙහි'&lt;nowiki/&gt;''' (2006), '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'මැටි'&lt;nowiki/&gt;''' (2007) සහ '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'කළු'''' (2009) යන කෘති ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළාය. 'කළු' නවකතාව 2010 වසරේ ස්වර්ණ පුස්තක සම්මානය සඳහා නිර්දේශ විය.

ඉන් අනතුරුව ඇය පහත සඳහන් කෘති ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළාය:

* '''ඇස්''' (2014)
* '''පාට''' (2016)
* '''ඉන්ද්‍රචාප''' (2019)
* '''ගුරු''' (2019)
* '''කාසි''' (2021)
* '''නීල නිම්න''' (2023)

=== 2025 - 2026 ===
තාරකා '''“A Talk With Tharu Queen”''' නමින් සාකච්ඡාමය වැඩසටහන් මාලාවක් ද ආරම්භ කළ අතර එහි මෙහෙයවීම් කටයුතු කරනු ලබන්නේ ඇය විසිනි. 2026 වන විට මෙම වැඩසටහන් මාලාව කථාංග සමයන් (Seasons) දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ.


[[ගොනුව:Helidarawwa (Behind The Scenes).jpg|alt=හෙලිදරව්ව (2000 - 2001)|thumb|හෙලිදරව්ව (තිරය පිටුපස)]]

=== සංගීත වෘත්තිය ===
2021 වසරේදී තාරකා '''“තනි මලක්”''' ගීතය නිකුත් කළාය. ඉන්පසුව 2022 වසරේදී '''“මේ ආදරේ මං”''' ගීතය නිකුත් කරමින් ඇය නැවතත් සංගීත ක්ෂේත්‍රයට අවතීර්ණ වූවාය. ඇය තම සංගීත කටයුතු සඳහා '''''“Tharu Queen”''''' යන වේදිකා නාමය භාවිතා කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තාය.

2026 වසරේදී ඇය '''“මේ දුර බැඳි මායිම”''', '''“ගසින් ගසින්”''', '''“King Khan”''' සහ '''“Dilon Ka Raja”''' ඇතුළු ගීත කිහිපයක්ම නිකුත් කළාය.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!ගීත
!වර්ගය
!තනතුර
!අවුරුද්ද
|-
|''V Awards 2011''
|සම්මාන සංදර්ශන තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2001
|-
|රත්තරන් හීනයේ
|ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2016
|-
|''අභිමානී''
|රූපවාහිනී නාලිකා තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2010
|-
|''සිහින කිරුළ''
|තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2012
|-
|සිරස ලක්ෂපති
|සිරස ලක්ෂපති තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2009
|-
|විහඟ තුඩක
|ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2012
|-
|හිත මාගේ ආලවන්තයි
|ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2012
|-
|පාන් බට්ටා
|ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2009
|-
|ආදරේ අහස තරම්
|ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2013
|-
|''උඩු වියන්'' 
|ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2007
|-
|ගැහැනු ළමයි
|ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2009
|-
|තනි මලක්
|ගීතය
|ගායනය
|2021
|-
|''මේ ආදරේ මන්''
|ගීතය
|ගායනය හා ගී පද
|2022
|-
|මේ දුර බැඳි මායිම
|ගීතය
|ගී පද හා සංගීතය
|2026
|-
|ගසින් ගසින්
|ගීතය
|සංගීතය
|2026
|-
|Dilon Ka Raja
|ගීතය
|සංගීතය
|2026
|-
|King Khan
|ගීතය
|සංගීතය
|2026
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+නවකතා
!නවකතා
!ආරක
!අවුරුද්ද
!ප්‍රකාශකයින්
|-
|''අන්දරමණ්ඩිය''
|Rural realism
|2001
|එම්.ඩී. ගුණසේන
|-
|''දෙහි''
|Rural realism
|2006
|සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්
|-
|''මැටි''
|Rural realism
|2007
|සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්
|-
|''කළු''
|Phycological Thriller
|2009
|සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්
|-
|''ඇස්''
|Climate Fiction
|2014
|සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්
|-
|''පාට''
|
|2016
|සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්
|-
|''ඉන්ද්‍රචාප''
|Romantic Comedy
|2019
|සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්
|-
|''ගුරු''
|
|2019
|සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්
|-
|''කාසි''
|
|2021
|සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්
|-
|''නීල නිම්න''
|Romantic Comedy
|2023
|සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්
|}

== කළු (නවකතාව) ==
&quot;කළු&quot; යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකා [[ලේඛකයා|ලේඛක]] තාරකා වාසලමුදලිආරච්චි විසින් රචිත 2009 වසරේ ප්‍රකාශයට පත් වූ [[නවකතා|නවකතාවකි]]. මෙය සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්ගේ ප්‍රකාශනයකි.

මෙම නවකතාව මනෝවිද්‍යාත්මක තේමාවක් ඔස්සේ දිවෙන අතර, එහි ප්‍රධාන චරිතය වන්නේ චේති ය. ඇය [[භින්නෝන්මාදය]] (Schizophrenia) රෝගයෙන් පෙළෙන බවට හඳුනාගැනීමෙන් පසු වසර ගණනාවක් මානසික රෝහලක ගත කළ කාන්තාවකි. කතාවේ වැඩි කොටසක් එම ආයතනය තුළ සිදුවන අතර, චේතිගේ අභ්‍යන්තර අත්දැකීම් සහ ඇගේ සංකල්ප කෙරෙහි මෙහිදී වැඩි අවධානයක් යොමු කෙරේ.

[[මානසික සෞඛ්‍යය]], සමාජීය අපකීර්තිය සහ ආයතනගත කිරීම වැනි තේමාවන් &quot;කළු&quot; නවකතාව හරහා ගවේෂණය කෙරේ. මෙය මානසික රෝග සහ මනෝ වෛද්‍ය තත්ත්වයන් කෙරෙහි සමාජය දක්වන ආකල්ප පිළිබඳව සාකච්ඡා කෙරෙන ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය නවකතා අතරින් සුවිශේෂී කෘතියකි.

මෙම නවකතාව 2010 වසරේ ස්වර්ණ පුස්තක සම්මානය සඳහා නිර්දේශිත කෘති අතරට ද ඇතුළත් විය.

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      <text bytes="36964" sha1="88pt25zmwumgctjzmczzj2mnx8cd81r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Tharaka Wasalamudaliarachchi
| image = Tharaka Wasalamudaliarachchi.jpg
| caption = Tharaka Wasalamudaliarachchi in 2024
| birth_date = October 18, 1973
| other_names = Tharu Queen
| occupation = Author
| years_active = 1989 -
| organization = Tharu Queen Productions
| known_for = සිංහල සාහිත්‍ය
| notable_works = කළු (book), හෙළිදරව්ව (tv series)
| height_m = 1.57
| television = හෙළිදරව්ව, චරිත, පෙරවදන
| spouse = චන්දන සූරියබණ්ඩාර
| website = https://tharakawasalamudaliarachchi.com/
}}
'''තාරකා වාසලමුදලිආරච්චි''' ([[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසී:]] Tharaka Wasalamudaliarachchi (1973 ඔක්තෝබර් 18) ශ්‍රී ලාංකික කතුවරියක්, මාධ්යවේදිනියෙක් , නිළියක්, ගීත රචකයෙකුවේ.

2000 සිට 2001 දක්වා කාලය තුළ ඇය ස්වර්ණවාහිනිය ඔස්සේ විකාශය වූ '''&quot;හෙළිදරව්ව&quot;''' ගවේෂණාත්මක වාර්තා වැඩසටහන නිෂ්පාදනය කරමින් ඉදිරිපත් කළාය. තාරකා වාසලමුදලිාඅරච්චි ඇගේ [[සාහිත්‍යය]] කාර්යය ආරම්භ කළේ  '''අන්දරමණ්ඩිය''' [[නවකතා|නවකතාව]] සමඟය. 2006 වසරේදී '''&quot;පිපි පියුම්&quot;''' ටෙලි නාට්‍යයෙන් රංගන ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසි වාසලමුදලිආරච්චි, &quot;නිකිණි මල්වැන්න&quot; නම් චරිතය නිරූපණය කළාය. පසුව ඇය '''දෙහි (2006)''', '''මැටි (2007)''' සහ '''කළු (2009)''' නවකතා ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළා. කළු 2010 ස්වර්ණ පුස්තක සම්මානයට නම් විය. පසුව ඇය '''ඇස් (2014)''', '''පාට (2016)''', '''ඉන්ද්‍රචාප (2019)''', '''ගුරු (2019)''', '''කාසි (2021)''' සහ '''නීල නිම්න (2023)''' නවකතා ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළා.

== මුල් ජීවිතය සහ අධ්‍යාපනය ==
තාරකා වාසලමුදලිආරච්චි උපත ලැබුවේ [[Journalism|මාධ්‍යවේදියෙකු]] සහ [[ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව|ආර්ථික විද්‍යා]] ගුරුවරයෙකු වූ අතුල සෙනාරත්න මහතාට සහ බැංකු කළමනාකාරිනියක ලෙස සේවය කළ මවකට දාව ය.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.everybodywiki.com/Tharaka_Wasalamudaliarachchi&lt;/ref&gt; ඇගේ පියා මහනුවර ශාන්ත සිල්වෙස්ටර් විද්‍යාලයේ [[ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව]] ඉගැන්වූ අතර, ඔහු සමඟ ඇය ඉතා සමීප සබඳතාවක් පැවැත්වූ බව කියවේ. ඇගේ කුඩා අ වධියේදී, එනම් 1980 වසරේදී ඔහු මියගිය අතර, එම සිදුවීම ඇගේ මුල් ජීවිතයට දැඩි බලපෑමක් ඇති කළේය. පියාගේ අභාවයෙන් පසු ඇය හැදී වැඩුණේ ඇගේ මව යටතේ ය.

මාතර ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශයක හැදී වැඩුණු ඇය දෙයියන්දර මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලයෙන් සහ පල්ලෙවෙල මහා විද්‍යාලයෙන් මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ අතර, පසුව මාතර ශාන්ත තෝමස් බාලිකා උසස් විද්‍යාලයට ඇතුළත් වූවාය.&lt;ref&gt;https://tharakawasalamudaliarachchi.com/eduation/&lt;/ref&gt;

== වෘත්තීය ==
පාසල් කාලයේ සිටම ඇය විවිධ [[සාහිත්‍යය|සාහිත්‍ය]] හා කලා කටයුතුවල නිරත වූවාය. පසුකාලීනව ඇය ලේඛන කලාවට යොමු වීමට එය ප්‍රධාන හේතුවක් වූ අතර, මාතර සිට කොළඹට පැමිණීමෙන් පසු ඇය [[පුවත්පත්]] කලාවේදිනියක ලෙස සිය වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළාය. එහිදී ඇය Capital Maharaja ආයතනය මගින් නිකුත් කරන ලද &quot;TV Sri Lanka&quot; රූපවාහිනී සඟරාවේ සහය සංස්කාරකවරිය ලෙස කටයුතු කළාය.

=== හෙළිදරව්ව ===
2000 සිට 2001 දක්වා කාලය තුළ ඇය ස්වර්ණවාහිනී නාලිකාවේ විකාශය වූ &quot;හෙළිදරව්ව&quot; නම් ගවේෂණාත්මක වාර්තා වැඩසටහන නිෂ්පාදනය කරමින් ඉදිරිපත් කළාය.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/title/tt40769189/?ref_=nm_knf_c_3&lt;/ref&gt; එම වැඩසටහන සුමති සම්මාන උළෙලේදී හොඳම ගවේෂණාත්මක වැඩසටහන සඳහා වන සම්මානය දෙවරක් දිනා ගැනීමට&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sumathiawards.lk/sumathi-awards-winners.php&lt;/ref&gt; සමත් විය. මාධ්‍ය ක්ෂේත්‍රයට ඇය දක්වන ලද දායකත්වය අගය කරමින් 2006 වසරේදී ඇයට HSBC JCP TOYP සම්මානය හිමි විය.&lt;ref&gt;https://lankapage.wordpress.com/2006/09/22/hsbc-jci-toyp-awards-2006-%e2%80%93-recognises-greatness-in-young-sri-lankansvia/&lt;/ref&gt; [[ගොනුව:Helidarawwa (Behind The Scenes).jpg|alt=හෙලිදරව්ව (2000 - 2001)|thumb|හෙලිදරව්ව (තිරය පිටුපස)]]

=== '''පිපි පියුම්''' ===
වාසලමුදලිආරච්චි සිය රංගන ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළේ 2006 වසරේ විකාශය වූ ''&quot;පිපි පියුම්&quot;'' ටෙලිනාට්‍යයෙනි.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm18313789/?ref_=tt_cst_t_1&lt;/ref&gt; එහි ඇය [[සාරංග දිසාසේකර]] සමඟ &quot;නිකිණි මල්වැන්න&quot; නම් චරිතය නිරූපණය කළාය. මෙම ටෙලිනාට්‍යය ප්‍රේමකුමාර ජයවර්ධන විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද අතර එහි [[තිර රචනය]] සුමිත්‍රා රාහුබද්ධගෙනි.&lt;ref&gt;https://sundaytimes.lk/070311/TV/004tv.html&lt;/ref&gt; එය 2006 වසරේදී [[ස්වර්ණවාහිනී]] නාලිකාව ඔස්සේ විකාශය විය. මෙහි තාරකා විසින් නිරූපණය කළේ පාදවල [[ආබාධිත තත්ත්‍ව|ආබාධිත තත්ත්වයකින්]] පෙළෙන &quot;නිකිණි මල්වැන්න&quot; නම් යුවතියගේ චරිතයයි. [[ආදරය|ආදරණීය]] මෙන්ම ශෝකජනක කතාවක් වූ මෙම නිර්මාණය, නිළියක ලෙස තාරකාගේ නාමය ජනප්‍රිය වීමට බෙහෙවින් ඉවහල් විය.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/title/tt40833202/?ref_=nm_knf_c_2&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''උඩු වියන්''' ===
2007 වසරේදී ඇය ස්වර්ණවාහිනී නාලිකාවේ විකාශය වූ ''&quot;උඩු වියන්&quot;'' ටෙලිනාට්‍යයේ &quot;ඉෂාදි විජේවර්ධන&quot; නම් චරිතය නිරූපණය කළාය. එහිදී ඇය බිමල් ජයකොඩි විසින් රඟපෑ නවකතාකරුවෙකුගේ බිරිඳ ලෙස ප්‍රධාන රංගනයෙන් දායක වූවාය.&lt;ref&gt;https://archives.dailynews.lk/2009/07/08/art13.asp&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''චරිත''' ===
ඇය ''&quot;චරිත&quot;'' නමින් නව රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහනක් ආරම්භ කළ අතර, එය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රමුඛ පෙළේ චරිත කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළ වැඩසටහනක් විය. මෙම වැඩසටහන 2007 වසරේදී '''&quot;හොඳම වාර්තා වැඩසටහන&quot;'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sumathiawards.lk/sumathi-awards-winners.php&lt;/ref&gt; සඳහා වන සුමති සම්මානය දිනාගත් අතර, එම වසරේම &quot;'''හොඳම රූපවාහිනී ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නිය&quot;''' සම්මානය සඳහා ද නිර්දේශ විය.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/title/tt40789863/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_accord_1_cdt_t_7&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!'''වැඩසටහන'''
!කථාංගය
!විශේෂ අමුත්තා
!කථාංගය
!විශේෂ අමුත්තා
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E1
|[[හෙන්රි ජයසේන]]
|S2. E1
|චින්තන ගීතාල් විදානගේ
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E2
|[[සුනිල් එදිරිසිංහ]]
|S2. E2
|කුලසිරි බුදවත්ත
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E3
|[[සබීතා පෙරේරා]]
|S2. E3
|කුසුමා කරුණාරත්න
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E4
|[[වසන්ති චතුරානි]]
|S2. E4
|[[ධර්මසිරි බණ්ඩාරනායක]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E5
|[[ජෙයරාජ් ප්‍රනාන්දුපුල්ලේ]]
|S2. E5
|ආචාර්ය අජන්තා රණසිංහ
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E6
|[[සුසන්තිකා ජයසිංහ]]
|S2. E6
|ෆේරියල් අෂ්රොෆ්
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E7
|[[ජේ. බී. දිසානායක|ජේ.බී. දිසානායක]]
|S2. E7
|[[එස්. බී. දිසානායක]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E8
|[[ප්‍රසන්න විතානගේ]]
|S2. E8
|[[නන්දා මාලනී|නන්දා මාලිනී]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E9
|[[මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා]]
|S2. E9
|රාජිත සෙල්වනායගම්
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E10
|දයාන් විතාරණ
|S2. E10
|[[රඹුකන සිද්ධාර්ථ හිමි|රඹුක්කන සිද්ධාර්ථ හිමි]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E11
|[[ලතා වල්පොල]]
|S2. E11
|[[අනෝජා වීරසිංහ]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E12
|[[කරු ජයසූරිය]]
|S2. E12
|සුමිත්‍රා රාහුබද්ධ
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E13
|[[ටෝනි රණසිංහ]]
|S2. E13
|ෂෙල්ටන් ප්‍රේමරත්න
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E14
|[[සුනිල් ආරියරත්න]]
|S2. E14
|[[ජයන්ත චන්ද්‍රසිරි]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E15
|[[සරත් අමුණුගම]]
|S2. E15
|[[පරාක්‍රම කොඩිතුවක්කු]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E16
|[[එච්. ඩී. ප්‍රේමරත්න|එච්.ඩී. ප්‍රේමරත්න]]
|S2. E16
|[[හරේන්ද්‍ර ද සිල්වා]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E17
|[[සනත් ජයසූරිය]]
|S2. E17
|[[ඩී. බී. නිහාල්සිංහ|ආචාර්ය ඩී.බී. නිහාල්සිංහ]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E18
|[[මාදුළුවාවේ සෝභිත හිමි]]
|S2. E18
|චන්ද්‍රා ප්‍රනාන්දු
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E19
|[[ප්‍රේමසිරි කේමදාස]]
|S2. E19
|[[වසන්ත ඔබේසේකර]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E20
|[[විජේරත්න වරකාගොඩ]] 
|S2. E20
|[[ශේෂා පළිහක්කාර|ශේෂා පලිහක්කාර]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E21
|[[ලෙස්ටර් ජෙම්ස් පීරිස්|ආචාර්ය ලෙස්ටර් ජේම්ස් පීරිස්]]
|S2. E21
|[[අයිරාංගනි සේරසිංහ|අයිරාංගනී සේරසිංහ]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E22
|[[මිරැන්ඩා හේමලතා]]
|S2. E22
|මාලිනී වීරමුණි 
[[නාමෙල් වීරමුණි]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E23
|[[සුමිත්‍රා පීරිස්]]
|S2. E23
|තිස්ස කාරියවසම්
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E24
|[[එඩ්වින් ආරියදාස]]
|S2. E24
|A.D. රංජිත් කුමාර
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E25
|[[සෝමබන්ධු විද්‍යාපති]] 
රවිබන්ධු විද්‍යාපති
|S2. E25
|කුමාර් රූපසිංහ
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E26
|සෑම් විජේසිංහ
|S2. E26
|[[කේ. ජයතිලක]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E27
|[[සිබිල් වෙත්තසිංහ]]
|S2. E27
|[[සනත් නන්දසිරි]]
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E28
|[[අරිසෙන් අහුබුදු]]
|S2. E28
|ගාමිණී වේරගම
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E29
|[[වජිරා චිත්‍රසේන]]
|N/A
|N/A
|-
|'''''චරිත'''''
|S1. E30
|K.A.W. පෙරේරා
|N/A
|N/A
|}

=== අන්දරමංඩිය ===
[[ගොනුව:Tharaka Wasalamudaliarachchi signing books for a fan.jpg|thumb|330x330පික්|තාරක වාසලමුදලිආරච්චි රසිකයෙකුට පොත් අත්සන් කරමින්]]''අන්දරමංඩිය'' යනු 2001 වසරේදී තාරකා වාසලමුදලිආරච්චි විසින් රචනා කරන ලද ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය නවකතාවකි. ගුණසේන ප්‍රකාශකයින් විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද මෙය, කතුවරයාගේ මංගල කෘතිය ලෙස සැලකේ. 

කතාව ගෙතී ඇත්තේ දුර බැහැර ගමක පිහිටි '''''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'අන්දරමංඩිය'''''' නම් කුඩා වැවක් වටා ය. එම වැව ප්‍රජාවගේ කෘෂිකාර්මික කටයුතු සහ දෛනික ජීවිතය පවත්වාගෙන යාම සඳහා ප්‍රධාන භූමිකාවක් ඉටු කරයි. වැව මත යැපෙන ගම්වැසියන්ගේ ජීවනෝපාය සහ ස්වභාවික සම්පත් හා ග්‍රාමීය පැවැත්ම අතර ඇති සබඳතාවය මෙම කතාවෙන් නිරූපණය වේ.

ගමට බලපාන විනාශකාරී ගංවතුරක් වටා මෙහි කතා පුවත ගොඩනැඟී ඇත. මෙම ව්‍යසනය හුදෙක් ස්වභාවික සිදුවීමක් ලෙස පමණක් ඉදිරිපත් කරනවා වෙනුවට, ප්‍රාදේශීය වාරිමාර්ග බලධාරීන් තුළ පවතින දූෂණය, අකාර්යක්ෂම කළමනාකරණය සහ නොසලකා හැරීම වැනි මානුෂීය සාධක නිසා එය සිදු වූ බව නවකතාව පෙන්වා දෙයි. වැවේ පාරිසරික සමතුලිතතාවය බිඳ වැටීම ද මෙම අර්බුදයට දායක වූ හේතුවක් ලෙස නිරූපණය කර ඇත.

ගම සහ එහි වැසියන් නිරූපණය කිරීම තුළින්, අන්දරමන්දිය නවකතාව මඟින් පාරිසරික අවදානම, ආයතනික වගවීම සහ පද්ධතිමය අසාර්ථකත්වයන් ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවන්ට බලපාන ආකාරය වැනි තේමාවන් සාකච්ඡා කරනු ලබයි.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/3022091._&lt;/ref&gt;

=== දෙහි ===
“දෙහි” යනු මොනරාගල දුෂ්කර ප්‍රදේශවල දෙහි වගා කරමින් තම ජීවිකාව ගෙන යන ගොවීන්ගේ දුෂ්කර ජීවිතය පාදක කරගනිමින් ලියැවුණු කෘතියකි. මෙම පොත 2006 වසරේදී සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින් විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17616781&lt;/ref&gt;

=== මැටි ===
''“මැටි”'' යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දකුණු පළාතේ පිහිටි දුෂ්කර ගම්මානයක් වටා ගෙතුණු කෘතියකි. අතීතයේදී මෙම ගම්මානයේ ජීවිතය සම්ප්‍රදායන්, සරල ජීවනෝපායන් සහ ප්‍රජාව අතර පැවති දැඩි සහයෝගිතාවය මත පදනම් විය. ගැමියන් තමන්ටම ආවේණික වූ ප්‍රාදේශීය උපභාෂාවකින් කතා කළ අතර පරම්පරාවෙන් පරම්පරාවට පැවත ආ සිරිත් විරිත් අනුගමනය කළහ. ඔවුන්ගේ ලෝකය හැඩගැසුණේ සමාජ අනුපිළිවෙල සහ කුල ක්‍රමය පිළිබඳ දැඩි විශ්වාසයන් මතය.

1977 දී ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට හඳුන්වා දුන් විවෘත ආර්ථිකයත් සමඟ වේගවත් ආර්ථික හා සංස්කෘතික වෙනස්කම් ඇති විය. මෙම දුරස්ථ ගම්මානයට පවා එම බලපෑමෙන් මිදීමට නොහැකි විය. නව ජීවන රටාවන්ට, නව සාරධර්මවලට සහ සම්ප්‍රදායට වඩා මුදලට මුල්තැන දෙන ක්‍රමයකට අනුගත වීමට ජනතාවට සිදු විය.

කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ථිකය වෙනස් වුවද සමාජ ආකල්ප වෙනස් නොවීය. කුල භේදය දෛනික ජීවිතය තුළ තවදුරටත් තදින් මුල් බැස තිබුණි. &quot;ඉහළ කුලවල&quot; යැයි සලකනු ලැබූ අය &quot;පහත් කුලවල&quot; පුද්ගලයන්ට පහත් අයුරින් සැලකීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගියහ. මෙම අසමානතාවය කුඩා ඉරියව්වලින් පවා මනාව දිස් විය; පහත් කුලයක පුද්ගලයෙකු උසස් කුලයක නිවසකට පැමිණි විට, ඔවුන්ට වාඩි වීමට පුටුවක් වෙනුවට බංකුවක් ලබා දෙන ලදී. එය සමාජයේ ඔවුන්ගේ ස්ථානය පිළිබඳව නිහඬව මතක් කර දීමක් විය.

මෙම කතාව මඟින් නවීකරණය සහ අගතිගාමී ආකල්ප අතර සිරවී ඇති ගම්මානයක ස්වරූපය නිරූපණය කරන අතර, එහිදී ආර්ථික ප්‍රගතියට වසර සිය ගණනක් පැරණි බෙදීම් මකා දැමීමට නොහැකි වූ ආකාරය පෙන්වා දෙයි. මෙම පොත 2007 වසරේදී '''සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්''' විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6711412&lt;/ref&gt;

=== කළු ===
තාරක වාසලමුදලියාරච්චි වෘත්තීය මට්ටමේ ලේඛකයෙකු ලෙස ස්ථාවර කළ කෘතිය වන්නේ ''&quot;කළු&quot;'' ය. මානසික සෞඛ්‍යය සහ මානසික රෝගීන් මුහුණ දෙන සමාජ අපවාදය (Social Stigma) පිළිබඳව මෙම කෘතියෙන් මනාව සාකච්ඡා කෙරේ. මනෝවිද්‍යාත්මක ත්‍රාසජනක (Psychological Thriller) ගණයට අයත් වන මෙම නවකතාව, භින්නෝන්මාදය (Schizophrenia) රෝගයෙන් පෙළෙන බවට හඳුනාගැනීමෙන් පසු වසර ගණනාවක් මානසික රෝහලක් තුළ ජීවත් වන 'චේති' නම් කාන්තාවගේ ජීවිතය වටා ගෙතී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15765794&lt;/ref&gt;

කතාව වැඩි වශයෙන් දිග හැරෙන්නේ රෝහල් පරිශ්‍රය තුළ වුවද, කතාවේ සැබෑ ගැඹුර සැඟව ඇත්තේ චේතිගේ මනස අභ්‍යන්තරයේය. 2009 වසරේදී '''සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්''' විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද මෙම කෘතිය බොහෝ පාඨක හදවත් දිනාගත් අතර 2010 වසරේ '''ස්වර්ණ පුස්තක සම්මානය''' සඳහා ද නිර්දේශ විය. &quot;කළු&quot; නවකතාව ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය සාහිත්‍යය තුළ මානසික සෞඛ්‍යයේ බැරෑරුම් සහ කටුක යථාර්ථය විමර්ශනය කළ මුල්ම නවකතාවලින් එකක් ලෙස සැලකේ.

=== '''ඇස්''' ===
''“ඇස්”'' නවකතාව 2014 වසරේදී සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින් විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. මෙය ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය සාහිත්‍යය තුළ &quot;දේශගුණික ප්‍රබන්ධ&quot; (Climate Fiction) සඳහා හමුවන මුල්ම උදාහරණයකි. මෙම කෘතිය ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය සාහිත්‍යයට එක් වූ අගනා මැණිකක් ලෙස ඇගයීමට ලක් වූ අතර, වෙනත් කිසිදු ලේඛකයෙකු ස්පර්ශ කිරීමට මැලි වූ විෂය පථයන් මෙහිදී සාකච්ඡාවට බඳුන් විය.

“ඇස්” නවකතාව ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අවධානය යොමු කරන්නේ සොබාදහම සහ පරිසරය කෙරෙහි වන අතර, මිනිස් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් එය ක්‍රමයෙන් විනාශ කරන ආකාරය මෙහි නිරූපණය වේ. ලෝකය තමන්ට උදව් අවශ්‍ය බවට පැහැදිලි සලකුණු පෙන්වමින් සිටියද, මිනිසුන් බොහෝ විට මෙම ගෝලීය උණුසුම් වීමේ සලකුණු නොසලකා හරිමින් නොසලකා ජීවත් වන බවට ප්‍රබල පණිවිඩයක් මෙම කෘතියෙන් ලබා දෙයි.

මෙම නවකතාව '''&quot;මැඩි න්‍යාය&quot; (Frog Theory)''' පිළිබිඹු කරයි. එම න්‍යායෙන් පැහැදිලි කෙරෙන්නේ, මැඩියෙකු සෙමින් රත් වන වතුර භාජනයක තැබුවහොත්, ප්‍රමාද වැඩි වන තුරුම ඌට අනතුරක් දැනෙන්නේ නැති බවයි. ඒ හා සමානව, පරිසර විනාශය ඉතා සෙමින් සිදුවන බැවින් මිනිසුන්ට එය හඳුනා ගැනීමට නොහැකි වී ඇත. මිනිස් නොසලකා හැරීම කෙතරම් භයානක විය හැකිද යන්න පෙන්වීමට කතුවරිය මෙම සංකල්පය භාවිතා කරයි.

“ඇස්” කෘතියේ ඇති තවත් වැදගත් කරුණක් වන්නේ තාරක වාසලමුදලියාරච්චිගේ ලේඛන දිවියේ සිව්වසරක විවේකයකින් පසු මෙය රචනා වීමයි. ඇය ''අන්දරමන්දිය'', ''දෙහි'' සහ ''මැටි'' වැනි නවකතා හරහා ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අවධානය යොමු කළේ සාමාන්‍ය ජනතාව සහ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවන් පිළිබඳවයි. ''කළු'' නවකතාවෙන් මානසික සෞඛ්‍යය සහ රෝගීන් මුහුණ දෙන සමාජ අපවාදය ගැන කතා කළාය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, “ඇස්” කෘතිය හරහා ඇය සිය අවධානය ඉහළ පැලැන්තියේ (Upper Class) ජනතාව සහ ඔවුන් මුහුණ දෙන අභියෝග වෙත යොමු කරයි. උසස් සමාජයේ සාමාජිකයන් අතර පවතින බිඳෙනසුලු පවුල් සබඳතා ද මෙම නවකතාව හරහා ගවේෂණය කෙරේ. සෑම කෘතියකින්ම එකිනෙකට වෙනස් වූත්, අනන්‍ය වූත් කතා නිර්මාණය කරන ලේඛිකාවක් ලෙස ඇයව කැපී පෙනෙන්නේ මේ හේතුවෙනි.

=== '''පාට''' ===
තාරක වාසලමුදලියාරච්චිගේ ලේඛන ජීවිතයේ තවත් සුවිශේෂී සන්ධිස්ථානයක් වන්නේ “පාට” කෘතියයි. මෙම පොත '''[[මානව ප්‍රතිශක්ති ඌණතා වෛරසය|එච්.අයි.වී/ඒඩ්ස්]] [[ඒඩ්ස්|(HIV/AIDS)]]''' විෂය පථය තේමා කරගනිමින් රචනා වී ඇත. එය එච්.අයි.වී ආසාදිත දැරියකගේ සැබෑ ජීවන පුවතක් අනුසාරයෙන් ලියැවුණු කතාවකි. එච්.අයි.වී සමඟ ඇයට ගත කිරීමට සිදුවන ජීවිතයත්, එවැනි රෝගියෙකු ලෙස ඇය සමාජයෙන් එල්ල වන අපවාදයන්ට (Social Stigma) මුහුණ දෙන ආකාරයත් මෙම කෘතියෙන් මනාව නිරූපණය වේ.

මෙම පොත 2016 වසරේදී '''සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්''' විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී.

=== ඉන්ද්‍රචාප ===
''“ඉන්ද්‍රචාප”'' යනු 2014 වසරේදී සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින් විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද ප්‍රේමනීය හාස්‍යෝත්පාදක (Romantic Comedy) ගණයේ කෘතියකි. බොහෝ දෙනා සිතන්නේ ප්‍රේමය යනු තරුණ අයට පමණක් සීමා වූවක් බවයි. එහෙත් ප්‍රේමය යනු ඊට වඩා බොහෝ ගැඹුරු දෙයක් බව මෙම පොත පෙන්වා දෙයි. අන්ධකාරය මැද පිපෙන මලක් මෙන්, ආදරයට පුද්ගලයෙකුගේ ජීවිතයට ආලෝකය ගෙන ඒමට හැකියාව ඇත. දෙදෙනෙකු අතර ඇති වන සැබෑ ආදරය යනු හුදෙක් රොමෑන්තික හැඟීමක් පමණක් නොව, එය අවබෝධය, කරුණාව සහ සැලකිල්ල මත පදනම් වූ මානුෂීය බැඳීමක් බව මෙම කතාවෙන් පැහැදිලි කරයි.

=== ගුරු ===
''“ගුරු”'' යනු ගුරුවරුන්ගේ ජීවිත සහ ඔවුන් සතු නිහඬ ශක්තිය පිළිබඳව මෘදු ලෙස ගවේෂණය කරන කෘතියකි. පරම්පරාවන් හැඩගස්වන බලවේගය ලෙසත්, මඟපෙන්වන්නන් සහ උපදේශකයන් ලෙසත් ගුරුවරුන් සතු සැබෑ වැදගත්කම මෙම කතාවෙන් ඉතා අලංකාර ලෙස අපට මතක් කර දෙයි. මෙම පොත 2019 වසරේදී '''සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්''' විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී.

=== කාසි ===
&quot;කාසියකට හදවතක් නැත, කාසියකට ඇස් නැත, කාසියකට කතා කළ නොහැක, ඇත්තටම කාසියකට කළ හැක්කේ කුමක්ද? නමුත්... කාසියකට කතා කළ හැකි නම්?&quot; මෙම අපූරු තේමාව රැගත් කෘතිය 2021 වසරේදී '''සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්''' විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී.

=== '''“නීල නිම්න”''' ===
''“නීල නිම්න”'' යනු “ඉන්ද්‍රචාප” කෘතියේ චරිතයන්ම යොදාගනිමින් ලියැවුණු ප්‍රේමනීය හාස්‍යෝත්පාදක (Romantic Comedy) නවකතාවකි. එම චරිත තම සතුට සහ එකිනෙකා කෙරෙහි වූ ආදරය සාක්ෂාත් කරගත් ආකාරය මෙහි නිරූපණය වේ. මෙම පොත 2023 වසරේදී '''සරසවි ප්‍රකාශකයින්''' විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. තාරක වාසලමුදලියාරච්චි අදටත් ක්‍රියාකාරී ලේඛිකාවක ලෙස සිය සාහිත්‍ය නිර්මාණකරණයේ නියැලී සිටියි.

=== සංගීත වෘත්තිය ===
තාරක වාසලමුදලියාරච්චි 2000 දශකයේ මුල් භාගයේ සිට 2018 දක්වා කාලය තුළ ටෙලිනාට්‍ය තේමා ගීත සහ විවිධ ගායන ශිල්පීන්ගේ ගීත සඳහා පද රචනයෙන් දායක වූවාය. පසුව ඇය ගීත රචනයෙන් වසර දෙකක විරාමයක් ලබා ගත් අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ඇයගේ සාහිත්‍යමය කටයුතු (පොත් ලිවීම) කෙරෙහි පූර්ණ අවධානය යොමු කළාය.&lt;ref&gt;https://open.spotify.com/artist/448xhU8v5osRW6fejGQsXz?si=myRQasoCTx60QXHiCiMgHg&lt;/ref&gt;

2021 වසරේදී තාරකා '''“තනි මලක්”''' ගීතය නිකුත් කළාය. ඉන්පසුව 2022 වසරේදී '''“මේ ආදරේ මං”''' ගීතය නිකුත් කරමින් ඇය නැවතත් සංගීත ක්ෂේත්‍රයට අවතීර්ණ වූවාය. ඇය තම සංගීත කටයුතු සඳහා '''''“Tharu Queen”''''' යන වේදිකා නාමය භාවිතා කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තාය.

2026 වසරේදී ඇය '''“මේ දුර බැඳි මායිම”''', '''“ගසින් ගසින්”''', '''“King Khan”''' සහ '''“Dilon Ka Raja”''' ඇතුළු ගීත කිහිපයක්ම නිකුත් කළාය.&lt;ref&gt;https://tharakawasalamudaliarachchi.com/contact-2/&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!ගීත
!වර්ගය
!තනතුර
!අවුරුද්ද
|-
|''V Awards 2011''
|සම්මාන සංදර්ශන තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2001
|-
|රත්තරන් හීනයේ
|ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2016
|-
|''අභිමානී''
|රූපවාහිනී නාලිකා තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2010
|-
|''සිහින කිරුළ''
|තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2012
|-
|සිරස ලක්ෂපති
|සිරස ලක්ෂපති තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2009
|-
|විහඟ තුඩක
|ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2012
|-
|හිත මාගේ ආලවන්තයි
|ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2012
|-
|පාන් බට්ටා
|ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2009
|-
|ආදරේ අහස තරම්
|ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2013
|-
|''උඩු වියන්'' 
|ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2007
|-
|ගැහැනු ළමයි
|ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තේමා ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2009
|-
|ගිම්හාන සිහිනේ
|ගීතය
|ගී පද
|2018
|-
|තනි මලක්
|ගීතය
|ගායනය
|2021
|-
|''මේ ආදරේ මන්''
|ගීතය
|ගායනය හා ගී පද
|2022
|-
|මේ දුර බැඳි මායිම
|ගීතය
|ගී පද හා සංගීතය
|2026
|-
|ගසින් ගසින්
|ගීතය
|සංගීතය
|2026
|-
|Dilon Ka Raja
|ගීතය
|සංගීතය
|2026
|-
|King Khan
|ගීතය
|සංගීතය
|2026
|}
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    | rowclass15 = mergedrow| label14 = [[ලැට්වියානු භාෂාව |ලැට්වියානු]]: | data14 = {{බස|lv|ඉරෝපස් සවියනීබා}}
    | rowclass16 = mergedrow| label15 = [[ලිතුවේනියානු භාෂාව| ලිතුවේනියානු]]: | data15 = {{බස|lt|යුරොපොස් සායුන්ගා }}
    | rowclass17 = mergedrow| label16 = [[මෝල්ටා භාෂාව| මෝල්ටා]]: | data16 = {{බස|mt|උනියෝනි යුරොපේයා}}
    | rowclass18 = mergedrow| label17 = [[පෝලන්ත භාෂාව| පෝලන්ත]]: | data17 = {{බස|pl|උනියා උරොපේස්කා}}
    | rowclass19 = mergedrow| label18 = [[පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව | පෘතුගීසි]]: | data18 = {{බස|pt|උනියෝ යුරොපේය}}
    | rowclass20 = mergedrow| label19 = [[රුමේනියානු භාෂාව | රුමේනියානු]]: | data19 = {{බස|ro|උනිනියා යුරොපේනා}}
    | rowclass21 = mergedrow| label20 = [[ස්ලොවැක් භාෂාව| ස්ලොවැක්]]: | data20 = {{බස|sk|යුරෝපේස්කා ඌනියා}}
    | rowclass22 = mergedrow| label21 = [[ස්ලොවේනියානු භාෂාව | ස්ලොවේනියානු]]: | data21 = {{බස|sl|යුරෝප්ස්කා ඌනියා}}
    | rowclass23 = mergedrow| label22 = [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව| ස්පාඤ්ඤ]]: | data22 = {{බස|es|උනියන් යුරෝපේයා }}
    | rowclass24 = mergedrow| label23 = [[ස්වීඩන භාෂාව|ස්වීඩන]]: | data23 = {{බස|sv|යූරොපේස්කා යුනියෝනා}}
   }}
 }}
| linking_name           = යුරෝපියානු සංගමය
| image_flag             = Flag of Europe.svg
| alt_flag               = නිල් පැහැ පසුතලයක රන්වන් තරු 12 කින් සමන්විත වෘත්තය
| motto                  = &quot;[[යුරෝපියානු සංගමයෙහි ආදර්ශ පාඨය |විවිධත්වය හමුවේ එකමුතු බව]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Four Freedoms&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU-Symbols&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Legislative Observatory&quot;/&gt;
| anthem                 = &quot;[[යුරෝපයේ ගීය |ඕඩ් ටු ජෝයි]]&quot; {{කුඩා|(වාද්‍ය)}}&lt;ref name=&quot;EU-Symbols&quot;/&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[ගොනුව:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg|center]]&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map              = Global European Union.svg
| map_width              = 220px
| capital                = [[බ්‍රසල්ස්]] {{කුඩා|(''[[තත්වාකාරයෙන්]]'')}}&lt;ref name=capital&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස පොත |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA64|title=කැපිටල් සිටීස් අරවුන්ඩ් ද වර්ල්ඩ්: ඇන් එන්සයික්ලොෆීඩියා ඔෆ් ජියෝග්‍රෆි, හිස්ට්‍රි, ඇන්ඩ් කල්චර්: ඇන් එන්සයික්ලොෆීඩියා ඔෆ් ජියෝග්‍රෆි, හිස්ට්‍රි, ඇන්ඩ් කල්චර් |year=2013|first=රෝමන් ඒඩ්‍රියන් |last=සයිබ්‍රිස්කි|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|quote=Brussels, the capital of Belgium, is considered to be the de facto capital of the EU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| latd                   = 50
| latm                   = 51
| latNS                  = N
| longd                  = 4
| longm                  = 21
| longEW                 = E
| largest_city           = පැරිස්
| largest_settlement     = [[ලන්ඩනය]]&lt;!-- ONS 2015 municipal population: 8,630,000; UN DESA 2015 urban population: 10,313,307--&gt; සහ [[පැරිසිය]]{{ref|footnote_a|a}}&lt;!-- INSEE 2014 municipal population: 2,241,346; UN DESA 2015 urban population: 10,843,285--&gt;&lt;!--NOTE: Discuss before making changes, per [[Talk:European Union/Archive 28#Largest city]]. While Greater London has a larger population than the City of Paris, both London and Paris are the largest cities in the European Union by urban population.--&gt;
| official_languages     = {{ඇකිළියහැකි ලැයිස්තුව
  |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
  |title = [[යුරෝපියානු සංගමයෙහි භාෂා |භාෂා 24]]
  | {{තිරස්ලැයිස්තුව |[[බල්ගේරියානු භාෂාව|බල්ගේරියානු]] |[[ක්‍රොයේෂියානු භාෂාව| ක්‍රොයේෂියානු]] |[[චෙක් භාෂාව|චෙක්]] |[[ඩෙන්මාර්ක භාෂාව|ඩෙන්මාර්ක]] |[[ලන්දේසි භාෂාව|ලන්දේසි]] |[[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] |[[එස්ටෝනියානු භාෂාව|එස්ටෝනියානු]] |[[පින්ලන්ත භාෂාව|පින්ලන්ත]] |[[ප්‍රංශ භාෂාව|ප්‍රංශ]] |[[ජර්මානු භාෂාව|ජර්මානු]] |[[ග්‍රීක භාෂාව|ග්‍රීක]] |[[හන්ගේරියානු භාෂාව|හන්ගේරියානු]] |[[අයිරිෂ් භාෂාව|අයිරිෂ්]] |[[ඉතාලියානු භාෂාව|ඉතාලියානු]] |[[ලැට්වියානු භාෂාව|ලැට්වියානු]] |[[ලිතුවේනියානු භාෂාව|ලිතුවේනියානු]] |[[මෝල්ටා භාෂාව|මෝල්ටා]] |[[පෝලන්ත භාෂාව|පෝලන්ත]] |[[පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව|පෘතුගීසි]] |[[රුමේනියානු භාෂාව|රුමේනියානු]] |[[ස්ලොවැක් භාෂාව|ස්ලොවැක්]] |[[ස්ලොවීන් භාෂාව|ස්ලොවීන්]] |[[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]] |[[ස්වීඩන භාෂාව|ස්වීඩන]]}}
 }}
| religion               = {{ublist|list_style=line-height:1.3em; |class=nowrap | 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|ක්රිස්තියානි ධර්මය]]| 24.0% [[Religion in Europe|නිරාගමික]] 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|ඉස්ලාම්]]  2.6% [[Religion in the European Union|වෙනත්]]}}
| demonym                = යුරෝපියානු
| org_type               = අන්තර් රාජ්ය සංගමය
| legislature            = [[European Parliament|යුරෝපීය පාර්ලිමේන්තුව]]
| established            = නොවැම්බර් 1, 1993
| area_km2               = 4,233,255
| population_estimate    = 448,387,872
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP                = $25.399 trillion
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2023 ඇස්තමේන්තුව
| Gini                   = 30.0
| Gini_year              = 2020
| currency               = [[Euro]]
| currency_code          = EUR
| official_website       = https://european-union.europa.eu/index_en
| recognized_languages   = රුසියානු
යුක්රේනියානු
}}
&lt;!--Please do not remove this. Parts of Spain and France are outside Europe, and the geographical location of Cyprus is not clear. This word has been extensively discussed.--&gt; 

යුරෝපීය සංගමය (EU) යනු මූලික වශයෙන් යුරෝපයේ පිහිටා ඇති සාමාජික රටවල් 27 කින් සමන්විත අතිජාතික දේශපාලන හා ආර්ථික සංගමයකි. සංගමයේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය 4,233,255 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,634,469) සහ ඇස්තමේන්තුගත මුළු ජනගහනය මිලියන 448 ඉක්මවයි. EU බොහෝ විට විස්තර කර ඇත්තේ ෆෙඩරල් සහ කොන්ෆෙඩරල් යන දෙකෙහිම ලක්ෂණ ඒකාබද්ධ කරන (පූර්‍වාදර්ශයක් හෝ සංසන්දනයක් නොමැතිව) ''sui generis'' දේශපාලන ආයතනයක් ලෙසය.

2020 දී ලෝක ජනගහනයෙන් 5.8% ක් අඩංගු වන අතර, යුරෝපා සංගමයේ සාමාජික රටවල් 2022 දී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් ට්‍රිලියන 16.6 ක පමණ නාමික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයක් (Nominal GDP) ජනනය කරන ලද අතර, එය ගෝලීය නාමික GDP වලින් හයෙන් එකක් පමණ වේ. මීට අමතරව, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවර්ධන වැඩසටහනට අනුව බල්ගේරියාව හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම යුරෝපා සංගම් රාජ්‍යයන් ඉතා ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත. එහි මූලික ගල වන රේගු සංගමය, ප්‍රමිතිගත නෛතික රාමුවක් සහ එම කාරණාවලදී සියලුම සාමාජික රටවලට අදාළ වන නීති සම්පාදනය මත පදනම් වූ අභ්‍යන්තර තනි වෙළඳපොළක් පිහිටුවීමට මග පෑදුවේය. EU ප්‍රතිපත්ති අභ්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොළ තුළ මිනිසුන්, භාණ්ඩ, සේවා සහ ප්‍රාග්ධනයේ නිදහස් සංචලනය සහතික කිරීම අරමුණු කරයි; යුක්තිය සහ ස්වදේශ කටයුතු සම්බන්ධයෙන් නීති සම්පාදනය කිරීම; වෙළඳාම, කෘෂිකර්මය, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ පොදු ප්‍රතිපත්ති පවත්වාගෙන යාම. ෂෙන්ගන් ප්‍රදේශය තුළ ගමන් කිරීම සඳහා ගමන් බලපත්‍ර පාලනය අහෝසි කර ඇත. යුරෝ කලාපය යනු ආර්ථික හා මූල්‍ය සංගමය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ක්‍රියාත්මක කර යුරෝ මුදල් භාවිතා කරන යුරෝපා සංගමයේ සාමාජික රටවල් 20 කින් සමන්විත කණ්ඩායමකි. පොදු විදේශ සහ ආරක්ෂක ප්‍රතිපත්තිය හරහා සංගමය බාහිර සබඳතා සහ ආරක්ෂාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් භූමිකාවක් වර්ධනය කර ඇත. එය ලොව පුරා ස්ථිර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික දූත මණ්ඩල පවත්වාගෙන යන අතර එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය, ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිධානය, G7 සහ G20 යන රටවල නියෝජනය කරයි. එහි ගෝලීය බලපෑම හේතුවෙන්, යුරෝපීය සංගමය නැගී එන සුපිරි බලවතෙකු ලෙස සමහර විද්වතුන් විසින් විස්තර කර ඇත.

1993 දී මාස්ට්රිච්ට් ගිවිසුම බලාත්මක වූ විට යුරෝපා සංගමය ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී, එහි පුරවැසිභාවය සමඟ. එය 2009 දී ලිස්බන් ගිවිසුම බලාත්මක වීමත් සමඟ ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිමය නීතිමය පුද්ගලයෙකු ලෙස සංස්ථාගත කරන ලදී. එහි ආරම්භය අභ්‍යන්තර හය දක්වා සොයා ගත හැක. ප්‍රාන්ත (බෙල්ජියම, ප්‍රංශය, ඉතාලිය, ලක්සම්බර්ග්, නෙදර්ලන්තය සහ බටහිර ජර්මනිය) 1948 නූතන යුරෝපීය ඒකාබද්ධතාවයේ ආරම්භයේ දී සහ Western Union වෙත, Ruhr සඳහා වන ජාත්‍යන්තර අධිකාරිය (IAR), යුරෝපීය ගල් අඟුරු සහ වානේ ප්‍රජාව (ECSC), යුරෝපීය ආර්ථික ප්‍රජාව (EEC) සහ යුරෝපීය පරමාණුක බලශක්ති ප්‍රජාව, ගිවිසුම් මගින් පිහිටුවන ලදී. 1973 සිට 2013 දක්වා තවත් ප්‍රාන්ත 22කට ප්‍රවේශ වීම හරහා සහ ප්‍රතිපත්ති ක්ෂේත්‍ර අත්පත් කර ගැනීම හරහා බලයේ සිටි මෙම වඩ වඩාත් ඒකාබද්ධ වූ ආයතන, ඔවුන්ගේ නීත්‍යානුකූල අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ යුරෝපා සංගමය සමඟ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් වර්ධනය විය.

2012 දී යුරෝපා සංගමයට නොබෙල් සාම ත්‍යාගය පිරිනමන ලදී. 2020 දී යුරෝපා සංගමයෙන් ඉවත් වූ එකම සාමාජික රාජ්‍යය බවට එක්සත් රාජධානිය පත් විය. රටවල් දහයක් එයට සම්බන්ධ වීමට හෝ සාකච්ඡා කරමින් සිටී.

==යුරෝපා සංගම් ව්‍යවස්ථාව==
යුරෝපා සංගම් ව්‍යවස්ථාව යුරෝපා සංගමයේ සාමාජික රටවල ක්‍රියාත්මක වන අසහාය නීතියයි. යුරෝපා සංගම් නීතිය එහි සාමාජික රටවල නීති පද්ධතිය කෙරෙහි සෘජු බලපෑමක් ඇති අතර සමහර ක්ෂේත්‍රවල දී විශේෂයෙන් ම ආර්ථික සහ සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්ති, ජාතික නීතිය අබිබවා කටයුතු කරයි. යුරෝපා සංගමය ෆෙඩරල් රාජ්‍යයක් හෝ අන්තර් රාජ්‍යය සංවිධානයක් වත් නොවේ. එය සාමාජික රටවල අන්‍යෝන්‍ය සමාජීය සහ අර්ථික ප්‍රතිලාභ සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතියේ නව නීතිමය සැකැස්මක් වේ. එය සමහර විටක දී ජාතියේ සීමාවන් ඉක්මවා යන නීතියක් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.         
පසුගිය අවුරුදු 56 තුළ යුරෝපා සංගම් නීතිය ක්‍රමයෙන් පරිණාමය වී ඇත. පැරිස් ගිවිසුම 1956 දී අත්සන් කැරුණු විට එ මඟින් යුරෝපා ගල්අඟුරු සහ වානේ ප්‍රජාව ස්ථාපිත කැරුණු අතර ඊට එකඟ වූයේ රටවල් 6 ක් පමණි. වසර 5 කට පසුව එම රටවල් 6 විසින් ම යුරෝපා ආර්ථික ප්‍රජාව පිහිටැවිණි. වර්ෂ 2007 වන විට සාමාජික රාජ්‍යයන් 27 ක මිලියන 500 ක ජනගහනයක් යටත් වන අතර එය ලොව නව නීති පද්ධතීන් ගණනාවක් ආවරණය කරනු ලැබූ නීතීවලින් එකක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.      
යුරෝපා සංගම් නීතිය ස්තම්භ තුනකින් යුත් වන ව්‍යුහයකින් සමන්විත වේ. වඩා වැදගත් වන පළමු ස්තම්භය ආර්ථික සහ සමාජීය අයිතිවාසිකම් සහ යුරෝපා ආයතන පිගිටුවන ආකාරය පිළිබඳව අවධානය යොමු කරයි. මෙය 1957 රෝමයේ දී අත්සන් කැරුණු යුරෝපා ප්‍රජා ගිවිසුමේ සඳහන් වන අතර පසුකාලීනව සාමාජික රටවල් අතර ඇති කරගත් වෙනත් ගිවිසුම් මඟින් සංශෝධනනයට ලක් විය. 1992 දී මාස්ට්‍රිච්ට් හී දි අත්සන් තැබුණු යුරෝපා සංගම් ගිවිසුම මඟින් දෙවන සහ තුන්වන ස්තම්භ පිහිටැවිණි. දෙවන ස්තම්භය මඟින් යුරෝපා සංගමයේ පොදු විදේශ සහ ආරක්ෂක ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පිළිබඳ අවධානය යොමු කෙරෙන අතර තුන්වන ස්තම්භය මඟින් අපරාධ සම්බන්ධ පොලිස් සහ අධිකරණ සහයෝගීතාවන් පිළිබඳ අවධානය යොමු කෙරෙයි.

[[File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Schuman - Berlaymont - 01.jpg|thumb|center|European Commission]]

==මූලාශ්‍ර==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:යුරෝපා සංගමය]]</text>
      <sha1>812zjvt7wcgbhirhxnnlqvsqz6t3dqs</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:Asia-airport-stub</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:59:37Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="384" sha1="7skvdj0up8u4awdxwqpr4sdt0ri6zor" xml:space="preserve">{{asbox
| image     = Airport_symbol.svg
| pix       = 40
| subject   = ආසියාවේ පිහිටි ගුවන්තොටුපළක් පිළිබඳ
| qualifier = 
| category  = ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල් පිළිබඳ අංකුර ලිපි
| tempsort  =  
| name      = Template:Asia-airport-stub
}}</text>
      <sha1>7skvdj0up8u4awdxwqpr4sdt0ri6zor</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Convert</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>786023</id>
      <parentid>439086</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:41:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>තාවකාලික විසඳුම</comment>
      <origin>786023</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="134747" sha1="cqrx7q3imf6nn25e8051r3vdmc51nr7" xml:space="preserve">-- Convert a value from one unit of measurement to another.
-- Example: {{convert|123|lb|kg}} --&gt; 123 pounds (56 kg)
-- See [[:en:Template:Convert/Transwiki guide]] if copying to another wiki.

local MINUS = '−'  -- Unicode U+2212 MINUS SIGN (UTF-8: e2 88 92)
local abs = math.abs
local floor = math.floor
local format = string.format
local log10 = math.log10
local ustring = mw.ustring
local ulen = ustring.len
local usub = ustring.sub

-- Configuration options to keep magic values in one location.
-- Conversion data and message text are defined in separate modules.
local config, maxsigfig
local numdot  -- must be '.' or ',' or a character which works in a regex
local numsep, numsep_remove, numsep_remove2
local data_code, all_units
local text_code
local varname        -- can be a code to use variable names that depend on value
local from_en_table  -- to translate an output string of en digits to local language
local to_en_table    -- to translate an input string of digits in local language to en
-- Use translation_table in convert/text to change the following.
local en_default           -- true uses lang=en unless convert has lang=local or local digits
local group_method = 3     -- code for how many digits are in a group
local per_word = 'per'     -- for units like &quot;liters per kilometer&quot;
local plural_suffix = ''  -- only other useful value is probably '' to disable plural unit names
local omitsep              -- true to omit separator before local symbol/name

-- All units should be defined in the data module. However, to cater for quick changes
-- and experiments, any unknown unit is looked up in an extra data module, if it exists.
-- That module would be transcluded in only a small number of pages, so there should be
-- little server overhead from making changes, and changes should propagate quickly.
local extra_module  -- name of module with extra units
local extra_units   -- nil or table of extra units from extra_module

-- Some options in the invoking template can set variables used later in the module.
local currency_text  -- for a user-defined currency symbol: {{convert|12|$/ha|$=€}} (euro replaces dollar)

local function from_en(text)
	-- Input is a string representing a number in en digits with '.' decimal mark,
	-- without digit grouping (which is done just after calling this).
	-- Return the translation of the string with numdot and digits in local language.
	if numdot ~= '.' then
		text = text:gsub('%.', numdot)
	end
	if from_en_table then
		text = text:gsub('%d', from_en_table)
	end
	return text
end

local function to_en(text)
	-- Input is a string representing a number in the local language with
	-- an optional numdot decimal mark and numsep digit grouping.
	-- Return the translation of the string with '.' mark and en digits,
	-- and no separators (they have to be removed here to handle cases like
	-- numsep = '.' and numdot = ',' with input &quot;1.234.567,8&quot;).
	if to_en_table then
		text = ustring.gsub(text, '%d', to_en_table)
	end
	if numsep_remove then
		text = text:gsub(numsep_remove, '')
	end
	if numsep_remove2 then
		text = text:gsub(numsep_remove2, '')
	end
	if numdot ~= '.' then
		text = text:gsub(numdot, '.')
	end
	return text
end

local function decimal_mark(text)
	-- Return ',' if text probably is using comma for decimal mark, or has no decimal mark.
	-- Return '.' if text probably is using dot for decimal mark.
	-- Otherwise return nothing (decimal mark not known).
	if not text:find('[.,]') then return ',' end
	text = text:gsub('^%-', ''):gsub('%+%d+/%d+$', ''):gsub('[Ee]%-?%d+$', '')
	local decimal =
		text:match('^0?([.,])%d+$') or
		text:match('%d([.,])%d?%d?$') or
		text:match('%d([.,])%d%d%d%d+$')
	if decimal then return decimal end
	if text:match('%.%d+%.') then return ',' end
	if text:match('%,%d+,') then return '.' end
end

local add_warning, with_separator  -- forward declarations
local function to_en_with_check(text, parms)
	-- Version of to_en() for a wiki using numdot = ',' and numsep = '.' to check
	-- text (an input number as a string) which might have been copied from enwiki.
	-- For example, in '1.234' the '.' could be a decimal mark or a group separator.
	-- From viwiki.
	if to_en_table then
		text = ustring.gsub(text, '%d', to_en_table)
	end
	if decimal_mark(text) == '.' then
		local original = text
		text = text:gsub(',', '')  -- for example, interpret &quot;1,234.5&quot; as an enwiki value
		if parms then
			add_warning(parms, 0, 'cvt_enwiki_num', original, with_separator({}, text))
		end
	else
		if numsep_remove then
			text = text:gsub(numsep_remove, '')
		end
		if numsep_remove2 then
			text = text:gsub(numsep_remove2, '')
		end
		if numdot ~= '.' then
			text = text:gsub(numdot, '.')
		end
	end
	return text
end

local function omit_separator(id)
	-- Return true if there should be no separator before id (a unit symbol or name).
	-- For zhwiki, there should be no separator if id uses local characters.
	-- The following kludge should be a sufficient test.
	if omitsep then
		if id:sub(1, 2) == '-{' then  -- for &quot;-{...}-&quot; content language variant
			return true
		end
		if id:byte() &gt; 127 then
			local first = usub(id, 1, 1)
			if first ~= 'Å' and first ~= '°' and first ~= 'µ' then
				return true
			end
		end
	end
	return id:sub(1, 1) == '/'  -- no separator before units like &quot;/ha&quot;
end

local spell_module  -- name of module that can spell numbers
local speller       -- function from that module to handle spelling (set if needed)
local wikidata_module, wikidata_data_module  -- names of Wikidata modules
local wikidata_code, wikidata_data  -- exported tables from those modules (set if needed)

local function set_config(args)
	-- Set configuration options from template #invoke or defaults.
	config = args
	maxsigfig = config.maxsigfig or 14  -- maximum number of significant figures
	local data_module, text_module
	local sandbox = config.sandbox and ('/' .. config.sandbox) or ''
	data_module = &quot;Module:Convert/data&quot; .. sandbox
	text_module = &quot;Module:Convert/text&quot; .. sandbox
	extra_module = &quot;Module:Convert/extra&quot; .. sandbox
	wikidata_module = &quot;Module:Convert/wikidata&quot; .. sandbox
	wikidata_data_module = &quot;Module:Convert/wikidata/data&quot; .. sandbox
	spell_module = &quot;Module:ConvertNumeric&quot;
	data_code = mw.loadData(data_module)
	text_code = mw.loadData(text_module)
	all_units = data_code.all_units
	local translation = text_code.translation_table
	if translation then
		numdot = translation.numdot
		numsep = translation.numsep
		if numdot == ',' and numsep == '.' then
			if text_code.all_messages.cvt_enwiki_num then
				to_en = to_en_with_check
			end
		end
		if translation.group then
			group_method = translation.group
		end
		if translation.per_word then
			per_word = translation.per_word
		end
		if translation.plural_suffix then
			plural_suffix = translation.plural_suffix
		end
		varname = translation.varname
		from_en_table = translation.from_en
		local use_workaround = true
		if use_workaround then
			-- 2013-07-05 workaround bug by making a copy of the required table.
			-- mw.ustring.gsub fails with a table (to_en_table) as the replacement,
			-- if the table is accessed via mw.loadData.
			local source = translation.to_en
			if source then
				to_en_table = {}
				for k, v in pairs(source) do
					to_en_table[k] = v
				end
			end
		else
			to_en_table = translation.to_en
		end
		if translation.lang == 'en default' then
			en_default = true  -- for hiwiki
		end
		omitsep = translation.omitsep  -- for zhwiki
	end
	numdot = config.numdot or numdot or '.'  -- decimal mark before fractional digits
	numsep = config.numsep or numsep or ','  -- group separator for numbers
	-- numsep should be ',' or '.' or '' or '&amp;nbsp;' or a Unicode character.
	-- numsep_remove must work in a regex to identify separators to be removed.
	if numsep ~= '' then
		numsep_remove = (numsep == '.') and '%.' or numsep
	end
	if numsep ~= ',' and numdot ~= ',' then
		numsep_remove2 = ','  -- so numbers copied from enwiki will work
	end
end

local function collection()
	-- Return a table to hold items.
	return {
		n = 0,
		add = function (self, item)
			self.n = self.n + 1
			self[self.n] = item
		end,
	}
end

local function divide(numerator, denominator)
	-- Return integers quotient, remainder resulting from dividing the two
	-- given numbers, which should be unsigned integers.
	local quotient, remainder = floor(numerator / denominator), numerator % denominator
	if not (0 &lt;= remainder and remainder &lt; denominator) then
		-- Floating point limits may need this, as in {{convert|160.02|Ym|ydftin}}.
		remainder = 0
	end
	return quotient, remainder
end

local function split(text, delimiter)
	-- Return a numbered table with fields from splitting text.
	-- The delimiter is used in a regex without escaping (for example, '.' would fail).
	-- Each field has any leading/trailing whitespace removed.
	local t = {}
	text = text .. delimiter  -- to get last item
	for item in text:gmatch('%s*(.-)%s*' .. delimiter) do
		table.insert(t, item)
	end
	return t
end

local function strip(text)
	-- If text is a string, return its content with no leading/trailing
	-- whitespace. Otherwise return nil (a nil argument gives a nil result).
	if type(text) == 'string' then
		return text:match(&quot;^%s*(.-)%s*$&quot;)
	end
end

local function table_len(t)
	-- Return length (&lt;100) of a numbered table to replace #t which is
	-- documented to not work if t is accessed via mw.loadData().
	for i = 1, 100 do
		if t[i] == nil then
			return i - 1
		end
	end
end

local function wanted_category(catkey, catsort, want_warning)
	-- Return message category if it is wanted in current namespace,
	-- otherwise return ''.
	local cat
	local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	if title then
		local nsdefault = '0'  -- default namespace: '0' = article; '0,10' = article and template
		local namespace = title.namespace
		for _, v in ipairs(split(config.nscat or nsdefault, ',')) do
			if namespace == tonumber(v) then
				cat = text_code.all_categories[want_warning and 'warning' or catkey]
				if catsort and catsort ~= '' and cat:sub(-2) == ']]' then
					cat = cat:sub(1, -3) .. '|' .. mw.text.nowiki(usub(catsort, 1, 20)) .. ']]'
				end
				break
			end
		end
	end
	return cat or ''
end

local function message(parms, mcode, is_warning)
	-- Return wikitext for an error message, including category if specified
	-- for the message type.
	-- mcode = numbered table specifying the message:
	--    mcode[1] = 'cvt_xxx' (string used as a key to get message info)
	--    mcode[2] = 'parm1' (string to replace '$1' if any in message)
	--    mcode[3] = 'parm2' (string to replace '$2' if any in message)
	--    mcode[4] = 'parm3' (string to replace '$3' if any in message)
	local msg
	if type(mcode) == 'table' then
		if mcode[1] == 'cvt_no_output' then
			-- Some errors should cause convert to output an empty string,
			-- for example, for an optional field in an infobox.
			return ''
		end
		msg = text_code.all_messages[mcode[1]]
	end
	parms.have_problem = true
	local function subparm(fmt, ...)
		local rep = {}
		for i, v in ipairs({...}) do
			rep['$' .. i] = v
		end
		return (fmt:gsub('$%d+', rep))
	end
	if msg then
		local parts = {}
		local regex, replace = msg.regex, msg.replace
		for i = 1, 3 do
			local limit = 40
			local s = mcode[i + 1]
			if s then
				if regex and replace then
					s = s:gsub(regex, replace)
					limit = nil  -- allow long &quot;should be&quot; messages
				end
				-- Escape user input so it does not break the message.
				-- To avoid tags (like {{convert|1&lt;math&gt;23&lt;/math&gt;|m}}) breaking
				-- the mouseover title, any strip marker starting with char(127) is
				-- replaced with '...' (text not needing i18n).
				local append
				local pos = s:find(string.char(127), 1, true)
				if pos then
					append = '...'
					s = s:sub(1, pos - 1)
				end
				if limit and ulen(s) &gt; limit then
					s = usub(s, 1, limit)
					append = '...'
				end
				s = mw.text.nowiki(s) .. (append or '')
			else
				s = '?'
			end
			parts['$' .. i] = s
		end
		local function ispreview()
			-- Return true if a prominent message should be shown.
			if parms.test == 'preview' or parms.test == 'nopreview' then
				-- For testing, can preview a real message or simulate a preview
				-- when running automated tests.
				return parms.test == 'preview'
			end
			local success, revid = pcall(function ()
				return (parms.frame):preprocess('{{REVISIONID}}') end)
			return success and (revid == '')
		end
		local want_warning = is_warning and
			not config.warnings and  -- show unobtrusive warnings if config.warnings not configured
			not msg.nowarn           -- but use msg settings, not standard warning, if specified
		local title = string.gsub(msg[1] or 'Missing message', '$%d+', parts)
		local text = want_warning and '*' or msg[2] or 'Missing message'
		local cat = wanted_category(msg[3], mcode[2], want_warning)
		local anchor = msg[4] or ''
		local fmtkey = ispreview() and 'cvt_format_preview' or
			(want_warning and 'cvt_format2' or msg.format or 'cvt_format')
		local fmt = text_code.all_messages[fmtkey] or 'convert: bug'
		return subparm(fmt, title:gsub('&quot;', '&amp;quot;'), text, cat, anchor)
	end
	return 'Convert internal error: unknown message'
end

function add_warning(parms, level, key, text1, text2)  -- for forward declaration above
	-- If enabled, add a warning that will be displayed after the convert result.
	-- A higher level is more verbose: more kinds of warnings are displayed.
	-- To reduce output noise, only the first warning is displayed.
	if level &lt;= (tonumber(config.warnings) or 1) then
		if parms.warnings == nil then
			parms.warnings = message(parms, { key, text1, text2 }, true)
		end
	end
end

local function spell_number(parms, inout, number, numerator, denominator)
	-- Return result of spelling (number, numerator, denominator), or
	-- return nil if spelling is not available or not supported for given text.
	-- Examples (each value must be a string or nil):
	--   number  numerator  denominator  output
	--   ------  ---------  -----------  -------------------
	--   &quot;1.23&quot;    nil        nil        one point two three
	--    &quot;1&quot;      &quot;2&quot;        &quot;3&quot;        one and two thirds
	--    nil      &quot;2&quot;        &quot;3&quot;        two thirds
	if not speller then
		local function get_speller(module)
			return require(module).spell_number
		end
		local success
		success, speller = pcall(get_speller, spell_module)
		if not success or type(speller) ~= 'function' then
			add_warning(parms, 1, 'cvt_no_spell', 'spell')
			return nil
		end
	end
	local case
	if parms.spell_upper == inout then
		case = true
		parms.spell_upper = nil  -- only uppercase first word in a multiple unit
	end
	local sp = not parms.opt_sp_us
	local adj = parms.opt_adjectival
	return speller(number, numerator, denominator, case, sp, adj)
end

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- BEGIN: Code required only for built-in units.
-- LATER: If need much more code, move to another module to simplify this module.
local function speed_of_sound(altitude)
	-- This is for the Mach built-in unit of speed.
	-- Return speed of sound in metres per second at given altitude in feet.
	-- If no altitude given, use default (zero altitude = sea level).
	-- Table gives speed of sound in miles per hour at various altitudes:
	--   altitude = -17,499 to 302,499 feet
	-- mach_table[a + 4] = s where
	--   a = (altitude / 5000) rounded to nearest integer (-3 to 60)
	--   s = speed of sound (mph) at that altitude
	-- LATER: Should calculate result from an interpolation between the next
	-- lower and higher altitudes in table, rather than rounding to nearest.
	-- From: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/atmosphere/q0112.shtml
	local mach_table = {                                                       -- a =
		799.5, 787.0, 774.2, 761.207051,                                       -- -3 to  0
		748.0, 734.6, 721.0, 707.0, 692.8, 678.3, 663.5, 660.1, 660.1, 660.1,  --  1 to 10
		660.1, 660.1, 660.1, 662.0, 664.3, 666.5, 668.9, 671.1, 673.4, 675.6,  -- 11 to 20
		677.9, 683.7, 689.9, 696.0, 702.1, 708.1, 714.0, 719.9, 725.8, 731.6,  -- 21 to 30
		737.3, 737.7, 737.7, 736.2, 730.5, 724.6, 718.8, 712.9, 707.0, 701.1,  -- 31 to 40
		695.0, 688.9, 682.8, 676.6, 670.4, 664.1, 657.8, 652.9, 648.3, 643.7,  -- 41 to 50
		639.1, 634.4, 629.6, 624.8, 620.0, 615.2, 613.2, 613.2, 613.2, 613.5,  -- 51 to 60
	}
	altitude = altitude or 0
	local a = (altitude &lt; 0) and -altitude or altitude
	a = floor(a / 5000 + 0.5)
	if altitude &lt; 0 then
		a = -a
	end
	if a &lt; -3 then
		a = -3
	elseif a &gt; 60 then
		a = 60
	end
	return mach_table[a + 4] * 0.44704  -- mph converted to m/s
end
-- END: Code required only for built-in units.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

local function get_range(word)
	-- Return a range (string or table) corresponding to word (like &quot;to&quot;),
	-- or return nil if not a range word.
	local ranges = text_code.ranges
	return ranges.types[word] or ranges.types[ranges.aliases[word]]
end

local function check_mismatch(unit1, unit2)
	-- If unit1 cannot be converted to unit2, return an error message table.
	-- This allows conversion between units of the same type, and between
	-- Nm (normally torque) and ftlb (energy), as in gun-related articles.
	-- This works because Nm is the base unit (scale = 1) for both the
	-- primary type (torque), and the alternate type (energy, where Nm = J).
	-- A match occurs if the primary types are the same, or if unit1 matches
	-- the alternate type of unit2, and vice versa. That provides a whitelist
	-- of which conversions are permitted between normally incompatible types.
	if unit1.utype == unit2.utype or
		(unit1.utype == unit2.alttype and unit1.alttype == unit2.utype) then
		return nil
	end
	return { 'cvt_mismatch', unit1.utype, unit2.utype }
end

local function override_from(out_table, in_table, fields)
	-- Copy the specified fields from in_table to out_table, but do not
	-- copy nil fields (keep any corresponding field in out_table).
	for _, field in ipairs(fields) do
		if in_table[field] then
			out_table[field] = in_table[field]
		end
	end
end

local function shallow_copy(t)
	-- Return a shallow copy of table t.
	-- Do not need the features and overhead of the Scribunto mw.clone().
	local result = {}
	for k, v in pairs(t) do
		result[k] = v
	end
	return result
end

local unit_mt = {
	-- Metatable to get missing values for a unit that does not accept SI prefixes.
	-- Warning: The boolean value 'false' is returned for any missing field
	-- so __index is not called twice for the same field in a given unit.
	__index = function (self, key)
		local value
		if key == 'name1' or key == 'sym_us' then
			value = self.symbol
		elseif key == 'name2' then
			value = self.name1 .. plural_suffix
		elseif key == 'name1_us' then
			value = self.name1
			if not rawget(self, 'name2_us') then
				-- If name1_us is 'foot', do not make name2_us by appending plural_suffix.
				self.name2_us = self.name2
			end
		elseif key == 'name2_us' then
			local raw1_us = rawget(self, 'name1_us')
			if raw1_us then
				value = raw1_us .. plural_suffix
			else
				value = self.name2
			end
		elseif key == 'link' then
			value = self.name1
		else
			value = false
		end
		rawset(self, key, value)
		return value
	end
}

local function prefixed_name(unit, name, index)
	-- Return unit name with SI prefix inserted at correct position.
	-- index = 1 (name1), 2 (name2), 3 (name1_us), 4 (name2_us).
	-- The position is a byte (not character) index, so use Lua's sub().
	local pos = rawget(unit, 'prefix_position')
	if type(pos) == 'string' then
		pos = tonumber(split(pos, ',')[index])
	end
	if pos then
		return name:sub(1, pos - 1) .. unit.si_name .. name:sub(pos)
	end
	return unit.si_name .. name
end

local unit_prefixed_mt = {
	-- Metatable to get missing values for a unit that accepts SI prefixes.
	-- Before use, fields si_name, si_prefix must be defined.
	-- The unit must define _symbol, _name1 and
	-- may define _sym_us, _name1_us, _name2_us
	-- (_sym_us, _name2_us may be defined for a language using sp=us
	-- to refer to a variant unrelated to U.S. units).
	__index = function (self, key)
		local value
		if key == 'symbol' then
			value = self.si_prefix .. self._symbol
		elseif key == 'sym_us' then
			value = rawget(self, '_sym_us')
			if value then
				value = self.si_prefix .. value
			else
				value = self.symbol
			end
		elseif key == 'name1' then
			value = prefixed_name(self, self._name1, 1)
		elseif key == 'name2' then
			value = rawget(self, '_name2')
			if value then
				value = prefixed_name(self, value, 2)
			else
				value = self.name1 .. plural_suffix
			end
		elseif key == 'name1_us' then
			value = rawget(self, '_name1_us')
			if value then
				value = prefixed_name(self, value, 3)
			else
				value = self.name1
			end
		elseif key == 'name2_us' then
			value = rawget(self, '_name2_us')
			if value then
				value = prefixed_name(self, value, 4)
			elseif rawget(self, '_name1_us') then
				value = self.name1_us .. plural_suffix
			else
				value = self.name2
			end
		elseif key == 'link' then
			value = self.name1
		else
			value = false
		end
		rawset(self, key, value)
		return value
	end
}

local unit_per_mt = {
	-- Metatable to get values for a per unit of form &quot;x/y&quot;.
	-- This is never called to determine a unit name or link because per units
	-- are handled as a special case.
	-- Similarly, the default output is handled elsewhere, and for a symbol
	-- this is only called from get_default() for default_exceptions.
	__index = function (self, key)
		local value
		if key == 'symbol' then
			local per = self.per
			local unit1, unit2 = per[1], per[2]
			if unit1 then
				value = unit1[key] .. '/' .. unit2[key]
			else
				value = '/' .. unit2[key]
			end
		elseif key == 'sym_us' then
			value = self.symbol
		elseif key == 'scale' then
			local per = self.per
			local unit1, unit2 = per[1], per[2]
			value = (unit1 and unit1.scale or 1) * self.scalemultiplier / unit2.scale
		else
			value = false
		end
		rawset(self, key, value)
		return value
	end
}

local function make_per(unitcode, unit_table, ulookup)
	-- Return true, t where t is a per unit with unit codes expanded to unit tables,
	-- or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	local result = {
		unitcode = unitcode,
		utype = unit_table.utype,
		per = {}
	}
	override_from(result, unit_table, { 'invert', 'iscomplex', 'default', 'link', 'symbol', 'symlink' })
	result.symbol_raw = (result.symbol or false)  -- to distinguish between a defined exception and a metatable calculation
	local prefix
	for i, v in ipairs(unit_table.per) do
		if i == 1 and v == '' then
			-- First unit symbol can be empty; that gives a nil first unit table.
		elseif i == 1 and text_code.currency[v] then
			prefix = currency_text or v
		else
			local success, t = ulookup(v)
			if not success then return false, t end
			result.per[i] = t
		end
	end
	local multiplier = unit_table.multiplier
	if not result.utype then
		-- Creating an automatic per unit.
		local unit1 = result.per[1]
		local utype = (unit1 and unit1.utype or prefix or '') .. '/' .. result.per[2].utype
		local t = data_code.per_unit_fixups[utype]
		if t then
			if type(t) == 'table' then
				utype = t.utype or utype
				result.link = result.link or t.link
				multiplier = multiplier or t.multiplier
			else
				utype = t
			end
		end
		result.utype = utype
	end
	result.scalemultiplier = multiplier or 1
	result.vprefix = prefix or false  -- set to non-nil to avoid calling __index
	return true, setmetatable(result, unit_per_mt)
end

local function lookup(parms, unitcode, what, utable, fails, depth)
	-- Return true, t where t is a copy of the unit's converter table,
	-- or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	-- Parameter 'what' determines whether combination units are accepted:
	--   'no_combination'  : single unit only
	--   'any_combination' : single unit or combination or output multiple
	--   'only_multiple'   : single unit or output multiple only
	-- Parameter unitcode is a symbol (like 'g'), with an optional SI prefix (like 'kg').
	-- If, for example, 'kg' is in this table, that entry is used;
	-- otherwise the prefix ('k') is applied to the base unit ('g').
	-- If unitcode is a known combination code (and if allowed by what),
	-- a table of output multiple unit tables is included in the result.
	-- For compatibility with the old template, an underscore in a unitcode is
	-- replaced with a space so usage like {{convert|350|board_feet}} works.
	-- Wikignomes may also put two spaces or &quot;&amp;nbsp;&quot; in combinations, so
	-- replace underscore, &quot;&amp;nbsp;&quot;, and multiple spaces with a single space.
	utable = utable or parms.unittable or all_units
	fails = fails or {}
	depth = depth and depth + 1 or 1
	if depth &gt; 9 then
		-- There are ways to mistakenly define units which result in infinite
		-- recursion when lookup() is called. That gives a long delay and very
		-- confusing error messages, so the depth parameter is used as a guard.
		return false, { 'cvt_lookup', unitcode }
	end
	if unitcode == nil or unitcode == '' then
		return false, { 'cvt_no_unit' }
	end
	unitcode = unitcode:gsub('_', ' '):gsub('&amp;nbsp;', ' '):gsub('  +', ' ')
	local function call_make_per(t)
		return make_per(unitcode, t,
			function (ucode) return lookup(parms, ucode, 'no_combination', utable, fails, depth) end
		)
	end
	local t = utable[unitcode]
	if t then
		if t.shouldbe then
			return false, { 'cvt_should_be', t.shouldbe }
		end
		if t.sp_us then
			parms.opt_sp_us = true
		end
		local target = t.target  -- nil, or unitcode is an alias for this target
		if target then
			local success, result = lookup(parms, target, what, utable, fails, depth)
			if not success then return false, result end
			override_from(result, t, { 'customary', 'default', 'link', 'symbol', 'symlink' })
			local multiplier = t.multiplier
			if multiplier then
				result.multiplier = tostring(multiplier)
				result.scale = result.scale * multiplier
			end
			return true, result
		end
		if t.per then
			return call_make_per(t)
		end
		local combo = t.combination  -- nil or a table of unitcodes
		if combo then
			local multiple = t.multiple
			if what == 'no_combination' or (what == 'only_multiple' and not multiple) then
				return false, { 'cvt_bad_unit', unitcode }
			end
			-- Recursively create a combination table containing the
			-- converter table of each unitcode.
			local result = { utype = t.utype, multiple = multiple, combination = {} }
			local cvt = result.combination
			for i, v in ipairs(combo) do
				local success, t = lookup(parms, v, multiple and 'no_combination' or 'only_multiple', utable, fails, depth)
				if not success then return false, t end
				cvt[i] = t
			end
			return true, result
		end
		local result = shallow_copy(t)
		result.unitcode = unitcode
		if result.prefixes then
			result.si_name = ''
			result.si_prefix = ''
			return true, setmetatable(result, unit_prefixed_mt)
		end
		return true, setmetatable(result, unit_mt)
	end
	local SIprefixes = text_code.SIprefixes
	for plen = SIprefixes[1] or 2, 1, -1 do
		-- Look for an SI prefix; should never occur with an alias.
		-- Check for longer prefix first ('dam' is decametre).
		-- SIprefixes[1] = prefix maximum #characters (as seen by mw.ustring.sub).
		local prefix = usub(unitcode, 1, plen)
		local si = SIprefixes[prefix]
		if si then
			local t = utable[usub(unitcode, plen+1)]
			if t and t.prefixes then
				local result = shallow_copy(t)
				result.unitcode = unitcode
				result.si_name = parms.opt_sp_us and si.name_us or si.name
				result.si_prefix = si.prefix or prefix
				result.scale = t.scale * 10 ^ (si.exponent * t.prefixes)
				return true, setmetatable(result, unit_prefixed_mt)
			end
		end
	end
	-- Accept user-defined combinations like &quot;acre+m2+ha&quot; or &quot;acre m2 ha&quot; for output.
	-- If '+' is used, each unit code can include a space, and any error is fatal.
	-- If ' ' is used and if each space-separated word is a unit code, it is a combo,
	-- but errors are not fatal so the unit code can be looked up as an extra unit.
	local err_is_fatal
	local combo = collection()
	if unitcode:find('+', 1, true) then
		err_is_fatal = true
		for item in (unitcode .. '+'):gmatch('%s*(.-)%s*%+') do
			if item ~= '' then
				combo:add(item)
			end
		end
	elseif unitcode:find('%s') then
		for item in unitcode:gmatch('%S+') do
			combo:add(item)
		end
	end
	if combo.n &gt; 1 then
		local function lookup_combo()
			if what == 'no_combination' or what == 'only_multiple' then
				return false, { 'cvt_bad_unit', unitcode }
			end
			local result = { combination = {} }
			local cvt = result.combination
			for i, v in ipairs(combo) do
				local success, t = lookup(parms, v, 'only_multiple', utable, fails, depth)
				if not success then return false, t end
				if i == 1 then
					result.utype = t.utype
				else
					local mismatch = check_mismatch(result, t)
					if mismatch then
						return false, mismatch
					end
				end
				cvt[i] = t
			end
			return true, result
		end
		local success, result = lookup_combo()
		if success or err_is_fatal then
			return success, result
		end
	end
	-- Accept any unit with an engineering notation prefix like &quot;e6cuft&quot;
	-- (million cubic feet), but not chained prefixes like &quot;e3e6cuft&quot;,
	-- and not if the unit is a combination or multiple,
	-- and not if the unit has an offset or is a built-in.
	-- Only en digits are accepted.
	local exponent, baseunit = unitcode:match('^e(%d+)(.*)')
	if exponent then
		local engscale = text_code.eng_scales[exponent]
		if engscale then
			local success, result = lookup(parms, baseunit, 'no_combination', utable, fails, depth)
			if success and not (result.offset or result.builtin or result.engscale) then
				result.unitcode = unitcode  -- 'e6cuft' not 'cuft'
				result.defkey = unitcode  -- key to lookup default exception
				result.engscale = engscale
				result.scale = result.scale * 10 ^ tonumber(exponent)
				return true, result
			end
		end
	end
	-- Look for x/y; split on right-most slash to get scale correct (x/y/z is x/y per z).
	local top, bottom = unitcode:match('^(.-)/([^/]+)$')
	if top and not unitcode:find('e%d') then
		-- If valid, create an automatic per unit for an &quot;x/y&quot; unit code.
		-- The unitcode must not include extraneous spaces.
		-- Engineering notation (apart from at start and which has been stripped before here),
		-- is not supported so do not make a per unit if find text like 'e3' in unitcode.
		local success, result = call_make_per({ per = {top, bottom} })
		if success then
			return true, result
		end
	end
	if not parms.opt_ignore_error and not get_range(unitcode) then
		-- Want the &quot;what links here&quot; list for the extra_module to show only cases
		-- where an extra unit is used, so do not require it if invoked from {{val}}
		-- or if looking up a range word which cannot be a unit.
		if not extra_units then
			local success, extra = pcall(function () return require(extra_module).extra_units end)
			if success and type(extra) == 'table' then
				extra_units = extra
			end
		end
		if extra_units then
			-- A unit in one data table might refer to a unit in the other table, so
			-- switch between them, relying on fails or depth to terminate loops.
			if not fails[unitcode] then
				fails[unitcode] = true
				local other = (utable == all_units) and extra_units or all_units
				local success, result = lookup(parms, unitcode, what, other, fails, depth)
				if success then
					return true, result
				end
			end
		end
	end
	if to_en_table then
		-- At fawiki it is common to translate all digits so a unit like &quot;km2&quot; becomes &quot;km۲&quot;.
		local en_code = ustring.gsub(unitcode, '%d', to_en_table)
		if en_code ~= unitcode then
			return lookup(parms, en_code, what, utable, fails, depth)
		end
	end
	return false, { 'cvt_unknown', unitcode }
end

local function valid_number(num)
	-- Return true if num is a valid number.
	-- In Scribunto (different from some standard Lua), when expressed as a string,
	-- overflow or other problems are indicated with text like &quot;inf&quot; or &quot;nan&quot;
	-- which are regarded as invalid here (each contains &quot;n&quot;).
	if type(num) == 'number' and tostring(num):find('n', 1, true) == nil then
		return true
	end
end

local function hyphenated(name, parts)
	-- Return a hyphenated form of given name (for adjectival usage).
	-- The name may be linked and the target of the link must not be changed.
	-- Hypothetical examples:
	--   [[long ton|ton]]         →  [[long ton|ton]]          (no change)
	--   [[tonne|long ton]]       →  [[tonne|long-ton]]
	--   [[metric ton|long ton]]  →  [[metric ton|long-ton]]
	--   [[long ton]]             →  [[long ton|long-ton]]
	-- Input can also have multiple links in a single name like:
	--   [[United States customary units|U.S.]] [[US gallon|gallon]]
	--   [[mile]]s per [[United States customary units|U.S.]] [[quart]]
	--   [[long ton]]s per [[short ton]]
	-- Assume that links cannot be nested (never like &quot;[[abc[[def]]ghi]]&quot;).
	-- This uses a simple and efficient procedure that works for most cases.
	-- Some units (if used) would require more, and can later think about
	-- adding a method to handle exceptions.
	-- The procedure is to replace each space with a hyphen, but
	-- not a space after ')' [for &quot;(pre-1954&amp;nbsp;US) nautical mile&quot;], and
	-- not spaces immediately before '(' or in '(...)' [for cases like
	-- &quot;British thermal unit (ISO)&quot; and &quot;Calorie (International Steam Table)&quot;].
	if name:find(' ', 1, true) then
		if parts then
			local pos
			if name:sub(1, 1) == '(' then
				pos = name:find(')', 1, true)
				if pos then
					return name:sub(1, pos+1) .. name:sub(pos+2):gsub(' ', '-')
				end
			elseif name:sub(-1) == ')' then
				pos = name:find('(', 1, true)
				if pos then
					return name:sub(1, pos-2):gsub(' ', '-') .. name:sub(pos-1)
				end
			end
			return name:gsub(' ', '-')
		end
		parts = collection()
		for before, item, after in name:gmatch('([^[]*)(%[%[[^[]*%]%])([^[]*)') do
			if item:find(' ', 1, true) then
				local prefix
				local plen = item:find('|', 1, true)
				if plen then
					prefix = item:sub(1, plen)
					item = item:sub(plen + 1, -3)
				else
					prefix = item:sub(1, -3) .. '|'
					item = item:sub(3, -3)
				end
				item = prefix .. hyphenated(item, parts) .. ']]'
			end
			parts:add(before:gsub(' ', '-') .. item .. after:gsub(' ', '-'))
		end
		if parts.n == 0 then
			-- No link like &quot;[[...]]&quot; was found in the original name.
			parts:add(hyphenated(name, parts))
		end
		return table.concat(parts)
	end
	return name
end

local function hyphenated_maybe(parms, want_name, sep, id, inout)
	-- Return s, f where
	--   s = id, possibly modified
	--   f = true if hyphenated
	-- Possible modifications: hyphenate; prepend '-'; append mid text.
	if id == nil or id == '' then
		return ''
	end
	local mid = (inout == (parms.opt_flip and 'out' or 'in')) and parms.mid or ''
	if want_name then
		if parms.opt_adjectival then
			return '-' .. hyphenated(id) .. mid, true
		end
		if parms.opt_add_s and id:sub(-1) ~= 's' then
			id = id .. 's'  -- for nowiki
		end
	end
	return sep .. id .. mid
end

local function use_minus(text)
	-- Return text with Unicode minus instead of '-', if present.
	if text:sub(1, 1) == '-' then
		return MINUS .. text:sub(2)
	end
	return text
end

local function digit_groups(parms, text, method)
	-- Return a numbered table of groups of digits (left-to-right, in local language).
	-- Parameter method is a number or nil:
	--   3 for 3-digit grouping (default), or
	--   2 for 3-then-2 grouping (only for digits before decimal mark).
	local len_right
	local len_left = text:find('.', 1, true)
	if len_left then
		len_right = #text - len_left
		len_left = len_left - 1
	else
		len_left = #text
	end
	local twos = method == 2 and len_left &gt; 5
	local groups = collection()
	local run = len_left
	local n
	if run &lt; 4 or (run == 4 and parms.opt_comma5) then
		if parms.opt_gaps then
			n = run
		else
			n = #text
		end
	elseif twos then
		n = run % 2 == 0 and 1 or 2
	else
		n = run % 3 == 0 and 3 or run % 3
	end
	while run &gt; 0 do
		groups:add(n)
		run = run - n
		n = (twos and run &gt; 3) and 2 or 3
	end
	if len_right then
		if groups.n == 0 then
			groups:add(0)
		end
		if parms.opt_gaps and len_right &gt; 3 then
			local want4 = not parms.opt_gaps3  -- true gives no gap before trailing single digit
			local isfirst = true
			run = len_right
			while run &gt; 0 do
				n = (want4 and run == 4) and 4 or (run &gt; 3 and 3 or run)
				if isfirst then
					isfirst = false
					groups[groups.n] = groups[groups.n] + 1 + n
				else
					groups:add(n)
				end
				run = run - n
			end
		else
			groups[groups.n] = groups[groups.n] + 1 + len_right
		end
	end
	local pos = 1
	for i, length in ipairs(groups) do
		groups[i] = from_en(text:sub(pos, pos + length - 1))
		pos = pos + length
	end
	return groups
end

function with_separator(parms, text)  -- for forward declaration above
	-- Input text is a number in en digits with optional '.' decimal mark.
	-- Return an equivalent, formatted for display:
	--   with a custom decimal mark instead of '.', if wanted
	--   with thousand separators inserted, if wanted
	--   digits in local language
	-- The given text is like '123' or '123.' or '12345.6789'.
	-- The text has no sign (caller inserts that later, if necessary).
	-- When using gaps, they are inserted before and after the decimal mark.
	-- Separators are inserted only before the decimal mark.
	-- A trailing dot (as in '123.') is removed because their use appears to
	-- be accidental, and such a number should be shown as '123' or '123.0'.
	-- It is useful for convert to suppress the dot so, for example, '4000.'
	-- is a simple way of indicating that all the digits are significant.
	if text:sub(-1) == '.' then
		text = text:sub(1, -2)
	end
	if #text &lt; 4 or parms.opt_nocomma or numsep == '' then
		return from_en(text)
	end
	local groups = digit_groups(parms, text, group_method)
	if parms.opt_gaps then
		if groups.n &lt;= 1 then
			return groups[1] or ''
		end
		local nowrap = '&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap&quot;&gt;'
		local gap = '&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: 0.25em&quot;&gt;'
		local close = '&lt;/span&gt;'
		return nowrap .. groups[1] .. gap .. table.concat(groups, close .. gap, 2, groups.n) .. close .. close
	end
	return table.concat(groups, numsep)
end

-- An input value like 1.23e12 is displayed using scientific notation (1.23×10¹²).
-- That also makes the output use scientific notation, except for small values.
-- In addition, very small or very large output values use scientific notation.
-- Use format(fmtpower, significand, '10', exponent) where each argument is a string.
local fmtpower = '%s&lt;span style=&quot;margin:0 .15em 0 .25em&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;%s&lt;sup&gt;%s&lt;/sup&gt;'

local function with_exponent(parms, show, exponent)
	-- Return wikitext to display the implied value in scientific notation.
	-- Input uses en digits; output uses digits in local language.
	return format(fmtpower, with_separator(parms, show), from_en('10'), use_minus(from_en(tostring(exponent))))
end

local function make_sigfig(value, sigfig)
	-- Return show, exponent that are equivalent to the result of
	-- converting the number 'value' (where value &gt;= 0) to a string,
	-- rounded to 'sigfig' significant figures.
	-- The returned items are:
	--   show: a string of digits; no sign and no dot;
	--         there is an implied dot before show.
	--   exponent: a number (an integer) to shift the implied dot.
	-- Resulting value = tonumber('.' .. show) * 10^exponent.
	-- Examples:
	--   make_sigfig(23.456, 3) returns '235', 2 (.235 * 10^2).
	--   make_sigfig(0.0023456, 3) returns '235', -2 (.235 * 10^-2).
	--   make_sigfig(0, 3) returns '000', 1 (.000 * 10^1).
	if sigfig &lt;= 0 then
		sigfig = 1
	elseif sigfig &gt; maxsigfig then
		sigfig = maxsigfig
	end
	if value == 0 then
		return string.rep('0', sigfig), 1
	end
	local exp, fracpart = math.modf(log10(value))
	if fracpart &gt;= 0 then
		fracpart = fracpart - 1
		exp = exp + 1
	end
	local digits = format('%.0f', 10^(fracpart + sigfig))
	if #digits &gt; sigfig then
		-- Overflow (for sigfig=3: like 0.9999 rounding to &quot;1000&quot;; need &quot;100&quot;).
		digits = digits:sub(1, sigfig)
		exp = exp + 1
	end
	assert(#digits == sigfig, 'Bug: rounded number has wrong length')
	return digits, exp
end

-- Fraction output format.
local fracfmt = {
	{ -- Like {{frac}} (fraction slash).
		-- 1/2    : sign, numerator, denominator
		-- 1+2/3  : signed_wholenumber, numerator, denominator
		'&lt;span class=&quot;frac nowrap&quot;&gt;%s&lt;sup&gt;%s&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;frasl;&lt;sub&gt;%s&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;',
		'&lt;span class=&quot;frac nowrap&quot;&gt;%s&lt;span class=&quot;visualhide&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;%s&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;frasl;&lt;sub&gt;%s&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;',
	},
	{ -- Like {{sfrac}} (fraction horizontal bar).
		-- 1//2   : sign, numerator, denominator (sign should probably be before the fraction, but then it can wrap, and html is already too long)
		-- 1+2//3 : signed_wholenumber, numerator, denominator
		'&lt;span class=&quot;sfrac nowrap&quot; style=&quot;display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%%; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;&quot;&gt;%s%s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;visualhide&quot;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;&quot;&gt;%s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;',
		'&lt;span class=&quot;sfrac nowrap&quot;&gt;%s&lt;span class=&quot;visualhide&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%%; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;&quot;&gt;%s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;visualhide&quot;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;&quot;&gt;%s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;',
	},
}

local function format_fraction(parms, inout, negative, wholestr, numstr, denstr, do_spell, style)
	-- Return wikitext for a fraction, possibly spelled.
	-- Inputs use en digits and have no sign; output uses digits in local language.
	local wikitext
	if not style then
		style = parms.opt_fraction_horizontal and 2 or 1
	end
	if wholestr == '' then
		wholestr = nil
	end
	if wholestr then
		local decorated = with_separator(parms, wholestr)
		if negative then
			decorated = MINUS .. decorated
		end
		local fmt = fracfmt[style][2]
		wikitext = format(fmt, decorated, from_en(numstr), from_en(denstr))
	else
		local sign = negative and MINUS or ''
		wikitext = format(fracfmt[style][1], sign, from_en(numstr), from_en(denstr))
	end
	if do_spell then
		if negative then
			if wholestr then
				wholestr = '-' .. wholestr
			else
				numstr = '-' .. numstr
			end
		end
		wikitext = spell_number(parms, inout, wholestr, numstr, denstr) or wikitext
	end
	return wikitext
end

local function format_number(parms, show, exponent, isnegative)
	-- Parameter show is a string or a table containing strings.
	-- Each string is a formatted number in en digits and optional '.' decimal mark.
	-- A table represents a fraction: integer, numerator, denominator;
	-- if a table is given, exponent must be nil.
	-- Return t where t is a table with fields:
	--   show = wikitext formatted to display implied value
	--          (digits in local language)
	--   is_scientific = true if show uses scientific notation
	--   clean = unformatted show (possibly adjusted and with inserted '.')
	--          (en digits)
	--   sign = '' or MINUS
	--   exponent = exponent (possibly adjusted)
	-- The clean and exponent fields can be used to calculate the
	-- rounded absolute value, if needed.
	--
	-- The value implied by the arguments is found from:
	--   exponent is nil; and
	--   show is a string of digits (no sign), with an optional dot;
	--   show = '123.4' is value 123.4, '1234' is value 1234.0;
	-- or:
	--   exponent is an integer indicating where dot should be;
	--   show is a string of digits (no sign and no dot);
	--   there is an implied dot before show;
	--   show does not start with '0';
	--   show = '1234', exponent = 3 is value 0.1234*10^3 = 123.4.
	--
	-- The formatted result:
	-- * Is for an output value and is spelled if wanted and possible.
	-- * Includes a Unicode minus if isnegative and not spelled.
	-- * Uses a custom decimal mark, if wanted.
	-- * Has digits grouped where necessary, if wanted.
	-- * Uses scientific notation if requested, or for very small or large values
	--   (which forces result to not be spelled).
	-- * Has no more than maxsigfig significant digits
	--   (same as old template and {{#expr}}).
	local xhi, xlo  -- these control when scientific notation (exponent) is used
	if parms.opt_scientific then
		xhi, xlo = 4, 2  -- default for output if input uses e-notation
	elseif parms.opt_scientific_always then
		xhi, xlo = 0, 0  -- always use scientific notation (experimental)
	else
		xhi, xlo = 10, 4  -- default
	end
	local sign = isnegative and MINUS or ''
	local maxlen = maxsigfig
	local tfrac
	if type(show) == 'table' then
		tfrac = show
		show = tfrac.wholestr
		assert(exponent == nil, 'Bug: exponent given with fraction')
	end
	if not tfrac and not exponent then
		local integer, dot, decimals = show:match('^(%d*)(%.?)(.*)')
		if integer == '0' or integer == '' then
			local zeros, figs = decimals:match('^(0*)([^0]?.*)')
			if #figs == 0 then
				if #zeros &gt; maxlen then
					show = '0.' .. zeros:sub(1, maxlen)
				end
			elseif #zeros &gt;= xlo then
				show = figs
				exponent = -#zeros
			elseif #figs &gt; maxlen then
				show = '0.' .. zeros .. figs:sub(1, maxlen)
			end
		elseif #integer &gt;= xhi then
			show = integer .. decimals
			exponent = #integer
		else
			maxlen = maxlen + #dot
			if #show &gt; maxlen then
				show = show:sub(1, maxlen)
			end
		end
	end
	if exponent then
		local function zeros(n)
			return string.rep('0', n)
		end
		if #show &gt; maxlen then
			show = show:sub(1, maxlen)
		end
		if exponent &gt; xhi or exponent &lt;= -xlo or (exponent == xhi and show ~= '1' .. zeros(xhi - 1)) then
			-- When xhi, xlo = 10, 4 (the default), scientific notation is used if the
			-- rounded value satisfies: value &gt;= 1e9 or value &lt; 1e-4 (1e9 = 0.1e10),
			-- except if show is '1000000000' (1e9), for example:
			-- {{convert|1000000000|m|m|sigfig=10}} → 1,000,000,000 metres (1,000,000,000 m)
			local significand
			if #show &gt; 1 then
				significand = show:sub(1, 1) .. '.' .. show:sub(2)
			else
				significand = show
			end
			return {
				clean = '.' .. show,
				exponent = exponent,
				sign = sign,
				show = sign .. with_exponent(parms, significand, exponent-1),
				is_scientific = true,
			}
		end
		if exponent &gt;= #show then
			show = show .. zeros(exponent - #show)  -- result has no dot
		elseif exponent &lt;= 0 then
			show = '0.' .. zeros(-exponent) .. show
		else
			show = show:sub(1, exponent) .. '.' .. show:sub(exponent+1)
		end
	end
	local formatted_show
	if tfrac then
		show = tostring(tfrac.value)  -- to set clean in returned table
		formatted_show = format_fraction(parms, 'out', isnegative, tfrac.wholestr, tfrac.numstr, tfrac.denstr, parms.opt_spell_out)
	else
		if isnegative and show:match('^0.?0*$') then
			sign = ''  -- don't show minus if result is negative but rounds to zero
		end
		formatted_show = sign .. with_separator(parms, show)
		if parms.opt_spell_out then
			formatted_show = spell_number(parms, 'out', sign .. show) or formatted_show
		end
	end
	return {
		clean = show,
		sign = sign,
		show = formatted_show,
		is_scientific = false,  -- to avoid calling __index
	}
end

local function extract_fraction(parms, text, negative)
	-- If text represents a fraction, return
	--   value, altvalue, show, denominator
	-- where
	--   value is a number (value of the fraction in argument text)
	--   altvalue is an alternate interpretation of any fraction for the hands
	--        unit where &quot;12.1+3/4&quot; means 12 hands 1.75 inches
	--   show is a string (formatted text for display of an input value,
	--        and is spelled if wanted and possible)
	--   denominator is value of the denominator in the fraction
	-- Otherwise, return nil.
	-- Input uses en digits and '.' decimal mark (input has been translated).
	-- Output uses digits in local language and local decimal mark, if any.
	------------------------------------------------------------------------
	-- Originally this function accepted x+y/z where x, y, z were any valid
	-- numbers, possibly with a sign. For example '1.23e+2+1.2/2.4' = 123.5,
	-- and '2-3/8' = 1.625. However, such usages were found to be errors or
	-- misunderstandings, so since August 2014 the following restrictions apply:
	--   x (if present) is an integer or has a single digit after decimal mark
	--   y and z are unsigned integers
	--   e-notation is not accepted
	-- The overall number can start with '+' or '-' (so '12+3/4' and '+12+3/4'
	-- and '-12-3/4' are valid).
	-- Any leading negative sign is removed by the caller, so only inputs
	-- like the following are accepted here (may have whitespace):
	--   negative = false       false        true (there was a leading '-')
	--   text     = '2/3'       '+2/3'       '2/3'
	--   text     = '1+2/3'     '+1+2/3'     '1-2/3'
	--   text     = '12.3+1/2'  '+12.3+1/2'  '12.3-1/2'
	-- Values like '12.3+1/2' are accepted, but are intended only for use
	-- with the hands unit (not worth adding code to enforce that).
	------------------------------------------------------------------------
	local leading_plus, prefix, numstr, slashes, denstr =
		text:match('^%s*(%+?)%s*(.-)%s*(%d+)%s*(/+)%s*(%d+)%s*$')
	if not leading_plus then
		-- Accept a single U+2044 fraction slash because that may be pasted.
		leading_plus, prefix, numstr, denstr =
			text:match('^%s*(%+?)%s*(.-)%s*(%d+)%s*⁄%s*(%d+)%s*$')
		slashes = '/'
	end
	local numerator = tonumber(numstr)
	local denominator = tonumber(denstr)
	if numerator == nil or denominator == nil or (negative and leading_plus ~= '') then
		return nil
	end
	local whole, wholestr
	if prefix == '' then
		wholestr = ''
		whole = 0
	else
		-- Any prefix must be like '12+' or '12-' (whole number and fraction sign);
		-- '12.3+' and '12.3-' are also accepted (single digit after decimal point)
		-- because '12.3+1/2 hands' is valid (12 hands 3½ inches).
		local num1, num2, frac_sign = prefix:match('^(%d+)(%.?%d?)%s*([+%-])$')
		if num1 == nil then return nil end
		if num2 == '' then  -- num2 must be '' or like '.1' but not '.' or '.12'
			wholestr = num1
		else
			if #num2 ~= 2 then return nil end
			wholestr = num1 .. num2
		end
		if frac_sign ~= (negative and '-' or '+') then return nil end
		whole = tonumber(wholestr)
		if whole == nil then return nil end
	end
	local value = whole + numerator / denominator
	if not valid_number(value) then return nil end
	local altvalue = whole + numerator / (denominator * 10)
	local style = #slashes  -- kludge: 1 or 2 slashes can be used to select style
	if style &gt; 2 then style = 2 end
	local wikitext = format_fraction(parms, 'in', negative, leading_plus .. wholestr, numstr, denstr, parms.opt_spell_in, style)
	return value, altvalue, wikitext, denominator
end

local function extract_number(parms, text, another, no_fraction)
	-- Return true, info if can extract a number from text,
	-- where info is a table with the result,
	-- or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	-- Input can use en digits or digits in local language and can
	-- have references at the end. Accepting references is intended
	-- for use in infoboxes with a field for a value passed to convert.
	-- Parameter another = true if the expected value is not the first.
	-- Before processing, the input text is cleaned:
	-- * Any thousand separators (valid or not) are removed.
	-- * Any sign is replaced with '-' (if negative) or '' (otherwise).
	--   That replaces Unicode minus with '-'.
	-- If successful, the returned info table contains named fields:
	--   value    = a valid number
	--   altvalue = a valid number, usually same as value but different
	--              if fraction used (for hands unit)
	--   singular = true if value is 1 or -1 (to use singular form of units)
	--   clean    = cleaned text with any separators and sign removed
	--              (en digits and '.' decimal mark)
	--   show     = text formatted for output, possibly with ref strip markers
	--              (digits in local language and custom decimal mark)
	-- The resulting show:
	-- * Is for an input value and is spelled if wanted and possible.
	-- * Has a rounded value, if wanted.
	-- * Has digits grouped where necessary, if wanted.
	-- * If negative, a Unicode minus is used; otherwise the sign is
	--   '+' (if the input text used '+'), or is '' (if no sign in input).
	text = strip(text or '')
	local reference
	local pos = text:find('\127', 1, true)
	if pos then
		local before = text:sub(1, pos - 1)
		local remainder = text:sub(pos)
		local refs = {}
		while #remainder &gt; 0 do
			local ref, spaces
			ref, spaces, remainder = remainder:match('^(\127[^\127]*UNIQ[^\127]*%-ref[^\127]*\127)(%s*)(.*)')
			if ref then
				table.insert(refs, ref)
			else
				refs = {}
				break
			end
		end
		if #refs &gt; 0 then
			text = strip(before)
			reference = table.concat(refs)
		end
	end
	local clean = to_en(text, parms)
	if clean == '' then
		return false, { another and 'cvt_no_num2' or 'cvt_no_num' }
	end
	local isnegative, propersign = false, ''  -- most common case
	local singular, show, denominator
	local value = tonumber(clean)
	local altvalue
	if value then
		local sign = clean:sub(1, 1)
		if sign == '+' or sign == '-' then
			propersign = (sign == '+') and '+' or MINUS
			clean = clean:sub(2)
		end
		if value &lt; 0 then
			isnegative = true
			value = -value
		end
	else
		local valstr
		for _, prefix in ipairs({ '-', MINUS, '&amp;minus;' }) do
			-- Including '-' sets isnegative in case input is a fraction like '-2-3/4'.
			local plen = #prefix
			if clean:sub(1, plen) == prefix then
				valstr = clean:sub(plen + 1)
				if valstr:match('^%s') then  -- &quot;- 1&quot; is invalid but &quot;-1 - 1/2&quot; is ok
					return false, { 'cvt_bad_num', text }
				end
				break
			end
		end
		if valstr then
			isnegative = true
			propersign = MINUS
			clean = valstr
			value = tonumber(clean)
		end
		if value == nil then
			if not no_fraction then
				value, altvalue, show, denominator = extract_fraction(parms, clean, isnegative)
			end
			if value == nil then
				return false, { 'cvt_bad_num', text }
			end
			if value &lt;= 1 then
				singular = true  -- for example, &quot;½ mile&quot; or &quot;one half mile&quot; (singular unit)
			end
		end
	end
	if not valid_number(value) then  -- for example, &quot;1e310&quot; may overflow
		return false, { 'cvt_invalid_num' }
	end
	if show == nil then
		-- clean is a non-empty string with no spaces, and does not represent a fraction,
		-- and value = tonumber(clean) is a number &gt;= 0.
		-- If the input uses e-notation, show will be displayed using a power of ten, but
		-- we use the number as given so it might not be normalized scientific notation.
		-- The input value is spelled if specified so any e-notation is ignored;
		-- that allows input like 2e6 to be spelled as &quot;two million&quot; which works
		-- because the spell module converts '2e6' to '2000000' before spelling.
		local function rounded(value, default, exponent)
			local precision = parms.opt_ri
			if precision then
				local fmt = '%.' .. format('%d', precision) .. 'f'
				local result = fmt:format(tonumber(value) + 2e-14)  -- fudge for some common cases of bad rounding
				if not exponent then
					singular = (tonumber(result) == 1)
				end
				return result
			end
			return default
		end
		singular = (value == 1)
		local scientific
		local significand, exponent = clean:match('^([%d.]+)[Ee]([+%-]?%d+)')
		if significand then
			show = with_exponent(parms, rounded(significand, significand, exponent), exponent)
			scientific = true
		else
			show = with_separator(parms, rounded(value, clean))
		end
		show = propersign .. show
		if parms.opt_spell_in then
			show = spell_number(parms, 'in', propersign .. rounded(value, clean)) or show
			scientific = false
		end
		if scientific then
			parms.opt_scientific = true
		end
	end
	if isnegative and (value ~= 0) then
		value = -value
		altvalue = -(altvalue or value)
	end
	return true, {
		value = value,
		altvalue = altvalue or value,
		singular = singular,
		clean = clean,
		show = show .. (reference or ''),
		denominator = denominator,
	}
end

local function get_number(text)
	-- Return v, f where:
	--   v = nil (text is not a number)
	-- or
	--   v = value of text (text is a number)
	--   f = true if value is an integer
	-- Input can use en digits or digits in local language,
	-- but no separators, no Unicode minus, and no fraction.
	if text then
		local number = tonumber(to_en(text))
		if number then
			local _, fracpart = math.modf(number)
			return number, (fracpart == 0)
		end
	end
end

local function gcd(a, b)
	-- Return the greatest common denominator for the given values,
	-- which are known to be positive integers.
	if a &gt; b then
		a, b = b, a
	end
	if a &lt;= 0 then
		return b
	end
	local r = b % a
	if r &lt;= 0 then
		return a
	end
	if r == 1 then
		return 1
	end
	return gcd(r, a)
end

local function fraction_table(value, denominator)
	-- Return value as a string or a table:
	-- * If result is a string, there is no fraction, and the result
	--   is value formatted as a string of en digits.
	-- * If result is a table, it represents a fraction with named fields:
	--   wholestr, numstr, denstr (strings of en digits for integer, numerator, denominator).
	-- The result is rounded to the nearest multiple of (1/denominator).
	-- If the multiple is zero, no fraction is included.
	-- No fraction is included if value is very large as the fraction would
	-- be unhelpful, particularly if scientific notation is required.
	-- Input value is a non-negative number.
	-- Input denominator is a positive integer for the desired fraction.
	if value &lt;= 0 then
		return '0'
	end
	if denominator &lt;= 0 or value &gt; 1e8 then
		return format('%.2f', value)
	end
	local integer, decimals = math.modf(value)
	local numerator = floor((decimals * denominator) +
		0.5 + 2e-14)  -- add fudge for some common cases of bad rounding
	if numerator &gt;= denominator then
		integer = integer + 1
		numerator = 0
	end
	local wholestr = tostring(integer)
	if numerator &gt; 0 then
		local div = gcd(numerator, denominator)
		if div &gt; 1 then
			numerator = numerator / div
			denominator = denominator / div
		end
		return {
			wholestr = (integer &gt; 0) and wholestr or '',
			numstr = tostring(numerator),
			denstr = tostring(denominator),
			value = value,
		}
	end
	return wholestr
end

local function preunits(count, preunit1, preunit2)
	-- If count is 1:
	--     ignore preunit2
	--     return p1
	-- else:
	--     preunit1 is used for preunit2 if the latter is empty
	--     return p1, p2
	-- where:
	--     p1 is text to insert before the input unit
	--     p2 is text to insert before the output unit
	--     p1 or p2 may be nil to mean &quot;no preunit&quot;
	-- Using '+' gives output like &quot;5+ feet&quot; (no space before, but space after).
	local function withspace(text, wantboth)
		-- Return text with space before and, if wantboth, after.
		-- However, no space is added if there is a space or '&amp;nbsp;' or '-'
		-- at that position ('-' is for adjectival text).
		-- There is also no space if text starts with '&amp;'
		-- (e.g. '&amp;deg;' would display a degree symbol with no preceding space).
		local char = text:sub(1, 1)
		if char == '&amp;' then
			return text  -- an html entity can be used to specify the exact display
		end
		if not (char == ' ' or char == '-' or char == '+') then
			text = ' ' .. text
		end
		if wantboth then
			char = text:sub(-1, -1)
			if not (char == ' ' or char == '-' or text:sub(-6, -1) == '&amp;nbsp;') then
				text = text .. ' '
			end
		end
		return text
	end
	local PLUS = '+ '
	preunit1 = preunit1 or ''
	local trim1 = strip(preunit1)
	if count == 1 then
		if trim1 == '' then
			return nil
		end
		if trim1 == '+' then
			return PLUS
		end
		return withspace(preunit1, true)
	end
	preunit1 = withspace(preunit1)
	preunit2 = preunit2 or ''
	local trim2 = strip(preunit2)
	if trim1 == '+' then
		if trim2 == '' or trim2 == '+' then
			return PLUS, PLUS
		end
		preunit1 = PLUS
	end
	if trim2 == '' then
		if trim1 == '' then
			return nil, nil
		end
		preunit2 = preunit1
	elseif trim2 == '+' then
		preunit2 = PLUS
	elseif trim2 == '&amp;#32;' then  -- trick to make preunit2 empty
		preunit2 = nil
	else
		preunit2 = withspace(preunit2)
	end
	return preunit1, preunit2
end

local function range_text(range, want_name, parms, before, after, inout)
	-- Return before .. rtext .. after
	-- where rtext is the text that separates two values in a range.
	local rtext, adj_text, exception
	if type(range) == 'table' then
		-- Table must specify range text for ('off' and 'on') or ('input' and 'output'),
		-- and may specify range text for 'adj=on',
		-- and may specify exception = true.
		rtext = range[want_name and 'off' or 'on'] or
				range[((inout == 'in') == (parms.opt_flip == true)) and 'output' or 'input']
		adj_text = range['adj']
		exception = range['exception']
	else
		rtext = range
	end
	if parms.opt_adjectival then
		if want_name or (exception and parms.abbr_org == 'on') then
			rtext = adj_text or rtext:gsub(' ', '-'):gsub('&amp;nbsp;', '-')
		end
	end
	if rtext == '–' and after:sub(1, #MINUS) == MINUS then
		rtext = '&amp;nbsp;– '
	end
	return before .. rtext .. after
end

local function get_composite(parms, iparm, in_unit_table)
	-- Look for a composite input unit. For example, {{convert|1|yd|2|ft|3|in}}
	-- would result in a call to this function with
	--   iparm = 3 (parms[iparm] = &quot;2&quot;, just after the first unit)
	--   in_unit_table = (unit table for &quot;yd&quot;; contains value 1 for number of yards)
	-- Return true, iparm, unit where
	--   iparm = index just after the composite units (7 in above example)
	--   unit = composite unit table holding all input units,
	-- or return true if no composite unit is present in parms,
	-- or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	local default, subinfo
	local composite_units, count = { in_unit_table }, 1
	local fixups = {}
	local total = in_unit_table.valinfo[1].value
	local subunit = in_unit_table
	while subunit.subdivs do  -- subdivs is nil or a table of allowed subdivisions
		local subcode = strip(parms[iparm+1])
		local subdiv = subunit.subdivs[subcode] or subunit.subdivs[(all_units[subcode] or {}).target]
		if not subdiv then
			break
		end
		local success
		success, subunit = lookup(parms, subcode, 'no_combination')
		if not success then return false, subunit end  -- should never occur
		success, subinfo = extract_number(parms, parms[iparm])
		if not success then return false, subinfo end
		iparm = iparm + 2
		subunit.inout = 'in'
		subunit.valinfo = { subinfo }
		-- Recalculate total as a number of subdivisions.
		-- subdiv[1] = number of subdivisions per previous unit (integer &gt; 1).
		total = total * subdiv[1] + subinfo.value
		if not default then  -- set by the first subdiv with a default defined
			default = subdiv.default
		end
		count = count + 1
		composite_units[count] = subunit
		if subdiv.unit or subdiv.name then
			fixups[count] = { unit = subdiv.unit, name = subdiv.name, valinfo = subunit.valinfo }
		end
	end
	if count == 1 then
		return true  -- no error and no composite unit
	end
	for i, fixup in pairs(fixups) do
		local unit = fixup.unit
		local name = fixup.name
		if not unit or (count &gt; 2 and name) then
			composite_units[i].fixed_name = name
		else
			local success, alternate = lookup(parms, unit, 'no_combination')
			if not success then return false, alternate end  -- should never occur
			alternate.inout = 'in'
			alternate.valinfo = fixup.valinfo
			composite_units[i] = alternate
		end
	end
	return true, iparm, {
		utype = in_unit_table.utype,
		scale = subunit.scale,  -- scale of last (least significant) unit
		valinfo = { { value = total, clean = subinfo.clean, denominator = subinfo.denominator } },
		composite = composite_units,
		default = default or in_unit_table.default
	}
end

local function translate_parms(parms, kv_pairs)
	-- Update fields in parms by translating each key:value in kv_pairs to terms
	-- used by this module (may involve translating from local language to English).
	-- Also, checks are performed which may display warnings, if enabled.
	-- Return true if successful or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	currency_text = nil  -- local testing can hold module in memory; must clear globals
	local accept_any_text = {
		input = true,
		qid = true,
		qual = true,
		stylein = true,
		styleout = true,
		tracking = true,
	}
	if kv_pairs.adj and kv_pairs.sing then
		-- For enwiki (before translation), warn if attempt to use adj and sing
		-- as the latter is a deprecated alias for the former.
		if kv_pairs.adj ~= kv_pairs.sing and kv_pairs.sing ~= '' then
			add_warning(parms, 1, 'cvt_unknown_option', 'sing=' .. kv_pairs.sing)
		end
		kv_pairs.sing = nil
	end
	kv_pairs.comma = kv_pairs.comma or config.comma  -- for plwiki who want default comma=5
	for loc_name, loc_value in pairs(kv_pairs) do
		local en_name = text_code.en_option_name[loc_name]
		if en_name then
			local en_value
			if en_name == '$' or en_name == 'frac' or en_name == 'sigfig' then
				if loc_value == '' then
					add_warning(parms, 2, 'cvt_empty_option', loc_name)
				elseif en_name == '$' then
					-- Value should be a single character like &quot;€&quot; for the euro currency symbol, but anything is accepted.
					currency_text = (loc_value == 'euro') and '€' or loc_value
				else
					local minimum
					local number, is_integer = get_number(loc_value)
					if en_name == 'frac' then
						minimum = 2
						if number and number &lt; 0 then
							parms.opt_fraction_horizontal = true
							number = -number
						end
					else
						minimum = 1
					end
					if number and is_integer and number &gt;= minimum then
						en_value = number
					else
						add_warning(parms, 1, (en_name == 'frac' and 'cvt_bad_frac' or 'cvt_bad_sigfig'), loc_name .. '=' .. loc_value)
					end
				end
			elseif accept_any_text[en_name] then
				en_value = loc_value ~= '' and loc_value or nil  -- accept non-empty user text with no validation
				if en_name == 'input' then
					-- May have something like {{convert|input=}} (empty input) if source is an infobox
					-- with optional fields. In that case, want to output nothing rather than an error.
					parms.input_text = loc_value  -- keep input because parms.input is nil if loc_value == ''
				end
			else
				en_value = text_code.en_option_value[en_name][loc_value]
				if en_value and en_value:sub(-1) == '?' then
					en_value = en_value:sub(1, -2)
					add_warning(parms, -1, 'cvt_deprecated', loc_name .. '=' .. loc_value)
				end
				if en_value == nil then
					if loc_value == '' then
						add_warning(parms, 2, 'cvt_empty_option', loc_name)
					else
						add_warning(parms, 1, 'cvt_unknown_option', loc_name .. '=' .. loc_value)
					end
				elseif en_value == '' then
					en_value = nil  -- an ignored option like adj=off
				elseif type(en_value) == 'string' and en_value:sub(1, 4) == 'opt_' then
					for _, v in ipairs(split(en_value, ',')) do
						local lhs, rhs = v:match('^(.-)=(.+)$')
						if rhs then
							parms[lhs] = tonumber(rhs) or rhs
						else
							parms[v] = true
						end
					end
					en_value = nil
				end
			end
			parms[en_name] = en_value
		else
			add_warning(parms, 1, 'cvt_unknown_option', loc_name .. '=' .. loc_value)
		end
	end
	local abbr_entered = parms.abbr
	local cfg_abbr = config.abbr
	if cfg_abbr then
		-- Don't warn if invalid because every convert would show that warning.
		if cfg_abbr == 'on always' then
			parms.abbr = 'on'
		elseif cfg_abbr == 'off always' then
			parms.abbr = 'off'
		elseif parms.abbr == nil then
			if cfg_abbr == 'on default' then
				parms.abbr = 'on'
			elseif cfg_abbr == 'off default' then
				parms.abbr = 'off'
			end
		end
	end
	if parms.abbr then
		if parms.abbr == 'unit' then
			parms.abbr = 'on'
			parms.number_word = true
		end
		parms.abbr_org = parms.abbr  -- original abbr, before any flip
	elseif parms.opt_hand_hh then
		parms.abbr_org = 'on'
		parms.abbr = 'on'
	else
		parms.abbr = 'out'  -- default is to abbreviate output only (use symbol, not name)
	end
	if parms.opt_order_out then
		-- Disable options that do not work in a useful way with order=out.
		parms.opt_flip = nil  -- override adj=flip
		parms.opt_spell_in = nil
		parms.opt_spell_out = nil
		parms.opt_spell_upper = nil
	end
	if parms.opt_spell_out and not abbr_entered then
		parms.abbr = 'off'  -- should show unit name when spelling the output value
	end
	if parms.opt_flip then
		local function swap_in_out(option)
			local value = parms[option]
			if value == 'in' then
				parms[option] = 'out'
			elseif value == 'out' then
				parms[option] = 'in'
			end
		end
		swap_in_out('abbr')
		swap_in_out('lk')
		if parms.opt_spell_in and not parms.opt_spell_out then
			-- For simplicity, and because it does not appear to be needed,
			-- user cannot set an option to spell the output only.
			parms.opt_spell_in = nil
			parms.opt_spell_out = true
		end
	end
	if parms.opt_spell_upper then
		parms.spell_upper = parms.opt_flip and 'out' or 'in'
	end
	if parms.opt_table or parms.opt_tablecen then
		if abbr_entered == nil and parms.lk == nil then
			parms.opt_values = true
		end
		parms.table_align = parms.opt_table and 'right' or 'center'
	end
	if parms.table_align or parms.opt_sortable_on then
		parms.need_table_or_sort = true
	end
	local disp_joins = text_code.disp_joins
	local default_joins = disp_joins['b']
	parms.join_between = default_joins[3] or '; '
	local disp = parms.disp
	if disp == nil then  -- special case for the most common setting
		parms.joins = default_joins
	elseif disp == 'x' then
		-- Later, parms.joins is set from the input parameters.
	else
		-- Old template does this.
		local abbr = parms.abbr
		if disp == 'slash' then
			if abbr_entered == nil then
				disp = 'slash-nbsp'
			elseif abbr == 'in' or abbr == 'out' then
				disp = 'slash-sp'
			else
				disp = 'slash-nosp'
			end
		elseif disp == 'sqbr' then
			if abbr == 'on' then
				disp = 'sqbr-nbsp'
			else
				disp = 'sqbr-sp'
			end
		end
		parms.joins = disp_joins[disp] or default_joins
		parms.join_between = parms.joins[3] or parms.join_between
		parms.wantname = parms.joins.wantname
	end
	if (en_default and not parms.opt_lang_local and (parms[1] or ''):find('%d')) or parms.opt_lang_en then
		from_en_table = nil
	end
	if en_default and from_en_table then
		-- For hiwiki: localized symbol/name is defined with the US symbol/name field,
		-- and is used if output uses localized numbers.
		parms.opt_sp_us = true
	end
	return true
end

local function get_values(parms)
	-- If successful, update parms and return true, v, i where
	--   v = table of input values
	--   i = index to next entry in parms after those processed here
	-- or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	local valinfo = collection()  -- numbered table of input values
	local range = collection()  -- numbered table of range items (having, for example, 2 range items requires 3 input values)
	local had_nocomma  -- true if removed &quot;nocomma&quot; kludge from second parameter (like &quot;tonocomma&quot;)
	local parm2 = strip(parms[2])
	if parm2 and parm2:sub(-7, -1) == 'nocomma' then
		parms[2] = strip(parm2:sub(1, -8))
		parms.opt_nocomma = true
		had_nocomma = true
	end
	local function extractor(i)
		-- If the parameter is not a value, try unpacking it as a range (&quot;1-23&quot; for &quot;1 to 23&quot;).
		-- However, &quot;-1-2/3&quot; is a negative fraction (-1⅔), so it must be extracted first.
		-- Do not unpack a parameter if it is like &quot;3-1/2&quot; which is sometimes incorrectly
		-- used instead of &quot;3+1/2&quot; (and which should not be interpreted as &quot;3 to ½&quot;).
		-- Unpacked items are inserted into the parms table.
		-- The tail recursion allows combinations like &quot;1x2 to 3x4&quot;.
		local valstr = strip(parms[i])  -- trim so any '-' as a negative sign will be at start
		local success, result = extract_number(parms, valstr, i &gt; 1)
		if not success and valstr and i &lt; 20 then  -- check i to limit abuse
			local lhs, sep, rhs = valstr:match('^(%S+)%s+(%S+)%s+(%S.*)')
			if lhs and not (sep == '-' and rhs:match('/')) then
				if sep:find('%d') then
					return success, result  -- to reject {{convert|1 234 567|m}} with a decent message (en only)
				end
				parms[i] = rhs
				table.insert(parms, i, sep)
				table.insert(parms, i, lhs)
				return extractor(i)
			end
			if not valstr:match('%-.*/') then
				for _, sep in ipairs(text_code.ranges.words) do
					local start, stop = valstr:find(sep, 2, true)  -- start at 2 to skip any negative sign for range '-'
					if start then
						parms[i] = valstr:sub(stop + 1)
						table.insert(parms, i, sep)
						table.insert(parms, i, valstr:sub(1, start - 1))
						return extractor(i)
					end
				end
			end
		end
		return success, result
	end
	local i = 1
	local is_change
	while true do
		local success, info = extractor(i)  -- need to set parms.opt_nocomma before calling this
		if not success then return false, info end
		i = i + 1
		if is_change then
			info.is_change = true  -- value is after &quot;±&quot; and so is a change (significant for range like {{convert|5|±|5|°C}})
			is_change = nil
		end
		valinfo:add(info)
		local range_item = get_range(strip(parms[i]))
		if not range_item then
			break
		end
		i = i + 1
		range:add(range_item)
		if type(range_item) == 'table' then
			-- For range &quot;x&quot;, if append unit to some values, append it to all.
			parms.in_range_x = parms.in_range_x or range_item.in_range_x
			parms.out_range_x = parms.out_range_x or range_item.out_range_x
			parms.abbr_range_x = parms.abbr_range_x or range_item.abbr_range_x
			is_change = range_item.is_range_change
		end
	end
	if range.n &gt; 0 then
		if range.n &gt; 30 then  -- limit abuse, although 4 is a more likely upper limit
			return false, { 'cvt_invalid_num' }  -- misleading message but it will do
		end
		parms.range = range
	elseif had_nocomma then
		return false, { 'cvt_unknown', parm2 }
	end
	return true, valinfo, i
end

local function simple_get_values(parms)
	-- If input is like &quot;{{convert|valid_value|valid_unit|...}}&quot;,
	-- return true, i, in_unit, in_unit_table
	-- i = index in parms of what follows valid_unit, if anything.
	-- The valid_value is not negative and does not use a fraction, and
	-- no options requiring further processing of the input are used.
	-- Otherwise, return nothing or return false, parm1 for caller to interpret.
	-- Testing shows this function is successful for 96% of converts in articles,
	-- and that on average it speeds up converts by 8%.
	local clean = to_en(strip(parms[1] or ''), parms)
	if parms.opt_ri or parms.opt_spell_in or #clean &gt; 10 or not clean:match('^[0-9.]+$') then
		return false, clean
	end
	local value = tonumber(clean)
	if not value then return end
	local info = {
		value = value,
		altvalue = value,
		singular = (value == 1),
		clean = clean,
		show = with_separator(parms, clean),
	}
	local in_unit = strip(parms[2])
	local success, in_unit_table = lookup(parms, in_unit, 'no_combination')
	if not success then return end
	in_unit_table.valinfo = { info }
	return true, 3, in_unit, in_unit_table
end

local function wikidata_call(parms, operation, ...)
	-- Return true, s where s is the result of a Wikidata operation,
	-- or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	local function worker(...)
		wikidata_code = wikidata_code or require(wikidata_module)
		wikidata_data = wikidata_data or mw.loadData(wikidata_data_module)
		return wikidata_code[operation](wikidata_data, ...)
	end
	local success, status, result = pcall(worker, ...)
	if success then
		return status, result
	end
	if parms.opt_sortable_debug then
		-- Use debug=yes to crash if an error while accessing Wikidata.
		error('Error accessing Wikidata: ' .. status, 0)
	end
	return false, { 'cvt_wd_fail' }
end

local function get_parms(parms, args)
	-- If successful, update parms and return true, unit where
	--   parms is a table of all arguments passed to the template
	--        converted to named arguments, and
	--   unit is the input unit table;
	-- or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	-- For special processing (not a convert), can also return
	-- true, wikitext where wikitext is the final result.
	-- The returned input unit table may be for a fake unit using the specified
	-- unit code as the symbol and name, and with bad_mcode = message code table.
	-- MediaWiki removes leading and trailing whitespace from the values of
	-- named arguments. However, the values of numbered arguments include any
	-- whitespace entered in the template, and whitespace is used by some
	-- parameters (example: the numbered parameters associated with &quot;disp=x&quot;).
	local kv_pairs = {}  -- table of input key:value pairs where key is a name; needed because cannot iterate parms and add new fields to it
	for k, v in pairs(args) do
		if type(k) == 'number' or k == 'test' then  -- parameter &quot;test&quot; is reserved for testing and is not translated
			parms[k] = v
		else
			kv_pairs[k] = v
		end
	end
	if parms.test == 'wikidata' then
		local ulookup = function (ucode)
			-- Use empty table for parms so it does not accumulate results when used repeatedly.
			return lookup({}, ucode, 'no_combination')
		end
		return wikidata_call(parms, '_listunits', ulookup)
	end
	local success, msg = translate_parms(parms, kv_pairs)
	if not success then return false, msg end
	if parms.input then
		success, msg = wikidata_call(parms, '_adjustparameters', parms, 1)
		if not success then return false, msg end
	end
	local success, i, in_unit, in_unit_table = simple_get_values(parms)
	if not success then
		if type(i) == 'string' and i:match('^NNN+$') then
			-- Some infoboxes have examples like {{convert|NNN|m}} (3 or more &quot;N&quot;).
			-- Output an empty string for these.
			return false, { 'cvt_no_output' }
		end
		local valinfo
		success, valinfo, i = get_values(parms)
		if not success then return false, valinfo end
		in_unit = strip(parms[i])
		i = i + 1
		success, in_unit_table = lookup(parms, in_unit, 'no_combination')
		if not success then
			in_unit = in_unit or ''
			if parms.opt_ignore_error then  -- display given unit code with no error (for use with {{val}})
				in_unit_table = ''  -- suppress error message and prevent processing of output unit
			end
			in_unit_table = setmetatable({
				symbol = in_unit, name2 = in_unit, utype = in_unit,
				scale = 1, default = '', defkey = '', linkey = '',
				bad_mcode = in_unit_table }, unit_mt)
		end
		in_unit_table.valinfo = valinfo
	end
	if parms.test == 'msg' then
		-- Am testing the messages produced when no output unit is specified, and
		-- the input unit has a missing or invalid default.
		-- Set two units for testing that.
		-- LATER: Remove this code.
		if in_unit == 'chain' then
			in_unit_table.default = nil  -- no default
		elseif in_unit == 'rd' then
			in_unit_table.default  = &quot;ft!X!m&quot;  -- an invalid expression
		end
	end
	in_unit_table.inout = 'in'  -- this is an input unit
	if not parms.range then
		local success, inext, composite_unit = get_composite(parms, i, in_unit_table)
		if not success then return false, inext end
		if composite_unit then
			in_unit_table = composite_unit
			i = inext
		end
	end
	if in_unit_table.builtin == 'mach' then
		-- As with old template, a number following Mach as the input unit is the altitude,
		-- and there is no way to specify an altitude for the output unit.
		-- Could put more code in this function to get any output unit and check for
		-- an altitude following that unit.
		local success, info = extract_number(parms, parms[i], false, true)
		if success then
			i = i + 1
			in_unit_table.altitude = info.value
		end
	end
	local word = strip(parms[i])
	i = i + 1
	local precision, is_bad_precision
	local function set_precision(text)
		local number, is_integer = get_number(text)
		if number then
			if is_integer then
				precision = number
			else
				precision = text
				is_bad_precision = true
			end
			return true  -- text was used for precision, good or bad
		end
	end
	if word and not set_precision(word) then
		parms.out_unit = parms.out_unit or word
		if set_precision(strip(parms[i])) then
			i = i + 1
		end
	end
	if parms.opt_adj_mid then
		word = parms[i]
		i = i + 1
		if word then  -- mid-text words
			if word:sub(1, 1) == '-' then
				parms.mid = word
			else
				parms.mid = ' ' .. word
			end
		end
	end
	if parms.opt_one_preunit then
		parms[parms.opt_flip and 'preunit2' or 'preunit1'] = preunits(1, parms[i])
		i = i + 1
	end
	if parms.disp == 'x' then
		-- Following is reasonably compatible with the old template.
		local first = parms[i] or ''
		local second = parms[i+1] or ''
		i = i + 2
		if strip(first) == '' then  -- user can enter '&amp;#32;' rather than ' ' to avoid the default
			first = ' [&amp;nbsp;' .. first
			second = '&amp;nbsp;]' .. second
		end
		parms.joins = { first, second }
	elseif parms.opt_two_preunits then
		local p1, p2 = preunits(2, parms[i], parms[i+1])
		i = i + 2
		if parms.preunit1 then
			-- To simplify documentation, allow unlikely use of adj=pre with disp=preunit
			-- (however, an output unit must be specified with adj=pre and with disp=preunit).
			parms.preunit1 = parms.preunit1 .. p1
			parms.preunit2 = p2
		else
			parms.preunit1, parms.preunit2 = p1, p2
		end
	end
	if precision == nil then
		if set_precision(strip(parms[i])) then
			i = i + 1
		end
	end
	if is_bad_precision then
		add_warning(parms, 1, 'cvt_bad_prec', precision)
	else
		parms.precision = precision
	end
	for j = i, i + 3 do
		local parm = parms[j]  -- warn if find a non-empty extraneous parameter
		if parm and parm:match('%S') then
			add_warning(parms, 1, 'cvt_unknown_option', parm)
			break
		end
	end
	return true, in_unit_table
end

local function record_default_precision(parms, out_current, precision)
	-- If necessary, adjust parameters and return a possibly adjusted precision.
	-- When converting a range of values where a default precision is required,
	-- that default is calculated for each value because the result sometimes
	-- depends on the precise input and output values. This function may cause
	-- the entire convert process to be repeated in order to ensure that the
	-- same default precision is used for each individual convert.
	-- If that were not done, a range like 1000 to 1000.4 may give poor results
	-- because the first output could be heavily rounded, while the second is not.
	-- For range 1000.4 to 1000, this function can give the second convert the
	-- same default precision that was used for the first.
	if not parms.opt_round_each then
		local maxdef = out_current.max_default_precision
		if maxdef then
			if maxdef &lt; precision then
				parms.do_convert_again = true
				out_current.max_default_precision = precision
			else
				precision = out_current.max_default_precision
			end
		else
			out_current.max_default_precision = precision
		end
	end
	return precision
end

local function default_precision(parms, invalue, inclean, denominator, outvalue, in_current, out_current, extra)
	-- Return a default value for precision (an integer like 2, 0, -2).
	-- If denominator is not nil, it is the value of the denominator in inclean.
	-- Code follows procedures used in old template.
	local fudge = 1e-14  -- {{Order of magnitude}} adds this, so we do too
	local prec, minprec, adjust
	local subunit_ignore_trailing_zero
	local subunit_more_precision  -- kludge for &quot;in&quot; used in input like &quot;|2|ft|6|in&quot;
	local composite = in_current.composite
	if composite then
		subunit_ignore_trailing_zero = true  -- input &quot;|2|st|10|lb&quot; has precision 0, not -1
		if composite[#composite].exception == 'subunit_more_precision' then
			subunit_more_precision = true  -- do not use standard precision with input like &quot;|2|ft|6|in&quot;
		end
	end
	if denominator and denominator &gt; 0 then
		prec = math.max(log10(denominator), 1)
	else
		-- Count digits after decimal mark, handling cases like '12.345e6'.
		local exponent
		local integer, dot, decimals, expstr = inclean:match('^(%d*)(%.?)(%d*)(.*)')
		local e = expstr:sub(1, 1)
		if e == 'e' or e == 'E' then
			exponent = tonumber(expstr:sub(2))
		end
		if dot == '' then
			prec = subunit_ignore_trailing_zero and 0 or -integer:match('0*$'):len()
		else
			prec = #decimals
		end
		if exponent then
			-- So '1230' and '1.23e3' both give prec = -1, and '0.00123' and '1.23e-3' give 5.
			prec = prec - exponent
		end
	end
	if in_current.istemperature and out_current.istemperature then
		-- Converting between common temperatures (°C, °F, °R, K); not keVT.
		-- Kelvin value can be almost zero, or small but negative due to precision problems.
		-- Also, an input value like -300 C (below absolute zero) gives negative kelvins.
		-- Calculate minimum precision from absolute value.
		adjust = 0
		local kelvin = abs((invalue - in_current.offset) * in_current.scale)
		if kelvin &lt; 1e-8 then  -- assume nonzero due to input or calculation precision problem
			minprec = 2
		else
			minprec = 2 - floor(log10(kelvin) + fudge)  -- 3 sigfigs in kelvin
		end
	else
		if invalue == 0 or outvalue &lt;= 0 then
			-- We are never called with a negative outvalue, but it might be zero.
			-- This is special-cased to avoid calculation exceptions.
			return record_default_precision(parms, out_current, 0)
		end
		if out_current.exception == 'integer_more_precision' and floor(invalue) == invalue then
			-- With certain output units that sometimes give poor results
			-- with default rounding, use more precision when the input
			-- value is equal to an integer. An example of a poor result
			-- is when input 50 gives a smaller output than input 49.5.
			-- Experiment shows this helps, but it does not eliminate all
			-- surprises because it is not clear whether &quot;50&quot; should be
			-- interpreted as &quot;from 45 to 55&quot; or &quot;from 49.5 to 50.5&quot;.
			adjust = -log10(in_current.scale)
		elseif subunit_more_precision then
			-- Conversion like &quot;{{convert|6|ft|1|in|cm}}&quot; (where subunit is &quot;in&quot;)
			-- has a non-standard adjust value, to give more output precision.
			adjust = log10(out_current.scale) + 2
		else
			adjust = log10(abs(invalue / outvalue))
		end
		adjust = adjust + log10(2)
		-- Ensure that the output has at least two significant figures.
		minprec = 1 - floor(log10(outvalue) + fudge)
	end
	if extra then
		adjust = extra.adjust or adjust
		minprec = extra.minprec or minprec
	end
	return record_default_precision(parms, out_current, math.max(floor(prec + adjust), minprec))
end

local function convert(parms, invalue, info, in_current, out_current)
	-- Convert given input value from one unit to another.
	-- Return output_value (a number) if a simple convert, or
	-- return f, t where
	--   f = true, t = table of information with results, or
	--   f = false, t = error message table.
	local inscale = in_current.scale
	local outscale = out_current.scale
	if not in_current.iscomplex and not out_current.iscomplex then
		return invalue * (inscale / outscale)  -- minimize overhead for most common case
	end
	if in_current.invert or out_current.invert then
		-- Inverted units, such as inverse length, inverse time, or
		-- fuel efficiency. Built-in units do not have invert set.
		if (in_current.invert or 1) * (out_current.invert or 1) &lt; 0 then
			return 1 / (invalue * inscale * outscale)
		end
		return invalue * (inscale / outscale)
	elseif in_current.offset then
		-- Temperature (there are no built-ins for this type of unit).
		if info.is_change then
			return invalue * (inscale / outscale)
		end
		return (invalue - in_current.offset) * (inscale / outscale) + out_current.offset
	else
		-- Built-in unit.
		local in_builtin = in_current.builtin
		local out_builtin = out_current.builtin
		if in_builtin and out_builtin then
			if in_builtin == out_builtin then
				return invalue
			end
			-- There are no cases (yet) where need to convert from one
			-- built-in unit to another, so this should never occur.
			return false, { 'cvt_bug_convert' }
		end
		if in_builtin == 'mach' or out_builtin == 'mach' then
			local adjust
			if in_builtin == 'mach' then
				inscale = speed_of_sound(in_current.altitude)
				adjust = outscale / 0.1
			else
				outscale = speed_of_sound(out_current.altitude)
				adjust = 0.1 / inscale
			end
			return true, {
				outvalue = invalue * (inscale / outscale),
				adjust = log10(adjust) + log10(2),
			}
		elseif in_builtin == 'hand' then
			-- 1 hand = 4 inches; 1.2 hands = 6 inches.
			-- Decimals of a hand are only defined for the first digit, and
			-- the first fractional digit should be a number of inches (1, 2 or 3).
			-- However, this code interprets the entire fractional part as the number
			-- of inches / 10 (so 1.75 inches would be 0.175 hands).
			-- A value like 12.3 hands is exactly 12*4 + 3 inches; base default precision on that.
			local integer, fracpart = math.modf(invalue)
			local inch_value = 4 * integer + 10 * fracpart  -- equivalent number of inches
			local factor = inscale / outscale
			if factor == 4 then
				-- Am converting to inches: show exact result, and use &quot;inches&quot; not &quot;in&quot; by default.
				if parms.abbr_org == nil then
					out_current.usename = true
				end
				local show = format('%g', abs(inch_value))  -- show and clean are unsigned
				if not show:find('e', 1, true) then
					return true, {
						invalue = inch_value,
						outvalue = inch_value,
						clean = show,
						show = show,
					}
				end
			end
			local outvalue = (integer + 2.5 * fracpart) * factor
			local fracstr = info.clean:match('%.(.*)') or ''
			local fmt
			if fracstr == '' then
				fmt = '%.0f'
			else
				fmt = '%.' .. format('%d', #fracstr - 1) .. 'f'
			end
			return true, {
				invalue = inch_value,
				clean = format(fmt, inch_value),
				outvalue = outvalue,
				minprec = 0,
			}
		end
	end
	return false, { 'cvt_bug_convert' }  -- should never occur
end

local function user_style(parms, i)
	-- Return text for a user-specified style for a table cell, or '' if none,
	-- given i = 1 (input style) or 2 (output style).
	local style = parms[(i == 1) and 'stylein' or 'styleout']
	if style then
		style = style:gsub('&quot;', '')
		if style ~= '' then
			if style:sub(-1) ~= ';' then
				style = style .. ';'
			end
			return style
		end
	end
	return ''
end

local function make_table_or_sort(parms, invalue, info, in_current, scaled_top)
	-- Set options to handle output for a table or a sort key, or both.
	-- The text sort key is based on the value resulting from converting
	-- the input to a fake base unit with scale = 1, and other properties
	-- required for a conversion derived from the input unit.
	-- For other modules, return the sort key in a hidden span element, and
	-- the scaled value used to generate the sort key.
	-- If scaled_top is set, it is the scaled value of the numerator of a per unit
	-- to be combined with this unit (the denominator) to make the sort key.
	-- Scaling only works with units that convert with a factor (not temperature).
	local sortkey, scaled_value
	if parms.opt_sortable_on then
		local base = {  -- a fake unit with enough fields for a valid convert
			scale = 1,
			invert = in_current.invert and 1,
			iscomplex = in_current.iscomplex,
			offset = in_current.offset and 0,
		}
		local outvalue, extra = convert(parms, invalue, info, in_current, base)
		if extra then
			outvalue = extra.outvalue
		end
		if in_current.istemperature then
			-- Have converted to kelvin; assume numbers close to zero have a
			-- rounding error and should be zero.
			if abs(outvalue) &lt; 1e-12 then
				outvalue = 0
			end
		end
		if scaled_top and outvalue ~= 0 then
			outvalue = scaled_top / outvalue
		end
		scaled_value = outvalue
		if not valid_number(outvalue) then
			if outvalue &lt; 0 then
				sortkey = '1000000000000000000'
			else
				sortkey = '9000000000000000000'
			end
		elseif outvalue == 0 then
			sortkey = '5000000000000000000'
		else
			local mag = floor(log10(abs(outvalue)) + 1e-14)
			local prefix
			if outvalue &gt; 0 then
				prefix = 7000 + mag
			else
				prefix = 2999 - mag
				outvalue = outvalue + 10^(mag+1)
			end
			sortkey = format('%d', prefix) .. format('%015.0f', floor(outvalue * 10^(14-mag)))
		end
	end
	local sortspan
	if sortkey and not parms.table_align then
		sortspan = parms.opt_sortable_debug and
			'&lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;' .. sortkey .. '♠&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border:1px solid&quot;&gt;' .. sortkey .. '♠&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;' or
			'&lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;' .. sortkey .. '♠&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'
		parms.join_before = sortspan
	end
	if parms.table_align then
		local sort
		if sortkey then
			sort = ' data-sort-value=&quot;' .. sortkey .. '&quot;'
			if parms.opt_sortable_debug then
				parms.join_before = '&lt;span style=&quot;border:1px solid&quot;&gt;' .. sortkey .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
			end
		else
			sort = ''
		end
		local style = 'style=&quot;text-align:' .. parms.table_align .. ';'
		local joins = {}
		for i = 1, 2 do
			joins[i] = (i == 1 and '' or '\n|') .. style .. user_style(parms, i) .. '&quot;' .. sort .. '|'
		end
		parms.table_joins = joins
	end
	return sortspan, scaled_value
end

local cvt_to_hand

local function cvtround(parms, info, in_current, out_current)
	-- Return true, t where t is a table with the conversion results; fields:
	--   show = rounded, formatted string with the result of converting value in info,
	--      using the rounding specified in parms.
	--   singular = true if result (after rounding and ignoring any negative sign)
	--      is &quot;1&quot;, or like &quot;1.00&quot;, or is a fraction with value &lt; 1;
	--   (and more fields shown below, and a calculated 'absvalue' field).
	-- or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	-- Input info.clean uses en digits (it has been translated, if necessary).
	-- Output show uses en or non-en digits as appropriate, or can be spelled.
	if out_current.builtin == 'hand' then
		return cvt_to_hand(parms, info, in_current, out_current)
	end
	local invalue = in_current.builtin == 'hand' and info.altvalue or info.value
	local outvalue, extra = convert(parms, invalue, info, in_current, out_current)
	if parms.need_table_or_sort then
		parms.need_table_or_sort = nil  -- process using first input value only
		make_table_or_sort(parms, invalue, info, in_current)
	end
	if extra then
		if not outvalue then return false, extra end
		invalue = extra.invalue or invalue
		outvalue = extra.outvalue
	end
	if not valid_number(outvalue) then
		return false, { 'cvt_invalid_num' }
	end
	local isnegative
	if outvalue &lt; 0 then
		isnegative = true
		outvalue = -outvalue
	end
	local precision, show, exponent
	local denominator = out_current.frac
	if denominator then
		show = fraction_table(outvalue, denominator)
	else
		precision = parms.precision
		if not precision then
			if parms.sigfig then
				show, exponent = make_sigfig(outvalue, parms.sigfig)
			elseif parms.opt_round then
				local n = parms.opt_round
				if n == 0.5 then
					local integer, fracpart = math.modf(floor(2 * outvalue + 0.5) / 2)
					if fracpart == 0 then
						show = format('%.0f', integer)
					else
						show = format('%.1f', integer + fracpart)
					end
				else
					show = format('%.0f', floor((outvalue / n) + 0.5) * n)
				end
			else
				local inclean = info.clean
				if extra then
					inclean = extra.clean or inclean
					show = extra.show
				end
				if not show then
					precision = default_precision(parms, invalue, inclean, info.denominator, outvalue, in_current, out_current, extra)
				end
			end
		end
	end
	if precision then
		if precision &gt;= 0 then
			local fudge
			if precision &lt;= 8 then
				-- Add a fudge to handle common cases of bad rounding due to inability
				-- to precisely represent some values. This makes the following work:
				-- {{convert|-100.1|C|K}} and {{convert|5555000|um|m|2}}.
				-- Old template uses #expr round, which invokes PHP round().
				-- LATER: Investigate how PHP round() works.
				fudge = 2e-14
			else
				fudge = 0
			end
			local fmt = '%.' .. format('%d', precision) .. 'f'
			local success
			success, show = pcall(format, fmt, outvalue + fudge)
			if not success then
				return false, { 'cvt_big_prec', tostring(precision) }
			end
		else
			precision = -precision  -- #digits to zero (in addition to any digits after dot)
			local shift = 10 ^ precision
			show = format('%.0f', outvalue/shift)
			if show ~= '0' then
				exponent = #show + precision
			end
		end
	end
	local t = format_number(parms, show, exponent, isnegative)
	if type(show) == 'string' then
		-- Set singular using match because on some systems 0.99999999999999999 is 1.0.
		if exponent then
			t.singular = (exponent == 1 and show:match('^10*$'))
		else
			t.singular = (show == '1' or show:match('^1%.0*$'))
		end
	else
		t.fraction_table = show
		t.singular = (outvalue &lt;= 1)  -- cannot have 'fraction == 1', but if it were possible it would be singular
	end
	t.raw_absvalue = outvalue  -- absolute value before rounding
	return true, setmetatable(t, {
		__index = function (self, key)
			if key == 'absvalue' then
				-- Calculate absolute value after rounding, if needed.
				local clean, exponent = rawget(self, 'clean'), rawget(self, 'exponent')
				local value = tonumber(clean)  -- absolute value (any negative sign has been ignored)
				if exponent then
					value = value * 10^exponent
				end
				rawset(self, key, value)
				return value
			end
		end })
end

function cvt_to_hand(parms, info, in_current, out_current)
	-- Convert input to hands, inches.
	-- Return true, t where t is a table with the conversion results;
	-- or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	if parms.abbr_org == nil then
		out_current.usename = true  -- default is to show name not symbol
	end
	local precision = parms.precision
	local frac = out_current.frac
	if not frac and precision and precision &gt; 1 then
		frac = (precision == 2) and 2 or 4
	end
	local out_next = out_current.out_next
	if out_next then
		-- Use magic knowledge to determine whether the next unit is inches without requiring i18n.
		-- The following ensures that when the output combination &quot;hand in&quot; is used, the inches
		-- value is rounded to match the hands value. Also, displaying say &quot;61½&quot; instead of 61.5
		-- is better as 61.5 implies the value is not 61.4.
		if out_next.exception == 'subunit_more_precision' then
			out_next.frac = frac
		end
	end
	-- Convert to inches; calculate hands from that.
	local dummy_unit_table = { scale = out_current.scale / 4, frac = frac }
	local success, outinfo = cvtround(parms, info, in_current, dummy_unit_table)
	if not success then return false, outinfo end
	local tfrac = outinfo.fraction_table
	local inches = outinfo.raw_absvalue
	if tfrac then
		inches = floor(inches)  -- integer part only; fraction added later
	else
		inches = floor(inches + 0.5)  -- a hands measurement never shows decimals of an inch
	end
	local hands, inches = divide(inches, 4)
	outinfo.absvalue = hands + inches/4  -- supposed to be the absolute rounded value, but this is close enough
	local inchstr = tostring(inches)  -- '0', '1', '2' or '3'
	if precision and precision &lt;= 0 then  -- using negative or 0 for precision rounds to nearest hand
		hands = floor(outinfo.raw_absvalue/4 + 0.5)
		inchstr = ''
	elseif tfrac then
		-- Always show an integer before fraction (like &quot;15.0½&quot;) because &quot;15½&quot; means 15-and-a-half hands.
		inchstr = numdot .. format_fraction(parms, 'out', false, inchstr, tfrac.numstr, tfrac.denstr)
	else
		inchstr = numdot .. from_en(inchstr)
	end
	outinfo.show = outinfo.sign .. with_separator(parms, format('%.0f', hands)) .. inchstr
	return true, outinfo
end

local function evaluate_condition(value, condition)
	-- Return true or false from applying a conditional expression to value,
	-- or throw an error if invalid.
	-- A very limited set of expressions is supported:
	--    v &lt; 9
	--    v * 9 &lt; 9
	-- where
	--    'v' is replaced with value
	--    9 is any number (as defined by Lua tonumber)
	--      only en digits are accepted
	--    '&lt;' can also be '&lt;=' or '&gt;' or '&gt;='
	-- In addition, the following form is supported:
	--    LHS and RHS
	-- where
	--    LHS, RHS = any of above expressions.
	local function compare(value, text)
		local arithop, factor, compop, limit = text:match('^%s*v%s*([*]?)(.-)([&lt;&gt;]=?)(.*)$')
		if arithop == nil then
			error('Invalid default expression', 0)
		elseif arithop == '*' then
			factor = tonumber(factor)
			if factor == nil then
				error('Invalid default expression', 0)
			end
			value = value * factor
		end
		limit = tonumber(limit)
		if limit == nil then
			error('Invalid default expression', 0)
		end
		if compop == '&lt;' then
			return value &lt; limit
		elseif compop == '&lt;=' then
			return value &lt;= limit
		elseif compop == '&gt;' then
			return value &gt; limit
		elseif compop == '&gt;=' then
			return value &gt;= limit
		end
		error('Invalid default expression', 0)  -- should not occur
	end
	local lhs, rhs = condition:match('^(.-%W)and(%W.*)')
	if lhs == nil then
		return compare(value, condition)
	end
	return compare(value, lhs) and compare(value, rhs)
end

local function get_default(value, unit_table)
	-- Return true, s where s = name of unit's default output unit,
	-- or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	-- Some units have a default that depends on the input value
	-- (the first value if a range of values is used).
	-- If '!' is in the default, the first bang-delimited field is an
	-- expression that uses 'v' to represent the input value.
	-- Example: 'v &lt; 120 ! small ! big ! suffix' (suffix is optional)
	-- evaluates 'v &lt; 120' as a boolean with result
	-- 'smallsuffix' if (value &lt; 120), or 'bigsuffix' otherwise.
	-- Input must use en digits and '.' decimal mark.
	local default = data_code.default_exceptions[unit_table.defkey or unit_table.symbol] or unit_table.default
	if not default then
		local per = unit_table.per
		if per then
			local function a_default(v, u)
				local success, ucode = get_default(v, u)
				if not success then
					return '?'  -- an unlikely error has occurred; will cause lookup of default to fail
				end
				-- Attempt to use only the first unit if a combination or output multiple.
				-- This is not bulletproof but should work for most cases.
				-- Where it does not work, the convert will need to specify the wanted output unit.
				local t = all_units[ucode]
				if t then
					local combo = t.combination
					if combo then
						-- For a multiple like ftin, the &quot;first&quot; unit (ft) is last in the combination.
						local i = t.multiple and table_len(combo) or 1
						ucode = combo[i]
					end
				else
					-- Try for an automatically generated combination.
					local item = ucode:match('^(.-)%+') or ucode:match('^(%S+)%s')
					if all_units[item] then
						return item
					end
				end
				return ucode
			end
			local unit1, unit2 = per[1], per[2]
			local def1 = (unit1 and a_default(value, unit1) or unit_table.vprefix or '')
			local def2 = a_default(1, unit2)  -- 1 because per unit of denominator
			return true, def1 .. '/' .. def2
		end
		return false, { 'cvt_no_default', unit_table.symbol }
	end
	if default:find('!', 1, true) == nil then
		return true, default
	end
	local t = split(default, '!')
	if #t == 3 or #t == 4 then
		local success, result = pcall(evaluate_condition, value, t[1])
		if success then
			default = result and t[2] or t[3]
			if #t == 4 then
				default = default .. t[4]
			end
			return true, default
		end
	end
	return false, { 'cvt_bad_default', unit_table.symbol }
end

local linked_pages  -- to record linked pages so will not link to the same page more than once

local function unlink(unit_table)
	-- Forget that the given unit has previously been linked (if it has).
	-- That is needed when processing a range of inputs or outputs when an id
	-- for the first range value may have been evaluated, but only an id for
	-- the last value is displayed, and that id may need to be linked.
	linked_pages[unit_table.unitcode or unit_table] = nil
end

local function make_link(link, id, unit_table)
	-- Return wikilink &quot;[[link|id]]&quot;, possibly abbreviated as in examples:
	--   [[Mile|mile]]  --&gt; [[mile]]
	--   [[Mile|miles]] --&gt; [[mile]]s
	-- However, just id is returned if:
	-- * no link given (so caller does not need to check if a link was defined); or
	-- * link has previously been used during the current convert (to avoid overlinking).
	local link_key
	if unit_table then
		link_key = unit_table.unitcode or unit_table
	else
		link_key = link
	end
	if not link or link == '' or linked_pages[link_key] then
		return id
	end
	linked_pages[link_key] = true
	-- Following only works for language en, but it should be safe on other wikis,
	-- and overhead of doing it generally does not seem worthwhile.
	local l = link:sub(1, 1):lower() .. link:sub(2)
	if link == id or l == id then
		return '[[' .. id .. ']]'
	elseif link .. 's' == id or l .. 's' == id then
		return '[[' .. id:sub(1, -2) .. ']]s'
	else
		return '[[' .. link .. '|' .. id .. ']]'
	end
end

local function variable_name(clean, unit_table)
	-- For slwiki, a unit name depends on the value.
	-- Parameter clean is the unsigned rounded value in en digits, as a string.
	-- Value             Source    Example for &quot;m&quot;
	-- integer 1:        name1     meter  (also is the name of the unit)
	-- integer 2:        var{1}    metra
	-- integer 3 and 4:  var{2}    metri
	-- integer else:     var{3}    metrov (0 and 5 or more)
	-- real/fraction:    var{4}    metra
	-- var{i} means the i'th field in unit_table.varname if it exists and has
	-- an i'th field, otherwise name2.
	-- Fields are separated with &quot;!&quot; and are not empty.
	-- A field for a unit using an SI prefix has the prefix name inserted,
	-- replacing '#' if found, or before the field otherwise.
	local vname
	if clean == '1' then
		vname = unit_table.name1
	elseif unit_table.varname then
		local i
		if clean == '2' then
			i = 1
		elseif clean == '3' or clean == '4' then
			i = 2
		elseif clean:find('.', 1, true) then
			i = 4
		else
			i = 3
		end
		if i &gt; 1 and varname == 'pl' then
			i = i - 1
		end
		vname = split(unit_table.varname, '!')[i]
	end
	if vname then
		local si_name = rawget(unit_table, 'si_name') or ''
		local pos = vname:find('#', 1, true)
		if pos then
			vname = vname:sub(1, pos - 1) .. si_name .. vname:sub(pos + 1)
		else
			vname = si_name .. vname
		end
		return vname
	end
	return unit_table.name2
end

local function linked_id(parms, unit_table, key_id, want_link, clean)
	-- Return final unit id (symbol or name), optionally with a wikilink,
	-- and update unit_table.sep if required.
	-- key_id is one of: 'symbol', 'sym_us', 'name1', 'name1_us', 'name2', 'name2_us'.
	local abbr_on = (key_id == 'symbol' or key_id == 'sym_us')
	if abbr_on and want_link then
		local symlink = rawget(unit_table, 'symlink')
		if symlink then
			return symlink  -- for exceptions that have the linked symbol built-in
		end
	end
	local multiplier = rawget(unit_table, 'multiplier')
	local per = unit_table.per
	if per then
		local paren1, paren2 = '', ''  -- possible parentheses around bottom unit
		local unit1 = per[1]  -- top unit_table, or nil
		local unit2 = per[2]  -- bottom unit_table
		if abbr_on then
			if not unit1 then
				unit_table.sep = ''  -- no separator in &quot;$2/acre&quot;
			end
			if not want_link then
				local symbol = unit_table.symbol_raw
				if symbol then
					return symbol  -- for exceptions that have the symbol built-in
				end
			end
			if (unit2.symbol):find('⋅', 1, true) then
				paren1, paren2 = '(', ')'
			end
		end
		local key_id2  -- unit2 is always singular
		if key_id == 'name2' then
			key_id2 = 'name1'
		elseif key_id == 'name2_us' then
			key_id2 = 'name1_us'
		else
			key_id2 = key_id
		end
		local result
		if abbr_on then
			result = '/'
		elseif omitsep then
			result = per_word
		elseif unit1 then
			result = ' ' .. per_word .. ' '
		else
			result = per_word .. ' '
		end
		if want_link and unit_table.link then
			if abbr_on or not varname then
				result = (unit1 and linked_id(parms, unit1, key_id, false, clean) or '') .. result .. linked_id(parms, unit2, key_id2, false, '1')
			else
				result = (unit1 and variable_name(clean, unit1) or '') .. result .. variable_name('1', unit2)
			end
			if omit_separator(result) then
				unit_table.sep = ''
			end
			return make_link(unit_table.link, result, unit_table)
		end
		if unit1 then
			result = linked_id(parms, unit1, key_id, want_link, clean) .. result
			if unit1.sep then
				unit_table.sep = unit1.sep
			end
		elseif omitsep then
			unit_table.sep = ''
		end
		return result .. paren1 .. linked_id(parms, unit2, key_id2, want_link, '1') .. paren2
	end
	if multiplier then
		-- A multiplier (like &quot;100&quot; in &quot;100km&quot;) forces the unit to be plural.
		multiplier = from_en(multiplier)
		if not omitsep then
			multiplier = multiplier .. (abbr_on and '&amp;nbsp;' or ' ')
		end
		if not abbr_on then
			if key_id == 'name1' then
				key_id = 'name2'
			elseif key_id == 'name1_us' then
				key_id = 'name2_us'
			end
		end
	else
		multiplier = ''
	end
	local id = unit_table.fixed_name or ((varname and not abbr_on) and variable_name(clean, unit_table) or unit_table[key_id])
	if omit_separator(id) then
		unit_table.sep = ''
	end
	if want_link then
		local link = data_code.link_exceptions[unit_table.linkey or unit_table.symbol] or unit_table.link
		if link then
			local before = ''
			local i = unit_table.customary
			if i == 1 and parms.opt_sp_us then
				i = 2  -- show &quot;U.S.&quot; not &quot;US&quot;
			end
			if i == 3 and abbr_on then
				i = 4  -- abbreviate &quot;imperial&quot; to &quot;imp&quot;
			end
			local customary = text_code.customary_units[i]
			if customary then
				-- LATER: This works for language en only, but it's esoteric so ignore for now.
				local pertext
				if id:sub(1, 1) == '/' then
					-- Want unit &quot;/USgal&quot; to display as &quot;/U.S. gal&quot;, not &quot;U.S. /gal&quot;.
					pertext = '/'
					id = id:sub(2)
				elseif id:sub(1, 4) == 'per ' then
					-- Similarly want &quot;per U.S. gallon&quot;, not &quot;U.S. per gallon&quot; (but in practice this is unlikely to be used).
					pertext = 'per '
					id = id:sub(5)
				else
					pertext = ''
				end
				-- Omit any &quot;US&quot;/&quot;U.S.&quot;/&quot;imp&quot;/&quot;imperial&quot; from start of id since that will be inserted.
				local removes = (i &lt; 3) and { 'US&amp;nbsp;', 'US ', 'U.S.&amp;nbsp;', 'U.S. ' } or { 'imp&amp;nbsp;', 'imp ', 'imperial ' }
				for _, prefix in ipairs(removes) do
					local plen = #prefix
					if id:sub(1, plen) == prefix then
						id = id:sub(plen + 1)
						break
					end
				end
				before = pertext .. make_link(customary.link, customary[1]) .. ' '
			end
			id = before .. make_link(link, id, unit_table)
		end
	end
	return multiplier .. id
end

local function make_id(parms, which, unit_table)
	-- Return id, f where
	--   id = unit name or symbol, possibly modified
	--   f = true if id is a name, or false if id is a symbol
	-- using the value for index 'which', and for 'in' or 'out' (unit_table.inout).
	-- Result is '' if no symbol/name is to be used.
	-- In addition, set unit_table.sep = ' ' or '&amp;nbsp;' or ''
	-- (the separator that caller will normally insert before the id).
	if parms.opt_values then
		unit_table.sep = ''
		return ''
	end
	local inout = unit_table.inout
	local info = unit_table.valinfo[which]
	local abbr_org = parms.abbr_org
	local adjectival = parms.opt_adjectival
	local lk = parms.lk
	local want_link = (lk == 'on' or lk == inout)
	local usename = unit_table.usename
	local singular = info.singular
	local want_name
	if usename then
		want_name = true
	else
		if abbr_org == nil then
			if parms.wantname then
				want_name = true
			end
			if unit_table.usesymbol then
				want_name = false
			end
		end
		if want_name == nil then
			local abbr = parms.abbr
			if abbr == 'on' or abbr == inout or (abbr == 'mos' and inout == 'out') then
				want_name = false
			else
				want_name = true
			end
		end
	end
	local key
	if want_name then
		if lk == nil and unit_table.builtin == 'hand' then
			want_link = true
		end
		if parms.opt_use_nbsp then
			unit_table.sep = '&amp;nbsp;'
		else
			unit_table.sep = ' '
		end
		if parms.opt_singular then
			local value
			if inout == 'in' then
				value = info.value
			else
				value = info.absvalue
			end
			if value then  -- some unusual units do not always set value field
				value = abs(value)
				singular = (0 &lt; value and value &lt; 1.0001)
			end
		end
		if unit_table.engscale then
			-- engscale: so &quot;|1|e3kg&quot; gives &quot;1 thousand kilograms&quot; (plural)
			singular = false
		end
		key = (adjectival or singular) and 'name1' or 'name2'
		if parms.opt_sp_us then
			key = key .. '_us'
		end
	else
		if unit_table.builtin == 'hand' then
			if parms.opt_hand_hh then
				unit_table.symbol = 'hh'  -- LATER: might want i18n applied to this
			end
		end
		unit_table.sep = '&amp;nbsp;'
		key = parms.opt_sp_us and 'sym_us' or 'symbol'
	end
	return linked_id(parms, unit_table, key, want_link, info.clean), want_name
end

local function decorate_value(parms, unit_table, which, number_word)
	-- If needed, update unit_table so values will be shown with extra information.
	-- For consistency with the old template (but different from fmtpower),
	-- the style to display powers of 10 includes &quot;display:none&quot; to allow some
	-- browsers to copy, for example, &quot;10³&quot; as &quot;10^3&quot;, rather than as &quot;103&quot;.
	local info
	local engscale = unit_table.engscale
	local prefix = unit_table.vprefix
	if engscale or prefix then
		info = unit_table.valinfo[which]
		if info.decorated then
			return  -- do not redecorate if repeating convert
		end
		info.decorated = true
		if engscale then
			local inout = unit_table.inout
			local abbr = parms.abbr
			if (abbr == 'on' or abbr == inout) and not parms.number_word then
				info.show = info.show ..
					'&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.2em&quot;&gt;×&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em&quot;&gt;' ..
					from_en('10') ..
					'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;s style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;^&lt;/s&gt;&lt;sup&gt;' ..
					from_en(tostring(engscale.exponent)) .. '&lt;/sup&gt;'
			elseif number_word then
				local number_id
				local lk = parms.lk
				if lk == 'on' or lk == inout then
					number_id = make_link(engscale.link, engscale[1])
				else
					number_id = engscale[1]
				end
				-- WP:NUMERAL recommends &quot;&amp;nbsp;&quot; in values like &quot;12 million&quot;.
				info.show = info.show .. (parms.opt_adjectival and '-' or '&amp;nbsp;') .. number_id
			end
		end
		if prefix then
			info.show = prefix .. info.show
		end
	end
end

local function process_input(parms, in_current)
	-- Processing required once per conversion.
	-- Return block of text to represent input (value/unit).
	if parms.opt_output_only or parms.opt_output_number_only or parms.opt_output_unit_only then
		parms.joins = { '', '' }
		return ''
	end
	local first_unit
	local composite = in_current.composite  -- nil or table of units
	if composite then
		first_unit = composite[1]
	else
		first_unit = in_current
	end
	local id1, want_name = make_id(parms, 1, first_unit)
	local sep = first_unit.sep  -- separator between value and unit, set by make_id
	local preunit = parms.preunit1
	if preunit then
		sep = ''  -- any separator is included in preunit
	else
		preunit = ''
	end
	if parms.opt_input_unit_only then
		parms.joins = { '', '' }
		if composite then
			local parts = { id1 }
			for i, unit in ipairs(composite) do
				if i &gt; 1 then
					table.insert(parts, (make_id(parms, 1, unit)))
				end
			end
			id1 = table.concat(parts, ' ')
		end
		if want_name and parms.opt_adjectival then
			return preunit .. hyphenated(id1)
		end
		return  preunit .. id1
	end
	if parms.opt_also_symbol and not composite and not parms.opt_flip then
		local join1 = parms.joins[1]
		if join1 == ' (' or join1 == ' [' then
			parms.joins = { ' [' .. first_unit[parms.opt_sp_us and 'sym_us' or 'symbol'] .. ']' .. join1 , parms.joins[2] }
		end
	end
	if in_current.builtin == 'mach' and first_unit.sep ~= '' then  -- '' means omitsep with non-enwiki name
		local prefix = id1 .. '&amp;nbsp;'
		local range = parms.range
		local valinfo = first_unit.valinfo
		local result = prefix .. valinfo[1].show
		if range then
			-- For simplicity and because more not needed, handle one range item only.
			local prefix2 = make_id(parms, 2, first_unit) .. '&amp;nbsp;'
			result = range_text(range[1], want_name, parms, result, prefix2 .. valinfo[2].show, 'in')
		end
		return preunit .. result
	end
	if composite then
		-- Simplify: assume there is no range, and no decoration.
		local mid = (not parms.opt_flip) and parms.mid or ''
		local sep1 = '&amp;nbsp;'
		local sep2 = ' '
		if parms.opt_adjectival and want_name then
			sep1 = '-'
			sep2 = '-'
		end
		if omitsep and sep == '' then
			-- Testing the id of the most significant unit should be sufficient.
			sep1 = ''
			sep2 = ''
		end
		local parts = { first_unit.valinfo[1].show .. sep1 .. id1 }
		for i, unit in ipairs(composite) do
			if i &gt; 1 then
				table.insert(parts, unit.valinfo[1].show .. sep1 .. (make_id(parms, 1, unit)))
			end
		end
		return table.concat(parts, sep2) .. mid
	end
	local add_unit = (parms.abbr == 'mos') or
		parms[parms.opt_flip and 'out_range_x' or 'in_range_x'] or
		(not want_name and parms.abbr_range_x)
	local range = parms.range
	if range and not add_unit then
		unlink(first_unit)
	end
	local id = range and make_id(parms, range.n + 1, first_unit) or id1
	local extra, was_hyphenated = hyphenated_maybe(parms, want_name, sep, id, 'in')
	if was_hyphenated then
		add_unit = false
	end
	local result
	local valinfo = first_unit.valinfo
	if range then
		for i = 0, range.n do
			local number_word
			if i == range.n then
				add_unit = false
				number_word = true
			end
			decorate_value(parms, first_unit, i+1, number_word)
			local show = valinfo[i+1].show
			if add_unit then
				show = show .. first_unit.sep .. (i == 0 and id1 or make_id(parms, i+1, first_unit))
			end
			if i == 0 then
				result = show
			else
				result = range_text(range[i], want_name, parms, result, show, 'in')
			end
		end
	else
		decorate_value(parms, first_unit, 1, true)
		result = valinfo[1].show
	end
	return result .. preunit .. extra
end

local function process_one_output(parms, out_current)
	-- Processing required for each output unit.
	-- Return block of text to represent output (value/unit).
	local inout = out_current.inout  -- normally 'out' but can be 'in' for order=out
	local id1, want_name = make_id(parms, 1, out_current)
	local sep = out_current.sep  -- set by make_id
	local preunit = parms.preunit2
	if preunit then
		sep = ''  -- any separator is included in preunit
	else
		preunit = ''
	end
	if parms.opt_output_unit_only then
		if want_name and parms.opt_adjectival then
			return preunit .. hyphenated(id1)
		end
		return preunit .. id1
	end
	if out_current.builtin == 'mach' and out_current.sep ~= '' then  -- '' means omitsep with non-enwiki name
		local prefix = id1 .. '&amp;nbsp;'
		local range = parms.range
		local valinfo = out_current.valinfo
		local result = prefix .. valinfo[1].show
		if range then
			-- For simplicity and because more not needed, handle one range item only.
			result = range_text(range[1], want_name, parms, result, prefix .. valinfo[2].show, inout)
		end
		return preunit .. result
	end
	local add_unit = (parms[parms.opt_flip and 'in_range_x' or 'out_range_x'] or
		(not want_name and parms.abbr_range_x)) and
		not parms.opt_output_number_only
	local range = parms.range
	if range and not add_unit then
		unlink(out_current)
	end
	local id = range and make_id(parms, range.n + 1, out_current) or id1
	local extra, was_hyphenated = hyphenated_maybe(parms, want_name, sep, id, inout)
	if was_hyphenated then
		add_unit = false
	end
	local result
	local valinfo = out_current.valinfo
	if range then
		for i = 0, range.n do
			local number_word
			if i == range.n then
				add_unit = false
				number_word = true
			end
			decorate_value(parms, out_current, i+1, number_word)
			local show = valinfo[i+1].show
			if add_unit then
				show = show .. out_current.sep .. (i == 0 and id1 or make_id(parms, i+1, out_current))
			end
			if i == 0 then
				result = show
			else
				result = range_text(range[i], want_name, parms, result, show, inout)
			end
		end
	else
		decorate_value(parms, out_current, 1, true)
		result = valinfo[1].show
	end
	if parms.opt_output_number_only then
		return result
	end
	return result .. preunit .. extra
end

local function make_output_single(parms, in_unit_table, out_unit_table)
	-- Return true, item where item = wikitext of the conversion result
	-- for a single output (which is not a combination or a multiple);
	-- or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	if parms.opt_order_out and in_unit_table.unitcode == out_unit_table.unitcode then
		out_unit_table.valinfo = in_unit_table.valinfo
	else
		out_unit_table.valinfo = collection()
		for _, v in ipairs(in_unit_table.valinfo) do
			local success, info = cvtround(parms, v, in_unit_table, out_unit_table)
			if not success then return false, info end
			out_unit_table.valinfo:add(info)
		end
	end
	return true, process_one_output(parms, out_unit_table)
end

local function make_output_multiple(parms, in_unit_table, out_unit_table)
	-- Return true, item where item = wikitext of the conversion result
	-- for an output which is a multiple (like 'ftin');
	-- or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	local inout = out_unit_table.inout  -- normally 'out' but can be 'in' for order=out
	local multiple = out_unit_table.multiple  -- table of scaling factors (will not be nil)
	local combos = out_unit_table.combination  -- table of unit tables (will not be nil)
	local abbr = parms.abbr
	local abbr_org = parms.abbr_org
	local disp = parms.disp
	local want_name = (abbr_org == nil and (disp == 'or' or disp == 'slash')) or
						not (abbr == 'on' or abbr == inout or abbr == 'mos')
	local want_link = (parms.lk == 'on' or parms.lk == inout)
	local mid = parms.opt_flip and parms.mid or ''
	local sep1 = '&amp;nbsp;'
	local sep2 = ' '
	if parms.opt_adjectival and want_name then
		sep1 = '-'
		sep2 = '-'
	end
	local do_spell = parms.opt_spell_out
	parms.opt_spell_out = nil  -- so the call to cvtround does not spell the value
	local function make_result(info, isfirst)
		local fmt, outvalue, sign
		local results = {}
		for i = 1, #combos do
			local tfrac, thisvalue, strforce
			local out_current = combos[i]
			out_current.inout = inout
			local scale = multiple[i]
			if i == 1 then  -- least significant unit ('in' from 'ftin')
				local decimals
				out_current.frac = out_unit_table.frac
				local success, outinfo = cvtround(parms, info, in_unit_table, out_current)
				if not success then return false, outinfo end
				if isfirst then
					out_unit_table.valinfo = { outinfo }  -- in case output value of first least significant unit is needed
				end
				sign = outinfo.sign
				tfrac = outinfo.fraction_table
				if outinfo.is_scientific then
					strforce = outinfo.show
					decimals = ''
				elseif tfrac then
					decimals = ''
				else
					local show = outinfo.show  -- number as a string in local language
					local p1, p2 = show:find(numdot, 1, true)
					decimals = p1 and show:sub(p2 + 1) or ''  -- text after numdot, if any
				end
				fmt = '%.' .. ulen(decimals) .. 'f'  -- to reproduce precision
				if decimals == '' then
					if tfrac then
						outvalue = floor(outinfo.raw_absvalue)  -- integer part only; fraction added later
					else
						outvalue = floor(outinfo.raw_absvalue + 0.5)  -- keep all integer digits of least significant unit
					end
				else
					outvalue = outinfo.absvalue
				end
			end
			if scale then
				outvalue, thisvalue = divide(outvalue, scale)
			else
				thisvalue = outvalue
			end
			local id
			if want_name then
				if varname then
					local clean
					if strforce or tfrac then
						clean = '.1'  -- dummy value to force name for floating point
					else
						clean = format(fmt, thisvalue)
					end
					id = variable_name(clean, out_current)
				else
					local key = 'name2'
					if parms.opt_adjectival then
						key = 'name1'
					elseif tfrac then
						if thisvalue == 0 then
							key = 'name1'
						end
					elseif parms.opt_singular then
						if 0 &lt; thisvalue and thisvalue &lt; 1.0001 then
							key = 'name1'
						end
					else
						if thisvalue == 1 then
							key = 'name1'
						end
					end
					id = out_current[key]
				end
			else
				id = out_current['symbol']
			end
			if i == 1 and omit_separator(id) then
				-- Testing the id of the least significant unit should be sufficient.
				sep1 = ''
				sep2 = ''
			end
			if want_link then
				local link = out_current.link
				if link then
					id = make_link(link, id, out_current)
				end
			end
			local strval
			local spell_inout = (i == #combos or outvalue == 0) and inout or ''  -- trick so the last value processed (first displayed) has uppercase, if requested
			if strforce and outvalue == 0 then
				sign = ''  -- any sign is in strforce
				strval = strforce  -- show small values in scientific notation; will only use least significant unit
			elseif tfrac then
				local wholestr = (thisvalue &gt; 0) and tostring(thisvalue) or nil
				strval = format_fraction(parms, spell_inout, false, wholestr, tfrac.numstr, tfrac.denstr, do_spell)
			else
				strval = (thisvalue == 0) and from_en('0') or with_separator(parms, format(fmt, thisvalue))
				if do_spell then
					strval = spell_number(parms, spell_inout, strval) or strval
				end
			end
			table.insert(results, strval .. sep1 .. id)
			if outvalue == 0 then
				break
			end
			fmt = '%.0f'  -- only least significant unit can have a non-integral value
		end
		local reversed, count = {}, #results
		for i = 1, count do
			reversed[i] = results[count + 1 - i]
		end
		return true, sign .. table.concat(reversed, sep2)
	end
	local valinfo = in_unit_table.valinfo
	local success, result = make_result(valinfo[1], true)
	if not success then return false, result end
	local range = parms.range
	if range then
		for i = 1, range.n do
			local success, result2 = make_result(valinfo[i+1])
			if not success then return false, result2 end
			result = range_text(range[i], want_name, parms, result, result2, inout)
		end
	end
	return true, result .. mid
end

local function process(parms, in_unit_table, out_unit_table)
	-- Return true, s, outunit where s = final wikitext result,
	-- or return false, t where t is an error message table.
	linked_pages = {}
	local success, bad_output
	local bad_input_mcode = in_unit_table.bad_mcode  -- nil if input unit is a valid convert unit
	local out_unit = parms.out_unit
	if out_unit == nil or out_unit == '' or type(out_unit) == 'function' then
		if bad_input_mcode or parms.opt_input_unit_only then
			bad_output = ''
		else
			local getdef = type(out_unit) == 'function' and out_unit or get_default
			success, out_unit = getdef(in_unit_table.valinfo[1].value, in_unit_table)
			parms.out_unit = out_unit
			if not success then
				bad_output = out_unit
			end
		end
	end
	if not bad_output and not out_unit_table then
		success, out_unit_table = lookup(parms, out_unit, 'any_combination')
		if success then
			local mismatch = check_mismatch(in_unit_table, out_unit_table)
			if mismatch then
				bad_output = mismatch
			end
		else
			bad_output = out_unit_table
		end
	end
	local lhs, rhs
	local flipped = parms.opt_flip and not bad_input_mcode
	if bad_output then
		rhs = (bad_output == '') and '' or message(parms, bad_output)
	elseif parms.opt_input_unit_only then
		rhs = ''
	else
		local combos  -- nil (for 'ft' or 'ftin'), or table of unit tables (for 'm ft')
		if not out_unit_table.multiple then  -- nil/false ('ft' or 'm ft'), or table of factors ('ftin')
			combos = out_unit_table.combination
		end
		local frac = parms.frac  -- nil or denominator of fraction for output values
		if frac then
			-- Apply fraction to the unit (if only one), or to non-SI units (if a combination),
			-- except that if a precision is also specified, the fraction only applies to
			-- the hand unit; that allows the following result:
			-- {{convert|156|cm|in hand|1|frac=2}} → 156 centimetres (61.4 in; 15.1½ hands)
			-- However, the following is handled elsewhere as a special case:
			-- {{convert|156|cm|hand in|1|frac=2}} → 156 centimetres (15.1½ hands; 61½ in)
			if combos then
				local precision = parms.precision
				for _, unit in ipairs(combos) do
					if unit.builtin == 'hand' or (not precision and not unit.prefixes) then
						unit.frac = frac
					end
				end
			else
				out_unit_table.frac = frac
			end
		end
		local outputs = {}
		local imax = combos and #combos or 1  -- 1 (single unit) or number of unit tables
		if imax == 1 then
			parms.opt_order_out = nil  -- only useful with an output combination
		end
		if not flipped and not parms.opt_order_out then
			-- Process left side first so any duplicate links (from lk=on) are suppressed
			-- on right. Example: {{convert|28|e9pc|e9ly|abbr=off|lk=on}}
			lhs = process_input(parms, in_unit_table)
		end
		for i = 1, imax do
			local success, item
			local out_current = combos and combos[i] or out_unit_table
			out_current.inout = 'out'
			if i == 1 then
				if imax &gt; 1 and out_current.builtin == 'hand' then
					out_current.out_next = combos[2]  -- built-in hand can influence next unit in a combination
				end
				if parms.opt_order_out then
					out_current.inout = 'in'
				end
			end
			if out_current.multiple then
				success, item = make_output_multiple(parms, in_unit_table, out_current)
			else
				success, item = make_output_single(parms, in_unit_table, out_current)
			end
			if not success then return false, item end
			outputs[i] = item
		end
		if parms.opt_order_out then
			lhs = outputs[1]
			table.remove(outputs, 1)
		end
		local sep = parms.table_joins and parms.table_joins[2] or parms.join_between
		rhs = table.concat(outputs, sep)
	end
	if flipped or not lhs then
		local input = process_input(parms, in_unit_table)
		if flipped then
			lhs = rhs
			rhs = input
		else
			lhs = input
		end
	end
	if parms.join_before then
		lhs = parms.join_before .. lhs
	end
	local wikitext
	if bad_input_mcode then
		if bad_input_mcode == '' then
			wikitext = lhs
		else
			wikitext = lhs .. message(parms, bad_input_mcode)
		end
	elseif parms.table_joins then
		wikitext = parms.table_joins[1] .. lhs .. parms.table_joins[2] .. rhs
	else
		wikitext = lhs .. parms.joins[1] .. rhs .. parms.joins[2]
	end
	if parms.warnings and not bad_input_mcode then
		wikitext = wikitext .. parms.warnings
	end
	return true, wikitext, out_unit_table
end

local function main_convert(frame)
	-- Do convert, and if needed, do it again with higher default precision.
	local parms = { frame = frame }  -- will hold template arguments, after translation
	set_config(frame.args)
	local success, result = get_parms(parms, frame:getParent().args)
	if success then
		if type(result) ~= 'table' then
			return tostring(result)
		end
		local in_unit_table = result
		local out_unit_table
		for _ = 1, 2 do  -- use counter so cannot get stuck repeating convert
			success, result, out_unit_table = process(parms, in_unit_table, out_unit_table)
			if success and parms.do_convert_again then
				parms.do_convert_again = false
			else
				break
			end
		end
	end
	-- If input=x gives a problem, the result should be just the user input
	-- (if x is a property like P123 it has been replaced with '').
	-- An unknown input unit would display the input and an error message
	-- with success == true at this point.
	-- Also, can have success == false with a message that outputs an empty string.
	if parms.input_text then
		if success and not parms.have_problem then
			return result
		end
		local cat
		if parms.tracking then
			-- Add a tracking category using the given text as the category sort key.
			-- There is currently only one type of tracking, but in principle multiple
			-- items could be tracked, using different sort keys for convenience.
			cat = wanted_category('tracking', parms.tracking)
		end
		return parms.input_text .. (cat or '')
	end
	return success and result or message(parms, result)
end

local function _unit(unitcode, options)
	-- Helper function for Module:Val to look up a unit.
	-- Parameter unitcode must be a string to identify the wanted unit.
	-- Parameter options must be nil or a table with optional fields:
	--   value = number (for sort key; default value is 1)
	--   scaled_top = nil for a normal unit, or a number for a unit which is
	--                the denominator of a per unit (for sort key)
	--   si = { 'symbol', 'link' }
	--                (a table with two strings) to make an SI unit
	--                that will be used for the look up
	--   link = true if result should be [[linked]]
	--   sort = 'on' or 'debug' if result should include a sort key in a
	--                span element ('debug' makes the key visible)
	--   name = true for the name of the unit instead of the symbol
	--   us = true for the US spelling of the unit, if any
	-- Return nil if unitcode is not a non-empty string.
	-- Otherwise return a table with fields:
	--   text = requested symbol or name of unit, optionally linked
	--   scaled_value = input value adjusted by unit scale; used for sort key
	--   sortspan = span element with sort key like that provided by {{ntsh}},
	--     calculated from the result of converting value
	--     to a base unit with scale 1.
	--   unknown = true if the unitcode was not known
	unitcode = strip(unitcode)
	if unitcode == nil or unitcode == '' then
		return nil
	end
	set_config({})
	linked_pages = {}
	options = options or {}
	local parms = {
		abbr = options.name and 'off' or 'on',
		lk = options.link and 'on' or nil,
		opt_sp_us = options.us and true or nil,
		opt_ignore_error = true,  -- do not add pages using this function to 'what links here' for Module:Convert/extra
		opt_sortable_on = options.sort == 'on' or options.sort == 'debug',
		opt_sortable_debug = options.sort == 'debug',
	}
	if options.si then
		-- Make a dummy table of units (just one unit) for lookup to use.
		-- This makes lookup recognize any SI prefix in the unitcode.
		local symbol = options.si[1] or '?'
		parms.unittable = { [symbol] = {
			_name1 = symbol,
			_name2 = symbol,
			_symbol = symbol,
			utype = symbol,
			scale = symbol == 'g' and 0.001 or 1,
			prefixes = 1,
			default = symbol,
			link = options.si[2],
		}}
	end
	local success, unit_table = lookup(parms, unitcode, 'no_combination')
	if not success then
		unit_table = setmetatable({
			symbol = unitcode, name2 = unitcode, utype = unitcode,
			scale = 1, default = '', defkey = '', linkey = '' }, unit_mt)
	end
	local value = tonumber(options.value) or 1
	local clean = tostring(abs(value))
	local info = {
		value = value,
		altvalue = value,
		singular = (clean == '1'),
		clean = clean,
		show = clean,
	}
	unit_table.inout = 'in'
	unit_table.valinfo = { info }
	local sortspan, scaled_value
	if options.sort then
		sortspan, scaled_value = make_table_or_sort(parms, value, info, unit_table, options.scaled_top)
	end
	return {
		text = make_id(parms, 1, unit_table),
		sortspan = sortspan,
		scaled_value = scaled_value,
		unknown = not success and true or nil,
	}
end

return { convert = main_convert, _unit = _unit }</text>
      <sha1>cqrx7q3imf6nn25e8051r3vdmc51nr7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Convert/data</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>53038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786022</id>
      <parentid>770439</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:26:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>786022</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="171062" sha1="t3yl891pgc3nnn9yg9tmtpv3syxmk1z" xml:space="preserve">-- Conversion data used by [[Module:Convert]] which uses mw.loadData() for
-- read-only access to this module so that it is loaded only once per page.
-- See [[:en:Template:Convert/Transwiki guide]] if copying to another wiki.
--
-- These data tables follow:
--   all_units           all properties for a unit, including default output
--   default_exceptions  exceptions for default output ('kg' and 'g' have different defaults)
--   link_exceptions     exceptions for links ('kg' and 'g' have different links)
--
-- These tables are generated by a script which reads the wikitext of a page that
-- documents the required properties of each unit; see [[:en:Module:Convert/doc]].

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running --
-- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above).   --
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
local all_units = {
    [&quot;Gy&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;gray&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Gy&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;absorbed radiation dose&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;rad&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gray (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rad&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;rad&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;rad&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;absorbed radiation dose&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;Gy&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rad (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/s2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;centimetre per second squared&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;centimeter per second squared&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centimetres per second squared&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;centimeters per second squared&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cm/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01,
	default  = &quot;ft/s2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gal (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft/s2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per second squared&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet per second squared&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3048,
	default  = &quot;m/s2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g0&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;standard gravity&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;standard gravities&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''g''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;m/s2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-force&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;''g''&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''g''&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;m/s2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;g-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/hs&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilometre per hour per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilometer per hour per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilometres per hour per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilometers per hour per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km/(h⋅s)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 0.27777777777777779,
	default  = &quot;mph/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acceleration&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/s2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilometre per second squared&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilometer per second squared&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilometres per second squared&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilometers per second squared&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;mph/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acceleration&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m/s2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre per second squared&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter per second squared&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metres per second squared&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meters per second squared&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;ft/s2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mph/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile per hour per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;miles per hour per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mph/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 0.44704,
	default  = &quot;km/hs&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acceleration&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/h/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km/hs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;standard gravity&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;g0&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;1000sqft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand square feet&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand square feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;1000&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 92.90304,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square foot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;a&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;are&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;sqft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hectare#Are&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;acre&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 4046.8564224,
	default  = &quot;ha&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;rood&quot;] = { 4, default = &quot;ha&quot; }, [&quot;sqperch&quot;] = { 160, default = &quot;ha&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;acre-sing&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;arpent&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;arpent&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3418.89,
	default  = &quot;ha&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cda&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cuerda&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cda&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3930.395625,
	default  = &quot;ha acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;daa&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;decare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;daa&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dunam&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;dunam&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dunum&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;dunum&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dunam&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ha&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 10000,
	default  = &quot;acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hectare&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ha&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 10000,
	default  = &quot;acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Irish acre&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Irish acre&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Irish&amp;nbsp;acres&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 6555.2385024,
	default  = &quot;ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acre (Irish)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m2&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;square metre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;square meter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	prefix_position= 8,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 2,
	default  = &quot;sqft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pondemaat&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pondemaat&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pondemaat&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pond&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3674.363358816,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;:nl:pondemaat&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pyeong&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;pyeong&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pyeong&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3.3057851239669422,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rai&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;rai&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;rai&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1600,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rai (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rood&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;rood&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1011.7141056,
	default  = &quot;sqft m2&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;sqperch&quot;] = { 40, default = &quot;m2&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Rood (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqfoot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.09290304,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.09290304,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square inches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00064516,
	default  = &quot;cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 2589988.110336,
	default  = &quot;km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3429904,
	default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqperch&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;perches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;perch&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 25.29285264,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rod (unit)#Area and volume&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqverst&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;square verst&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1138062.24,
	default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Verst&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqyd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.83612736,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tsubo&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;tsubo&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tsubo&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3.3057851239669422,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Japanese units of measurement#Area&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acres&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;are&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;decare&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;daa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foot2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqfoot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqin&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km²&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;කිමී2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million acre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million acres&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million hectares&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6ha&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m²&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;nmi2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqnmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pond&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;pondemaat&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sq arp&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;arpent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqkm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;square verst&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqverst&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;verst2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqverst&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yd2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqyd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m2/ha&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square metre per hectare&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;square meter per hectare&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square metres per hectare&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;square meters per hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001,
	default  = &quot;sqft/acre&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Basal area&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqft/acre&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square foot per acre&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square feet per acre&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;ft/acre&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 2.295684113865932e-5,
	default  = &quot;m2/ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Basal area&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cent&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;¢&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;cent&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;cent&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cent (currency)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;¢&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;A.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ampere hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;A⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;charge&quot;,
	scale    = 3600,
	default  = &quot;coulomb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;coulomb&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;coulomb&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;C&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;charge&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;e&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Coulomb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;e&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;elementary charge&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''e''&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;charge&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176487e-19,
	default  = &quot;coulomb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 453.59237,
	default  = &quot;mol&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 453.59237,
	default  = &quot;mol&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgCO2/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;co2 per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lbCO2/USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbCO2/USgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per US gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per US gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbCO2/US&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;co2 per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 119.82642731689663,
	default  = &quot;kgCO2/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz/lb&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;lb&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;concentration&quot;,
	default  = &quot;mg/kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mg/kg&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mg&quot;, &quot;kg&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;concentration&quot;,
	default  = &quot;oz/lb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/dm3&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per cubic decimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per cubic decimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per cubic decimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per cubic decimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/dm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;kg/m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/mL&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per millilitre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per milliliter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per millilitre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per milliliter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/mL&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/ml&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per millilitre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per milliliter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per millilitre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per milliliter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/ml&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/dm3&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per cubic decimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per cubic decimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per cubic decimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per cubic decimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/dm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/l&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/l&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/m3&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per cubic metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per cubic meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per cubic metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per cubic meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuyd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/cuft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per cubic foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/cu&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 16.018463373960142,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/cuin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per cubic inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/cu&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 27679.904710203122,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/cuyd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per cubic yard&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per cubic yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/cu&amp;nbsp;yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 0.5932764212577829,
	default  = &quot;kg/m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/impgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per imperial gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per imperial gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/imp&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 99.776372663101697,
	default  = &quot;kg/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/in3&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per cubic inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/cu&amp;thinsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 27679.904710203122,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/U.S.gal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per U.S. gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per U.S. gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 119.82642731689663,
	default  = &quot;kg/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/USbu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per US bushel&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per US bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/US&amp;nbsp;bu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 12.871859780974471,
	default  = &quot;kg/m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bushel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/USgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per US gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per US gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/US&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 119.82642731689663,
	default  = &quot;kg/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbm/cuin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound mass per cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds mass per cubic inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbm/cu&amp;thinsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 27679.904710203122,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mg/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milligram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;milligram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;milligrams per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;milligrams per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mg/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz/cuin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce per cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces per cubic inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz/cu&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1729.9940443876951,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/cm3&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;g&quot;, &quot;cm3&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/m3&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;g&quot;, &quot;m3&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuyd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mg/m3&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Mg&quot;, &quot;m3&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mg/l&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mg&quot;, &quot;ll&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;oz/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μg/dL&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;μg&quot;, &quot;dL&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μg/l&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;μg&quot;, &quot;ll&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;oz/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/ft3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/yd3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb/cuyd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbm/in3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lbm/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcg/dL&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μg/dL&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz/in3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;oz/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ug/dL&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μg/dL&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ug/l&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μg/l&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;B.O.T.U.&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Board of Trade Unit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;B.O.T.U.&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bboe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;barrels of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bboe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 6117863200,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BOE&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;barrels of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BOE&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 6117863200,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.05585262,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.05585262,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-39F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (39°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (39°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;39°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1059.67,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-39F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (39°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (39°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;39°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1059.67,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-59F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (59°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (59°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;59°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.804,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-59F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (59°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (59°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;59°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.804,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-60F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (60°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (60°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;60°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.68,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-60F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (60°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (60°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;60°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.68,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-63F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (63°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (63°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;63°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.6,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-63F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (63°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (63°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;63°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.6,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-ISO&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (ISO)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (ISO)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;ISO&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.056,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-ISO&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;BTU-ISO&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (IT)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (IT)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.05585262,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (IT)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (IT)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.05585262,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-mean&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (mean)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (mean)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;mean&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.87,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-mean&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (mean)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (mean)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;mean&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.87,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.35026444,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.35026444,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Calorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;Calories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4185.8,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1858,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Calorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;Calories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4186.8,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1868,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Calorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;Calories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;CHU-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Celsius heat unit (International Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;Celsius heat units (International Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;CHU&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1899.100534716,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Conversion of units#Energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cufootnaturalgas&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot of natural gas&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic foot of natural gas&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cuftnaturalgas&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055055.85262,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Conversion of units#Energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuftnaturalgas&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot of natural gas&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet of natural gas&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cuftnaturalgas&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055055.85262,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Conversion of units#Energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Eh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Hartree&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''E''&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.35974417e-18,
	default  = &quot;eV&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;erg&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;erg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000001,
	default  = &quot;μJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;eV&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;electronvolt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;eV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176487e-19,
	default  = &quot;aJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;feV&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;femtoelectronvolt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;feV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176487e-34,
	default  = &quot;yJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foe&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;foe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1e44,
	default  = &quot;YJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foe (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftlb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot-pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftlb-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot-pound force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;foot-pounds force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅lb&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftlbf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot-pound force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;foot-pounds force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅lbf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftpdl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot-poundal&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅pdl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0421401100938048,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GeV&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigaelectronvolt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;GeV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176487e-10,
	default  = &quot;nJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;grams of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gram of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gtoe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigatonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gigatonnes of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gtoe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1868e19,
	default  = &quot;EJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GtonTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;gigatons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gigaton of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e18,
	default  = &quot;EJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GtTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;gigatonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gigatonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e18,
	default  = &quot;EJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;GW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;GWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hph&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2684519.537696172792,
	default  = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inlb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1129848290276167,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inlb-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-pound force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inch-pounds force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅lb&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1129848290276167,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inlbf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-pound force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inch-pounds force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅lbf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1129848290276167,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inoz-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-ounce force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inch-ounces force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅oz&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00706155181422604375,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inozf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-ounce force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inch-ounces force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅ozf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00706155181422604375,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;J&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;joule&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;J&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;cal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Joule&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kBOE&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilo barrel of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilo barrels of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kBOE&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 6.1178632e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel of oil equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4185.8,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4186.8,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kerg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloerg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kerg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Erg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;keV&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloelectronvolt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;keV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176487e-16,
	default  = &quot;fJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kilograms of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kilogram of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kt(TNT)&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilotonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kiloton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktoe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilotonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilotonnes of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ktoe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1868e13,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktonTNT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloton of TNT&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilotons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kilotonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kilotonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megacalorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mcal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millicalorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mcal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.004184,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megacalorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megacalories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mcal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4185800,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millicalorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millicalories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mcal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0041858,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megacalorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megacalories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mcal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4186800,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millicalorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millicalories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mcal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0041868,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megacalorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megacalories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mcal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millicalorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millicalories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mcal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.004184,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Merg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megaerg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Merg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Erg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;merg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millierg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;merg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000000001,
	default  = &quot;μJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Erg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MeV&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megaelectronvolt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MeV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176487e-13,
	default  = &quot;pJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;meV&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millielectronvolt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;meV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176487e-22,
	default  = &quot;zJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MMBtu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million British thermal units&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million British thermal units&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MMBtu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055055852.62,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mt(TNT)&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megatonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;megaton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mtoe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megatonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megatonnes of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mtoe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1868e16,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MtonTNT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megaton of TNT&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megatons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mtonTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;millitons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;milliton of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MtTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;megatonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;megatonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mtTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;millitonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;millitonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milliwatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milliwatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;neV&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;nanoelectronvolt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;neV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176487e-28,
	default  = &quot;yJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PeV&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;petaelectronvolt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;PeV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001602176487,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;peV&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;picoelectronvolt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;peV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176487e-31,
	default  = &quot;yJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PSh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Pferdestärkenstunde&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;PSh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2647795.5,
	default  = &quot;kWh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;quad&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;quadrillion British thermal units&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;quadrillion British thermal units&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;quad&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.054804e18,
	default  = &quot;EJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Quad (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Ry&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;rydberg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ry&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2.1798741e-18,
	default  = &quot;eV&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rydberg constant&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;scf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;standard cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;standard cubic feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;scf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2869.2044809344,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;scfoot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;standard cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;standard cubic foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;scf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2869.2044809344,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;t(TNT)&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TeV&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;teraelectronvolt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;TeV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176487e-7,
	default  = &quot;μJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thermie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;th&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4186800,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Conversion of units#Energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thm-EC&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;therm (EC)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;therms (EC)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;thm (EC)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 105506000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Therm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thm-UK&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;therm (UK)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;therms (UK)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;thm (UK)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 105505585.257348,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Therm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thm-US&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;therm (US)&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;therm (U.S.)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;therms (US)&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;therms (U.S.)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;thm (US)&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;thm (U.S.)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 105480400,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Therm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;toe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;tonnes of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;toe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 41868000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tonTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;tons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ton of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;tonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TtonTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;teratons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;teraton of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e21,
	default  = &quot;ZJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TtTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;teratonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;teratonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e21,
	default  = &quot;ZJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;terawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;TW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;terawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;TWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;W.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;watt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;W⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Wh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;watt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Wh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μerg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;microerg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μerg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-13,
	default  = &quot;nJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Erg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μeV&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;microelectronvolt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μeV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176487e-25,
	default  = &quot;yJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;microwatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0036,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;microwatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0036,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-kW.h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kW.h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;btu&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;BTU&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Calorie&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Cal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft.lbf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ftlbf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft·lbf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ftlbf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-cal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-cal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-cal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-kcal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kcal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-kcal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kcal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-kcal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kcal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-Mcal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Mcal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mcal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mcal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-Mcal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Mcal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mcal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mcal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-Mcal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Mcal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mcal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mcal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;GW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GW·h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;GW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Hartree&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Eh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp.h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hph&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in.lb-f&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;inlb-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in.lbf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;inlbf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in.oz-f&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;inoz-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in.ozf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;inozf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kbboe&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kBOE&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kbboe&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-cal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Cal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-cal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Cal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-cal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Cal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW·h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;MW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MW·h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;MW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;TW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uerg&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μerg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ueV&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μeV&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uW.h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uWh&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μWh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;W-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;W.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;eVpar&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;electronvolt&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;eV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 96485.329522144166,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;kcal/mol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal/mol&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kcal&quot;, &quot;mol&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per chemical amount&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/mol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilocalorie per mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/mol&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;mol&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per chemical amount&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kcal/mol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Joule per mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh/100 km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometres&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometers&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometres&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometers&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW⋅h/100&amp;nbsp;km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	scale    = 36,
	default  = &quot;MJ/km kWh/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh/100 mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt-hour per 100 miles&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilowatt-hours per 100 miles&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW⋅h/100&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	scale    = 22.3694,
	default  = &quot;mpge&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MJ/100 km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megajoule per 100 kilometres&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;megajoule per 100 kilometers&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megajoules per 100 kilometres&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;megajoules per 100 kilometers&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MJ/100&amp;nbsp;km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	scale    = 10,
	default  = &quot;BTU/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpge&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile per gallon gasoline equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;miles per gallon gasoline equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&amp;#8209;e&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3263314048360777e-5,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;kWh/100 mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;BTU&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;v &gt; 1525 ! M ! k ! J/km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;-kW.h&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;MJ/km kWh/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;-kW.h&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kWh/km MJ/km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MJ/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;MJ&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpg-e&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mpge&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU/lb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit per pound&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units per pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU/lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 2326,
	default  = &quot;kJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal/g&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie per gram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories per gram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal/g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;J/g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GJ/kg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigajoule per kilogram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gigajoules per kilogram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;GJ/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1e9,
	default  = &quot;ktTNT/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;J/g&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;joule per gram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;joules per gram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;J/g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;kcal/g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal/g&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie per gram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories per gram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal/g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;kJ/g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/g&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilojoule per gram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilojoules per gram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kJ/g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000000,
	default  = &quot;kcal/g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/kg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilojoule per kilogram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilojoules per kilogram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kJ/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;BTU/lb&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktonTNT/MT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kilotons of TNT per metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kiloton of TNT per metric ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktTNT/t&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kilotonnes of TNT per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kilotonne of TNT per tonne&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MtonTNT/MT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;megatons of TNT per metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;megaton of TNT per metric ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MtTNT/MT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;megatonnes of TNT per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;megatonne of TNT per tonne&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TJ/kg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;terajoule per kilogram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;terajoules per kilogram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;TJ/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1e12,
	default  = &quot;MtTNT/MT&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/g&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;g&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU/cuft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;BTU&quot;, &quot;cuft&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/12USoz(mL)serve&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;-12USoz(mL)serve&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/12USoz(ml)serve&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;-12USoz(ml)serve&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/l&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/12USozserve&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;-12USozserve&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/USoz&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;USoz&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/ml&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/L&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;L&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/l&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;ll&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/ml&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;ml&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;Cal/USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MJ/m3&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;MJ&quot;, &quot;m3&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Sv&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;sievert&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Sv&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;equivalent radiation dose&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;rem&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Sievert&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rem&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;rem&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;rem&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;equivalent radiation dose&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;Sv&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Roentgen equivalent man&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;oz/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 6.2137119223733397e-7,
	default  = &quot;g/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gCO2/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;ozCO2/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gCO2/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 6.2137119223733397e-7,
	default  = &quot;gCO2/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgCO2/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lbCO2/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00028184923173665794,
	default  = &quot;kg/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbCO2/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00028184923173665794,
	default  = &quot;kgCO2/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 1.7615576983541121e-5,
	default  = &quot;g/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ozCO2/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 1.7615576983541121e-5,
	default  = &quot;gCO2/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per annum&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per annum&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 8.9730672142368242e-10,
	default  = &quot;m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 3.2774128000000003e-7,
	default  = &quot;m3/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 7.8657907200000004e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00047194744319999999,
	default  = &quot;m3/min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 28316846592e-12,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cumi/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic mile per annum&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic miles per annum&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;mi/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 132.08171170940057,
	default  = &quot;km3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuyd/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic yard per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic yards per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cuyd/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00021237634944000001,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuyd/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic yard per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic yards per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;yd/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.76455485798400002,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Goilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion barrels per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gbbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0380033629933836,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;imperial gallons per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;gal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.2628027777777779e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;imperial gallons per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp gal/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 7.5768166666666671e-5,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;imperial gallons per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;impgal/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00454609,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Imperial gallons per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km3/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic kilometre per annum&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic kilometer per annum&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic kilometres per annum&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic kilometers per annum&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 31.68808781402895,
	default  = &quot;cumi/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km3/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic kilometre per day&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic kilometer per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic kilometres per day&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic kilometers per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 11574.074074074075,
	default  = &quot;cuft/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;koilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand barrels per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kbbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0380033629933841e-6,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;koilbbl/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand barrels per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand barrels per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kbbl/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0018401307283333335,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;litre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;liter per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;litres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;liters per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 2.7777777777777776e-7,
	default  = &quot;impgal/h USgal/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;litre per minute&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;liter per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;litres per minute&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;liters per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.6666666666666667e-5,
	default  = &quot;impgal/min USgal/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;litre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;liter per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;litres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;liters per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;cuft/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per annum&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per annum&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per annum&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per annum&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 3.1688087814028947e-8,
	default  = &quot;cuft/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per day&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per day&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074073e-5,
	default  = &quot;cuft/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00027777777777777778,
	default  = &quot;cuft/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per minute&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per minute&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;cuft/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;cuft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Moilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million barrels per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mbbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0050380033629933837,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Moilbbl/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million barrels per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million barrels per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mbbl/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.8401307283333335,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0380033629933841e-9,
	default  = &quot;m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oilbbl/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;barrels per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bbl/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.8401307283333336e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Toilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;trillion barrels per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;trillion barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Tbbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 5038.0033629933832,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;U.S. gallon per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;U.S. gallons per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 4.3812636388888893e-8,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gallon per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gallons per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.0515032733333334e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;U.S. gallon per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;U.S. gallons per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 6.3090196400000003e-5,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1995246102365199e-10,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 4.3812636388888893e-8,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gallon per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gallons per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.0515032733333334e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 6.3090196400000003e-5,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. gallon per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;U.S. gallons per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;USgal/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.003785411784,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;US gallons per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3/h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gcuft/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e9cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gcuft/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e9cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcuft/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcuft/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcuft/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3cuft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcuft/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcuft/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcuft/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m³/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Tcuft/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e12cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Tcuft/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e12cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;u.s.gal/min&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;U.S.gal/min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgal/min&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal/min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-LTf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LTf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-STf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;STf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dyn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;dyne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dyn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00001,
	default  = &quot;gr-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00980665,
	default  = &quot;mN oz-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00980665,
	default  = &quot;mN ozf&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gr-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;grain-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grains-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gr&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0006354602307515,
	default  = &quot;μN&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;grf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;grain-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grains-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;grf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0006354602307515,
	default  = &quot;μN&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kdyn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilodyne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kdyn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01,
	default  = &quot;oz-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dyne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;N lb-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kgf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;N lbf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilopond&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;N lb-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/T-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/T&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/Tf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/Tf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 4.4482216152605,
	default  = &quot;N&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 4.4482216152605,
	default  = &quot;N&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb(f)&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 4.4482216152605,
	default  = &quot;N&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LT-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LT&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LTf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LTf&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mdyn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megadyne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mdyn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 10,
	default  = &quot;lb-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dyne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mdyn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millidyne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mdyn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000001,
	default  = &quot;gr-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dyne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mg-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milligram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;milligrams-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mg&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000980665,
	default  = &quot;μN gr-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mgf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milligram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;milligrams-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mgf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000980665,
	default  = &quot;μN grf&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megapond&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9806.65,
	default  = &quot;kN LT-f ST-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millipond&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000980665,
	default  = &quot;μN gr-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;newton&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;N&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Newton (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.2780138203095378125,
	default  = &quot;mN&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ozf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ozf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.2780138203095378125,
	default  = &quot;mN&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;p&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pond&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;p&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00980665,
	default  = &quot;mN oz-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pdl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;poundal&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pdl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.138254954376,
	default  = &quot;N&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;S/T-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;S/T&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;S/Tf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;S/Tf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ST-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ST&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;STf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;STf&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;t-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;tonnes-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9806.65,
	default  = &quot;kN LT-f ST-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Ton-force#Tonne-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;tonnes-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9806.65,
	default  = &quot;kN LTf STf&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Ton-force#Tonne-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dyne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;dyn&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;newtons&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;N&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;poundal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;pdl&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tonne-force&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;tf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;@impgal&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/km USgal/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/L&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;km&quot;, &quot;L&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/l&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;km&quot;, &quot;ll&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100 km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;L&quot;, &quot;100km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|L/100&amp;nbsp;km]]&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/100 km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;ll&quot;, &quot;100km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|l/100&amp;nbsp;km]]&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;L&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;ll&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/impqt&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;impqt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/U.S.qt&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;U.S.qt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/USqt&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;USqt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/usqt&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;usqt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgimp&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;@impgal&quot; },
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;imp&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/100 km+mpgus&quot;,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;[[Imperial units|imp]]&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgus&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;+USgal&quot; },
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;US&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/100 km+mpgimp&quot;,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;[[United States customary units|US]]&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;*U.S.gal&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	sp_us    = true,
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/km impgal/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgal/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;+USgal&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/km impgal/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100km&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L/100 km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/100km&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;l/100 km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpg&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{mpgus%} for miles per US gallon or %{mpgimp%} for miles per imperial gallon (not %{mpg%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgU.S.&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mpgus&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;U.S.&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgu.s.&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mpgus&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;U.S.&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgUS&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/mi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;usgal/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kPa/m&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kPa&quot;, &quot;-m-frac&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fracture gradient&quot;,
	default  = &quot;psi/ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;psi/ft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;psi&quot;, &quot;-ft-frac&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fracture gradient&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kPa/m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;centimetre per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;centimeter per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centimetres per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;centimeters per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cm/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00001,
	default  = &quot;ft/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00018939393939393939,
	default  = &quot;v &lt; 5.28 ! c ! ! m/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft/nmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per nautical mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet per nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00016457883369330455,
	default  = &quot;v &lt; 6.076 ! c ! ! m/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.083333333333333329,
	default  = &quot;mm/m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 1.5782828282828283e-5,
	default  = &quot;v &lt; 0.6336 ! m ! c ! m/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metres per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meters per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;ft/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mm/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimetre per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millimeter per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimetres per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;millimeters per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mm/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000001,
	default  = &quot;in/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mm/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimetre per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millimeter per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimetres per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;millimeters per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mm/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;in/ft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;admi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;admiralty mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;nmi&amp;nbsp;(admiralty)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.184,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;AU&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;astronomical unit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;AU&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 149597870700,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Brnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;(Brit)&amp;nbsp;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.184,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bu&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;bu&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bu&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0030303030303030303,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Japanese units of measurement#Length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ch&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;chain&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ch&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 20.1168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;ft&quot;] = { 66, default = &quot;m&quot; }, [&quot;yd&quot;] = { 22, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Chain (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;chlk&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;[[Chain (unit)|chain]]&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;[[Chain (unit)|ch]]&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 20.1168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;chain&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;chain&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 20.1168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;ft&quot;] = { 66, default = &quot;m&quot; }, [&quot;yd&quot;] = { 22, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Chain (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;chainlk&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;[[Chain (unit)|chain]]&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 20.1168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dpcm&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;dot/cm&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dot/cm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;dpi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dots per inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dpi&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;DPI&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;DPI&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 39.370078740157481,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;pitch&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dots per inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;fathom&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;fathom&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1.8288,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3048,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;in&quot;] = { 12, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Foot (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3048,
	exception= &quot;integer_more_precision&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;in&quot;] = { 12, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Foot (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;furlong&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;furlong&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 201.168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gly&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigalight-year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gly&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 9.4607304725808e24,
	default  = &quot;Mpc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Light-year#Definitions&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gpc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigaparsec&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gpc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.0856775814671916e25,
	default  = &quot;Gly&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hand&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hand&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	builtin  = &quot;hand&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1016,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;in cm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hand (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;අඟල්&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0254,
	exception= &quot;subunit_more_precision&quot;,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inabbreviated&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;in&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0254,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kly&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilolight-year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kly&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 9.4607304725808e18,
	default  = &quot;pc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Light-year#Definitions&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kpc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloparsec&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kpc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.0856775814671916e19,
	default  = &quot;kly&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LD&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;lunar distance&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LD&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 384403000,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Lunar distance (astronomy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;league&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;league&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 4828.032,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;League (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ly&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;light-year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ly&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 9.4607304725808e15,
	default  = &quot;AU&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;මීටර&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;meter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;v &gt; 0 and v &lt; 3 ! ftin ! ft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1609.344,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;ch&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;chlk&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;chain&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;chainlk&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;ft&quot;] = { 5280, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;furlong&quot;] = { 8, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;yd&quot;] = { 1760, default = &quot;km&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;mil&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;mil&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000254,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Thousandth of an inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mly&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megalight-year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mly&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 9.4607304725808e21,
	default  = &quot;kpc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Light-year#Definitions&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mpc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megaparsec&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mpc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.0856775814671916e22,
	default  = &quot;Mly&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;NM&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;NM&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1852,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;nmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1852,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oldUKnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.184,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oldUSnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.24496,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;parsec&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.0856775814671916e16,
	default  = &quot;ly&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;perch&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;perches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;perch&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0292,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rod (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pitch&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;μm&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;dpi&quot;,
	defkey   = &quot;pitch&quot;,
	linkey   = &quot;pitch&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dots per inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pole&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;pole&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0292,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rod (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pre1954U.S.nmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;(pre-1954&amp;nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;(pre&amp;#8209;1954&amp;nbsp;U.S.) nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.24496,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pre1954USnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;(pre-1954&amp;nbsp;US) nautical mile&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;(pre-1954&amp;nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;(pre&amp;#8209;1954&amp;nbsp;US) nmi&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;(pre&amp;#8209;1954&amp;nbsp;U.S.) nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.24496,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;rod&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;rd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0292,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rod (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;royal cubit&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;royal cubit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.524,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rtkm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;route kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;route kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilometre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rtmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;route mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1609.344,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;shaku&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;shaku&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;shaku&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.30303030303030304,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Shaku (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;smoot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1.70180,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Smoot (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;smi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;statute mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1609.344,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;chain&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;solar radius&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;solar radius&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;solar radii&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''R''&lt;sub&gt;☉&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 695700e3,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sun&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;sun&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sun&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.030303030303030304,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Japanese units of measurement#Length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thou&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;thou&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;thou&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000254,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Thousandth of an inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;verst&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;verst&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1066.8,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.9144,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;ft&quot;] = { 3, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;μin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;microinch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;microinches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μin&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000000254,
	default  = &quot;nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;SI prefix#Non-metric units&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Å&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ångström&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Å&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000000001,
	default  = &quot;in&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Hz&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;hertz&quot;,
	_name2   = &quot;hertz&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Hz&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.3356409519815204e-9,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hertz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rpm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;revolution per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;revolutions per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;rpm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 5.5594015866358675e-11,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;Hz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Revolutions per minute&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-ft-frac&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fracture gradient&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-in-stiff&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Stiffness&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-m-frac&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fracture gradient&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-m-stiff&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Stiffness&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;100km&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km&quot;,
	multiplier= 100,
    },
    [&quot;100mi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	multiplier= 100,
    },
    [&quot;100miles&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;miles&quot;,
	multiplier= 100,
    },
    [&quot;admiralty nmi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;oldUKnmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;angstrom&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Å&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;au&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;AU&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;au&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;feet&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hands&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hand&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inch&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inches&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;light-year&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ly&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;meter&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;meters&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;metre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;metres&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;micrometre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;micron&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μm&quot;,
	default  = &quot;μin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mile&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
    },
    [&quot;miles&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
    },
    [&quot;parsec&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;pc&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rod&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;rd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;smoot&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uin&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yard&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;yd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yards&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;yd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yds&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;yd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dtex&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;decitex&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;decitex&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dtex&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-7,
	default  = &quot;lb/yd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Units of textile measurement#Units&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/cm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/cm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	default  = &quot;lb/yd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Linear density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb/yd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Linear density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 1.4881639435695539,
	default  = &quot;kg/m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Linear density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/yd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per yard&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 0.49605464785651798,
	default  = &quot;kg/m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Linear density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;G&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;gauss&quot;,
	_name2   = &quot;gauss&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;G&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetic field strength&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;T&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gauss (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;T&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;tesla&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;T&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetic field strength&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;G&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tesla (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;A/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ampere per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;ampere per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;amperes per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;amperes per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;A/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetizing field&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;Oe&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kA/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloampere per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kiloampere per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kiloamperes per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kiloamperes per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kA/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetizing field&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;kOe&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Ampere per metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MA/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megaampere per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;megaampere per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megaamperes per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;megaamperes per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MA/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetizing field&quot;,
	scale    = 1e6,
	default  = &quot;kOe&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Ampere per metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Oe&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;oersted&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Oe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetizing field&quot;,
	scale    = 79.5774715,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;kA/m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Oersted&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-Lcwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 50.80234544,
	default  = &quot;lb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-Scwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 45.359237,
	default  = &quot;lb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-ST&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ST&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 907.18474,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;carat&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;carat&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0002,
	default  = &quot;g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Carat (mass)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;drachm&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;dram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;drachm&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001771845195,
	default  = &quot;g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dram (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dram&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;drachm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pennyweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00155517384,
	default  = &quot;oz g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;DWton&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;deadweight ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1016.0469088,
	default  = &quot;DWtonne&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Deadweight tonnage&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;DWtonne&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;deadweight metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;deadweight tonne&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;~deadweight metric ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;DWton&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Deadweight tonnage&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;gram&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;oz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gram&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;grain&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00006479891,
	default  = &quot;g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grain (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigatonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000000000000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgalh2o&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon of water&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;imperial gallons of water&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;gal H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4.5359236999999499,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Imperial gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilotonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.45359237,
	exception= &quot;integer_more_precision&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;oz&quot;] = { 16, default = &quot;kg&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Pound (mass)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Lcwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Lcwt&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 50.80234544,
	default  = &quot;lb&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;qtr&quot;] = { 4, default = &quot;kg&quot; }, [&quot;st&quot;] = { 8, default = &quot;kg&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Hundredweight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long cwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;long&amp;nbsp;cwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 50.80234544,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;qtr&quot;] = { 4, default = &quot;kg&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Hundredweight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long qtr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long quarter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;long&amp;nbsp;qtr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 12.70058636,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LT&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;long ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1016.0469088,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;Lcwt&quot;] = { 20, default = &quot;t&quot;, unit = &quot;-Lcwt&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;lt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LT&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1016.0469088,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;Lcwt&quot;] = { 20, default = &quot;t&quot;, unit = &quot;-Lcwt&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;metric ton&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;metric ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;long ton&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megatonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000000000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.028349523125,
	default  = &quot;g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ozt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;troy ounce&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ozt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0311034768,
	default  = &quot;oz g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pdr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pounder&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pdr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.45359237,
	default  = &quot;kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (mass)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;qtr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;quarter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;qtr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 12.70058636,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;lb&quot;] = { 28, default = &quot;kg&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Long quarter&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Scwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Scwt&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 45.359237,
	default  = &quot;lb&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hundredweight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short cwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;short&amp;nbsp;cwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 45.359237,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hundredweight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short qtr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short quarter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;short&amp;nbsp;qtr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 11.33980925,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ST&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;short ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 907.18474,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;Scwt&quot;] = { 20, default = &quot;t&quot;, unit = &quot;-Scwt&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;shtn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sh&amp;nbsp;tn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 907.18474,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;shton&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 907.18474,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;solar mass&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;solar mass&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;solar masses&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''M''&lt;sub&gt;☉&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1.98855e30,
	default  = &quot;kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;st&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;stone&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;stone&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;st&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 6.35029318,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;lb&quot;] = { 14, default = &quot;kg lb&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Stone (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;t&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tonne&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;shton&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;troy pound&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;troy pound&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3732417216,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Troy weight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgalh2o&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon of water&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. gallon of water&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons of water&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;U.S. gallons of water&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 3.7776215836051126,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;United States customary units#Fluid volume&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;viss&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;viss&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;viss&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1.632932532,
	default  = &quot;kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Myanmar units of measurement#Mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;billion tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e9t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;grain&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;gr&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kilogram&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kilotonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbs&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;troy pound&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lcwt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Lcwt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long ton&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;LT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcg&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;scwt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Scwt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short ton&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ST&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;stone&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;st&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thousand tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tonnes&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/kW&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per kilowatt&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per kilowatt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/kW&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass per unit power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb/hp&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/hp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass per unit power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00060827738784176115,
	default  = &quot;kg/kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/h&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kg&quot;, &quot;h&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass per unit time&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/h&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;h&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass per unit time&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074073e-5,
	default  = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00027777777777777778,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;g-mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074073e-5,
	default  = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00027777777777777778,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;gmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbmol/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilomoles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.011574074074074073,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilomoles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.27777777777777779,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilomoles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 16.666666666666668,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilomole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilomoles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0052499116898148141,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.12599788055555555,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 7.5598728333333334,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 453.59237,
	default  = &quot;kmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0052499116898148141,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.12599788055555555,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 7.5598728333333334,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 453.59237,
	default  = &quot;kmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimoles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074073e-5,
	default  = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00027777777777777778,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;micromole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;micromoles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000001,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;umol/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/acre&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per acre&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per acre&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/acre&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00024710538146716532,
	default  = &quot;/ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/ha&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per hectare&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 100e-6,
	default  = &quot;/acre&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hectare&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/sqcm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per square centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;per square centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per square centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;per square centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 1e4,
	default  = &quot;/sqin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square centimetre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/sqin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/in&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 1550.0031000062002,
	default  = &quot;/sqcm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/sqkm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per square kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;per square kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per square kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;per square kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;/sqmi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;වර්ග කිලෝමීටර&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/sqmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per square mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per square mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/sq&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 3.8610215854244582e-7,
	default  = &quot;/sqkm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/acre&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inhabitant per acre&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inhabitants per acre&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/acre&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00024710538146716532,
	default  = &quot;PD/ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/ha&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inhabitant per hectare&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inhabitants per hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 100e-6,
	default  = &quot;PD/acre&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hectare&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/sqkm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inhabitant per square kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;inhabitant per square kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inhabitants per square kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;inhabitants per square kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;PD/sqmi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square kilometre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/sqmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inhabitant per square mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inhabitants per square mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/sq&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 3.8610215854244582e-7,
	default  = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/cm2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;/sqcm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/in2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;/sqin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/km2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/acre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/ha&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/ha&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/km2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/km2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/km²&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/sqkm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/sqmi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/l&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/l&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;/usgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Litre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;/usgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Litre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/USgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 264.172052,
	default  = &quot;/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;US gallon&quot;,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;/usgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;/USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bhp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;brake horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;brake horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bhp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 745.69987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Brake horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;large calorie per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;large calories per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.048425925925925928,
	default  = &quot;kJ/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;large calorie per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;large calories per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1622222222222223,
	default  = &quot;kJ/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0011622222222222223,
	default  = &quot;W&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;CV&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;CV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 735.49875,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hk&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hk&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 735.49875,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 745.69987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp-electric&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;electric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;electric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 746,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Electrical horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp-electrical&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;electrical horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;electrical horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 746,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Electrical horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp-metric&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 735.49875,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ihp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;indicated horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;indicated horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ihp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 745.69987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Indicated horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1622222222222223,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilojoule per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilojoules per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kJ/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.011574074074074073,
	default  = &quot;Cal/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilojoule&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilojoule per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilojoules per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kJ/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.27777777777777779,
	default  = &quot;W&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilojoule&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PS&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;PS&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 735.49875,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;shp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;shaft horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;shaft horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;shp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 745.69987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Shaft horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;W&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;watt&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;W&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;hp&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Watt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU/h&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;BTU&quot;, &quot;h&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	default  = &quot;W&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu/h&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Btu&quot;, &quot;h&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	default  = &quot;W&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BHP&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;bhp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;btu/h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;BTU/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;HP&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Hp&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp-mechanical&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;IHP&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ihp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;SHP&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;shp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;whp&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/lb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower per pound&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower per pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1643.986806,
	default  = &quot;kW/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/LT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower per long ton&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower per long ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/LT&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.73392268125000004,
	default  = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/ST&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower per short ton&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower per short ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/ST&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.821993403,
	default  = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/t&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower per tonne&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.74569987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW/kg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt per kilogram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilowatts per kilogram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;hp/lb&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW/t&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt per tonne&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilowatts per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;PS/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PS/t&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower per tonne&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;PS/t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.73549875,
	default  = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;shp/lb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;shaft horsepower per pound&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;shaft horsepower per pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;shp/lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1643.986806,
	default  = &quot;kW/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp/t&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/tonne&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kW/tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW/tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW/tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-lb/in2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/in&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 6894.7572931683608,
	default  = &quot;kPa kgf/cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;atm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;standard atmosphere&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;atm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 101325,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Atmosphere (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Ba&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barye&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ba&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1,
	default  = &quot;Pa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bar&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;bar&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 100000,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bar (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dbar&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;decibar&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dbar&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 10000,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bar (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inHg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch of mercury&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches of mercury&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;inHg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 3386.388640341,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kBa&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilobarye&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kBa&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	default  = &quot;hPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barye&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-f/cm2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram-force per square centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram-force per square centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms-force per square centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms-force per square centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 98066.5,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/cm2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per square centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per square centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per square centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per square centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 98066.5,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgf/cm2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram-force per square centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram-force per square centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms-force per square centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms-force per square centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kgf/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 98066.5,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ksi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilopound per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilopounds per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ksi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 6894757.2931683613,
	default  = &quot;MPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound per square inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf/in2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-force per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds-force per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbf/in&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 6894.7572931683608,
	default  = &quot;kPa kgf/cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millibar&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	default  = &quot;hPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bar (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mbar&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millibar&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mbar&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	default  = &quot;hPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bar (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mmHg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimetre of mercury&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millimeter of mercury&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimetres of mercury&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;millimeters of mercury&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mmHg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 133.322387415,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Pa&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;pascal&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Pa&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pascal (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;psf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per square foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per square foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;psf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 47.880258980335839,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound per square inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;psi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;psi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 6894.7572931683608,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Torr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;torr&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Torr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 133.32236842105263,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N/cm2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;N&quot;, &quot;cm2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N/m2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;N&quot;, &quot;m2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/cm2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;g&quot;, &quot;cm2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/sqft&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;g/m2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;g&quot;, &quot;m2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/sqft&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;kg/ha&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kg&quot;, &quot;ha&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/acre&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;kg/m2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kg&quot;, &quot;m2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/sqft&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;lb/1000sqft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;1000sqft&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;g/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;lb/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg/ha&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;lb/sqft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;sqft&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;lb/sqyd&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;sqyd&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;LT/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;LT&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;t/ha&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;MT/ha&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;MT&quot;, &quot;ha&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;LT/acre ST/acre&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;oz/sqft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;sqft&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;g/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;oz/sqyd&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;sqyd&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;g/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;ST/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;ST&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;t/ha&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;t/ha&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;t&quot;, &quot;ha&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;LT/acre ST/acre&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;tonne/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;tonne&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;tonne/ha&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;tonne/ha&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;tonne&quot;, &quot;ha&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;tonne/acre&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;kgfpsqcm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kgf/cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgpsqcm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kg/cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN/m2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/in2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lbf/in2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;torr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Torr&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Bq&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;becquerel&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Bq&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;radioactivity&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;pCi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Becquerel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Ci&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;curie&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Ci&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;radioactivity&quot;,
	scale    = 3.7e10,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;GBq&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Curie (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Rd&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;rutherford&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Rd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;radioactivity&quot;,
	scale    = 1e6,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;MBq&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rutherford (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;centimetre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;centimeter per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centimetres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;centimeters per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cm/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 2.7777777777777775e-6,
	default  = &quot;in/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;centimetre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;centimeter per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centimetres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;centimeters per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cm/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01,
	default  = &quot;in/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;centimetre per year&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;centimeter per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centimetres per year&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;centimeters per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cm/year&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 3.168873850681143e-10,
	default  = &quot;in/year&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Orders of magnitude (speed)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foot/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;foot per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3048,
	default  = &quot;m/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00508,
	default  = &quot;m/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Feet per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3048,
	default  = &quot;m/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Feet per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;furlong per fortnight&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;furlongs per fortnight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;furlong per fortnight&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00016630952380952381,
	default  = &quot;km/h mph&quot;,
	link     = &quot;FFF system&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 7.0555555555555559e-6,
	default  = &quot;cm/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0254,
	default  = &quot;cm/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/year&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 8.0489395807301024e-10,
	default  = &quot;cm/year&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Orders of magnitude (speed)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;isp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;km/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific impulse&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilometre per day&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilometer per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilometres per day&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilometers per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074074e-2,
	default  = &quot;mi/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Orders of magnitude (speed)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilometre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilometer per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilometres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilometers per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.27777777777777779,
	default  = &quot;mph&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilometres per hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilometre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilometer per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilometres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilometers per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;mi/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;knot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.51444444444444448,
	default  = &quot;km/h mph&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Knot (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kNs/kg&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kN&amp;#8209;s/kg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kN&amp;#8209;s/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;isp&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific impulse&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre per minute&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metres per minute&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meters per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;ft/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meters per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;ft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mach&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;Mach&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mach&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	builtin  = &quot;mach&quot;,
	scale    = 0,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/h mph&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mach number&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;miles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1.8626666666666667e-2,
	default  = &quot;km/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Orders of magnitude (speed)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;miles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1609.344,
	default  = &quot;km/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mm/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimetre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millimeter per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimetres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;millimeters per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mm/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 2.7777777777777781e-7,
	default  = &quot;in/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mph&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;miles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mph&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.44704,
	default  = &quot;km/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Miles per hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Ns/kg&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;N&amp;#8209;s/kg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;N&amp;#8209;s/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;isp&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific impulse&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;si tsfc&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;g/(kN⋅s)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/(kN⋅s)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 9.9999628621379242e-7,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;tsfc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Thrust specific fuel consumption&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tsfc&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;lb/(lbf⋅h)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/(lbf⋅h)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 2.832545036049801e-5,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;si tsfc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Thrust specific fuel consumption&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/y&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cm/year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/yr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cm/year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/y&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in/year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/yr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in/year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;knot&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kn&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;knots&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kn&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kph&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mph&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mm/s&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mm&quot;, &quot;s&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	default  = &quot;in/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;C&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Celsius&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Celsius&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°C&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	offset   = -273.15,
	iscomplex= true,
	istemperature= true,
	default  = &quot;F&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Celsius&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Fahrenheit&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Fahrenheit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°F&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 0.55555555555555558,
	offset   = 32-273.15*(9/5),
	iscomplex= true,
	istemperature= true,
	default  = &quot;C&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fahrenheit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;K&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;kelvin&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;K&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	offset   = 0,
	iscomplex= true,
	istemperature= true,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;C F&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kelvin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;keVT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloelectronvolt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;keV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 11.604505e6,
	offset   = 0,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;MK&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;R&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Rankine&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Rankine&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°R&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 0.55555555555555558,
	offset   = 0,
	iscomplex= true,
	istemperature= true,
	default  = &quot;K F C&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rankine scale&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Celsius&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;C&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°C&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;C&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°F&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;F&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°R&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;R&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;C-change&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Celsius change&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Celsius change&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°C&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature change&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;F-change&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Celsius&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;F-change&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Fahrenheit change&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Fahrenheit change&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°F&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature change&quot;,
	scale    = 0.55555555555555558,
	default  = &quot;C-change&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fahrenheit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;K-change&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kelvin change&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kelvins change&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;K&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature change&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;F-change&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kelvin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°C-change&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;C-change&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°F-change&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;F-change&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;century&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;century&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centuries&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 3155760000,
	default  = &quot;Gs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 86400,
	default  = &quot;ks&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;decade&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;decade&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;daa&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 315576000,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dog year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;dog year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dog yr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 220903200,
	default  = &quot;years&quot;,
	link     = &quot;List of unusual units of measurement#Dog year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;fortnight&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;fortnight&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 1209600,
	default  = &quot;week&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 3600,
	default  = &quot;ks&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long billion year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ta&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000000,
	default  = &quot;Es&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;millennium&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millennium&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millennia&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ka&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000,
	default  = &quot;Gs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;milliard year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milliard years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;milliard years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ga&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000,
	default  = &quot;Ps&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ma&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000,
	default  = &quot;Ts&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 60,
	default  = &quot;s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;month&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;month&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 2629800,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;months&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;month&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mo&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 2629800,
	default  = &quot;year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;s&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;second&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;v &lt; 7200 ! min ! h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short billion year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ga&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000,
	default  = &quot;Ps&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short trillion year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;trillion years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;trillion years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ta&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000000,
	default  = &quot;Es&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thousand million year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand million years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand million years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ga&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000,
	default  = &quot;Ps&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;wk&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;week&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 604800,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;years&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;yr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;byr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;short billion year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;day&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;days&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dog yr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;dog year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hour&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hours&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kMyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;millennium&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long byr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;long billion year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;minute&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;minutes&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mth&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;month&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Myr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;myr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sec&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;second&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;seconds&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tmyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tryr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;short trillion year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;millennium&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;week&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;wk&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;weeks&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;wk&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg.m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgf.m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram force-metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram force-meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kgf⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kpm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilopond metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilopond meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kp⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-fft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound force-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound force-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅lb&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;Nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb.ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound force-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound force-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;Nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb.in&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound force-inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb⋅in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1129848290276167,
	default  = &quot;mN.m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbfft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound force-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound force-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbf⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;Nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;Nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m.kg-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre kilogram-force&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter kilogram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metre kilograms-force&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meter kilograms-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m⋅kg&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m.kgf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre kilogram-force&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter kilogram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metre kilograms-force&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meter kilograms-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m⋅kgf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mN.m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millinewton-metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millinewton-meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mN⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb.in&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Newton-metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Nm&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;newton-metre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;newton-meter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;N⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Newton-metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN/m&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-m-stiff&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lbf/in&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf/in&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lbf&quot;, &quot;-in-stiff&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kN/m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-f.ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb-fft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf.ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lbfft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf·ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lbfft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb·ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb.ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mkg-f&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m.kg-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mkgf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m.kgf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N.m&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Nm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N·m&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Nm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ton-mile&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;ton-mile&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;transportation&quot;,
	scale    = 1.4599723182105602,
	default  = &quot;tkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tkm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne-kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;tonne-kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tkm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;transportation&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;ton-mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-12USoz(mL)serve&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;mL) serving&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;US&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;mL) serving&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;mL) serving&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00035488235475000004,
	default  = &quot;mL&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Beverage can#Standard sizes&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-12USoz(ml)serve&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;ml) serving&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;US&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;ml) serving&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;ml) serving&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00035488235475000004,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Beverage can#Standard sizes&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-12USozserve&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz serving&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;US&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz serving&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz serving&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00035488235475000004,
	default  = &quot;mL&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Beverage can#Standard sizes&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre-foot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;acre⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1233.48183754752,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre-ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;acre-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;acre⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1233.48183754752,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;AUtbsp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Australian tablespoon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;AU&amp;nbsp;tbsp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000020,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Bcuft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion cubic feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;billion cu&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 28316846.592,
	default  = &quot;Gl&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bdft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;board foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;board feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bd&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0023597372167,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;board feet&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;board feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;board foot&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0023597372167,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;board foot&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;board foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;board foot&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0023597372167,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000001,
	default  = &quot;cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;CID&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic inches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000016387064,
	default  = &quot;cc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic inch#Engine displacement&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cord&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;cord&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 3.624556363776,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cord (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cufoot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.028316846592,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.028316846592,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic inches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000016387064,
	default  = &quot;cm3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cumi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 4168181825.440579584,
	default  = &quot;km3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuyd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.764554857984,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;firkin&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;firkin&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.04091481,
	default  = &quot;L impgal USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Firkin (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foot3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cufoot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Goilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158987294.928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gr water&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;grains water&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grains water&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gr H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000006479891,
	default  = &quot;cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grain (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;grt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gross register ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;grt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 2.8316846592,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gross register tonnage&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.16365924,
	default  = &quot;L impgal USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impbsh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;bsh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.03636872,
	default  = &quot;L impgal USdrygal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impbu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;bu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.03636872,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00454609,
	default  = &quot;L USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gill&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001420653125,
	default  = &quot;ml USoz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gill (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impkenning&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial kenning&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kenning&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01818436,
	default  = &quot;L USdrygal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kenning (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impoz&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial fluid ounce&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000284130625,
	default  = &quot;ml USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;imppk&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial peck&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pk&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00909218,
	default  = &quot;L USdrygal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Peck&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;imppt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial pint&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00056826125,
	default  = &quot;L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impqt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial quart&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0011365225,
	default  = &quot;ml USoz&quot;,
	customary= 3,
    },
    [&quot;kilderkin&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;kilderkin&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.08182962,
	default  = &quot;L impgal USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;koilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158.987294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! ! e3 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;litre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;liter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;impgal USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Litre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;litre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;liter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;l&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;impgal USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Litre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ll&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;l&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;impgal USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;cubic metre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;cubic meter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	prefix_position= 7,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 3,
	default  = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158.987294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MMoilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MMbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158987.294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Moilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158987.294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MTON&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;measurement ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MTON&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1.13267386368,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MUSgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million US gallons&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;million U.S. gallons&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million US gallons&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;million U.S. gallons&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;million US&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;million U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 3785.411784,
	default  = &quot;Ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;US gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.158987294928,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;stere&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;stere&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Toilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;trillion barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;trillion barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Tbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158987294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US barrel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.119240471196,
	default  = &quot;L USgal impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbeerbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US beer barrel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. beer barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.117347765304,
	default  = &quot;L USgal impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbsh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US bushel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;bsh&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;bsh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.03523907016688,
	default  = &quot;L USdrygal impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bushel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US bushel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;bu&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;bu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.03523907016688,
	default  = &quot;L USdrygal impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bushel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USdrybbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US dry barrel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. dry barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.11562819898508,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USdrygal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US dry gallon&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. dry gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00440488377086,
	default  = &quot;L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USdrypt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US dry pint&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. dry pint&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0005506104713575,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pint&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USdryqt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US dry quart&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. dry quart&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001101220942715,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Quart&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USflgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US fl gal&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.003785411784,
	default  = &quot;L impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.003785411784,
	default  = &quot;L impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gill&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001182941183,
	default  = &quot;ml impoz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gill (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USkenning&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US kenning&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. kenning&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;kenning&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;kenning&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01761953508344,
	default  = &quot;L impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kenning (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USmin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US minim&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. minim&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;min&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000000061611519921875,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Minim (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USoz&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US fluid ounce&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. fluid ounce&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000295735295625,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USpk&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US peck&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. peck&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;pk&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;pk&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00880976754172,
	default  = &quot;L impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Peck&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USpt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US pint&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. pint&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000473176473,
	default  = &quot;L imppt&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pint&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USqt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US quart&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. quart&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000946352946,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Quart&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;USquart&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US quart&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. quart&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000946352946,
	default  = &quot;ml impoz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Quart&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;UStbsp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US tablespoon&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. tablespoon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;tbsp&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;tbsp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1.4786764781250001e-5,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;winecase&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;case&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.009,
	default  = &quot;L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Case (goods)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;*U.S.drygal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrygal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;*U.S.gal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;+USdrygal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrygal&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;+usfloz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fluid ounce&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;+USgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;+USoz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;@impgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
	customary= 3,
    },
    [&quot;acre feet&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre foot&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre-feet&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre.foot&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre.ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre·ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bushels&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbsh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cid&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;CID&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gallon&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallon%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gallons&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallons%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e9cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impfloz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;impoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Impgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hm³&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hm3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcum&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km³&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;liter&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;liters&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;litre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;litres&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcum&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mft3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cumi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m³&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Pcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e15cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pt&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{USpt%} for US pints or %{imppt%} for imperial pints (not %{pt%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;qt&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{USqt%} for US quarts or %{impqt%} for imperial quarts (not %{qt%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Tcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e12cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Tft3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e12cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.bbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbbl&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L U.S.gal impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.beerbbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbeerbbl&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L U.S.gal impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.bsh&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbsh&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L U.S.drygal impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.bu&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbu&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L U.S.drygal impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.drybbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrybbl&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.drygal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrygal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.drypt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrypt&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.dryqt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdryqt&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.flgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USflgal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.floz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	link     = &quot;U.S. gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;u.s.gal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	link     = &quot;U.S. gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgi&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.kenning&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USkenning&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.oz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.pk&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USpk&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.pt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USpt&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.qt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USqt&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L impqt&quot;,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;usbbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbbl&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usbeerbbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbeerbbl&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usbsh&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbsh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usbu&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbu&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usdrybbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrybbl&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usdrygal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrygal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usdrypt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrypt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usdryqt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdryqt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USfloz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usfloz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USGAL&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uskenning&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USkenning&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usoz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uspk&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USpk&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uspt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USpt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usqt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USqt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yd3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuyd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/sqmi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;cuft&quot;, &quot;sqmi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m3/km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/ha&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per hectare&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per hectare&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per hectare&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001,
	default  = &quot;USbu/acre&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hectare&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/km2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;m3&quot;, &quot;km2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	default  = &quot;cuft/sqmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;U.S.gal&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m3/km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbu/acre&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;US bushels per acre&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US bushel per acre&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 8.7077638761350888e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bushel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;USgal&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m3/km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuyd/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;cuyd&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m3/km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;m3&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;cuyd/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mich&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;ch&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 80 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;michlk&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;chlk&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 80 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;michainlk&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;chainlk&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 80 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;miyd&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;yd&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 1760 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;miydftin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;ft&quot;, &quot;yd&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 12, 3, 1760 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mift&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;ft&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 5280 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ydftin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;ft&quot;, &quot;yd&quot; },
	multiple = { 12, 3 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ydft&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;ft&quot;, &quot;yd&quot; },
	multiple = { 3 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;ft&quot; },
	multiple = { 12 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;footin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;foot&quot; },
	multiple = { 12 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;handin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;hand&quot; },
	multiple = { 4 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lboz&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;lb&quot; },
	multiple = { 16 },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;stlb&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;st&quot; },
	multiple = { 14 },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;stlboz&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;st&quot; },
	multiple = { 16, 14 },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;st and lb&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;st&quot; },
	multiple = { 14 },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GN LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;GN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GN LTf STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;GN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GN STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;GN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GN STf LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;GN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN LTf STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN STf LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LTf STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;-LTf&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MN LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;MN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MN LTf STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;MN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MN STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;MN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MN STf LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;MN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;STf LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;-STf&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100 km mpgimp&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;L/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgimp&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/100 km mpgimp&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;l/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgimp&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100 km mpgUS&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;L/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgus&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100 km mpgus&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;L/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgus&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/100 km mpgus&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;l/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgus&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgimp L/100 km&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;mpgimp&quot;, &quot;L/100 km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LT ST t&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;lt&quot;, &quot;-ST&quot;, &quot;t&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LT t ST&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;lt&quot;, &quot;t&quot;, &quot;-ST&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ST LT t&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;-ST&quot;, &quot;lt&quot;, &quot;t&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ST t LT&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;-ST&quot;, &quot;t&quot;, &quot;lt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;t LT ST&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;t&quot;, &quot;lt&quot;, &quot;-ST&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ton&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;LT&quot;, &quot;ST&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kPa kg/cm2&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kPa&quot;, &quot;kgf/cm2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kPa lb/in2&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kPa&quot;, &quot;-lb/in2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;floz&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;impoz&quot;, &quot;USoz&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
    },
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running --
-- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above).   --
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
local default_exceptions = {
	-- Prefixed units with a default different from that of the base unit.
	-- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (unitcode for engineering notation).
	[&quot;cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;sqin&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;sqin&quot;,
	[&quot;e3acre&quot;] = &quot;km2&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m2&quot;] = &quot;e6sqft&quot;,
	[&quot;e6acre&quot;] = &quot;km2&quot;,
	[&quot;e6ha&quot;] = &quot;e6acre&quot;,
	[&quot;e6km2&quot;] = &quot;e6sqmi&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m2&quot;] = &quot;e6sqft&quot;,
	[&quot;e6sqft&quot;] = &quot;v * 9.290304 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m2&quot;,
	[&quot;e6sqmi&quot;] = &quot;e6km2&quot;,
	[&quot;hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;acre&quot;,
	[&quot;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;sqmi&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;sqin&quot;,
	[&quot;aJ&quot;] = &quot;eV&quot;,
	[&quot;e3BTU&quot;] = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	[&quot;e6BTU&quot;] = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	[&quot;EJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;fJ&quot;] = &quot;keV&quot;,
	[&quot;GJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;MJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;PJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;pJ&quot;] = &quot;MeV&quot;,
	[&quot;TJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;YJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;yJ&quot;] = &quot;μeV&quot;,
	[&quot;ZJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;zJ&quot;] = &quot;meV&quot;,
	[&quot;e12cuft/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e12cuft/d&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e12m3/a&quot;] = &quot;Tcuft/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e12m3/d&quot;] = &quot;Tcuft/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e3cuft/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e3cuft/d&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e3cuft/s&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m3/a&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m3/d&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m3/s&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e3USgal/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! ! e3 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuft/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuft/d&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuft/s&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m3/a&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m3/d&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m3/s&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! e6 ! e9 ! cuft/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e6USgal/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e9cuft/a&quot;] = &quot;m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e9cuft/d&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e9m3/a&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e9m3/d&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e9m3/s&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! e9 ! e12 ! cuft/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e9USgal/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e9USgal/s&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/s&quot;,
	[&quot;nN&quot;] = &quot;gr-f&quot;,
	[&quot;μN&quot;] = &quot;gr-f&quot;,
	[&quot;mN&quot;] = &quot;oz-f&quot;,
	[&quot;am&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;dam&quot;] = &quot;ft&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;e12km&quot;] = &quot;e12mi&quot;,
	[&quot;e12mi&quot;] = &quot;e12km&quot;,
	[&quot;e3AU&quot;] = &quot;ly&quot;,
	[&quot;e3km&quot;] = &quot;e3mi&quot;,
	[&quot;e3mi&quot;] = &quot;e3km&quot;,
	[&quot;e6km&quot;] = &quot;e6mi&quot;,
	[&quot;e6mi&quot;] = &quot;e6km&quot;,
	[&quot;e9km&quot;] = &quot;AU&quot;,
	[&quot;e9mi&quot;] = &quot;e9km&quot;,
	[&quot;Em&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;fm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Gm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;hm&quot;] = &quot;ft&quot;,
	[&quot;km&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Mm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;nm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Pm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;pm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Tm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;Ym&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;ym&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Zm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;zm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;μm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;e12lb&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.5359237 &lt; 10 ! Mt ! Gt&quot;,
	[&quot;e3lb&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.5359237 &lt; 10 ! kg ! t&quot;,
	[&quot;e3ozt&quot;] = &quot;v * 0.311034768 &lt; 10 ! kg ! t&quot;,
	[&quot;e3t&quot;] = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	[&quot;e6carat&quot;] = &quot;t&quot;,
	[&quot;e6lb&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.5359237 &lt; 10 ! t ! kilotonne&quot;,
	[&quot;e6ozt&quot;] = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	[&quot;e6ST&quot;] = &quot;Mt&quot;,
	[&quot;e6t&quot;] = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	[&quot;e9lb&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.5359237 &lt; 10 ! kilotonne ! Mt&quot;,
	[&quot;e9t&quot;] = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	[&quot;Gg&quot;] = &quot;lb&quot;,
	[&quot;kg&quot;] = &quot;lb&quot;,
	[&quot;mg&quot;] = &quot;gr&quot;,
	[&quot;Mg&quot;] = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	[&quot;ng&quot;] = &quot;gr&quot;,
	[&quot;μg&quot;] = &quot;gr&quot;,
	[&quot;mBq&quot;] = &quot;fCi&quot;,
	[&quot;kBq&quot;] = &quot;nCi&quot;,
	[&quot;MBq&quot;] = &quot;μCi&quot;,
	[&quot;GBq&quot;] = &quot;mCi&quot;,
	[&quot;TBq&quot;] = &quot;Ci&quot;,
	[&quot;PBq&quot;] = &quot;kCi&quot;,
	[&quot;EBq&quot;] = &quot;kCi&quot;,
	[&quot;fCi&quot;] = &quot;mBq&quot;,
	[&quot;pCi&quot;] = &quot;Bq&quot;,
	[&quot;nCi&quot;] = &quot;Bq&quot;,
	[&quot;μCi&quot;] = &quot;kBq&quot;,
	[&quot;mCi&quot;] = &quot;MBq&quot;,
	[&quot;kCi&quot;] = &quot;TBq&quot;,
	[&quot;MCi&quot;] = &quot;PBq&quot;,
	[&quot;ns&quot;] = &quot;μs&quot;,
	[&quot;μs&quot;] = &quot;ms&quot;,
	[&quot;ms&quot;] = &quot;s&quot;,
	[&quot;ks&quot;] = &quot;h&quot;,
	[&quot;Ms&quot;] = &quot;week&quot;,
	[&quot;Gs&quot;] = &quot;decade&quot;,
	[&quot;Ts&quot;] = &quot;millennium&quot;,
	[&quot;Ps&quot;] = &quot;million year&quot;,
	[&quot;Es&quot;] = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
	[&quot;MK&quot;] = &quot;keVT&quot;,
	[&quot;cL&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;cl&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	[&quot;dL&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;dl&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	[&quot;e12cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e12impgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.54609 &lt; 1000 ! T ! P ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e12m3&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! T ! P ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e12U.S.gal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! T ! P ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e12USgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! T ! P ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e15cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e12 ! e15 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e15m3&quot;] = &quot;Pcuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e3bdft&quot;] = &quot;v * 0.23597372167 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e3cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! ! e3 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e3impgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.54609 &lt; 1000 ! k ! M ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m3&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e3U.S.gal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! k ! M ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e3USgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! k ! M ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e6bdft&quot;] = &quot;v * 0.23597372167 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuyd&quot;] = &quot;v * 7.64554857984 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e6impgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.54609 &lt; 1000 ! M ! G ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e6L&quot;] = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m3&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e6U.S.gal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! M ! G ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e6USgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! M ! G ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e9bdft&quot;] = &quot;v * 0.23597372167 &lt; 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e9cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e9impgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.54609 &lt; 1000 ! G ! T ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e9m3&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e9U.S.gal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! G ! T ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e9USgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! G ! T ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;GL&quot;] = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;Gl&quot;] = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;kL&quot;] = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;kl&quot;] = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;cumi&quot;,
	[&quot;mL&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;ml&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;Ml&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;ML&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;TL&quot;] = &quot;cumi&quot;,
	[&quot;Tl&quot;] = &quot;cumi&quot;,
	[&quot;μL&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	[&quot;μl&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running --
-- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above).   --
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
local link_exceptions = {
	-- Prefixed units with a linked article different from that of the base unit.
	-- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (not unitcode).
	[&quot;mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Square millimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Square centimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Square decimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Square kilometre&quot;,
	[&quot;kJ&quot;] = &quot;Kilojoule&quot;,
	[&quot;MJ&quot;] = &quot;Megajoule&quot;,
	[&quot;GJ&quot;] = &quot;Gigajoule&quot;,
	[&quot;TJ&quot;] = &quot;Terajoule&quot;,
	[&quot;fm&quot;] = &quot;Femtometre&quot;,
	[&quot;pm&quot;] = &quot;Picometre&quot;,
	[&quot;nm&quot;] = &quot;Nanometre&quot;,
	[&quot;μm&quot;] = &quot;Micrometre&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&quot;] = &quot;Millimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&quot;] = &quot;Centimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&quot;] = &quot;Decimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dam&quot;] = &quot;Decametre&quot;,
	[&quot;hm&quot;] = &quot;Hectometre&quot;,
	[&quot;km&quot;] = &quot;Kilometre&quot;,
	[&quot;Mm&quot;] = &quot;Megametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Gm&quot;] = &quot;Gigametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Tm&quot;] = &quot;Terametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Pm&quot;] = &quot;Petametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Em&quot;] = &quot;Exametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Zm&quot;] = &quot;Zettametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Ym&quot;] = &quot;Yottametre&quot;,
	[&quot;μg&quot;] = &quot;Microgram&quot;,
	[&quot;mg&quot;] = &quot;Milligram&quot;,
	[&quot;kg&quot;] = &quot;Kilogram&quot;,
	[&quot;Mg&quot;] = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
	[&quot;yW&quot;] = &quot;Yoctowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;zW&quot;] = &quot;Zeptowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;aW&quot;] = &quot;Attowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;fW&quot;] = &quot;Femtowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;pW&quot;] = &quot;Picowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;nW&quot;] = &quot;Nanowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;μW&quot;] = &quot;Microwatt&quot;,
	[&quot;mW&quot;] = &quot;Milliwatt&quot;,
	[&quot;kW&quot;] = &quot;Kilowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;MW&quot;] = &quot;Megawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;GW&quot;] = &quot;Gigawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;TW&quot;] = &quot;Terawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;PW&quot;] = &quot;Petawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;EW&quot;] = &quot;Exawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;ZW&quot;] = &quot;Zettawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;YW&quot;] = &quot;Yottawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;as&quot;] = &quot;Attosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;fs&quot;] = &quot;Femtosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;ps&quot;] = &quot;Picosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;ns&quot;] = &quot;Nanosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;μs&quot;] = &quot;Microsecond&quot;,
	[&quot;ms&quot;] = &quot;Millisecond&quot;,
	[&quot;ks&quot;] = &quot;Kilosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Ms&quot;] = &quot;Megasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Gs&quot;] = &quot;Gigasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Ts&quot;] = &quot;Terasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Ps&quot;] = &quot;Petasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Es&quot;] = &quot;Exasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Zs&quot;] = &quot;Zettasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Ys&quot;] = &quot;Yottasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic millimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic centimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic decimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dam&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic decametre&quot;,
	[&quot;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic kilometre&quot;,
	[&quot;μL&quot;] = &quot;Microlitre&quot;,
	[&quot;μl&quot;] = &quot;Microlitre&quot;,
	[&quot;mL&quot;] = &quot;Millilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;ml&quot;] = &quot;Millilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;cL&quot;] = &quot;Centilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;cl&quot;] = &quot;Centilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;dL&quot;] = &quot;Decilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;dl&quot;] = &quot;Decilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;daL&quot;] = &quot;Decalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;dal&quot;] = &quot;Decalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;hL&quot;] = &quot;Hectolitre&quot;,
	[&quot;hl&quot;] = &quot;Hectolitre&quot;,
	[&quot;kL&quot;] = &quot;Kilolitre&quot;,
	[&quot;kl&quot;] = &quot;Kilolitre&quot;,
	[&quot;ML&quot;] = &quot;Megalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;Ml&quot;] = &quot;Megalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;GL&quot;] = &quot;Gigalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;Gl&quot;] = &quot;Gigalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;TL&quot;] = &quot;Teralitre&quot;,
	[&quot;Tl&quot;] = &quot;Teralitre&quot;,
	[&quot;PL&quot;] = &quot;Petalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;Pl&quot;] = &quot;Petalitre&quot;,
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running --
-- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above).   --
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
local per_unit_fixups = {
	-- Automatically created per units of form &quot;x/y&quot; may have their unit type
	-- changed, for example, &quot;length/time&quot; is changed to &quot;speed&quot;.
	-- Other adjustments can also be specified.
	[&quot;/area&quot;] = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	[&quot;/volume&quot;] = &quot;per unit volume&quot;,
	[&quot;area/area&quot;] = &quot;area per unit area&quot;,
	[&quot;energy/length&quot;] = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	[&quot;energy/mass&quot;] = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	[&quot;energy/time&quot;] = { utype = &quot;power&quot;, link = &quot;Power (physics)&quot; },
	[&quot;energy/volume&quot;] = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	[&quot;force/area&quot;] = { utype = &quot;pressure&quot;, link = &quot;Pressure&quot; },
	[&quot;length/length&quot;] = { utype = &quot;gradient&quot;, link = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot; },
	[&quot;length/time&quot;] = { utype = &quot;speed&quot;, link = &quot;Speed&quot; },
	[&quot;length/time/time&quot;] = { utype = &quot;acceleration&quot;, link = &quot;Acceleration&quot; },
	[&quot;mass/area&quot;] = { utype = &quot;pressure&quot;, multiplier = 9.80665 },
	[&quot;mass/length&quot;] = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	[&quot;mass/mass&quot;] = &quot;concentration&quot;,
	[&quot;mass/power&quot;] = &quot;mass per unit power&quot;,
	[&quot;mass/time&quot;] = &quot;mass per unit time&quot;,
	[&quot;mass/volume&quot;] = { utype = &quot;density&quot;, link = &quot;Density&quot; },
	[&quot;power/mass&quot;] = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	[&quot;power/volume&quot;] = { link = &quot;Power density&quot; },
	[&quot;pressure/length&quot;] = &quot;fracture gradient&quot;,
	[&quot;speed/time&quot;] = { utype = &quot;acceleration&quot;, link = &quot;Acceleration&quot; },
	[&quot;volume/area&quot;] = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	[&quot;volume/length&quot;] = &quot;volume per unit length&quot;,
	[&quot;volume/time&quot;] = &quot;flow&quot;,
}

return {
	all_units = all_units,
	default_exceptions = default_exceptions,
	link_exceptions = link_exceptions,
	per_unit_fixups = per_unit_fixups,
}</text>
      <sha1>t3yl891pgc3nnn9yg9tmtpv3syxmk1z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ආශා බෝස්ලේ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>70138</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785998</id>
      <parentid>722598</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:51:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shwetha</username>
        <id>6574</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>සංස්කරණය</comment>
      <origin>785998</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12759" sha1="15jufak56mio2qzt87is1b38kfqhvj4" xml:space="preserve">{{තොරතුරුකොටුව පුද්ගලයා
| name             = ආශා බෝස්ලේ
| image            = Ashaji.jpg
| image_size       = 250px
| alt              = 
| caption          = බෝස්ලේ 2015හිදී
| birth_name       = අශා මන්ගේෂ්කාර්
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = 
| alias            = 
| birth_date       = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1933|9|8}}
| birth_place      = ඉන්දියාව
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2026|04|12|1933|09|08|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[මුම්බායි]], මහාරාෂ්ඨ්‍ර ඉන්දියාව
| genre            = පොප් සංගීතය, ජන සංගීතය, ඉන්දීය ශාස්ත්‍රීය සංගීතය
| occupation       = පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක, ගායන ශිල්පීනියක
| years_active     = 1943–වර්තමානය තෙක්
| parents          = දිනනාත් මන්ගේෂ්කාර්(පියා); ශිවන්ති මන්ගේෂ්කාර්(මව)
| spouse           = ගන්පට්‍රාඕ බෝස්ලේ (1949–1960){{small|(වෙන්විය)}}&lt;br&gt;ආර්.ඩී.බර්මන් (1980–1994){{small|(ඔහුගේ මරණය තෙක්)}}
| children         = හෙමන්ත් බෝස්ලේ ; වර්ශා බෝස්ලේ; ආනන්ද් බෝස්ලේ
| relatives        = ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් (සහෝදරිය ); මීනා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් (සහෝදරිය ); සරිදයන්ත මන්ගේෂ්කාර් (සහෝදරයා )
}}
'''ආශා බෝස්ලේ''' (උපත 1933 සැප්තැම්බර් 8) යනු ඉන්දියානු ගායිකාවක වේ. [[බොලිවුඩ්|හින්දි]] සිනමාවේ පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක ලෙස ඇය ප්‍රකටව සිටී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Gulzar |author2=Nihalani, Govind |author3=Chatterji, Saibal |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=81-7991-066-0|pages=532–533}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Only the best preferred|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/18/stories/09180701.htm|date=18 May 2001|author=Gangadhar, v.|publisher=''The Hindu''|accessdate=2009-07-22|archive-date=2003-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030823024402/http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/18/stories/09180701.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇයගේ සංගීත දිවිය ආරම්භ වන්නේ වර්ෂ 1943 සිට වන අතර ඇය වසර 60 කට අධික කාලයක් වර්තමානය දක්වා මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ රැදී සිටී. ඇය බොලිවුඩ් සිනමා නිර්මාණ දහසකට අධික ප්‍රමාණයකට පසුබිම් ගායනයෙන් දායක වී ඇත. මීට අමතරව බෝස්ලේ පෞද්ගලික ඇල්බම රාශියකටද, ඒක පුද්ගල ප්‍රසංග ගණනාවකටද ඉන්දියාවේදී මෙන්ම පිටරට වලදීද සහභාගී වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0080427/
| title=IMDB entry | publisher=IMDB | accessdate=2009-03-28 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090318020551/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0080427/| archivedate= 18 March 2009 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=An evergreen voice|date=26 September 2003|publisher=''The Hindu''|accessdate=2010-08-12|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092602000700.htm|archive-date=2003-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031002012621/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092602000700.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; බෝස්ලේ පසුබිම් ගායිකා [[ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර්]]ගේ සහෝදරියක් වේ.

බෝස්ලේගේ ගීත අතර, චිත්‍රපට ගීත, පොප් ගීත, බජන් ගීත, පාරම්පරික ඉන්දියානු ගීත, ජන ගීත ආදිය වේ. හින්දි භාෂා ගීත වලට අමතරව, වෙනත් ඉන්දියානු භාෂා ගීත සහ විදේශීය භාෂා ගීත 20කට අධික ප්‍රමාණයක්ද ඊට අයත් වෙයි.&lt;ref&gt;The International Who's Who. 2004. Europa Publications. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt; වර්ෂ 2006දී ඇය පවසන්නේ ඇය ගීත 12,000ක් පමණ ගායනා කළ බවයි.&lt;ref&gt;({{cite web
| author=Jyothi Venkatesh
| url=http://www.vashi2panvel.com/Navi-Mumbai-News/item/196/catid/26
| title=Asha Bhosle: Sa Re Ga Ma...
| publisher=Vashi2Panvel.com
| accessdate=2006-05-03
| quote = I would like to state humbly that I am the only singer who has sung the maximum number of songs&amp;nbsp;— 12,000. If you sing one song a day, you can humanly sing 365 songs a year and 3650 songs in ten years. In around 60 years of my career I could sing 12,000 songs because there were times I had sung even four songs a day.
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇය ගැයූ මෙම ගීත ප්‍රමණය සම්බන්ධව වෙනත් මූලාශ්‍රයන්හීද දැක ගත හැකි වෙයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/23sld7.htm
|title=How fair were they to Mohammed Rafi?: Page 7
|author=Raju Bharatan
|publisher=Rediff.com
|date=2006-08-23
|accessdate=2007-04-28
|quote = Asha Bhosle, in fact, occupies pride of place --- she is all set to complete 13,000 songs. And that must rate as the highest in Indian cinema&amp;nbsp;– Guinness or no Guinness.
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070530020617/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/23sld7.htm| archivedate= 30 May 2007 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011හිදී, ලෝක ගිනස් වාර්තා පොතට අනුව ඉතිහාසයේ වැඩිම ගීත ගායනා කල පුද්ගලයා බවට ඇය නිළ වශයෙන් නම් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-am-honoured-after-receiving-this-award-Asha-Bhosle/H1-Article1-760281.aspx |title=I am honoured after receiving this award: Asha Bhosle |last=Baksi |first=Dibyojyoti |date=2011-10-22 |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=2011-10-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022185824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-am-honoured-after-receiving-this-award-Asha-Bhosle/H1-Article1-760281.aspx |archivedate=22 October 2011 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්දියානු රජය ඇයට වර්ෂ 2000දී දඩසාහෙබ් පහල්කේ සම්මානයද, වර්ෂ 2008දී [[පද්ම විභූශණ]] සම්මානයද පුදන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sunita Williams, Baichung Bhutia among Padma awardees|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/26/stories/2008012659641200.htm|accessdate=26 January 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080129031323/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/26/stories/2008012659641200.htm| archivedate= 29 January 2008 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live| work=The Hindu| date=2008-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==මුල් කාලය සහ වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය==
ආශා බෝස්ලේ උපත ලැබුවේ සන්ග්ලිහි සංගීතමය පවුලක දිනනාත් මන්ගේෂ්කාර් දාව වන අතර ඔවුන් මරාති-භාෂාව කතාකරන ගෝමන්තක් මරාතා සමාජයට අයත්විය. ඇගේ පියා රංග නළුවකු හා සම්භාව්‍ය ගායකයකු විය. ඇය වයස අවුරුදු නවයක් වූ විට, ඇගේ පියා මිය ගියේය.

ඇයගේ පවුලේ අය [[පූනේ]] සිට [[කොල්හපූර්]] වෙත ගිය අතර පසුව ඔවුන් [[මුම්බායි]] වෙත ගියහ. ඔවුන්ගේ පවුලේ අයට සහයෝගය පිණිස ඇය සහ ඇගේ වැඩිමහල් සොහොයුරියවූ ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් ගීත ගැයීමට සහ චිත්‍රපට රංගනයට දායක විය. ඇයගේ පලමු චිත්‍රපට ගීතය වූයේ &quot;චල චල නව් බලා&quot;, එය මරාති චිත්‍රපටයක්වූ මජ්හා බල් (1943)විය. චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා සංගීතය දත්තා දව්ජේකර් විසින් රචනා කරන ලදී. ඇයගේ හින්දි සිනමා මුල්ම ගීතය වන්නේ ''සාවන් ආයා'' හන්ස් රාජ් බෙහෙල්ස් චුරන්යා චිත්‍රපටයයි (1948).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/05ms1.htm
|title=Asha, 70 years, 70 landmarks
|date=2003-09-08
|accessdate=2006-11-11
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061108074820/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/05ms1.htm| archivedate= 8 November 2006 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇගේ පළමු ඒකල හින්දි චිත්‍රපට ගීතය වූයේ'' රාට්කි රාණී'' (1949)ය. වයස අවුරුදු 16 දී, ඇය ඇගේ පවුලේ කැමැත්තට එරෙහිව 31ක් හැවිරිදි ගන්පට්‍රාඕ බෝස්ලේ සමඟ විවාහ විය.

==වෘත්තීය==
[[File:Asha Bhosle - still 47160 crop.jpg|thumb|right|ආශා බෝස්ලේ - 2008හිදී]]
1960 මුල දී, ගීතා දත්, ශම්ශඩ් බෙගුම්, සහ ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් වැනි ප්‍රමූඛ ගායකයන් ස්ත්‍රී පෙරමුණ චිත්‍රපට ගායනය සඳහා ගායනා ආධිපත්‍යයක් විය. ඇය විසින් ගායනා කල සජ්ජාඩ් හුසෙන් විසින් සන්ග්ඩිල් චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා රචනා කරන ලද ගීතය ප්‍රේක්ෂකයන් අතර පිළිගැනීමට ලක්විය.

==සම්මාන==

===ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් සම්මාන===
18 වතාවක් ඇයගේ නම ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම කාන්තා පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක ලෙස යෝජනා වී ඇති අතර 7ත් වතාවාක් ඇය ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම පසුබිම් කාන්තා ගායිකාවක ලෙස සම්මාන හිමි කරගෙන ඇත.

'''ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම කාන්තා පසුබිම් ගායිකා සම්මානය'''

* 1968:  &quot;ගරිබින් කි සුනෝ&quot; (ඩස් ලක්, 1966)
* 1969: &quot;පර්දේ මෙයින් රෙහෙන් දෝ&quot; (ශිකාර්, 1968)
* 1972: &quot;පියා ටු අබ් ටෝ ආජා&quot; (කැරවැන්, 1972)
* 1973: &quot;ඩූම් මරෝ ඩූම්&quot; (හරේ රාමා කරේ ක්‍රිශ්නා, 1972)
* 1974:&quot;හොනෙ ලගී හඉන් රාට්&quot; (නයිනා, 1973)
* 1975: &quot;චේන් සේ හිම්කෝ කභි&quot; (ප්‍රාන් ජයේ පර් වචාන් නා ජයේ, 1974)
* 1979: &quot;යෙහේ මෙර දිල්&quot; (දොන්, 1978)

==මූලාශ්‍ර==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1933 උපත්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියානු පසුබිම් ගායිකාවන්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියානු ගායිකාවන්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියානු සිනමාව]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියාව]]</text>
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| name             = ආශා බෝස්ලේ
| image            = Ashaji.jpg
| image_size       = 250px
| alt              = 
| caption          = බෝස්ලේ 2015හිදී
| birth_name       = අශා මන්ගේෂ්කාර්
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = 
| alias            = 
| birth_date       = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1933|9|8}}
| birth_place      = ඉන්දියාව
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2026|04|12|1933|09|08|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[මුම්බායි]], මහාරාෂ්ඨ්‍ර ඉන්දියාව
| genre            = පොප් සංගීතය, ජන සංගීතය, ඉන්දීය ශාස්ත්‍රීය සංගීතය
| occupation       = පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක, ගායන ශිල්පීනියක
| years_active     = 1943–වර්තමානය තෙක්
| parents          = දිනනාත් මන්ගේෂ්කාර්(පියා); ශිවන්ති මන්ගේෂ්කාර්(මව)
| spouse           = ගන්පට්‍රාඕ බෝස්ලේ (1949–1960){{small|(වෙන්විය)}}&lt;br&gt;ආර්.ඩී.බර්මන් (1980–1994){{small|(ඔහුගේ මරණය තෙක්)}}
| children         = හෙමන්ත් බෝස්ලේ ; වර්ශා බෝස්ලේ; ආනන්ද් බෝස්ලේ
| relatives        = ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් (සහෝදරිය ); මීනා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් (සහෝදරිය ); සරිදයන්ත මන්ගේෂ්කාර් (සහෝදරයා )
}}
'''ආශා බෝස්ලේ''' (උපත 1933 සැප්තැම්බර් 8) යනු ඉන්දියානු ගායිකාවක වේ. [[බොලිවුඩ්|හින්දි]] සිනමාවේ පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක ලෙස ඇය ප්‍රකටව සිටී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Gulzar |author2=Nihalani, Govind |author3=Chatterji, Saibal |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=81-7991-066-0|pages=532–533}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Only the best preferred|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/18/stories/09180701.htm|date=18 May 2001|author=Gangadhar, v.|publisher=''The Hindu''|accessdate=2009-07-22|archive-date=2003-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030823024402/http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/18/stories/09180701.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇයගේ සංගීත දිවිය ආරම්භ වන්නේ වර්ෂ 1943 සිට වන අතර ඇය වසර 60 කට අධික කාලයක් වර්තමානය දක්වා මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ රැදී සිටී. ඇය බොලිවුඩ් සිනමා නිර්මාණ දහසකට අධික ප්‍රමාණයකට පසුබිම් ගායනයෙන් දායක වී ඇත. මීට අමතරව බෝස්ලේ පෞද්ගලික ඇල්බම රාශියකටද, ඒක පුද්ගල ප්‍රසංග ගණනාවකටද ඉන්දියාවේදී මෙන්ම පිටරට වලදීද සහභාගී වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0080427/
| title=IMDB entry | publisher=IMDB | accessdate=2009-03-28 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090318020551/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0080427/| archivedate= 18 March 2009 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=An evergreen voice|date=26 September 2003|publisher=''The Hindu''|accessdate=2010-08-12|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092602000700.htm|archive-date=2003-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031002012621/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092602000700.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; බෝස්ලේ පසුබිම් ගායිකා [[ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර්]]ගේ සහෝදරියක් වේ.

බෝස්ලේගේ ගීත අතර, චිත්‍රපට ගීත, පොප් ගීත, බජන් ගීත, පාරම්පරික ඉන්දියානු ගීත, ජන ගීත ආදිය වේ. හින්දි භාෂා ගීත වලට අමතරව, වෙනත් ඉන්දියානු භාෂා ගීත සහ විදේශීය භාෂා ගීත 20කට අධික ප්‍රමාණයක්ද ඊට අයත් වෙයි.&lt;ref&gt;The International Who's Who. 2004. Europa Publications. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt; වර්ෂ 2006දී ඇය පවසන්නේ ඇය ගීත 12,000ක් පමණ ගායනා කළ බවයි.&lt;ref&gt;({{cite web
| author=Jyothi Venkatesh
| url=http://www.vashi2panvel.com/Navi-Mumbai-News/item/196/catid/26
| title=Asha Bhosle: Sa Re Ga Ma...
| publisher=Vashi2Panvel.com
| accessdate=2006-05-03
| quote = I would like to state humbly that I am the only singer who has sung the maximum number of songs&amp;nbsp;— 12,000. If you sing one song a day, you can humanly sing 365 songs a year and 3650 songs in ten years. In around 60 years of my career I could sing 12,000 songs because there were times I had sung even four songs a day.
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇය ගැයූ මෙම ගීත ප්‍රමණය සම්බන්ධව වෙනත් මූලාශ්‍රයන්හීද දැක ගත හැකි වෙයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/23sld7.htm
|title=How fair were they to Mohammed Rafi?: Page 7
|author=Raju Bharatan
|publisher=Rediff.com
|date=2006-08-23
|accessdate=2007-04-28
|quote = Asha Bhosle, in fact, occupies pride of place --- she is all set to complete 13,000 songs. And that must rate as the highest in Indian cinema&amp;nbsp;– Guinness or no Guinness.
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070530020617/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/23sld7.htm| archivedate= 30 May 2007 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011හිදී, ලෝක ගිනස් වාර්තා පොතට අනුව ඉතිහාසයේ වැඩිම ගීත ගායනා කල පුද්ගලයා බවට ඇය නිළ වශයෙන් නම් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-am-honoured-after-receiving-this-award-Asha-Bhosle/H1-Article1-760281.aspx |title=I am honoured after receiving this award: Asha Bhosle |last=Baksi |first=Dibyojyoti |date=2011-10-22 |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=2011-10-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022185824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-am-honoured-after-receiving-this-award-Asha-Bhosle/H1-Article1-760281.aspx |archivedate=22 October 2011 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්දියානු රජය ඇයට වර්ෂ 2000දී දඩසාහෙබ් පහල්කේ සම්මානයද, වර්ෂ 2008දී [[පද්ම විභූශණ]] සම්මානයද පුදන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sunita Williams, Baichung Bhutia among Padma awardees|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/26/stories/2008012659641200.htm|accessdate=26 January 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080129031323/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/26/stories/2008012659641200.htm| archivedate= 29 January 2008 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live| work=The Hindu| date=2008-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==මුල් කාලය සහ වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය==
ආශා බෝස්ලේ උපත ලැබුවේ සන්ග්ලිහි සංගීතමය පවුලක දිනනාත් මන්ගේෂ්කාර් දාව වන අතර ඔවුන් මරාති-භාෂාව කතාකරන ගෝමන්තක් මරාතා සමාජයට අයත්විය. ඇගේ පියා රංග නළුවකු හා සම්භාව්‍ය ගායකයකු විය. ඇය වයස අවුරුදු නවයක් වූ විට, ඇගේ පියා මිය ගියේය.

ඇයගේ පවුලේ අය [[පූනේ]] සිට [[කොල්හපූර්]] වෙත ගිය අතර පසුව ඔවුන් [[මුම්බායි]] වෙත ගියහ. ඔවුන්ගේ පවුලේ අයට සහයෝගය පිණිස ඇය සහ ඇගේ වැඩිමහල් සොහොයුරියවූ ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් ගීත ගැයීමට සහ චිත්‍රපට රංගනයට දායක විය. ඇයගේ පලමු චිත්‍රපට ගීතය වූයේ &quot;චල චල නව් බලා&quot;, එය මරාති චිත්‍රපටයක්වූ මජ්හා බල් (1943)විය. චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා සංගීතය දත්තා දව්ජේකර් විසින් රචනා කරන ලදී. ඇයගේ හින්දි සිනමා මුල්ම ගීතය වන්නේ ''සාවන් ආයා'' හන්ස් රාජ් බෙහෙල්ස් චුරන්යා චිත්‍රපටයයි (1948).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/05ms1.htm
|title=Asha, 70 years, 70 landmarks
|date=2003-09-08
|accessdate=2006-11-11
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061108074820/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/05ms1.htm| archivedate= 8 November 2006 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇගේ පළමු ඒකල හින්දි චිත්‍රපට ගීතය වූයේ'' රාට්කි රාණී'' (1949)ය. වයස අවුරුදු 16 දී, ඇය ඇගේ පවුලේ කැමැත්තට එරෙහිව 31ක් හැවිරිදි ගන්පට්‍රාඕ බෝස්ලේ සමඟ විවාහ විය.

=== මරණය===
2026 අප්‍රේල් 11 දිනදී, බෝස්ලේ මුම්බායිහී  [[බ්‍රීච් කැන්ඩි රෝහල]] වෙත ඇතුළු කෙරුණේ අධිකකාර විඩාව සහ පුප්ඵුසීය ළය ආසාදනයක් හේතුවෙනි. ඇයගේ මිණිපිරිය, සානායි බෝස්ලේ විසින් ඇයගේ රෝහල්ගතවීම සමාජ මාධ්‍ය ඔස්සේ නිවේදනය කරමින් ඉල්ලා සිටියේ ප්‍රතිකාර සිදුකෙරෙන කාලසීමාවෙහිදී ඇයගේ පෞද්ගලිකත්වයට ඉඩ සලසන ලෙසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |access-date=11 අප්‍රේල් 2026 |title=ආෂා බෝස්ලේ හොස්පිටලයිස්ඩ් ඩියු ටු චෙස්ට් ඉන්ෆෙක්ෂන්, සේස් හර් ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්ඩෝටර් |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/asha-bhosle-admitted-to-breach-candy-hospital-after-suspected-heart-attack-3964746 |website=ඩෙකෑන් හෙරල්ඩ්}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[බහුවිධ ඉන්ද්‍රියය ක්‍රියාවිරහිතවීම]] හේතුවෙන් වයස අවුරුදු 92 වියැතිවූ ඇය අප්‍රේල් 12 දිනදී මිය ගියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |last=ෆර්සීන්|first=සානා|date=2026-04-12 |title=ආෂා බෝස්ලේ, ප්ලේබෑක් අයිකෝන්, ඩයිස් ඇට් 92 ඉන් මුම්බායි |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/legendary-singer-asha-bhosle-dies-at-mumbai-hospital-2895028-2026-04-12 |access-date=12 අප්‍රේල් 2026 |website=ඉන්ඩියා ටුඩේ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==වෘත්තීය==
[[File:Asha Bhosle - still 47160 crop.jpg|thumb|right|ආශා බෝස්ලේ - 2008හිදී]]
1960 මුල දී, ගීතා දත්, ශම්ශඩ් බෙගුම්, සහ ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් වැනි ප්‍රමූඛ ගායකයන් ස්ත්‍රී පෙරමුණ චිත්‍රපට ගායනය සඳහා ගායනා ආධිපත්‍යයක් විය. ඇය විසින් ගායනා කල සජ්ජාඩ් හුසෙන් විසින් සන්ග්ඩිල් චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා රචනා කරන ලද ගීතය ප්‍රේක්ෂකයන් අතර පිළිගැනීමට ලක්විය.

==සම්මාන==

===ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් සම්මාන===
18 වතාවක් ඇයගේ නම ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම කාන්තා පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක ලෙස යෝජනා වී ඇති අතර 7ත් වතාවාක් ඇය ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම පසුබිම් කාන්තා ගායිකාවක ලෙස සම්මාන හිමි කරගෙන ඇත.

'''ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම කාන්තා පසුබිම් ගායිකා සම්මානය'''

* 1968:  &quot;ගරිබින් කි සුනෝ&quot; (ඩස් ලක්, 1966)
* 1969: &quot;පර්දේ මෙයින් රෙහෙන් දෝ&quot; (ශිකාර්, 1968)
* 1972: &quot;පියා ටු අබ් ටෝ ආජා&quot; (කැරවැන්, 1972)
* 1973: &quot;ඩූම් මරෝ ඩූම්&quot; (හරේ රාමා කරේ ක්‍රිශ්නා, 1972)
* 1974:&quot;හොනෙ ලගී හඉන් රාට්&quot; (නයිනා, 1973)
* 1975: &quot;චේන් සේ හිම්කෝ කභි&quot; (ප්‍රාන් ජයේ පර් වචාන් නා ජයේ, 1974)
* 1979: &quot;යෙහේ මෙර දිල්&quot; (දොන්, 1978)

==මූලාශ්‍ර==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1933 උපත්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියානු පසුබිම් ගායිකාවන්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියානු ගායිකාවන්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියානු සිනමාව]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියාව]]</text>
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| name             = ආශා බෝස්ලේ
| image            = Ashaji.jpg
| image_size       = 250px
| alt              = 
| caption          = බෝස්ලේ 2015හිදී
| birth_name       = අශා මන්ගේෂ්කාර්
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = 
| alias            = 
| birth_date       = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1933|9|8}}
| birth_place      = ඉන්දියාව
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2026|04|12|1933|09|08|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[මුම්බායි]], මහාරාෂ්ඨ්‍ර ඉන්දියාව
| genre            = පොප් සංගීතය, ජන සංගීතය, ඉන්දීය ශාස්ත්‍රීය සංගීතය
| occupation       = පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක, ගායන ශිල්පීනියක
| years_active     = 1943–වර්තමානය තෙක්
| parents          = දිනනාත් මන්ගේෂ්කාර්(පියා); ශිවන්ති මන්ගේෂ්කාර්(මව)
| spouse           = ගන්පට්‍රාඕ බෝස්ලේ (1949–1960){{small|(වෙන්විය)}}&lt;br&gt;ආර්.ඩී.බර්මන් (1980–1994){{small|(ඔහුගේ මරණය තෙක්)}}
| children         = හෙමන්ත් බෝස්ලේ ; වර්ශා බෝස්ලේ; ආනන්ද් බෝස්ලේ
| relatives        = ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් (සහෝදරිය ); මීනා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් (සහෝදරිය ); සරිදයන්ත මන්ගේෂ්කාර් (සහෝදරයා )
}}
'''ආශා බෝස්ලේ''' (උපත 1933 සැප්තැම්බර් 8) යනු ඉන්දියානු ගායිකාවක වේ. [[බොලිවුඩ්|හින්දි]] සිනමාවේ පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක ලෙස ඇය ප්‍රකටව සිටී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Gulzar |author2=Nihalani, Govind |author3=Chatterji, Saibal |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=81-7991-066-0|pages=532–533}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Only the best preferred|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/18/stories/09180701.htm|date=18 May 2001|author=Gangadhar, v.|publisher=''The Hindu''|accessdate=2009-07-22|archive-date=2003-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030823024402/http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/18/stories/09180701.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇයගේ සංගීත දිවිය ආරම්භ වන්නේ වර්ෂ 1943 සිට වන අතර ඇය වසර 60 කට අධික කාලයක් වර්තමානය දක්වා මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ රැදී සිටී. ඇය බොලිවුඩ් සිනමා නිර්මාණ දහසකට අධික ප්‍රමාණයකට පසුබිම් ගායනයෙන් දායක වී ඇත. මීට අමතරව බෝස්ලේ පෞද්ගලික ඇල්බම රාශියකටද, ඒක පුද්ගල ප්‍රසංග ගණනාවකටද ඉන්දියාවේදී මෙන්ම පිටරට වලදීද සහභාගී වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0080427/
| title=IMDB entry | publisher=IMDB | accessdate=2009-03-28 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090318020551/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0080427/| archivedate= 18 March 2009 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=An evergreen voice|date=26 September 2003|publisher=''The Hindu''|accessdate=2010-08-12|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092602000700.htm|archive-date=2003-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031002012621/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092602000700.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; බෝස්ලේ පසුබිම් ගායිකා [[ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර්]]ගේ සහෝදරියක් වේ.

බෝස්ලේගේ ගීත අතර, චිත්‍රපට ගීත, පොප් ගීත, බජන් ගීත, පාරම්පරික ඉන්දියානු ගීත, ජන ගීත ආදිය වේ. හින්දි භාෂා ගීත වලට අමතරව, වෙනත් ඉන්දියානු භාෂා ගීත සහ විදේශීය භාෂා ගීත 20කට අධික ප්‍රමාණයක්ද ඊට අයත් වෙයි.&lt;ref&gt;The International Who's Who. 2004. Europa Publications. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt; වර්ෂ 2006දී ඇය පවසන්නේ ඇය ගීත 12,000ක් පමණ ගායනා කළ බවයි.&lt;ref&gt;({{cite web
| author=Jyothi Venkatesh
| url=http://www.vashi2panvel.com/Navi-Mumbai-News/item/196/catid/26
| title=Asha Bhosle: Sa Re Ga Ma...
| publisher=Vashi2Panvel.com
| accessdate=2006-05-03
| quote = I would like to state humbly that I am the only singer who has sung the maximum number of songs&amp;nbsp;— 12,000. If you sing one song a day, you can humanly sing 365 songs a year and 3650 songs in ten years. In around 60 years of my career I could sing 12,000 songs because there were times I had sung even four songs a day.
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇය ගැයූ මෙම ගීත ප්‍රමණය සම්බන්ධව වෙනත් මූලාශ්‍රයන්හීද දැක ගත හැකි වෙයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/23sld7.htm
|title=How fair were they to Mohammed Rafi?: Page 7
|author=Raju Bharatan
|publisher=Rediff.com
|date=2006-08-23
|accessdate=2007-04-28
|quote = Asha Bhosle, in fact, occupies pride of place --- she is all set to complete 13,000 songs. And that must rate as the highest in Indian cinema&amp;nbsp;– Guinness or no Guinness.
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070530020617/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/23sld7.htm| archivedate= 30 May 2007 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011හිදී, ලෝක ගිනස් වාර්තා පොතට අනුව ඉතිහාසයේ වැඩිම ගීත ගායනා කල පුද්ගලයා බවට ඇය නිළ වශයෙන් නම් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-am-honoured-after-receiving-this-award-Asha-Bhosle/H1-Article1-760281.aspx |title=I am honoured after receiving this award: Asha Bhosle |last=Baksi |first=Dibyojyoti |date=2011-10-22 |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=2011-10-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022185824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-am-honoured-after-receiving-this-award-Asha-Bhosle/H1-Article1-760281.aspx |archivedate=22 October 2011 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්දියානු රජය ඇයට වර්ෂ 2000දී දඩසාහෙබ් පහල්කේ සම්මානයද, වර්ෂ 2008දී [[පද්ම විභූශණ]] සම්මානයද පුදන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sunita Williams, Baichung Bhutia among Padma awardees|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/26/stories/2008012659641200.htm|accessdate=26 January 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080129031323/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/26/stories/2008012659641200.htm| archivedate= 29 January 2008 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live| work=The Hindu| date=2008-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==මුල් කාලය සහ වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය==
ආශා බෝස්ලේ උපත ලැබුවේ සන්ග්ලිහි සංගීතමය පවුලක දිනනාත් මන්ගේෂ්කාර් දාව වන අතර ඔවුන් මරාති-භාෂාව කතාකරන ගෝමන්තක් මරාතා සමාජයට අයත්විය. ඇගේ පියා රංග නළුවකු හා සම්භාව්‍ය ගායකයකු විය. ඇය වයස අවුරුදු නවයක් වූ විට, ඇගේ පියා මිය ගියේය.

ඇයගේ පවුලේ අය [[පූනේ]] සිට [[කොල්හපූර්]] වෙත ගිය අතර පසුව ඔවුන් [[මුම්බායි]] වෙත ගියහ. ඔවුන්ගේ පවුලේ අයට සහයෝගය පිණිස ඇය සහ ඇගේ වැඩිමහල් සොහොයුරියවූ ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් ගීත ගැයීමට සහ චිත්‍රපට රංගනයට දායක විය. ඇයගේ පලමු චිත්‍රපට ගීතය වූයේ &quot;චල චල නව් බලා&quot;, එය මරාති චිත්‍රපටයක්වූ මජ්හා බල් (1943)විය. චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා සංගීතය දත්තා දව්ජේකර් විසින් රචනා කරන ලදී. ඇයගේ හින්දි සිනමා මුල්ම ගීතය වන්නේ ''සාවන් ආයා'' හන්ස් රාජ් බෙහෙල්ස් චුරන්යා චිත්‍රපටයයි (1948).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/05ms1.htm
|title=Asha, 70 years, 70 landmarks
|date=2003-09-08
|accessdate=2006-11-11
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061108074820/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/05ms1.htm| archivedate= 8 November 2006 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇගේ පළමු ඒකල හින්දි චිත්‍රපට ගීතය වූයේ'' රාට්කි රාණී'' (1949)ය. වයස අවුරුදු 16 දී, ඇය ඇගේ පවුලේ කැමැත්තට එරෙහිව 31ක් හැවිරිදි ගන්පට්‍රාඕ බෝස්ලේ සමඟ විවාහ විය.

=== මරණය===
2026 අප්‍රේල් 11 දිනදී, බෝස්ලේ මුම්බායිහී  [[බ්‍රීච් කැන්ඩි රෝහල]] වෙත ඇතුළු කෙරුණේ අධිකකාර විඩාව සහ පුප්ඵුසීය ළය ආසාදනයක් හේතුවෙනි. ඇයගේ මිණිපිරිය, සානායි බෝස්ලේ විසින් ඇයගේ රෝහල්ගතවීම සමාජ මාධ්‍ය ඔස්සේ නිවේදනය කරමින් ඉල්ලා සිටියේ ප්‍රතිකාර සිදුකෙරෙන කාලසීමාවෙහිදී ඇයගේ පෞද්ගලිකත්වයට ඉඩ සලසන ලෙසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |access-date=11 අප්‍රේල් 2026 |title=ආෂා බෝස්ලේ හොස්පිටලයිස්ඩ් ඩියු ටු චෙස්ට් ඉන්ෆෙක්ෂන්, සේස් හර් ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්ඩෝටර් |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/asha-bhosle-admitted-to-breach-candy-hospital-after-suspected-heart-attack-3964746 |website=ඩෙකෑන් හෙරල්ඩ්}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[බහුවිධ ඉන්ද්‍රියය ක්‍රියාවිරහිතවීම]] හේතුවෙන් වයස අවුරුදු 92 වියැතිවූ ඇය අප්‍රේල් 12 දිනදී මිය ගියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |last=ෆර්සීන්|first=සානා|date=2026-04-12 |title=ආෂා බෝස්ලේ, ප්ලේබෑක් අයිකෝන්, ඩයිස් ඇට් 92 ඉන් මුම්බායි |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/legendary-singer-asha-bhosle-dies-at-mumbai-hospital-2895028-2026-04-12 |access-date=12 අප්‍රේල් 2026 |website=ඉන්ඩියා ටුඩේ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |access-date=12 අප්‍රේල් 2026 |title=ආෂා බෝස්ලේ: ද සවුන්ඩ් ඔෆ් බොලිවුඩ් ඩයිස් ඒජ්ඩ් 92 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c6ppd0qdp1do |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |access-date=12 අප්‍රේල් 2026 |title=&quot;ආෂා බෝස්ලේ ඩයිඩ් ඩියු ටු මල්ටිපල් ඕර්ගන් ෆේලියර්&quot;: බ්‍රීච් කැන්ඩි හොස්පිට්ල් |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/asha-bhosle-died-due-to-multiple-organ-failure-breach-candy-hospital-11346166 |website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==වෘත්තීය==
[[File:Asha Bhosle - still 47160 crop.jpg|thumb|right|ආශා බෝස්ලේ - 2008හිදී]]
1960 මුල දී, ගීතා දත්, ශම්ශඩ් බෙගුම්, සහ ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් වැනි ප්‍රමූඛ ගායකයන් ස්ත්‍රී පෙරමුණ චිත්‍රපට ගායනය සඳහා ගායනා ආධිපත්‍යයක් විය. ඇය විසින් ගායනා කල සජ්ජාඩ් හුසෙන් විසින් සන්ග්ඩිල් චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා රචනා කරන ලද ගීතය ප්‍රේක්ෂකයන් අතර පිළිගැනීමට ලක්විය.

==සම්මාන==

===ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් සම්මාන===
18 වතාවක් ඇයගේ නම ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම කාන්තා පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක ලෙස යෝජනා වී ඇති අතර 7ත් වතාවාක් ඇය ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම පසුබිම් කාන්තා ගායිකාවක ලෙස සම්මාන හිමි කරගෙන ඇත.

'''ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම කාන්තා පසුබිම් ගායිකා සම්මානය'''

* 1968:  &quot;ගරිබින් කි සුනෝ&quot; (ඩස් ලක්, 1966)
* 1969: &quot;පර්දේ මෙයින් රෙහෙන් දෝ&quot; (ශිකාර්, 1968)
* 1972: &quot;පියා ටු අබ් ටෝ ආජා&quot; (කැරවැන්, 1972)
* 1973: &quot;ඩූම් මරෝ ඩූම්&quot; (හරේ රාමා කරේ ක්‍රිශ්නා, 1972)
* 1974:&quot;හොනෙ ලගී හඉන් රාට්&quot; (නයිනා, 1973)
* 1975: &quot;චේන් සේ හිම්කෝ කභි&quot; (ප්‍රාන් ජයේ පර් වචාන් නා ජයේ, 1974)
* 1979: &quot;යෙහේ මෙර දිල්&quot; (දොන්, 1978)

==මූලාශ්‍ර==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1933 උපත්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියානු පසුබිම් ගායිකාවන්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියානු ගායිකාවන්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියානු සිනමාව]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියාව]]</text>
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| name             = ආශා බෝස්ලේ
| image            = Ashaji.jpg
| image_size       = 250px
| alt              = 
| caption          = බෝස්ලේ 2015හිදී
| birth_name       = අශා මන්ගේෂ්කාර්
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = 
| alias            = 
| birth_date       = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1933|9|8}}
| birth_place      = ඉන්දියාව
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2026|04|12|1933|09|08|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[මුම්බායි]], මහාරාෂ්ඨ්‍ර ඉන්දියාව
| genre            = පොප් සංගීතය, ජන සංගීතය, ඉන්දීය ශාස්ත්‍රීය සංගීතය
| occupation       = පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක, ගායන ශිල්පීනියක
| years_active     = 1943–වර්තමානය තෙක්
| parents          = දිනනාත් මන්ගේෂ්කාර්(පියා); ශිවන්ති මන්ගේෂ්කාර්(මව)
| spouse           = ගන්පට්‍රාඕ බෝස්ලේ (1949–1960){{small|(වෙන්විය)}}&lt;br&gt;ආර්.ඩී.බර්මන් (1980–1994){{small|(ඔහුගේ මරණය තෙක්)}}
| children         = හෙමන්ත් බෝස්ලේ ; වර්ශා බෝස්ලේ; ආනන්ද් බෝස්ලේ
| relatives        = ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් (සහෝදරිය ); මීනා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් (සහෝදරිය ); සරිදයන්ත මන්ගේෂ්කාර් (සහෝදරයා )
}}
'''ආශා බෝස්ලේ''' (උපත 1933 සැප්තැම්බර් 8) යනු ඉන්දියානු ගායිකාවක වේ. [[බොලිවුඩ්|හින්දි]] සිනමාවේ පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක ලෙස ඇය ප්‍රකටව සිටී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Gulzar |author2=Nihalani, Govind |author3=Chatterji, Saibal |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=81-7991-066-0|pages=532–533}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Only the best preferred|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/18/stories/09180701.htm|date=18 May 2001|author=Gangadhar, v.|publisher=''The Hindu''|accessdate=2009-07-22|archive-date=2003-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030823024402/http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/18/stories/09180701.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇයගේ සංගීත දිවිය ආරම්භ වන්නේ වර්ෂ 1943 සිට වන අතර ඇය වසර 60 කට අධික කාලයක් වර්තමානය දක්වා මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ රැදී සිටී. ඇය බොලිවුඩ් සිනමා නිර්මාණ දහසකට අධික ප්‍රමාණයකට පසුබිම් ගායනයෙන් දායක වී ඇත. මීට අමතරව බෝස්ලේ පෞද්ගලික ඇල්බම රාශියකටද, ඒක පුද්ගල ප්‍රසංග ගණනාවකටද ඉන්දියාවේදී මෙන්ම පිටරට වලදීද සහභාගී වී ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0080427/
| title=IMDB entry | publisher=IMDB | accessdate=2009-03-28 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090318020551/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0080427/| archivedate= 18 March 2009 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=An evergreen voice|date=26 September 2003|publisher=''The Hindu''|accessdate=2010-08-12|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092602000700.htm|archive-date=2003-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031002012621/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092602000700.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; බෝස්ලේ පසුබිම් ගායිකා [[ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර්]]ගේ සහෝදරියක් වේ.

බෝස්ලේගේ ගීත අතර, චිත්‍රපට ගීත, පොප් ගීත, බජන් ගීත, පාරම්පරික ඉන්දියානු ගීත, ජන ගීත ආදිය වේ. හින්දි භාෂා ගීත වලට අමතරව, වෙනත් ඉන්දියානු භාෂා ගීත සහ විදේශීය භාෂා ගීත 20කට අධික ප්‍රමාණයක්ද ඊට අයත් වෙයි.&lt;ref&gt;The International Who's Who. 2004. Europa Publications. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt; වර්ෂ 2006දී ඇය පවසන්නේ ඇය ගීත 12,000ක් පමණ ගායනා කළ බවයි.&lt;ref&gt;({{cite web
| author=Jyothi Venkatesh
| url=http://www.vashi2panvel.com/Navi-Mumbai-News/item/196/catid/26
| title=Asha Bhosle: Sa Re Ga Ma...
| publisher=Vashi2Panvel.com
| accessdate=2006-05-03
| quote = I would like to state humbly that I am the only singer who has sung the maximum number of songs&amp;nbsp;— 12,000. If you sing one song a day, you can humanly sing 365 songs a year and 3650 songs in ten years. In around 60 years of my career I could sing 12,000 songs because there were times I had sung even four songs a day.
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇය ගැයූ මෙම ගීත ප්‍රමණය සම්බන්ධව වෙනත් මූලාශ්‍රයන්හීද දැක ගත හැකි වෙයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/23sld7.htm
|title=How fair were they to Mohammed Rafi?: Page 7
|author=Raju Bharatan
|publisher=Rediff.com
|date=2006-08-23
|accessdate=2007-04-28
|quote = Asha Bhosle, in fact, occupies pride of place --- she is all set to complete 13,000 songs. And that must rate as the highest in Indian cinema&amp;nbsp;– Guinness or no Guinness.
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070530020617/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/23sld7.htm| archivedate= 30 May 2007 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011හිදී, ලෝක ගිනස් වාර්තා පොතට අනුව ඉතිහාසයේ වැඩිම ගීත ගායනා කල පුද්ගලයා බවට ඇය නිළ වශයෙන් නම් කරන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-am-honoured-after-receiving-this-award-Asha-Bhosle/H1-Article1-760281.aspx |title=I am honoured after receiving this award: Asha Bhosle |last=Baksi |first=Dibyojyoti |date=2011-10-22 |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=2011-10-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022185824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-am-honoured-after-receiving-this-award-Asha-Bhosle/H1-Article1-760281.aspx |archivedate=22 October 2011 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; ඉන්දියානු රජය ඇයට වර්ෂ 2000දී දඩසාහෙබ් පහල්කේ සම්මානයද, වර්ෂ 2008දී [[පද්ම විභූශණ]] සම්මානයද පුදන ලදී.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sunita Williams, Baichung Bhutia among Padma awardees|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/26/stories/2008012659641200.htm|accessdate=26 January 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080129031323/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/26/stories/2008012659641200.htm| archivedate= 29 January 2008 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live| work=The Hindu| date=2008-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==මුල් කාලය සහ වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය==
ආශා බෝස්ලේ උපත ලැබුවේ සන්ග්ලිහි සංගීතමය පවුලක දිනනාත් මන්ගේෂ්කාර් දාව වන අතර ඔවුන් මරාති-භාෂාව කතාකරන ගෝමන්තක් මරාතා සමාජයට අයත්විය. ඇගේ පියා රංග නළුවකු හා සම්භාව්‍ය ගායකයකු විය. ඇය වයස අවුරුදු නවයක් වූ විට, ඇගේ පියා මිය ගියේය.

ඇයගේ පවුලේ අය [[පූනේ]] සිට [[කොල්හපූර්]] වෙත ගිය අතර පසුව ඔවුන් [[මුම්බායි]] වෙත ගියහ. ඔවුන්ගේ පවුලේ අයට සහයෝගය පිණිස ඇය සහ ඇගේ වැඩිමහල් සොහොයුරියවූ ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් ගීත ගැයීමට සහ චිත්‍රපට රංගනයට දායක විය. ඇයගේ පලමු චිත්‍රපට ගීතය වූයේ &quot;චල චල නව් බලා&quot;, එය මරාති චිත්‍රපටයක්වූ මජ්හා බල් (1943)විය. චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා සංගීතය දත්තා දව්ජේකර් විසින් රචනා කරන ලදී. ඇයගේ හින්දි සිනමා මුල්ම ගීතය වන්නේ ''සාවන් ආයා'' හන්ස් රාජ් බෙහෙල්ස් චුරන්යා චිත්‍රපටයයි (1948).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/05ms1.htm
|title=Asha, 70 years, 70 landmarks
|date=2003-09-08
|accessdate=2006-11-11
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061108074820/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/05ms1.htm| archivedate= 8 November 2006 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ඇගේ පළමු ඒකල හින්දි චිත්‍රපට ගීතය වූයේ'' රාට්කි රාණී'' (1949)ය. වයස අවුරුදු 16 දී, ඇය ඇගේ පවුලේ කැමැත්තට එරෙහිව 31ක් හැවිරිදි ගන්පට්‍රාඕ බෝස්ලේ සමඟ විවාහ විය.

=== මරණය===
2026 අප්‍රේල් 11 දිනදී, බෝස්ලේ මුම්බායිහී  [[බ්‍රීච් කැන්ඩි රෝහල]] වෙත ඇතුළු කෙරුණේ අධිකකාර විඩාව සහ පුප්ඵුසීය ළය ආසාදනයක් හේතුවෙනි. ඇයගේ මිණිපිරිය, සානායි බෝස්ලේ විසින් ඇයගේ රෝහල්ගතවීම සමාජ මාධ්‍ය ඔස්සේ නිවේදනය කරමින් ඉල්ලා සිටියේ ප්‍රතිකාර සිදුකෙරෙන කාලසීමාවෙහිදී ඇයගේ පෞද්ගලිකත්වයට ඉඩ සලසන ලෙසිනි.&lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |access-date=11 අප්‍රේල් 2026 |title=ආෂා බෝස්ලේ හොස්පිටලයිස්ඩ් ඩියු ටු චෙස්ට් ඉන්ෆෙක්ෂන්, සේස් හර් ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්ඩෝටර් |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/asha-bhosle-admitted-to-breach-candy-hospital-after-suspected-heart-attack-3964746 |website=ඩෙකෑන් හෙරල්ඩ්}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[බහුවිධ ඉන්ද්‍රියය ක්‍රියාවිරහිතවීම]] හේතුවෙන් වයස අවුරුදු 92 වියැතිවූ ඇය අප්‍රේල් 12 දිනදී මිය ගියාය.&lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |last=ෆර්සීන්|first=සානා|date=2026-04-12 |title=ආෂා බෝස්ලේ, ප්ලේබෑක් අයිකෝන්, ඩයිස් ඇට් 92 ඉන් මුම්බායි |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/legendary-singer-asha-bhosle-dies-at-mumbai-hospital-2895028-2026-04-12 |access-date=12 අප්‍රේල් 2026 |website=ඉන්ඩියා ටුඩේ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |access-date=12 අප්‍රේල් 2026 |title=ආෂා බෝස්ලේ: ද සවුන්ඩ් ඔෆ් බොලිවුඩ් ඩයිස් ඒජ්ඩ් 92 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c6ppd0qdp1do |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |access-date=12 අප්‍රේල් 2026 |title=&quot;ආෂා බෝස්ලේ ඩයිඩ් ඩියු ටු මල්ටිපල් ඕර්ගන් ෆේලියර්&quot;: බ්‍රීච් කැන්ඩි හොස්පිට්ල් |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/asha-bhosle-died-due-to-multiple-organ-failure-breach-candy-hospital-11346166 |website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ඇයගේ මරණය පිළිබඳ නිවේදනය ප්‍රකාශවත්ම, අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය  [[නරේන්ද්‍ර මෝදි]] විසින් ඔහුගේ සංවේගය පල කර සිටි අතර, ඇයව විස්තර කලේ &quot;ඉන්දියාව විසින් කිසිකලෙක දැන සිටි වඩාත්ම මූර්තිරූපී සහ බහුනිපුණ හඞ බව&quot; වන අතර ඇයගේ සංගීත චාරිකාව විසින් &quot;අපගේ සංස්කෘතික උරුමය සරු කල බව&quot; සටහන් කලේය. &lt;ref&gt;{{උපන්‍යාස පුවත් |last=කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය|date=12 අප්‍රේල් 2026 |title=ආෂා බෝස්ලේ විල් කන්ටිනියු ටු ඉන්ස්පයර් ජෙනරේෂන්ස්: පීඑම්  මෝදි |work=දි ඉකොනමික් ටයිම්ස් |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/asha-bhosle-will-continue-to-inspire-generations-pm-modi/articleshow/130205704.cms |access-date=12 අප්‍රේල් 2026}} &lt;/ref&gt;

==වෘත්තීය==
[[File:Asha Bhosle - still 47160 crop.jpg|thumb|right|ආශා බෝස්ලේ - 2008හිදී]]
1960 මුල දී, ගීතා දත්, ශම්ශඩ් බෙගුම්, සහ ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් වැනි ප්‍රමූඛ ගායකයන් ස්ත්‍රී පෙරමුණ චිත්‍රපට ගායනය සඳහා ගායනා ආධිපත්‍යයක් විය. ඇය විසින් ගායනා කල සජ්ජාඩ් හුසෙන් විසින් සන්ග්ඩිල් චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා රචනා කරන ලද ගීතය ප්‍රේක්ෂකයන් අතර පිළිගැනීමට ලක්විය.

==සම්මාන==

===ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් සම්මාන===
18 වතාවක් ඇයගේ නම ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම කාන්තා පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක ලෙස යෝජනා වී ඇති අතර 7ත් වතාවාක් ඇය ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම පසුබිම් කාන්තා ගායිකාවක ලෙස සම්මාන හිමි කරගෙන ඇත.

'''ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම කාන්තා පසුබිම් ගායිකා සම්මානය'''

* 1968:  &quot;ගරිබින් කි සුනෝ&quot; (ඩස් ලක්, 1966)
* 1969: &quot;පර්දේ මෙයින් රෙහෙන් දෝ&quot; (ශිකාර්, 1968)
* 1972: &quot;පියා ටු අබ් ටෝ ආජා&quot; (කැරවැන්, 1972)
* 1973: &quot;ඩූම් මරෝ ඩූම්&quot; (හරේ රාමා කරේ ක්‍රිශ්නා, 1972)
* 1974:&quot;හොනෙ ලගී හඉන් රාට්&quot; (නයිනා, 1973)
* 1975: &quot;චේන් සේ හිම්කෝ කභි&quot; (ප්‍රාන් ජයේ පර් වචාන් නා ජයේ, 1974)
* 1979: &quot;යෙහේ මෙර දිල්&quot; (දොන්, 1978)

==මූලාශ්‍ර==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1933 උපත්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියානු පසුබිම් ගායිකාවන්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියානු ගායිකාවන්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියානු සිනමාව]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉන්දියාව]]</text>
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== අමතර අවධානයට ==
* [[ISO 3166-2:LK]]
* [[Sri Lanka Post|තැපැල් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, ශ්‍රී ලංකා]]
* [[Subdivisions of Sri Lanka|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උප බෙදීම්]]
* [[Telephone numbers in Sri Lanka|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුරකතන අංක]]

==මූලාශ්‍ර==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=slpost&gt;
{{cite web
|title=තැපැල් සංකේත
|url=https://slpost.gov.lk/information/postcodes/?lang=si
|publisher=[[ශ්‍රී ලංකා තැපැල් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව]]
|accessdate=2019-07-16
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
==බාහිර යොමු==
* [https://thesrilanka.lk/info/postal-codes/ All Postal Codes]

{{ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා|තුළ තැපැල් සංකේත}}

[[Category:Postal codes by country|Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Postal system of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka communications-related lists]]
[[Category:Philately of Sri Lanka]]

{{අසම්පූර්ණ}}</text>
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      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සංකේත]] සිට [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ තැපැල් සංකේත]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786050</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1380" sha1="81vsjmwvvcy2wj3u95zrbdlrugtpc9t" xml:space="preserve">ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සංකේත යනු [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සේවය]] විසින් භාවිතා කරන අංක පහකින් (5) යුත් කේතයකි.&lt;ref name=slpost/&gt;

== අමතර අවධානයට ==
* [[ISO 3166-2:LK]]
* [[Sri Lanka Post|තැපැල් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, ශ්‍රී ලංකා]]
* [[Subdivisions of Sri Lanka|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උප බෙදීම්]]
* [[Telephone numbers in Sri Lanka|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුරකතන අංක]]

==මූලාශ්‍ර==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=slpost&gt;
{{cite web
|title=තැපැල් සංකේත
|url=https://slpost.gov.lk/information/postcodes/?lang=si
|publisher=[[ශ්‍රී ලංකා තැපැල් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව]]
|accessdate=2019-07-16
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
==බාහිර යොමු==
* [https://thesrilanka.lk/info/postal-codes/ All Postal Codes]

{{ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා|තුළ තැපැල් සංකේත}}

[[Category:Postal codes by country|Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Postal system of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka communications-related lists]]
[[Category:Philately of Sri Lanka]]

{{අසම්පූර්ණ}}</text>
      <sha1>81vsjmwvvcy2wj3u95zrbdlrugtpc9t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786052</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:00:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සංකේත]] සිට [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ තැපැල් සංකේත]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786052</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="106" sha1="1mg5bxhyi5u3ikpdit99wxm5fgx7ckh" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ තැපැල් සංකේත]]</text>
      <sha1>1mg5bxhyi5u3ikpdit99wxm5fgx7ckh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786063</id>
      <parentid>786051</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:13:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>786063</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1361" sha1="kqoz89hejzyxea1ej3o5wth6403tarr" xml:space="preserve">ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සංකේත යනු [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සේවය]] විසින් භාවිතා කරන අංක පහකින් (5) යුත් කේතයකි.&lt;ref name=slpost/&gt;

== අමතර අවධානයට ==
* [[ISO 3166-2:LK]]
* [[Sri Lanka Post|තැපැල් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, ශ්‍රී ලංකා]]
* [[Subdivisions of Sri Lanka|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උප බෙදීම්]]
* [[Telephone numbers in Sri Lanka|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුරකතන අංක]]

==මූලාශ්‍ර==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=slpost&gt;
{{cite web
|title=තැපැල් සංකේත
|url=https://slpost.gov.lk/information/postcodes/?lang=si
|publisher=[[ශ්‍රී ලංකා තැපැල් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව]]
|accessdate=2019-07-16
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
==බාහිර යොමු==
* [https://thesrilanka.lk/info/postal-codes/ All Postal Codes]

{{ආසියාව තුළ මාතෘකා|තැපැල් සංකේත}}

[[Category:Postal codes by country|Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Postal system of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka communications-related lists]]
[[Category:Philately of Sri Lanka]]

{{අසම්පූර්ණ}}</text>
      <sha1>kqoz89hejzyxea1ej3o5wth6403tarr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786066</id>
      <parentid>786063</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:41:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>786066</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1370" sha1="0de809pkl9diaiffxtc2rstwqpwatmf" xml:space="preserve">ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සංකේත යනු [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සේවය]] විසින් භාවිතා කරන අංක පහකින් (5) යුත් කේතයකි.&lt;ref name=slpost/&gt;

== අමතර අවධානයට ==
* [[ISO 3166-2:LK]]
* [[Sri Lanka Post|තැපැල් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, ශ්‍රී ලංකා]]
* [[Subdivisions of Sri Lanka|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උප බෙදීම්]]
* [[Telephone numbers in Sri Lanka|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුරකතන අංක]]

==මූලාශ්‍ර==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=slpost&gt;
{{cite web
|title=තැපැල් සංකේත
|url=https://slpost.gov.lk/information/postcodes/?lang=si
|publisher=[[ශ්‍රී ලංකා තැපැල් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව]]
|accessdate=2019-07-16
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
==බාහිර යොමු==
* [https://thesrilanka.lk/info/postal-codes/ All Postal Codes]

{{ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා|තැපැල් සංකේත}}

[[Category:Postal codes by country|Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Postal system of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka communications-related lists]]
[[Category:Philately of Sri Lanka]]

{{අසම්පූර්ණ}}</text>
      <sha1>0de809pkl9diaiffxtc2rstwqpwatmf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786067</id>
      <parentid>786066</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:41:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් යලියොමුවක් දමා [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ තැපැල් සංකේත]] පිටුව [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සංකේත]] වෙත ගෙනයන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786066</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1370" sha1="0de809pkl9diaiffxtc2rstwqpwatmf" xml:space="preserve">ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සංකේත යනු [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සේවය]] විසින් භාවිතා කරන අංක පහකින් (5) යුත් කේතයකි.&lt;ref name=slpost/&gt;

== අමතර අවධානයට ==
* [[ISO 3166-2:LK]]
* [[Sri Lanka Post|තැපැල් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, ශ්‍රී ලංකා]]
* [[Subdivisions of Sri Lanka|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උප බෙදීම්]]
* [[Telephone numbers in Sri Lanka|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුරකතන අංක]]

==මූලාශ්‍ර==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=slpost&gt;
{{cite web
|title=තැපැල් සංකේත
|url=https://slpost.gov.lk/information/postcodes/?lang=si
|publisher=[[ශ්‍රී ලංකා තැපැල් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව]]
|accessdate=2019-07-16
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
==බාහිර යොමු==
* [https://thesrilanka.lk/info/postal-codes/ All Postal Codes]

{{ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා|තැපැල් සංකේත}}

[[Category:Postal codes by country|Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Postal system of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka communications-related lists]]
[[Category:Philately of Sri Lanka]]

{{අසම්පූර්ණ}}</text>
      <sha1>0de809pkl9diaiffxtc2rstwqpwatmf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786069</id>
      <parentid>786067</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:43:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>786069</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1438" sha1="p7qkxb9jklzf7ina0gwek99tqvcbbie" xml:space="preserve">ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සංකේත යනු [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සේවය]] විසින් භාවිතා කරන අංක පහකින් (5) යුත් කේතයකි.&lt;ref name=slpost/&gt;

== අමතර අවධානයට ==
* [[ISO 3166-2:LK]]
* [[Sri Lanka Post|තැපැල් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, ශ්‍රී ලංකා]]
* [[Subdivisions of Sri Lanka|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උප බෙදීම්]]
* [[Telephone numbers in Sri Lanka|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුරකතන අංක]]

==මූලාශ්‍ර==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=slpost&gt;
{{cite web
|title=තැපැල් සංකේත
|url=https://slpost.gov.lk/information/postcodes/?lang=si
|publisher=[[ශ්‍රී ලංකා තැපැල් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව]]
|accessdate=2019-07-16
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
==බාහිර යොමු==
* {{cite web
  |url=https://thesrilanka.lk/info/postal-codes/ 
  |title=තැපැල් සංකේත සියල්ල
  }}

{{ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා|තැපැල් සංකේත}}

[[Category:Postal codes by country|Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Postal system of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka communications-related lists]]
[[Category:Philately of Sri Lanka]]

{{අසම්පූර්ණ}}</text>
      <sha1>p7qkxb9jklzf7ina0gwek99tqvcbbie</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>83661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785939</id>
      <parentid>443164</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:51:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>443164</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="293" sha1="90bif986rmgg46fqhrxt66bt9ze7uoc" xml:space="preserve">{{cat main|ශ්‍රී_ලංකාවේ_ගුවන්තොටුපළ_ලැයිස්තුව#ජාත්‍යන්තර_ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්}}
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>90bif986rmgg46fqhrxt66bt9ze7uoc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>83663</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785933</id>
      <parentid>443168</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:44:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>443168</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="108" sha1="j8nepn1hgfe26unjt7n3tk8xnv9fa5x" xml:space="preserve">{{cat main}}

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රවාහන යටිතල පහසුකම්]]</text>
      <sha1>j8nepn1hgfe26unjt7n3tk8xnv9fa5x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>105763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786038</id>
      <parentid>559321</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:56:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:Asia topic/doc]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic/doc]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>559320</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6245" sha1="ocvzns52rteec85ut9bfwebaly0urdl" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!---EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE---&gt;
{{High use| 8795 }}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
{{Warning|This continent-topic template is a shell template that is transcluded on '''multiple''' navigational templates. If there is a technical problem with a ''specific'' transclusion, it usually cannot be corrected by editing this template.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span style{{=}}&quot;font-size:90%&quot;&gt;If a link created by this template points to the wrong article, it can be changed in a specific transclusion as described [[#Altering the link used for a specific entity|below]], or a redirect to the correct article can simply be created.&lt;/span&gt;}}
&lt;/includeonly&gt;
{{About continent and region topic templates}}

==Additional documentation for Template:Asia topic==

===Removing the article &quot;the&quot;===
By default all links for the entries for the Philippines, the Maldives, etc. include the article &quot;the&quot;. In some cases this is not wanted. To remove the leading article, set the parameter {{para|article}} to anything except &quot;yes&quot;. 

'''Code'''
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Asia topic|suffix=national football team|title=National football teams of Asia|article=no|state=expanded}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
'''Result'''
{{Asia topic|suffix=national football team|title=National football teams of Asia|article=no|state=expanded}}

Note that {{tl|Asia topic}}, together with {{tl|Europe topic}}, is the only continent-topic template to have an &quot;article&quot; parameter. In most other templates &quot;the&quot; is automatically included if there is no suffix and cannot be manually added or suppressed.

===Adding or suppressing &quot;(country)&quot; for Georgia===
In the link for Georgia, the disambiguator &quot;(country)&quot; is included unless a suffix is defined using either {{para|suffix}} or the second unnamed parameter. The {{para|template}} parameter overrides this behavior; set it to &quot;yes&quot; to explicitly include the disambiguator, or to anything else to suppress it.

The previously mentioned default behavior is different from that in {{tl|Europe topic}}; in that template &quot;(country)&quot; is always included by default, regardless of whether a suffix is defined.

===Altering the link used for a specific entity===
To change the link used for a single state or dependency, the following entity-specific parameters are available. Most parameters are named after each entity's [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] code; some states with limited recognition are not included in that standard and have parameters consisting of nonofficial two-letter codes preceded by the letter &quot;X&quot; ([[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3#User-assigned code elements|ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 user-assigned codes]]).

'''Sovereign states'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* {{para|AF}} Afghanistan
* {{para|AM}} Armenia
* {{para|AZ}} Azerbaijan
* {{para|BH}} Bahrain
* {{para|BD}} Bangladesh
* {{para|BT}} Bhutan
* {{para|BN}} Brunei
* {{para|MM}} Burma (Myanmar)
* {{para|KH}} Cambodia
* {{para|CN}} China
* {{para|CY}} Cyprus
* {{para|TL}} East Timor (Timor-Leste)
* {{para|EG}} Egypt
* {{para|GE}} Georgia
* {{para|IN}} India
* {{para|ID}} Indonesia
* {{para|IR}} Iran
* {{para|IQ}} Iraq
* {{para|IL}} Israel
* {{para|JP}} Japan
* {{para|JO}} Jordan
* {{para|KZ}} Kazakhstan
* {{para|KP}} North Korea
* {{para|KR}} South Korea
* {{para|KW}} Kuwait
* {{para|KG}} Kyrgyzstan
* {{para|LA}} Laos
* {{para|LB}} Lebanon
* {{para|MY}} Malaysia
* {{para|MV}} Maldives
* {{para|MN}} Mongolia
* {{para|NP}} Nepal
* {{para|OM}} Oman
* {{para|PK}} Pakistan
* {{para|PS}} Palestine (UN observer state)
* {{para|PH}} Philippines
* {{para|QA}} Qatar
* {{para|RU}} Russia
* {{para|SA}} Saudi Arabia
* {{para|SG}} Singapore
* {{para|LK}} Sri Lanka
* {{para|SY}} Syria
* {{para|TJ}} Tajikistan
* {{para|TH}} Thailand
* {{para|TR}} Turkey
* {{para|TM}} Turkmenistan
* {{para|AE}} United Arab Emirates
* {{para|UZ}} Uzbekistan
* {{para|VN}} Vietnam
* {{para|YE}} Yemen
}}
'''States with limited recognition'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* {{para|XAB}} Abkhazia
* {{para|XNK}} Nagorno-Karabakh
* {{para|XNC}} Northern Cyprus
* {{para|XSO}} South Ossetia
* {{para|TW}} Taiwan
}}
'''Dependencies and other territories'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* {{para|IO}} British Indian Ocean Territory
* {{para|CX}} Christmas Island
* {{para|CC}} Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* {{para|HK}} Hong Kong
* {{para|MO}} Macau
}}

If a parameter is specified, but left blank, the respective entity will be omitted from the list. If set to anything else, it changes the link for the entity to the specified title. This can be used to correct an otherwise red link, or to bypass a redirect link per [[WP:BRINT]].

To omit all dependencies if not applicable for the topic in question, set the parameter {{para|countries_only}} to any non-null value.

== List of wrapper templates using ''Template:Asia topic'' ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* {{tl|Abortion in Asia}}
* {{tl|Asia related articles index}}
* {{tl|Asia templates}}
* {{tl|Asia topics templates}}
* {{tl|Bodybuilding in Asia}}
* {{tl|Bridges in Asia}}
* {{tl|Capitals in Asia}}
* {{tl|Coats of arms of Asia}}
* {{tl|Constitutions of Asia}}
* {{tl|Crime in Asia}}
* {{tl|Culture of Asia templates}}
* {{tl|Driving licences in Asia}}
* {{tl|Education in Asia}}
* {{tl|Football in Asia}}
* {{tl|Foreign relations of Asia}}
* {{tl|Geography of Asia}}
* {{tl|Government agencies in Asia}}
* {{tl|History of Asia}}
* {{tl|History of Asia templates}}
* {{tl|International organization membership in Asia}}
* {{tl|Judiciaries of Asia}}
* {{tl|Languages of Asia (category)}}
* {{tl|Life in Asia templates}}
* {{tl|List of football stadiums in Asia}}
* {{tl|Lists of newspapers in Asia}}
* {{tl|Lists of schools in Asia}}
* {{tl|Motorways in Asia}}
* {{tl|Music of Asia}}
* {{tl|Politics of Asia}}
* {{tl|Politics of Asia templates}}
* {{tl|Prisons in Asia}}
* {{tl|Radio in Asia}}
* {{tl|Rail transport in Asia}}
* {{tl|Religion in Asia}}
* {{tl|Sport deaths in Asia (category)}}
* {{tl|Sport in Asia}}
* {{tl|Telephone numbers in Asia}}
* {{tl|Television in Asia}}
* {{tl|Tourism in Asia}}
* {{tl|Women in Asia}}
* {{tl|Women's football in Asia}}
}}

==See also==
{{Continent-based templates}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{sandbox other||
&lt;!--Categories--&gt;
[[Category:Asia navigational boxes| ]]
[[Category:Configurable area-topic templates]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ocvzns52rteec85ut9bfwebaly0urdl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786046</id>
      <parentid>786038</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:56:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic/doc]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා/doc]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>559320</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6245" sha1="ocvzns52rteec85ut9bfwebaly0urdl" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!---EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE---&gt;
{{High use| 8795 }}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
{{Warning|This continent-topic template is a shell template that is transcluded on '''multiple''' navigational templates. If there is a technical problem with a ''specific'' transclusion, it usually cannot be corrected by editing this template.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span style{{=}}&quot;font-size:90%&quot;&gt;If a link created by this template points to the wrong article, it can be changed in a specific transclusion as described [[#Altering the link used for a specific entity|below]], or a redirect to the correct article can simply be created.&lt;/span&gt;}}
&lt;/includeonly&gt;
{{About continent and region topic templates}}

==Additional documentation for Template:Asia topic==

===Removing the article &quot;the&quot;===
By default all links for the entries for the Philippines, the Maldives, etc. include the article &quot;the&quot;. In some cases this is not wanted. To remove the leading article, set the parameter {{para|article}} to anything except &quot;yes&quot;. 

'''Code'''
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Asia topic|suffix=national football team|title=National football teams of Asia|article=no|state=expanded}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
'''Result'''
{{Asia topic|suffix=national football team|title=National football teams of Asia|article=no|state=expanded}}

Note that {{tl|Asia topic}}, together with {{tl|Europe topic}}, is the only continent-topic template to have an &quot;article&quot; parameter. In most other templates &quot;the&quot; is automatically included if there is no suffix and cannot be manually added or suppressed.

===Adding or suppressing &quot;(country)&quot; for Georgia===
In the link for Georgia, the disambiguator &quot;(country)&quot; is included unless a suffix is defined using either {{para|suffix}} or the second unnamed parameter. The {{para|template}} parameter overrides this behavior; set it to &quot;yes&quot; to explicitly include the disambiguator, or to anything else to suppress it.

The previously mentioned default behavior is different from that in {{tl|Europe topic}}; in that template &quot;(country)&quot; is always included by default, regardless of whether a suffix is defined.

===Altering the link used for a specific entity===
To change the link used for a single state or dependency, the following entity-specific parameters are available. Most parameters are named after each entity's [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] code; some states with limited recognition are not included in that standard and have parameters consisting of nonofficial two-letter codes preceded by the letter &quot;X&quot; ([[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3#User-assigned code elements|ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 user-assigned codes]]).

'''Sovereign states'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* {{para|AF}} Afghanistan
* {{para|AM}} Armenia
* {{para|AZ}} Azerbaijan
* {{para|BH}} Bahrain
* {{para|BD}} Bangladesh
* {{para|BT}} Bhutan
* {{para|BN}} Brunei
* {{para|MM}} Burma (Myanmar)
* {{para|KH}} Cambodia
* {{para|CN}} China
* {{para|CY}} Cyprus
* {{para|TL}} East Timor (Timor-Leste)
* {{para|EG}} Egypt
* {{para|GE}} Georgia
* {{para|IN}} India
* {{para|ID}} Indonesia
* {{para|IR}} Iran
* {{para|IQ}} Iraq
* {{para|IL}} Israel
* {{para|JP}} Japan
* {{para|JO}} Jordan
* {{para|KZ}} Kazakhstan
* {{para|KP}} North Korea
* {{para|KR}} South Korea
* {{para|KW}} Kuwait
* {{para|KG}} Kyrgyzstan
* {{para|LA}} Laos
* {{para|LB}} Lebanon
* {{para|MY}} Malaysia
* {{para|MV}} Maldives
* {{para|MN}} Mongolia
* {{para|NP}} Nepal
* {{para|OM}} Oman
* {{para|PK}} Pakistan
* {{para|PS}} Palestine (UN observer state)
* {{para|PH}} Philippines
* {{para|QA}} Qatar
* {{para|RU}} Russia
* {{para|SA}} Saudi Arabia
* {{para|SG}} Singapore
* {{para|LK}} Sri Lanka
* {{para|SY}} Syria
* {{para|TJ}} Tajikistan
* {{para|TH}} Thailand
* {{para|TR}} Turkey
* {{para|TM}} Turkmenistan
* {{para|AE}} United Arab Emirates
* {{para|UZ}} Uzbekistan
* {{para|VN}} Vietnam
* {{para|YE}} Yemen
}}
'''States with limited recognition'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* {{para|XAB}} Abkhazia
* {{para|XNK}} Nagorno-Karabakh
* {{para|XNC}} Northern Cyprus
* {{para|XSO}} South Ossetia
* {{para|TW}} Taiwan
}}
'''Dependencies and other territories'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* {{para|IO}} British Indian Ocean Territory
* {{para|CX}} Christmas Island
* {{para|CC}} Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* {{para|HK}} Hong Kong
* {{para|MO}} Macau
}}

If a parameter is specified, but left blank, the respective entity will be omitted from the list. If set to anything else, it changes the link for the entity to the specified title. This can be used to correct an otherwise red link, or to bypass a redirect link per [[WP:BRINT]].

To omit all dependencies if not applicable for the topic in question, set the parameter {{para|countries_only}} to any non-null value.

== List of wrapper templates using ''Template:Asia topic'' ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* {{tl|Abortion in Asia}}
* {{tl|Asia related articles index}}
* {{tl|Asia templates}}
* {{tl|Asia topics templates}}
* {{tl|Bodybuilding in Asia}}
* {{tl|Bridges in Asia}}
* {{tl|Capitals in Asia}}
* {{tl|Coats of arms of Asia}}
* {{tl|Constitutions of Asia}}
* {{tl|Crime in Asia}}
* {{tl|Culture of Asia templates}}
* {{tl|Driving licences in Asia}}
* {{tl|Education in Asia}}
* {{tl|Football in Asia}}
* {{tl|Foreign relations of Asia}}
* {{tl|Geography of Asia}}
* {{tl|Government agencies in Asia}}
* {{tl|History of Asia}}
* {{tl|History of Asia templates}}
* {{tl|International organization membership in Asia}}
* {{tl|Judiciaries of Asia}}
* {{tl|Languages of Asia (category)}}
* {{tl|Life in Asia templates}}
* {{tl|List of football stadiums in Asia}}
* {{tl|Lists of newspapers in Asia}}
* {{tl|Lists of schools in Asia}}
* {{tl|Motorways in Asia}}
* {{tl|Music of Asia}}
* {{tl|Politics of Asia}}
* {{tl|Politics of Asia templates}}
* {{tl|Prisons in Asia}}
* {{tl|Radio in Asia}}
* {{tl|Rail transport in Asia}}
* {{tl|Religion in Asia}}
* {{tl|Sport deaths in Asia (category)}}
* {{tl|Sport in Asia}}
* {{tl|Telephone numbers in Asia}}
* {{tl|Television in Asia}}
* {{tl|Tourism in Asia}}
* {{tl|Women in Asia}}
* {{tl|Women's football in Asia}}
}}

==See also==
{{Continent-based templates}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{sandbox other||
&lt;!--Categories--&gt;
[[Category:Asia navigational boxes| ]]
[[Category:Configurable area-topic templates]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ocvzns52rteec85ut9bfwebaly0urdl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786057</id>
      <parentid>786046</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:02:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා/doc]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව/doc]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>559320</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6245" sha1="ocvzns52rteec85ut9bfwebaly0urdl" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!---EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE---&gt;
{{High use| 8795 }}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
{{Warning|This continent-topic template is a shell template that is transcluded on '''multiple''' navigational templates. If there is a technical problem with a ''specific'' transclusion, it usually cannot be corrected by editing this template.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span style{{=}}&quot;font-size:90%&quot;&gt;If a link created by this template points to the wrong article, it can be changed in a specific transclusion as described [[#Altering the link used for a specific entity|below]], or a redirect to the correct article can simply be created.&lt;/span&gt;}}
&lt;/includeonly&gt;
{{About continent and region topic templates}}

==Additional documentation for Template:Asia topic==

===Removing the article &quot;the&quot;===
By default all links for the entries for the Philippines, the Maldives, etc. include the article &quot;the&quot;. In some cases this is not wanted. To remove the leading article, set the parameter {{para|article}} to anything except &quot;yes&quot;. 

'''Code'''
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Asia topic|suffix=national football team|title=National football teams of Asia|article=no|state=expanded}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
'''Result'''
{{Asia topic|suffix=national football team|title=National football teams of Asia|article=no|state=expanded}}

Note that {{tl|Asia topic}}, together with {{tl|Europe topic}}, is the only continent-topic template to have an &quot;article&quot; parameter. In most other templates &quot;the&quot; is automatically included if there is no suffix and cannot be manually added or suppressed.

===Adding or suppressing &quot;(country)&quot; for Georgia===
In the link for Georgia, the disambiguator &quot;(country)&quot; is included unless a suffix is defined using either {{para|suffix}} or the second unnamed parameter. The {{para|template}} parameter overrides this behavior; set it to &quot;yes&quot; to explicitly include the disambiguator, or to anything else to suppress it.

The previously mentioned default behavior is different from that in {{tl|Europe topic}}; in that template &quot;(country)&quot; is always included by default, regardless of whether a suffix is defined.

===Altering the link used for a specific entity===
To change the link used for a single state or dependency, the following entity-specific parameters are available. Most parameters are named after each entity's [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] code; some states with limited recognition are not included in that standard and have parameters consisting of nonofficial two-letter codes preceded by the letter &quot;X&quot; ([[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3#User-assigned code elements|ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 user-assigned codes]]).

'''Sovereign states'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* {{para|AF}} Afghanistan
* {{para|AM}} Armenia
* {{para|AZ}} Azerbaijan
* {{para|BH}} Bahrain
* {{para|BD}} Bangladesh
* {{para|BT}} Bhutan
* {{para|BN}} Brunei
* {{para|MM}} Burma (Myanmar)
* {{para|KH}} Cambodia
* {{para|CN}} China
* {{para|CY}} Cyprus
* {{para|TL}} East Timor (Timor-Leste)
* {{para|EG}} Egypt
* {{para|GE}} Georgia
* {{para|IN}} India
* {{para|ID}} Indonesia
* {{para|IR}} Iran
* {{para|IQ}} Iraq
* {{para|IL}} Israel
* {{para|JP}} Japan
* {{para|JO}} Jordan
* {{para|KZ}} Kazakhstan
* {{para|KP}} North Korea
* {{para|KR}} South Korea
* {{para|KW}} Kuwait
* {{para|KG}} Kyrgyzstan
* {{para|LA}} Laos
* {{para|LB}} Lebanon
* {{para|MY}} Malaysia
* {{para|MV}} Maldives
* {{para|MN}} Mongolia
* {{para|NP}} Nepal
* {{para|OM}} Oman
* {{para|PK}} Pakistan
* {{para|PS}} Palestine (UN observer state)
* {{para|PH}} Philippines
* {{para|QA}} Qatar
* {{para|RU}} Russia
* {{para|SA}} Saudi Arabia
* {{para|SG}} Singapore
* {{para|LK}} Sri Lanka
* {{para|SY}} Syria
* {{para|TJ}} Tajikistan
* {{para|TH}} Thailand
* {{para|TR}} Turkey
* {{para|TM}} Turkmenistan
* {{para|AE}} United Arab Emirates
* {{para|UZ}} Uzbekistan
* {{para|VN}} Vietnam
* {{para|YE}} Yemen
}}
'''States with limited recognition'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* {{para|XAB}} Abkhazia
* {{para|XNK}} Nagorno-Karabakh
* {{para|XNC}} Northern Cyprus
* {{para|XSO}} South Ossetia
* {{para|TW}} Taiwan
}}
'''Dependencies and other territories'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* {{para|IO}} British Indian Ocean Territory
* {{para|CX}} Christmas Island
* {{para|CC}} Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* {{para|HK}} Hong Kong
* {{para|MO}} Macau
}}

If a parameter is specified, but left blank, the respective entity will be omitted from the list. If set to anything else, it changes the link for the entity to the specified title. This can be used to correct an otherwise red link, or to bypass a redirect link per [[WP:BRINT]].

To omit all dependencies if not applicable for the topic in question, set the parameter {{para|countries_only}} to any non-null value.

== List of wrapper templates using ''Template:Asia topic'' ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* {{tl|Abortion in Asia}}
* {{tl|Asia related articles index}}
* {{tl|Asia templates}}
* {{tl|Asia topics templates}}
* {{tl|Bodybuilding in Asia}}
* {{tl|Bridges in Asia}}
* {{tl|Capitals in Asia}}
* {{tl|Coats of arms of Asia}}
* {{tl|Constitutions of Asia}}
* {{tl|Crime in Asia}}
* {{tl|Culture of Asia templates}}
* {{tl|Driving licences in Asia}}
* {{tl|Education in Asia}}
* {{tl|Football in Asia}}
* {{tl|Foreign relations of Asia}}
* {{tl|Geography of Asia}}
* {{tl|Government agencies in Asia}}
* {{tl|History of Asia}}
* {{tl|History of Asia templates}}
* {{tl|International organization membership in Asia}}
* {{tl|Judiciaries of Asia}}
* {{tl|Languages of Asia (category)}}
* {{tl|Life in Asia templates}}
* {{tl|List of football stadiums in Asia}}
* {{tl|Lists of newspapers in Asia}}
* {{tl|Lists of schools in Asia}}
* {{tl|Motorways in Asia}}
* {{tl|Music of Asia}}
* {{tl|Politics of Asia}}
* {{tl|Politics of Asia templates}}
* {{tl|Prisons in Asia}}
* {{tl|Radio in Asia}}
* {{tl|Rail transport in Asia}}
* {{tl|Religion in Asia}}
* {{tl|Sport deaths in Asia (category)}}
* {{tl|Sport in Asia}}
* {{tl|Telephone numbers in Asia}}
* {{tl|Television in Asia}}
* {{tl|Tourism in Asia}}
* {{tl|Women in Asia}}
* {{tl|Women's football in Asia}}
}}

==See also==
{{Continent-based templates}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{sandbox other||
&lt;!--Categories--&gt;
[[Category:Asia navigational boxes| ]]
[[Category:Configurable area-topic templates]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ocvzns52rteec85ut9bfwebaly0urdl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>105961</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786034</id>
      <parentid>719613</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:56:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:Asia topic]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15178" sha1="owz35lpvpevz2rvavn9n5cw6q2uky8j" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name   = {{{name|Asia topic}}}
| title  = {{#if:{{{title|}}} | {{{title}}} | {{#ifexist:{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}}_Asia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}} | [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} ආසියාව {{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}]] | {{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Asia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}} }} }}
| titlestyle = {{{titlestyle|}}}
| state  = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| border = {{{border|}}}
| navbar = {{{navbar|}}}
| image  = {{{image|}}}
| groupstyle = {{{groupstyle|}}}
| liststyle = {{{liststyle|}}}
| listclass = hlist

| group1 = [[List of sovereign states|ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍ය]]
| list1  =
* {{#if:{{{AF|♦}}}|[[{{{AF|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|AF|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Afghanistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AM|♦}}}|[[{{{AM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|AM|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Armenia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AZ|♦}}}|[[{{{AZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|AZ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Azerbaijan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BH|♦}}}|[[{{{BH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|BH|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bahrain}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BD|♦}}}|[[{{{BD|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|BD|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bangladesh}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BT|♦}}}|[[{{{BT|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|BT|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bhutan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BN|♦}}}|[[{{{BN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|BN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Brunei}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KH|♦}}}|[[{{{KH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KH|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Cambodia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CN|♦}}}|[[{{{CN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|CN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|China}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CY|♦}}}|[[{{{CY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|CY|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Cyprus}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TL|♦}}}|[[{{{TL|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TL|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|East Timor (Timor-Leste)}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{EG|♦}}}|[[{{{EG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|EG|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Egypt}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{GE|♦}}}|[[{{{GE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|GE|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}|mode={{#ifeq:{{{template|yes}}}|yes|unique}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Georgia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IN|♦}}}|[[{{{IN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|India}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{ID|♦}}}|[[{{{ID|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|ID|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Indonesia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IR|♦}}}|[[{{{IR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IR|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Iran}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IQ|♦}}}|[[{{{IQ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IQ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Iraq}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IL|♦}}}|[[{{{IL|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IL|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Israel}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JP|♦}}}|[[{{{JP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|JP|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Japan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JO|♦}}}|[[{{{JO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|JO|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Jordan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KZ|♦}}}|[[{{{KZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KZ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kazakhstan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KP|♦}}}|[[{{{KP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KP|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|North Korea}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KR|♦}}}|[[{{{KR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KR|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|South Korea}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KW|♦}}}|[[{{{KW|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KW|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kuwait}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KG|♦}}}|[[{{{KG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KG|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kyrgyzstan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LA|♦}}}|[[{{{LA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|LA|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Laos}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LB|♦}}}|[[{{{LB|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|LB|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Lebanon}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MY|♦}}}|[[{{{MY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MY|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Malaysia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MV|♦}}}|[[{{{MV|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MV|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Maldives}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MN|♦}}}|[[{{{MN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Mongolia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MM|♦}}}|[[{{{MM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MM|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Myanmar}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{NP|♦}}}|[[{{{NP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|NP|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Nepal}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{OM|♦}}}|[[{{{OM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|OM|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Oman}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PK|♦}}}|[[{{{PK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|PK|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Pakistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PH|♦}}}|[[{{{PH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|PH|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Philippines}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{QA|♦}}}|[[{{{QA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|QA|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Qatar}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{RU|♦}}}|[[{{{RU|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|RU|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Russia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SA|♦}}}|[[{{{SA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|SA|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Saudi Arabia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SG|♦}}}|[[{{{SG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|SG|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Singapore}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LK|♦}}}|[[{{{LK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|LK|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Sri Lanka}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SY|♦}}}|[[{{{SY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|SY|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Syria}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TJ|♦}}}|[[{{{TJ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TJ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Tajikistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TH|♦}}}|[[{{{TH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TH|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Thailand}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TR|♦}}}|[[{{{TR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TR|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Turkey}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TM|♦}}}|[[{{{TM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TM|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Turkmenistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AE|♦}}}|[[{{{AE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|AE|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|United Arab Emirates}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{UZ|♦}}}|[[{{{UZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|UZ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Uzbekistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{VN|♦}}}|[[{{{VN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|VN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Vietnam}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{YE|♦}}}|[[{{{YE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|YE|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Yemen}}]]}}

| group2 = [[List of states with limited recognition|සීමිත පිළිගැනීමක් සහිත&lt;br/&gt;රාජ්‍ය]]
| list2  =
* {{#if:{{{XAB|♦}}}|[[{{{XAB|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Abkhazia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Abkhazia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XNK|♦}}}|[[{{{XNK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{article|yes}}}|yes|the_}}Republic of Artsakh{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Artsakh}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XNC|♦}}}|[[{{{XNC|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Northern Cyprus{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Northern Cyprus}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PS|♦}}}|[[{{{PS|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|PS|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Palestine}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XSO|♦}}}|[[{{{XSO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} South Ossetia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|South Ossetia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TW|♦}}}|[[{{{TW|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TW|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Taiwan}}]]}}

| group3 = [[Dependent territory|පරායත්ත රාජ්‍ය]] සහ&lt;br/&gt;වෙනත් භූමිප්‍රදේශ
| list3  = {{#if:{{{countries_only|}}}|&lt;!-- DO NOTHING --&gt;|
* {{#if:{{{IO|♦}}}|[[{{{IO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IO|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|British Indian Ocean Territory}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CX|♦}}}|[[{{{CX|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|CX|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Christmas Island}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CC|♦}}}|[[{{{CC|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|CC|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{HK|♦}}}|[[{{{HK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|HK|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Hong Kong}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MO|♦}}}|[[{{{MO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MO|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Macau}}]]}}
}}
| belowclass = hlist
| below = 
* {{icon|Category}} [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව|ප්‍රවර්ගය]]
* {{icon|Portal}} [[ද්වාරය:ආසියාව|ආසියාව ද්වාරය]]
}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}

 |[[Category:Region topic template using suffix]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>owz35lpvpevz2rvavn9n5cw6q2uky8j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786042</id>
      <parentid>786034</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:56:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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| name   = {{{name|Asia topic}}}
| title  = {{#if:{{{title|}}} | {{{title}}} | {{#ifexist:{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}}_Asia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}} | [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} ආසියාව {{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}]] | {{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Asia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}} }} }}
| titlestyle = {{{titlestyle|}}}
| state  = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| border = {{{border|}}}
| navbar = {{{navbar|}}}
| image  = {{{image|}}}
| groupstyle = {{{groupstyle|}}}
| liststyle = {{{liststyle|}}}
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| group1 = [[List of sovereign states|ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍ය]]
| list1  =
* {{#if:{{{AF|♦}}}|[[{{{AF|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|AF|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Afghanistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AM|♦}}}|[[{{{AM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|AM|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Armenia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AZ|♦}}}|[[{{{AZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|AZ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Azerbaijan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BH|♦}}}|[[{{{BH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|BH|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bahrain}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BD|♦}}}|[[{{{BD|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|BD|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bangladesh}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BT|♦}}}|[[{{{BT|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|BT|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bhutan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BN|♦}}}|[[{{{BN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|BN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Brunei}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KH|♦}}}|[[{{{KH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KH|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Cambodia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CN|♦}}}|[[{{{CN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|CN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|China}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CY|♦}}}|[[{{{CY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|CY|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Cyprus}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TL|♦}}}|[[{{{TL|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TL|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|East Timor (Timor-Leste)}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{EG|♦}}}|[[{{{EG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|EG|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Egypt}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{GE|♦}}}|[[{{{GE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|GE|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}|mode={{#ifeq:{{{template|yes}}}|yes|unique}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Georgia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IN|♦}}}|[[{{{IN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|India}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{ID|♦}}}|[[{{{ID|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|ID|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Indonesia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IR|♦}}}|[[{{{IR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IR|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Iran}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IQ|♦}}}|[[{{{IQ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IQ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Iraq}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IL|♦}}}|[[{{{IL|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IL|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Israel}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JP|♦}}}|[[{{{JP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|JP|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Japan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JO|♦}}}|[[{{{JO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|JO|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Jordan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KZ|♦}}}|[[{{{KZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KZ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kazakhstan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KP|♦}}}|[[{{{KP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KP|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|North Korea}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KR|♦}}}|[[{{{KR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KR|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|South Korea}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KW|♦}}}|[[{{{KW|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KW|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kuwait}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KG|♦}}}|[[{{{KG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KG|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kyrgyzstan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LA|♦}}}|[[{{{LA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|LA|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Laos}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LB|♦}}}|[[{{{LB|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|LB|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Lebanon}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MY|♦}}}|[[{{{MY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MY|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Malaysia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MV|♦}}}|[[{{{MV|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MV|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Maldives}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MN|♦}}}|[[{{{MN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Mongolia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MM|♦}}}|[[{{{MM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MM|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Myanmar}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{NP|♦}}}|[[{{{NP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|NP|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Nepal}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{OM|♦}}}|[[{{{OM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|OM|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Oman}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PK|♦}}}|[[{{{PK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|PK|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Pakistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PH|♦}}}|[[{{{PH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|PH|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Philippines}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{QA|♦}}}|[[{{{QA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|QA|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Qatar}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{RU|♦}}}|[[{{{RU|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|RU|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Russia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SA|♦}}}|[[{{{SA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|SA|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Saudi Arabia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SG|♦}}}|[[{{{SG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|SG|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Singapore}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LK|♦}}}|[[{{{LK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|LK|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Sri Lanka}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SY|♦}}}|[[{{{SY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|SY|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Syria}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TJ|♦}}}|[[{{{TJ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TJ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Tajikistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TH|♦}}}|[[{{{TH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TH|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Thailand}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TR|♦}}}|[[{{{TR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TR|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Turkey}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TM|♦}}}|[[{{{TM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TM|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Turkmenistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AE|♦}}}|[[{{{AE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|AE|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|United Arab Emirates}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{UZ|♦}}}|[[{{{UZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|UZ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Uzbekistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{VN|♦}}}|[[{{{VN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|VN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Vietnam}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{YE|♦}}}|[[{{{YE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|YE|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Yemen}}]]}}

| group2 = [[List of states with limited recognition|සීමිත පිළිගැනීමක් සහිත&lt;br/&gt;රාජ්‍ය]]
| list2  =
* {{#if:{{{XAB|♦}}}|[[{{{XAB|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Abkhazia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Abkhazia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XNK|♦}}}|[[{{{XNK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{article|yes}}}|yes|the_}}Republic of Artsakh{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Artsakh}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XNC|♦}}}|[[{{{XNC|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Northern Cyprus{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Northern Cyprus}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PS|♦}}}|[[{{{PS|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|PS|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Palestine}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XSO|♦}}}|[[{{{XSO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} South Ossetia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|South Ossetia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TW|♦}}}|[[{{{TW|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TW|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Taiwan}}]]}}

| group3 = [[Dependent territory|පරායත්ත රාජ්‍ය]] සහ&lt;br/&gt;වෙනත් භූමිප්‍රදේශ
| list3  = {{#if:{{{countries_only|}}}|&lt;!-- DO NOTHING --&gt;|
* {{#if:{{{IO|♦}}}|[[{{{IO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IO|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|British Indian Ocean Territory}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CX|♦}}}|[[{{{CX|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|CX|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Christmas Island}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CC|♦}}}|[[{{{CC|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|CC|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{HK|♦}}}|[[{{{HK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|HK|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Hong Kong}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MO|♦}}}|[[{{{MO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MO|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Macau}}]]}}
}}
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* {{icon|Category}} [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව|ප්‍රවර්ගය]]
* {{icon|Portal}} [[ද්වාරය:ආසියාව|ආසියාව ද්වාරය]]
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      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:02:03Z</timestamp>
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        <id>85</id>
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      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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| name   = {{{name|Asia topic}}}
| title  = {{#if:{{{title|}}} | {{{title}}} | {{#ifexist:{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}}_Asia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}} | [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} ආසියාව {{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}]] | {{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Asia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}} }} }}
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| group1 = [[List of sovereign states|ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍ය]]
| list1  =
* {{#if:{{{AF|♦}}}|[[{{{AF|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|AF|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Afghanistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AM|♦}}}|[[{{{AM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|AM|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Armenia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AZ|♦}}}|[[{{{AZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|AZ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Azerbaijan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BH|♦}}}|[[{{{BH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|BH|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bahrain}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BD|♦}}}|[[{{{BD|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|BD|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bangladesh}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BT|♦}}}|[[{{{BT|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|BT|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bhutan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BN|♦}}}|[[{{{BN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|BN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Brunei}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KH|♦}}}|[[{{{KH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KH|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Cambodia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CN|♦}}}|[[{{{CN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|CN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|China}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CY|♦}}}|[[{{{CY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|CY|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Cyprus}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TL|♦}}}|[[{{{TL|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TL|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|East Timor (Timor-Leste)}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{EG|♦}}}|[[{{{EG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|EG|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Egypt}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{GE|♦}}}|[[{{{GE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|GE|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}|mode={{#ifeq:{{{template|yes}}}|yes|unique}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Georgia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IN|♦}}}|[[{{{IN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|India}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{ID|♦}}}|[[{{{ID|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|ID|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Indonesia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IR|♦}}}|[[{{{IR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IR|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Iran}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IQ|♦}}}|[[{{{IQ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IQ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Iraq}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IL|♦}}}|[[{{{IL|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IL|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Israel}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JP|♦}}}|[[{{{JP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|JP|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Japan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JO|♦}}}|[[{{{JO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|JO|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Jordan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KZ|♦}}}|[[{{{KZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KZ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kazakhstan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KP|♦}}}|[[{{{KP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KP|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|North Korea}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KR|♦}}}|[[{{{KR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KR|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|South Korea}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KW|♦}}}|[[{{{KW|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KW|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kuwait}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KG|♦}}}|[[{{{KG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|KG|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kyrgyzstan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LA|♦}}}|[[{{{LA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|LA|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Laos}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LB|♦}}}|[[{{{LB|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|LB|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Lebanon}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MY|♦}}}|[[{{{MY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MY|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Malaysia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MV|♦}}}|[[{{{MV|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MV|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Maldives}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MN|♦}}}|[[{{{MN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Mongolia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MM|♦}}}|[[{{{MM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MM|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Myanmar}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{NP|♦}}}|[[{{{NP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|NP|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Nepal}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{OM|♦}}}|[[{{{OM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|OM|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Oman}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PK|♦}}}|[[{{{PK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|PK|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Pakistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PH|♦}}}|[[{{{PH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|PH|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Philippines}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{QA|♦}}}|[[{{{QA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|QA|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Qatar}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{RU|♦}}}|[[{{{RU|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|RU|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Russia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SA|♦}}}|[[{{{SA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|SA|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Saudi Arabia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SG|♦}}}|[[{{{SG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|SG|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Singapore}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LK|♦}}}|[[{{{LK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|LK|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Sri Lanka}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SY|♦}}}|[[{{{SY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|SY|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Syria}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TJ|♦}}}|[[{{{TJ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TJ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Tajikistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TH|♦}}}|[[{{{TH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TH|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Thailand}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TR|♦}}}|[[{{{TR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TR|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Turkey}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TM|♦}}}|[[{{{TM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TM|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Turkmenistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AE|♦}}}|[[{{{AE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|AE|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|United Arab Emirates}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{UZ|♦}}}|[[{{{UZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|UZ|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Uzbekistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{VN|♦}}}|[[{{{VN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|VN|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Vietnam}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{YE|♦}}}|[[{{{YE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|YE|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Yemen}}]]}}

| group2 = [[List of states with limited recognition|සීමිත පිළිගැනීමක් සහිත&lt;br/&gt;රාජ්‍ය]]
| list2  =
* {{#if:{{{XAB|♦}}}|[[{{{XAB|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Abkhazia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Abkhazia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XNK|♦}}}|[[{{{XNK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{article|yes}}}|yes|the_}}Republic of Artsakh{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Artsakh}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XNC|♦}}}|[[{{{XNC|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Northern Cyprus{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Northern Cyprus}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PS|♦}}}|[[{{{PS|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|PS|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Palestine}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XSO|♦}}}|[[{{{XSO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} South Ossetia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|South Ossetia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TW|♦}}}|[[{{{TW|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|TW|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Taiwan}}]]}}

| group3 = [[Dependent territory|පරායත්ත රාජ්‍ය]] සහ&lt;br/&gt;වෙනත් භූමිප්‍රදේශ
| list3  = {{#if:{{{countries_only|}}}|&lt;!-- DO NOTHING --&gt;|
* {{#if:{{{IO|♦}}}|[[{{{IO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|IO|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|British Indian Ocean Territory}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CX|♦}}}|[[{{{CX|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|CX|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Christmas Island}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CC|♦}}}|[[{{{CC|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|CC|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{HK|♦}}}|[[{{{HK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|HK|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Hong Kong}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MO|♦}}}|[[{{{MO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{කේතය අනුව රටේ නම|MO|of=yes|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Macau}}]]}}
}}
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* {{icon|Category}} [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව|ප්‍රවර්ගය]]
* {{icon|Portal}} [[ද්වාරය:ආසියාව|ආසියාව ද්වාරය]]
}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}

 |[[Category:Region topic template using suffix]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>owz35lpvpevz2rvavn9n5cw6q2uky8j</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව/වැලිපිල්ල</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:Asia topic/වැලිපිල්ල]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic/වැලිපිල්ල]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:56:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic/වැලිපිල්ල]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා/වැලිපිල්ල]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:02:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා/වැලිපිල්ල]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව/වැලිපිල්ල]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>85</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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      <text bytes="511" sha1="h4rp3g7uiwnpd9lz94ih4uj62b2m6hi" xml:space="preserve">{{Commons cat|Airports in Sri Lanka}}
{{cat main|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගුවන්තොටුපළ ලැයිස්තුව}}

[[Category:Tourism in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Airports by country|Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Airports in Asia by country|Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Aviation in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Transport buildings and structures in Sri Lanka]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාව]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]</text>
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    <title>මනිකලන්ඩ් පළාත, සිම්බාබ්වේ</title>
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      <comment>[[Special:Contributions/~2026-18390-26|~2026-18390-26]] මගින් සිදුකල  [[Special:Diff/783711|783711]] සංශෝධනය අහෝසි කරන්න ([[User talk:~2026-18390-26|සාකච්ඡා]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="23520" sha1="ppaku4jbfwiidej0ifkswbkj0iyhdhq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;| name                     = Manicaland
| native_name              = 
| native_name_lang         = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type          = [[Provinces of Zimbabwe|Province]]
| image_skyline            = 
| imagesize                = 
| image_alt                = 
| image_caption            = 
| image_flag               = 
| flag_size                = 
| flag_alt                 = 
| image_seal               = 
| seal_size                = 
| seal_alt                 = 
| image_shield             = 
| shield_size              = 
| shield_alt               = 
| image_blank_emblem       = 
| blank_emblem_type        = 
| blank_emblem_size        = 
| blank_emblem_alt         = 
| nickname                 = kumakomoyo (to those mountain)
| motto                    = 
| image_map                = Manicaland in Zimbabwe (adm).svg
| mapsize                  = 250px
| map_alt                  = 
| map_caption              = Manicaland, Province of Zimbabwe
| image_map1               = 
| mapsize1                 = 
| map_alt1                 = 
| map_caption1             = 
| subdivision_type         = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name         = [[Zimbabwe]]
| subdivision_type1        = 
| subdivision_name1        = 
| subdivision_type2        = 
| subdivision_name2        = 
| established_title        = Manicaland
| established_date         = 1897
| founder                  = 
| named_for                = 
| seat_type                = [[Capital (political)|Capital]]
| seat                     = [[Mutare]]
| government_footnotes     = 
| government_type          = Provincial Ministry
| leader_party             = [[ZANU-PF]]
| leader_title             = Minister of State for Provincial Affairs
| leader_name              = [[Nokuthula Matsikinyere]]&lt;ref&gt; https://www.herald.co.zw/5-new-provincial-affairs-ministers-appointed/amp/&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title1            = Provincial Administrator
| leader_name1             = Fungai Mbetsa &lt;ref&gt; https://zw.linkedin.com/in/fungai-mbetsa-89b59944&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title2            = Provincial Affairs Director
| leader_name2             = not known
| total_type               = 
| unit_pref                = 
| area_magnitude           = 
| area_footnotes           = 
| area_total_km2           = 36459
| area_total_sq_mi         = 14076.899
| area_total_dunam         = 
| area_land_km2            = 
| area_land_sq_mi          = 
| area_water_km2           = 
| area_water_sq_mi         = 
| area_water_percent       = 
| area_note                = 
| elevation_footnotes      = 
| elevation_m              = 
| elevation_ft             = 
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 2037762&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimstat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Population Census National Report 2022|url=http://www.zimstat.co.zw/sites/default/files/img/National_Report.pdf|publisher=Zimbabwe National Statistics|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110192409/http://www.zimstat.co.zw/sites/default/files/img/National_Report.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_as_of         = 2022
| population_density_km2   = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_est           = 2,098,110
| pop_est_as_of            = 2023
| population_demonym       = VekuMakomoyo (those from mountainous area)
| population_note          = 
| timezone1                = CAT
| utc_offset1              = +02:00
| timezone1_DST            = CAT
| utc_offset1_DST          = +01:00
| postal_code_type         = 
| postal_code              = 
| area_code                = 
| blank_name_sec1          = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)
| blank_info_sec1          = 0.583&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#900|low}} · [[List of Zimbabwean provinces by Human Development Index|6th]]
| website                  = 
| footnotes                = 
| elevation_max_m          = 2,592
}}
'''මනිකලන්ඩ්''' යනු නැගෙනහිර [[සිම්බාබ්වේ]] හි පිහිටි පළාතකි . හරාරේ පළාතෙන් පසුව, එය 2022 සංගණනයට අනුව මිලියන 2.037 ක ජනගහනයක් සහිත රටේ දෙවන වැඩිම ජනගහනය සහිත පළාත වේ. හරාරේ සහ [[බුලවායෝ]] පළාත්වලින් පසුව, මනිකලන්ඩ් යනු සිම්බාබ්වේහි තුන්වන වැඩිම ජන ඝනත්වය සහිත පළාතයි. මැනිකලන්ඩ් යනු මුල් යටත් විජිත යුගයේ දකුණු රොඩේසියාවේ පිහිටුවන ලද මුල් පළාත් පහෙන් එකකි. රටේ ප්‍රධාන සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණ ස්ථාන වන මුටරාසි ඇල්ල, න්‍යාංග ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය සහ සිම්බාබ්වේ හි ඉහළම කඳු මුදුන් තුනෙන් පළාත සමන්විත වේ. පළාත ග්‍රාමීය දිස්ත්‍රික්ක හතක පරිපාලන උප කොට්ඨාශ දහයකට සහ පළාත් අගනුවර වන මුටරේ ඇතුළු නගර/කවුන්සි තුනකට බෙදා ඇත. මනිකලන්ඩ් යන නම ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත්තේ පළාතේ විශාලතම ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එකක් වන මනිකලන්ඩ් පළාතේ උතුරු ප්‍රදේශයෙන් සහ බටහිර මොසැම්බික් ප්‍රදේශයෙන් ආරම්භ වූ, ෂෝනා හි චිමන්යිකා නමින් වෙනස් භාෂාවක් කතා කරන ජනතාවගෙනි.

මනිකලන්ඩ් මායිම් වන්නේ වයඹ දෙසින් මශෝනලන්ඩ් නැගෙනහිර පළාත, බටහිරින් මිඩ්ලන්ඩ්ස් පළාත, නිරිත දෙසින් මස්විංගෝ පළාත සහ නැගෙනහිරින් [[මොසැම්බික්]] ය. එහි වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 36,459 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 14,077),&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/zimbabwe.aspx Surface Area of Manicaland District] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217021255/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/zimbabwe.aspx|date=2013-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; සිම්බාබ්වේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 9.28% ට සමාන වේ. එය සිම්බාබ්වේ පළාත් දහයේ ප්‍රදේශයේ හයවන විශාලතම වේ. එහි ආර්ථිකය බොහෝ දුරට කේන්ද්‍රගත වී ඇත්තේ කර්මාන්තය සහ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය, විශේෂයෙන්ම නිෂ්පාදන, දියමන්ති සහ රන් කැණීම, දැව, තේ සහ කෝපි වගාවන් සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය වටාය.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialgazette.co.zw/manicaland-industries-collapse/|title=Manicaland industries collapse|last=Matimaire|first=Kenneth|date=2017-03-23|work=The Financial Gazette|access-date=2018-06-15|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030314/https://www.financialgazette.co.zw/manicaland-industries-collapse/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෑත වසරවලදී, නිෂ්පාදන සමාගම් සහ පතල් අඛණ්ඩව නැමීම නිසා මැනිකලන්ඩ් ආර්ථිකය පහත වැටී ඇත,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; සහ පළාත දැන් ආර්ථික වශයෙන් සහ සංවර්ධන වශයෙන් අනෙකුත් සිම්බාබ්වේ පළාත්වලට වඩා පසුගාමී වේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2012/11/18/manicaland-is-also-for-devolution/|title=Manicaland is also for devolution|last=Zimunya|first=Itai|date=2012-11-18|work=The Standard|access-date=2018-06-15|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

පළාතේ මෑතකාලීන වර්ධනයන් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ප්‍රධාන යටිතල පහසුකම් ව්‍යාපෘති කිහිපයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බොචා ප්‍රදේශයේ සටහන් වේ. පළාත රටේ දැඩි ලෙස ඌන සංවර්ධිත ප්‍රදේශයකි, ඊට ඉහළින්, එය ආර්ථිකය නරකම එකක් වන්නේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් හිටපු ජනාධිපති රොබට් ගේබ්‍රියෙල් මුගාබේ විසින් තල්ලු කරන ලද සෙසුරු-කොරෙකෝර් ආධිපත්‍ය න්‍යාය පත්‍රය නිසා ය.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karangas crush Zezuru-Korekore Alliance again |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-opinion-sc-columnist-byo-234607.html |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}&lt;/ref&gt; එය විශාලතම ග්‍රාමීය ජනගහනය, පළාත අනුව දෙවන විශාලතම ජනගහනය සහ රට අනුව තුන්වන විශාලතම නගරය කේන්ද්‍රගත කරන කාරනය, එය අවසන් සංවර්ධිත පළාත් 5 අතර වන අතර ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපලක් නොමැති අතර එය එහි වර්ධනය සීමා කරයි. එය මැට්බෙලන්ඩ් උතුර සමඟ සිම්බාබ්වේ සංචාරක නිවහන වන නමුත් ජාත්‍යන්තර සංචාරකයින්ට සෘජු ප්‍රවේශයක් නොමැත, ඔවුන්ට ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපලක් ඇති හරාරේ හරහා පැමිණිය යුතුය. දියමන්ති මුලින්ම සොයාගනු ලැබුවේ බොචා හි චියාඩ්ස්වා ප්‍රදේශයෙන් වන නමුත් වසර කිහිපයක් පහතින්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සොයාගැනීමෙන් කිසිඳු ප්‍රයෝජනයක් ගෙන නොමැත.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-10 |title=Chiadzwa villagers cry foul {{!}} Business Times |url=https://businesstimes.co.zw/chiadzwa-villagers-cry-foul/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=businesstimes.co.zw |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; පැනලොංගා යනු නීතිවිරෝධී රත්‍රන් නිස්සාරණය කරන ස්ථානයයි, නමුත් මනිකලන්ඩ් ප්‍රතිලාභ වෙනුවට සම්පත් ස්කොට් සකුප්වන්යා ගේ සමාගම සහ ඉහළ රාජ්‍ය නිලධාරීන් කිහිප දෙනෙකු විසින් කොල්ලකනු ලැබේ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Unit |first=Al Jazeera Investigative |title=Six secrets uncovered by Al Jazeera's Gold Mafia investigation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/14/six-secrets-uncovered-by-al-jazeeras-gold-mafia-investigation |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== නිරුක්තිය ==
මනිකලන්ඩ් යන නම ලැබී ඇත්තේ එම ප්‍රදේශයේ කොටසක් ඉතිහාසයේ මනිකා ජනයා විසින් අත්පත් කරගෙන ඇති බැවිනි. මණිකා යනු ඔවුන්ගේම භාෂා ප්‍රභේදයක් වන මණිකා භාෂාව සහිත ෂෝනා ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කරන ලද ගෝත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමකි.

== භූගෝලය ==
පළාත උතුරින් මශෝනලන්ඩ් නැගෙනහිර පළාත, බටහිරින් මිඩ්ලන්ඩ්ස් පළාත, දකුණින් සහ නිරිත දෙසින් මස්විංගෝ පළාත සහ නැගෙනහිරින් මොසැම්බික් ජනරජයෙන් මායිම් වේ.&lt;ref&gt;[[Provinces of Zimbabwe|Map of Provinces of Zimbabwe]]&lt;/ref&gt; පළාත් අගනුවර වන මුටාරේ (ජනගහනය:184,205),&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wolframalpha.com/entities/cities_population/what_is_the_population_of_mutare,_zimbabwe%3F/gj/re/zo/ Estimated Population of Mutare In 2004]{{Dead link|date=March 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; ආසන්න වශයෙන් 265 (සැතපුම් 165), මාර්ගයෙන්, හරාරේට ගිනිකොන දෙසින්, සිම්බාබ්වේ අගනුවර සහ එම රටේ විශාලතම නගරය පිහිටා ඇත.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zimbabwe_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Harare%20(Harare)&amp;toplace=Mutare%20()&amp;fromlat=-17.8177778&amp;tolat=-18.9666667&amp;fromlng=31.0447222&amp;tolng=32.6666667 Road Distance Between Harare And Mutare With Map]&lt;/ref&gt;

නැඟෙනහිර කඳුකරය මැනිකලන්ඩ් හි නැගෙනහිර මායිම දිගේ දිව යයි. උස්බිම් කඳු වැටි කිහිපයකින් සමන්විත වන අතර සිම්බාබ්වේ හි උසම කඳු මුදුන වන නයංගනී කන්ද ඇතුළත් වේ. මනිකාලන්ඩ් නිවර්තන වනාන්තර දේශගුණයක් ඇත.

මනිකලන්ඩ් හි උතුරු කොටස ගයිරේසි සහ න්යන්ගොම්බේ ඇතුළු සැම්බේසි ගඟේ අතු ගංගා මගින් උතුරට ගලා යයි. පළාතේ මධ්‍යම සහ දකුණු කොටස් සේව් ගඟ සහ ඔඩ්සි ගඟ ඇතුළු එහි අතු ගංගා මගින් දකුණට බැස යයි. හොන්ඩේ නිම්නය, බුරුම නිම්නය සහ නැගෙනහිර චිමනිමනි සහ චිපින්ග් දිස්ත්‍රික්ක ඇතුළුව පළාතේ නැගෙනහිර මායිමේ සමහර ප්‍රදේශ නැගෙනහිර දෙසට පුන්ග්වේ සහ බුසි ගංගාවලට ගලා යයි.

== දිස්ත්‍රික්ක ==
[[File:Manicaland-constituency_bounderies2008.gif|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manicaland-constituency_bounderies2008.gif|දකුණ|thumb|505x505පික්|Manicaland Province division for the 2008 elections]]
[[File:Manicaland_districts.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manicaland_districts.png|දකුණ|thumb|250x250පික්|Districts of Manicaland]]
පළාත ග්‍රාමීය දිස්ත්‍රික්ක හතකට සහ නගර/කවුන්සි තුනකට බෙදා ඇත:

* [[:en:Buhera_District|Buhera District]]
* [[:en:Chimanimani_District|Chimanimani District]]
* [[:en:Chipinge_District|Chipinge District]]
* [[:en:Makoni_District|Makoni District]]
* [[:en:Mutare_District|Mutare District]] (in the center)
* [[:en:Mutasa_District|Mutasa District]]
* [[:en:Nyanga_District|Nyanga District]] (in the northeast of the province)
* [[:en:Mutare|Mutare]] City Council
* [[:en:Chipinge|Chipinge]] Town Council
* [[:en:Rusape|Rusape]] Town Council

== Demographics and diversity ==
{{Historical populations|1992|1,537,676|2002|1,568,930|2012|1,752,698|title=|type=|align=|width=|state=|shading=|pop_name=|percentages=|footnote=|source=[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/zimbabwe.aspx Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT)]}}Manicaland is the second most populated province in Zimbabwe. It has a population of about 1,755,000 which constitutes about 13.5% of the country's total population.

The people of Manicaland speak [[:en:Shona_language|Shona]] although the different districts have own languages and dialects.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft158004rs&amp;chunk.id=d0e3048&amp;toc.depth=1&amp;toc.id=d0e2944&amp;brand=ucpress&amp;query=manicaland |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=publishing.cdlib.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, [[:en:Mutasa_District|Mutasa District]] use [[:en:Manyika|Manyika]] as a language. In [[:en:Makoni_District|Makoni District]], the MaUngwe people use the chi[[:en:Maungwe|Ungwe]]. In [[:en:Chipinge|Chipinge District]] the Ndau people use chi[[:en:Ndau_language|Ndau]] and the Machangana/ Shangaani people use chiChangana/ Shangaan language. In [[:en:Mutare|Mutare District]]  the people of Marange use [[:en:Bocha_dialect|chiBocha]] and the Jindwi people of [[:en:Zimunya|Zimunya]] use [[:en:CiJindwi|chiJindwi]].

These languages transcend the modern day boundaries set by the districts, being synonymous with the people in their Chiefdoms, who originally occupied these lands and beyond, prior to the displacement and resettlement caused by colonial occupation and repression in the early part of the 20th century. Boundaries between Kingdoms/ Chiefdoms were redrawn under the [[:en:Land_Apportionment_Act_of_1930|Land Apportionment Act of 1930]] and the Native Land Husbandry Act of 1951.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=DUGGAN|first=WILLIAM R.|date=1980-04-01|title=THE NATIVE LAND HUSBANDRY ACT OF 1951 AND THE RURAL AFRICAN MIDDLE CLASS OF SOUTHERN RHODESIA|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097207|journal=African Affairs|volume=79|issue=315|pages=227–240|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097207|issn=0001-9909}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Colonial authorities used a similar technique to divide up land and authority, which in colonial Rhodesia manifested itself, through a long series of legislative measures (most importantly the Land Apportionment Act of 1930 and the Native Land Husbandry Act of 1951), in the sharp division between Native reserves (later known as the Tribal Trust Lands), and European farming areas, with the Native Purchase Areas forming a kind of middle stage between the two. After the country's independence in 1980, district boundaries were redrawn based on political direction in the newer dispensation.

== Spirituality and religion ==
{{Historical populations|1992|1,537,676|2002|1,568,930|2012|1,752,698|title=|type=|align=|width=|state=|shading=|pop_name=|percentages=|footnote=|source=[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/zimbabwe.aspx Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT)]}}A great number of the population practise their own traditional way of worshipping, but many also practice [[:en:Christianity|Christianity]] (about 65%). The majority falling under the traditional churches: [[:en:Methodist_Church|Methodist Church]], [[:en:Seventh-day_Adventist_Church|Seventh-day Adventist Church]], the [[:en:Anglican_Church|Anglican Church]] and the [[:en:Roman_Catholic_Church|Roman Catholic Church]]. The Pentecostal churches have large followings in the urban areas of Mutare and a few other growth points. Some gatherings fall under the Apostolic Churches, with a notably higher proportion of the Apostolic followers in Mutare and Buhera district. Polygamy is quite prevalent among church members. Other communities such as Muslim are represented, owing to the influence of migration.

== Schools ==
Manicaland boasts of some of the best performing schools in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mail |first=The Sunday |title=Mashonaland Central rules the roost |url=https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/mashonaland-central-rules-the-roost |access-date=2021-06-15 |website=The Sunday Mail |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Schools such as St Augustines (Tsambe), '''St Faith's School, Rusape'''  (Fisco-'Madetere') (Currently the best performing school 2012 at 'O' level and 'A' level in Zimbabwe), [[:en:Nyanga_High_School,_Marist_Brothers|Nyanga High School, Marist Brothers]], St Marys, Mt Selinda High, Bonda High, Emmanuel High, Kriste Mambo, Mutare Boys' High School, Mutare Girls High (The Shumbas), St Dominics Mutare, Marange High, Hartzell High, Lydia Chimonyo, [[:en:Sakubva_High_School|Sakubva High]], Dangamvura High. These have produced exceptional results over the years and a great number of academics renowned internationally.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}

The privately run [[:en:Africa_University|Africa University]] provides some relief (albeit to a lesser extent), but it simply cannot absorb the huge numbers of school leavers with high grades.

In general, there is a school within a {{convert|5|km|mi}} radius across Manicaland.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} There are numerous primary and secondary schools scattered across the province. The distribution of schools by district is shown in the table below.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!District
!Primary
!Secondary
|-
|[[:en:Buhera|Buhera]]
|140
|55
|-
|[[:en:Chimanimani|Chimanimani]]
|68
|24
|-
|[[:en:Chipinge|Chipinge]]
|125
|40
|-
|[[:en:Makoni|Makoni]]
|170
|60
|-
|[[:en:Mutare|Mutare]]
|172
|67
|-
|[[:en:Mutasa_District|Mutasa]]
|72
|27
|-
|[[:en:Nyanga,_Zimbabwe|Nyanga]]
|75
|25
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''822'''
|'''298'''
|-
|}
&lt;ref&gt;Manicaland Regional Education Office, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Main sights ==

* [[:en:Troutbeck,_Manicaland|Troutbeck, Manicaland]]
* [[:en:Nyanga,_Zimbabwe|Nyanga]]
* [[:en:Marange_diamond_fields|Marange diamond fields]]
* [[:en:Vumba|Vumba]]
* [[:en:Chimanimani|Chimanimani]]
* [[:en:Hot_Springs,_Manicaland|Hot Springs]]
* [[:en:Osborne_Dam|Osborne Dam]]
* [[:en:Smallbridge_Dam|Smallbridge Dam]]
* [[:en:Birchenough_Bridge|Birchenough Bridge]]
* [[:en:Mutarazi_Falls|Mutarazi Falls]] and &quot;Mudhebdheb&quot; suspension bridges

== See also ==

* [[:en:Provinces_of_Zimbabwe|Provinces of Zimbabwe]]
* [[:en:Districts_of_Zimbabwe|Districts of Zimbabwe]]
* [[:en:Massi_Kessi|Massi Kessi]]
* [[:en:Sadomba_Women_Cattle_Project|Sadomba Women Cattle Project]]

== යොමු කිරීම් ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:අප්‍රිකාව හා සබැඳි ලැයිස්තු]]</text>
      <sha1>ppaku4jbfwiidej0ifkswbkj0iyhdhq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව</title>
    <ns>11</ns>
    <id>175187</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786036</id>
      <parentid>719945</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:56:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:Asia topic]] සිට [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව topic]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>719945</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2571" sha1="e13y9cunzie6ika17w5n7hd968md8e1" xml:space="preserve">{{Talk header}}

== වෙනස ==

@[[පරිශීලක:VihirLak007|VihirLak007]], [[Special:Diff/719606|මෙම වෙනස් කිරීම]] මගින් ඔබ බලාපොරොත්තු වූයේ කුමක් ද? මට හිතන්නේ එය දෝෂ සහගත වෙනසක් වාගේ. [[:සැකිල්ල:මියන්මාරයේ සංස්කෘතිය]] වෙත ගොස් බලන්න. -- [[User:Lee|Lee]] ([[User talk:Lee|talk]]) 15:51, 21 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)

:@[[පරිශීලක:Lee|Lee]] Mistake. Tabs කීප්‍යක් open කරගෙන වෙන සැකිල්ලක් සංස්කරනය කරලා. සස්කෘ තියයි සංකේතයි දෙක පැටලුනා. මේ සැකිල්ලෙ code එක ටිකක් හදන්න වෙනව නේද? මන් බැලුවා දැන්, [[:en:Template:Asia topic]] මේකෙ රට ක්ලික් කලාම අදාල රටේ ලිපියට යන්නෙ. (උදා: ශ්‍රී ලංකාව). දැනට තියෙන කෝඩයෙන් &quot;හි&quot; කියල කෑල්ලක් එක් වෙනවා. ඒකයි දැනට ලංකාව ක්ලික් කලාම යොමුවෙන්නෙ වෙනමම ලිපියකටනෙ. නැත්තන් ඒක කමක් නැද්ද? &lt;b&gt;[[User:VihirLak007|VihirLak007]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:VihirLak007|hmu!]]&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/VihirLak007|duh.]]&lt;/sub&gt; 16:35, 21 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)
::@[[පරිශීලක:VihirLak007|VihirLak007]], එක සැරයක් මම ඔය ගැටළුව හදන්න පටන් ගත්තා. වැඩේ ටිකක් සංකීර්ණ නිසා සහ දැනට අපි ගාව ලිපි ගොඩක් නැති හින්දා මම වැඩේ පසුවට කල් දැම්මා. දැනට හොඳම දේ සැකිල්ලේ ආකාරයට ලිපි හරවා යැවීමක් හදන එක කියලා මට හිතුනේ.
::{{tl|ඔෆ් සඳහා උපසර්ගය}} සැකිල්ල නිර්මාණය කළේ මෙය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය තාක්ෂණික සහාය සඳහා. -- [[User:Lee|Lee]] ([[User talk:Lee|talk]]) 03:14, 22 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)</text>
      <sha1>e13y9cunzie6ika17w5n7hd968md8e1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786044</id>
      <parentid>786036</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:56:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව topic]] සිට [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව මාතෘකා]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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      <text bytes="2571" sha1="e13y9cunzie6ika17w5n7hd968md8e1" xml:space="preserve">{{Talk header}}

== වෙනස ==

@[[පරිශීලක:VihirLak007|VihirLak007]], [[Special:Diff/719606|මෙම වෙනස් කිරීම]] මගින් ඔබ බලාපොරොත්තු වූයේ කුමක් ද? මට හිතන්නේ එය දෝෂ සහගත වෙනසක් වාගේ. [[:සැකිල්ල:මියන්මාරයේ සංස්කෘතිය]] වෙත ගොස් බලන්න. -- [[User:Lee|Lee]] ([[User talk:Lee|talk]]) 15:51, 21 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)

:@[[පරිශීලක:Lee|Lee]] Mistake. Tabs කීප්‍යක් open කරගෙන වෙන සැකිල්ලක් සංස්කරනය කරලා. සස්කෘ තියයි සංකේතයි දෙක පැටලුනා. මේ සැකිල්ලෙ code එක ටිකක් හදන්න වෙනව නේද? මන් බැලුවා දැන්, [[:en:Template:Asia topic]] මේකෙ රට ක්ලික් කලාම අදාල රටේ ලිපියට යන්නෙ. (උදා: ශ්‍රී ලංකාව). දැනට තියෙන කෝඩයෙන් &quot;හි&quot; කියල කෑල්ලක් එක් වෙනවා. ඒකයි දැනට ලංකාව ක්ලික් කලාම යොමුවෙන්නෙ වෙනමම ලිපියකටනෙ. නැත්තන් ඒක කමක් නැද්ද? &lt;b&gt;[[User:VihirLak007|VihirLak007]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:VihirLak007|hmu!]]&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/VihirLak007|duh.]]&lt;/sub&gt; 16:35, 21 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)
::@[[පරිශීලක:VihirLak007|VihirLak007]], එක සැරයක් මම ඔය ගැටළුව හදන්න පටන් ගත්තා. වැඩේ ටිකක් සංකීර්ණ නිසා සහ දැනට අපි ගාව ලිපි ගොඩක් නැති හින්දා මම වැඩේ පසුවට කල් දැම්මා. දැනට හොඳම දේ සැකිල්ලේ ආකාරයට ලිපි හරවා යැවීමක් හදන එක කියලා මට හිතුනේ.
::{{tl|ඔෆ් සඳහා උපසර්ගය}} සැකිල්ල නිර්මාණය කළේ මෙය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය තාක්ෂණික සහාය සඳහා. -- [[User:Lee|Lee]] ([[User talk:Lee|talk]]) 03:14, 22 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)</text>
      <sha1>e13y9cunzie6ika17w5n7hd968md8e1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786055</id>
      <parentid>786044</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:02:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව මාතෘකා]] සිට [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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== වෙනස ==

@[[පරිශීලක:VihirLak007|VihirLak007]], [[Special:Diff/719606|මෙම වෙනස් කිරීම]] මගින් ඔබ බලාපොරොත්තු වූයේ කුමක් ද? මට හිතන්නේ එය දෝෂ සහගත වෙනසක් වාගේ. [[:සැකිල්ල:මියන්මාරයේ සංස්කෘතිය]] වෙත ගොස් බලන්න. -- [[User:Lee|Lee]] ([[User talk:Lee|talk]]) 15:51, 21 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)

:@[[පරිශීලක:Lee|Lee]] Mistake. Tabs කීප්‍යක් open කරගෙන වෙන සැකිල්ලක් සංස්කරනය කරලා. සස්කෘ තියයි සංකේතයි දෙක පැටලුනා. මේ සැකිල්ලෙ code එක ටිකක් හදන්න වෙනව නේද? මන් බැලුවා දැන්, [[:en:Template:Asia topic]] මේකෙ රට ක්ලික් කලාම අදාල රටේ ලිපියට යන්නෙ. (උදා: ශ්‍රී ලංකාව). දැනට තියෙන කෝඩයෙන් &quot;හි&quot; කියල කෑල්ලක් එක් වෙනවා. ඒකයි දැනට ලංකාව ක්ලික් කලාම යොමුවෙන්නෙ වෙනමම ලිපියකටනෙ. නැත්තන් ඒක කමක් නැද්ද? &lt;b&gt;[[User:VihirLak007|VihirLak007]]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:VihirLak007|hmu!]]&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/VihirLak007|duh.]]&lt;/sub&gt; 16:35, 21 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)
::@[[පරිශීලක:VihirLak007|VihirLak007]], එක සැරයක් මම ඔය ගැටළුව හදන්න පටන් ගත්තා. වැඩේ ටිකක් සංකීර්ණ නිසා සහ දැනට අපි ගාව ලිපි ගොඩක් නැති හින්දා මම වැඩේ පසුවට කල් දැම්මා. දැනට හොඳම දේ සැකිල්ලේ ආකාරයට ලිපි හරවා යැවීමක් හදන එක කියලා මට හිතුනේ.
::{{tl|ඔෆ් සඳහා උපසර්ගය}} සැකිල්ල නිර්මාණය කළේ මෙය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය තාක්ෂණික සහාය සඳහා. -- [[User:Lee|Lee]] ([[User talk:Lee|talk]]) 03:14, 22 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)</text>
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        <username>Lee</username>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4569" sha1="sm216uucq1vlimpzkjkf38gc5dwldby" xml:space="preserve">
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Gecko
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|100|0|earliest=113}}[[Cenomanian]] – [[Holocene|present]]&lt;br /&gt;Stem-groups present since [[Aptian]]-[[Albian]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Villa |first1=Andrea |last2=Wings |first2=Oliver |last3=Rabi |first3=Márton |date=2022 |editor-last=Angielczyk |editor-first=Kenneth |title=A new gecko (Squamata, Gekkota) from the Eocene of Geiseltal (Germany) implies long-term persistence of European Sphaerodactylidae |url=https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2022/259562/pappal_a2022v8n3ae1434.pdf |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1434 |bibcode=2022PPal....8E1434V |s2cid=249358350 |issn=2056-2799}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image = Phelsuma l. laticauda.jpg
| image_caption = [[Gold dust day gecko]]
| taxon = Gekkota
| authority = [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1817
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision = *'''[[Pygopodoidea]]'''
**[[Carphodactylidae]]
**[[Diplodactylidae]]
**[[Pygopodidae]]
*'''Gekkonoidea'''
**[[Eublepharidae]]
**[[Gekkonidae]]
**[[Phyllodactylidae]]
**[[Sphaerodactylidae]]
}}

'''හූනා''' යනු  [[ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව]] හැරැ සෑම මහාද්වීපයක මැ දක්නට ලැබෙන පුළුල් ව්‍යාප්තියක්  ඇති, බොහෝ දුරට මස් බුදින කුඩා සත් වගෙකි. ඔවුහු සිරුරු පමණින් {{Convert|1.6|to|67|cm|in|1|abbr=off|lk=on}}  පරාසයක වෙයි.

== නිරුක්තිය ==
15 වෙනි සියවසෙහි ලියැවුණු රුවන්මලෙහි '''''සූනු''''' යන යෙදුමට සමාන පදයක් ලෙස '''''{{wikt-lang|si|ගෙගෝ}}''''' යන යෙදුම  දැක්වෙයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජ |date=15 වෙනි සියවස |title=රුවන්මල |url=https://tipitaka.lk/library/1056|access-date=14 January 2026 |publisher=tipitaka.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt; සුමංගල ශබ්ද කෝෂයට අනුව ''ගෙගෝ'' යනු ''ගෘහගොධිකා'' නැතහොත් ''හුනා'' වෙයි. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=වැලිවිටියේ සෝරත හිමි |date=1952 |title=ශ්‍රී සුමංගල සිංහල ශබ්දකෝෂය 1 අ-න |url=https://tipitaka.lk/library/875|access-date=14 January 2026 |publisher=tipitaka.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt; එනම් ''ගෙහි (ගෘහයෙහි) වසන ගෝ (ගොධ), ගෙ + ගෝ, '''ගෙගෝ'''''  වෙයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=අරීසෙන් අහුබුදු|date=1994 |title=ඉර හඳ නැඟි රට |url=https://ia601804.us.archive.org/29/items/ira-hada-nengi-rata/IraHadaNengiRata_text.pdf|access-date=14 January 2026 |publisher=archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙහි ''{{wikt-lang|si|ගෝ}}'' යනු ''කබරගොයා'', ''තලගොයා'' ඈ යෙදුම් වලැ ලැබෙන ''ගොයා'' යන්නෙහි නාම ප්‍රකෘතියයි. ''ගෙගෝ'' යන්නෙහි පෙර විබත '''''ගෙගොයා''''' ''(බහු වචනය:'' ''ගෙගොයි)'' විය හැකියි.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==විශේෂ==
* [[කිඹුල් හූනා]]
* [[හුඹස් හූනා]]
* [[චතුරංගුලි හූනා]]

== අමතර අවධානයට ==
* [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උරගයින් ලැයිස්තුව]]

== මූලාශ්‍ර ==
{{Reflist}}

== බාහිර සබැඳි ==
{{Commons category|Gekkonidae}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{wiktionary|gecko}}
* {{cite web
  |url=http://www.theinformationarchives.com/Gecko/ 
  |title=Gecko gallery and information
  |trans-title=සේයාරු සහ තොරතුරු
  }}
* {{cite web
  |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/thirtypounces/54014101/ 
  |title=Gecko anatomy picture
  |trans-title=ශරීර ව්‍යුහ සේයාරු
  }}

{{Squamata families}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q16546828|from2=Q1008888}}

[[Category:Geckos| ]]
[[Category:Lizards of Asia]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Extant Cenomanian first appearances]]
[[Category:Vertebrate suborders]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:වීඩියෝ ක්ලිප ඇතුළත් ලිපි]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:සත්වයෝ]]</text>
      <sha1>sm216uucq1vlimpzkjkf38gc5dwldby</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786024</id>
      <parentid>786013</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:49:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>786024</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4574" sha1="pya54egegx7cjh4xfu6qp7em8zp2gtx" xml:space="preserve">
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Gecko
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|100|0|earliest=113}}[[Cenomanian]] – [[Holocene|present]]&lt;br /&gt;Stem-groups present since [[Aptian]]-[[Albian]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Villa |first1=Andrea |last2=Wings |first2=Oliver |last3=Rabi |first3=Márton |date=2022 |editor-last=Angielczyk |editor-first=Kenneth |title=A new gecko (Squamata, Gekkota) from the Eocene of Geiseltal (Germany) implies long-term persistence of European Sphaerodactylidae |url=https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2022/259562/pappal_a2022v8n3ae1434.pdf |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1434 |bibcode=2022PPal....8E1434V |s2cid=249358350 |issn=2056-2799}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image = Phelsuma l. laticauda.jpg
| image_caption = [[Gold dust day gecko]]
| taxon = Gekkota
| authority = [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1817
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision = *'''[[Pygopodoidea]]'''
**[[Carphodactylidae]]
**[[Diplodactylidae]]
**[[Pygopodidae]]
*'''Gekkonoidea'''
**[[Eublepharidae]]
**[[Gekkonidae]]
**[[Phyllodactylidae]]
**[[Sphaerodactylidae]]
}}

'''හූනා''' යනු  [[ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව]] හැරැ සෑම මහාද්වීපයක මැ දක්නට ලැබෙන පුළුල් ව්‍යාප්තියක්  ඇති, බොහෝ දුරට මස් බුදින කුඩා සත් වගෙකි. ඔවුහු සිරුරු පමණින් {{Convert|1.6|to|67|cm|in|1|abbr=off|lk=on}}  පරාසයක වෙයි.

== නිරුක්තිය ==
15 වෙනි සියවසෙහි ලියැවුණු රුවන්මලෙහි '''''සූනු''''' යන යෙදුමට සමාන පදයක් ලෙස '''''{{wikt-lang|si|ගෙගෝ}}''''' යන යෙදුම  දැක්වෙයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජ |orig-year=15 වෙනි සියවස |title=රුවන්මල |url=https://tipitaka.lk/library/1056|access-date=14 January 2026 |publisher=tipitaka.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt; සුමංගල ශබ්ද කෝෂයට අනුව ''ගෙගෝ'' යනු ''ගෘහගොධිකා'' නැතහොත් ''හුනා'' වෙයි. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=වැලිවිටියේ සෝරත හිමි |date=1952 |title=ශ්‍රී සුමංගල සිංහල ශබ්දකෝෂය 1 අ-න |url=https://tipitaka.lk/library/875|access-date=14 January 2026 |publisher=tipitaka.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt; එනම් ''ගෙහි (ගෘහයෙහි) වසන ගෝ (ගොධ), ගෙ + ගෝ, '''ගෙගෝ'''''  වෙයි.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=අරීසෙන් අහුබුදු|date=1994 |title=ඉර හඳ නැඟි රට |url=https://ia601804.us.archive.org/29/items/ira-hada-nengi-rata/IraHadaNengiRata_text.pdf|access-date=14 January 2026 |publisher=archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; මෙහි ''{{wikt-lang|si|ගෝ}}'' යනු ''කබරගොයා'', ''තලගොයා'' ඈ යෙදුම් වලැ ලැබෙන ''ගොයා'' යන්නෙහි නාම ප්‍රකෘතියයි. ''ගෙගෝ'' යන්නෙහි පෙර විබත '''''ගෙගොයා''''' ''(බහු වචනය:'' ''ගෙගොයි)'' විය හැකියි.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==විශේෂ==
* [[කිඹුල් හූනා]]
* [[හුඹස් හූනා]]
* [[චතුරංගුලි හූනා]]

== අමතර අවධානයට ==
* [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උරගයින් ලැයිස්තුව]]

== මූලාශ්‍ර ==
{{Reflist}}

== බාහිර සබැඳි ==
{{Commons category|Gekkonidae}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{wiktionary|gecko}}
* {{cite web
  |url=http://www.theinformationarchives.com/Gecko/ 
  |title=Gecko gallery and information
  |trans-title=සේයාරු සහ තොරතුරු
  }}
* {{cite web
  |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/thirtypounces/54014101/ 
  |title=Gecko anatomy picture
  |trans-title=ශරීර ව්‍යුහ සේයාරු
  }}

{{Squamata families}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q16546828|from2=Q1008888}}

[[Category:Geckos| ]]
[[Category:Lizards of Asia]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Extant Cenomanian first appearances]]
[[Category:Vertebrate suborders]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:වීඩියෝ ක්ලිප ඇතුළත් ලිපි]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:සත්වයෝ]]</text>
      <sha1>pya54egegx7cjh4xfu6qp7em8zp2gtx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:1998 වසරේ ඉදිකල ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192160</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785917</id>
      <parentid>785802</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:35:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="117" sha1="09njwo31ly2kl7vy251gztsh0n4ye13" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|1998 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්}}</text>
      <sha1>09njwo31ly2kl7vy251gztsh0n4ye13</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:1998 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192161</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785935</id>
      <parentid>785816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:45:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1998 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1998 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785816</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="601" sha1="a6t3a3hs5z3i3cqqakzgihigfbr353e" xml:space="preserve">{{Portal&lt;!--
    --&gt;|Aviation&lt;!--
    --&gt;|Transport&lt;!--
    --&gt;|{{FindYDCportal|{{title year}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}
This category is for '''[[airport]]s''' established in the '''year [[{{Title year}}]]'''.
{{Navseasoncats with decades below year}}

[[Category:Airports by year of establishment|{{Title year}}]]
[[Category:Airports established in the {{DECADE|{{Title year}}}}|{{Title year}}]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in {{Title year}}]]
[[Category:{{Title year}} in aviation]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1998]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]</text>
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    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Airports established in 1998</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:36:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
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      <text bytes="117" sha1="09njwo31ly2kl7vy251gztsh0n4ye13" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|1998 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්}}</text>
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    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:1998 establishments in Malaysia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
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      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Kuala Lumpur International Airport]]</comment>
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! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary
|----
| 807686006 || 2017-10-29T15:01:17Z || Cydebot || &lt;nowiki&gt;Robot - Speedily moving category Sepang to [[:Category:Sepang District]] per [[WP:CFDS|CFDS]].&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 771921377 || 2017-03-24T08:10:04Z || Chongkian || &lt;nowiki&gt;improve category&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 766031635 || 2017-02-17T20:35:06Z || Tim! || &lt;nowiki&gt;added [[Category:Wikipedia categories named after buildings and structures in Malaysia]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 708582700 || 2016-03-06T11:01:49Z || Look2See1 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 708511295 || 2016-03-06T00:29:15Z || Look2See1 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 600299224 || 2014-03-19T12:53:04Z || Jllm06 || &lt;nowiki&gt;added [[Category:Transport in Selangor]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 588622999 || 2014-01-01T05:34:52Z || CambridgeBayWeather || &lt;nowiki&gt;removed [[Category:Airports in Malaysia]]; added [[Category:Airports in Peninsular Malaysia]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 547595491 || 2013-03-29T11:02:57Z || Addbot || &lt;nowiki&gt;[[User:Addbot|Bot:]] Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:q8576774]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 516022460 || 2012-10-04T19:59:37Z || EmausBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding [[fa:رده:فرودگاه بین‌المللی کوالالامپور]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 485438113 || 2012-04-04T02:22:31Z || Cydebot || &lt;nowiki&gt;Robot - Moving category Categories named after airports to [[:Category:Wikipedia categories named after airports]] per [[WP:CFD|CFD]] at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2012 March 3]].&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 446435171 || 2011-08-24T04:22:24Z || Good Olfactory || &lt;nowiki&gt;added [[Category:Categories named after airports]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 208338503 || 2008-04-26T15:54:46Z || BotMultichill || &lt;nowiki&gt;Adding [[Template:Commons_cat|commons cat]] link to [[Commons:Category:Kuala Lumpur International Airport]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 148193265 || 2007-07-31T03:33:28Z || Acs4b || &lt;nowiki&gt;+cat&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Kuala Lumpur International Airport</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:35:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
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      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Kuala Lumpur International Airport]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Kuala Lumpur International Airport|history]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="484" sha1="9kitnfaq31aet1cyys21hll30z2tqnt" xml:space="preserve">{{Commons cat|Kuala Lumpur International Airport}}
*'''[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport]]''' — located in [[Sepang]] of [[Selangor|Selangor state]], serving the [[Greater Kuala Lumpur]] region of [[Peninsular Malaysia]], in [[Malaysia]].

{{Airports in Malaysia}}
{{Selangor}}

[[Category:Airports in Selangor]]
[[Category:Sepang District]]
[[Category:Wikipedia categories named after airports]]
[[Category:Wikipedia categories named after buildings and structures in Malaysia]]</text>
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      <id>785915</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:35:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
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      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:MSC Malaysia]]</comment>
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! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary
|----
| 982726768 || 2020-10-09T23:11:18Z || Mike Peel || &lt;nowiki&gt;Removing misplaced Commons category link ([[:commons:Category:Cyberjaya]])&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 807686011 || 2017-10-29T15:01:18Z || Cydebot || &lt;nowiki&gt;Robot - Speedily moving category Sepang to [[:Category:Sepang District]] per [[WP:CFDS|CFDS]].&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 807361261 || 2017-10-27T13:35:28Z || 77.179.14.8 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 766244681 || 2017-02-19T02:51:46Z || Hmains || &lt;nowiki&gt;category refine&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 715073918 || 2016-04-13T15:20:08Z || Alexander Iskandar || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 708566311 || 2016-03-06T08:16:06Z || RussBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:Districts of Selangor|Districts of Selangor]] to [[:Category:Districts in Selangor|Districts in Selangor]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 708521743 || 2016-03-06T01:46:33Z || Look2See1 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 604458615 || 2014-04-16T15:07:56Z || Montebrum || &lt;nowiki&gt;Categories&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 574050909 || 2013-09-22T14:43:46Z || WPSamson || &lt;nowiki&gt;Added category to Category:Information technology places&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 389226485 || 2010-10-07T02:19:35Z || SporkBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;Merging catmore1/catmore2 per [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2010 September 10|TFD]], and renaming catmore/catmore2 per [[Template talk:cat main|discussion]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 308258224 || 2009-08-16T06:45:14Z || Starkiller88 || &lt;nowiki&gt;[[WP:AES|←]]Created page with '{{catmore}} {{MSC Malaysia}}  [[Category:Development Corridors in Malaysia]] [[Category:Economy of Malaysia]] [[Category:Geography of Malaysia]] [[Category:High-tec...'&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}</text>
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    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:MSC Malaysia</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:35:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
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      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:MSC Malaysia]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:MSC Malaysia|history]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="637" sha1="26byvznyfw6z2hlwrjtsiorplcy4hxv" xml:space="preserve">*'''[[MSC Malaysia|MSC Malaysia − Multimedia Super Corridor]]''' (est. 1996) — located in the [[Sepang]] district of [[Selangor|Selangor state]], [[Malaysia]].
::::::::*A {{C|Development Corridors in Malaysia|Development Corridor}} and [[Special Economic Zone]], for a [[multimedia]] and {{C|High-technology business districts|high-technology business district}}&lt;br&gt;of the [[Greater Kuala Lumpur]] region in [[Peninsular Malaysia]].


{{MSC Malaysia}}


[[Category:Sepang District]]
[[Category:Development Corridors in Malaysia]]
[[Category:High-technology business districts in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Information technology places]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Buildings and structures in Selangor</title>
    <ns>15</ns>
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      <id>785918</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:35:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
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      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Buildings and structures in Selangor]]</comment>
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! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary
|----
| 1324278105 || 2025-11-26T18:09:43Z || JJMC89 bot III || &lt;nowiki&gt;Moving [[:Category:Buildings and structures in Malaysia by state]] to [[:Category:Buildings and structures in Malaysia by state or federal territory]] per [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2025 November 13#Categories by state or federal territory of Malaysia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 1103296300 || 2022-08-09T04:26:07Z || Chongkian || &lt;nowiki&gt;add commons category as interwiki linking per [[WP:INTERWIKI]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 547458869 || 2013-03-28T15:33:13Z || Addbot || &lt;nowiki&gt;[[User:Addbot|Bot:]] Migrating 2 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:q8324534]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 526799003 || 2012-12-07T01:18:28Z || ZéroBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding [[zh:Category:雪蘭莪建築物]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 496188656 || 2012-06-05T23:02:05Z || JYBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding [[fa:رده:ساختمان‌ها و سازه‌ها در سلانگور]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 98843702 || 2007-01-06T09:39:14Z || Two hundred percent || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 89683462 || 2006-11-23T18:08:50Z || Wai Hong || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 89679761 || 2006-11-23T17:44:48Z || Wai Hong || &lt;nowiki&gt;[[WP:AES|←]]Created page with '[[Category:Selangor]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Malaysia]]'&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}</text>
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    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Buildings and structures in Selangor</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192224</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785919</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:35:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Buildings and structures in Selangor]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Buildings and structures in Selangor|history]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="132" sha1="gd0dllp0uuj6nnmb75kqyzogf9fdl0b" xml:space="preserve">{{commons category}}

[[Category:Selangor]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Malaysia by state or federal territory|Selangor]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Transport in the Klang Valley</title>
    <ns>15</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>785921</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:36:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
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      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Transport in the Klang Valley]]</comment>
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! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary
|----
| 1104014592 || 2022-08-12T02:37:45Z || Chongkian || &lt;nowiki&gt;klang valley covers more than KL&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 1104014560 || 2022-08-12T02:37:34Z || Chongkian || &lt;nowiki&gt;klang valley covers more than selangor&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 1104014127 || 2022-08-12T02:35:02Z || Chongkian || &lt;nowiki&gt;klang valley is not a state&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 1092140150 || 2022-06-08T11:57:53Z || Chongkian || &lt;nowiki&gt;article with eponymous category should be listed as the main article of the category using {{cat main}} template per [[WP:CATMAIN]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 777311545 || 2017-04-26T12:45:59Z || Alexander Iskandar || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 106516319 || 2007-02-08T06:49:10Z || Two hundred percent || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 106048621 || 2007-02-06T14:00:25Z || Two hundred percent || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 105383220 || 2007-02-03T18:58:49Z || Two hundred percent || &lt;nowiki&gt;[[WP:AES|←]]Created page with '[[Category:Transport in Malaysia|Klang Valley]]'&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}</text>
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    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Transport in the Klang Valley</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785922</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:36:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
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      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Transport in the Klang Valley]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Transport in the Klang Valley|history]])</comment>
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[[Category:Klang Valley]]</text>
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    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්</title>
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        <id>0</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Template:Navseasoncats with decades below year|Navseasoncats with decades below year]]}} no longer needs any parameters</comment>
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    --&gt;|Aviation&lt;!--
    --&gt;|Transport&lt;!--
    --&gt;|{{FindYDCportal|{{title year}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}
This category is for '''[[airport]]s''' established in the '''year [[{{Title year}}]]'''.
{{Navseasoncats with decades below year}}
{{category see also if exists 2|Airports disestablished in {{Title year}}|Airports disestablished in the {{DECADE|{{Title year}}}}}}

[[Category:Airports by year of establishment|{{Title year}}]]
[[Category:Airports established in the {{DECADE|{{Title year}}}}|{{Title year}}]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in {{Title year}}]]
[[Category:{{Title year}} in aviation]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>85</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Category:Airports_established_in_1940]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
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      <text bytes="622" sha1="7o9irexb50rjhdo1rkf4pysms7djgzj" xml:space="preserve">{{Portal&lt;!--
    --&gt;|Aviation&lt;!--
    --&gt;|Transport&lt;!--
    --&gt;|{{FindYDCportal|{{title year}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}
This category is for '''[[airport]]s''' established in the '''year [[{{Title year}}]]'''.
{{Navseasoncats with decades below year}}
{{category see also if exists 2|Airports disestablished in {{Title year}}|Airports disestablished in the {{DECADE|{{Title year}}}}}}

[[Category:Airports by year of establishment|{{Title year}}]]
[[Category:Airports established in the {{DECADE|{{Title year}}}}|{{Title year}}]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in {{Title year}}]]
[[Category:{{Title year}} in aviation]]</text>
      <sha1>7o9irexb50rjhdo1rkf4pysms7djgzj</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>785926</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="734" sha1="jti211lpeesw8g5grqnmwym4lvntiv3" xml:space="preserve">{{Portal&lt;!--
    --&gt;|Aviation&lt;!--
    --&gt;|Transport&lt;!--
    --&gt;|{{FindYDCportal|{{title year}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}
This category is for '''[[airport]]s''' established in the '''year [[{{Title year}}]]'''.
{{Navseasoncats with decades below year}}
{{category see also if exists 2|Airports disestablished in {{Title year}}|Airports disestablished in the {{DECADE|{{Title year}}}}}}

[[Category:Airports by year of establishment|{{Title year}}]]
[[Category:Airports established in the {{DECADE|{{Title year}}}}|{{Title year}}]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in {{Title year}}]]
[[Category:{{Title year}} in aviation]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>jti211lpeesw8g5grqnmwym4lvntiv3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785927</id>
      <parentid>443257</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:42:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 දී සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>443257</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="111" sha1="0i6a5ar3sbncrntjg9gsmxxsxy6hb9y" xml:space="preserve">[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>0i6a5ar3sbncrntjg9gsmxxsxy6hb9y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785929</id>
      <parentid>785926</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:42:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Airports established in 1940]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළ]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785926</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="734" sha1="jti211lpeesw8g5grqnmwym4lvntiv3" xml:space="preserve">{{Portal&lt;!--
    --&gt;|Aviation&lt;!--
    --&gt;|Transport&lt;!--
    --&gt;|{{FindYDCportal|{{title year}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}
This category is for '''[[airport]]s''' established in the '''year [[{{Title year}}]]'''.
{{Navseasoncats with decades below year}}
{{category see also if exists 2|Airports disestablished in {{Title year}}|Airports disestablished in the {{DECADE|{{Title year}}}}}}

[[Category:Airports by year of establishment|{{Title year}}]]
[[Category:Airports established in the {{DECADE|{{Title year}}}}|{{Title year}}]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in {{Title year}}]]
[[Category:{{Title year}} in aviation]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>jti211lpeesw8g5grqnmwym4lvntiv3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785931</id>
      <parentid>785929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:43:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළ]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785926</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="734" sha1="jti211lpeesw8g5grqnmwym4lvntiv3" xml:space="preserve">{{Portal&lt;!--
    --&gt;|Aviation&lt;!--
    --&gt;|Transport&lt;!--
    --&gt;|{{FindYDCportal|{{title year}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}
This category is for '''[[airport]]s''' established in the '''year [[{{Title year}}]]'''.
{{Navseasoncats with decades below year}}
{{category see also if exists 2|Airports disestablished in {{Title year}}|Airports disestablished in the {{DECADE|{{Title year}}}}}}

[[Category:Airports by year of establishment|{{Title year}}]]
[[Category:Airports established in the {{DECADE|{{Title year}}}}|{{Title year}}]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in {{Title year}}]]
[[Category:{{Title year}} in aviation]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>jti211lpeesw8g5grqnmwym4lvntiv3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 දී සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192228</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785928</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:42:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 දී සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785928</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="158" sha1="6wtxxcfslzatcbdesk2ayz5fajwhal8" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>6wtxxcfslzatcbdesk2ayz5fajwhal8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785985</id>
      <parentid>785928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:23:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>785985</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="121" sha1="7ayyfx42p4i6hrili8abm2ysdfct4dm" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්}}</text>
      <sha1>7ayyfx42p4i6hrili8abm2ysdfct4dm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Airports established in 1940</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192229</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785930</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:42:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Airports established in 1940]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළ]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785930</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="149" sha1="588vdz1pl3mcruf5vc2hh8g8lxwqa3c" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළ]]</text>
      <sha1>588vdz1pl3mcruf5vc2hh8g8lxwqa3c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785984</id>
      <parentid>785930</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:23:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>785984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="112" sha1="am3pxhe6vf17a3esu989qp46545hc70" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළ}}</text>
      <sha1>am3pxhe6vf17a3esu989qp46545hc70</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළ</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192230</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785932</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:43:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළ]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785932</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="158" sha1="6wtxxcfslzatcbdesk2ayz5fajwhal8" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>6wtxxcfslzatcbdesk2ayz5fajwhal8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785986</id>
      <parentid>785932</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:23:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>785986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="121" sha1="7ayyfx42p4i6hrili8abm2ysdfct4dm" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|1940 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්}}</text>
      <sha1>7ayyfx42p4i6hrili8abm2ysdfct4dm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785934</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:44:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785934</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="105" sha1="qkv1khhzloiwu24x8gx87nm5rua0rte" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>qkv1khhzloiwu24x8gx87nm5rua0rte</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785987</id>
      <parentid>785934</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:23:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>785987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="68" sha1="fxwhd7nnmblwl55a87hv9rs7z0rbe7b" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්}}</text>
      <sha1>fxwhd7nnmblwl55a87hv9rs7z0rbe7b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:1998 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192233</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785936</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:45:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1998 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1998 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>785988</origin>
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      <text bytes="121" sha1="rf0slpim0i1zigpj5i1asacw4k8r7cr" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|1998 වසර තුළ සංස්ථාපිත ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්}}</text>
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  <page>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:49:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>85</id>
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      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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      <text bytes="147" sha1="2ayelhqz0uy8n2b86mtwc0zpl8n5bsr" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]]</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>785990</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="110" sha1="4yajohrt2qh62d4mu24cvhy6w4uy4yy" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්}}</text>
      <sha1>4yajohrt2qh62d4mu24cvhy6w4uy4yy</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:51:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
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      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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      <text bytes="178" sha1="oxrwuaxgsdzx2267j36w2x3o3z1ggt6" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:24:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
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      <text bytes="141" sha1="2wvt5np6mfzm7xs4mt9sne21tq0x7oz" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්}}</text>
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      <comment>Bot: Migrating 2 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q6592732]]</comment>
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{{Commons category|Airports in Asia}}

[[Category:Airports by continent|Asia]]
[[Category:Aviation in Asia]]
[[Category:Transport buildings and structures in Asia]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
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      <comment>[[:en:Category:Airports_in_Asia]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
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{{Commons category|Airports in Asia}}

[[Category:Airports by continent|Asia]]
[[Category:Aviation in Asia]]
[[Category:Transport buildings and structures in Asia]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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{{Commons category|Airports in Asia}}

[[Category:Airports by continent|Asia]]
[[Category:Aviation in Asia]]
[[Category:Transport buildings and structures in Asia]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාවේ ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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      <text bytes="125" sha1="ntfrncf0yrwsmdag01oh06xfjv6ckgo" xml:space="preserve">[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:54:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Airports in Asia]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785943</origin>
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      <text bytes="315" sha1="716fxqof10dihdwyo05vi7fffqgel4g" xml:space="preserve">{{Portal|Aviation|Asia}}
{{Commons category|Airports in Asia}}

[[Category:Airports by continent|Asia]]
[[Category:Aviation in Asia]]
[[Category:Transport buildings and structures in Asia]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:53:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
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      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාවේ ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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      <text bytes="134" sha1="8haf7cev5passjhy8oamt78u7po83gs" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:24:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>785989</origin>
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      <text bytes="97" sha1="2qq01ejb6xwvwljfdustnku8pv6qrqp" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්}}</text>
      <sha1>2qq01ejb6xwvwljfdustnku8pv6qrqp</sha1>
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    <ns>14</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:54:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
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      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Airports in Asia]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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      <text bytes="134" sha1="8haf7cev5passjhy8oamt78u7po83gs" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>8haf7cev5passjhy8oamt78u7po83gs</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:24:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>785992</origin>
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  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල් පිළිබඳ අංකුර ලිපි</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785948</id>
      <timestamp>2020-02-29T22:01:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:Stub category]] now includes {{[[Template:CatAutoTOC|CatAutoTOC]]}}, removed: {{CategoryTOC}}</comment>
      <origin>785948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="239" sha1="5j1dnjicq7x3ac7vmcqbrcwhulqa3r7" xml:space="preserve">{{WPSS-cat}}
{{Stub Category|article=Asian airports|newstub=asia-airport-stub|category=Airports in Asia}}

[[Category:Airport stubs|*Asia]]
[[Category:Asian building and structure stubs| Airport]]
[[Category:Asia transport stubs| Airport]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785949</id>
      <parentid>785948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:54:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Category:Asian_airport_stubs]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
      <origin>785948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="239" sha1="5j1dnjicq7x3ac7vmcqbrcwhulqa3r7" xml:space="preserve">{{WPSS-cat}}
{{Stub Category|article=Asian airports|newstub=asia-airport-stub|category=Airports in Asia}}

[[Category:Airport stubs|*Asia]]
[[Category:Asian building and structure stubs| Airport]]
[[Category:Asia transport stubs| Airport]]</text>
      <sha1>5j1dnjicq7x3ac7vmcqbrcwhulqa3r7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785950</id>
      <parentid>443195</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:56:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාවේ ගුවන්තොටුපළවල් පිළිබඳ අංකුර ලිපි]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල් පිළිබඳ අංකුර ලිපි]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>443195</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="157" sha1="pdztcjz3b77f3qdgu0nei7jysf0npey" xml:space="preserve">[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාවේ ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:අංකුර ලිපි]]</text>
      <sha1>pdztcjz3b77f3qdgu0nei7jysf0npey</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785952</id>
      <parentid>785949</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:56:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>785952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="397" sha1="ci275q806t3b6z9b4i58mtct1r0n0hh" xml:space="preserve">{{WPSS-cat}}
{{Stub Category|article=Asian airports|newstub=asia-airport-stub|category=Airports in Asia}}

[[Category:Airport stubs|*Asia]]
[[Category:Asian building and structure stubs| Airport]]
[[Category:Asia transport stubs| Airport]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාවේ ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:අංකුර ලිපි]]</text>
      <sha1>ci275q806t3b6z9b4i58mtct1r0n0hh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785953</id>
      <parentid>785952</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:57:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Asian airport stubs]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල් පිළිබඳ අංකුර ලිපි]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="397" sha1="ci275q806t3b6z9b4i58mtct1r0n0hh" xml:space="preserve">{{WPSS-cat}}
{{Stub Category|article=Asian airports|newstub=asia-airport-stub|category=Airports in Asia}}

[[Category:Airport stubs|*Asia]]
[[Category:Asian building and structure stubs| Airport]]
[[Category:Asia transport stubs| Airport]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාවේ ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:අංකුර ලිපි]]</text>
      <sha1>ci275q806t3b6z9b4i58mtct1r0n0hh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785956</id>
      <parentid>785953</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:00:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>785956</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="456" sha1="8y5zrq5zaegkdiivcf1wdyrjtddv59j" xml:space="preserve">{{WPSS-cat}}
{{Stub Category|article=Asian airports|newstub=asia-airport-stub|category=ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්}}

[[Category:Airport stubs|*Asia]]
[[Category:Asian building and structure stubs| Airport]]
[[Category:Asia transport stubs| Airport]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාවේ ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:අංකුර ලිපි]]</text>
      <sha1>8y5zrq5zaegkdiivcf1wdyrjtddv59j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාවේ ගුවන්තොටුපළවල් පිළිබඳ අංකුර ලිපි</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785951</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:56:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාවේ ගුවන්තොටුපළවල් පිළිබඳ අංකුර ලිපි]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල් පිළිබඳ අංකුර ලිපි]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785951</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="182" sha1="lfiwydwovdkk79s84didpakz1jjivwy" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල් පිළිබඳ අංකුර ලිපි]]</text>
      <sha1>lfiwydwovdkk79s84didpakz1jjivwy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785993</id>
      <parentid>785951</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:24:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>785993</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="145" sha1="qbmr1uge12pftj9lcd60hx66b38n5b6" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල් පිළිබඳ අංකුර ලිපි}}</text>
      <sha1>qbmr1uge12pftj9lcd60hx66b38n5b6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Asian airport stubs</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785954</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T13:57:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Asian airport stubs]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල් පිළිබඳ අංකුර ලිපි]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785954</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="182" sha1="lfiwydwovdkk79s84didpakz1jjivwy" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල් පිළිබඳ අංකුර ලිපි]]</text>
      <sha1>lfiwydwovdkk79s84didpakz1jjivwy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785994</id>
      <parentid>785954</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:24:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>785994</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="145" sha1="qbmr1uge12pftj9lcd60hx66b38n5b6" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|ආසියාව තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල් පිළිබඳ අංකුර ලිපි}}</text>
      <sha1>qbmr1uge12pftj9lcd60hx66b38n5b6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසල්ස් තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192244</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785957</id>
      <timestamp>2025-11-12T20:06:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Kaffet i halsen</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Belgium by province category navigation}}</comment>
      <origin>785957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="321" sha1="q2gk124igrtskxay790ejm96gq3emz8" xml:space="preserve">{{Portal|Belgium}}
Airports in the [[City of Brussels]] and in/near the [[Brussels-Capital Region]].

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Brussels]]
[[Category:Transport in Brussels]]
[[Category:Airports in Belgium by region|Brussels]]
[[Category:Airports by city|Brussels]]
{{Belgium by province category navigation}}</text>
      <sha1>q2gk124igrtskxay790ejm96gq3emz8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785958</id>
      <parentid>785957</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:01:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Category:Airports_in_Brussels]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
      <origin>785957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="321" sha1="q2gk124igrtskxay790ejm96gq3emz8" xml:space="preserve">{{Portal|Belgium}}
Airports in the [[City of Brussels]] and in/near the [[Brussels-Capital Region]].

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Brussels]]
[[Category:Transport in Brussels]]
[[Category:Airports in Belgium by region|Brussels]]
[[Category:Airports by city|Brussels]]
{{Belgium by province category navigation}}</text>
      <sha1>q2gk124igrtskxay790ejm96gq3emz8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785966</id>
      <parentid>785958</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:06:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Airports in Brussels]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසල්ස් තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="321" sha1="q2gk124igrtskxay790ejm96gq3emz8" xml:space="preserve">{{Portal|Belgium}}
Airports in the [[City of Brussels]] and in/near the [[Brussels-Capital Region]].

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Brussels]]
[[Category:Transport in Brussels]]
[[Category:Airports in Belgium by region|Brussels]]
[[Category:Airports by city|Brussels]]
{{Belgium by province category navigation}}</text>
      <sha1>q2gk124igrtskxay790ejm96gq3emz8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:බෙල්ජියම තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192245</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785959</id>
      <timestamp>2018-03-22T17:32:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Tim!</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* top */add portal using [[Project:AWB|AWB]]</comment>
      <origin>785959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="393" sha1="q713t45b4mhrc6drwwc48eldrsyfdqg" xml:space="preserve">{{Portal|Belgium}}
{{Commons category|Airports in Belgium}}
{{GeoGroup|level=1}}
This category is for [[airport]]s in [[Belgium]].
{{Category main|List of airports in Belgium}}

[[Category:Airports by country|Belgium]]
[[Category:Aviation in Belgium]]
[[Category:Transport buildings and structures in Belgium]]
[[Category:Tourism in Belgium]]
[[Category:Airports in Europe by country|Belgium]]</text>
      <sha1>q713t45b4mhrc6drwwc48eldrsyfdqg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785960</id>
      <parentid>785959</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:02:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Category:Airports_in_Belgium]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
      <origin>785959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="393" sha1="q713t45b4mhrc6drwwc48eldrsyfdqg" xml:space="preserve">{{Portal|Belgium}}
{{Commons category|Airports in Belgium}}
{{GeoGroup|level=1}}
This category is for [[airport]]s in [[Belgium]].
{{Category main|List of airports in Belgium}}

[[Category:Airports by country|Belgium]]
[[Category:Aviation in Belgium]]
[[Category:Transport buildings and structures in Belgium]]
[[Category:Tourism in Belgium]]
[[Category:Airports in Europe by country|Belgium]]</text>
      <sha1>q713t45b4mhrc6drwwc48eldrsyfdqg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785961</id>
      <parentid>443250</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:03:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බෙල්ජියමේ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බෙල්ජියම තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>443250</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="210" sha1="i3dnv3ptjzmg1p5b7uoxd1qp0b7slt1" xml:space="preserve">[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බෙල්ජියම]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>i3dnv3ptjzmg1p5b7uoxd1qp0b7slt1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785963</id>
      <parentid>785960</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:04:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>785963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="604" sha1="639f5yaj6f8ugjh1ne7qcl27vvu39b6" xml:space="preserve">{{Portal|Belgium}}
{{Commons category|Airports in Belgium}}
{{GeoGroup|level=1}}
This category is for [[airport]]s in [[Belgium]].
{{Category main|List of airports in Belgium}}

[[Category:Airports by country|Belgium]]
[[Category:Aviation in Belgium]]
[[Category:Transport buildings and structures in Belgium]]
[[Category:Tourism in Belgium]]
[[Category:Airports in Europe by country|Belgium]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බෙල්ජියම]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>639f5yaj6f8ugjh1ne7qcl27vvu39b6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785964</id>
      <parentid>785963</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:05:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Airports in Belgium]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බෙල්ජියම තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="604" sha1="639f5yaj6f8ugjh1ne7qcl27vvu39b6" xml:space="preserve">{{Portal|Belgium}}
{{Commons category|Airports in Belgium}}
{{GeoGroup|level=1}}
This category is for [[airport]]s in [[Belgium]].
{{Category main|List of airports in Belgium}}

[[Category:Airports by country|Belgium]]
[[Category:Aviation in Belgium]]
[[Category:Transport buildings and structures in Belgium]]
[[Category:Tourism in Belgium]]
[[Category:Airports in Europe by country|Belgium]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බෙල්ජියම]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගුවන්තොටුපළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>639f5yaj6f8ugjh1ne7qcl27vvu39b6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:බෙල්ජියමේ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192246</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785962</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:03:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බෙල්ජියමේ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බෙල්ජියම තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="140" sha1="lfmp51nc4fti0s9wcj9yqd34qcwuy4h" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:බෙල්ජියම තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>lfmp51nc4fti0s9wcj9yqd34qcwuy4h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785995</id>
      <parentid>785962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:25:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>785995</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="103" sha1="92do6kkx7xmqthpqgngeepf47dputot" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|බෙල්ජියම තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්}}</text>
      <sha1>92do6kkx7xmqthpqgngeepf47dputot</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Airports in Belgium</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192247</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785965</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:05:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Airports in Belgium]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බෙල්ජියම තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785965</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="140" sha1="lfmp51nc4fti0s9wcj9yqd34qcwuy4h" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:බෙල්ජියම තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>lfmp51nc4fti0s9wcj9yqd34qcwuy4h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785996</id>
      <parentid>785965</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:25:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>785996</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="103" sha1="92do6kkx7xmqthpqgngeepf47dputot" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|බෙල්ජියම තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්}}</text>
      <sha1>92do6kkx7xmqthpqgngeepf47dputot</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Airports in Brussels</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192249</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785967</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:06:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Airports in Brussels]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසල්ස් තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>785967</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="143" sha1="ltlrbylobl2kpikp9o7woknav9e93ww" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසල්ස් තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්]]</text>
      <sha1>ltlrbylobl2kpikp9o7woknav9e93ww</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785997</id>
      <parentid>785967</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:25:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
      <origin>785997</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="106" sha1="gt7ben470rg9v3rugvf35xm0p2itzg6" xml:space="preserve">{{category redirect|බ්‍රසල්ස් තුළ ගුවන් තොටුපොළවල්}}</text>
      <sha1>gt7ben470rg9v3rugvf35xm0p2itzg6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:Belgium by province category navigation</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>192250</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785968</id>
      <timestamp>2025-11-13T18:00:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;MusikBot II</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Template:Belgium by province category navigation]]&quot;: [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]]: 400 transclusions ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require autoconfirmed or confirmed access] (indefinite))</comment>
      <origin>785968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="151" sha1="3s53vn5h5hvbay0c8b39op496dozxmn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Belgium by province category navigation | main | debug = {{{debug|}}} }}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3s53vn5h5hvbay0c8b39op496dozxmn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785969</id>
      <parentid>785968</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:07:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Template:Belgium_by_province_category_navigation]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
      <origin>785968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="151" sha1="3s53vn5h5hvbay0c8b39op496dozxmn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Belgium by province category navigation | main | debug = {{{debug|}}} }}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3s53vn5h5hvbay0c8b39op496dozxmn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:Belgium by province category navigation/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>192251</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785970</id>
      <timestamp>2025-12-26T18:23:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Pppery (alt)</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Updating links to categories renamed at [[WP:Categories for discussion]] (via [[User:Pppery/Cfdw-links.py]])</comment>
      <origin>785970</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3911" sha1="siax9474gx5lxf8gkkbt10rb2begqzj" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --&gt;
{{Lua|Module:Belgium by province category navigation}}

A category navigation template, designed to be used on any by-province category for any of the 10 current [[provinces of Belgium]].

It creates a navbox with links to identically-named categories for other regions. For example, on [[:Category:Landforms of Antwerp Province]], it creates links to [[:Category:Landforms of East Flanders]], [[:Category:Landforms of Flemish Brabant]] etc.

Non-existent categories are not linked. Instead, they are listed in grey, i.e. [[greyed out]].

If there are no navigable links, the navbox will not be displayed, and the page will be categorised in [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with all grey links]].

== Usage ==
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Belgium by province category navigation}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

No parameters are available.

== Examples ==
See the template in use on e.g.
{{div col|colwidth=21em|gap=2.5em}}
* [[:Category:Antwerp Province]]
* [[:Category:Buildings and structures in Limburg (Belgium)]]
* [[:Category:Culture in West Flanders]]
* [[:Category:History of Flemish Brabant]]
* [[:Category:Landforms of Liège Province]]
* [[:Category:Museums in East Flanders]]
* [[:Category:People from Luxembourg (Belgium)]]
* [[:Category:Railway stations in Namur Province]]
* [[:Category:Organisations based in Hainaut Province]]
* [[:Category:Sport in Walloon Brabant]]
{{div col end}}

== Errors ==
If the template is used on page which is not a category, or on a category page whose title does not include a valid province of Belgium, then no navbox is built. An error message is displayed, and the page is categorised in [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation on invalid category]]

== Tracking categories ==
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation on invalid category]] (population: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation on invalid category}})
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with no grey links]] (population: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with no grey links}})
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with 1–5 grey links]] (population: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with 1–5 grey links}})
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with 6 or more grey links]] (population: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with 6 or more grey links}})
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with all grey links]] (population: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with all grey links}})
* TOTAL: {{formatnum:{{#expr: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation on invalid category|R}} + {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with no grey links|R}} + {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with 1–5 grey links|R}} + {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with 6 or more grey links|R}} + {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with all grey links|R}} }} }}

{{Purge|''Purge this page to update those counts.''}}

== Development ==
This template was adapted in September 2019 from {{tl|All Ireland by county category navigation}}, which began as a proposal at [[WP:WikiProject Ireland/CatNavProposal]].  The idea was refined through discussion at [[WT:WikiProject Ireland/CatNavProposal]], and deployed in May 2018 after a 15-day trial on 150 pages.

== See also ==
{{Sweden by county category navigation/doc/see also}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{sandbox other||
&lt;!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --&gt;
[[Category:Belgium navigational boxes]]
[[Category:Country-by-country-subdivision category navigation templates]]

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>siax9474gx5lxf8gkkbt10rb2begqzj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785971</id>
      <parentid>785970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:08:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Template:Belgium_by_province_category_navigation/doc]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
      <origin>785970</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3911" sha1="siax9474gx5lxf8gkkbt10rb2begqzj" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --&gt;
{{Lua|Module:Belgium by province category navigation}}

A category navigation template, designed to be used on any by-province category for any of the 10 current [[provinces of Belgium]].

It creates a navbox with links to identically-named categories for other regions. For example, on [[:Category:Landforms of Antwerp Province]], it creates links to [[:Category:Landforms of East Flanders]], [[:Category:Landforms of Flemish Brabant]] etc.

Non-existent categories are not linked. Instead, they are listed in grey, i.e. [[greyed out]].

If there are no navigable links, the navbox will not be displayed, and the page will be categorised in [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with all grey links]].

== Usage ==
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Belgium by province category navigation}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

No parameters are available.

== Examples ==
See the template in use on e.g.
{{div col|colwidth=21em|gap=2.5em}}
* [[:Category:Antwerp Province]]
* [[:Category:Buildings and structures in Limburg (Belgium)]]
* [[:Category:Culture in West Flanders]]
* [[:Category:History of Flemish Brabant]]
* [[:Category:Landforms of Liège Province]]
* [[:Category:Museums in East Flanders]]
* [[:Category:People from Luxembourg (Belgium)]]
* [[:Category:Railway stations in Namur Province]]
* [[:Category:Organisations based in Hainaut Province]]
* [[:Category:Sport in Walloon Brabant]]
{{div col end}}

== Errors ==
If the template is used on page which is not a category, or on a category page whose title does not include a valid province of Belgium, then no navbox is built. An error message is displayed, and the page is categorised in [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation on invalid category]]

== Tracking categories ==
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation on invalid category]] (population: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation on invalid category}})
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with no grey links]] (population: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with no grey links}})
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with 1–5 grey links]] (population: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with 1–5 grey links}})
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with 6 or more grey links]] (population: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with 6 or more grey links}})
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with all grey links]] (population: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with all grey links}})
* TOTAL: {{formatnum:{{#expr: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation on invalid category|R}} + {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with no grey links|R}} + {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with 1–5 grey links|R}} + {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with 6 or more grey links|R}} + {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Belgium by province category navigation with all grey links|R}} }} }}

{{Purge|''Purge this page to update those counts.''}}

== Development ==
This template was adapted in September 2019 from {{tl|All Ireland by county category navigation}}, which began as a proposal at [[WP:WikiProject Ireland/CatNavProposal]].  The idea was refined through discussion at [[WT:WikiProject Ireland/CatNavProposal]], and deployed in May 2018 after a 15-day trial on 150 pages.

== See also ==
{{Sweden by county category navigation/doc/see also}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{sandbox other||
&lt;!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --&gt;
[[Category:Belgium navigational boxes]]
[[Category:Country-by-country-subdivision category navigation templates]]

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  <page>
    <title>විකිපීඩියා:Public domain</title>
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&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-move-indef}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{Redirect|WP:PD|the &quot;proposed deletion&quot; process|Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|the encyclopedia article|Public domain|information about persondata|Wikipedia:Persondata|the policy|Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure}}
{{use dmy dates |date=July 2022}}
{{Wikipedia subcat guideline|content guideline|Public domain|WP:PD}}
{{Wikipedia copyright}}
For all practical purposes on Wikipedia, the '''public domain''' comprises copyright-free works: anyone can use them in any way and for any purpose. Proper [[Attribution (copyright)|attribution]] to the author or source of a work, even if it is in the public domain, is still required in order to comply with relevant policies.&lt;ref&gt;This is required for Wikipedia to be a reliable encyclopedia, even if it is written by non-experts. See [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]] and [[Wikipedia:No original research]].&lt;/ref&gt;

The public domain is generally defined as the sum of works that are not [[copyright]]ed,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FAQ {{!}} U.S. Copyright Office |url=https://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/faq-definitions.html#public_domain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113122456/https://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/faq-definitions.html#public_domain |archive-date=2025-01-13 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=U.S. Copyright Office |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; i.e.
* that were not eligible for copyright in the first place, or
* whose copyright has expired, or
* that were [[wp:Granting work into the public domain|released into the public domain]] by the copyright holder.

However, there is no such thing as ''the'' public domain on the internet as it is not an entity. International treaties, like the [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]], are not self-executing and do not supersede local law. There is ''no'' globally valid &quot;International Copyright Law&quot; that would take precedence over local laws.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Copyright |url=https://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl100.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926041452/https://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl100.html |archive-date=2018-09-26 |website=[[United States Copyright Office]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, signatory countries of the Berne Convention have adapted their laws to comply with the minimum standards set forth by the treaty, often with ''stronger'' provisions than required. Whether or not something is copyright-free in some country depends on the individual country.

The [[Wikimedia Foundation]], the legal body responsible for Wikipedia, is based in the US state of [[California]]. Although legislation is sometimes unclear about which laws are to apply on the internet, the primary law relevant for Wikipedia is that of the US. For re-users of Wikipedia content, it is the laws of their respective countries.

In the US, any work '''published before January 1, {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}''', ''anywhere in the world''&lt;!--

--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;US1909&quot;&gt;Strictly speaking, only US works published before January 1, {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, and foreign works published in compliance with US formalities (registration, © notice) before that date are in the public domain in the US. For non-US works published ''without'' compliance with US formalities (i.e., without &amp;copy; notice), the situation is a bit more complicated:
*If published before 1909, such works are in the public domain in the US.
*If published between 1909 and {{#expr:{{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}-1}} (inclusive) in a language ''other than English'', the [[United States federal judicial circuits|Ninth Circuit]] has considered them as &quot;unpublished works&quot; according to [http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm#Footnote_12 Peter Hirtle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825165033/http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm#Footnote_12 |date=2017-08-25}} and following the decision of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]] in the case ''[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=9th&amp;navby=case&amp;no=9515250 Twin Books v. Disney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619060947/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=9th&amp;navby=case&amp;no=9515250 |date=2009-06-19}}'' in 1996. The case was about the book [[Bambi, A Life in the Woods]]; the decision is heavily criticized in ''Nimmer on Copyright'' ({{ISBN|0-820-51465-9}}), the standard commentary on US copyright law.
*If published between 1909 and {{#expr:{{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}-1}} (inclusive) in English, they are ''highly likely'' to be PD, given that the aforementioned controversial case was only about a work published in a foreign language.
*Additionally, any work first published outside of the United States without copyright notice before 1989, when the US joined the Berne Convention, is in the public domain in the US if it was in the public domain in its country of origin on the URAA date (in most cases January 1, 1996). See the section on [[#Country-specific rules|country-specific rules]] for more information.
Also, the {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} cut-off date applies only to the US. This means foreign works first published before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} are in the public domain in the US, but may still be copyrighted outside the US.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--

--&gt;is in the '''public domain'''. Other countries are ''not'' bound by that {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} date, though.&lt;ref&gt;Most countries have had similar copyright extensions in the past, the date ranges from the 1850s to 1930s in said countries.&lt;/ref&gt; Complications arise when special cases are considered, such as trying to determine whether a work published later might be in the public domain in the US, or when dealing with unpublished works. When a work has not been published in the US, but in some other country, that other country's copyright laws also must be taken into account. Re-users of Wikipedia content also might find the explanations here useful.

== Important documents ==
* The [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] is the primary legislative document governing international copyright. States that are party to the convention agree to amend their legislations to meet the minimum requirements of this convention, but the convention itself is ''not'' law. States have the right to &quot;opt out&quot; from a few of its paragraphs (most are mandatory and non-negotiable, though), and how any particular country implements the Berne Convention is a question of local legislation. The [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/index.html full text] of the Berne Convention is available at the [[WIPO]] web site.
* The US Copyright Law is [[s:United States Code/Title 17|Title 17 of the United States Code (17 USC)]], chapters 1 through 8 and 10 through 12. Chapters 9 and 13 contain design protection laws on semiconductor chips and ship hulls that are of no interest or relevance for Wikipedia.
* The EU [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection]] is a ''binding'' directive for all member countries of the [[European Union]], harmonizing the term of copyright. It became effective on July 1, 1995. Individual countries have amended their laws to comply with this directive. The EU legislation web site has the [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0098:EN:HTML full text (1993)], plus a [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0029:EN:HTML 2001 amendment] modifying §3(2). See [[#Copyright restorations|Retroactive changes in copyright legislation]] below for some discussion.

The US Copyright Law explicitly makes clear that the Berne Convention is just a treaty, not some &quot;super-law&quot; that would take precedence over US law: [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104 17 USC 104(c)] states that:
{{quote|No right or interest in a work eligible for protection under this title may be claimed by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto.}}
When discussing copyright issues informally (and ''all'' such discussions on Wikipedia ''are'' informal), one may nevertheless argue in terms of the Berne Convention: writing &quot;according to ''§y'' of the Berne Convention...&quot; is then just a short-hand for writing &quot;according to ''§x'' of ''country's copyright law'', which implements ''§y'' of the Berne Convention, ...&quot;. However, one should bear in mind that some paragraphs of the Berne Convention are optional, and that any country may go beyond the minimum standards specified by the Berne Convention for the most part.

=== Other documents ===
There are some other documents related to copyright issues that one occasionally comes across, but they are generally less important for Wikipedia's purposes.

*The [[Universal Copyright Convention]] (UCC, [http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/lipa/copyrights/The%20Universal%20Copyright%20Convention%20_Geneva%20Text--September.pdf 1952 Geneva text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125161930/http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/lipa/copyrights/The%20Universal%20Copyright%20Convention%20_Geneva%20Text--September.pdf |date=2012-11-25 }}, [http://www.ifla.org/documents/infopol/copyright/ucc.txt 1971 Paris text]) was developed as an alternative international copyright treaty—it prescribed less stringent protections than the main Berne Convention. Notably, the UCC explicitly states that, if a signatory of the UCC is also a signatory of the Berne Convention, the latter should prevail. Given that most countries have since joined the Berne Convention, the UCC is largely irrelevant today. However, the adherence dates of some states to the UCC may still be of interest.
*The [[Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations|Rome Convention]] ([http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/rome/index.html International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations]) from 1961 is a treaty augmenting the Berne Convention by copyright on performances and recordings thereof. 
*The [[Geneva Phonograms Convention]] ([http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/phonograms/index.html Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms]) is an additional international treaty extending copyright to [[#Sound recordings|sound recordings]].
*The [[WIPO Copyright Treaty]] ([http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/index.html WCT]) from 1996, effective 2002, is an extension of the Berne Convention, bringing computer programs and databases under the auspices of copyright. In the US, it is implemented by the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act|DMCA]].
*The [[WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty]] ([http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/index.html WPPT]) from 1996 entered in force in 2002. It is an update of the [[Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations|Rome Convention]]. In the US, it was implemented as [[WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act|part of the DMCA]].

== Works ineligible for copyright protection ==
:'''In short: United States Federal Government works and non-creative works are in public domain'''
:''See also:'' [[Wikipedia:Copyright on emblems|Copyright on emblems]].

=== United States government works&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;U.S. government works&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;US government works&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ===
United States federal government works—defined as any &quot;work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{usc|17|101}}&lt;/ref&gt; and including works prepared by the governments of the [[District of Columbia]], [[Puerto Rico]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Ley Núm. 55 de 2012 -Ley de Derechos Morales de Autor de Puerto Rico | website=LexJuris (Leyes y Jurisprudencia) de Puerto Rico | url=http://www.lexjuris.com/LexLex/Leyes2012/lexl2012055.htm | language=es | access-date=2021-02-19 | archive-date=2020-11-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101061318/http://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/leyes2012/lexl2012055.htm | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[territories of the United States|US organized territories]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.6C1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.copyright.gov/comp3/docs/compendium.pdf#page=82 |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.6(C)(1) |page=36 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |access-date=November 8, 2016 |archive-date=December 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208164533/https://www.copyright.gov/comp3/docs/compendium.pdf#page=82 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;—are not eligible for copyright protection, although the federal government can &quot;receiv[e] and hold[] copyrights transferred to it by assignment, bequest, or otherwise&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;17 USC 105&quot;&gt;{{USC2|17|105|Subject matter of copyright: United States Government works}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is not clear whether this applies world-wide.&lt;ref&gt;See the [http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#317 CENDI Copyright FAQ list, 3.1.7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232445/http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#317 |date=2009-03-04}} and a discussion on that at the [http://blog.librarylaw.com/librarylaw/2004/09/copyright_in_go.html LibraryLaw Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219030351/https://blog.librarylaw.com/librarylaw/2004/09/copyright_in_go.html |date=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The US government themselves state that they &quot;may assert copyright outside of the United States for U.S. government works&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;usgov&quot;&gt;US Government: ''[http://www.usa.gov/copyright.shtml Copyright and Other Rights Pertaining to U.S. Government Works] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219030426/https://www.usa.gov/government-works |date=2021-02-19}}'', retrieved 2010-10-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

In practice, this means that ''much'' material on &lt;tt&gt;*.gov&lt;/tt&gt; and &lt;tt&gt;*.mil&lt;/tt&gt;, as well as material on some &lt;tt&gt;*.us&lt;/tt&gt; web sites (such as the sites of the [[US Forest Service]]), are in the public domain. Please note that not ''all'' such material is in the public domain, though:
* US governmental web sites may use copyrighted works, too; either by having licensed them or under a &quot;fair use&quot; provision. In general, such copyrighted works on web sites of the US federal government and its agencies are indicated by appropriate bylines. An example are &quot;visitor image galleries&quot; on [[National Park Service|US National Park Service]] websites: unless these have some indication that the photographs are placed in the public domain by publishing them on that NPS web site, these images are copyrighted by their photographers, who are visitors of national parks, not employees of the NPS. According to the [[CENDI]] FAQ on &quot;Frequently Asked Questions About Copyright&quot;, &quot;Copyrighted works that are not owned by the Government should be included on government web sites only with permission of the copyright owner and should include an appropriate copyright notice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#319 | title = Frequently Asked Questions About Copyright, &quot;3.1.9 Are Government websites provided copyright protection?&quot; | publisher = [[CENDI]] | date = October 8, 2008 | access-date = December 29, 2010 | archive-date = March 4, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232445/http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#319}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Some US ''state and local'' governments also have web sites in the &lt;tt&gt;*.gov&lt;/tt&gt; domain. '''State and local governments''' usually ''do'' retain a copyright on their works. 17 USC §105 only places ''federal'' documents in the public domain.&lt;ref name=&quot;state_pubs&quot;&gt;Publications of US ''state'', district, county, or municipal agencies are eligible for copyright. Only works of ''federal'' agencies are exempt from copyright; see [http://library.findlaw.com/1999/Jan/1/241476.html Radcliffe &amp; Brinson: ''Copyright Law''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621105337/http://library.findlaw.com/1999/Jan/1/241476.html |date=2006-06-21}}, or the [http://cendi.dtic.mil/publications/04-8copyright.html#30 CENDI Copyright FAQ list, 3.1.3].&lt;/ref&gt; However, laws and/or court decisions in some states may place their work in the public domain. See, for example, {{tl|PD-CAGov}} and {{tl|PD-FLGov}}.
* Works produced under a commission from the US government by a contractor ''are'' most likely copyrighted. This typically includes any documents from research labs. The [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]], for instance, is operated by a contractor for the [[US Department of Energy]], but that does not mean the works it produces are &quot;works of the federal government&quot;. ORNL works ''are'' copyrighted, and the US government is granted a non-exclusive license to use, publish, and allow republication of such works. The precise terms vary from one lab to the next, but in general, commercial re-use of their works is prohibited.&lt;ref name=&quot;contractors&quot;&gt;[http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#40 CENDI Copyright FAQ list, section 4.0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232445/http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#40 |date=2009-03-04}}, and [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105 17 USC 105] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225173213/https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105 |date=2017-12-25}}.&lt;/ref&gt; This also applies to works authored by ''independent contractors'' or ''freelance writers or artists'', even when their works are commissioned by some US government agency.&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_govt&quot;&gt;Gorman, R.&amp;nbsp;A.: ''[https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/2012/Copyright.pdf Copyright Law, 2nd ed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006065846/https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/2012/Copyright.pdf |date=2017-10-06}}'', US [[Federal Judicial Center]], June 19, 2006, section &quot;Government works&quot; on pp.&amp;nbsp;52&amp;ndash;54. URL last accessed 2018-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See [[Korean War Veterans Memorial#United States postage stamp court case]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Even the US federal government may hold copyrights, if the original copyright holder assigns or transfers the copyright to the US government. A notable example of this is the obverse of the [[Sacagawea dollar]] coin, which its designer [[Glenna Goodacre]] claimed copyright of before she transferred the design and copyright to the [[United States Mint]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sacagawea&quot;&gt;See &quot;Intellectual Property Rights&quot; in the US Mint website's privacy policy [http://www.usmint.gov/policy/index.cfm?action=TermsOfUse#rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205051622/http://www.usmint.gov/policy/index.cfm?action=TermsOfUse#rights |date=2007-02-05}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When a US government agency holds such a transferred copyright, it may declare the work to be in the public domain (or not).&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_govt&quot;/&gt;

Under US law, laws themselves and legal rulings also form a special class. The US Supreme Court has held that judicial opinions of both federal and state judges—being a form of case law—cannot be copyrighted.&lt;ref&gt;See ''[[Wheaton v. Peters]]'' (1834)(opinions of US Supreme Court) and ''[[Banks v. Manchester]]'' (1888)(applying same principle to state judicial records).&lt;/ref&gt; It has never addressed whether copyright can be claimed in other forms of law, such as [[statute]]s, [[Code of law|legal code]]s, or [[municipal ordinance]]s. Lower federal and state courts have varied on whether other forms of law, beyond judicial decisions, can be copyrighted.&lt;ref&gt;In ''[[Banks v. Manchester]]'', [[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 128|128]] [[United States Reports|U.S.]] [https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/128/244 244] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025064819/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/128/244 |date=2018-10-25}} (1888), the US Supreme Court cited a Massachusetts court's opinion in its reasoning that state court judicial opinions cannot be copyrighted: &quot;The whole work done by the judges constitutes the authentic exposition and interpretation of the law, which, binding every citizen, is free for publication to all, whether it is a declaration of unwritten law, or an interpretation of a constitution or a statute.&quot; However, it ruled in a case later that year that a state-employed court reporter that compiled cases and law reports of the Illinois Supreme Court could copyright the portion of the compilations &quot;which is the result of his intellectual labor&quot;, but reiterated its previous decisions that &quot;there can be no copyright in the opinions of the judges of a court, or in the work done by them in their official capacity as judges.&quot; ''[[Callaghan v. Myers]]'', [[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 128|128]] [[United States Reports|U.S.]] [https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/128/617/ 617] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230080702/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/128/617/ |date=2018-12-30}} (1888). The US Supreme Court has not addressed the intersection of copyright protection for law since then. Lower courts have differed in deciding whether copyright can be claimed in works created by third parties and incorporated into state law/regulations or municipal ordinances (e.g. annotated codes, building codes). See ''[http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201711589.pdf Code Revision Commission v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019201033/http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201711589.pdf |date=2018-10-19}}'', slip opinion at 13-26 (2018), ''Id''. at 19 (listing cases in various circuits).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_govt&quot;/&gt; The position of the US Copyright Office is that all &quot;edicts of government&quot;, both domestic and foreign, cannot be copyrighted and won't register such works.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.6C2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.copyright.gov/comp3/docs/compendium.pdf#page=83 |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.6(C)(2) (&quot;Government Edicts&quot;) |page=37–38 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |accessdate=November 8, 2016 |quote=As a matter of longstanding public policy, the U.S. Copyright Office will not register a government edict that has been issued by any state, local, or territorial government, including legislative enactments, judicial decisions, administrative rulings, public ordinances, or similar types of official legal materials. Likewise, the Office will not register a government edict issued by any foreign government or any translation prepared by a government employee acting within the course of his or her official duties.... A work that does not constitute a government edict may be registered, even if it was prepared by an officer or employee of a state, local, territorial, or foreign government while acting within the course of his or her official duties. |archive-date=December 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208164533/https://www.copyright.gov/comp3/docs/compendium.pdf#page=83}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since copyright protection is automatic and doesn't require registration with the Copyright Office, their position may not be authoritative in a court of law, so the copyright status of laws (including laws incorporating copyrighted works by third-parties, e.g. building codes) remains unclear until settled by the US Supreme Court.

The [[United States Copyright Office]], in its ''[[Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices]]'', has stated its position that works of the [[US Postal Service]] are ''not'' &quot;works of the U.S. government&quot; and thus ''are'' subject to copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.6C1&quot;/&gt; Works of the [[United States Post Office Department]] before the formation of the US Postal Service are still considered government works and are in the public domain.{{fact|date=September 2014}} 

Most other countries’ governments do hold copyrights, and their works are copyright protected. At the same time, many countries declare their edicts, as well as those of other countries, such as laws and court decisions, to be exempt from copyright. Such exemptions are typically narrowly defined and ''cannot'' be construed to mean &quot;any publication by a government office&quot;.

Works of the [[United Nations]] or its agencies or of the [[Organization of American States|OAS]] are subject to copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.6C2&quot;/&gt; Some UN documents ''are'' in the public domain; see [[#Works of the United Nations|Works of the United Nations]].

=== Non-creative works ===
{{shortcut|WP:NONCREATIVE}}
:'''In short: Bare facts are in the public domain. Works must show sufficient ''human'' creativity to be eligible for copyright at all.'''
A second category of works that in general cannot be copyright protected are those that have no (or no significant) creative content: they do not pass the [[threshold of originality]]. In the US, the classic example is a telephone directory. The names and numbers therein are, in the doctrine of case law (e.g. ''[[Feist v. Rural]]''), &quot;facts that were discovered&quot;, rather than the result of a creative expression or judgment. The US has explicitly rejected the position that the amount of effort involved in the discovery of a fact can justify its protection. As a result of this doctrine, addresses, phone numbers, most scientific data, sports scores, the results of polls, and similar facts are exempt from copyright.

While the facts themselves are exempt, other creative elements in a compilation of facts may warrant copyright protection. For example, ''Eckes v. Card Prices Update'' established that the specific selection of which facts to include in a list, when done as the result of a creative act, merits protection even when the individual elements do not. (See also [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#103 17 USC 103(b)].) The [[WIPO Copyright Treaty]] is an international treaty that follows this concept; it has been adopted also by the [[European Union]] (EU) in its [[EU Database Directive]], a ''[[sui generis]]'' protection that prohibits any significant &quot;extraction&quot; or &quot;re-utilization&quot; of information from a database created by significant effort. In all these cases, the copyright is on the database as a whole, i.e. the selection of the collection. The individual items in such databases still have their own copyright, which may have expired.

Similarly, though scientific data are usually exempt from copyright, the specific figures and styles of presentation used to present that data will in most cases merit copyright protection. Also, in some cases facts that are exempt from copyright may still be protected as a result of patent law.

[[Image:Chimpanzee congo painting.jpg|thumb|This painting was produced by the chimpanzee &quot;[[Congo (chimpanzee)|Congo]]&quot; and is therefore not copyrighted. The photo of the painting is not copyrightable per the [[Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.|''Bridgeman v. Corel'' ruling.]]]]
Another class of uncreative works which are unable to claim copyright protection in the US are those resulting from mechanical reproduction. Following ''[[Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.]]'', a simple reproductive photograph of a two-dimensional artwork does not give rise to a new copyright on the photograph. Many other countries (but not all!) recognize a similar ineligibility for copyright for reproductive photographs of two-dimensional public domain works.

Common to all these cases is that only works created by a [[human]] are eligible for copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223005016/https://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf |archive-date=December 23, 2014 |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.2 |page=22 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |quote=To qualify as a work of 'authorship' a work must be created by a human being.... Works that do not satisfy this requirement are not copyrightable. The Office will not register works produced by nature, animals, or plants. Likewise, the Office cannot register a work purportedly created by divine or supernatural beings.... Similarly, the Office will not register works produced by a machine or mere mechanical process that operates randomly or automatically without any creative input or intervention from a human author.}}{{dead link|date=June 2015}} The Compendium lists several examples of such ineligible works, including &quot;a photograph taken by a monkey&quot; and &quot;a mural painted by an elephant&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Works created by non-human animals (such as a photograph produced by a [[chimpanzee]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.2&quot;/&gt; or machines&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.2&quot;/&gt; are not copyrightable, although in the case of drawings produced by a [[computer program]], the program itself of course may be copyrighted. In certain cases, even graphics produced by computer programs may be copyrightable; see e.g. ''[[Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman]]''.

Descriptions (including diagrams) in [[patent]] applications in the US are &quot;published into the public domain&quot; by the [[US Patent and Trademark Office]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uspto.gov/main/ccpubguide.htm |title=Editorial Standards |work=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |access-date=2005-11-22 |archive-date=2009-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925103511/http://www.uspto.gov/main/ccpubguide.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portions may contain the non-obligatory notice of copyright © or [[mask work]] Ⓜ protection, but the patent applicant must state in the text of the description that the owner of the rights in the protected part agrees to allow anyone to make [[facsimile]] reproductions of those portions of the description, but otherwise reserves all rights [https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s608.html#d0e42440 37 CFR § 1.71(e)].

Photographic reproductions, as a form of derivative work, may inherit the copyright of the original work. If that artwork is in the public domain, then so is the photograph.&lt;ref&gt;Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd. v. Corel Corp., 25 F. Supp. 2d 421 (S.D.N.Y. 1998), aff‟d on reh‟g, 36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999).&lt;/ref&gt; If, however, the depicted work is copyright protected, then, although there is no independent copyright on the photo itself, it cannot be considered to be in the public domain as the original rights holder still has the authority to control how reproductions of his work, including photographs, are made and distributed. The same applies to digitized images.

It should also be noted that the exemption of reproduction photographs extends only to ''two-dimensional'' artwork in the US. A photograph of a three dimensional statue may acquire copyright protection even if the statue itself belongs to the public domain. Such rights derive from the creativity involved in the positioning of camera, lighting, and other variables.

In the US, the ''[http://copyright.gov/comp3/ Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices]'' of the [[US Copyright Office]] gives some concrete examples and hints at under what conditions a work is sufficiently original to be eligible for copyright.

=== Fonts and typefaces===
{{Anchor|Fonts}}
{{shortcut|WP:PDFONT}}
:'''In short: Scalable fonts ''as such'' are copyrighted as computer programs; typefaces ''as such'' may be protected by design patents, and, in a few countries, by copyright; ''actual use'' of the typeface is not restricted, even if the font used was based illegally on a protected typeface.'''
Under US law, [[typefaces]] and the characters they contain are considered to be utilitarian objects whose utility outweighs any merit that may exist in protecting their creative elements. As such, typefaces are exempt from copyright protection in the United States ([[Code of Federal Regulations]], [http://frwebgate3.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID=36964326810+4+0+0&amp;WAISaction=retrieve Ch 37, Sec. 202.1(e)]; ''Eltra Corp. vs. Ringer''). However, this finding was limited in ''[[Adobe Systems, Inc. v. Southern Software, Inc.]]'', wherein it was held that scalable computer fonts, i.e., the instructions necessary to render a typeface, constitute a &quot;computer program&quot; for the purposes of copyright law and hence are subject to protection. Hence the computer file(s) associated with a scalable font will generally be protected even though the specific design of the characters is not. Furthermore, a [[raster graphics|rasterized]] representation (e.g. bitmap) of the characters in a scalable font is not protected by copyright in the United States. According to the ''[[Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices]]'', [[typography]] and [[calligraphy]] are not copyrightable in themselves in the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.3D&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.3(D) (&quot;Typeface and Mere Variations of Typographic Ornamentation&quot;) |page=25 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |access-date=December 22, 2014 |quote=The copyright law does not protect typeface or mere variations of typographic ornamentation or lettering. |archive-date=December 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223005016/http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium906.4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap900/ch900-visual-art-122214.pdf |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 906.4 (&quot;Typeface, Typefont, Lettering, Calligraphy, and Typographic Ornamentation&quot;) |page=13 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |access-date=December 22, 2014 |quote=As a general rule, typeface, typefont, lettering, calligraphy, and typographic ornamentation are not registrable. |archive-date=December 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223014120/http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap900/ch900-visual-art-122214.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This treatment of fonts is not very unusual with respect to international law, and most other jurisdictions do not consider fonts subject to copyright either (with the notable exception of the UK, which however also only covers typefaces as such, as they are for example employed in fonts, and not their actual use&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/part/I/chapter/III/crossheading/typefaces |title=Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48), section 54 |access-date=2011-03-10 |archive-date=2019-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026003936/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/part/I/chapter/III/crossheading/typefaces |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;). However, typefaces as such may be protected by [[design patent]]s in many countries (either automatically, or by registration, or by some combination thereof). A prominent example is the European Union,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oami.europa.eu/en/design/faq/faq01.htm#200 |title=OAMI-ONLINE - The Community Design in Practice&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2006-09-10 |archive-date=2011-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406114320/http://oami.europa.eu/en/design/faq/faq01.htm#200}}&lt;/ref&gt; where the automatic protection (without registration) expires after three years and can be extended (by registration) up to 25 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://oami.europa.eu/en/design/faq/faq01.htm#500 |title=OAMI-ONLINE - The Community Design in Practice&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2006-09-10 |archive-date=2011-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406114320/http://oami.europa.eu/en/design/faq/faq01.htm#500}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== International aspects ===
:'''In short: The [[threshold of originality]] varies between countries. Might even be zero.'''
Like the [[#When does copyright expire?|duration of copyright]], eligibility to copyright in the first place is governed by national laws. The [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P109_16834 Berne Convention, §5(2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ALEplYLi?url=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P109_16834 |date=2012-09-01 }} explicitly states that
:''The enjoyment and the exercise of these rights ''[i.e., copyrights]'' shall not be subject to any formality; such enjoyment and such exercise shall be independent of the existence of ''[copyright]'' protection in the country of origin of the work.''
In other words: a work that is not copyrightable in one country (even if that country is its country of origin) can still be copyrighted in other countries, if the work is copyrightable there. An example of this is [[:File:Christoph Meili 1997-nonfree.jpg]]: this image is not copyrightable in its country of origin (Switzerland) by a decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court.&lt;ref&gt;[http://relevancy.bger.ch/php/clir/http/index.php?lang=de&amp;type=highlight_simple_query&amp;highlight_docid=atf%3A%2F%2F130-III-714%3AdeBGE 130 III 714 S. 714] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605204617/http://relevancy.bger.ch/php/clir/http/index.php?lang=de&amp;type=highlight_simple_query&amp;highlight_docid=atf%3A%2F%2F130-III-714%3AdeBGE |date=2015-06-05}}. URL last accessed 2015-01-27&lt;/ref&gt; However, in all likelihood it fulfills the criteria in other countries: it would pass the [[threshold of originality]] in the US; and it would probably also be eligible for copyright in the EU.

Mere ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such are not copyrightable as per article 2 of the [[WIPO Copyright Treaty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wct&quot;&gt;[http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html#P51_3806 WIPO Copyright Treaty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624024908/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html#P51_3806 |date=2006-06-24}}, article 2: ''Scope of Copyright Protection''. URL last accessed June 21, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Publication ==
:'''In short: A work is published when tangible ''copies'' of it are made available to the public at large.'''
In the following, we will frequently refer to the &quot;[[publication]]&quot; of a work. A work is published when copies of the work are made accessible in some non-ephemeral form to the public at large with the consent of its author or copyright holder. Ephemeral forms of making the work accessible do ''not'' constitute publication. To quote the [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 Berne Convention, §3.3] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ALEplYLi?url=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 |date=2012-09-01 }}:
:''The performance of a dramatic, dramatico-musical, cinematographic or musical work, the public recitation of a literary work, the communication by wire or the broadcasting of literary or artistic works, the exhibition of a work of art and the construction of a work of architecture shall not constitute publication.''

The US Copyright law defines &quot;publication&quot; in [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#101 17 USC 101] in basically the same way using different words:

:''&quot;Publication&quot; is the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group of persons for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or public display, constitutes publication. A public performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute publication.''

&quot;Public display&quot; includes broadcasts and other transmissions. The US Copyright Office states in its [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ40.pdf Circular 40]:
:''A work of art that exists in only one copy, such as a painting or statue, is not regarded as published when the single existing copy is sold or offered for sale in the traditional way, for example, through an art dealer, gallery, or auction house. A statue erected in a public place is not necessarily published.''

:''When the work is reproduced in multiple copies, such as reproductions of a painting or castings of a statue, the work is published when the reproductions are publicly distributed or offered to a group for further distribution or public display.''

Thus, a work is ''unpublished'' unless copies (which may be print publications, photos, postcards, lithographs, but also non-print publications such as replicas of a statuette) of it are published. It is of course implied that such a distribution of copies occurred legally, in particular with the consent of the copyright holder. An illegal distribution of copies (for instance one that itself would be a copyright violation) does ''not'' constitute a publication of a work. The right to publish a work is an ''exclusive'' right of the copyright owner ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Sections 105 and 106|17 USC 106]]), and violating this right (e.g. by disseminating copies of the work without the copyright owner's consent) is a [[copyright infringement]] ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 5/Section 501|17 USC 501(a)]]), and the copyright owner can demand (by suing in court) that copies distributed against his or her will be confiscated and destroyed ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 5/Sections 502 and 503|17 USC 502, 17 USC 503]]).

Notwithstanding the quoted paragraph from the Berne Convention, broadcast and public performance of literary or dramatic works may constitute publication in other countries, e.g. Australia (see [http://www.copyright.org.au/admin/cms-acc1/_images/16227869304f39aff399393.pdf Infosheet G023v16: Duration of Copyright] (February 2012, pg. 11)).

For works that were made available to the public in the form of sound recordings (i.e. phonograph records), it should be noted that the publication of a sound recording before January 1, 1978, does not constitute publication of any underlying musical or dramatic or literary work.&lt;ref name=&quot;FL_Gulf_Coast_Univ-Lib_Services-Copyr&quot;/&gt; Movies and TV shows are subject to special issues with regard to publication status; see the [[#Movies|&quot;Movies&quot;]] and [[#TV shows|&quot;TV shows&quot;]] sections for more detail.

We will get back to this issue in the sections &quot;[[#Published works|Published works]]&quot; and &quot;[[#Unpublished works|Unpublished works]]&quot; below.

== When does copyright expire? ==
{{shortcut|WP:COPYEXP}}
:'''In short: It depends, but always at the end of the year in which it expires.'''
[[File:PD-US table updated.svg|thumb|500px|right|Copyright durations for works (excluding audio works) first published in US. [[:File:PD-US table updated.svg|Click]] for a larger view.]]
[[File:Copyrightterm.pdf|thumb|200px|right|Copyright duration for works published in the US and elsewhere. [[:File:Copyrightterm.pdf|Click]] for a larger view or see original [http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm at Cornell University site].]]

The&amp;nbsp;Berne&amp;nbsp;Convention was designed to ensure that works protected in the country of origin were also protected in all other signatory countries without the rights holder having to register claims in each and every one of these countries. Thus the laws of the originating country of a work determine whether something is copyright protected at all, and if so, the Berne Convention ensures that it is automatically copyright protected in all other signatory countries, too, ''under their respective laws'' (§5(1) of the Berne Convention).

(The ''originating country'' or ''country of origin'' is that country where the work was initially published, or in the case of unpublished works, defined by the author's nationality or &quot;habitual domicile&quot;. See §3 of the Berne Convention. If a work is published within 30 days in several countries, it can have multiple &quot;countries of origin&quot;.)

Copyright protection is granted only for a certain period&amp;mdash;barring pathological cases where some work is placed under a [[perpetual copyright]] protection. Different countries have different copyright terms: in some countries, copyright expires 50 years after the author's death (also called &quot;50 years p.m.a.&quot;, ''post mortem auctoris''; this is the minimum standard required by the Berne Convention), others have a 70-year period (70y p.m.a.), [[Mexico]] even [http://www.ladas.com/BULLETINS/2004/0304Bulletin/Mexico_CopyrightLaw.html 100y p.m.a.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327173518/http://www.ladas.com/BULLETINS/2004/0304Bulletin/Mexico_CopyrightLaw.html |date=2006-03-27 }} Many countries also have special rules, depending on when a work was first published, whether it was first published in that country or not, whether the author is known or not, and other things. For instance, a work published with a © notice in the US between 1963 and 1977 (inclusive) is copyright protected in the US until 95 years after the date of the initial publication. Peter Hirtle has compiled a [http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm chart] (also available at [[:commons:Commons:Hirtle chart|Commons:Hirtle chart]]) showing when and under what conditions the copyright of a work expires in the US. The default rule in the US for works published since 1978 or for unpublished works is 70 years p.m.a. If a work is a &quot;work made for hire&quot;, it has [[corporate authorship]] and is protected to the shorter of 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation. Many countries also know or at least knew different copyright terms for text and photographic works.

Basically all countries in the world specify that when a copyright expires, it does so at the ''end of the year''. Thus, works of an author who died on June 27, 1937, did ''not'' become copyright-free on June 28, 2007, but only on January 1, 2008, under a &quot;70 years p.m.a.&quot; rule.

===Copyright term table for the United States===
The following table is only for '''''works registered or first published in the United States''''' (where works registered up to 2002 count as published works).&lt;ref&gt;[http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm Cornell chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825165033/http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm |date=2017-08-25}}, [[:File:PD-US table.svg]], [[WP:PD]]&lt;/ref&gt; 
Note that works of employees of the U.S. federal government prepared as part of their official duties are always in the public domain regardless of the table below, and that copyright terms for sound recordings, architecture, and works first published outside the U.S. are different; a separate table for sound recordings first published in the United States is also shown below.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!Published→
Created↓
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-96}} and before
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-95}}–1963
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1964–1977
!1978–28 Feb 1989
!1 Mar 1989–2002
!2003–present
!Never
|-
!{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-121}} and before
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#61C100&quot; |{{abbr|'''PD'''|All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring.}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if R and N
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if N
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S+'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S+'''
| style=&quot;background:#F3F300;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;see U and D
| style=&quot;background:#F3F300;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;see U and D
|-
!{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-120}}–{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-70}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#61C100&quot; |{{abbr|'''PD'''|All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring.}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if R and N
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if N
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S+'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S+'''
| style=&quot;background:#F3F300;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;see D
| style=&quot;background:#F3F300;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;see D
|-
!{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-69}}–1977
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if R and N
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if N
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S+'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S+'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
|-
!1978–present
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;12&quot; |Sound recordings ([[#Sound recordings|see section below]])
|-
!
!{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-101}} and before
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-100}}–1946
!1947–1956
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1957–14 Feb 1972
!15 Feb 1972–1977
!1978–28 Feb 1989
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1 Mar 1989–present
!Never
|-
!14 Feb 1972 and before
| bgcolor=&quot;#61C100&quot; |{{abbr|'''PD'''|All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring.}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''100'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''110'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''16 Feb 2067'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''95++'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S++'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S++'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S++'''
|-
!15 Feb 1972 to present
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if N
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''S'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background:white;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;'''Color legend''':
{{legend|#61C100|All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring}}
{{legend|#F3F300|Some works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring}}
{{legend|#FF8E1C|Some works are in the public domain due to failure to conform to technicalities}}
{{legend|#FF6060|No works are in the public domain}}&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;small&gt;'''Copyright term''':&lt;br/&gt;
''Note: all specific dates are the first day that works are in the public domain.''&lt;br/&gt;
'''PD''' - All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring.&lt;br/&gt;
'''95'''/'''100'''/'''110''' - Copyright expires the specified number of years after publication.&lt;br/&gt;
'''95++''' - The later of '''95''' and 16 Feb 2067&lt;br/&gt;
'''S''' - Copyright expires 70 years after author's death; but if the work is anonymous or made for hire, or the author or the author's death date is unknown, copyright expires on the earlier of 95 years after publication or 120 years after creation.&lt;br/&gt;
'''S+''' - The later of '''S''' and 1 Jan 2048&lt;br/&gt;
'''S++''' - The later of '''S''' and 16 Feb 2067&lt;br/&gt;
'''16 Feb 2067''' - Copyright term ends on specified date.&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;small&gt;'''Conditions''':&lt;br/&gt;
R - Copyright was renewed in the 28th year after publication.&lt;br/&gt;
N - A compliant copyright notice was included.&lt;br/&gt;
N* - A compliant copyright notice was included, or the work was registered within five years of publication.&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;small&gt;'''Notes''':&lt;br/&gt;
U - For works that are anonymous, made for hire, or where the author's identity or death date is unknown, works ''created'' {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-121}} and earlier are in the public domain.&lt;br/&gt;
D - For works not made for hire where the author's identity and death date are known, works whose author died {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-70}} or earlier are in the public domain.
&lt;/small&gt;
|}

=== Rule of the shorter term ===
:'''In short: The &quot;[[rule of the shorter term]]&quot; says that copyright protection in any signatory country of the Berne Convention ends when the copyright expires in the originating country. This rule is ''not'' binding. The US has ''not'' adopted it; the European Union (with exceptions!), Japan, Macao, and Taiwan ''have'' done so.'''
While the [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] ''does'' harmonize bringing works under copyright protection in the first place, it does ''not'' similarly harmonize the expiration of copyright. The Berne Convention prescribes a minimum standard for copyright terms any signatory country must adhere to (50y p.m.a.), but any signatory is free to prescribe longer durations in its laws. To be fair, §7(8) of the Berne Convention ''does'' specify a &quot;rule of the shorter term&quot;, which says that the copyright term can in no case exceed the copyright term in the originating country of a work. However, signatory countries have the right to &quot;opt out&quot; from this rule, and it depends on individual countries' implementation acts whether they do follow this rule. The copyright on a work may thus expire in one country and enter the public domain there, but the same work ''may still be copyrighted'' in other signatory countries.

The United States does ''not'' recognize this &quot;shorter term&quot; rule while [[s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Section 104|17&amp;nbsp;U.S.C.&amp;nbsp;104]](c) reads: &quot;Any rights in a work eligible for protection under this title that derive from this title, other Federal or State statutes, or the common law, shall not be expanded or reduced by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto.&quot; Furthermore, [[s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Section 104A|17&amp;nbsp;U.S.C.&amp;nbsp;104A]](a)(1)(B) may restore copyright on a work published outside the USA for the remaining American copyright term even if its copyright may expire sooner in its source country.

The [[European Union]] does, however, adopt such a rule vis-a-vis non-EU members (see §7(1) of the [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection|EU directive 93/98/EEC]]). ''Within'' the EU itself, however, the contrary is true: §10(1) states that longer terms already running remained in effect, and §10(2) states that the 70 year p.m.a. applied to all works protected in at least one member country. As a result, there is a transitory phase in which works that were already out of copyright in one EU country suddenly became copyright protected again in that country on July 1, 1995, because they were still protected in some other EU country. See &quot;[[#German World War II images|World-War II images]]&quot; below.

In East Asia, [[Japan]], [[Macao]], and [[Taiwan]] also honor the rule of the shorter term. See [http://www.cric.or.jp/cric_e/clj/cl2_2.html#cl2_2+S4 §58 of the Japanese Copyright Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216214733/http://www.cric.or.jp/cric_e/clj/cl2_2.html#cl2_2+S4 |date=2005-12-16 }}, Article 51 of [[s:Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M|Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M]] of Macao, and Article 106bis of the [[s:Copyright Act (Republic of China, 2006)|Copyright Act]] in effect in Taiwan administered by the Republic of China.

However, some countries make exceptions to this rule. A notorious case is Germany, which has had a bilateral treaty with the US governing copyright since January 15, 1892. That treaty, which is still in effect, defined that a US work was copyrighted in Germany according to German law irrespective of the work's copyright status in the US, and it did not contain a &quot;rule of the shorter term&quot;. In one [http://www.lareda.hessenrecht.hessen.de/jportal/portal/t/1v7m/page/bslaredaprod.psml?pid=Dokumentanzeige&amp;showdoccase=1&amp;js_peid=Trefferliste&amp;documentnumber=3&amp;numberofresults=4&amp;fromdoctodoc=yes&amp;doc.id=KORE434782003%3Ajuris-r03&amp;doc.part=L&amp;doc.price=0.0&amp;doc.hl=1#focuspoint case], a German court therefore decided that a US work that had fallen into the public domain in the US was still copyrighted in Germany in 2003 in spite of §7(1) of the EU directive.

See also OpenFlix for a useful [http://www.openflix.com/information/non-US-copyright.php list] of countries and areas that do or do not honor the rule of the shorter term.

== Country-specific rules ==
:'''In short: First publication is important, but difficult to ascertain.'''
:''See also [[:commons:Commons:Licensing|Commons:Licensing]] and [[Wikipedia:Non-US copyrights|Non-US copyrights]].''
Because copyright expiry is governed by local laws, some special noteworthy cases exist, in particular for ''photographs''. These cases are interesting for Wikipedia if a work was not published in the US, because then, the law of the originating country must be examined. There is a whole slew of country-specific image copyright tags for precisely that purpose; see the [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags#Other countries' public domain images|list of image copyright tags]]. However, being in the public domain in its home country ''does not'' automatically mean that the work was also in the public domain in the US because the US does ''not'' follow the &quot;[[#Rule of the shorter term|rule of shorter term]]&quot;. Wherever these country-specific tags are used, they should be accompanied by a rationale explaining why the image is thought to be in the public domain in the US, too. (Remember that Wikipedia is primarily subject to US law!)

Some examples of such country-specific rules are:
*In [[Australia]], the copyright on published photographs taken before May 1, 1969, expired 50 years after the creation. (For photographs taken later, it expired 50 years after the first publication.) As a result of the [[Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement|Australia-US Free Trade Agreement]] ([[AUSFTA]]), new legislation became effective on January 1, 2005, extending the copyright term (also on photographs) generally to 70 years p.m.a, but explicitly ruling out a revival of copyright on works whose copyright had already expired. Any photographs created before January 1, 1955, are thus in the public domain in Australia. The same also holds true for other works, which were protected 50 years p.m.a. before January 1, 2005: any work published before 2005 of an author who died before January 1, 1955 is in the public domain in Australia. See [http://www.copyright.org.au/pdf/acc/InfoSheets/G023.pdf Infosheet G-23: Duration of Copyright] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051015194351/http://www.copyright.org.au/pdf/acc/InfoSheets/G023.pdf |date=2005-10-15 }} by the Australian Copyright Council. These rules even apply for works where the government holds the copyright, i.e. that are under [[Crown copyright]]. (There is the template {{tl|PD-Australia}} for tagging such images.) See also [[copyright expiration in Australia]].
*In [[Canada]], any photograph created (not published!) before January 1, 1949, and not covered by [[Crown copyright]] is in the public domain. This is a consequence of the Canadian [http://www.parl.gc.ca/LEGISInfo/BillDetails.aspx?Language=E&amp;Mode=1&amp;billId=5134851 Bill C-11: An Act to Amend the Copyright Act], which replaced the old rule for photographs (&quot;copyright expires 50 years after creation of the work&quot;) by 50 years p.m.a., but ''not'' retroactively applying the new rule to works that were already in the public domain by the effective date of the bill, January 1, 1999 (see [http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/ctyclerk/archives/photos/photrepr.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051213025554/http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/ctyclerk/archives/photos/photrepr.htm |date=2005-12-13 }} at the bottom). Wikipedia has the template {{tl|PD-Canada}} for tagging such images.

For an exhaustive list of the ''current'' situation in many countries, see [[Wikipedia:Copyright situations by country]]. This may help dealing with such cases. [[UNESCO]] also maintains a [http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=14076&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html collection of copyright laws] from many countries around the world. For works (photographs and others alike, but ''excepting [[#Sound recordings|sound recordings]] made before February 15, 1972'') not published in the US, the following rule applies:

:'''''If the work was in the public domain in the country of origin as of January 1, 1996, it is in the public domain in the US,''''' (Even if it was published after {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, but only if no copyright had been registered with the US Copyright Office.)

January 1, 1996, is the effective date for the copyright restorations of the US [[Uruguay Round Agreements Act]] (URAA).&lt;ref name=&quot;uraa_circ38b&quot;&gt;US Copyright Office: ''[http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38b.pdf Circular 38b: Highlights of Copyright Amendments Contained in the URAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127204130/http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38b.pdf |date=2005-11-27}}'', URL last accessed 2007-01-30.&lt;/ref&gt; The URAA implemented [[TRIPS]], part of the [[Uruguay Round]] of the [[GATT]] negotiations, in US law. The URAA essentially is codified in US law in [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A]. It had the effect of automatically ''restoring'' copyrights of works that were still copyrighted in their country of origin but whose copyright had lapsed in the US due to non-compliance with technical formalities such as proper registration of the copyright with the US Copyright Office or that were not protected in the US due to a lack of international or bilateral agreements with the country of origin. Since works that have entered the public domain in their country of origin before January 1, 1996, are not eligible to this copyright restoration, such works remain in the public domain in the US. This, however, is valid only in cases where the US federal copyright law (17 USC) applies. There are some specialized cases that are subject to ''state law'', where other rules may apply (see the section on [[#Sound recordings|sound recordings]] below). If the country of origin became a member of the Berne Convention or the two WIPO treaties or the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] only after January 1, 1996, the URAA still applies and that country's earliest adherence date to any of these treaties or organizations must be taken as the URAA copyright restoration date instead of January 1, 1996.

For the above cases, this means:
*Australian photographs taken before January 1, 1946, not published in the US, and where no copyright was registered in the US, are in the public domain in Australia and the US.
*Other works first published in Australia whose author has died before January 1, 1946, and where no copyright was registered in the US are also in the public domain in Australia and the US.
*Canadian photographs taken before January 1, 1946, not subject to [[Crown copyright]], not published in the US, and where no copyright was registered in the US are in the public domain in Canada and the US.

Additionally, because of the rule of the shorter term, such photographs are likely to be also in the public domain in Europe and in Japan, unless published there. (For the EU, one may probably even apply the 1955 and 1949 cut-off dates.)

The obvious difficulty here is to show that any particular work was indeed ''not'' published in the US, especially when considering works by Canadians. Even worse, one has to show that the work was indeed first published in Australia or Canada, respectively. If it ''was'' published in the US, the whole deliberation about copyright expiry in other countries does not come to play at all&amp;mdash;the work is copyrighted in the US (unless it was published before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, or in a few very specific, difficult to verify cases, see &quot;[[#Published works|published works]]&quot; below). If the work was published first in some third country&amp;mdash;such as the [[United Kingdom]]&amp;mdash;that third country is the country of origin, and consequently, one has to apply ''that'' country's copyright regulations to determine whether the work's copyright had expired by January 1, 1996. There are some other problems, too:
* If a work has multiple countries of origin because it was published in several countries within 30 days, it is unclear what rules would apply. Most probably, the copyright on the work would have to be expired in ''all'' of them by January 1, 1996, for the work to be in the public domain in the US.
* It is entirely unclear how retroactive legislation would affect this rule. What if a work had been in the public domain in its country of origin on January 1, 1996, but that country subsequently modified its copyright laws such that the work's copyright was reactivated?

In summary, the rules in the US for works published abroad are as follows:
*If the work was published before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, it is in the public domain in the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;US1909&quot;/&gt; (With a caveat for works published without copyright notice, see the [[#Footnotes|footnote]].)
*If the work was published {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} to 1995 (inclusive) and not copyrighted in its countries of origin in 1996, it is in the public domain in the US.
*Otherwise, if the work was published before 1978, it is copyrighted in the US for 95 years after the original publication, and if it was published 1978 or later, the work is copyrighted until 70 years after the (last surviving) author's death.

While the author of a photograph can often be determined quite easily, it may be rather difficult to ascertain where and when a particular image was first published. And strictly speaking one would also have to verify that a non-US work was not covered by copyright in the US by virtue of some [[bilateral agreement]] of the US and the foreign country (see [http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl100.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704101856/http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl100.html |date=2014-07-04 }} and &quot;Circular 38a&quot; in the &quot;[[#External links|external links]]&quot; section below). Country-specific public domain tags must therefore be used with the utmost care only.

=== Crown copyrights ===
{{Shortcut|WP:Crown copyright|WP:Crown copy|WP:Crowncopy}}
:'''In short: UK, Australian and Canadian Crown copyright expires world-wide, except in certain rare and specific cases.'''
[[Crown copyright]] is a special form of copyright on governmental works (including works made by employees of government agencies in the course of their duties) that exists in the [[United Kingdom]] and a number of other [[Commonwealth realms]]. Crown copyright for published works generally lasts for 50 years since the first publication (this is true for the United Kingdom, [[Canada]] and [[Australia]] with certain exceptions such as those outlined in the section below). When Crown copyright expires on a work in its country of origin, the work enters the public domain in that country, but ''it may still be copyrighted in other signatory countries of the Berne Convention'' because these other countries apply their own laws, which may have longer copyright terms and not even know the concept of a &quot;Crown copyright&quot;. (See e.g. [http://lexum.com/conf/dac/en/sterling/sterling.html Sterling 1995] towards the end, section titled &quot;Protection of Crown copyright in other countries&quot;. However, also note &quot;Finally, a decision needs to be made as regards the protection of Crown copyright as between one &quot;Crown copyright&quot; country and another such country. Since, for example, the Crown is the owner of Crown copyright arising in Canada, can the Crown claim to be the owner of such copyright in the U.K.? If not, who could claim such copyright? These questions await resolution.&quot;)

An exception to this is ''UK Crown copyright''. Although UK works on which the Crown copyright has expired also could still be copyrighted elsewhere, the British [[Office of Public Sector Information]] (OPSI), which manages all Crown copyrights on behalf of the copyright holder ([[the Crown]]), has explicitly stated in an [[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2005-May/022055.html|e-mail]] to Wikipedia that they consider UK Crown copyright expiry to apply ''world-wide''. A similar declaration has been made for Australia.

There is a [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/information-management/crown-copyright-flowchart.pdf flowchart] explaining the precise rules for UK Crown copyright expiry. For photographs the rules are as follows:
*For photographs taken before June 1, 1957, Crown copyright expires 50 years after the ''creation'' of the image. All such photographs are therefore in the public domain.
*For photographs taken after that date and published before August 1, 1989, Crown copyright expires 50 years after the first ''publication''. For photographs created between these two dates, but published only on or after the 1989 date, Crown copyright expires on December 31, 2039.
*For photographs created on or after August 1, 1989, Crown copyright expires 125 years after the creation or 50 years after the first publication of the image, whatever is earlier.

There is the template {{tl|PD-BritishGov}} to tag images which are claimed to be in the public domain under these rules.

Companies House - When downloading accounts for a Company listed, they are free of copyright and may be posted on any website. They are public record and statutory. The situation is the same for birth and death certificates. There is no copyright for this type of public record. Please see www.companieshouse.gov.uk.

====Crown prerogative copyright====
:'''In short: while Crown copyright normally expires after 50 years, Crown ''prerogative'' copyright is not subject to the normal statutory term and can instead last indefinitely.'''

Within Canadian Copyright law there is one exception however under section 12 of the ''Copyright Act'' which states that Crown copyright expires after 50 years &quot;Without prejudice to any rights or privileges of the Crown&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;CAC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title = Copyright Act (Canada), S. 12 |url = http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/page-7.html |access-date = 2017-07-07 |archive-date = 2013-12-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131220215142/http://www.laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/page-7.html |url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is further supported by the fact that &quot;No enactment is binding on Her Majesty or affects Her Majesty or Her Majesty's rights or prerogatives in any manner, except as mentioned or referred to in the enactment&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = Interpretation Act (Canada), S. 17 |url = http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-21/page-5.html#h-18 |access-date = 2017-07-07 |archive-date = 2017-07-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170713010002/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/I-21/page-5.html#h-18 |url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this way Crown Copyright held under the Royal Prerogative &quot;is not subject to the usual statutory copyright term. The royal prerogative is referenced at the start of section 12 of the ''Copyright Act''&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;judge&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=In the Public Interest: The Future of Canadian Copyright Law | chapter=Crown Copyright and Copyright Reform in Canada | publisher=Irwin Law | author=Judge, Elizabeth | year=2005 | pages=557}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further, the common law &quot;prerogative right of the Crown to the exclusive printing of Acts of Parliament, Orders in Council, state papers, and other public documents is well established. The Crown prerogative, unlike rights under the ''[Copyright] Act'', continues in perpetuity and is not limited to the term specified in the ''Act''&quot;.&lt;ref name=McKeown&gt;{{cite book | title=Canadian Intellectual Property Law and Strategy | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=McKeown | first=John | year=2010 | pages=247 | isbn=978-0195369427}}&lt;/ref&gt; Professor David E. Smith further reinforces this point, stating &quot;that this exclusive right to certain works by prerogative amounts to a perpetual term of copyright protection&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLiKBYcaqsIC&amp;dq=crown+prerogative+copyright+perpetu%2A&amp;pg=PA77 | title=The Invisible Crown: The First Principles of Canadian Government| publisher=University of Toronto Press | author=Smith, D.E. | year=2013 | location=Toronto | pages=77 | isbn=978-1442615854}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, in certain cases such as when rights are held under the Crown prerogative, copyright can be &quot;said to be perpetual...and not to lapse through non-use or non-assertion&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/conf/dac/en/vaver/vaver.html | title=Copyright and the State in Canada and the United States | publisher=University of Montreal | date=6 June 1995 | access-date=11 December 2013 | last=Vaver |first=David| archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100527140536/http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/conf/dac/en/vaver/vaver.html | archive-date=27 May 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and that a &quot;right to certain works by prerogative amounts to a perpetual term of copyright protection&quot;.&lt;ref name=1P&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLiKBYcaqsIC&amp;dq=canadian+crown+copyright+perpetual&amp;pg=PA77 | title=Invisible Crown: The First Principle of Canadian Government | publisher=University of Toronto Press | last=Smith | first=David | year=2013 | location=Toronto | pages=77 | isbn=978-1442615854}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When attempting to determine copyright status, &quot;the following facts should be kept in mind. First, section 12 grants Her Majesty rights in works prepared or published by or under her direction or control...Second, the rights granted in section 12 generally limit the protection to 50 years following the first publication of the work whereas it is arguable that Crown copyright under the Crown prerogative is perpetual. Put another way, Crown copyright under the Crown prerogative is wider in scope and duration than what section 12 provides&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cb-cda.gc.ca/decisions/2012/prov_reason_2012.pdf|title=Collective Administration in relation to rights under sections 3, 15, 18 and 21 (Crown Immunity)|publisher=Copyright Board of Canada|last1=Vancise|first1=William J.|last2=Majeau|first2=Claude|last3=Théberge|first3=Jacinthe|year=2012|location=Ottawa|pages=15|access-date=2017-07-07|archive-date=2017-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331063246/http://cb-cda.gc.ca/decisions/2012/prov_reason_2012.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Works of the United Nations ===
:'''In short: parliamentary documentation (official records, such as resolutions) and documents ''not'' offered for sale are in the public domain; ''other'' UN documents ''are'' copyrighted.'''
Works of the [[United Nations]] or one of its bodies are generally copyrighted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.6(C)(2) (&quot;Government Edicts&quot;) |page=38 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |access-date=December 22, 2014 |quote=Section 104(b)(5) of the Act states that works first published by the United Nations or any of its specialized agencies, or first published by the Organization of American States are eligible for copyright protection in the United States. |archive-date=December 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223005016/http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;un_st_ai_2001_5&quot;&gt;[[United Nations]], administrative instruction ST/AI/2001/5: ''[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN006342.pdf United Nations Internet publishing, section 5: Copyright policy and disclaimers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109072211/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN006342.pdf |date=2006-11-09}}'', August 22, 2001. Also see §3.29 (&quot;Use of photos&quot;) of that document. URL last accessed 2006-11-08.&lt;/ref&gt; In the interest of facilitating dissemination, the UN ''explicitly excludes'' some categories of its works from this general copyright and places them into the public domain: UN parliamentary documentation as well as public information material published under the UN document symbol ''and not offered for sale''.&lt;ref name=&quot;un_st_ai_2001_5&quot;/&gt; Such documents are in the public domain. UN parliamentary documentation comprises a broad set of official reports prepared by the UN secretariat and the UN official records.&lt;ref name=&quot;un_glossary&quot;&gt;United Nations: UN OIOS Glossary, entry on ''[http://www.un.org/Depts/oios/mecd/mecd_glossary/documents/set_p.htm#p_documentation Parliamentary documentation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406102108/http://www.un.org/Depts/oios/mecd/mecd_glossary/documents/set_p.htm#p_documentation |date=2011-04-06}}''. URL last accessed 2006-11-08.&lt;/ref&gt; UN official records are
:&quot;publications relating to proceedings of organs or conferences of the United Nations. They include verbatim or summary records, documents and check-lists of documents, issued in the form of annexes to those records, including periodic supplements, such as the quarterly ones of the Security Council; and the reports of those organs of subordinate or affiliated bodies, compilations of resolutions, certain reports of the Secretary-General, and other selected publications&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;un_pub_guide&quot;&gt;United Nations, administrative instruction ''[[:s:Administrative Instruction ST/AI/189/Add.9/Rev.2|ST/AI/189/Add.9/Rev.2]]''. URL last accessed 2006-11-07. This temporary administrative instruction was prolonged indefinitely by ''[[:s:Administrative Instruction ST/AI/189/Add.9/Rev.2/Add.2|ST/AI/189/Add.9/Rev.2/Add.2]]'' in 1992.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[UN resolution]]s are therefore in the public domain world-wide. Concerning images one should bear in mind that the UN may include in their publications (in print, on the Internet, or otherwise) images from third parties for which the UN has obtained an appropriate license.&lt;ref name=&quot;un_st_ai_2001_5&quot;/&gt; Such third-party images retain their copyright, even if published in an otherwise public domain UN document as mentioned above. Only UN images appearing in such documents may be assumed to be in the public domain.

== Published works ==
:'''In short: Copyright notices are not needed anymore. But they help determine who the author is.'''
Under the Berne Convention, copyright is ''automatic'': no registration is needed, and it is not even necessary to display a copyright notice with the work for it to be copyright protected. Prior to the US adopting the Berne Convention (by amending its copyright law through the [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d100:HR04262:@@@L&amp;summ2=m&amp; Berne Convention Implementation Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406105616/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d100:HR04262:@@@L&amp;summ2=m&amp; |date=2011-04-06 }}, effective March 1, 1989), this was not the case in the United States. A work was only copyrighted if published with a copyright notice, which could be as simple as a line saying &quot;© year copyright holder&quot;. For US works there are therefore some special cases that place even works published after {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} in the public domain. However, the necessary conditions are hard to verify.

*Published in the US, ''without'' a copyright notice:
**From {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} to 1977: in the public domain
**From 1978 to March 1, 1989: only in the public domain if not registered since.
*Published in the US, ''with'' a copyright notice:
**From {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} to 1963: only in the public domain if copyright not renewed. This may be hard to determine, and if renewed, the protection runs until 95 years after the initial publication. See the [[#External links|external links]] below and [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ22.pdf Circular 22 of the US Copyright Office] for information on how to search the registry of the US Copyright Office for copyright registrations and renewals.
**From 1964 to 1977: not in the public domain for some time to come; copyright expires 95 years after the original publication.
**From 1978 to March 1, 1989: [[#Current standard copyright duration in US law|current standard rules]] apply (see just below).
**From March 1, 1989, to 2002: If created after 1977, a published work is copyrighted till 70 years after its author's death. For corporate or anonymous works, protection lasts for 95 years after publication or 120 years after creation, whichever expires first. If the work was created before 1978, another term (copyrighted until 31 December 2047) is considered. In this case, the greater term is taken (i.e. if the other terms expires before 31 December 2047, the copyright lasts till 31 December 2047). See [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ01.pdf Circular 1], &quot;Works Originally Created Before January 1, 1978, But Not Published or Registered by That Date&quot;.

Even if a work was published in the US between {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} and 1977 without a copyright notice, there would need to be proof to that effect. The proof must contain a valid resource justifying the claim in order for the US copyright office to accept it. 

For works not published in the US but published first in some other country, see &quot;[[#Country-specific rules|country-specific rules]]&quot; above.

=== Current standard copyright duration in US law ===
Works originally published in the US after 2002 (with or without copyright notice or registration) are protected until 70 years after the author's death ('''70 years ''p.m.a.'''''); anonymous works, [[works made for hire]], works of unknown authors or where the author's death date is unknown are copyrighted until the shorter of '''95 years since the first publication''' or '''120 years since their creation'''. See [[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 3/Sections 302 and 303|17 USC 302]].

== Unpublished works ==
:'''In short: the {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} date does ''not'' apply to ''unpublished'' works.'''
So far, we have only considered ''[[#Publication|published]]'' works. To re-iterate from the [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 Berne Convention, §3.3] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ALEplYLi?url=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 |date=2012-09-01 }}:
:''The performance of a dramatic, dramatico-musical, cinematographic or musical work, the public recitation of a literary work, the communication by wire or the broadcasting of literary or artistic works, the exhibition of a work of art and the construction of a work of architecture shall not constitute publication.''
As long as a work is not published, it is ''unpublished''. (Also note that by publication, the work must be made accessible to the general public, not only some closed audience. Furthermore, the publication must have had the consent of the author/creator or copyright holder of the work.)

Why is this important at all for Wikipedians? How could you come across an unpublished work?

Actually, that can happen easily with photographs in archives. Remember that &quot;publication&quot; requires the consent of the rights holder (initially the photographer). Many historic photos may thus actually be unpublished works, unless it can be shown that they ''were'' published in olden times. Especially items like private letters or family photographs, or photos found in some album, may well be unpublished. There are special exemptions in copyright law for libraries and archives that allow them to reproduce (even for the general public) such works for non-commercial uses, but that does not constitute &quot;publication&quot; unless done with the authorization of the rights holder. 

The University of Wyoming's American Heritage Center has a [http://www.uwyo.edu/ahc/_files/brochures/copyright.pdf three-page primer] on the issues involved with unpublished works. Archives often do not hold the copyright to the items in their holdings. An archive only owns the copyright in a work if the copyright itself (not just the physical document embodying the work) has been transferred to the archive in a signed writing. In practice, many archive holdings may be so-called [[orphaned work]]s, i.e. works where the current copyright holder, if any, is unknown. For such orphaned works, the US Copyright Office seems to [http://www.copyright.gov/orphan/ push for a change] in US Copyright law (see [http://archiv.twoday.net/stories/1501083/] for a brief summary) and a bill (HR 5439) for the [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:H.R.5439: Orphan Works Act of 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007055434/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:H.R.5439: |date=2008-10-07 }} has been introduced in the [[United States House of Representatives]] on May 22, 2006, but ''no law has been passed yet.'' 

Unpublished works are subject to copyright, too. To determine the copyright status of works published by archives that were not published elsewhere before, one will need to consider the rules for unpublished works. Until the [[Copyright Act of 1976|US Copyright Act of 1976]] became effective on January 1, 1978, US federal law only covered published works and unpublished works that were registered at the Copyright Office. Unpublished unregistered works were covered by state law. This &quot;[[common law copyright]]&quot; in most states granted unpublished works a ''perpetual'' copyright, valid until an eventual publication of the work.&lt;ref name=&quot;oakley&quot;&gt;Oakley, R. L.: ''[http://www.clir.org/PUBS/reports/oakley/scheme-a.html Copyright and Preservation &amp;ndash; Is the Work Protected?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219030356/https://www.clir.org/PUBS/reports/oakley/scheme-a/ |date=2021-02-19}}'', CLIR, 1990. (A good explanation, but note that some dates mentioned there have been superseded by the copyright term extension of the CTEA in 1998.) URL last accessed 2007-02-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lii&quot;&gt;N.N.: ''[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/301?qt-us_code_temp_noupdates=1#qt-us_code_temp_noupdates Historical and Revision Notes]'' on 17 USC 301. Legal Information Institute, Cornell University. URL last accessed 2016-06-16.&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1978, US federal law also covers unpublished works (and preempts state law, see [[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 3/Section 301|17 USC 301]]). This gives the following situation in the US:
*Works created before 1978:
**If published before 1978, the work is subject to the rules for works published before 1978 regardless of when it was created. Because the common law copyright on unpublished works was perpetual, there were ''no'' unpublished works in the public domain back then, and thus the work was eligible for copyright when published. See [[#Published works|published works]].
**If the work was published 1978 to 2002 (inclusive), it is copyrighted according to the ''longer of'' the [[#Current standard copyright duration in US law|standard US rules]], or until the end of 2047. ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 3/Sections 302 and 303|17 USC 303]])
**If never published, or published after 2002, the work is copyrighted according to the [[#Current standard copyright duration in US law|standard US rules]].
*Unpublished works created in 1978 or later are subject to the [[#Current standard copyright duration in US law|standard US rules]].

=== Artworks ===
:'''In short: Artworks are likely to remain unpublished long after their creation date. A date of publication must be ascertained to establish PD status.'''
Another important class of possible unpublished works are ''artworks'', in particular ''paintings''. Because an artwork is ''not'' published by being exhibited, and also neither by being created or sold, one needs to know when reproductions of the artwork (photos, postcards, lithographs, casts of statues, and so on) were first published. That constitutes publication of the artwork, and from then on, the work is subject to all the rules for published works. 

For most artworks, a year is usually given, but this is normally the year the work was made, ''not'' the year it was published. Figuring out whether and if so when a particular painting was published can be difficult. 

In the case that an artwork created before 1978 is not published until 2003 or later, it comes into the public domain 70 years after the author's death. However, if it is first published between 1978 and 2002 (inclusive), it will still be copyrighted in the US until the end of 2047.

Proof of publication is mandatory; uploaders making a &quot;public domain&quot; claim on (a reproduction of) an artwork are ''required'' to prove with verifiable details that the work was first published before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, or first published after 2003 with an artist who died more than 70 years ago. To show that a work was published, one could look for printed works that contained reproductions of the artwork: art prints, art books, a ''[[catalogue raisonné]]'' of the artist's works, exhibition catalogs, and so on (although it is not clear when publishing a thumbnail constitutes publication of the original work). Reasonable effort should be made to find the earliest publication. If any is found from before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, that's good enough and the work is in the public domain. Remember, though, that &quot;publication&quot; means &quot;lawful publication&quot;, which implies the consent of the author of the original.

If only a publication of {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} or later can be asserted, the work should not be assumed to be in the public domain without evidence. If it was published before 1978 and had no [[#Published works|copyright notice]] or if it was published before 1964 and the copyright was not renewed it should be in the public domain. Works published abroad rarely complied with US formalities but may still be copyrighted if they were copyrighted in their home country on January 1, 1996, when the [[URAA]] restored copyrights in foreign works.

=== Country-specific rules for unpublished works ===
:'''In short: These rules vary greatly.'''
The Berne Convention leaves it to any signatory country to make its own rules regarding unpublished anonymous works (see §15(4)). Unpublished works by a ''known'' author, however, are subject to the same minimum protection (50 years p.m.a) as published works. But this is only a minimum protection. Individual countries can and do make their own rules regarding unpublished works, and often go beyond this minimum. Some cases to illustrate the possible complexities are:

*In the countries of the [[European Union]], a publisher who publishes a previously unpublished work is granted the [[publication right]] on the work for a period of 25 years beginning with the eventual publication. This publication right is basically a copyright minus the [[moral rights]], which are always granted to the author only.
*In Germany, a work of the [[fine art]]s (such as a painting) is considered &quot;published&quot; if the original or a copy was permanently made available to the general public with the consent of the rights holder. (&quot;Permanently&quot; means &quot;with the intent to be accessible for the normal natural lifetime of the work&quot;, c.f. the [[commons:COM:FOP#Permanent vs temporal|explanation at the Commons]].) Hence works of the fine arts can be &quot;published&quot; even if there are no copies.&lt;ref name=&quot;urhg6&quot;&gt;[http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__6.html German ''Urherberrechtsgesetz'', article 6(2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607080338/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__6.html |date=2007-06-07}}. URL last accessed 2007-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt;
Such cases may be important when trying to determine whether a non-US work was copyrighted on January 1, 1996. See &quot;[[#Country-specific rules|country-specific rules]]&quot; above.

== Sound recordings ==
===US===
:'''In short: As of October 2018, there have been [[Music Modernization Act|significant changes to US sound recording copyright law]]. All sound recordings are now under federal copyright rather than state law, and works published over 100 years ago are in the public domain. ''Foreign'' recordings from 1946 or later are subject to federal copyright.'''

&quot;Sound recording&quot; and &quot;phonorecord&quot; are the terms used in the US federal copyright law for records of music and speech alone, i.e. not together with images: videos, for instance, do not fall in this category. A &quot;phonorecord&quot; is the physical medium (LP, tape, CD, or other) on which a sound recording is fixed. Sound recordings, including digital recordings, are a very complex special case in US copyright law. (Note: although &quot;sound recording&quot; encompasses also non-musical sounds, the topic is discussed here in the context of music recordings without loss of generality.)

A sound recording is different from a musical work. A musical work would be a composition (notes and words). Publicly performing a musical work does not constitute &quot;publication&quot; in the sense of the copyright law. (Presumably, a musical work is published when the score sheets are published.) The publication of a sound recording before January 1, 1978, does not constitute publication of an underlying musical or dramatic or literary work ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap3.html#303 17 USC 303(b)]).&lt;ref name=&quot;FL_Gulf_Coast_Univ-Lib_Services-Copyr&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://library.fgcu.edu/CSD/Policies/copyrigh.htm |title=Library Services - Copyright Policy |publisher=[[Florida Gulf Coast University]] |date=1998-12-11 |access-date=2012-09-03 |archive-date=2012-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604170604/http://library.fgcu.edu/CSD/Policies/copyrigh.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Making a sound recording of a performance of a musical work requires the permission of the performer. ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap11.html#1101 17 USC 1101]) Performing a musical work requires the authorization of the copyright holder of that musical work. ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#106 17 USC 106(4)]) Distributing phonorecords made from a performance of a musical work also requires the authorization of the copyright holder of the work performed ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#106 17 USC 106(3)]). A sound recording is copyrighted separately from the musical work it records. Publicly distributing phonorecords of the sound recording constitutes publication of the sound recording. ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#101 17 USC 101])

So there are four different copyrights to be considered for a sound recording:
*The copyright of the composer
*The copyright of the texter, if any
*The copyright of the performer, and
*The copyright of the producer of the record
In the case of broadcasts, there's also the copyright of the broadcaster on the broadcast to consider. The copyrights of performers/record producers/broadcasters are called the &quot;[[neighbouring rights]]&quot; or &quot;related rights&quot; in many countries. ''All'' of these have to have expired before the work enters the public domain.

As of January 2025, there have been significant changes to US sound recording copyright as a result of the [[Music Modernization Act]] (see [https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/09/new-music-modernization-act-has-major-fix-older-recordings-wll-belong-public] and [https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1551/text]). Prior to the passage of the law, sound recordings made before February 15, 1972, were not covered by US federal copyright law, but were subject to state laws instead, effectively meaning that no sound recordings could be considered to be in the public domain, no matter how old. Under the Music Modernization Act, the situation is as follows:
* ''Works published prior to 1925 entered the public domain on January 1, 2025.''
* ''Works published 1925–1946 will enter the public domain 100 years after the publication date.''
* ''Works published 1947–1956 will enter the public domain 110 years after the publication date.''
* ''Works published 1957–February 14, 1972, will enter the public domain on February 15, 2067.''

&lt;!-- Old text for the situation prior to the MMA:
&lt;s&gt;Sound recordings made before February 15, 1972, are ''not'' covered by US federal copyright law[http://www.clir.org/PUBS/reports/pub135/contents.html]. They are, however, subject to US state common or statutory laws until February 15, 2067.{{ref|date2067|†}} On that date, federal copyright law will preempt state law, i.e., federal law will supersede any state laws in matters concerning the copyright of such sound recordings, and such sound recordings will then enter the public domain in the US, as federal law explicitly states that no such recordings &quot;shall be subject to copyright under this title before, on, or after&quot; that date. ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap3.html#301 17 USC 301(c)]) (Note that certain sound recordings of foreign origin may be subject to federal copyright instead of state copyright due to the URAA. This issue is mentioned in more detail later in this section.)&lt;/s&gt;

&lt;s&gt;State law and/or common law copyrights on sound recordings do ''not'' always incorporate the same limitations and formalities of federal copyright law, so state copyrights may apply even when a sound recording is extremely old (i.e. a cylinder recording from the late 1800s) or if a recording was publicly released in noncompliance with copyright formalities (i.e. no copyright notice or registration or renewal).&lt;ref name=&quot;economist_sound_recordings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/sound-recordings |publisher=[[The Economist]] |date=2011-06-21 |title=Sound recordings: The sound of silence |access-date=2012-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the most part, state laws on sound recording copyright specify that the right of reproduction belongs to the party who possesses the master recording(s).&lt;ref name=&quot;economist_sound_recordings&quot;/&gt; The Podcasting Legal Guide from the Creative Commons wiki claims that the applicable state law for a recording that was produced before February 15, 1972, is usually the law of the state where the recording was made.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/index.php?title=Podcasting_Legal_Guide&amp;oldid=21175#Two_Types_Of_Works_Involved_In_A_Copyrighted_Song. |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |date=2009-02-27 |access-date=2012-09-06 |title=Podcasting Legal Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/s&gt;

Sound recordings made on or after February 15, 1972, ''are'' covered by 17 USC (that is, the federal copyright law), and state law is irrelevant for such later recordings.
--&gt;
On an international level, sound recordings are ''not'' covered by the Berne Convention. §2(1) of the Berne Convention only lists musical works, but not recordings of performances of such. Internationally, sound recordings are brought under the auspices of copyright protection by the [[Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations|Rome Convention]], the [[WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty|WPPT]], and the [[Geneva Phonograms Convention]] (in full: &quot;[http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/phonograms/index.html Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms]&quot;). The US has never signed the Rome Convention, but has signed and ratified the WPPT (entry in force in the US was on March 20, 2002). Additionally, the US has ratified the Phonograms Convention in 1973, it entered in force on March 10, 1974.

An illustrative case in the US showing some of the complexities of determining the copyright status of even old recordings is ''[https://www.law.cornell.edu/nyctap/I05_0027.htm Capitol Records v. Naxos of America]'', decided by the [[New York Court of Appeals]], the highest court of the state of New York, on April 5, 2005. Briefly, that decision about old recordings that were made in the [[United Kingdom]] in the 1930s and that had entered the public domain there in the 1980s (50 years after their creation) stated that these were still eligible for copyright protection under the common law of the state of New York, even though they were in the public domain in the UK prior to January 1, 1996, and thus not eligible for copyright restoration under the URAA. The reason given was precisely that records from the 1930s were not covered by federal law and the URAA and its cut-off date did not apply to state law.

Despite sound recordings not being covered by the Berne Convention, and despite the fact that the US in 1996 was a member of neither the Rome Convention nor the WPPT, the [[URAA]] ''does'' cover sound recordings ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Section 104A|17 USC 104A(h)(6)]], in particular sub-points (C)(iii) and (E)). The usual copyright term for performances/records/broadcasts in many non-US countries is 50 years, counted from the creation (performance, fixation of the record, original broadcast), but if the performance or record is published within these 50 years, the term runs until the end of 50 years after that first publication. (The minimum term defined in the Rome Convention is just 20 years, but many countries go further.) As a result, the URAA generally restored ''federal'' copyright on foreign sound recordings made 1946 or later, even though domestic records from 1946&amp;ndash;1971 do not benefit from such federal copyright. As far as ''foreign'' records are concerned, common law copyright applies only to pre-1946 records. Later records are covered by federal law. And, as the ''Capitol v. Naxos'' case showed, absence of federal copyright due to non-restoration does not mean the foreign recording were in the public domain in the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;besek&quot;&gt;Besek, June M.: ''[http://www.clir.org/PUBS/abstract/pub135abst.html Copyright Issues Relevant to Digital Preservation and Dissemination of Pre-1972 Commercial Sound Recordings by Libraries and Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824063251/http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub135abst.html |date=2007-08-24}}'', CLIR pub. #135, December 2005, {{ISBN|1-932326-23-5}}. URL last accessed 2007-08-23. See in particular p.&amp;nbsp;18f on restoration of foreign sound recordings, and footnote 88 on p.&amp;nbsp;31 for evidence that ''all'' four (or five) different copyrights need to have expired.&lt;/ref&gt;

:&lt;small&gt;{{note|date2067|†}} That date originally was February 15, 2047 (75 years after 1972), but was extended by 20 years in 1998 by the [[CTEA]].&lt;/small&gt;

===UK===
In the United Kingdom, the copyright of a sound recording expires 50 years after it was made. However, from 1 November 2013, the copyright of a sound recording expires 70 years from the end of the year of publication, when it was first played in public or communicated to the public, whichever event occurred first.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/copy/c-duration/c-soundrecordings.htm |title=Sound Recordings |access-date=2010-02-17 |archive-date=2010-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405132911/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/copy/c-duration/c-soundrecordings.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prior to November 2013, the copyright of a sound recording expired 50 years from the end of the year of publication, when it was first played in public or communicated to the public, whichever event occurred first. Therefore, any work which copyright expired on 1 January 2013 or prior will not be affected and remain in the public domain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/pro-types/pro-copy/c-policy/c-policy-copyterm.htm |title=Term of protection for sound recordings and performers' rights |access-date=2014-04-09 |archive-date=2013-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223101833/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/pro-types/pro-copy/c-policy/c-policy-copyterm.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Movies ==
:'''In short: many movies are ''[[commons:COM:DW|derivative works]]'' of other, pre-existing works. They enter the public domain only when the copyrights on the movie ''and'' those on the underlying base work(s) have expired.'''
Movies are called &quot;motion pictures&quot; in the US Copyright law and belong to the class of &quot;audiovisual works&quot;. A movie comprises both the sequence of images and the accompanying sound, if any.&lt;ref&gt;[[wikisource:Page:H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476 (1976) Page 056.djvu|Copyright Law Revision (House Report No. 94-1476) (1976), page 56]] from the [[US House of Representatives]]&lt;/ref&gt; (Incidentally, a movie soundtrack is ''not'' a &quot;sound recording&quot;, 17 USC 101.) They are subject to the same copyright rules as other works, with a few extras. Among the exclusive rights of the copyright holder on a movie are the rights to display publicly the movie ''or individual images from it''. Therefore, even the display of a single frame from a movie is subject to the copyright on the film.

For movies, the question of whether a movie is a published work may arise, because public showings in theaters do not constitute publication. At the same time, the process of disseminating a movie involves (or used to involve) a distributor placing copies of the movie in its branch offices (which were sometimes called &quot;exchanges&quot; or &quot;regional exchanges&quot;) from where they would be rented to exhibitors.&lt;ref name=&quot;stephen_fishman_2012_p174&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |last=Fishman |first=Stephen |year=2012 |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/174 174] |isbn=9781413317213 |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |access-date=2012-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to legal writer Stephen Fishman, the legal consensus is that a movie is published for the purpose of copyright once the distributor has made copies available in its exchanges.&lt;ref name=&quot;stephen_fishman_2012_p174&quot;/&gt; In particular, there is the court case ''American Vitagraph, Inc. v Levy'', 659 F.2d 1023 (9th Cir. 1981). As such, a film that has been distributed and then shown in movie theaters to the general public can be treated as being published.

The matter of movies is complicated when the movie itself is a derivative work of some earlier work, for instance a previously published novel. As with all derivative works, the copyright on both the derivative and the underlying base work must have expired before the film is truly in the public domain. If only the rights on the film have expired, publication of the movie is still subject to the consent of the rights holder of the underlying work.

:&quot;In ''Russell v. Price'', 612 F.2d 1123,1128 (9th Cir. 1979), the court held that copyright owners of [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s play ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'', which was still covered by copyright, could prevent distribution of the film version of the play, even though the film had fallen into the public domain. Similarly, in ''Filmvideo Releasing Corp. v. Hastings'', 668 F.2d 91,92 (2d Cir. 1981), the court held that even though films based on the ''[[Hopalong Cassidy]]'' stories had fallen into the public domain, a license for television exhibition had to be obtained from the owners of the copyrights in the underlying books, which were still protected by copyright.&quot;
::Quoted from Besek, footnote 88 on page 31.&lt;ref name=&quot;besek&quot;/&gt;

A similar case occurred with the film ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'', which was thought to be in the public domain when its copyright owner failed to renew its copyright in 1974. However, in 1993, the copyright owner determined that it still held the rights to the underlying story.&lt;ref name=&quot;ochoa&quot;&gt;Ochoa, T.: ''[http://www3.wcl.american.edu/cni/0202/30327.html Re: Films in Public Domain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725004552/http://www3.wcl.american.edu/cni/0202/30327.html |date=2010-07-25}}'', E-Mail to listserv, February 27, 2002; citing Steven Mitchell Schiffman, ''Movies in the Public Domain: A Threatened Species'' 20 Columbia-VLA J. L. Arts 663, 671-72 (1996) and Debra L. Quentel, ''&quot;Bad Artists Copy. Good Artists Steal&quot;: The ugly Conflict between Copyright Law and Appropriationism'', 4 UCLA Ent. L. Rev. 39, 47 n.46 (1996). URL last accessed 2007-08-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

The situation gets even more confusing if the effects of renewals are taken into account. In particular, what about the status of derivative works created during the base work's initial copyright term, ''i.e.'', created before the renewal of the copyright on base work? In 1990, the US [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] ruled in ''Stewart v. Abend'' (495 U.S. 207 (1990)) that the continued exhibition and distribution of the [[Alfred Hitchcock|Hitchcock]] movie ''[[Rear Window]]'' was a copyright infringement on an underlying short story, on which the copyright had been renewed. On the other hand, this applies only to ''explicit'' copyright renewals, i.e. all pre-1964 renewals and those made voluntarily after 1964. As per [[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 3/Sections 304 and 305|17 USC 304(a)(4)(A)]], it does ''not'' apply to automatic copyright renewals (since 1964).&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_movie_renwal&quot;&gt;Gorman, R. A.: ''[http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/$file/copyright.pdf Copyright Law, 2nd ed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926003813/http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/%24file/copyright.pdf |date=2007-09-26}}'', US [[Federal Judicial Center]], June 19, 2006. Sub-section &quot;Derivative works prepared during the initial term&quot;, pp.&amp;nbsp;60&amp;ndash;62. URL last accessed 2007-08-27.&lt;/ref&gt; See also ''[http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ15.html Circular 15: Renewal of Copyright] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829181711/http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ15.html |date=2007-08-29 }}'' by the US Copyright Office.

Other issues that may arise with movies include the situation where a movie's footage shows items of preexisting artwork that are copyrighted separately from the movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |last=Fishman |first=Stephen  |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/186 186] |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |access-date=2012-08-30 |year=2012|isbn=9781413317213 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (In some circumstances, such as if the artwork appears momentarily or is obscured or out of focus such that it is unidentifiable, the depiction of the artwork may be permissible under fair use.) In addition, though publication of a movie also constitutes publication of the underlying screenplay elements that the movie incorporates (see ''Shoptalk, Ltd. v Concorde-New Horizons, Corp.'', 168 F.3d 586 (2d Cir. 1999) and ''Batjac Productions, Inc. v Goodtimes Home Video Corp.'', 160 F.3d 1223 (9th Cir. 1998)),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |last=Fishman |first=Stephen  |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/181 181] |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |access-date=2012-08-30 |year=2012|isbn=9781413317213 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it is not legally clear as to whether the publication of a movie constitutes publication of musical works that are included in the audio portion of the movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |last=Fishman |first=Stephen  |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/183 183] |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |access-date=2012-08-30 |year=2012|isbn=9781413317213 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Note that in most countries, all this is not an issue at all. As movies are granted the same copyrights with the same terms as the underlying work(s), the copyright on the underlying work typically expires first. But in the US, it is quite possible that the copyright on a movie was not renewed (or the movie was published without copyright notice) while the book on which it is based was properly copyrighted and renewed. In such cases, the movie will be in the public domain only when the book is in the public domain, too.

=== Animated movies (cartoons) ===
:'''In short: Cartoons (animated movies or comic strips) enter the public domain only when the copyrights on both the movie or strip ''and'' the character have expired.'''
With cartoons, a slightly different issue may arise. Cartoon characters are, themselves, objects of copyright,&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_cartoon&quot;&gt;Gorman, R. A.: ''[http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/$file/copyright.pdf Copyright Law, 2nd ed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926003813/http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/%24file/copyright.pdf |date=2007-09-26}}'', US [[Federal Judicial Center]], June 19, 2006. Section &quot;Pictorial and literary characters&quot;, p.&amp;nbsp;50. URL last accessed 2007-08-27.&lt;/ref&gt; as they themselves are works of art and not a phenomenon of nature. The most famous example is, most likely, [[Mickey Mouse]]. He appeared in 1928 in the animated movies ''[[Plane Crazy]]'' and ''[[Steamboat Willie]]'', and was copyrighted at that time. The copyright was properly renewed and, because of the terms of the [[Copyright Term Extension Act]], its copyright ran for 95 years since the original publication and expired at the end of 2023. The Mickey Mouse case is complicated even more because the character has become a trademark of [[The Walt Disney Company]], which means that even &quot;fair use&quot; of the character must be carefully evaluated to avoid [[trademark infringement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;moffat&quot;&gt;Moffat, V.: ''[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=972358 Mutant Copyrights and Backdoor Patents: The Problem of Overlapping Intellectual Property Protection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013232842/http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=972358 |date=2007-10-13}}'', Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Vol. 19, 2004, pp.&amp;nbsp;1474&amp;ndash;1532. ([http://btlj.boalt.org/data/articles/19-4_fall-2004_6-moffat.pdf Alternate link to full article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626180848/http://btlj.boalt.org/data/articles/19-4_fall-2004_6-moffat.pdf |date=2006-06-26}})&lt;/ref&gt;

Similar to the above, an animated movie enters the public domain only when the copyrights on both the movie ''and'' the character have expired. Even if there were a ''Mickey Mouse'' movie that was not under copyright due to non-renewal or other reasons, that movie was not the public domain until the end of 2023, when the copyrights on ''Plane Crazy'', ''Steamboat Willie'' and on ''Mickey Mouse'' expired.

The same applies, of course, to other cartoon characters such as [[Donald Duck]], or the [[Warner Bros.]] characters such as [[Daffy Duck]]. It also applies to [[comic strips]] and comics characters, such as [[Superman]].

== TV shows ==
Many TV shows may in fact be unpublished works for the purpose of copyright because wireless broadcast does not constitute publication. In addition, it is not clear as to whether [[Syndication (television)|syndication]] of a TV show constitutes publication for the purpose of copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;stephen_fishman_2012_p189&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |last=Fishman |first=Stephen  |year=2012 |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/189 189] |isbn=9781413317213 |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |access-date=2012-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two rulings from US federal trial courts (''Paramount Pictures Corp. v Rubinowitz'', 217 U.S.P.Q. 48 (E.D. N.Y., 1981) and ''NBC v Sonneoborn'', 630 F.Supp 524 (D. Conn, 1985)) held that syndication of TV shows under restrictive agreements did not constitute publication, though it is not clear as to whether other courts would come to the same decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;stephen_fishman_2012_p189&quot;/&gt;

== Photographs of buildings ==
:'''In short: Photographs of civilian buildings from public places are OK in many, but not all, countries.'''
Buildings are works subject to copyright in the US according to [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#102 17 USC 102(a)(8)] since the [http://www.djc.com/news/ae/11151054.html Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act] was passed in 1990. It applies to all buildings that were completed (not begun) after December 1, 1990, or where the plans were published after that date. However, the US federal copyright law explicitly exempts photographs of such copyrighted buildings from the copyright of the building in [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#120 17 USC 120(a)]. Anyone may take photographs of buildings from public places. The photographer holds the exclusive copyright to such an image (the architect or owner of the building has no say whatsoever), and may publish the image in any way. In German copyright law, this is called ''&quot;[[:de:Panoramafreiheit|Panoramafreiheit]]&quot;''. Not all countries recognize this right; in France and Greece for instance, there is no such [[freedom of panorama]] and thus the copyright holder of a building has the right to control the distribution of photographs of the building.

17 USC 120 applies only to architectural works, not to other works of visual art, such as statues. In many other countries, this freedom of panorama extends also to works of the visual arts that are permanently located in public places, but that is not the case in the United States. In many countries, taking photographs of military installations is also illegal or it is illegal to reproduce cultural heritage without the permission of its owner (but that prohibition is independent of copyright).

:''See also the [[:commons:Commons:Freedom of panorama|list of panorama freedom legislation around the world]] at the Commons.''

== Derived works and restorations of works in the public domain ==
:'''In short: These may give rise to new copyright on the new work, but not on the public domain original.'''
[[File:Vietnam child soldier.jpg|thumb|This image has been heavily postprocessed by a Wikipedia editor to restore it from a very badly deteriorated original. Although the technical work was intricate and involved many choices to be made, the creator of the digitally restored image does not think he'd have a copyright on the restored version as it is not the result of original, creative input of his. Both the original (as a work of a US Army soldier in service) and the restored image are in the public domain.]]
A work that is derived or adapted from a public domain work can itself be protected by copyright only to the extent that the derived work contains elements of originality contributed by the author of the derived work. For example, an abstract painting of a famous photograph would be protectable, as is the distinctive rendition of the ''[[Star Spangled Banner]]'' performed by [[Jimi Hendrix]]. The protection available to these works does not remove the underlying work from the public domain, and the author of the derivation has no cause of action against another person who makes a derivation of the same public domain work.

A work that is merely a &quot;slavish copy&quot;, or even a restoration of an original public domain work is ''not'' subject to copyright protection. In the case of ''Hearn v. Meyer'', 664 F. Supp 832 (S.D.N.Y. 1987), an illustrator attempted unsuccessfully to claim copyright on his restored versions of original ''Wizard of Oz'' illustrations. The illustrations were in the public domain, and the court found that the act of rendering them with bolder and more vibrant colors was not an original contribution sufficient to remove the restored works from the public domain.

The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] has explicitly rejected difficulty of labor or expense as a consideration in copyrightability in ''[[Feist v. Rural]]''. See also &quot;[[#Non-creative works|Non-creative works]]&quot; above.

{{See also|Threshold of originality|Sweat of the brow}}

== Public records ==
:'''In short: being in the public record generally has no bearing on the copyright status of an item. Works in the public record may or may not be copyrighted.'''
[[Public record]]s are ''not'' necessarily in the public domain. Citizens generally have the right to ''access'' many items in the government's public records, but this right to access does not include a right to republish or redistribute the works so accessed. In general, copyright is neither lost nor waived when a work becomes part of the public record. Being in the public record and copyright are two independent concepts. Uses of works from the public record must comply with copyright law.&lt;ref name=&quot;publ_rec&quot;&gt;Davis, Karen: ''[http://www.in.gov/pac/informal/2005/Lt.Governor_inquiry_by_Chad_Frahm_re_Tourism_photos.pdf Guidance Regarding the Use of Copyrighted Material Under the Access to Public Records Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328083035/http://www.in.gov/pac/informal/2005/Lt.Governor_inquiry_by_Chad_Frahm_re_Tourism_photos.pdf |date=2007-03-28}}'', Public Access Counselor, US State of [[Indiana]], October 31, 2005. URL last accessed 2006-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

Many items in the US public records are in the public domain as [[#U.S. government works|works of the US federal government]], such as court decisions by federal courts. The constitution and statutes of some states, such as [[Template:PD-CAGov|California]] and [[Template:PD-FLGov|Florida]], ''generally'' do not permit public records to be copyrighted.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.2dca.org/opinions/Opinion_Pages/Opinion_Page_2004/December/December%2001,%202004/2D03-3346.pdf ''Microdecisions, Inc. v. Skinner''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406114316/http://www.2dca.org/opinions/Opinion_Pages/Opinion_Page_2004/December/December%2001,%202004/2D03-3346.pdf |date=2011-04-06}}, Case no. 2D03-3346, Florida Court of Appeal, Second District (Dec. 1, 2004), construing Florida Statutes § [http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&amp;Search_String=&amp;URL=Ch0119/SEC07.HTM&amp;Title=-%3E2008-%3ECh0119-%3ESection%2007#0119.07 119.07] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613213654/http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&amp;Search_String=&amp;URL=Ch0119%2FSEC07.HTM&amp;Title=-%3E2008-%3ECh0119-%3ESection%2007#0119.07 |date=2019-06-13}}. See [[Microdecisions, Inc. v. Skinner]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.flsenate.gov/data/Publications/2006/Senate/reports/interim_reports/pdf/2006-217go.pdf Florida senate committee report On public records and copyright] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624104136/http://www.flsenate.gov/data/Publications/2006/Senate/reports/interim_reports/pdf/2006-217go.pdf |date=2009-06-24}}, September 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; Other kinds of works in the public record (third-party works, works and software created by contractors for a state or local government) may be copyrighted, though;&lt;ref name=&quot;state_pubs&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;contractors&quot;/&gt; even when they have become part of the public record.

In the [[United Kingdom]], many items in the public records ''are'' copyrighted. Official works in the UK are under [[Crown copyright]], and this copyright subsists if the item was published before it was placed in a public record repository. Only for works that were placed in such repositories without having been published before, the Crown waives its copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;opsi&quot;&gt;UK [[Office of Public Sector Information]]: ''[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/advice/crown-copyright/copyright-guidance/copyright-in-public-records.htm Copyright in Public Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212112200/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/advice/crown-copyright/copyright-guidance/copyright-in-public-records.htm |date=2007-02-12}}'', November 30, 2006. URL last accessed 2006-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{See also|Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Avoid misuse of primary sources}}

== Copyright restorations ==
:'''In short: Works that were already out of copyright may sometimes become copyrighted again!'''
Common sense would suggest that once the copyright of a particular work has expired in a country and it had thus entered the public domain in that country, it would always remain in the public domain there. Unfortunately, this is not always true. It is possible that the copyright laws of a country are changed such that works already out of copyright under the old law ''become copyrighted again'' under the new law. Such ''copyright restorations'' complicate considerably the matter of deciding whether a work is indeed in the public domain.

There are several examples of such laws restoring copyrights. In the EU, the [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection]], which is ''binding'' for all EU members and which became effective on July 1, 1995, makes any work that was copyrighted in at least one EU member on January 1, 1995, copyrighted in ''all'' EU members, even if that work's copyright had already expired there (see [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0098:EN:HTML §10(2)] of the directive). Because Spain has had a strict copyright law with a long copyright term of 70 years p.m.a. (or even 80 years for some time) and no rule of the shorter term since 1879, this effectively means that throughout the EU, one has to apply 70 years p.m.a., irrespective of shorter terms that may have existed in historic laws of a particular EU member. For an example of this, see the case of German [[#German World War II images|World War II images]] below. In the US, the [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38b.pdf Uruguay Round Agreement Act (URAA)] mentioned above is another such copyright restoration to the US copyright law. It suddenly makes works copyrighted in the US that previously were in the public domain there. Examples of such copyright restorations also exist in other countries.

Such copyright restorations typically are ''not'' ''[[ex post facto]]'' laws. (Briefly, an ''ex post facto'' law is one that retroactively criminalizes or punishes more severely acts done before the law was passed.) The EU directive explicitly says in [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0098:EN:HTML §10(3)] that the directive ''&quot;shall be without prejudice to any acts of exploitation performed before the...''[effective date, i.e. July 1, 1995]''. Member States shall adopt the necessary provisions to protect in particular acquired rights of third parties.&quot;'' The URAA, to take the other example discussed above, only makes ''continued or new'' unlicensed uses of works whose copyright has been restored a copyright violation. Unlicensed earlier publications of the work (while it was still in the public domain in the US) are ''not'' punished &quot;after the fact&quot;, i.e. ''ex post facto''. For continued uses, [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A] requires even that the holder of the restored copyright file a so-called &quot;Notice of Intent to Enforce Restored Copyrights&quot; (in short: NIE) with the US Copyright Office for such continued uses to be considered copyright infringements (see 17 USC 104A(c)). For existing derivative works, 17 USC 104A(d)(3) stipulates that a &quot;reasonable compensation&quot; must be paid for continued use.

Because the URAA became effective only on January 1, 1996 (half a year after the EU directive), any copyrights restored in the EU by the directive also became restored in the US.

=== Countries without copyright treaties with the US ===
{{see also|Template:Non-free no treaty}}
:'''In short: Use such works under a &quot;public domain&quot; claim ''only if'' the copyright in the country of origin has expired. Do not include those in Wikipedia without discussing at talk page first.'''
According to [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.pdf Circular 38a] of the US Copyright Office, as of January 2021, [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]] have no copyright relations with the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;no_copyr_relations&quot;&gt;As of January 2021, the status of [[East Timor]], [[Palau]], [[Somalia]] and [[South Sudan]] is stated as &quot;unclear&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Works published in one of these countries by a resident citizen of that country thus are not copyrighted in the United States, irrespective of the local copyright laws of these countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;no_copyr_relations_2&quot;&gt;[http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm Peter Hirtle's chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825165033/http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm |date=2017-08-25}} specifies the condition that a work has been produced by &quot;a resident of&quot; a country without copyright relations and published in that country. Stephen Fishman's [https://books.google.com/books?id=wy8oMwYaSbEC&amp;lpg=PP6&amp;pg=PA351#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &quot;Public Domain&quot; book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219030355/https://books.google.com/books?id=wy8oMwYaSbEC&amp;lpg=PP6&amp;pg=PA351#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |date=2021-02-19}} (Nolo, 2012, pg. 351) specifies the condition that a work has been published in a country without copyright relations and that the publication have been done by a citizen of that country.&lt;/ref&gt;

On Wikipedia, such works may be used under a &quot;public domain&quot; claim ''only'' if their copyright in the country of origin has expired, even though legally the work is in the public domain in the US.&lt;ref&gt;See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-August/027373.html 2005 statement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115004346/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-August/027373.html |date=2015-11-15}} by [[Jimbo Wales]], and the [[Wikipedia_talk:Copyrights/Archive_14#RfC:_What_to_do_with_respect_to_the_copyright_of_countries_with_which_the_US_does_not_have_copyright_relations|2012 RFC]] confirming this position.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it also avoids future problems with images on Wikipedia if some of these countries should enter a copyright treaty with the US, because then suddenly such works will become copyrighted in the US by virtue of the URAA (see above) if they are still copyrighted in their country of origin. Previously uploaded images might then have to be reevaluated. As an example, consider [[Iraq]], which is a [[WTO]] [http://www.wto.int/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm observer] and is in the process of [http://www.wto.int/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_iraq_e.htm applying for WTO membership]. If and when Iraq does become a WTO member, the URAA suddenly will apply, and Iraqi works that are copyrighted in Iraq at that time will become copyrighted in the US.

== Example cases ==

=== German World War II images ===
{{see also|Template:PD-US-alien property}}
The issue of German photographs from World War II has created some confusion. Are they still copyrighted? What about governmental images (such as propaganda)? What about images seized by Nazi Germany?

The copyright situation in Germany concerning such images is in itself confusing. Originally, these images were subject to the 1907 ''[http://www.fotorecht.de/publikationen/kug.html Kunsturhebergesetz (KUG)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231025518/http://www.fotorecht.de/publikationen/kug.html |date=2012-12-31 }}'', which provided for a copyright term for photographs of 10 years from publication, or 25 years p.m.a. for unpublished works. In 1940, the ''KUG'' was modified to provide a copyright term of 25 years from publication, also applicable to all works that were either still unpublished or still copyright protected (§26). In 1965, the first version of the German ''[http://www.urheberrecht.org/law/normen/urhg/1965-09-09/text/bgbl_I_1273_01_07_p64-69.php3 Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG)]'' became effective, again with a copyright term for photographs of 25 years from publication, or 25 years from creation, if the image had not been published in that time (§68). As a result, copyright on photographs from the World War II expired at the end of 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;seiler&quot;&gt;Rechtsanwalt D. Seiler: ''[http://www.fotorecht.de/publikationen/schutzfrist.html Fotografien und urheberrechtliche Schutzfristen]''. URL last accessed 2008-09-16. The distinction in German copyright law between photographic ''works'' (''Lichtbildwerk'', copyrighted for 70 years ''p.m.a.)'', and simple photographs (''Lichtbild'', copyrighted for 50 years from creation or publication) was only introduced in 1985: [http://www.urheberrecht.org/law/normen/urhg/1985-06-24/materialien/bgbl_I_1137.php3#1985_I_1137 Gesetz zur Änderung von Vorschriften auf dem Gebiet des Urheberrechts vom 24. Juni 1985] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829204923/http://www.urheberrecht.org/law/normen/urhg/1985-06-24/materialien/bgbl_I_1137.php3#1985_I_1137 |date=2008-08-29}}, BGBl. I Nr. 33 vom 27.6.1985, S. 1137. [[Directive 93/98/EEC|EU directive 93/98/EEC]] had the effect of making most photos qualify as photographic ''works''. See Seiler on this.&lt;/ref&gt;

However, with the 1993 EU [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection]], which became effective in Germany on July 1, 1995, and is implemented in German law in [http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__137f.html §137f], these works suddenly became copyright protected ''again'', until 70 years p.m.a! This was caused by Spain's longer copyright term of 80 years ''p.m.a.'' (see [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection#Copyright restoration|section on copyright restoration]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Spain&quot;&gt;See the [http://www.derecho-internet.org/node/365 1879 copyright law of Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211102143/http://www.derecho-internet.org/node/365 |date=2012-02-11}}: the 80-year term remained valid even in the [http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/es/es/es015es.html 1987 copyright law] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20041128182219/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/es/es/es015es.html |date=2004-11-28}} (transitional provisions, article 1(2)) and in the [http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/es/es070en.html 1996 copyright law] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20050228095358/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/es/es070en.html |date=2005-02-28}}, which implemented that EU directive (transitional provisions, fourth article).&lt;/ref&gt; This suddenly superseded Germany's old &quot;25 years&quot;-rule that had governed World War II images. As a result, an image published in 1943 that had been in the public domain in Germany since 1968 became copyrighted again in 1995 with the EU term of 70y p.m.a.&lt;ref name=&quot;olg_hh&quot;&gt;[[:s:de:Oberlandesgericht Hamburg - U-Boot Foto 1941|Oberlandesgericht Hamburg, decision 5 U 159/03, March 3, 2004]]: The copyright on a German photograph of a surfacing submarine, taken in 1941 and published in 1943, had expired in Germany at the end of 1968. However, the image was re-copyrighted by [http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__137f.html §137f] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825145259/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__137f.html |date=2006-08-25}} implementing the [[Directive 93/98/EEC|EU directive 93/98/EEC]] because it was still copyrighted in Spain on July 1, 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;

As a result, such images were copyright protected on January 1, 1996&lt;ref name=&quot;uraa_wwii&quot;&gt;See the section explaining the [[#Country-specific rules|URAA]] above.&lt;/ref&gt; (which is the critical date as far as US copyright law is concerned), and therefore, they ''are copyrighted even in the US.'' 

The situation of German World War II photographs found in US governmental archives is controversial. They might fall (in the US only) under [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/104A#a_2 17 U.S.C. 104A(a)(2)], which exempts from the URAA copyright restorations works on which the copyright was seized and administered by the US Office of the [[Alien Property Custodian]] and on which a restored copyright would be held by a foreign government.&lt;ref name=&quot;fr_63_74&quot;&gt;United States: ''[http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1998/63fr19287.pdf Federal Register Vol. 63, No. 74 / Friday, April 17, 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014074123/https://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1998/63fr19287.pdf |date=October 14, 2017}}'', pp. 19289&amp;ndash;19290. URL last accessed 2007-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt; It is unclear to what works exactly this provision would apply,&lt;ref name=&quot;fr_63_74&quot;/&gt; as it can be argued that copyright of hardly any of the WWII works at all were owned by the German government and the Nazi party, but by private people and organizations. Most of these seized copyrights were returned to their foreign owners in 1962 by public law Pub. L. No. 87–846,&lt;ref name=&quot;fr_63_74&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;patry_twte&quot;&gt;Patry, W.: ''[http://digital-law-online.info/patry/patry7.html Copyright Law and Practice]'', Chapter 1, part 7: &quot;Trading With the Enemy Act&quot;. Bna Books, {{ISBN|0871798549}}. URL last accessed 2007-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt; but on motion pictures, the US retained the right &quot;to reproduce, for its own use, or exhibit any divested copyrighted motion picture films.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;fr_63_74&quot;/&gt; There is also the ''Price vs. United States'' ([[Case citation|69 F.3d 46]]) ruling that at least places serious constraints on the practical enforceability of copyrights on such works in the US.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = David Culbert | title = The Heinrich Hoffmann Photo Archive: Price vs United States (United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, 20 November, 1995) | journal = Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 261–262 | date = June 1997 | doi = 10.1080/01439689700260721}} See also [https://web.archive.org/web/20020602021048/http://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/98-857.pdf Civil Action 98-857] before the US District Court for the District of Columbia, Judge Henry H. Kennedy. Ultimately, the US Supreme Court denied the Hoffmann heirs review of the lower courts' decision in their disfavor. (See the [http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/briefs/2001/0responses/2001-1111.resp.html opinion of the US Solicitor General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126124039/http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/briefs/2001/0responses/2001-1111.resp.html |date=2008-01-26}} and the [{{SCOTUS URL|orders/journal/jnl04.pdf}} Journal of the U.S. Supreme Court, October 2004, p. 298].) URLs last accessed 2007-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] even tags some such images as &quot;© USHMM&quot;. It is also unclear what the US position on &quot;official&quot; images of the Nazi regime is. It should be noted that even the [https://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/art/key-series-descriptions/key-series-descriptions-15.html NARA acknowledges the presence of copyrights] from the war era on some of its holdings remaining with the institutions and individuals who own the artwork, as opposed to their Nazi plunderers.

Another example are German [[newsreel]]s, a kind of weekly news shown in movie theatres before the advent of [[television]]. Most such ''Wochenschau'' films are still copyrighted; the rights are held by Transit Film GmbH in Germany. In the US the copyright on these films from 1914 until the 1940s had expired due to non-compliance with US formalities; the copyright was then restored in 1996 by the URAA on those published after {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}. The Transit Film company then even [http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1998/63fr19287.pdf filed so-called &quot;notices of intent to enforce&quot; (NIEs)] with the US Copyright Office and can now even enforce its copyrights against parties who used their films (rightfully!) before the URAA became effective. The same is also true for most [[Universum Film AG|UFA]] films; the rights holder in this case is the [[Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau]] Foundation [http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1998/63fr19287.pdf]. The song ''[[Lili Marleen]]'' is another such case; the rights holder is Schott Music International [http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1996/61fr68453.html].

In the United Kingdom, confiscated German works brought into the country between September 3, 1939, and July 9, 1951, had all German interests, both physical ownership and intellectual property rights such as copyrights or patents, extinguished by the ''Enemy Property Act'' of 1953. This expropriation affected only the status of such works within the UK; the international rights on German works were left untouched.&lt;ref name=&quot;iwm&quot;&gt;[[Imperial War Museum]]: ''[http://www.iwmcollections.org.uk/common/pdf/FilmTermsConds.pdf Standard Terms and Conditions Governing the Release and Use of Film and Visual Material] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616073048/http://www.iwmcollections.org.uk/common/pdf/FilmTermsConds.pdf |date=2007-06-16}}''. URL last accessed 2007-05-30.&lt;/ref&gt; This act was repealed in 1976, but the copyrights on such seized works were not restored in the UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;best1&quot;&gt;Best, H.: ''[http://www.twobirds.com/English/News/Articles/Pages/2002/GermanFilmsandUKEnemyPropertyAct1953pt1.aspx The spoils of war: German Films and UK Enemy Property Act 1953] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014074119/https://www.twobirds.com/English/News/Articles/Pages/2002/GermanFilmsandUKEnemyPropertyAct1953pt1.aspx |date=2017-10-14}}'', Bird &amp; Bird, January 7, 2002. URL last accessed 2012-08-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;best2&quot;&gt;Best, H: ''[http://www.twobirds.com/English/News/Articles/Pages/2005/Booty_in_the_eye_of_the_beholder.aspx Booty in the eye of the beholder]'', Bird &amp; Bird, February 10, 2005. URL last accessed 2012-08-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Wikipedia:Copyright]]
* [[Wikipedia:Copyright FAQ]]
* [[Wikipedia:Granting work into the public domain]]
* [[Wikipedia:File copyright tags]]
* [[Wikipedia:Public domain resources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Public domain image resources]]
* [[s:Help:Public domain|Wikisource:Help:Public domain]] – determine whether a work is in the public domain and which template to use
* [[Copyfraud]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
General:
*[http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States] copyright.cornell.edu
*[http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704071954/http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm |date=2012-07-04 }} by Peter Hirtle.
*[http://www.mediarights.co.uk/ Sound Recordings and Copyright in the UK]. A guide for those engaged in the restoration of public domain sound recordings.
*[http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=14076&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html Collection of National Copyright Laws] by the [[UNESCO]].
*[http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/clea_adv_search.jsp Collection of Laws for Electronic Access (CLEA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615010654/http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/clea_adv_search.jsp |date=2006-06-15 }} from the [[WIPO]].
*[http://www.ecap-project.org/asean_ip_legislation_international_treaties.html Copyright laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821083354/http://www.ecap-project.org/asean_ip_legislation_international_treaties.html |date=2007-08-21 }} of [[ASEAN]] countries.
*[http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/index.htm Copyright laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213112/http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/index.htm |date=2007-09-27 }} of countries that formerly were part of the [[Soviet Union]].
*[https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.pdf International Copyright Relations of the U.S.] &amp;ndash; Circular 38a of the US Copyright Office.
*[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/copy_and_perms.pdf Copyright guidelines] from the University of Chicago Press.
*[http://english.osu.edu/research/organizations/ijjf/copyrightfaqs.cfm The copyright status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712050055/http://english.osu.edu/research/organizations/ijjf/copyrightfaqs.cfm |date=2010-07-12 }} of the works of [[James Joyce]]. Illustrates some of the complications that may arise.
*Gorman, R.: ''[http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/$file/copyright.pdf Copyright Law], 2nd ed''. US [[Federal Judicial Center]], June 19, 2006. URL last accessed 2006-10-27.
*[http://www.publicdomainday.org/ Public Domain Day]: with many links to useful tools to find and determine PD works
*[http://outofcopyright.eu/calculator.html Public Domain calculator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118120709/http://outofcopyright.eu/calculator.html |date=2015-01-18 }} by Europeana ([http://www.outofcopyright.eu/media.html flowcharts / guiding texts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428130135/http://www.outofcopyright.eu/media.html |date=2014-04-28 }})
*Guadamuz, A. [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2446451 Comparative Analysis of National Approaches on Voluntary Copyright Relinquishment] (2013). 

Copyright renewals in the US:
*[http://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&amp;PAGE=First On-line database] for copyright registrations and renewals in the US since 1978
*[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/cce/ TIFF scans] of the registry of the US Copyright Office 1950–1977, with a bias towards books.
*[[gutenberg:11800|digitized versions]] of the registry of the US Copyright Office 1950–1977, with a bias towards books, hosted by [[Project Gutenberg]].
*[https://collections.stanford.edu/copyrightrenewals/ Searchable database] of the digitized copyright renewal records for books.

[[Category:Wikipedia public domain| ]]</text>
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&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-move-indef}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{Redirect|WP:PD|the &quot;proposed deletion&quot; process|Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|the encyclopedia article|Public domain|information about persondata|Wikipedia:Persondata|the policy|Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure}}
{{use dmy dates |date=July 2022}}
{{Wikipedia subcat guideline|content guideline|Public domain|WP:PD}}
{{Wikipedia copyright}}
For all practical purposes on Wikipedia, the '''public domain''' comprises copyright-free works: anyone can use them in any way and for any purpose. Proper [[Attribution (copyright)|attribution]] to the author or source of a work, even if it is in the public domain, is still required in order to comply with relevant policies.&lt;ref&gt;This is required for Wikipedia to be a reliable encyclopedia, even if it is written by non-experts. See [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]] and [[Wikipedia:No original research]].&lt;/ref&gt;

The public domain is generally defined as the sum of works that are not [[copyright]]ed,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FAQ {{!}} U.S. Copyright Office |url=https://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/faq-definitions.html#public_domain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113122456/https://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/faq-definitions.html#public_domain |archive-date=2025-01-13 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=U.S. Copyright Office |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; i.e.
* that were not eligible for copyright in the first place, or
* whose copyright has expired, or
* that were [[wp:Granting work into the public domain|released into the public domain]] by the copyright holder.

However, there is no such thing as ''the'' public domain on the internet as it is not an entity. International treaties, like the [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]], are not self-executing and do not supersede local law. There is ''no'' globally valid &quot;International Copyright Law&quot; that would take precedence over local laws.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Copyright |url=https://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl100.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926041452/https://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl100.html |archive-date=2018-09-26 |website=[[United States Copyright Office]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, signatory countries of the Berne Convention have adapted their laws to comply with the minimum standards set forth by the treaty, often with ''stronger'' provisions than required. Whether or not something is copyright-free in some country depends on the individual country.

The [[Wikimedia Foundation]], the legal body responsible for Wikipedia, is based in the US state of [[California]]. Although legislation is sometimes unclear about which laws are to apply on the internet, the primary law relevant for Wikipedia is that of the US. For re-users of Wikipedia content, it is the laws of their respective countries.

In the US, any work '''published before January 1, {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}''', ''anywhere in the world''&lt;!--

--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;US1909&quot;&gt;Strictly speaking, only US works published before January 1, {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, and foreign works published in compliance with US formalities (registration, © notice) before that date are in the public domain in the US. For non-US works published ''without'' compliance with US formalities (i.e., without &amp;copy; notice), the situation is a bit more complicated:
*If published before 1909, such works are in the public domain in the US.
*If published between 1909 and {{#expr:{{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}-1}} (inclusive) in a language ''other than English'', the [[United States federal judicial circuits|Ninth Circuit]] has considered them as &quot;unpublished works&quot; according to [http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm#Footnote_12 Peter Hirtle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825165033/http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm#Footnote_12 |date=2017-08-25}} and following the decision of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]] in the case ''[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=9th&amp;navby=case&amp;no=9515250 Twin Books v. Disney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619060947/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=9th&amp;navby=case&amp;no=9515250 |date=2009-06-19}}'' in 1996. The case was about the book [[Bambi, A Life in the Woods]]; the decision is heavily criticized in ''Nimmer on Copyright'' ({{ISBN|0-820-51465-9}}), the standard commentary on US copyright law.
*If published between 1909 and {{#expr:{{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}-1}} (inclusive) in English, they are ''highly likely'' to be PD, given that the aforementioned controversial case was only about a work published in a foreign language.
*Additionally, any work first published outside of the United States without copyright notice before 1989, when the US joined the Berne Convention, is in the public domain in the US if it was in the public domain in its country of origin on the URAA date (in most cases January 1, 1996). See the section on [[#Country-specific rules|country-specific rules]] for more information.
Also, the {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} cut-off date applies only to the US. This means foreign works first published before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} are in the public domain in the US, but may still be copyrighted outside the US.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--

--&gt;is in the '''public domain'''. Other countries are ''not'' bound by that {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} date, though.&lt;ref&gt;Most countries have had similar copyright extensions in the past, the date ranges from the 1850s to 1930s in said countries.&lt;/ref&gt; Complications arise when special cases are considered, such as trying to determine whether a work published later might be in the public domain in the US, or when dealing with unpublished works. When a work has not been published in the US, but in some other country, that other country's copyright laws also must be taken into account. Re-users of Wikipedia content also might find the explanations here useful.

== Important documents ==
* The [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] is the primary legislative document governing international copyright. States that are party to the convention agree to amend their legislations to meet the minimum requirements of this convention, but the convention itself is ''not'' law. States have the right to &quot;opt out&quot; from a few of its paragraphs (most are mandatory and non-negotiable, though), and how any particular country implements the Berne Convention is a question of local legislation. The [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/index.html full text] of the Berne Convention is available at the [[WIPO]] web site.
* The US Copyright Law is [[s:United States Code/Title 17|Title 17 of the United States Code (17 USC)]], chapters 1 through 8 and 10 through 12. Chapters 9 and 13 contain design protection laws on semiconductor chips and ship hulls that are of no interest or relevance for Wikipedia.
* The EU [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection]] is a ''binding'' directive for all member countries of the [[European Union]], harmonizing the term of copyright. It became effective on July 1, 1995. Individual countries have amended their laws to comply with this directive. The EU legislation web site has the [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0098:EN:HTML full text (1993)], plus a [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0029:EN:HTML 2001 amendment] modifying §3(2). See [[#Copyright restorations|Retroactive changes in copyright legislation]] below for some discussion.

The US Copyright Law explicitly makes clear that the Berne Convention is just a treaty, not some &quot;super-law&quot; that would take precedence over US law: [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104 17 USC 104(c)] states that:
{{quote|No right or interest in a work eligible for protection under this title may be claimed by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto.}}
When discussing copyright issues informally (and ''all'' such discussions on Wikipedia ''are'' informal), one may nevertheless argue in terms of the Berne Convention: writing &quot;according to ''§y'' of the Berne Convention...&quot; is then just a short-hand for writing &quot;according to ''§x'' of ''country's copyright law'', which implements ''§y'' of the Berne Convention, ...&quot;. However, one should bear in mind that some paragraphs of the Berne Convention are optional, and that any country may go beyond the minimum standards specified by the Berne Convention for the most part.

=== Other documents ===
There are some other documents related to copyright issues that one occasionally comes across, but they are generally less important for Wikipedia's purposes.

*The [[Universal Copyright Convention]] (UCC, [http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/lipa/copyrights/The%20Universal%20Copyright%20Convention%20_Geneva%20Text--September.pdf 1952 Geneva text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125161930/http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/lipa/copyrights/The%20Universal%20Copyright%20Convention%20_Geneva%20Text--September.pdf |date=2012-11-25 }}, [http://www.ifla.org/documents/infopol/copyright/ucc.txt 1971 Paris text]) was developed as an alternative international copyright treaty—it prescribed less stringent protections than the main Berne Convention. Notably, the UCC explicitly states that, if a signatory of the UCC is also a signatory of the Berne Convention, the latter should prevail. Given that most countries have since joined the Berne Convention, the UCC is largely irrelevant today. However, the adherence dates of some states to the UCC may still be of interest.
*The [[Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations|Rome Convention]] ([http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/rome/index.html International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations]) from 1961 is a treaty augmenting the Berne Convention by copyright on performances and recordings thereof. 
*The [[Geneva Phonograms Convention]] ([http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/phonograms/index.html Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms]) is an additional international treaty extending copyright to [[#Sound recordings|sound recordings]].
*The [[WIPO Copyright Treaty]] ([http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/index.html WCT]) from 1996, effective 2002, is an extension of the Berne Convention, bringing computer programs and databases under the auspices of copyright. In the US, it is implemented by the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act|DMCA]].
*The [[WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty]] ([http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/index.html WPPT]) from 1996 entered in force in 2002. It is an update of the [[Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations|Rome Convention]]. In the US, it was implemented as [[WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act|part of the DMCA]].

== Works ineligible for copyright protection ==
:'''In short: United States Federal Government works and non-creative works are in public domain'''
:''See also:'' [[Wikipedia:Copyright on emblems|Copyright on emblems]].

=== United States government works&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;U.S. government works&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;US government works&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ===
United States federal government works—defined as any &quot;work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{usc|17|101}}&lt;/ref&gt; and including works prepared by the governments of the [[District of Columbia]], [[Puerto Rico]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Ley Núm. 55 de 2012 -Ley de Derechos Morales de Autor de Puerto Rico | website=LexJuris (Leyes y Jurisprudencia) de Puerto Rico | url=http://www.lexjuris.com/LexLex/Leyes2012/lexl2012055.htm | language=es | access-date=2021-02-19 | archive-date=2020-11-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101061318/http://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/leyes2012/lexl2012055.htm | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[territories of the United States|US organized territories]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.6C1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.copyright.gov/comp3/docs/compendium.pdf#page=82 |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.6(C)(1) |page=36 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |access-date=November 8, 2016 |archive-date=December 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208164533/https://www.copyright.gov/comp3/docs/compendium.pdf#page=82 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;—are not eligible for copyright protection, although the federal government can &quot;receiv[e] and hold[] copyrights transferred to it by assignment, bequest, or otherwise&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;17 USC 105&quot;&gt;{{USC2|17|105|Subject matter of copyright: United States Government works}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is not clear whether this applies world-wide.&lt;ref&gt;See the [http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#317 CENDI Copyright FAQ list, 3.1.7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232445/http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#317 |date=2009-03-04}} and a discussion on that at the [http://blog.librarylaw.com/librarylaw/2004/09/copyright_in_go.html LibraryLaw Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219030351/https://blog.librarylaw.com/librarylaw/2004/09/copyright_in_go.html |date=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The US government themselves state that they &quot;may assert copyright outside of the United States for U.S. government works&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;usgov&quot;&gt;US Government: ''[http://www.usa.gov/copyright.shtml Copyright and Other Rights Pertaining to U.S. Government Works] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219030426/https://www.usa.gov/government-works |date=2021-02-19}}'', retrieved 2010-10-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

In practice, this means that ''much'' material on &lt;tt&gt;*.gov&lt;/tt&gt; and &lt;tt&gt;*.mil&lt;/tt&gt;, as well as material on some &lt;tt&gt;*.us&lt;/tt&gt; web sites (such as the sites of the [[US Forest Service]]), are in the public domain. Please note that not ''all'' such material is in the public domain, though:
* US governmental web sites may use copyrighted works, too; either by having licensed them or under a &quot;fair use&quot; provision. In general, such copyrighted works on web sites of the US federal government and its agencies are indicated by appropriate bylines. An example are &quot;visitor image galleries&quot; on [[National Park Service|US National Park Service]] websites: unless these have some indication that the photographs are placed in the public domain by publishing them on that NPS web site, these images are copyrighted by their photographers, who are visitors of national parks, not employees of the NPS. According to the [[CENDI]] FAQ on &quot;Frequently Asked Questions About Copyright&quot;, &quot;Copyrighted works that are not owned by the Government should be included on government web sites only with permission of the copyright owner and should include an appropriate copyright notice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#319 | title = Frequently Asked Questions About Copyright, &quot;3.1.9 Are Government websites provided copyright protection?&quot; | publisher = [[CENDI]] | date = October 8, 2008 | access-date = December 29, 2010 | archive-date = March 4, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232445/http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#319}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Some US ''state and local'' governments also have web sites in the &lt;tt&gt;*.gov&lt;/tt&gt; domain. '''State and local governments''' usually ''do'' retain a copyright on their works. 17 USC §105 only places ''federal'' documents in the public domain.&lt;ref name=&quot;state_pubs&quot;&gt;Publications of US ''state'', district, county, or municipal agencies are eligible for copyright. Only works of ''federal'' agencies are exempt from copyright; see [http://library.findlaw.com/1999/Jan/1/241476.html Radcliffe &amp; Brinson: ''Copyright Law''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621105337/http://library.findlaw.com/1999/Jan/1/241476.html |date=2006-06-21}}, or the [http://cendi.dtic.mil/publications/04-8copyright.html#30 CENDI Copyright FAQ list, 3.1.3].&lt;/ref&gt; However, laws and/or court decisions in some states may place their work in the public domain. See, for example, {{tl|PD-CAGov}} and {{tl|PD-FLGov}}.
* Works produced under a commission from the US government by a contractor ''are'' most likely copyrighted. This typically includes any documents from research labs. The [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]], for instance, is operated by a contractor for the [[US Department of Energy]], but that does not mean the works it produces are &quot;works of the federal government&quot;. ORNL works ''are'' copyrighted, and the US government is granted a non-exclusive license to use, publish, and allow republication of such works. The precise terms vary from one lab to the next, but in general, commercial re-use of their works is prohibited.&lt;ref name=&quot;contractors&quot;&gt;[http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#40 CENDI Copyright FAQ list, section 4.0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232445/http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#40 |date=2009-03-04}}, and [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105 17 USC 105] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225173213/https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105 |date=2017-12-25}}.&lt;/ref&gt; This also applies to works authored by ''independent contractors'' or ''freelance writers or artists'', even when their works are commissioned by some US government agency.&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_govt&quot;&gt;Gorman, R.&amp;nbsp;A.: ''[https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/2012/Copyright.pdf Copyright Law, 2nd ed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006065846/https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/2012/Copyright.pdf |date=2017-10-06}}'', US [[Federal Judicial Center]], June 19, 2006, section &quot;Government works&quot; on pp.&amp;nbsp;52&amp;ndash;54. URL last accessed 2018-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See [[Korean War Veterans Memorial#United States postage stamp court case]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Even the US federal government may hold copyrights, if the original copyright holder assigns or transfers the copyright to the US government. A notable example of this is the obverse of the [[Sacagawea dollar]] coin, which its designer [[Glenna Goodacre]] claimed copyright of before she transferred the design and copyright to the [[United States Mint]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sacagawea&quot;&gt;See &quot;Intellectual Property Rights&quot; in the US Mint website's privacy policy [http://www.usmint.gov/policy/index.cfm?action=TermsOfUse#rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205051622/http://www.usmint.gov/policy/index.cfm?action=TermsOfUse#rights |date=2007-02-05}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When a US government agency holds such a transferred copyright, it may declare the work to be in the public domain (or not).&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_govt&quot;/&gt;

Under US law, laws themselves and legal rulings also form a special class. The US Supreme Court has held that judicial opinions of both federal and state judges—being a form of case law—cannot be copyrighted.&lt;ref&gt;See ''[[Wheaton v. Peters]]'' (1834)(opinions of US Supreme Court) and ''[[Banks v. Manchester]]'' (1888)(applying same principle to state judicial records).&lt;/ref&gt; It has never addressed whether copyright can be claimed in other forms of law, such as [[statute]]s, [[Code of law|legal code]]s, or [[municipal ordinance]]s. Lower federal and state courts have varied on whether other forms of law, beyond judicial decisions, can be copyrighted.&lt;ref&gt;In ''[[Banks v. Manchester]]'', [[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 128|128]] [[United States Reports|U.S.]] [https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/128/244 244] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025064819/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/128/244 |date=2018-10-25}} (1888), the US Supreme Court cited a Massachusetts court's opinion in its reasoning that state court judicial opinions cannot be copyrighted: &quot;The whole work done by the judges constitutes the authentic exposition and interpretation of the law, which, binding every citizen, is free for publication to all, whether it is a declaration of unwritten law, or an interpretation of a constitution or a statute.&quot; However, it ruled in a case later that year that a state-employed court reporter that compiled cases and law reports of the Illinois Supreme Court could copyright the portion of the compilations &quot;which is the result of his intellectual labor&quot;, but reiterated its previous decisions that &quot;there can be no copyright in the opinions of the judges of a court, or in the work done by them in their official capacity as judges.&quot; ''[[Callaghan v. Myers]]'', [[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 128|128]] [[United States Reports|U.S.]] [https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/128/617/ 617] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230080702/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/128/617/ |date=2018-12-30}} (1888). The US Supreme Court has not addressed the intersection of copyright protection for law since then. Lower courts have differed in deciding whether copyright can be claimed in works created by third parties and incorporated into state law/regulations or municipal ordinances (e.g. annotated codes, building codes). See ''[http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201711589.pdf Code Revision Commission v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019201033/http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201711589.pdf |date=2018-10-19}}'', slip opinion at 13-26 (2018), ''Id''. at 19 (listing cases in various circuits).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_govt&quot;/&gt; The position of the US Copyright Office is that all &quot;edicts of government&quot;, both domestic and foreign, cannot be copyrighted and won't register such works.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.6C2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.copyright.gov/comp3/docs/compendium.pdf#page=83 |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.6(C)(2) (&quot;Government Edicts&quot;) |page=37–38 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |accessdate=November 8, 2016 |quote=As a matter of longstanding public policy, the U.S. Copyright Office will not register a government edict that has been issued by any state, local, or territorial government, including legislative enactments, judicial decisions, administrative rulings, public ordinances, or similar types of official legal materials. Likewise, the Office will not register a government edict issued by any foreign government or any translation prepared by a government employee acting within the course of his or her official duties.... A work that does not constitute a government edict may be registered, even if it was prepared by an officer or employee of a state, local, territorial, or foreign government while acting within the course of his or her official duties. |archive-date=December 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208164533/https://www.copyright.gov/comp3/docs/compendium.pdf#page=83}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since copyright protection is automatic and doesn't require registration with the Copyright Office, their position may not be authoritative in a court of law, so the copyright status of laws (including laws incorporating copyrighted works by third-parties, e.g. building codes) remains unclear until settled by the US Supreme Court.

The [[United States Copyright Office]], in its ''[[Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices]]'', has stated its position that works of the [[US Postal Service]] are ''not'' &quot;works of the U.S. government&quot; and thus ''are'' subject to copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.6C1&quot;/&gt; Works of the [[United States Post Office Department]] before the formation of the US Postal Service are still considered government works and are in the public domain.{{fact|date=September 2014}} 

Most other countries’ governments do hold copyrights, and their works are copyright protected. At the same time, many countries declare their edicts, as well as those of other countries, such as laws and court decisions, to be exempt from copyright. Such exemptions are typically narrowly defined and ''cannot'' be construed to mean &quot;any publication by a government office&quot;.

Works of the [[United Nations]] or its agencies or of the [[Organization of American States|OAS]] are subject to copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.6C2&quot;/&gt; Some UN documents ''are'' in the public domain; see [[#Works of the United Nations|Works of the United Nations]].

=== Non-creative works ===
{{shortcut|WP:NONCREATIVE}}
:'''In short: Bare facts are in the public domain. Works must show sufficient ''human'' creativity to be eligible for copyright at all.'''
A second category of works that in general cannot be copyright protected are those that have no (or no significant) creative content: they do not pass the [[threshold of originality]]. In the US, the classic example is a telephone directory. The names and numbers therein are, in the doctrine of case law (e.g. ''[[Feist v. Rural]]''), &quot;facts that were discovered&quot;, rather than the result of a creative expression or judgment. The US has explicitly rejected the position that the amount of effort involved in the discovery of a fact can justify its protection. As a result of this doctrine, addresses, phone numbers, most scientific data, sports scores, the results of polls, and similar facts are exempt from copyright.

While the facts themselves are exempt, other creative elements in a compilation of facts may warrant copyright protection. For example, ''Eckes v. Card Prices Update'' established that the specific selection of which facts to include in a list, when done as the result of a creative act, merits protection even when the individual elements do not. (See also [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#103 17 USC 103(b)].) The [[WIPO Copyright Treaty]] is an international treaty that follows this concept; it has been adopted also by the [[European Union]] (EU) in its [[EU Database Directive]], a ''[[sui generis]]'' protection that prohibits any significant &quot;extraction&quot; or &quot;re-utilization&quot; of information from a database created by significant effort. In all these cases, the copyright is on the database as a whole, i.e. the selection of the collection. The individual items in such databases still have their own copyright, which may have expired.

Similarly, though scientific data are usually exempt from copyright, the specific figures and styles of presentation used to present that data will in most cases merit copyright protection. Also, in some cases facts that are exempt from copyright may still be protected as a result of patent law.

[[Image:Chimpanzee congo painting.jpg|thumb|This painting was produced by the chimpanzee &quot;[[Congo (chimpanzee)|Congo]]&quot; and is therefore not copyrighted. The photo of the painting is not copyrightable per the [[Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.|''Bridgeman v. Corel'' ruling.]]]]
Another class of uncreative works which are unable to claim copyright protection in the US are those resulting from mechanical reproduction. Following ''[[Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.]]'', a simple reproductive photograph of a two-dimensional artwork does not give rise to a new copyright on the photograph. Many other countries (but not all!) recognize a similar ineligibility for copyright for reproductive photographs of two-dimensional public domain works.

Common to all these cases is that only works created by a [[human]] are eligible for copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223005016/https://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf |archive-date=December 23, 2014 |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.2 |page=22 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |quote=To qualify as a work of 'authorship' a work must be created by a human being.... Works that do not satisfy this requirement are not copyrightable. The Office will not register works produced by nature, animals, or plants. Likewise, the Office cannot register a work purportedly created by divine or supernatural beings.... Similarly, the Office will not register works produced by a machine or mere mechanical process that operates randomly or automatically without any creative input or intervention from a human author.}}{{dead link|date=June 2015}} The Compendium lists several examples of such ineligible works, including &quot;a photograph taken by a monkey&quot; and &quot;a mural painted by an elephant&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Works created by non-human animals (such as a photograph produced by a [[chimpanzee]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.2&quot;/&gt; or machines&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.2&quot;/&gt; are not copyrightable, although in the case of drawings produced by a [[computer program]], the program itself of course may be copyrighted. In certain cases, even graphics produced by computer programs may be copyrightable; see e.g. ''[[Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman]]''.

Descriptions (including diagrams) in [[patent]] applications in the US are &quot;published into the public domain&quot; by the [[US Patent and Trademark Office]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uspto.gov/main/ccpubguide.htm |title=Editorial Standards |work=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |access-date=2005-11-22 |archive-date=2009-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925103511/http://www.uspto.gov/main/ccpubguide.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portions may contain the non-obligatory notice of copyright © or [[mask work]] Ⓜ protection, but the patent applicant must state in the text of the description that the owner of the rights in the protected part agrees to allow anyone to make [[facsimile]] reproductions of those portions of the description, but otherwise reserves all rights [https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s608.html#d0e42440 37 CFR § 1.71(e)].

Photographic reproductions, as a form of derivative work, may inherit the copyright of the original work. If that artwork is in the public domain, then so is the photograph.&lt;ref&gt;Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd. v. Corel Corp., 25 F. Supp. 2d 421 (S.D.N.Y. 1998), aff‟d on reh‟g, 36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999).&lt;/ref&gt; If, however, the depicted work is copyright protected, then, although there is no independent copyright on the photo itself, it cannot be considered to be in the public domain as the original rights holder still has the authority to control how reproductions of his work, including photographs, are made and distributed. The same applies to digitized images.

It should also be noted that the exemption of reproduction photographs extends only to ''two-dimensional'' artwork in the US. A photograph of a three dimensional statue may acquire copyright protection even if the statue itself belongs to the public domain. Such rights derive from the creativity involved in the positioning of camera, lighting, and other variables.

In the US, the ''[http://copyright.gov/comp3/ Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices]'' of the [[US Copyright Office]] gives some concrete examples and hints at under what conditions a work is sufficiently original to be eligible for copyright.

=== Fonts and typefaces===
{{Anchor|Fonts}}
{{shortcut|WP:PDFONT}}
:'''In short: Scalable fonts ''as such'' are copyrighted as computer programs; typefaces ''as such'' may be protected by design patents, and, in a few countries, by copyright; ''actual use'' of the typeface is not restricted, even if the font used was based illegally on a protected typeface.'''
Under US law, [[typefaces]] and the characters they contain are considered to be utilitarian objects whose utility outweighs any merit that may exist in protecting their creative elements. As such, typefaces are exempt from copyright protection in the United States ([[Code of Federal Regulations]], [http://frwebgate3.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID=36964326810+4+0+0&amp;WAISaction=retrieve Ch 37, Sec. 202.1(e)]; ''Eltra Corp. vs. Ringer''). However, this finding was limited in ''[[Adobe Systems, Inc. v. Southern Software, Inc.]]'', wherein it was held that scalable computer fonts, i.e., the instructions necessary to render a typeface, constitute a &quot;computer program&quot; for the purposes of copyright law and hence are subject to protection. Hence the computer file(s) associated with a scalable font will generally be protected even though the specific design of the characters is not. Furthermore, a [[raster graphics|rasterized]] representation (e.g. bitmap) of the characters in a scalable font is not protected by copyright in the United States. According to the ''[[Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices]]'', [[typography]] and [[calligraphy]] are not copyrightable in themselves in the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.3D&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.3(D) (&quot;Typeface and Mere Variations of Typographic Ornamentation&quot;) |page=25 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |access-date=December 22, 2014 |quote=The copyright law does not protect typeface or mere variations of typographic ornamentation or lettering. |archive-date=December 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223005016/http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium906.4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap900/ch900-visual-art-122214.pdf |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 906.4 (&quot;Typeface, Typefont, Lettering, Calligraphy, and Typographic Ornamentation&quot;) |page=13 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |access-date=December 22, 2014 |quote=As a general rule, typeface, typefont, lettering, calligraphy, and typographic ornamentation are not registrable. |archive-date=December 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223014120/http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap900/ch900-visual-art-122214.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This treatment of fonts is not very unusual with respect to international law, and most other jurisdictions do not consider fonts subject to copyright either (with the notable exception of the UK, which however also only covers typefaces as such, as they are for example employed in fonts, and not their actual use&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/part/I/chapter/III/crossheading/typefaces |title=Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48), section 54 |access-date=2011-03-10 |archive-date=2019-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026003936/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/part/I/chapter/III/crossheading/typefaces |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;). However, typefaces as such may be protected by [[design patent]]s in many countries (either automatically, or by registration, or by some combination thereof). A prominent example is the European Union,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oami.europa.eu/en/design/faq/faq01.htm#200 |title=OAMI-ONLINE - The Community Design in Practice&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2006-09-10 |archive-date=2011-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406114320/http://oami.europa.eu/en/design/faq/faq01.htm#200}}&lt;/ref&gt; where the automatic protection (without registration) expires after three years and can be extended (by registration) up to 25 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://oami.europa.eu/en/design/faq/faq01.htm#500 |title=OAMI-ONLINE - The Community Design in Practice&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2006-09-10 |archive-date=2011-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406114320/http://oami.europa.eu/en/design/faq/faq01.htm#500}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== International aspects ===
:'''In short: The [[threshold of originality]] varies between countries. Might even be zero.'''
Like the [[#When does copyright expire?|duration of copyright]], eligibility to copyright in the first place is governed by national laws. The [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P109_16834 Berne Convention, §5(2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ALEplYLi?url=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P109_16834 |date=2012-09-01 }} explicitly states that
:''The enjoyment and the exercise of these rights ''[i.e., copyrights]'' shall not be subject to any formality; such enjoyment and such exercise shall be independent of the existence of ''[copyright]'' protection in the country of origin of the work.''
In other words: a work that is not copyrightable in one country (even if that country is its country of origin) can still be copyrighted in other countries, if the work is copyrightable there. An example of this is [[:File:Christoph Meili 1997-nonfree.jpg]]: this image is not copyrightable in its country of origin (Switzerland) by a decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court.&lt;ref&gt;[http://relevancy.bger.ch/php/clir/http/index.php?lang=de&amp;type=highlight_simple_query&amp;highlight_docid=atf%3A%2F%2F130-III-714%3AdeBGE 130 III 714 S. 714] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605204617/http://relevancy.bger.ch/php/clir/http/index.php?lang=de&amp;type=highlight_simple_query&amp;highlight_docid=atf%3A%2F%2F130-III-714%3AdeBGE |date=2015-06-05}}. URL last accessed 2015-01-27&lt;/ref&gt; However, in all likelihood it fulfills the criteria in other countries: it would pass the [[threshold of originality]] in the US; and it would probably also be eligible for copyright in the EU.

Mere ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such are not copyrightable as per article 2 of the [[WIPO Copyright Treaty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wct&quot;&gt;[http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html#P51_3806 WIPO Copyright Treaty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624024908/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html#P51_3806 |date=2006-06-24}}, article 2: ''Scope of Copyright Protection''. URL last accessed June 21, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Publication ==
:'''In short: A work is published when tangible ''copies'' of it are made available to the public at large.'''
In the following, we will frequently refer to the &quot;[[publication]]&quot; of a work. A work is published when copies of the work are made accessible in some non-ephemeral form to the public at large with the consent of its author or copyright holder. Ephemeral forms of making the work accessible do ''not'' constitute publication. To quote the [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 Berne Convention, §3.3] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ALEplYLi?url=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 |date=2012-09-01 }}:
:''The performance of a dramatic, dramatico-musical, cinematographic or musical work, the public recitation of a literary work, the communication by wire or the broadcasting of literary or artistic works, the exhibition of a work of art and the construction of a work of architecture shall not constitute publication.''

The US Copyright law defines &quot;publication&quot; in [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#101 17 USC 101] in basically the same way using different words:

:''&quot;Publication&quot; is the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group of persons for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or public display, constitutes publication. A public performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute publication.''

&quot;Public display&quot; includes broadcasts and other transmissions. The US Copyright Office states in its [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ40.pdf Circular 40]:
:''A work of art that exists in only one copy, such as a painting or statue, is not regarded as published when the single existing copy is sold or offered for sale in the traditional way, for example, through an art dealer, gallery, or auction house. A statue erected in a public place is not necessarily published.''

:''When the work is reproduced in multiple copies, such as reproductions of a painting or castings of a statue, the work is published when the reproductions are publicly distributed or offered to a group for further distribution or public display.''

Thus, a work is ''unpublished'' unless copies (which may be print publications, photos, postcards, lithographs, but also non-print publications such as replicas of a statuette) of it are published. It is of course implied that such a distribution of copies occurred legally, in particular with the consent of the copyright holder. An illegal distribution of copies (for instance one that itself would be a copyright violation) does ''not'' constitute a publication of a work. The right to publish a work is an ''exclusive'' right of the copyright owner ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Sections 105 and 106|17 USC 106]]), and violating this right (e.g. by disseminating copies of the work without the copyright owner's consent) is a [[copyright infringement]] ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 5/Section 501|17 USC 501(a)]]), and the copyright owner can demand (by suing in court) that copies distributed against his or her will be confiscated and destroyed ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 5/Sections 502 and 503|17 USC 502, 17 USC 503]]).

Notwithstanding the quoted paragraph from the Berne Convention, broadcast and public performance of literary or dramatic works may constitute publication in other countries, e.g. Australia (see [http://www.copyright.org.au/admin/cms-acc1/_images/16227869304f39aff399393.pdf Infosheet G023v16: Duration of Copyright] (February 2012, pg. 11)).

For works that were made available to the public in the form of sound recordings (i.e. phonograph records), it should be noted that the publication of a sound recording before January 1, 1978, does not constitute publication of any underlying musical or dramatic or literary work.&lt;ref name=&quot;FL_Gulf_Coast_Univ-Lib_Services-Copyr&quot;/&gt; Movies and TV shows are subject to special issues with regard to publication status; see the [[#Movies|&quot;Movies&quot;]] and [[#TV shows|&quot;TV shows&quot;]] sections for more detail.

We will get back to this issue in the sections &quot;[[#Published works|Published works]]&quot; and &quot;[[#Unpublished works|Unpublished works]]&quot; below.

== When does copyright expire? ==
{{shortcut|WP:COPYEXP}}
:'''In short: It depends, but always at the end of the year in which it expires.'''
[[File:PD-US table updated.svg|thumb|500px|right|Copyright durations for works (excluding audio works) first published in US. [[:File:PD-US table updated.svg|Click]] for a larger view.]]
[[File:Copyrightterm.pdf|thumb|200px|right|Copyright duration for works published in the US and elsewhere. [[:File:Copyrightterm.pdf|Click]] for a larger view or see original [http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm at Cornell University site].]]

The&amp;nbsp;Berne&amp;nbsp;Convention was designed to ensure that works protected in the country of origin were also protected in all other signatory countries without the rights holder having to register claims in each and every one of these countries. Thus the laws of the originating country of a work determine whether something is copyright protected at all, and if so, the Berne Convention ensures that it is automatically copyright protected in all other signatory countries, too, ''under their respective laws'' (§5(1) of the Berne Convention).

(The ''originating country'' or ''country of origin'' is that country where the work was initially published, or in the case of unpublished works, defined by the author's nationality or &quot;habitual domicile&quot;. See §3 of the Berne Convention. If a work is published within 30 days in several countries, it can have multiple &quot;countries of origin&quot;.)

Copyright protection is granted only for a certain period&amp;mdash;barring pathological cases where some work is placed under a [[perpetual copyright]] protection. Different countries have different copyright terms: in some countries, copyright expires 50 years after the author's death (also called &quot;50 years p.m.a.&quot;, ''post mortem auctoris''; this is the minimum standard required by the Berne Convention), others have a 70-year period (70y p.m.a.), [[Mexico]] even [http://www.ladas.com/BULLETINS/2004/0304Bulletin/Mexico_CopyrightLaw.html 100y p.m.a.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327173518/http://www.ladas.com/BULLETINS/2004/0304Bulletin/Mexico_CopyrightLaw.html |date=2006-03-27 }} Many countries also have special rules, depending on when a work was first published, whether it was first published in that country or not, whether the author is known or not, and other things. For instance, a work published with a © notice in the US between 1963 and 1977 (inclusive) is copyright protected in the US until 95 years after the date of the initial publication. Peter Hirtle has compiled a [http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm chart] (also available at [[:commons:Commons:Hirtle chart|Commons:Hirtle chart]]) showing when and under what conditions the copyright of a work expires in the US. The default rule in the US for works published since 1978 or for unpublished works is 70 years p.m.a. If a work is a &quot;work made for hire&quot;, it has [[corporate authorship]] and is protected to the shorter of 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation. Many countries also know or at least knew different copyright terms for text and photographic works.

Basically all countries in the world specify that when a copyright expires, it does so at the ''end of the year''. Thus, works of an author who died on June 27, 1937, did ''not'' become copyright-free on June 28, 2007, but only on January 1, 2008, under a &quot;70 years p.m.a.&quot; rule.

===Copyright term table for the United States===
The following table is only for '''''works registered or first published in the United States''''' (where works registered up to 2002 count as published works).&lt;ref&gt;[http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm Cornell chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825165033/http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm |date=2017-08-25}}, [[:File:PD-US table.svg]], [[WP:PD]]&lt;/ref&gt; 
Note that works of employees of the U.S. federal government prepared as part of their official duties are always in the public domain regardless of the table below, and that copyright terms for sound recordings, architecture, and works first published outside the U.S. are different; a separate table for sound recordings first published in the United States is also shown below.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!Published→
Created↓
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-96}} and before
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-95}}–1963
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1964–1977
!1978–28 Feb 1989
!1 Mar 1989–2002
!2003–present
!Never
|-
!{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-121}} and before
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#61C100&quot; |{{abbr|'''PD'''|All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring.}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if R and N
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if N
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S+'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S+'''
| style=&quot;background:#F3F300;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;see U and D
| style=&quot;background:#F3F300;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;see U and D
|-
!{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-120}}–{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-70}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#61C100&quot; |{{abbr|'''PD'''|All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring.}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if R and N
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if N
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S+'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S+'''
| style=&quot;background:#F3F300;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;see D
| style=&quot;background:#F3F300;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;see D
|-
!{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-69}}–1977
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if R and N
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if N
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S+'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S+'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
|-
!1978–present
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;12&quot; |Sound recordings ([[#Sound recordings|see section below]])
|-
!
!{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-101}} and before
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-100}}–1946
!1947–1956
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1957–14 Feb 1972
!15 Feb 1972–1977
!1978–28 Feb 1989
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1 Mar 1989–present
!Never
|-
!14 Feb 1972 and before
| bgcolor=&quot;#61C100&quot; |{{abbr|'''PD'''|All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring.}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''100'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''110'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''16 Feb 2067'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''95++'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S++'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S++'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S++'''
|-
!15 Feb 1972 to present
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if N
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''S'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background:white;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;'''Color legend''':
{{legend|#61C100|All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring}}
{{legend|#F3F300|Some works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring}}
{{legend|#FF8E1C|Some works are in the public domain due to failure to conform to technicalities}}
{{legend|#FF6060|No works are in the public domain}}&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;small&gt;'''Copyright term''':&lt;br/&gt;
''Note: all specific dates are the first day that works are in the public domain.''&lt;br/&gt;
'''PD''' - All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring.&lt;br/&gt;
'''95'''/'''100'''/'''110''' - Copyright expires the specified number of years after publication.&lt;br/&gt;
'''95++''' - The later of '''95''' and 16 Feb 2067&lt;br/&gt;
'''S''' - Copyright expires 70 years after author's death; but if the work is anonymous or made for hire, or the author or the author's death date is unknown, copyright expires on the earlier of 95 years after publication or 120 years after creation.&lt;br/&gt;
'''S+''' - The later of '''S''' and 1 Jan 2048&lt;br/&gt;
'''S++''' - The later of '''S''' and 16 Feb 2067&lt;br/&gt;
'''16 Feb 2067''' - Copyright term ends on specified date.&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;small&gt;'''Conditions''':&lt;br/&gt;
R - Copyright was renewed in the 28th year after publication.&lt;br/&gt;
N - A compliant copyright notice was included.&lt;br/&gt;
N* - A compliant copyright notice was included, or the work was registered within five years of publication.&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;small&gt;'''Notes''':&lt;br/&gt;
U - For works that are anonymous, made for hire, or where the author's identity or death date is unknown, works ''created'' {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-121}} and earlier are in the public domain.&lt;br/&gt;
D - For works not made for hire where the author's identity and death date are known, works whose author died {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-70}} or earlier are in the public domain.
&lt;/small&gt;
|}

=== Rule of the shorter term ===
:'''In short: The &quot;[[rule of the shorter term]]&quot; says that copyright protection in any signatory country of the Berne Convention ends when the copyright expires in the originating country. This rule is ''not'' binding. The US has ''not'' adopted it; the European Union (with exceptions!), Japan, Macao, and Taiwan ''have'' done so.'''
While the [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] ''does'' harmonize bringing works under copyright protection in the first place, it does ''not'' similarly harmonize the expiration of copyright. The Berne Convention prescribes a minimum standard for copyright terms any signatory country must adhere to (50y p.m.a.), but any signatory is free to prescribe longer durations in its laws. To be fair, §7(8) of the Berne Convention ''does'' specify a &quot;rule of the shorter term&quot;, which says that the copyright term can in no case exceed the copyright term in the originating country of a work. However, signatory countries have the right to &quot;opt out&quot; from this rule, and it depends on individual countries' implementation acts whether they do follow this rule. The copyright on a work may thus expire in one country and enter the public domain there, but the same work ''may still be copyrighted'' in other signatory countries.

The United States does ''not'' recognize this &quot;shorter term&quot; rule while [[s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Section 104|17&amp;nbsp;U.S.C.&amp;nbsp;104]](c) reads: &quot;Any rights in a work eligible for protection under this title that derive from this title, other Federal or State statutes, or the common law, shall not be expanded or reduced by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto.&quot; Furthermore, [[s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Section 104A|17&amp;nbsp;U.S.C.&amp;nbsp;104A]](a)(1)(B) may restore copyright on a work published outside the USA for the remaining American copyright term even if its copyright may expire sooner in its source country.

The [[European Union]] does, however, adopt such a rule vis-a-vis non-EU members (see §7(1) of the [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection|EU directive 93/98/EEC]]). ''Within'' the EU itself, however, the contrary is true: §10(1) states that longer terms already running remained in effect, and §10(2) states that the 70 year p.m.a. applied to all works protected in at least one member country. As a result, there is a transitory phase in which works that were already out of copyright in one EU country suddenly became copyright protected again in that country on July 1, 1995, because they were still protected in some other EU country. See &quot;[[#German World War II images|World-War II images]]&quot; below.

In East Asia, [[Japan]], [[Macao]], and [[Taiwan]] also honor the rule of the shorter term. See [http://www.cric.or.jp/cric_e/clj/cl2_2.html#cl2_2+S4 §58 of the Japanese Copyright Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216214733/http://www.cric.or.jp/cric_e/clj/cl2_2.html#cl2_2+S4 |date=2005-12-16 }}, Article 51 of [[s:Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M|Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M]] of Macao, and Article 106bis of the [[s:Copyright Act (Republic of China, 2006)|Copyright Act]] in effect in Taiwan administered by the Republic of China.

However, some countries make exceptions to this rule. A notorious case is Germany, which has had a bilateral treaty with the US governing copyright since January 15, 1892. That treaty, which is still in effect, defined that a US work was copyrighted in Germany according to German law irrespective of the work's copyright status in the US, and it did not contain a &quot;rule of the shorter term&quot;. In one [http://www.lareda.hessenrecht.hessen.de/jportal/portal/t/1v7m/page/bslaredaprod.psml?pid=Dokumentanzeige&amp;showdoccase=1&amp;js_peid=Trefferliste&amp;documentnumber=3&amp;numberofresults=4&amp;fromdoctodoc=yes&amp;doc.id=KORE434782003%3Ajuris-r03&amp;doc.part=L&amp;doc.price=0.0&amp;doc.hl=1#focuspoint case], a German court therefore decided that a US work that had fallen into the public domain in the US was still copyrighted in Germany in 2003 in spite of §7(1) of the EU directive.

See also OpenFlix for a useful [http://www.openflix.com/information/non-US-copyright.php list] of countries and areas that do or do not honor the rule of the shorter term.

== Country-specific rules ==
:'''In short: First publication is important, but difficult to ascertain.'''
:''See also [[:commons:Commons:Licensing|Commons:Licensing]] and [[Wikipedia:Non-US copyrights|Non-US copyrights]].''
Because copyright expiry is governed by local laws, some special noteworthy cases exist, in particular for ''photographs''. These cases are interesting for Wikipedia if a work was not published in the US, because then, the law of the originating country must be examined. There is a whole slew of country-specific image copyright tags for precisely that purpose; see the [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags#Other countries' public domain images|list of image copyright tags]]. However, being in the public domain in its home country ''does not'' automatically mean that the work was also in the public domain in the US because the US does ''not'' follow the &quot;[[#Rule of the shorter term|rule of shorter term]]&quot;. Wherever these country-specific tags are used, they should be accompanied by a rationale explaining why the image is thought to be in the public domain in the US, too. (Remember that Wikipedia is primarily subject to US law!)

Some examples of such country-specific rules are:
*In [[Australia]], the copyright on published photographs taken before May 1, 1969, expired 50 years after the creation. (For photographs taken later, it expired 50 years after the first publication.) As a result of the [[Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement|Australia-US Free Trade Agreement]] ([[AUSFTA]]), new legislation became effective on January 1, 2005, extending the copyright term (also on photographs) generally to 70 years p.m.a, but explicitly ruling out a revival of copyright on works whose copyright had already expired. Any photographs created before January 1, 1955, are thus in the public domain in Australia. The same also holds true for other works, which were protected 50 years p.m.a. before January 1, 2005: any work published before 2005 of an author who died before January 1, 1955 is in the public domain in Australia. See [http://www.copyright.org.au/pdf/acc/InfoSheets/G023.pdf Infosheet G-23: Duration of Copyright] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051015194351/http://www.copyright.org.au/pdf/acc/InfoSheets/G023.pdf |date=2005-10-15 }} by the Australian Copyright Council. These rules even apply for works where the government holds the copyright, i.e. that are under [[Crown copyright]]. (There is the template {{tl|PD-Australia}} for tagging such images.) See also [[copyright expiration in Australia]].
*In [[Canada]], any photograph created (not published!) before January 1, 1949, and not covered by [[Crown copyright]] is in the public domain. This is a consequence of the Canadian [http://www.parl.gc.ca/LEGISInfo/BillDetails.aspx?Language=E&amp;Mode=1&amp;billId=5134851 Bill C-11: An Act to Amend the Copyright Act], which replaced the old rule for photographs (&quot;copyright expires 50 years after creation of the work&quot;) by 50 years p.m.a., but ''not'' retroactively applying the new rule to works that were already in the public domain by the effective date of the bill, January 1, 1999 (see [http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/ctyclerk/archives/photos/photrepr.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051213025554/http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/ctyclerk/archives/photos/photrepr.htm |date=2005-12-13 }} at the bottom). Wikipedia has the template {{tl|PD-Canada}} for tagging such images.

For an exhaustive list of the ''current'' situation in many countries, see [[Wikipedia:Copyright situations by country]]. This may help dealing with such cases. [[UNESCO]] also maintains a [http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=14076&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html collection of copyright laws] from many countries around the world. For works (photographs and others alike, but ''excepting [[#Sound recordings|sound recordings]] made before February 15, 1972'') not published in the US, the following rule applies:

:'''''If the work was in the public domain in the country of origin as of January 1, 1996, it is in the public domain in the US,''''' (Even if it was published after {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, but only if no copyright had been registered with the US Copyright Office.)

January 1, 1996, is the effective date for the copyright restorations of the US [[Uruguay Round Agreements Act]] (URAA).&lt;ref name=&quot;uraa_circ38b&quot;&gt;US Copyright Office: ''[http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38b.pdf Circular 38b: Highlights of Copyright Amendments Contained in the URAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127204130/http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38b.pdf |date=2005-11-27}}'', URL last accessed 2007-01-30.&lt;/ref&gt; The URAA implemented [[TRIPS]], part of the [[Uruguay Round]] of the [[GATT]] negotiations, in US law. The URAA essentially is codified in US law in [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A]. It had the effect of automatically ''restoring'' copyrights of works that were still copyrighted in their country of origin but whose copyright had lapsed in the US due to non-compliance with technical formalities such as proper registration of the copyright with the US Copyright Office or that were not protected in the US due to a lack of international or bilateral agreements with the country of origin. Since works that have entered the public domain in their country of origin before January 1, 1996, are not eligible to this copyright restoration, such works remain in the public domain in the US. This, however, is valid only in cases where the US federal copyright law (17 USC) applies. There are some specialized cases that are subject to ''state law'', where other rules may apply (see the section on [[#Sound recordings|sound recordings]] below). If the country of origin became a member of the Berne Convention or the two WIPO treaties or the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] only after January 1, 1996, the URAA still applies and that country's earliest adherence date to any of these treaties or organizations must be taken as the URAA copyright restoration date instead of January 1, 1996.

For the above cases, this means:
*Australian photographs taken before January 1, 1946, not published in the US, and where no copyright was registered in the US, are in the public domain in Australia and the US.
*Other works first published in Australia whose author has died before January 1, 1946, and where no copyright was registered in the US are also in the public domain in Australia and the US.
*Canadian photographs taken before January 1, 1946, not subject to [[Crown copyright]], not published in the US, and where no copyright was registered in the US are in the public domain in Canada and the US.

Additionally, because of the rule of the shorter term, such photographs are likely to be also in the public domain in Europe and in Japan, unless published there. (For the EU, one may probably even apply the 1955 and 1949 cut-off dates.)

The obvious difficulty here is to show that any particular work was indeed ''not'' published in the US, especially when considering works by Canadians. Even worse, one has to show that the work was indeed first published in Australia or Canada, respectively. If it ''was'' published in the US, the whole deliberation about copyright expiry in other countries does not come to play at all&amp;mdash;the work is copyrighted in the US (unless it was published before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, or in a few very specific, difficult to verify cases, see &quot;[[#Published works|published works]]&quot; below). If the work was published first in some third country&amp;mdash;such as the [[United Kingdom]]&amp;mdash;that third country is the country of origin, and consequently, one has to apply ''that'' country's copyright regulations to determine whether the work's copyright had expired by January 1, 1996. There are some other problems, too:
* If a work has multiple countries of origin because it was published in several countries within 30 days, it is unclear what rules would apply. Most probably, the copyright on the work would have to be expired in ''all'' of them by January 1, 1996, for the work to be in the public domain in the US.
* It is entirely unclear how retroactive legislation would affect this rule. What if a work had been in the public domain in its country of origin on January 1, 1996, but that country subsequently modified its copyright laws such that the work's copyright was reactivated?

In summary, the rules in the US for works published abroad are as follows:
*If the work was published before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, it is in the public domain in the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;US1909&quot;/&gt; (With a caveat for works published without copyright notice, see the [[#Footnotes|footnote]].)
*If the work was published {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} to 1995 (inclusive) and not copyrighted in its countries of origin in 1996, it is in the public domain in the US.
*Otherwise, if the work was published before 1978, it is copyrighted in the US for 95 years after the original publication, and if it was published 1978 or later, the work is copyrighted until 70 years after the (last surviving) author's death.

While the author of a photograph can often be determined quite easily, it may be rather difficult to ascertain where and when a particular image was first published. And strictly speaking one would also have to verify that a non-US work was not covered by copyright in the US by virtue of some [[bilateral agreement]] of the US and the foreign country (see [http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl100.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704101856/http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl100.html |date=2014-07-04 }} and &quot;Circular 38a&quot; in the &quot;[[#External links|external links]]&quot; section below). Country-specific public domain tags must therefore be used with the utmost care only.

=== Crown copyrights ===
{{Shortcut|WP:Crown copyright|WP:Crown copy|WP:Crowncopy}}
:'''In short: UK, Australian and Canadian Crown copyright expires world-wide, except in certain rare and specific cases.'''
[[Crown copyright]] is a special form of copyright on governmental works (including works made by employees of government agencies in the course of their duties) that exists in the [[United Kingdom]] and a number of other [[Commonwealth realms]]. Crown copyright for published works generally lasts for 50 years since the first publication (this is true for the United Kingdom, [[Canada]] and [[Australia]] with certain exceptions such as those outlined in the section below). When Crown copyright expires on a work in its country of origin, the work enters the public domain in that country, but ''it may still be copyrighted in other signatory countries of the Berne Convention'' because these other countries apply their own laws, which may have longer copyright terms and not even know the concept of a &quot;Crown copyright&quot;. (See e.g. [http://lexum.com/conf/dac/en/sterling/sterling.html Sterling 1995] towards the end, section titled &quot;Protection of Crown copyright in other countries&quot;. However, also note &quot;Finally, a decision needs to be made as regards the protection of Crown copyright as between one &quot;Crown copyright&quot; country and another such country. Since, for example, the Crown is the owner of Crown copyright arising in Canada, can the Crown claim to be the owner of such copyright in the U.K.? If not, who could claim such copyright? These questions await resolution.&quot;)

An exception to this is ''UK Crown copyright''. Although UK works on which the Crown copyright has expired also could still be copyrighted elsewhere, the British [[Office of Public Sector Information]] (OPSI), which manages all Crown copyrights on behalf of the copyright holder ([[the Crown]]), has explicitly stated in an [[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2005-May/022055.html|e-mail]] to Wikipedia that they consider UK Crown copyright expiry to apply ''world-wide''. A similar declaration has been made for Australia.

There is a [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/information-management/crown-copyright-flowchart.pdf flowchart] explaining the precise rules for UK Crown copyright expiry. For photographs the rules are as follows:
*For photographs taken before June 1, 1957, Crown copyright expires 50 years after the ''creation'' of the image. All such photographs are therefore in the public domain.
*For photographs taken after that date and published before August 1, 1989, Crown copyright expires 50 years after the first ''publication''. For photographs created between these two dates, but published only on or after the 1989 date, Crown copyright expires on December 31, 2039.
*For photographs created on or after August 1, 1989, Crown copyright expires 125 years after the creation or 50 years after the first publication of the image, whatever is earlier.

There is the template {{tl|PD-BritishGov}} to tag images which are claimed to be in the public domain under these rules.

Companies House - When downloading accounts for a Company listed, they are free of copyright and may be posted on any website. They are public record and statutory. The situation is the same for birth and death certificates. There is no copyright for this type of public record. Please see www.companieshouse.gov.uk.

====Crown prerogative copyright====
:'''In short: while Crown copyright normally expires after 50 years, Crown ''prerogative'' copyright is not subject to the normal statutory term and can instead last indefinitely.'''

Within Canadian Copyright law there is one exception however under section 12 of the ''Copyright Act'' which states that Crown copyright expires after 50 years &quot;Without prejudice to any rights or privileges of the Crown&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;CAC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title = Copyright Act (Canada), S. 12 |url = http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/page-7.html |access-date = 2017-07-07 |archive-date = 2013-12-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131220215142/http://www.laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/page-7.html |url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is further supported by the fact that &quot;No enactment is binding on Her Majesty or affects Her Majesty or Her Majesty's rights or prerogatives in any manner, except as mentioned or referred to in the enactment&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = Interpretation Act (Canada), S. 17 |url = http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-21/page-5.html#h-18 |access-date = 2017-07-07 |archive-date = 2017-07-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170713010002/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/I-21/page-5.html#h-18 |url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this way Crown Copyright held under the Royal Prerogative &quot;is not subject to the usual statutory copyright term. The royal prerogative is referenced at the start of section 12 of the ''Copyright Act''&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;judge&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=In the Public Interest: The Future of Canadian Copyright Law | chapter=Crown Copyright and Copyright Reform in Canada | publisher=Irwin Law | author=Judge, Elizabeth | year=2005 | pages=557}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further, the common law &quot;prerogative right of the Crown to the exclusive printing of Acts of Parliament, Orders in Council, state papers, and other public documents is well established. The Crown prerogative, unlike rights under the ''[Copyright] Act'', continues in perpetuity and is not limited to the term specified in the ''Act''&quot;.&lt;ref name=McKeown&gt;{{cite book | title=Canadian Intellectual Property Law and Strategy | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=McKeown | first=John | year=2010 | pages=247 | isbn=978-0195369427}}&lt;/ref&gt; Professor David E. Smith further reinforces this point, stating &quot;that this exclusive right to certain works by prerogative amounts to a perpetual term of copyright protection&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLiKBYcaqsIC&amp;dq=crown+prerogative+copyright+perpetu%2A&amp;pg=PA77 | title=The Invisible Crown: The First Principles of Canadian Government| publisher=University of Toronto Press | author=Smith, D.E. | year=2013 | location=Toronto | pages=77 | isbn=978-1442615854}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, in certain cases such as when rights are held under the Crown prerogative, copyright can be &quot;said to be perpetual...and not to lapse through non-use or non-assertion&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/conf/dac/en/vaver/vaver.html | title=Copyright and the State in Canada and the United States | publisher=University of Montreal | date=6 June 1995 | access-date=11 December 2013 | last=Vaver |first=David| archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100527140536/http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/conf/dac/en/vaver/vaver.html | archive-date=27 May 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and that a &quot;right to certain works by prerogative amounts to a perpetual term of copyright protection&quot;.&lt;ref name=1P&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLiKBYcaqsIC&amp;dq=canadian+crown+copyright+perpetual&amp;pg=PA77 | title=Invisible Crown: The First Principle of Canadian Government | publisher=University of Toronto Press | last=Smith | first=David | year=2013 | location=Toronto | pages=77 | isbn=978-1442615854}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When attempting to determine copyright status, &quot;the following facts should be kept in mind. First, section 12 grants Her Majesty rights in works prepared or published by or under her direction or control...Second, the rights granted in section 12 generally limit the protection to 50 years following the first publication of the work whereas it is arguable that Crown copyright under the Crown prerogative is perpetual. Put another way, Crown copyright under the Crown prerogative is wider in scope and duration than what section 12 provides&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cb-cda.gc.ca/decisions/2012/prov_reason_2012.pdf|title=Collective Administration in relation to rights under sections 3, 15, 18 and 21 (Crown Immunity)|publisher=Copyright Board of Canada|last1=Vancise|first1=William J.|last2=Majeau|first2=Claude|last3=Théberge|first3=Jacinthe|year=2012|location=Ottawa|pages=15|access-date=2017-07-07|archive-date=2017-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331063246/http://cb-cda.gc.ca/decisions/2012/prov_reason_2012.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Works of the United Nations ===
:'''In short: parliamentary documentation (official records, such as resolutions) and documents ''not'' offered for sale are in the public domain; ''other'' UN documents ''are'' copyrighted.'''
Works of the [[United Nations]] or one of its bodies are generally copyrighted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.6(C)(2) (&quot;Government Edicts&quot;) |page=38 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |access-date=December 22, 2014 |quote=Section 104(b)(5) of the Act states that works first published by the United Nations or any of its specialized agencies, or first published by the Organization of American States are eligible for copyright protection in the United States. |archive-date=December 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223005016/http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;un_st_ai_2001_5&quot;&gt;[[United Nations]], administrative instruction ST/AI/2001/5: ''[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN006342.pdf United Nations Internet publishing, section 5: Copyright policy and disclaimers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109072211/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN006342.pdf |date=2006-11-09}}'', August 22, 2001. Also see §3.29 (&quot;Use of photos&quot;) of that document. URL last accessed 2006-11-08.&lt;/ref&gt; In the interest of facilitating dissemination, the UN ''explicitly excludes'' some categories of its works from this general copyright and places them into the public domain: UN parliamentary documentation as well as public information material published under the UN document symbol ''and not offered for sale''.&lt;ref name=&quot;un_st_ai_2001_5&quot;/&gt; Such documents are in the public domain. UN parliamentary documentation comprises a broad set of official reports prepared by the UN secretariat and the UN official records.&lt;ref name=&quot;un_glossary&quot;&gt;United Nations: UN OIOS Glossary, entry on ''[http://www.un.org/Depts/oios/mecd/mecd_glossary/documents/set_p.htm#p_documentation Parliamentary documentation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406102108/http://www.un.org/Depts/oios/mecd/mecd_glossary/documents/set_p.htm#p_documentation |date=2011-04-06}}''. URL last accessed 2006-11-08.&lt;/ref&gt; UN official records are
:&quot;publications relating to proceedings of organs or conferences of the United Nations. They include verbatim or summary records, documents and check-lists of documents, issued in the form of annexes to those records, including periodic supplements, such as the quarterly ones of the Security Council; and the reports of those organs of subordinate or affiliated bodies, compilations of resolutions, certain reports of the Secretary-General, and other selected publications&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;un_pub_guide&quot;&gt;United Nations, administrative instruction ''[[:s:Administrative Instruction ST/AI/189/Add.9/Rev.2|ST/AI/189/Add.9/Rev.2]]''. URL last accessed 2006-11-07. This temporary administrative instruction was prolonged indefinitely by ''[[:s:Administrative Instruction ST/AI/189/Add.9/Rev.2/Add.2|ST/AI/189/Add.9/Rev.2/Add.2]]'' in 1992.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[UN resolution]]s are therefore in the public domain world-wide. Concerning images one should bear in mind that the UN may include in their publications (in print, on the Internet, or otherwise) images from third parties for which the UN has obtained an appropriate license.&lt;ref name=&quot;un_st_ai_2001_5&quot;/&gt; Such third-party images retain their copyright, even if published in an otherwise public domain UN document as mentioned above. Only UN images appearing in such documents may be assumed to be in the public domain.

== Published works ==
:'''In short: Copyright notices are not needed anymore. But they help determine who the author is.'''
Under the Berne Convention, copyright is ''automatic'': no registration is needed, and it is not even necessary to display a copyright notice with the work for it to be copyright protected. Prior to the US adopting the Berne Convention (by amending its copyright law through the [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d100:HR04262:@@@L&amp;summ2=m&amp; Berne Convention Implementation Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406105616/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d100:HR04262:@@@L&amp;summ2=m&amp; |date=2011-04-06 }}, effective March 1, 1989), this was not the case in the United States. A work was only copyrighted if published with a copyright notice, which could be as simple as a line saying &quot;© year copyright holder&quot;. For US works there are therefore some special cases that place even works published after {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} in the public domain. However, the necessary conditions are hard to verify.

*Published in the US, ''without'' a copyright notice:
**From {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} to 1977: in the public domain
**From 1978 to March 1, 1989: only in the public domain if not registered since.
*Published in the US, ''with'' a copyright notice:
**From {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} to 1963: only in the public domain if copyright not renewed. This may be hard to determine, and if renewed, the protection runs until 95 years after the initial publication. See the [[#External links|external links]] below and [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ22.pdf Circular 22 of the US Copyright Office] for information on how to search the registry of the US Copyright Office for copyright registrations and renewals.
**From 1964 to 1977: not in the public domain for some time to come; copyright expires 95 years after the original publication.
**From 1978 to March 1, 1989: [[#Current standard copyright duration in US law|current standard rules]] apply (see just below).
**From March 1, 1989, to 2002: If created after 1977, a published work is copyrighted till 70 years after its author's death. For corporate or anonymous works, protection lasts for 95 years after publication or 120 years after creation, whichever expires first. If the work was created before 1978, another term (copyrighted until 31 December 2047) is considered. In this case, the greater term is taken (i.e. if the other terms expires before 31 December 2047, the copyright lasts till 31 December 2047). See [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ01.pdf Circular 1], &quot;Works Originally Created Before January 1, 1978, But Not Published or Registered by That Date&quot;.

Even if a work was published in the US between {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} and 1977 without a copyright notice, there would need to be proof to that effect. The proof must contain a valid resource justifying the claim in order for the US copyright office to accept it. 

For works not published in the US but published first in some other country, see &quot;[[#Country-specific rules|country-specific rules]]&quot; above.

=== Current standard copyright duration in US law ===
Works originally published in the US after 2002 (with or without copyright notice or registration) are protected until 70 years after the author's death ('''70 years ''p.m.a.'''''); anonymous works, [[works made for hire]], works of unknown authors or where the author's death date is unknown are copyrighted until the shorter of '''95 years since the first publication''' or '''120 years since their creation'''. See [[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 3/Sections 302 and 303|17 USC 302]].

== Unpublished works ==
:'''In short: the {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} date does ''not'' apply to ''unpublished'' works.'''
So far, we have only considered ''[[#Publication|published]]'' works. To re-iterate from the [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 Berne Convention, §3.3] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ALEplYLi?url=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 |date=2012-09-01 }}:
:''The performance of a dramatic, dramatico-musical, cinematographic or musical work, the public recitation of a literary work, the communication by wire or the broadcasting of literary or artistic works, the exhibition of a work of art and the construction of a work of architecture shall not constitute publication.''
As long as a work is not published, it is ''unpublished''. (Also note that by publication, the work must be made accessible to the general public, not only some closed audience. Furthermore, the publication must have had the consent of the author/creator or copyright holder of the work.)

Why is this important at all for Wikipedians? How could you come across an unpublished work?

Actually, that can happen easily with photographs in archives. Remember that &quot;publication&quot; requires the consent of the rights holder (initially the photographer). Many historic photos may thus actually be unpublished works, unless it can be shown that they ''were'' published in olden times. Especially items like private letters or family photographs, or photos found in some album, may well be unpublished. There are special exemptions in copyright law for libraries and archives that allow them to reproduce (even for the general public) such works for non-commercial uses, but that does not constitute &quot;publication&quot; unless done with the authorization of the rights holder. 

The University of Wyoming's American Heritage Center has a [http://www.uwyo.edu/ahc/_files/brochures/copyright.pdf three-page primer] on the issues involved with unpublished works. Archives often do not hold the copyright to the items in their holdings. An archive only owns the copyright in a work if the copyright itself (not just the physical document embodying the work) has been transferred to the archive in a signed writing. In practice, many archive holdings may be so-called [[orphaned work]]s, i.e. works where the current copyright holder, if any, is unknown. For such orphaned works, the US Copyright Office seems to [http://www.copyright.gov/orphan/ push for a change] in US Copyright law (see [http://archiv.twoday.net/stories/1501083/] for a brief summary) and a bill (HR 5439) for the [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:H.R.5439: Orphan Works Act of 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007055434/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:H.R.5439: |date=2008-10-07 }} has been introduced in the [[United States House of Representatives]] on May 22, 2006, but ''no law has been passed yet.'' 

Unpublished works are subject to copyright, too. To determine the copyright status of works published by archives that were not published elsewhere before, one will need to consider the rules for unpublished works. Until the [[Copyright Act of 1976|US Copyright Act of 1976]] became effective on January 1, 1978, US federal law only covered published works and unpublished works that were registered at the Copyright Office. Unpublished unregistered works were covered by state law. This &quot;[[common law copyright]]&quot; in most states granted unpublished works a ''perpetual'' copyright, valid until an eventual publication of the work.&lt;ref name=&quot;oakley&quot;&gt;Oakley, R. L.: ''[http://www.clir.org/PUBS/reports/oakley/scheme-a.html Copyright and Preservation &amp;ndash; Is the Work Protected?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219030356/https://www.clir.org/PUBS/reports/oakley/scheme-a/ |date=2021-02-19}}'', CLIR, 1990. (A good explanation, but note that some dates mentioned there have been superseded by the copyright term extension of the CTEA in 1998.) URL last accessed 2007-02-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lii&quot;&gt;N.N.: ''[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/301?qt-us_code_temp_noupdates=1#qt-us_code_temp_noupdates Historical and Revision Notes]'' on 17 USC 301. Legal Information Institute, Cornell University. URL last accessed 2016-06-16.&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1978, US federal law also covers unpublished works (and preempts state law, see [[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 3/Section 301|17 USC 301]]). This gives the following situation in the US:
*Works created before 1978:
**If published before 1978, the work is subject to the rules for works published before 1978 regardless of when it was created. Because the common law copyright on unpublished works was perpetual, there were ''no'' unpublished works in the public domain back then, and thus the work was eligible for copyright when published. See [[#Published works|published works]].
**If the work was published 1978 to 2002 (inclusive), it is copyrighted according to the ''longer of'' the [[#Current standard copyright duration in US law|standard US rules]], or until the end of 2047. ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 3/Sections 302 and 303|17 USC 303]])
**If never published, or published after 2002, the work is copyrighted according to the [[#Current standard copyright duration in US law|standard US rules]].
*Unpublished works created in 1978 or later are subject to the [[#Current standard copyright duration in US law|standard US rules]].

=== Artworks ===
:'''In short: Artworks are likely to remain unpublished long after their creation date. A date of publication must be ascertained to establish PD status.'''
Another important class of possible unpublished works are ''artworks'', in particular ''paintings''. Because an artwork is ''not'' published by being exhibited, and also neither by being created or sold, one needs to know when reproductions of the artwork (photos, postcards, lithographs, casts of statues, and so on) were first published. That constitutes publication of the artwork, and from then on, the work is subject to all the rules for published works. 

For most artworks, a year is usually given, but this is normally the year the work was made, ''not'' the year it was published. Figuring out whether and if so when a particular painting was published can be difficult. 

In the case that an artwork created before 1978 is not published until 2003 or later, it comes into the public domain 70 years after the author's death. However, if it is first published between 1978 and 2002 (inclusive), it will still be copyrighted in the US until the end of 2047.

Proof of publication is mandatory; uploaders making a &quot;public domain&quot; claim on (a reproduction of) an artwork are ''required'' to prove with verifiable details that the work was first published before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, or first published after 2003 with an artist who died more than 70 years ago. To show that a work was published, one could look for printed works that contained reproductions of the artwork: art prints, art books, a ''[[catalogue raisonné]]'' of the artist's works, exhibition catalogs, and so on (although it is not clear when publishing a thumbnail constitutes publication of the original work). Reasonable effort should be made to find the earliest publication. If any is found from before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, that's good enough and the work is in the public domain. Remember, though, that &quot;publication&quot; means &quot;lawful publication&quot;, which implies the consent of the author of the original.

If only a publication of {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} or later can be asserted, the work should not be assumed to be in the public domain without evidence. If it was published before 1978 and had no [[#Published works|copyright notice]] or if it was published before 1964 and the copyright was not renewed it should be in the public domain. Works published abroad rarely complied with US formalities but may still be copyrighted if they were copyrighted in their home country on January 1, 1996, when the [[URAA]] restored copyrights in foreign works.

=== Country-specific rules for unpublished works ===
:'''In short: These rules vary greatly.'''
The Berne Convention leaves it to any signatory country to make its own rules regarding unpublished anonymous works (see §15(4)). Unpublished works by a ''known'' author, however, are subject to the same minimum protection (50 years p.m.a) as published works. But this is only a minimum protection. Individual countries can and do make their own rules regarding unpublished works, and often go beyond this minimum. Some cases to illustrate the possible complexities are:

*In the countries of the [[European Union]], a publisher who publishes a previously unpublished work is granted the [[publication right]] on the work for a period of 25 years beginning with the eventual publication. This publication right is basically a copyright minus the [[moral rights]], which are always granted to the author only.
*In Germany, a work of the [[fine art]]s (such as a painting) is considered &quot;published&quot; if the original or a copy was permanently made available to the general public with the consent of the rights holder. (&quot;Permanently&quot; means &quot;with the intent to be accessible for the normal natural lifetime of the work&quot;, c.f. the [[commons:COM:FOP#Permanent vs temporal|explanation at the Commons]].) Hence works of the fine arts can be &quot;published&quot; even if there are no copies.&lt;ref name=&quot;urhg6&quot;&gt;[http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__6.html German ''Urherberrechtsgesetz'', article 6(2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607080338/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__6.html |date=2007-06-07}}. URL last accessed 2007-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt;
Such cases may be important when trying to determine whether a non-US work was copyrighted on January 1, 1996. See &quot;[[#Country-specific rules|country-specific rules]]&quot; above.

== Sound recordings ==
===US===
:'''In short: As of October 2018, there have been [[Music Modernization Act|significant changes to US sound recording copyright law]]. All sound recordings are now under federal copyright rather than state law, and works published over 100 years ago are in the public domain. ''Foreign'' recordings from 1946 or later are subject to federal copyright.'''

&quot;Sound recording&quot; and &quot;phonorecord&quot; are the terms used in the US federal copyright law for records of music and speech alone, i.e. not together with images: videos, for instance, do not fall in this category. A &quot;phonorecord&quot; is the physical medium (LP, tape, CD, or other) on which a sound recording is fixed. Sound recordings, including digital recordings, are a very complex special case in US copyright law. (Note: although &quot;sound recording&quot; encompasses also non-musical sounds, the topic is discussed here in the context of music recordings without loss of generality.)

A sound recording is different from a musical work. A musical work would be a composition (notes and words). Publicly performing a musical work does not constitute &quot;publication&quot; in the sense of the copyright law. (Presumably, a musical work is published when the score sheets are published.) The publication of a sound recording before January 1, 1978, does not constitute publication of an underlying musical or dramatic or literary work ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap3.html#303 17 USC 303(b)]).&lt;ref name=&quot;FL_Gulf_Coast_Univ-Lib_Services-Copyr&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://library.fgcu.edu/CSD/Policies/copyrigh.htm |title=Library Services - Copyright Policy |publisher=[[Florida Gulf Coast University]] |date=1998-12-11 |access-date=2012-09-03 |archive-date=2012-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604170604/http://library.fgcu.edu/CSD/Policies/copyrigh.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Making a sound recording of a performance of a musical work requires the permission of the performer. ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap11.html#1101 17 USC 1101]) Performing a musical work requires the authorization of the copyright holder of that musical work. ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#106 17 USC 106(4)]) Distributing phonorecords made from a performance of a musical work also requires the authorization of the copyright holder of the work performed ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#106 17 USC 106(3)]). A sound recording is copyrighted separately from the musical work it records. Publicly distributing phonorecords of the sound recording constitutes publication of the sound recording. ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#101 17 USC 101])

So there are four different copyrights to be considered for a sound recording:
*The copyright of the composer
*The copyright of the texter, if any
*The copyright of the performer, and
*The copyright of the producer of the record
In the case of broadcasts, there's also the copyright of the broadcaster on the broadcast to consider. The copyrights of performers/record producers/broadcasters are called the &quot;[[neighbouring rights]]&quot; or &quot;related rights&quot; in many countries. ''All'' of these have to have expired before the work enters the public domain.

As of January 2025, there have been significant changes to US sound recording copyright as a result of the [[Music Modernization Act]] (see [https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/09/new-music-modernization-act-has-major-fix-older-recordings-wll-belong-public] and [https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1551/text]). Prior to the passage of the law, sound recordings made before February 15, 1972, were not covered by US federal copyright law, but were subject to state laws instead, effectively meaning that no sound recordings could be considered to be in the public domain, no matter how old. Under the Music Modernization Act, the situation is as follows:
* ''Works published prior to 1925 entered the public domain on January 1, 2025.''
* ''Works published 1925–1946 will enter the public domain 100 years after the publication date.''
* ''Works published 1947–1956 will enter the public domain 110 years after the publication date.''
* ''Works published 1957–February 14, 1972, will enter the public domain on February 15, 2067.''

&lt;!-- Old text for the situation prior to the MMA:
&lt;s&gt;Sound recordings made before February 15, 1972, are ''not'' covered by US federal copyright law[http://www.clir.org/PUBS/reports/pub135/contents.html]. They are, however, subject to US state common or statutory laws until February 15, 2067.{{ref|date2067|†}} On that date, federal copyright law will preempt state law, i.e., federal law will supersede any state laws in matters concerning the copyright of such sound recordings, and such sound recordings will then enter the public domain in the US, as federal law explicitly states that no such recordings &quot;shall be subject to copyright under this title before, on, or after&quot; that date. ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap3.html#301 17 USC 301(c)]) (Note that certain sound recordings of foreign origin may be subject to federal copyright instead of state copyright due to the URAA. This issue is mentioned in more detail later in this section.)&lt;/s&gt;

&lt;s&gt;State law and/or common law copyrights on sound recordings do ''not'' always incorporate the same limitations and formalities of federal copyright law, so state copyrights may apply even when a sound recording is extremely old (i.e. a cylinder recording from the late 1800s) or if a recording was publicly released in noncompliance with copyright formalities (i.e. no copyright notice or registration or renewal).&lt;ref name=&quot;economist_sound_recordings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/sound-recordings |publisher=[[The Economist]] |date=2011-06-21 |title=Sound recordings: The sound of silence |access-date=2012-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the most part, state laws on sound recording copyright specify that the right of reproduction belongs to the party who possesses the master recording(s).&lt;ref name=&quot;economist_sound_recordings&quot;/&gt; The Podcasting Legal Guide from the Creative Commons wiki claims that the applicable state law for a recording that was produced before February 15, 1972, is usually the law of the state where the recording was made.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/index.php?title=Podcasting_Legal_Guide&amp;oldid=21175#Two_Types_Of_Works_Involved_In_A_Copyrighted_Song. |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |date=2009-02-27 |access-date=2012-09-06 |title=Podcasting Legal Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/s&gt;

Sound recordings made on or after February 15, 1972, ''are'' covered by 17 USC (that is, the federal copyright law), and state law is irrelevant for such later recordings.
--&gt;
On an international level, sound recordings are ''not'' covered by the Berne Convention. §2(1) of the Berne Convention only lists musical works, but not recordings of performances of such. Internationally, sound recordings are brought under the auspices of copyright protection by the [[Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations|Rome Convention]], the [[WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty|WPPT]], and the [[Geneva Phonograms Convention]] (in full: &quot;[http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/phonograms/index.html Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms]&quot;). The US has never signed the Rome Convention, but has signed and ratified the WPPT (entry in force in the US was on March 20, 2002). Additionally, the US has ratified the Phonograms Convention in 1973, it entered in force on March 10, 1974.

An illustrative case in the US showing some of the complexities of determining the copyright status of even old recordings is ''[https://www.law.cornell.edu/nyctap/I05_0027.htm Capitol Records v. Naxos of America]'', decided by the [[New York Court of Appeals]], the highest court of the state of New York, on April 5, 2005. Briefly, that decision about old recordings that were made in the [[United Kingdom]] in the 1930s and that had entered the public domain there in the 1980s (50 years after their creation) stated that these were still eligible for copyright protection under the common law of the state of New York, even though they were in the public domain in the UK prior to January 1, 1996, and thus not eligible for copyright restoration under the URAA. The reason given was precisely that records from the 1930s were not covered by federal law and the URAA and its cut-off date did not apply to state law.

Despite sound recordings not being covered by the Berne Convention, and despite the fact that the US in 1996 was a member of neither the Rome Convention nor the WPPT, the [[URAA]] ''does'' cover sound recordings ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Section 104A|17 USC 104A(h)(6)]], in particular sub-points (C)(iii) and (E)). The usual copyright term for performances/records/broadcasts in many non-US countries is 50 years, counted from the creation (performance, fixation of the record, original broadcast), but if the performance or record is published within these 50 years, the term runs until the end of 50 years after that first publication. (The minimum term defined in the Rome Convention is just 20 years, but many countries go further.) As a result, the URAA generally restored ''federal'' copyright on foreign sound recordings made 1946 or later, even though domestic records from 1946&amp;ndash;1971 do not benefit from such federal copyright. As far as ''foreign'' records are concerned, common law copyright applies only to pre-1946 records. Later records are covered by federal law. And, as the ''Capitol v. Naxos'' case showed, absence of federal copyright due to non-restoration does not mean the foreign recording were in the public domain in the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;besek&quot;&gt;Besek, June M.: ''[http://www.clir.org/PUBS/abstract/pub135abst.html Copyright Issues Relevant to Digital Preservation and Dissemination of Pre-1972 Commercial Sound Recordings by Libraries and Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824063251/http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub135abst.html |date=2007-08-24}}'', CLIR pub. #135, December 2005, {{ISBN|1-932326-23-5}}. URL last accessed 2007-08-23. See in particular p.&amp;nbsp;18f on restoration of foreign sound recordings, and footnote 88 on p.&amp;nbsp;31 for evidence that ''all'' four (or five) different copyrights need to have expired.&lt;/ref&gt;

:&lt;small&gt;{{note|date2067|†}} That date originally was February 15, 2047 (75 years after 1972), but was extended by 20 years in 1998 by the [[CTEA]].&lt;/small&gt;

===UK===
In the United Kingdom, the copyright of a sound recording expires 50 years after it was made. However, from 1 November 2013, the copyright of a sound recording expires 70 years from the end of the year of publication, when it was first played in public or communicated to the public, whichever event occurred first.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/copy/c-duration/c-soundrecordings.htm |title=Sound Recordings |access-date=2010-02-17 |archive-date=2010-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405132911/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/copy/c-duration/c-soundrecordings.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prior to November 2013, the copyright of a sound recording expired 50 years from the end of the year of publication, when it was first played in public or communicated to the public, whichever event occurred first. Therefore, any work which copyright expired on 1 January 2013 or prior will not be affected and remain in the public domain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/pro-types/pro-copy/c-policy/c-policy-copyterm.htm |title=Term of protection for sound recordings and performers' rights |access-date=2014-04-09 |archive-date=2013-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223101833/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/pro-types/pro-copy/c-policy/c-policy-copyterm.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Movies ==
:'''In short: many movies are ''[[commons:COM:DW|derivative works]]'' of other, pre-existing works. They enter the public domain only when the copyrights on the movie ''and'' those on the underlying base work(s) have expired.'''
Movies are called &quot;motion pictures&quot; in the US Copyright law and belong to the class of &quot;audiovisual works&quot;. A movie comprises both the sequence of images and the accompanying sound, if any.&lt;ref&gt;[[wikisource:Page:H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476 (1976) Page 056.djvu|Copyright Law Revision (House Report No. 94-1476) (1976), page 56]] from the [[US House of Representatives]]&lt;/ref&gt; (Incidentally, a movie soundtrack is ''not'' a &quot;sound recording&quot;, 17 USC 101.) They are subject to the same copyright rules as other works, with a few extras. Among the exclusive rights of the copyright holder on a movie are the rights to display publicly the movie ''or individual images from it''. Therefore, even the display of a single frame from a movie is subject to the copyright on the film.

For movies, the question of whether a movie is a published work may arise, because public showings in theaters do not constitute publication. At the same time, the process of disseminating a movie involves (or used to involve) a distributor placing copies of the movie in its branch offices (which were sometimes called &quot;exchanges&quot; or &quot;regional exchanges&quot;) from where they would be rented to exhibitors.&lt;ref name=&quot;stephen_fishman_2012_p174&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |last=Fishman |first=Stephen |year=2012 |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/174 174] |isbn=9781413317213 |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |access-date=2012-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to legal writer Stephen Fishman, the legal consensus is that a movie is published for the purpose of copyright once the distributor has made copies available in its exchanges.&lt;ref name=&quot;stephen_fishman_2012_p174&quot;/&gt; In particular, there is the court case ''American Vitagraph, Inc. v Levy'', 659 F.2d 1023 (9th Cir. 1981). As such, a film that has been distributed and then shown in movie theaters to the general public can be treated as being published.

The matter of movies is complicated when the movie itself is a derivative work of some earlier work, for instance a previously published novel. As with all derivative works, the copyright on both the derivative and the underlying base work must have expired before the film is truly in the public domain. If only the rights on the film have expired, publication of the movie is still subject to the consent of the rights holder of the underlying work.

:&quot;In ''Russell v. Price'', 612 F.2d 1123,1128 (9th Cir. 1979), the court held that copyright owners of [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s play ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'', which was still covered by copyright, could prevent distribution of the film version of the play, even though the film had fallen into the public domain. Similarly, in ''Filmvideo Releasing Corp. v. Hastings'', 668 F.2d 91,92 (2d Cir. 1981), the court held that even though films based on the ''[[Hopalong Cassidy]]'' stories had fallen into the public domain, a license for television exhibition had to be obtained from the owners of the copyrights in the underlying books, which were still protected by copyright.&quot;
::Quoted from Besek, footnote 88 on page 31.&lt;ref name=&quot;besek&quot;/&gt;

A similar case occurred with the film ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'', which was thought to be in the public domain when its copyright owner failed to renew its copyright in 1974. However, in 1993, the copyright owner determined that it still held the rights to the underlying story.&lt;ref name=&quot;ochoa&quot;&gt;Ochoa, T.: ''[http://www3.wcl.american.edu/cni/0202/30327.html Re: Films in Public Domain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725004552/http://www3.wcl.american.edu/cni/0202/30327.html |date=2010-07-25}}'', E-Mail to listserv, February 27, 2002; citing Steven Mitchell Schiffman, ''Movies in the Public Domain: A Threatened Species'' 20 Columbia-VLA J. L. Arts 663, 671-72 (1996) and Debra L. Quentel, ''&quot;Bad Artists Copy. Good Artists Steal&quot;: The ugly Conflict between Copyright Law and Appropriationism'', 4 UCLA Ent. L. Rev. 39, 47 n.46 (1996). URL last accessed 2007-08-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

The situation gets even more confusing if the effects of renewals are taken into account. In particular, what about the status of derivative works created during the base work's initial copyright term, ''i.e.'', created before the renewal of the copyright on base work? In 1990, the US [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] ruled in ''Stewart v. Abend'' (495 U.S. 207 (1990)) that the continued exhibition and distribution of the [[Alfred Hitchcock|Hitchcock]] movie ''[[Rear Window]]'' was a copyright infringement on an underlying short story, on which the copyright had been renewed. On the other hand, this applies only to ''explicit'' copyright renewals, i.e. all pre-1964 renewals and those made voluntarily after 1964. As per [[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 3/Sections 304 and 305|17 USC 304(a)(4)(A)]], it does ''not'' apply to automatic copyright renewals (since 1964).&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_movie_renwal&quot;&gt;Gorman, R. A.: ''[http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/$file/copyright.pdf Copyright Law, 2nd ed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926003813/http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/%24file/copyright.pdf |date=2007-09-26}}'', US [[Federal Judicial Center]], June 19, 2006. Sub-section &quot;Derivative works prepared during the initial term&quot;, pp.&amp;nbsp;60&amp;ndash;62. URL last accessed 2007-08-27.&lt;/ref&gt; See also ''[http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ15.html Circular 15: Renewal of Copyright] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829181711/http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ15.html |date=2007-08-29 }}'' by the US Copyright Office.

Other issues that may arise with movies include the situation where a movie's footage shows items of preexisting artwork that are copyrighted separately from the movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |last=Fishman |first=Stephen  |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/186 186] |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |access-date=2012-08-30 |year=2012|isbn=9781413317213 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (In some circumstances, such as if the artwork appears momentarily or is obscured or out of focus such that it is unidentifiable, the depiction of the artwork may be permissible under fair use.) In addition, though publication of a movie also constitutes publication of the underlying screenplay elements that the movie incorporates (see ''Shoptalk, Ltd. v Concorde-New Horizons, Corp.'', 168 F.3d 586 (2d Cir. 1999) and ''Batjac Productions, Inc. v Goodtimes Home Video Corp.'', 160 F.3d 1223 (9th Cir. 1998)),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |last=Fishman |first=Stephen  |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/181 181] |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |access-date=2012-08-30 |year=2012|isbn=9781413317213 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it is not legally clear as to whether the publication of a movie constitutes publication of musical works that are included in the audio portion of the movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |last=Fishman |first=Stephen  |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/183 183] |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |access-date=2012-08-30 |year=2012|isbn=9781413317213 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Note that in most countries, all this is not an issue at all. As movies are granted the same copyrights with the same terms as the underlying work(s), the copyright on the underlying work typically expires first. But in the US, it is quite possible that the copyright on a movie was not renewed (or the movie was published without copyright notice) while the book on which it is based was properly copyrighted and renewed. In such cases, the movie will be in the public domain only when the book is in the public domain, too.

=== Animated movies (cartoons) ===
:'''In short: Cartoons (animated movies or comic strips) enter the public domain only when the copyrights on both the movie or strip ''and'' the character have expired.'''
With cartoons, a slightly different issue may arise. Cartoon characters are, themselves, objects of copyright,&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_cartoon&quot;&gt;Gorman, R. A.: ''[http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/$file/copyright.pdf Copyright Law, 2nd ed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926003813/http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/%24file/copyright.pdf |date=2007-09-26}}'', US [[Federal Judicial Center]], June 19, 2006. Section &quot;Pictorial and literary characters&quot;, p.&amp;nbsp;50. URL last accessed 2007-08-27.&lt;/ref&gt; as they themselves are works of art and not a phenomenon of nature. The most famous example is, most likely, [[Mickey Mouse]]. He appeared in 1928 in the animated movies ''[[Plane Crazy]]'' and ''[[Steamboat Willie]]'', and was copyrighted at that time. The copyright was properly renewed and, because of the terms of the [[Copyright Term Extension Act]], its copyright ran for 95 years since the original publication and expired at the end of 2023. The Mickey Mouse case is complicated even more because the character has become a trademark of [[The Walt Disney Company]], which means that even &quot;fair use&quot; of the character must be carefully evaluated to avoid [[trademark infringement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;moffat&quot;&gt;Moffat, V.: ''[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=972358 Mutant Copyrights and Backdoor Patents: The Problem of Overlapping Intellectual Property Protection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013232842/http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=972358 |date=2007-10-13}}'', Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Vol. 19, 2004, pp.&amp;nbsp;1474&amp;ndash;1532. ([http://btlj.boalt.org/data/articles/19-4_fall-2004_6-moffat.pdf Alternate link to full article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626180848/http://btlj.boalt.org/data/articles/19-4_fall-2004_6-moffat.pdf |date=2006-06-26}})&lt;/ref&gt;

Similar to the above, an animated movie enters the public domain only when the copyrights on both the movie ''and'' the character have expired. Even if there were a ''Mickey Mouse'' movie that was not under copyright due to non-renewal or other reasons, that movie was not the public domain until the end of 2023, when the copyrights on ''Plane Crazy'', ''Steamboat Willie'' and on ''Mickey Mouse'' expired.

The same applies, of course, to other cartoon characters such as [[Donald Duck]], or the [[Warner Bros.]] characters such as [[Daffy Duck]]. It also applies to [[comic strips]] and comics characters, such as [[Superman]].

== TV shows ==
Many TV shows may in fact be unpublished works for the purpose of copyright because wireless broadcast does not constitute publication. In addition, it is not clear as to whether [[Syndication (television)|syndication]] of a TV show constitutes publication for the purpose of copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;stephen_fishman_2012_p189&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |last=Fishman |first=Stephen  |year=2012 |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/189 189] |isbn=9781413317213 |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |access-date=2012-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two rulings from US federal trial courts (''Paramount Pictures Corp. v Rubinowitz'', 217 U.S.P.Q. 48 (E.D. N.Y., 1981) and ''NBC v Sonneoborn'', 630 F.Supp 524 (D. Conn, 1985)) held that syndication of TV shows under restrictive agreements did not constitute publication, though it is not clear as to whether other courts would come to the same decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;stephen_fishman_2012_p189&quot;/&gt;

== Photographs of buildings ==
:'''In short: Photographs of civilian buildings from public places are OK in many, but not all, countries.'''
Buildings are works subject to copyright in the US according to [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#102 17 USC 102(a)(8)] since the [http://www.djc.com/news/ae/11151054.html Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act] was passed in 1990. It applies to all buildings that were completed (not begun) after December 1, 1990, or where the plans were published after that date. However, the US federal copyright law explicitly exempts photographs of such copyrighted buildings from the copyright of the building in [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#120 17 USC 120(a)]. Anyone may take photographs of buildings from public places. The photographer holds the exclusive copyright to such an image (the architect or owner of the building has no say whatsoever), and may publish the image in any way. In German copyright law, this is called ''&quot;[[:de:Panoramafreiheit|Panoramafreiheit]]&quot;''. Not all countries recognize this right; in France and Greece for instance, there is no such [[freedom of panorama]] and thus the copyright holder of a building has the right to control the distribution of photographs of the building.

17 USC 120 applies only to architectural works, not to other works of visual art, such as statues. In many other countries, this freedom of panorama extends also to works of the visual arts that are permanently located in public places, but that is not the case in the United States. In many countries, taking photographs of military installations is also illegal or it is illegal to reproduce cultural heritage without the permission of its owner (but that prohibition is independent of copyright).

:''See also the [[:commons:Commons:Freedom of panorama|list of panorama freedom legislation around the world]] at the Commons.''

== Derived works and restorations of works in the public domain ==
:'''In short: These may give rise to new copyright on the new work, but not on the public domain original.'''
[[File:Vietnam child soldier.jpg|thumb|This image has been heavily postprocessed by a Wikipedia editor to restore it from a very badly deteriorated original. Although the technical work was intricate and involved many choices to be made, the creator of the digitally restored image does not think he'd have a copyright on the restored version as it is not the result of original, creative input of his. Both the original (as a work of a US Army soldier in service) and the restored image are in the public domain.]]
A work that is derived or adapted from a public domain work can itself be protected by copyright only to the extent that the derived work contains elements of originality contributed by the author of the derived work. For example, an abstract painting of a famous photograph would be protectable, as is the distinctive rendition of the ''[[Star Spangled Banner]]'' performed by [[Jimi Hendrix]]. The protection available to these works does not remove the underlying work from the public domain, and the author of the derivation has no cause of action against another person who makes a derivation of the same public domain work.

A work that is merely a &quot;slavish copy&quot;, or even a restoration of an original public domain work is ''not'' subject to copyright protection. In the case of ''Hearn v. Meyer'', 664 F. Supp 832 (S.D.N.Y. 1987), an illustrator attempted unsuccessfully to claim copyright on his restored versions of original ''Wizard of Oz'' illustrations. The illustrations were in the public domain, and the court found that the act of rendering them with bolder and more vibrant colors was not an original contribution sufficient to remove the restored works from the public domain.

The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] has explicitly rejected difficulty of labor or expense as a consideration in copyrightability in ''[[Feist v. Rural]]''. See also &quot;[[#Non-creative works|Non-creative works]]&quot; above.

{{See also|Threshold of originality|Sweat of the brow}}

== Public records ==
:'''In short: being in the public record generally has no bearing on the copyright status of an item. Works in the public record may or may not be copyrighted.'''
[[Public record]]s are ''not'' necessarily in the public domain. Citizens generally have the right to ''access'' many items in the government's public records, but this right to access does not include a right to republish or redistribute the works so accessed. In general, copyright is neither lost nor waived when a work becomes part of the public record. Being in the public record and copyright are two independent concepts. Uses of works from the public record must comply with copyright law.&lt;ref name=&quot;publ_rec&quot;&gt;Davis, Karen: ''[http://www.in.gov/pac/informal/2005/Lt.Governor_inquiry_by_Chad_Frahm_re_Tourism_photos.pdf Guidance Regarding the Use of Copyrighted Material Under the Access to Public Records Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328083035/http://www.in.gov/pac/informal/2005/Lt.Governor_inquiry_by_Chad_Frahm_re_Tourism_photos.pdf |date=2007-03-28}}'', Public Access Counselor, US State of [[Indiana]], October 31, 2005. URL last accessed 2006-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

Many items in the US public records are in the public domain as [[#U.S. government works|works of the US federal government]], such as court decisions by federal courts. The constitution and statutes of some states, such as [[Template:PD-CAGov|California]] and [[Template:PD-FLGov|Florida]], ''generally'' do not permit public records to be copyrighted.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.2dca.org/opinions/Opinion_Pages/Opinion_Page_2004/December/December%2001,%202004/2D03-3346.pdf ''Microdecisions, Inc. v. Skinner''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406114316/http://www.2dca.org/opinions/Opinion_Pages/Opinion_Page_2004/December/December%2001,%202004/2D03-3346.pdf |date=2011-04-06}}, Case no. 2D03-3346, Florida Court of Appeal, Second District (Dec. 1, 2004), construing Florida Statutes § [http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&amp;Search_String=&amp;URL=Ch0119/SEC07.HTM&amp;Title=-%3E2008-%3ECh0119-%3ESection%2007#0119.07 119.07] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613213654/http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&amp;Search_String=&amp;URL=Ch0119%2FSEC07.HTM&amp;Title=-%3E2008-%3ECh0119-%3ESection%2007#0119.07 |date=2019-06-13}}. See [[Microdecisions, Inc. v. Skinner]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.flsenate.gov/data/Publications/2006/Senate/reports/interim_reports/pdf/2006-217go.pdf Florida senate committee report On public records and copyright] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624104136/http://www.flsenate.gov/data/Publications/2006/Senate/reports/interim_reports/pdf/2006-217go.pdf |date=2009-06-24}}, September 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; Other kinds of works in the public record (third-party works, works and software created by contractors for a state or local government) may be copyrighted, though;&lt;ref name=&quot;state_pubs&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;contractors&quot;/&gt; even when they have become part of the public record.

In the [[United Kingdom]], many items in the public records ''are'' copyrighted. Official works in the UK are under [[Crown copyright]], and this copyright subsists if the item was published before it was placed in a public record repository. Only for works that were placed in such repositories without having been published before, the Crown waives its copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;opsi&quot;&gt;UK [[Office of Public Sector Information]]: ''[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/advice/crown-copyright/copyright-guidance/copyright-in-public-records.htm Copyright in Public Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212112200/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/advice/crown-copyright/copyright-guidance/copyright-in-public-records.htm |date=2007-02-12}}'', November 30, 2006. URL last accessed 2006-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{See also|Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Avoid misuse of primary sources}}

== Copyright restorations ==
:'''In short: Works that were already out of copyright may sometimes become copyrighted again!'''
Common sense would suggest that once the copyright of a particular work has expired in a country and it had thus entered the public domain in that country, it would always remain in the public domain there. Unfortunately, this is not always true. It is possible that the copyright laws of a country are changed such that works already out of copyright under the old law ''become copyrighted again'' under the new law. Such ''copyright restorations'' complicate considerably the matter of deciding whether a work is indeed in the public domain.

There are several examples of such laws restoring copyrights. In the EU, the [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection]], which is ''binding'' for all EU members and which became effective on July 1, 1995, makes any work that was copyrighted in at least one EU member on January 1, 1995, copyrighted in ''all'' EU members, even if that work's copyright had already expired there (see [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0098:EN:HTML §10(2)] of the directive). Because Spain has had a strict copyright law with a long copyright term of 70 years p.m.a. (or even 80 years for some time) and no rule of the shorter term since 1879, this effectively means that throughout the EU, one has to apply 70 years p.m.a., irrespective of shorter terms that may have existed in historic laws of a particular EU member. For an example of this, see the case of German [[#German World War II images|World War II images]] below. In the US, the [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38b.pdf Uruguay Round Agreement Act (URAA)] mentioned above is another such copyright restoration to the US copyright law. It suddenly makes works copyrighted in the US that previously were in the public domain there. Examples of such copyright restorations also exist in other countries.

Such copyright restorations typically are ''not'' ''[[ex post facto]]'' laws. (Briefly, an ''ex post facto'' law is one that retroactively criminalizes or punishes more severely acts done before the law was passed.) The EU directive explicitly says in [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0098:EN:HTML §10(3)] that the directive ''&quot;shall be without prejudice to any acts of exploitation performed before the...''[effective date, i.e. July 1, 1995]''. Member States shall adopt the necessary provisions to protect in particular acquired rights of third parties.&quot;'' The URAA, to take the other example discussed above, only makes ''continued or new'' unlicensed uses of works whose copyright has been restored a copyright violation. Unlicensed earlier publications of the work (while it was still in the public domain in the US) are ''not'' punished &quot;after the fact&quot;, i.e. ''ex post facto''. For continued uses, [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A] requires even that the holder of the restored copyright file a so-called &quot;Notice of Intent to Enforce Restored Copyrights&quot; (in short: NIE) with the US Copyright Office for such continued uses to be considered copyright infringements (see 17 USC 104A(c)). For existing derivative works, 17 USC 104A(d)(3) stipulates that a &quot;reasonable compensation&quot; must be paid for continued use.

Because the URAA became effective only on January 1, 1996 (half a year after the EU directive), any copyrights restored in the EU by the directive also became restored in the US.

=== Countries without copyright treaties with the US ===
{{see also|Template:Non-free no treaty}}
:'''In short: Use such works under a &quot;public domain&quot; claim ''only if'' the copyright in the country of origin has expired. Do not include those in Wikipedia without discussing at talk page first.'''
According to [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.pdf Circular 38a] of the US Copyright Office, as of January 2021, [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]] have no copyright relations with the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;no_copyr_relations&quot;&gt;As of January 2021, the status of [[East Timor]], [[Palau]], [[Somalia]] and [[South Sudan]] is stated as &quot;unclear&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Works published in one of these countries by a resident citizen of that country thus are not copyrighted in the United States, irrespective of the local copyright laws of these countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;no_copyr_relations_2&quot;&gt;[http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm Peter Hirtle's chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825165033/http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm |date=2017-08-25}} specifies the condition that a work has been produced by &quot;a resident of&quot; a country without copyright relations and published in that country. Stephen Fishman's [https://books.google.com/books?id=wy8oMwYaSbEC&amp;lpg=PP6&amp;pg=PA351#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &quot;Public Domain&quot; book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219030355/https://books.google.com/books?id=wy8oMwYaSbEC&amp;lpg=PP6&amp;pg=PA351#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |date=2021-02-19}} (Nolo, 2012, pg. 351) specifies the condition that a work has been published in a country without copyright relations and that the publication have been done by a citizen of that country.&lt;/ref&gt;

On Wikipedia, such works may be used under a &quot;public domain&quot; claim ''only'' if their copyright in the country of origin has expired, even though legally the work is in the public domain in the US.&lt;ref&gt;See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-August/027373.html 2005 statement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115004346/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-August/027373.html |date=2015-11-15}} by [[Jimbo Wales]], and the [[Wikipedia_talk:Copyrights/Archive_14#RfC:_What_to_do_with_respect_to_the_copyright_of_countries_with_which_the_US_does_not_have_copyright_relations|2012 RFC]] confirming this position.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it also avoids future problems with images on Wikipedia if some of these countries should enter a copyright treaty with the US, because then suddenly such works will become copyrighted in the US by virtue of the URAA (see above) if they are still copyrighted in their country of origin. Previously uploaded images might then have to be reevaluated. As an example, consider [[Iraq]], which is a [[WTO]] [http://www.wto.int/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm observer] and is in the process of [http://www.wto.int/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_iraq_e.htm applying for WTO membership]. If and when Iraq does become a WTO member, the URAA suddenly will apply, and Iraqi works that are copyrighted in Iraq at that time will become copyrighted in the US.

== Example cases ==

=== German World War II images ===
{{see also|Template:PD-US-alien property}}
The issue of German photographs from World War II has created some confusion. Are they still copyrighted? What about governmental images (such as propaganda)? What about images seized by Nazi Germany?

The copyright situation in Germany concerning such images is in itself confusing. Originally, these images were subject to the 1907 ''[http://www.fotorecht.de/publikationen/kug.html Kunsturhebergesetz (KUG)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231025518/http://www.fotorecht.de/publikationen/kug.html |date=2012-12-31 }}'', which provided for a copyright term for photographs of 10 years from publication, or 25 years p.m.a. for unpublished works. In 1940, the ''KUG'' was modified to provide a copyright term of 25 years from publication, also applicable to all works that were either still unpublished or still copyright protected (§26). In 1965, the first version of the German ''[http://www.urheberrecht.org/law/normen/urhg/1965-09-09/text/bgbl_I_1273_01_07_p64-69.php3 Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG)]'' became effective, again with a copyright term for photographs of 25 years from publication, or 25 years from creation, if the image had not been published in that time (§68). As a result, copyright on photographs from the World War II expired at the end of 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;seiler&quot;&gt;Rechtsanwalt D. Seiler: ''[http://www.fotorecht.de/publikationen/schutzfrist.html Fotografien und urheberrechtliche Schutzfristen]''. URL last accessed 2008-09-16. The distinction in German copyright law between photographic ''works'' (''Lichtbildwerk'', copyrighted for 70 years ''p.m.a.)'', and simple photographs (''Lichtbild'', copyrighted for 50 years from creation or publication) was only introduced in 1985: [http://www.urheberrecht.org/law/normen/urhg/1985-06-24/materialien/bgbl_I_1137.php3#1985_I_1137 Gesetz zur Änderung von Vorschriften auf dem Gebiet des Urheberrechts vom 24. Juni 1985] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829204923/http://www.urheberrecht.org/law/normen/urhg/1985-06-24/materialien/bgbl_I_1137.php3#1985_I_1137 |date=2008-08-29}}, BGBl. I Nr. 33 vom 27.6.1985, S. 1137. [[Directive 93/98/EEC|EU directive 93/98/EEC]] had the effect of making most photos qualify as photographic ''works''. See Seiler on this.&lt;/ref&gt;

However, with the 1993 EU [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection]], which became effective in Germany on July 1, 1995, and is implemented in German law in [http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__137f.html §137f], these works suddenly became copyright protected ''again'', until 70 years p.m.a! This was caused by Spain's longer copyright term of 80 years ''p.m.a.'' (see [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection#Copyright restoration|section on copyright restoration]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Spain&quot;&gt;See the [http://www.derecho-internet.org/node/365 1879 copyright law of Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211102143/http://www.derecho-internet.org/node/365 |date=2012-02-11}}: the 80-year term remained valid even in the [http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/es/es/es015es.html 1987 copyright law] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20041128182219/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/es/es/es015es.html |date=2004-11-28}} (transitional provisions, article 1(2)) and in the [http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/es/es070en.html 1996 copyright law] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20050228095358/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/es/es070en.html |date=2005-02-28}}, which implemented that EU directive (transitional provisions, fourth article).&lt;/ref&gt; This suddenly superseded Germany's old &quot;25 years&quot;-rule that had governed World War II images. As a result, an image published in 1943 that had been in the public domain in Germany since 1968 became copyrighted again in 1995 with the EU term of 70y p.m.a.&lt;ref name=&quot;olg_hh&quot;&gt;[[:s:de:Oberlandesgericht Hamburg - U-Boot Foto 1941|Oberlandesgericht Hamburg, decision 5 U 159/03, March 3, 2004]]: The copyright on a German photograph of a surfacing submarine, taken in 1941 and published in 1943, had expired in Germany at the end of 1968. However, the image was re-copyrighted by [http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__137f.html §137f] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825145259/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__137f.html |date=2006-08-25}} implementing the [[Directive 93/98/EEC|EU directive 93/98/EEC]] because it was still copyrighted in Spain on July 1, 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;

As a result, such images were copyright protected on January 1, 1996&lt;ref name=&quot;uraa_wwii&quot;&gt;See the section explaining the [[#Country-specific rules|URAA]] above.&lt;/ref&gt; (which is the critical date as far as US copyright law is concerned), and therefore, they ''are copyrighted even in the US.'' 

The situation of German World War II photographs found in US governmental archives is controversial. They might fall (in the US only) under [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/104A#a_2 17 U.S.C. 104A(a)(2)], which exempts from the URAA copyright restorations works on which the copyright was seized and administered by the US Office of the [[Alien Property Custodian]] and on which a restored copyright would be held by a foreign government.&lt;ref name=&quot;fr_63_74&quot;&gt;United States: ''[http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1998/63fr19287.pdf Federal Register Vol. 63, No. 74 / Friday, April 17, 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014074123/https://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1998/63fr19287.pdf |date=October 14, 2017}}'', pp. 19289&amp;ndash;19290. URL last accessed 2007-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt; It is unclear to what works exactly this provision would apply,&lt;ref name=&quot;fr_63_74&quot;/&gt; as it can be argued that copyright of hardly any of the WWII works at all were owned by the German government and the Nazi party, but by private people and organizations. Most of these seized copyrights were returned to their foreign owners in 1962 by public law Pub. L. No. 87–846,&lt;ref name=&quot;fr_63_74&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;patry_twte&quot;&gt;Patry, W.: ''[http://digital-law-online.info/patry/patry7.html Copyright Law and Practice]'', Chapter 1, part 7: &quot;Trading With the Enemy Act&quot;. Bna Books, {{ISBN|0871798549}}. URL last accessed 2007-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt; but on motion pictures, the US retained the right &quot;to reproduce, for its own use, or exhibit any divested copyrighted motion picture films.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;fr_63_74&quot;/&gt; There is also the ''Price vs. United States'' ([[Case citation|69 F.3d 46]]) ruling that at least places serious constraints on the practical enforceability of copyrights on such works in the US.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = David Culbert | title = The Heinrich Hoffmann Photo Archive: Price vs United States (United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, 20 November, 1995) | journal = Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 261–262 | date = June 1997 | doi = 10.1080/01439689700260721}} See also [https://web.archive.org/web/20020602021048/http://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/98-857.pdf Civil Action 98-857] before the US District Court for the District of Columbia, Judge Henry H. Kennedy. Ultimately, the US Supreme Court denied the Hoffmann heirs review of the lower courts' decision in their disfavor. (See the [http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/briefs/2001/0responses/2001-1111.resp.html opinion of the US Solicitor General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126124039/http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/briefs/2001/0responses/2001-1111.resp.html |date=2008-01-26}} and the [{{SCOTUS URL|orders/journal/jnl04.pdf}} Journal of the U.S. Supreme Court, October 2004, p. 298].) URLs last accessed 2007-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] even tags some such images as &quot;© USHMM&quot;. It is also unclear what the US position on &quot;official&quot; images of the Nazi regime is. It should be noted that even the [https://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/art/key-series-descriptions/key-series-descriptions-15.html NARA acknowledges the presence of copyrights] from the war era on some of its holdings remaining with the institutions and individuals who own the artwork, as opposed to their Nazi plunderers.

Another example are German [[newsreel]]s, a kind of weekly news shown in movie theatres before the advent of [[television]]. Most such ''Wochenschau'' films are still copyrighted; the rights are held by Transit Film GmbH in Germany. In the US the copyright on these films from 1914 until the 1940s had expired due to non-compliance with US formalities; the copyright was then restored in 1996 by the URAA on those published after {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}. The Transit Film company then even [http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1998/63fr19287.pdf filed so-called &quot;notices of intent to enforce&quot; (NIEs)] with the US Copyright Office and can now even enforce its copyrights against parties who used their films (rightfully!) before the URAA became effective. The same is also true for most [[Universum Film AG|UFA]] films; the rights holder in this case is the [[Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau]] Foundation [http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1998/63fr19287.pdf]. The song ''[[Lili Marleen]]'' is another such case; the rights holder is Schott Music International [http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1996/61fr68453.html].

In the United Kingdom, confiscated German works brought into the country between September 3, 1939, and July 9, 1951, had all German interests, both physical ownership and intellectual property rights such as copyrights or patents, extinguished by the ''Enemy Property Act'' of 1953. This expropriation affected only the status of such works within the UK; the international rights on German works were left untouched.&lt;ref name=&quot;iwm&quot;&gt;[[Imperial War Museum]]: ''[http://www.iwmcollections.org.uk/common/pdf/FilmTermsConds.pdf Standard Terms and Conditions Governing the Release and Use of Film and Visual Material] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616073048/http://www.iwmcollections.org.uk/common/pdf/FilmTermsConds.pdf |date=2007-06-16}}''. URL last accessed 2007-05-30.&lt;/ref&gt; This act was repealed in 1976, but the copyrights on such seized works were not restored in the UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;best1&quot;&gt;Best, H.: ''[http://www.twobirds.com/English/News/Articles/Pages/2002/GermanFilmsandUKEnemyPropertyAct1953pt1.aspx The spoils of war: German Films and UK Enemy Property Act 1953] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014074119/https://www.twobirds.com/English/News/Articles/Pages/2002/GermanFilmsandUKEnemyPropertyAct1953pt1.aspx |date=2017-10-14}}'', Bird &amp; Bird, January 7, 2002. URL last accessed 2012-08-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;best2&quot;&gt;Best, H: ''[http://www.twobirds.com/English/News/Articles/Pages/2005/Booty_in_the_eye_of_the_beholder.aspx Booty in the eye of the beholder]'', Bird &amp; Bird, February 10, 2005. URL last accessed 2012-08-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Wikipedia:Copyright]]
* [[Wikipedia:Copyright FAQ]]
* [[Wikipedia:Granting work into the public domain]]
* [[Wikipedia:File copyright tags]]
* [[Wikipedia:Public domain resources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Public domain image resources]]
* [[s:Help:Public domain|Wikisource:Help:Public domain]] – determine whether a work is in the public domain and which template to use
* [[Copyfraud]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
General:
*[http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States] copyright.cornell.edu
*[http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704071954/http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm |date=2012-07-04 }} by Peter Hirtle.
*[http://www.mediarights.co.uk/ Sound Recordings and Copyright in the UK]. A guide for those engaged in the restoration of public domain sound recordings.
*[http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=14076&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html Collection of National Copyright Laws] by the [[UNESCO]].
*[http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/clea_adv_search.jsp Collection of Laws for Electronic Access (CLEA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615010654/http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/clea_adv_search.jsp |date=2006-06-15 }} from the [[WIPO]].
*[http://www.ecap-project.org/asean_ip_legislation_international_treaties.html Copyright laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821083354/http://www.ecap-project.org/asean_ip_legislation_international_treaties.html |date=2007-08-21 }} of [[ASEAN]] countries.
*[http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/index.htm Copyright laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213112/http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/index.htm |date=2007-09-27 }} of countries that formerly were part of the [[Soviet Union]].
*[https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.pdf International Copyright Relations of the U.S.] &amp;ndash; Circular 38a of the US Copyright Office.
*[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/copy_and_perms.pdf Copyright guidelines] from the University of Chicago Press.
*[http://english.osu.edu/research/organizations/ijjf/copyrightfaqs.cfm The copyright status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712050055/http://english.osu.edu/research/organizations/ijjf/copyrightfaqs.cfm |date=2010-07-12 }} of the works of [[James Joyce]]. Illustrates some of the complications that may arise.
*Gorman, R.: ''[http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/$file/copyright.pdf Copyright Law], 2nd ed''. US [[Federal Judicial Center]], June 19, 2006. URL last accessed 2006-10-27.
*[http://www.publicdomainday.org/ Public Domain Day]: with many links to useful tools to find and determine PD works
*[http://outofcopyright.eu/calculator.html Public Domain calculator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118120709/http://outofcopyright.eu/calculator.html |date=2015-01-18 }} by Europeana ([http://www.outofcopyright.eu/media.html flowcharts / guiding texts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428130135/http://www.outofcopyright.eu/media.html |date=2014-04-28 }})
*Guadamuz, A. [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2446451 Comparative Analysis of National Approaches on Voluntary Copyright Relinquishment] (2013). 

Copyright renewals in the US:
*[http://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&amp;PAGE=First On-line database] for copyright registrations and renewals in the US since 1978
*[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/cce/ TIFF scans] of the registry of the US Copyright Office 1950–1977, with a bias towards books.
*[[gutenberg:11800|digitized versions]] of the registry of the US Copyright Office 1950–1977, with a bias towards books, hosted by [[Project Gutenberg]].
*[https://collections.stanford.edu/copyrightrenewals/ Searchable database] of the digitized copyright renewal records for books.

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{{Wikipedia subcat guideline|content guideline|Public domain|WP:PD}}
{{Wikipedia copyright}}
For all practical purposes on Wikipedia, the '''public domain''' comprises copyright-free works: anyone can use them in any way and for any purpose. Proper [[Attribution (copyright)|attribution]] to the author or source of a work, even if it is in the public domain, is still required in order to comply with relevant policies.&lt;ref&gt;This is required for Wikipedia to be a reliable encyclopedia, even if it is written by non-experts. See [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]] and [[Wikipedia:No original research]].&lt;/ref&gt;

The public domain is generally defined as the sum of works that are not [[copyright]]ed,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FAQ {{!}} U.S. Copyright Office |url=https://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/faq-definitions.html#public_domain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113122456/https://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/faq-definitions.html#public_domain |archive-date=2025-01-13 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=U.S. Copyright Office |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; i.e.
* that were not eligible for copyright in the first place, or
* whose copyright has expired, or
* that were [[wp:Granting work into the public domain|released into the public domain]] by the copyright holder.

However, there is no such thing as ''the'' public domain on the internet as it is not an entity. International treaties, like the [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]], are not self-executing and do not supersede local law. There is ''no'' globally valid &quot;International Copyright Law&quot; that would take precedence over local laws.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Copyright |url=https://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl100.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926041452/https://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl100.html |archive-date=2018-09-26 |website=[[United States Copyright Office]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, signatory countries of the Berne Convention have adapted their laws to comply with the minimum standards set forth by the treaty, often with ''stronger'' provisions than required. Whether or not something is copyright-free in some country depends on the individual country.

The [[Wikimedia Foundation]], the legal body responsible for Wikipedia, is based in the US state of [[California]]. Although legislation is sometimes unclear about which laws are to apply on the internet, the primary law relevant for Wikipedia is that of the US. For re-users of Wikipedia content, it is the laws of their respective countries.

In the US, any work '''published before January 1, {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}''', ''anywhere in the world''&lt;!--

--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;US1909&quot;&gt;Strictly speaking, only US works published before January 1, {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, and foreign works published in compliance with US formalities (registration, © notice) before that date are in the public domain in the US. For non-US works published ''without'' compliance with US formalities (i.e., without &amp;copy; notice), the situation is a bit more complicated:
*If published before 1909, such works are in the public domain in the US.
*If published between 1909 and {{#expr:{{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}-1}} (inclusive) in a language ''other than English'', the [[United States federal judicial circuits|Ninth Circuit]] has considered them as &quot;unpublished works&quot; according to [http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm#Footnote_12 Peter Hirtle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825165033/http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm#Footnote_12 |date=2017-08-25}} and following the decision of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]] in the case ''[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=9th&amp;navby=case&amp;no=9515250 Twin Books v. Disney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619060947/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=9th&amp;navby=case&amp;no=9515250 |date=2009-06-19}}'' in 1996. The case was about the book [[Bambi, A Life in the Woods]]; the decision is heavily criticized in ''Nimmer on Copyright'' ({{ISBN|0-820-51465-9}}), the standard commentary on US copyright law.
*If published between 1909 and {{#expr:{{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}-1}} (inclusive) in English, they are ''highly likely'' to be PD, given that the aforementioned controversial case was only about a work published in a foreign language.
*Additionally, any work first published outside of the United States without copyright notice before 1989, when the US joined the Berne Convention, is in the public domain in the US if it was in the public domain in its country of origin on the URAA date (in most cases January 1, 1996). See the section on [[#Country-specific rules|country-specific rules]] for more information.
Also, the {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} cut-off date applies only to the US. This means foreign works first published before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} are in the public domain in the US, but may still be copyrighted outside the US.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--

--&gt;is in the '''public domain'''. Other countries are ''not'' bound by that {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} date, though.&lt;ref&gt;Most countries have had similar copyright extensions in the past, the date ranges from the 1850s to 1930s in said countries.&lt;/ref&gt; Complications arise when special cases are considered, such as trying to determine whether a work published later might be in the public domain in the US, or when dealing with unpublished works. When a work has not been published in the US, but in some other country, that other country's copyright laws also must be taken into account. Re-users of Wikipedia content also might find the explanations here useful.

== Important documents ==
* The [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] is the primary legislative document governing international copyright. States that are party to the convention agree to amend their legislations to meet the minimum requirements of this convention, but the convention itself is ''not'' law. States have the right to &quot;opt out&quot; from a few of its paragraphs (most are mandatory and non-negotiable, though), and how any particular country implements the Berne Convention is a question of local legislation. The [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/index.html full text] of the Berne Convention is available at the [[WIPO]] web site.
* The US Copyright Law is [[s:United States Code/Title 17|Title 17 of the United States Code (17 USC)]], chapters 1 through 8 and 10 through 12. Chapters 9 and 13 contain design protection laws on semiconductor chips and ship hulls that are of no interest or relevance for Wikipedia.
* The EU [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection]] is a ''binding'' directive for all member countries of the [[European Union]], harmonizing the term of copyright. It became effective on July 1, 1995. Individual countries have amended their laws to comply with this directive. The EU legislation web site has the [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0098:EN:HTML full text (1993)], plus a [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0029:EN:HTML 2001 amendment] modifying §3(2). See [[#Copyright restorations|Retroactive changes in copyright legislation]] below for some discussion.

The US Copyright Law explicitly makes clear that the Berne Convention is just a treaty, not some &quot;super-law&quot; that would take precedence over US law: [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104 17 USC 104(c)] states that:
{{quote|No right or interest in a work eligible for protection under this title may be claimed by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto.}}
When discussing copyright issues informally (and ''all'' such discussions on Wikipedia ''are'' informal), one may nevertheless argue in terms of the Berne Convention: writing &quot;according to ''§y'' of the Berne Convention...&quot; is then just a short-hand for writing &quot;according to ''§x'' of ''country's copyright law'', which implements ''§y'' of the Berne Convention, ...&quot;. However, one should bear in mind that some paragraphs of the Berne Convention are optional, and that any country may go beyond the minimum standards specified by the Berne Convention for the most part.

=== Other documents ===
There are some other documents related to copyright issues that one occasionally comes across, but they are generally less important for Wikipedia's purposes.

*The [[Universal Copyright Convention]] (UCC, [http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/lipa/copyrights/The%20Universal%20Copyright%20Convention%20_Geneva%20Text--September.pdf 1952 Geneva text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125161930/http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/lipa/copyrights/The%20Universal%20Copyright%20Convention%20_Geneva%20Text--September.pdf |date=2012-11-25 }}, [http://www.ifla.org/documents/infopol/copyright/ucc.txt 1971 Paris text]) was developed as an alternative international copyright treaty—it prescribed less stringent protections than the main Berne Convention. Notably, the UCC explicitly states that, if a signatory of the UCC is also a signatory of the Berne Convention, the latter should prevail. Given that most countries have since joined the Berne Convention, the UCC is largely irrelevant today. However, the adherence dates of some states to the UCC may still be of interest.
*The [[Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations|Rome Convention]] ([http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/rome/index.html International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations]) from 1961 is a treaty augmenting the Berne Convention by copyright on performances and recordings thereof. 
*The [[Geneva Phonograms Convention]] ([http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/phonograms/index.html Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms]) is an additional international treaty extending copyright to [[#Sound recordings|sound recordings]].
*The [[WIPO Copyright Treaty]] ([http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/index.html WCT]) from 1996, effective 2002, is an extension of the Berne Convention, bringing computer programs and databases under the auspices of copyright. In the US, it is implemented by the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act|DMCA]].
*The [[WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty]] ([http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/index.html WPPT]) from 1996 entered in force in 2002. It is an update of the [[Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations|Rome Convention]]. In the US, it was implemented as [[WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act|part of the DMCA]].

== Works ineligible for copyright protection ==
:'''In short: United States Federal Government works and non-creative works are in public domain'''
:''See also:'' [[Wikipedia:Copyright on emblems|Copyright on emblems]].

=== United States government works&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;U.S. government works&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;US government works&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ===
United States federal government works—defined as any &quot;work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{usc|17|101}}&lt;/ref&gt; and including works prepared by the governments of the [[District of Columbia]], [[Puerto Rico]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Ley Núm. 55 de 2012 -Ley de Derechos Morales de Autor de Puerto Rico | website=LexJuris (Leyes y Jurisprudencia) de Puerto Rico | url=http://www.lexjuris.com/LexLex/Leyes2012/lexl2012055.htm | language=es | access-date=2021-02-19 | archive-date=2020-11-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101061318/http://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/leyes2012/lexl2012055.htm | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[territories of the United States|US organized territories]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.6C1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.copyright.gov/comp3/docs/compendium.pdf#page=82 |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.6(C)(1) |page=36 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |access-date=November 8, 2016 |archive-date=December 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208164533/https://www.copyright.gov/comp3/docs/compendium.pdf#page=82 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;—are not eligible for copyright protection, although the federal government can &quot;receiv[e] and hold[] copyrights transferred to it by assignment, bequest, or otherwise&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;17 USC 105&quot;&gt;{{USC2|17|105|Subject matter of copyright: United States Government works}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is not clear whether this applies world-wide.&lt;ref&gt;See the [http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#317 CENDI Copyright FAQ list, 3.1.7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232445/http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#317 |date=2009-03-04}} and a discussion on that at the [http://blog.librarylaw.com/librarylaw/2004/09/copyright_in_go.html LibraryLaw Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219030351/https://blog.librarylaw.com/librarylaw/2004/09/copyright_in_go.html |date=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The US government themselves state that they &quot;may assert copyright outside of the United States for U.S. government works&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;usgov&quot;&gt;US Government: ''[http://www.usa.gov/copyright.shtml Copyright and Other Rights Pertaining to U.S. Government Works] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219030426/https://www.usa.gov/government-works |date=2021-02-19}}'', retrieved 2010-10-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

In practice, this means that ''much'' material on &lt;tt&gt;*.gov&lt;/tt&gt; and &lt;tt&gt;*.mil&lt;/tt&gt;, as well as material on some &lt;tt&gt;*.us&lt;/tt&gt; web sites (such as the sites of the [[US Forest Service]]), are in the public domain. Please note that not ''all'' such material is in the public domain, though:
* US governmental web sites may use copyrighted works, too; either by having licensed them or under a &quot;fair use&quot; provision. In general, such copyrighted works on web sites of the US federal government and its agencies are indicated by appropriate bylines. An example are &quot;visitor image galleries&quot; on [[National Park Service|US National Park Service]] websites: unless these have some indication that the photographs are placed in the public domain by publishing them on that NPS web site, these images are copyrighted by their photographers, who are visitors of national parks, not employees of the NPS. According to the [[CENDI]] FAQ on &quot;Frequently Asked Questions About Copyright&quot;, &quot;Copyrighted works that are not owned by the Government should be included on government web sites only with permission of the copyright owner and should include an appropriate copyright notice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#319 | title = Frequently Asked Questions About Copyright, &quot;3.1.9 Are Government websites provided copyright protection?&quot; | publisher = [[CENDI]] | date = October 8, 2008 | access-date = December 29, 2010 | archive-date = March 4, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232445/http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#319}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Some US ''state and local'' governments also have web sites in the &lt;tt&gt;*.gov&lt;/tt&gt; domain. '''State and local governments''' usually ''do'' retain a copyright on their works. 17 USC §105 only places ''federal'' documents in the public domain.&lt;ref name=&quot;state_pubs&quot;&gt;Publications of US ''state'', district, county, or municipal agencies are eligible for copyright. Only works of ''federal'' agencies are exempt from copyright; see [http://library.findlaw.com/1999/Jan/1/241476.html Radcliffe &amp; Brinson: ''Copyright Law''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621105337/http://library.findlaw.com/1999/Jan/1/241476.html |date=2006-06-21}}, or the [http://cendi.dtic.mil/publications/04-8copyright.html#30 CENDI Copyright FAQ list, 3.1.3].&lt;/ref&gt; However, laws and/or court decisions in some states may place their work in the public domain. See, for example, {{tl|PD-CAGov}} and {{tl|PD-FLGov}}.
* Works produced under a commission from the US government by a contractor ''are'' most likely copyrighted. This typically includes any documents from research labs. The [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]], for instance, is operated by a contractor for the [[US Department of Energy]], but that does not mean the works it produces are &quot;works of the federal government&quot;. ORNL works ''are'' copyrighted, and the US government is granted a non-exclusive license to use, publish, and allow republication of such works. The precise terms vary from one lab to the next, but in general, commercial re-use of their works is prohibited.&lt;ref name=&quot;contractors&quot;&gt;[http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#40 CENDI Copyright FAQ list, section 4.0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232445/http://www.cendi.gov/publications/04-8copyright.html#40 |date=2009-03-04}}, and [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105 17 USC 105] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225173213/https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105 |date=2017-12-25}}.&lt;/ref&gt; This also applies to works authored by ''independent contractors'' or ''freelance writers or artists'', even when their works are commissioned by some US government agency.&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_govt&quot;&gt;Gorman, R.&amp;nbsp;A.: ''[https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/2012/Copyright.pdf Copyright Law, 2nd ed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006065846/https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/2012/Copyright.pdf |date=2017-10-06}}'', US [[Federal Judicial Center]], June 19, 2006, section &quot;Government works&quot; on pp.&amp;nbsp;52&amp;ndash;54. URL last accessed 2018-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See [[Korean War Veterans Memorial#United States postage stamp court case]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Even the US federal government may hold copyrights, if the original copyright holder assigns or transfers the copyright to the US government. A notable example of this is the obverse of the [[Sacagawea dollar]] coin, which its designer [[Glenna Goodacre]] claimed copyright of before she transferred the design and copyright to the [[United States Mint]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sacagawea&quot;&gt;See &quot;Intellectual Property Rights&quot; in the US Mint website's privacy policy [http://www.usmint.gov/policy/index.cfm?action=TermsOfUse#rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205051622/http://www.usmint.gov/policy/index.cfm?action=TermsOfUse#rights |date=2007-02-05}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When a US government agency holds such a transferred copyright, it may declare the work to be in the public domain (or not).&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_govt&quot;/&gt;

Under US law, laws themselves and legal rulings also form a special class. The US Supreme Court has held that judicial opinions of both federal and state judges—being a form of case law—cannot be copyrighted.&lt;ref&gt;See ''[[Wheaton v. Peters]]'' (1834)(opinions of US Supreme Court) and ''[[Banks v. Manchester]]'' (1888)(applying same principle to state judicial records).&lt;/ref&gt; It has never addressed whether copyright can be claimed in other forms of law, such as [[statute]]s, [[Code of law|legal code]]s, or [[municipal ordinance]]s. Lower federal and state courts have varied on whether other forms of law, beyond judicial decisions, can be copyrighted.&lt;ref&gt;In ''[[Banks v. Manchester]]'', [[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 128|128]] [[United States Reports|U.S.]] [https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/128/244 244] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025064819/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/128/244 |date=2018-10-25}} (1888), the US Supreme Court cited a Massachusetts court's opinion in its reasoning that state court judicial opinions cannot be copyrighted: &quot;The whole work done by the judges constitutes the authentic exposition and interpretation of the law, which, binding every citizen, is free for publication to all, whether it is a declaration of unwritten law, or an interpretation of a constitution or a statute.&quot; However, it ruled in a case later that year that a state-employed court reporter that compiled cases and law reports of the Illinois Supreme Court could copyright the portion of the compilations &quot;which is the result of his intellectual labor&quot;, but reiterated its previous decisions that &quot;there can be no copyright in the opinions of the judges of a court, or in the work done by them in their official capacity as judges.&quot; ''[[Callaghan v. Myers]]'', [[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 128|128]] [[United States Reports|U.S.]] [https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/128/617/ 617] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230080702/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/128/617/ |date=2018-12-30}} (1888). The US Supreme Court has not addressed the intersection of copyright protection for law since then. Lower courts have differed in deciding whether copyright can be claimed in works created by third parties and incorporated into state law/regulations or municipal ordinances (e.g. annotated codes, building codes). See ''[http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201711589.pdf Code Revision Commission v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019201033/http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201711589.pdf |date=2018-10-19}}'', slip opinion at 13-26 (2018), ''Id''. at 19 (listing cases in various circuits).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_govt&quot;/&gt; The position of the US Copyright Office is that all &quot;edicts of government&quot;, both domestic and foreign, cannot be copyrighted and won't register such works.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.6C2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.copyright.gov/comp3/docs/compendium.pdf#page=83 |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.6(C)(2) (&quot;Government Edicts&quot;) |page=37–38 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |accessdate=November 8, 2016 |quote=As a matter of longstanding public policy, the U.S. Copyright Office will not register a government edict that has been issued by any state, local, or territorial government, including legislative enactments, judicial decisions, administrative rulings, public ordinances, or similar types of official legal materials. Likewise, the Office will not register a government edict issued by any foreign government or any translation prepared by a government employee acting within the course of his or her official duties.... A work that does not constitute a government edict may be registered, even if it was prepared by an officer or employee of a state, local, territorial, or foreign government while acting within the course of his or her official duties. |archive-date=December 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208164533/https://www.copyright.gov/comp3/docs/compendium.pdf#page=83}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since copyright protection is automatic and doesn't require registration with the Copyright Office, their position may not be authoritative in a court of law, so the copyright status of laws (including laws incorporating copyrighted works by third-parties, e.g. building codes) remains unclear until settled by the US Supreme Court.

The [[United States Copyright Office]], in its ''[[Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices]]'', has stated its position that works of the [[US Postal Service]] are ''not'' &quot;works of the U.S. government&quot; and thus ''are'' subject to copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.6C1&quot;/&gt; Works of the [[United States Post Office Department]] before the formation of the US Postal Service are still considered government works and are in the public domain.{{fact|date=September 2014}} 

Most other countries’ governments do hold copyrights, and their works are copyright protected. At the same time, many countries declare their edicts, as well as those of other countries, such as laws and court decisions, to be exempt from copyright. Such exemptions are typically narrowly defined and ''cannot'' be construed to mean &quot;any publication by a government office&quot;.

Works of the [[United Nations]] or its agencies or of the [[Organization of American States|OAS]] are subject to copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.6C2&quot;/&gt; Some UN documents ''are'' in the public domain; see [[#Works of the United Nations|Works of the United Nations]].

=== Non-creative works ===
{{shortcut|WP:NONCREATIVE}}
:'''In short: Bare facts are in the public domain. Works must show sufficient ''human'' creativity to be eligible for copyright at all.'''
A second category of works that in general cannot be copyright protected are those that have no (or no significant) creative content: they do not pass the [[threshold of originality]]. In the US, the classic example is a telephone directory. The names and numbers therein are, in the doctrine of case law (e.g. ''[[Feist v. Rural]]''), &quot;facts that were discovered&quot;, rather than the result of a creative expression or judgment. The US has explicitly rejected the position that the amount of effort involved in the discovery of a fact can justify its protection. As a result of this doctrine, addresses, phone numbers, most scientific data, sports scores, the results of polls, and similar facts are exempt from copyright.

While the facts themselves are exempt, other creative elements in a compilation of facts may warrant copyright protection. For example, ''Eckes v. Card Prices Update'' established that the specific selection of which facts to include in a list, when done as the result of a creative act, merits protection even when the individual elements do not. (See also [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#103 17 USC 103(b)].) The [[WIPO Copyright Treaty]] is an international treaty that follows this concept; it has been adopted also by the [[European Union]] (EU) in its [[EU Database Directive]], a ''[[sui generis]]'' protection that prohibits any significant &quot;extraction&quot; or &quot;re-utilization&quot; of information from a database created by significant effort. In all these cases, the copyright is on the database as a whole, i.e. the selection of the collection. The individual items in such databases still have their own copyright, which may have expired.

Similarly, though scientific data are usually exempt from copyright, the specific figures and styles of presentation used to present that data will in most cases merit copyright protection. Also, in some cases facts that are exempt from copyright may still be protected as a result of patent law.

[[Image:Chimpanzee congo painting.jpg|thumb|This painting was produced by the chimpanzee &quot;[[Congo (chimpanzee)|Congo]]&quot; and is therefore not copyrighted. The photo of the painting is not copyrightable per the [[Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.|''Bridgeman v. Corel'' ruling.]]]]
Another class of uncreative works which are unable to claim copyright protection in the US are those resulting from mechanical reproduction. Following ''[[Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.]]'', a simple reproductive photograph of a two-dimensional artwork does not give rise to a new copyright on the photograph. Many other countries (but not all!) recognize a similar ineligibility for copyright for reproductive photographs of two-dimensional public domain works.

Common to all these cases is that only works created by a [[human]] are eligible for copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223005016/https://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf |archive-date=December 23, 2014 |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.2 |page=22 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |quote=To qualify as a work of 'authorship' a work must be created by a human being.... Works that do not satisfy this requirement are not copyrightable. The Office will not register works produced by nature, animals, or plants. Likewise, the Office cannot register a work purportedly created by divine or supernatural beings.... Similarly, the Office will not register works produced by a machine or mere mechanical process that operates randomly or automatically without any creative input or intervention from a human author.}}{{dead link|date=June 2015}} The Compendium lists several examples of such ineligible works, including &quot;a photograph taken by a monkey&quot; and &quot;a mural painted by an elephant&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Works created by non-human animals (such as a photograph produced by a [[chimpanzee]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.2&quot;/&gt; or machines&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.2&quot;/&gt; are not copyrightable, although in the case of drawings produced by a [[computer program]], the program itself of course may be copyrighted. In certain cases, even graphics produced by computer programs may be copyrightable; see e.g. ''[[Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman]]''.

Descriptions (including diagrams) in [[patent]] applications in the US are &quot;published into the public domain&quot; by the [[US Patent and Trademark Office]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uspto.gov/main/ccpubguide.htm |title=Editorial Standards |work=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |access-date=2005-11-22 |archive-date=2009-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925103511/http://www.uspto.gov/main/ccpubguide.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portions may contain the non-obligatory notice of copyright © or [[mask work]] Ⓜ protection, but the patent applicant must state in the text of the description that the owner of the rights in the protected part agrees to allow anyone to make [[facsimile]] reproductions of those portions of the description, but otherwise reserves all rights [https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s608.html#d0e42440 37 CFR § 1.71(e)].

Photographic reproductions, as a form of derivative work, may inherit the copyright of the original work. If that artwork is in the public domain, then so is the photograph.&lt;ref&gt;Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd. v. Corel Corp., 25 F. Supp. 2d 421 (S.D.N.Y. 1998), aff‟d on reh‟g, 36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999).&lt;/ref&gt; If, however, the depicted work is copyright protected, then, although there is no independent copyright on the photo itself, it cannot be considered to be in the public domain as the original rights holder still has the authority to control how reproductions of his work, including photographs, are made and distributed. The same applies to digitized images.

It should also be noted that the exemption of reproduction photographs extends only to ''two-dimensional'' artwork in the US. A photograph of a three dimensional statue may acquire copyright protection even if the statue itself belongs to the public domain. Such rights derive from the creativity involved in the positioning of camera, lighting, and other variables.

In the US, the ''[http://copyright.gov/comp3/ Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices]'' of the [[US Copyright Office]] gives some concrete examples and hints at under what conditions a work is sufficiently original to be eligible for copyright.

=== Fonts and typefaces===
{{Anchor|Fonts}}
{{shortcut|WP:PDFONT}}
:'''In short: Scalable fonts ''as such'' are copyrighted as computer programs; typefaces ''as such'' may be protected by design patents, and, in a few countries, by copyright; ''actual use'' of the typeface is not restricted, even if the font used was based illegally on a protected typeface.'''
Under US law, [[typefaces]] and the characters they contain are considered to be utilitarian objects whose utility outweighs any merit that may exist in protecting their creative elements. As such, typefaces are exempt from copyright protection in the United States ([[Code of Federal Regulations]], [http://frwebgate3.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID=36964326810+4+0+0&amp;WAISaction=retrieve Ch 37, Sec. 202.1(e)]; ''Eltra Corp. vs. Ringer''). However, this finding was limited in ''[[Adobe Systems, Inc. v. Southern Software, Inc.]]'', wherein it was held that scalable computer fonts, i.e., the instructions necessary to render a typeface, constitute a &quot;computer program&quot; for the purposes of copyright law and hence are subject to protection. Hence the computer file(s) associated with a scalable font will generally be protected even though the specific design of the characters is not. Furthermore, a [[raster graphics|rasterized]] representation (e.g. bitmap) of the characters in a scalable font is not protected by copyright in the United States. According to the ''[[Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices]]'', [[typography]] and [[calligraphy]] are not copyrightable in themselves in the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium313.3D&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.3(D) (&quot;Typeface and Mere Variations of Typographic Ornamentation&quot;) |page=25 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |access-date=December 22, 2014 |quote=The copyright law does not protect typeface or mere variations of typographic ornamentation or lettering. |archive-date=December 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223005016/http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Compendium906.4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap900/ch900-visual-art-122214.pdf |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 906.4 (&quot;Typeface, Typefont, Lettering, Calligraphy, and Typographic Ornamentation&quot;) |page=13 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |access-date=December 22, 2014 |quote=As a general rule, typeface, typefont, lettering, calligraphy, and typographic ornamentation are not registrable. |archive-date=December 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223014120/http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap900/ch900-visual-art-122214.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This treatment of fonts is not very unusual with respect to international law, and most other jurisdictions do not consider fonts subject to copyright either (with the notable exception of the UK, which however also only covers typefaces as such, as they are for example employed in fonts, and not their actual use&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/part/I/chapter/III/crossheading/typefaces |title=Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48), section 54 |access-date=2011-03-10 |archive-date=2019-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026003936/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/part/I/chapter/III/crossheading/typefaces |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;). However, typefaces as such may be protected by [[design patent]]s in many countries (either automatically, or by registration, or by some combination thereof). A prominent example is the European Union,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oami.europa.eu/en/design/faq/faq01.htm#200 |title=OAMI-ONLINE - The Community Design in Practice&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2006-09-10 |archive-date=2011-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406114320/http://oami.europa.eu/en/design/faq/faq01.htm#200}}&lt;/ref&gt; where the automatic protection (without registration) expires after three years and can be extended (by registration) up to 25 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://oami.europa.eu/en/design/faq/faq01.htm#500 |title=OAMI-ONLINE - The Community Design in Practice&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2006-09-10 |archive-date=2011-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406114320/http://oami.europa.eu/en/design/faq/faq01.htm#500}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== International aspects ===
:'''In short: The [[threshold of originality]] varies between countries. Might even be zero.'''
Like the [[#When does copyright expire?|duration of copyright]], eligibility to copyright in the first place is governed by national laws. The [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P109_16834 Berne Convention, §5(2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ALEplYLi?url=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P109_16834 |date=2012-09-01 }} explicitly states that
:''The enjoyment and the exercise of these rights ''[i.e., copyrights]'' shall not be subject to any formality; such enjoyment and such exercise shall be independent of the existence of ''[copyright]'' protection in the country of origin of the work.''
In other words: a work that is not copyrightable in one country (even if that country is its country of origin) can still be copyrighted in other countries, if the work is copyrightable there. An example of this is [[:File:Christoph Meili 1997-nonfree.jpg]]: this image is not copyrightable in its country of origin (Switzerland) by a decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court.&lt;ref&gt;[http://relevancy.bger.ch/php/clir/http/index.php?lang=de&amp;type=highlight_simple_query&amp;highlight_docid=atf%3A%2F%2F130-III-714%3AdeBGE 130 III 714 S. 714] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605204617/http://relevancy.bger.ch/php/clir/http/index.php?lang=de&amp;type=highlight_simple_query&amp;highlight_docid=atf%3A%2F%2F130-III-714%3AdeBGE |date=2015-06-05}}. URL last accessed 2015-01-27&lt;/ref&gt; However, in all likelihood it fulfills the criteria in other countries: it would pass the [[threshold of originality]] in the US; and it would probably also be eligible for copyright in the EU.

Mere ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such are not copyrightable as per article 2 of the [[WIPO Copyright Treaty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wct&quot;&gt;[http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html#P51_3806 WIPO Copyright Treaty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624024908/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html#P51_3806 |date=2006-06-24}}, article 2: ''Scope of Copyright Protection''. URL last accessed June 21, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Publication ==
:'''In short: A work is published when tangible ''copies'' of it are made available to the public at large.'''
In the following, we will frequently refer to the &quot;[[publication]]&quot; of a work. A work is published when copies of the work are made accessible in some non-ephemeral form to the public at large with the consent of its author or copyright holder. Ephemeral forms of making the work accessible do ''not'' constitute publication. To quote the [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 Berne Convention, §3.3] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ALEplYLi?url=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 |date=2012-09-01 }}:
:''The performance of a dramatic, dramatico-musical, cinematographic or musical work, the public recitation of a literary work, the communication by wire or the broadcasting of literary or artistic works, the exhibition of a work of art and the construction of a work of architecture shall not constitute publication.''

The US Copyright law defines &quot;publication&quot; in [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#101 17 USC 101] in basically the same way using different words:

:''&quot;Publication&quot; is the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group of persons for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or public display, constitutes publication. A public performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute publication.''

&quot;Public display&quot; includes broadcasts and other transmissions. The US Copyright Office states in its [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ40.pdf Circular 40]:
:''A work of art that exists in only one copy, such as a painting or statue, is not regarded as published when the single existing copy is sold or offered for sale in the traditional way, for example, through an art dealer, gallery, or auction house. A statue erected in a public place is not necessarily published.''

:''When the work is reproduced in multiple copies, such as reproductions of a painting or castings of a statue, the work is published when the reproductions are publicly distributed or offered to a group for further distribution or public display.''

Thus, a work is ''unpublished'' unless copies (which may be print publications, photos, postcards, lithographs, but also non-print publications such as replicas of a statuette) of it are published. It is of course implied that such a distribution of copies occurred legally, in particular with the consent of the copyright holder. An illegal distribution of copies (for instance one that itself would be a copyright violation) does ''not'' constitute a publication of a work. The right to publish a work is an ''exclusive'' right of the copyright owner ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Sections 105 and 106|17 USC 106]]), and violating this right (e.g. by disseminating copies of the work without the copyright owner's consent) is a [[copyright infringement]] ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 5/Section 501|17 USC 501(a)]]), and the copyright owner can demand (by suing in court) that copies distributed against his or her will be confiscated and destroyed ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 5/Sections 502 and 503|17 USC 502, 17 USC 503]]).

Notwithstanding the quoted paragraph from the Berne Convention, broadcast and public performance of literary or dramatic works may constitute publication in other countries, e.g. Australia (see [http://www.copyright.org.au/admin/cms-acc1/_images/16227869304f39aff399393.pdf Infosheet G023v16: Duration of Copyright] (February 2012, pg. 11)).

For works that were made available to the public in the form of sound recordings (i.e. phonograph records), it should be noted that the publication of a sound recording before January 1, 1978, does not constitute publication of any underlying musical or dramatic or literary work.&lt;ref name=&quot;FL_Gulf_Coast_Univ-Lib_Services-Copyr&quot;/&gt; Movies and TV shows are subject to special issues with regard to publication status; see the [[#Movies|&quot;Movies&quot;]] and [[#TV shows|&quot;TV shows&quot;]] sections for more detail.

We will get back to this issue in the sections &quot;[[#Published works|Published works]]&quot; and &quot;[[#Unpublished works|Unpublished works]]&quot; below.

== When does copyright expire? ==
{{shortcut|WP:COPYEXP}}
:'''In short: It depends, but always at the end of the year in which it expires.'''
[[File:PD-US table updated.svg|thumb|500px|right|Copyright durations for works (excluding audio works) first published in US. [[:File:PD-US table updated.svg|Click]] for a larger view.]]
[[File:Copyrightterm.pdf|thumb|200px|right|Copyright duration for works published in the US and elsewhere. [[:File:Copyrightterm.pdf|Click]] for a larger view or see original [http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm at Cornell University site].]]

The&amp;nbsp;Berne&amp;nbsp;Convention was designed to ensure that works protected in the country of origin were also protected in all other signatory countries without the rights holder having to register claims in each and every one of these countries. Thus the laws of the originating country of a work determine whether something is copyright protected at all, and if so, the Berne Convention ensures that it is automatically copyright protected in all other signatory countries, too, ''under their respective laws'' (§5(1) of the Berne Convention).

(The ''originating country'' or ''country of origin'' is that country where the work was initially published, or in the case of unpublished works, defined by the author's nationality or &quot;habitual domicile&quot;. See §3 of the Berne Convention. If a work is published within 30 days in several countries, it can have multiple &quot;countries of origin&quot;.)

Copyright protection is granted only for a certain period&amp;mdash;barring pathological cases where some work is placed under a [[perpetual copyright]] protection. Different countries have different copyright terms: in some countries, copyright expires 50 years after the author's death (also called &quot;50 years p.m.a.&quot;, ''post mortem auctoris''; this is the minimum standard required by the Berne Convention), others have a 70-year period (70y p.m.a.), [[Mexico]] even [http://www.ladas.com/BULLETINS/2004/0304Bulletin/Mexico_CopyrightLaw.html 100y p.m.a.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327173518/http://www.ladas.com/BULLETINS/2004/0304Bulletin/Mexico_CopyrightLaw.html |date=2006-03-27 }} Many countries also have special rules, depending on when a work was first published, whether it was first published in that country or not, whether the author is known or not, and other things. For instance, a work published with a © notice in the US between 1963 and 1977 (inclusive) is copyright protected in the US until 95 years after the date of the initial publication. Peter Hirtle has compiled a [http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm chart] (also available at [[:commons:Commons:Hirtle chart|Commons:Hirtle chart]]) showing when and under what conditions the copyright of a work expires in the US. The default rule in the US for works published since 1978 or for unpublished works is 70 years p.m.a. If a work is a &quot;work made for hire&quot;, it has [[corporate authorship]] and is protected to the shorter of 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation. Many countries also know or at least knew different copyright terms for text and photographic works.

Basically all countries in the world specify that when a copyright expires, it does so at the ''end of the year''. Thus, works of an author who died on June 27, 1937, did ''not'' become copyright-free on June 28, 2007, but only on January 1, 2008, under a &quot;70 years p.m.a.&quot; rule.

===Copyright term table for the United States===
The following table is only for '''''works registered or first published in the United States''''' (where works registered up to 2002 count as published works).&lt;ref&gt;[http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm Cornell chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825165033/http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm |date=2017-08-25}}, [[:File:PD-US table.svg]], [[WP:PD]]&lt;/ref&gt; 
Note that works of employees of the U.S. federal government prepared as part of their official duties are always in the public domain regardless of the table below, and that copyright terms for sound recordings, architecture, and works first published outside the U.S. are different; a separate table for sound recordings first published in the United States is also shown below.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!Published→
Created↓
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-96}} and before
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-95}}–1963
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1964–1977
!1978–28 Feb 1989
!1 Mar 1989–2002
!2003–present
!Never
|-
!{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-121}} and before
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#61C100&quot; |{{abbr|'''PD'''|All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring.}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if R and N
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if N
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S+'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S+'''
| style=&quot;background:#F3F300;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;see U and D
| style=&quot;background:#F3F300;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;see U and D
|-
!{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-120}}–{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-70}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#61C100&quot; |{{abbr|'''PD'''|All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring.}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if R and N
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if N
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S+'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S+'''
| style=&quot;background:#F3F300;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;see D
| style=&quot;background:#F3F300;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;see D
|-
!{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-69}}–1977
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if R and N
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if N
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S+'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S+'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
|-
!1978–present
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;12&quot; |Sound recordings ([[#Sound recordings|see section below]])
|-
!
!{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-101}} and before
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-100}}–1946
!1947–1956
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1957–14 Feb 1972
!15 Feb 1972–1977
!1978–28 Feb 1989
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1 Mar 1989–present
!Never
|-
!14 Feb 1972 and before
| bgcolor=&quot;#61C100&quot; |{{abbr|'''PD'''|All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring.}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''100'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''110'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''16 Feb 2067'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''95++'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S++'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S++'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S++'''
|-
!15 Feb 1972 to present
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''95'''&lt;br/&gt;if N
| style=&quot;background:#FF8E1C;&quot; |'''S'''&lt;br/&gt;if N*
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''S'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#FF6060&quot; |'''S'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;background:white;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;'''Color legend''':
{{legend|#61C100|All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring}}
{{legend|#F3F300|Some works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring}}
{{legend|#FF8E1C|Some works are in the public domain due to failure to conform to technicalities}}
{{legend|#FF6060|No works are in the public domain}}&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;small&gt;'''Copyright term''':&lt;br/&gt;
''Note: all specific dates are the first day that works are in the public domain.''&lt;br/&gt;
'''PD''' - All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring.&lt;br/&gt;
'''95'''/'''100'''/'''110''' - Copyright expires the specified number of years after publication.&lt;br/&gt;
'''95++''' - The later of '''95''' and 16 Feb 2067&lt;br/&gt;
'''S''' - Copyright expires 70 years after author's death; but if the work is anonymous or made for hire, or the author or the author's death date is unknown, copyright expires on the earlier of 95 years after publication or 120 years after creation.&lt;br/&gt;
'''S+''' - The later of '''S''' and 1 Jan 2048&lt;br/&gt;
'''S++''' - The later of '''S''' and 16 Feb 2067&lt;br/&gt;
'''16 Feb 2067''' - Copyright term ends on specified date.&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;small&gt;'''Conditions''':&lt;br/&gt;
R - Copyright was renewed in the 28th year after publication.&lt;br/&gt;
N - A compliant copyright notice was included.&lt;br/&gt;
N* - A compliant copyright notice was included, or the work was registered within five years of publication.&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;small&gt;'''Notes''':&lt;br/&gt;
U - For works that are anonymous, made for hire, or where the author's identity or death date is unknown, works ''created'' {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-121}} and earlier are in the public domain.&lt;br/&gt;
D - For works not made for hire where the author's identity and death date are known, works whose author died {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-70}} or earlier are in the public domain.
&lt;/small&gt;
|}

=== Rule of the shorter term ===
:'''In short: The &quot;[[rule of the shorter term]]&quot; says that copyright protection in any signatory country of the Berne Convention ends when the copyright expires in the originating country. This rule is ''not'' binding. The US has ''not'' adopted it; the European Union (with exceptions!), Japan, Macao, and Taiwan ''have'' done so.'''
While the [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] ''does'' harmonize bringing works under copyright protection in the first place, it does ''not'' similarly harmonize the expiration of copyright. The Berne Convention prescribes a minimum standard for copyright terms any signatory country must adhere to (50y p.m.a.), but any signatory is free to prescribe longer durations in its laws. To be fair, §7(8) of the Berne Convention ''does'' specify a &quot;rule of the shorter term&quot;, which says that the copyright term can in no case exceed the copyright term in the originating country of a work. However, signatory countries have the right to &quot;opt out&quot; from this rule, and it depends on individual countries' implementation acts whether they do follow this rule. The copyright on a work may thus expire in one country and enter the public domain there, but the same work ''may still be copyrighted'' in other signatory countries.

The United States does ''not'' recognize this &quot;shorter term&quot; rule while [[s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Section 104|17&amp;nbsp;U.S.C.&amp;nbsp;104]](c) reads: &quot;Any rights in a work eligible for protection under this title that derive from this title, other Federal or State statutes, or the common law, shall not be expanded or reduced by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto.&quot; Furthermore, [[s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Section 104A|17&amp;nbsp;U.S.C.&amp;nbsp;104A]](a)(1)(B) may restore copyright on a work published outside the USA for the remaining American copyright term even if its copyright may expire sooner in its source country.

The [[European Union]] does, however, adopt such a rule vis-a-vis non-EU members (see §7(1) of the [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection|EU directive 93/98/EEC]]). ''Within'' the EU itself, however, the contrary is true: §10(1) states that longer terms already running remained in effect, and §10(2) states that the 70 year p.m.a. applied to all works protected in at least one member country. As a result, there is a transitory phase in which works that were already out of copyright in one EU country suddenly became copyright protected again in that country on July 1, 1995, because they were still protected in some other EU country. See &quot;[[#German World War II images|World-War II images]]&quot; below.

In East Asia, [[Japan]], [[Macao]], and [[Taiwan]] also honor the rule of the shorter term. See [http://www.cric.or.jp/cric_e/clj/cl2_2.html#cl2_2+S4 §58 of the Japanese Copyright Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216214733/http://www.cric.or.jp/cric_e/clj/cl2_2.html#cl2_2+S4 |date=2005-12-16 }}, Article 51 of [[s:Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M|Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M]] of Macao, and Article 106bis of the [[s:Copyright Act (Republic of China, 2006)|Copyright Act]] in effect in Taiwan administered by the Republic of China.

However, some countries make exceptions to this rule. A notorious case is Germany, which has had a bilateral treaty with the US governing copyright since January 15, 1892. That treaty, which is still in effect, defined that a US work was copyrighted in Germany according to German law irrespective of the work's copyright status in the US, and it did not contain a &quot;rule of the shorter term&quot;. In one [http://www.lareda.hessenrecht.hessen.de/jportal/portal/t/1v7m/page/bslaredaprod.psml?pid=Dokumentanzeige&amp;showdoccase=1&amp;js_peid=Trefferliste&amp;documentnumber=3&amp;numberofresults=4&amp;fromdoctodoc=yes&amp;doc.id=KORE434782003%3Ajuris-r03&amp;doc.part=L&amp;doc.price=0.0&amp;doc.hl=1#focuspoint case], a German court therefore decided that a US work that had fallen into the public domain in the US was still copyrighted in Germany in 2003 in spite of §7(1) of the EU directive.

See also OpenFlix for a useful [http://www.openflix.com/information/non-US-copyright.php list] of countries and areas that do or do not honor the rule of the shorter term.

== Country-specific rules ==
:'''In short: First publication is important, but difficult to ascertain.'''
:''See also [[:commons:Commons:Licensing|Commons:Licensing]] and [[Wikipedia:Non-US copyrights|Non-US copyrights]].''
Because copyright expiry is governed by local laws, some special noteworthy cases exist, in particular for ''photographs''. These cases are interesting for Wikipedia if a work was not published in the US, because then, the law of the originating country must be examined. There is a whole slew of country-specific image copyright tags for precisely that purpose; see the [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags#Other countries' public domain images|list of image copyright tags]]. However, being in the public domain in its home country ''does not'' automatically mean that the work was also in the public domain in the US because the US does ''not'' follow the &quot;[[#Rule of the shorter term|rule of shorter term]]&quot;. Wherever these country-specific tags are used, they should be accompanied by a rationale explaining why the image is thought to be in the public domain in the US, too. (Remember that Wikipedia is primarily subject to US law!)

Some examples of such country-specific rules are:
*In [[Australia]], the copyright on published photographs taken before May 1, 1969, expired 50 years after the creation. (For photographs taken later, it expired 50 years after the first publication.) As a result of the [[Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement|Australia-US Free Trade Agreement]] ([[AUSFTA]]), new legislation became effective on January 1, 2005, extending the copyright term (also on photographs) generally to 70 years p.m.a, but explicitly ruling out a revival of copyright on works whose copyright had already expired. Any photographs created before January 1, 1955, are thus in the public domain in Australia. The same also holds true for other works, which were protected 50 years p.m.a. before January 1, 2005: any work published before 2005 of an author who died before January 1, 1955 is in the public domain in Australia. See [http://www.copyright.org.au/pdf/acc/InfoSheets/G023.pdf Infosheet G-23: Duration of Copyright] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051015194351/http://www.copyright.org.au/pdf/acc/InfoSheets/G023.pdf |date=2005-10-15 }} by the Australian Copyright Council. These rules even apply for works where the government holds the copyright, i.e. that are under [[Crown copyright]]. (There is the template {{tl|PD-Australia}} for tagging such images.) See also [[copyright expiration in Australia]].
*In [[Canada]], any photograph created (not published!) before January 1, 1949, and not covered by [[Crown copyright]] is in the public domain. This is a consequence of the Canadian [http://www.parl.gc.ca/LEGISInfo/BillDetails.aspx?Language=E&amp;Mode=1&amp;billId=5134851 Bill C-11: An Act to Amend the Copyright Act], which replaced the old rule for photographs (&quot;copyright expires 50 years after creation of the work&quot;) by 50 years p.m.a., but ''not'' retroactively applying the new rule to works that were already in the public domain by the effective date of the bill, January 1, 1999 (see [http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/ctyclerk/archives/photos/photrepr.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051213025554/http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/ctyclerk/archives/photos/photrepr.htm |date=2005-12-13 }} at the bottom). Wikipedia has the template {{tl|PD-Canada}} for tagging such images.

For an exhaustive list of the ''current'' situation in many countries, see [[Wikipedia:Copyright situations by country]]. This may help dealing with such cases. [[UNESCO]] also maintains a [http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=14076&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html collection of copyright laws] from many countries around the world. For works (photographs and others alike, but ''excepting [[#Sound recordings|sound recordings]] made before February 15, 1972'') not published in the US, the following rule applies:

:'''''If the work was in the public domain in the country of origin as of January 1, 1996, it is in the public domain in the US,''''' (Even if it was published after {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, but only if no copyright had been registered with the US Copyright Office.)

January 1, 1996, is the effective date for the copyright restorations of the US [[Uruguay Round Agreements Act]] (URAA).&lt;ref name=&quot;uraa_circ38b&quot;&gt;US Copyright Office: ''[http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38b.pdf Circular 38b: Highlights of Copyright Amendments Contained in the URAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127204130/http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38b.pdf |date=2005-11-27}}'', URL last accessed 2007-01-30.&lt;/ref&gt; The URAA implemented [[TRIPS]], part of the [[Uruguay Round]] of the [[GATT]] negotiations, in US law. The URAA essentially is codified in US law in [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A]. It had the effect of automatically ''restoring'' copyrights of works that were still copyrighted in their country of origin but whose copyright had lapsed in the US due to non-compliance with technical formalities such as proper registration of the copyright with the US Copyright Office or that were not protected in the US due to a lack of international or bilateral agreements with the country of origin. Since works that have entered the public domain in their country of origin before January 1, 1996, are not eligible to this copyright restoration, such works remain in the public domain in the US. This, however, is valid only in cases where the US federal copyright law (17 USC) applies. There are some specialized cases that are subject to ''state law'', where other rules may apply (see the section on [[#Sound recordings|sound recordings]] below). If the country of origin became a member of the Berne Convention or the two WIPO treaties or the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] only after January 1, 1996, the URAA still applies and that country's earliest adherence date to any of these treaties or organizations must be taken as the URAA copyright restoration date instead of January 1, 1996.

For the above cases, this means:
*Australian photographs taken before January 1, 1946, not published in the US, and where no copyright was registered in the US, are in the public domain in Australia and the US.
*Other works first published in Australia whose author has died before January 1, 1946, and where no copyright was registered in the US are also in the public domain in Australia and the US.
*Canadian photographs taken before January 1, 1946, not subject to [[Crown copyright]], not published in the US, and where no copyright was registered in the US are in the public domain in Canada and the US.

Additionally, because of the rule of the shorter term, such photographs are likely to be also in the public domain in Europe and in Japan, unless published there. (For the EU, one may probably even apply the 1955 and 1949 cut-off dates.)

The obvious difficulty here is to show that any particular work was indeed ''not'' published in the US, especially when considering works by Canadians. Even worse, one has to show that the work was indeed first published in Australia or Canada, respectively. If it ''was'' published in the US, the whole deliberation about copyright expiry in other countries does not come to play at all&amp;mdash;the work is copyrighted in the US (unless it was published before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, or in a few very specific, difficult to verify cases, see &quot;[[#Published works|published works]]&quot; below). If the work was published first in some third country&amp;mdash;such as the [[United Kingdom]]&amp;mdash;that third country is the country of origin, and consequently, one has to apply ''that'' country's copyright regulations to determine whether the work's copyright had expired by January 1, 1996. There are some other problems, too:
* If a work has multiple countries of origin because it was published in several countries within 30 days, it is unclear what rules would apply. Most probably, the copyright on the work would have to be expired in ''all'' of them by January 1, 1996, for the work to be in the public domain in the US.
* It is entirely unclear how retroactive legislation would affect this rule. What if a work had been in the public domain in its country of origin on January 1, 1996, but that country subsequently modified its copyright laws such that the work's copyright was reactivated?

In summary, the rules in the US for works published abroad are as follows:
*If the work was published before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, it is in the public domain in the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;US1909&quot;/&gt; (With a caveat for works published without copyright notice, see the [[#Footnotes|footnote]].)
*If the work was published {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} to 1995 (inclusive) and not copyrighted in its countries of origin in 1996, it is in the public domain in the US.
*Otherwise, if the work was published before 1978, it is copyrighted in the US for 95 years after the original publication, and if it was published 1978 or later, the work is copyrighted until 70 years after the (last surviving) author's death.

While the author of a photograph can often be determined quite easily, it may be rather difficult to ascertain where and when a particular image was first published. And strictly speaking one would also have to verify that a non-US work was not covered by copyright in the US by virtue of some [[bilateral agreement]] of the US and the foreign country (see [http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl100.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704101856/http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl100.html |date=2014-07-04 }} and &quot;Circular 38a&quot; in the &quot;[[#External links|external links]]&quot; section below). Country-specific public domain tags must therefore be used with the utmost care only.

=== Crown copyrights ===
{{Shortcut|WP:Crown copyright|WP:Crown copy|WP:Crowncopy}}
:'''In short: UK, Australian and Canadian Crown copyright expires world-wide, except in certain rare and specific cases.'''
[[Crown copyright]] is a special form of copyright on governmental works (including works made by employees of government agencies in the course of their duties) that exists in the [[United Kingdom]] and a number of other [[Commonwealth realms]]. Crown copyright for published works generally lasts for 50 years since the first publication (this is true for the United Kingdom, [[Canada]] and [[Australia]] with certain exceptions such as those outlined in the section below). When Crown copyright expires on a work in its country of origin, the work enters the public domain in that country, but ''it may still be copyrighted in other signatory countries of the Berne Convention'' because these other countries apply their own laws, which may have longer copyright terms and not even know the concept of a &quot;Crown copyright&quot;. (See e.g. [http://lexum.com/conf/dac/en/sterling/sterling.html Sterling 1995] towards the end, section titled &quot;Protection of Crown copyright in other countries&quot;. However, also note &quot;Finally, a decision needs to be made as regards the protection of Crown copyright as between one &quot;Crown copyright&quot; country and another such country. Since, for example, the Crown is the owner of Crown copyright arising in Canada, can the Crown claim to be the owner of such copyright in the U.K.? If not, who could claim such copyright? These questions await resolution.&quot;)

An exception to this is ''UK Crown copyright''. Although UK works on which the Crown copyright has expired also could still be copyrighted elsewhere, the British [[Office of Public Sector Information]] (OPSI), which manages all Crown copyrights on behalf of the copyright holder ([[the Crown]]), has explicitly stated in an [[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2005-May/022055.html|e-mail]] to Wikipedia that they consider UK Crown copyright expiry to apply ''world-wide''. A similar declaration has been made for Australia.

There is a [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/information-management/crown-copyright-flowchart.pdf flowchart] explaining the precise rules for UK Crown copyright expiry. For photographs the rules are as follows:
*For photographs taken before June 1, 1957, Crown copyright expires 50 years after the ''creation'' of the image. All such photographs are therefore in the public domain.
*For photographs taken after that date and published before August 1, 1989, Crown copyright expires 50 years after the first ''publication''. For photographs created between these two dates, but published only on or after the 1989 date, Crown copyright expires on December 31, 2039.
*For photographs created on or after August 1, 1989, Crown copyright expires 125 years after the creation or 50 years after the first publication of the image, whatever is earlier.

There is the template {{tl|PD-BritishGov}} to tag images which are claimed to be in the public domain under these rules.

Companies House - When downloading accounts for a Company listed, they are free of copyright and may be posted on any website. They are public record and statutory. The situation is the same for birth and death certificates. There is no copyright for this type of public record. Please see www.companieshouse.gov.uk.

====Crown prerogative copyright====
:'''In short: while Crown copyright normally expires after 50 years, Crown ''prerogative'' copyright is not subject to the normal statutory term and can instead last indefinitely.'''

Within Canadian Copyright law there is one exception however under section 12 of the ''Copyright Act'' which states that Crown copyright expires after 50 years &quot;Without prejudice to any rights or privileges of the Crown&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;CAC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title = Copyright Act (Canada), S. 12 |url = http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/page-7.html |access-date = 2017-07-07 |archive-date = 2013-12-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131220215142/http://www.laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/page-7.html |url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is further supported by the fact that &quot;No enactment is binding on Her Majesty or affects Her Majesty or Her Majesty's rights or prerogatives in any manner, except as mentioned or referred to in the enactment&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = Interpretation Act (Canada), S. 17 |url = http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-21/page-5.html#h-18 |access-date = 2017-07-07 |archive-date = 2017-07-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170713010002/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/I-21/page-5.html#h-18 |url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this way Crown Copyright held under the Royal Prerogative &quot;is not subject to the usual statutory copyright term. The royal prerogative is referenced at the start of section 12 of the ''Copyright Act''&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;judge&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=In the Public Interest: The Future of Canadian Copyright Law | chapter=Crown Copyright and Copyright Reform in Canada | publisher=Irwin Law | author=Judge, Elizabeth | year=2005 | pages=557}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further, the common law &quot;prerogative right of the Crown to the exclusive printing of Acts of Parliament, Orders in Council, state papers, and other public documents is well established. The Crown prerogative, unlike rights under the ''[Copyright] Act'', continues in perpetuity and is not limited to the term specified in the ''Act''&quot;.&lt;ref name=McKeown&gt;{{cite book | title=Canadian Intellectual Property Law and Strategy | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=McKeown | first=John | year=2010 | pages=247 | isbn=978-0195369427}}&lt;/ref&gt; Professor David E. Smith further reinforces this point, stating &quot;that this exclusive right to certain works by prerogative amounts to a perpetual term of copyright protection&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLiKBYcaqsIC&amp;dq=crown+prerogative+copyright+perpetu%2A&amp;pg=PA77 | title=The Invisible Crown: The First Principles of Canadian Government| publisher=University of Toronto Press | author=Smith, D.E. | year=2013 | location=Toronto | pages=77 | isbn=978-1442615854}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, in certain cases such as when rights are held under the Crown prerogative, copyright can be &quot;said to be perpetual...and not to lapse through non-use or non-assertion&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/conf/dac/en/vaver/vaver.html | title=Copyright and the State in Canada and the United States | publisher=University of Montreal | date=6 June 1995 | access-date=11 December 2013 | last=Vaver |first=David| archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100527140536/http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/conf/dac/en/vaver/vaver.html | archive-date=27 May 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and that a &quot;right to certain works by prerogative amounts to a perpetual term of copyright protection&quot;.&lt;ref name=1P&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLiKBYcaqsIC&amp;dq=canadian+crown+copyright+perpetual&amp;pg=PA77 | title=Invisible Crown: The First Principle of Canadian Government | publisher=University of Toronto Press | last=Smith | first=David | year=2013 | location=Toronto | pages=77 | isbn=978-1442615854}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When attempting to determine copyright status, &quot;the following facts should be kept in mind. First, section 12 grants Her Majesty rights in works prepared or published by or under her direction or control...Second, the rights granted in section 12 generally limit the protection to 50 years following the first publication of the work whereas it is arguable that Crown copyright under the Crown prerogative is perpetual. Put another way, Crown copyright under the Crown prerogative is wider in scope and duration than what section 12 provides&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cb-cda.gc.ca/decisions/2012/prov_reason_2012.pdf|title=Collective Administration in relation to rights under sections 3, 15, 18 and 21 (Crown Immunity)|publisher=Copyright Board of Canada|last1=Vancise|first1=William J.|last2=Majeau|first2=Claude|last3=Théberge|first3=Jacinthe|year=2012|location=Ottawa|pages=15|access-date=2017-07-07|archive-date=2017-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331063246/http://cb-cda.gc.ca/decisions/2012/prov_reason_2012.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Works of the United Nations ===
:'''In short: parliamentary documentation (official records, such as resolutions) and documents ''not'' offered for sale are in the public domain; ''other'' UN documents ''are'' copyrighted.'''
Works of the [[United Nations]] or one of its bodies are generally copyrighted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf |title=Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.6(C)(2) (&quot;Government Edicts&quot;) |page=38 |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=December 22, 2014 |access-date=December 22, 2014 |quote=Section 104(b)(5) of the Act states that works first published by the United Nations or any of its specialized agencies, or first published by the Organization of American States are eligible for copyright protection in the United States. |archive-date=December 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223005016/http://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship-122214.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;un_st_ai_2001_5&quot;&gt;[[United Nations]], administrative instruction ST/AI/2001/5: ''[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN006342.pdf United Nations Internet publishing, section 5: Copyright policy and disclaimers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109072211/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN006342.pdf |date=2006-11-09}}'', August 22, 2001. Also see §3.29 (&quot;Use of photos&quot;) of that document. URL last accessed 2006-11-08.&lt;/ref&gt; In the interest of facilitating dissemination, the UN ''explicitly excludes'' some categories of its works from this general copyright and places them into the public domain: UN parliamentary documentation as well as public information material published under the UN document symbol ''and not offered for sale''.&lt;ref name=&quot;un_st_ai_2001_5&quot;/&gt; Such documents are in the public domain. UN parliamentary documentation comprises a broad set of official reports prepared by the UN secretariat and the UN official records.&lt;ref name=&quot;un_glossary&quot;&gt;United Nations: UN OIOS Glossary, entry on ''[http://www.un.org/Depts/oios/mecd/mecd_glossary/documents/set_p.htm#p_documentation Parliamentary documentation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406102108/http://www.un.org/Depts/oios/mecd/mecd_glossary/documents/set_p.htm#p_documentation |date=2011-04-06}}''. URL last accessed 2006-11-08.&lt;/ref&gt; UN official records are
:&quot;publications relating to proceedings of organs or conferences of the United Nations. They include verbatim or summary records, documents and check-lists of documents, issued in the form of annexes to those records, including periodic supplements, such as the quarterly ones of the Security Council; and the reports of those organs of subordinate or affiliated bodies, compilations of resolutions, certain reports of the Secretary-General, and other selected publications&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;un_pub_guide&quot;&gt;United Nations, administrative instruction ''[[:s:Administrative Instruction ST/AI/189/Add.9/Rev.2|ST/AI/189/Add.9/Rev.2]]''. URL last accessed 2006-11-07. This temporary administrative instruction was prolonged indefinitely by ''[[:s:Administrative Instruction ST/AI/189/Add.9/Rev.2/Add.2|ST/AI/189/Add.9/Rev.2/Add.2]]'' in 1992.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[UN resolution]]s are therefore in the public domain world-wide. Concerning images one should bear in mind that the UN may include in their publications (in print, on the Internet, or otherwise) images from third parties for which the UN has obtained an appropriate license.&lt;ref name=&quot;un_st_ai_2001_5&quot;/&gt; Such third-party images retain their copyright, even if published in an otherwise public domain UN document as mentioned above. Only UN images appearing in such documents may be assumed to be in the public domain.

== Published works ==
:'''In short: Copyright notices are not needed anymore. But they help determine who the author is.'''
Under the Berne Convention, copyright is ''automatic'': no registration is needed, and it is not even necessary to display a copyright notice with the work for it to be copyright protected. Prior to the US adopting the Berne Convention (by amending its copyright law through the [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d100:HR04262:@@@L&amp;summ2=m&amp; Berne Convention Implementation Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406105616/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d100:HR04262:@@@L&amp;summ2=m&amp; |date=2011-04-06 }}, effective March 1, 1989), this was not the case in the United States. A work was only copyrighted if published with a copyright notice, which could be as simple as a line saying &quot;© year copyright holder&quot;. For US works there are therefore some special cases that place even works published after {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} in the public domain. However, the necessary conditions are hard to verify.

*Published in the US, ''without'' a copyright notice:
**From {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} to 1977: in the public domain
**From 1978 to March 1, 1989: only in the public domain if not registered since.
*Published in the US, ''with'' a copyright notice:
**From {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} to 1963: only in the public domain if copyright not renewed. This may be hard to determine, and if renewed, the protection runs until 95 years after the initial publication. See the [[#External links|external links]] below and [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ22.pdf Circular 22 of the US Copyright Office] for information on how to search the registry of the US Copyright Office for copyright registrations and renewals.
**From 1964 to 1977: not in the public domain for some time to come; copyright expires 95 years after the original publication.
**From 1978 to March 1, 1989: [[#Current standard copyright duration in US law|current standard rules]] apply (see just below).
**From March 1, 1989, to 2002: If created after 1977, a published work is copyrighted till 70 years after its author's death. For corporate or anonymous works, protection lasts for 95 years after publication or 120 years after creation, whichever expires first. If the work was created before 1978, another term (copyrighted until 31 December 2047) is considered. In this case, the greater term is taken (i.e. if the other terms expires before 31 December 2047, the copyright lasts till 31 December 2047). See [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ01.pdf Circular 1], &quot;Works Originally Created Before January 1, 1978, But Not Published or Registered by That Date&quot;.

Even if a work was published in the US between {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} and 1977 without a copyright notice, there would need to be proof to that effect. The proof must contain a valid resource justifying the claim in order for the US copyright office to accept it. 

For works not published in the US but published first in some other country, see &quot;[[#Country-specific rules|country-specific rules]]&quot; above.

=== Current standard copyright duration in US law ===
Works originally published in the US after 2002 (with or without copyright notice or registration) are protected until 70 years after the author's death ('''70 years ''p.m.a.'''''); anonymous works, [[works made for hire]], works of unknown authors or where the author's death date is unknown are copyrighted until the shorter of '''95 years since the first publication''' or '''120 years since their creation'''. See [[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 3/Sections 302 and 303|17 USC 302]].

== Unpublished works ==
:'''In short: the {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} date does ''not'' apply to ''unpublished'' works.'''
So far, we have only considered ''[[#Publication|published]]'' works. To re-iterate from the [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 Berne Convention, §3.3] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ALEplYLi?url=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 |date=2012-09-01 }}:
:''The performance of a dramatic, dramatico-musical, cinematographic or musical work, the public recitation of a literary work, the communication by wire or the broadcasting of literary or artistic works, the exhibition of a work of art and the construction of a work of architecture shall not constitute publication.''
As long as a work is not published, it is ''unpublished''. (Also note that by publication, the work must be made accessible to the general public, not only some closed audience. Furthermore, the publication must have had the consent of the author/creator or copyright holder of the work.)

Why is this important at all for Wikipedians? How could you come across an unpublished work?

Actually, that can happen easily with photographs in archives. Remember that &quot;publication&quot; requires the consent of the rights holder (initially the photographer). Many historic photos may thus actually be unpublished works, unless it can be shown that they ''were'' published in olden times. Especially items like private letters or family photographs, or photos found in some album, may well be unpublished. There are special exemptions in copyright law for libraries and archives that allow them to reproduce (even for the general public) such works for non-commercial uses, but that does not constitute &quot;publication&quot; unless done with the authorization of the rights holder. 

The University of Wyoming's American Heritage Center has a [http://www.uwyo.edu/ahc/_files/brochures/copyright.pdf three-page primer] on the issues involved with unpublished works. Archives often do not hold the copyright to the items in their holdings. An archive only owns the copyright in a work if the copyright itself (not just the physical document embodying the work) has been transferred to the archive in a signed writing. In practice, many archive holdings may be so-called [[orphaned work]]s, i.e. works where the current copyright holder, if any, is unknown. For such orphaned works, the US Copyright Office seems to [http://www.copyright.gov/orphan/ push for a change] in US Copyright law (see [http://archiv.twoday.net/stories/1501083/] for a brief summary) and a bill (HR 5439) for the [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:H.R.5439: Orphan Works Act of 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007055434/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:H.R.5439: |date=2008-10-07 }} has been introduced in the [[United States House of Representatives]] on May 22, 2006, but ''no law has been passed yet.'' 

Unpublished works are subject to copyright, too. To determine the copyright status of works published by archives that were not published elsewhere before, one will need to consider the rules for unpublished works. Until the [[Copyright Act of 1976|US Copyright Act of 1976]] became effective on January 1, 1978, US federal law only covered published works and unpublished works that were registered at the Copyright Office. Unpublished unregistered works were covered by state law. This &quot;[[common law copyright]]&quot; in most states granted unpublished works a ''perpetual'' copyright, valid until an eventual publication of the work.&lt;ref name=&quot;oakley&quot;&gt;Oakley, R. L.: ''[http://www.clir.org/PUBS/reports/oakley/scheme-a.html Copyright and Preservation &amp;ndash; Is the Work Protected?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219030356/https://www.clir.org/PUBS/reports/oakley/scheme-a/ |date=2021-02-19}}'', CLIR, 1990. (A good explanation, but note that some dates mentioned there have been superseded by the copyright term extension of the CTEA in 1998.) URL last accessed 2007-02-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lii&quot;&gt;N.N.: ''[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/301?qt-us_code_temp_noupdates=1#qt-us_code_temp_noupdates Historical and Revision Notes]'' on 17 USC 301. Legal Information Institute, Cornell University. URL last accessed 2016-06-16.&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1978, US federal law also covers unpublished works (and preempts state law, see [[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 3/Section 301|17 USC 301]]). This gives the following situation in the US:
*Works created before 1978:
**If published before 1978, the work is subject to the rules for works published before 1978 regardless of when it was created. Because the common law copyright on unpublished works was perpetual, there were ''no'' unpublished works in the public domain back then, and thus the work was eligible for copyright when published. See [[#Published works|published works]].
**If the work was published 1978 to 2002 (inclusive), it is copyrighted according to the ''longer of'' the [[#Current standard copyright duration in US law|standard US rules]], or until the end of 2047. ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 3/Sections 302 and 303|17 USC 303]])
**If never published, or published after 2002, the work is copyrighted according to the [[#Current standard copyright duration in US law|standard US rules]].
*Unpublished works created in 1978 or later are subject to the [[#Current standard copyright duration in US law|standard US rules]].

=== Artworks ===
:'''In short: Artworks are likely to remain unpublished long after their creation date. A date of publication must be ascertained to establish PD status.'''
Another important class of possible unpublished works are ''artworks'', in particular ''paintings''. Because an artwork is ''not'' published by being exhibited, and also neither by being created or sold, one needs to know when reproductions of the artwork (photos, postcards, lithographs, casts of statues, and so on) were first published. That constitutes publication of the artwork, and from then on, the work is subject to all the rules for published works. 

For most artworks, a year is usually given, but this is normally the year the work was made, ''not'' the year it was published. Figuring out whether and if so when a particular painting was published can be difficult. 

In the case that an artwork created before 1978 is not published until 2003 or later, it comes into the public domain 70 years after the author's death. However, if it is first published between 1978 and 2002 (inclusive), it will still be copyrighted in the US until the end of 2047.

Proof of publication is mandatory; uploaders making a &quot;public domain&quot; claim on (a reproduction of) an artwork are ''required'' to prove with verifiable details that the work was first published before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, or first published after 2003 with an artist who died more than 70 years ago. To show that a work was published, one could look for printed works that contained reproductions of the artwork: art prints, art books, a ''[[catalogue raisonné]]'' of the artist's works, exhibition catalogs, and so on (although it is not clear when publishing a thumbnail constitutes publication of the original work). Reasonable effort should be made to find the earliest publication. If any is found from before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}, that's good enough and the work is in the public domain. Remember, though, that &quot;publication&quot; means &quot;lawful publication&quot;, which implies the consent of the author of the original.

If only a publication of {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} or later can be asserted, the work should not be assumed to be in the public domain without evidence. If it was published before 1978 and had no [[#Published works|copyright notice]] or if it was published before 1964 and the copyright was not renewed it should be in the public domain. Works published abroad rarely complied with US formalities but may still be copyrighted if they were copyrighted in their home country on January 1, 1996, when the [[URAA]] restored copyrights in foreign works.

=== Country-specific rules for unpublished works ===
:'''In short: These rules vary greatly.'''
The Berne Convention leaves it to any signatory country to make its own rules regarding unpublished anonymous works (see §15(4)). Unpublished works by a ''known'' author, however, are subject to the same minimum protection (50 years p.m.a) as published works. But this is only a minimum protection. Individual countries can and do make their own rules regarding unpublished works, and often go beyond this minimum. Some cases to illustrate the possible complexities are:

*In the countries of the [[European Union]], a publisher who publishes a previously unpublished work is granted the [[publication right]] on the work for a period of 25 years beginning with the eventual publication. This publication right is basically a copyright minus the [[moral rights]], which are always granted to the author only.
*In Germany, a work of the [[fine art]]s (such as a painting) is considered &quot;published&quot; if the original or a copy was permanently made available to the general public with the consent of the rights holder. (&quot;Permanently&quot; means &quot;with the intent to be accessible for the normal natural lifetime of the work&quot;, c.f. the [[commons:COM:FOP#Permanent vs temporal|explanation at the Commons]].) Hence works of the fine arts can be &quot;published&quot; even if there are no copies.&lt;ref name=&quot;urhg6&quot;&gt;[http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__6.html German ''Urherberrechtsgesetz'', article 6(2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607080338/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__6.html |date=2007-06-07}}. URL last accessed 2007-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt;
Such cases may be important when trying to determine whether a non-US work was copyrighted on January 1, 1996. See &quot;[[#Country-specific rules|country-specific rules]]&quot; above.

== Sound recordings ==
===US===
:'''In short: As of October 2018, there have been [[Music Modernization Act|significant changes to US sound recording copyright law]]. All sound recordings are now under federal copyright rather than state law, and works published over 100 years ago are in the public domain. ''Foreign'' recordings from 1946 or later are subject to federal copyright.'''

&quot;Sound recording&quot; and &quot;phonorecord&quot; are the terms used in the US federal copyright law for records of music and speech alone, i.e. not together with images: videos, for instance, do not fall in this category. A &quot;phonorecord&quot; is the physical medium (LP, tape, CD, or other) on which a sound recording is fixed. Sound recordings, including digital recordings, are a very complex special case in US copyright law. (Note: although &quot;sound recording&quot; encompasses also non-musical sounds, the topic is discussed here in the context of music recordings without loss of generality.)

A sound recording is different from a musical work. A musical work would be a composition (notes and words). Publicly performing a musical work does not constitute &quot;publication&quot; in the sense of the copyright law. (Presumably, a musical work is published when the score sheets are published.) The publication of a sound recording before January 1, 1978, does not constitute publication of an underlying musical or dramatic or literary work ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap3.html#303 17 USC 303(b)]).&lt;ref name=&quot;FL_Gulf_Coast_Univ-Lib_Services-Copyr&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://library.fgcu.edu/CSD/Policies/copyrigh.htm |title=Library Services - Copyright Policy |publisher=[[Florida Gulf Coast University]] |date=1998-12-11 |access-date=2012-09-03 |archive-date=2012-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604170604/http://library.fgcu.edu/CSD/Policies/copyrigh.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Making a sound recording of a performance of a musical work requires the permission of the performer. ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap11.html#1101 17 USC 1101]) Performing a musical work requires the authorization of the copyright holder of that musical work. ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#106 17 USC 106(4)]) Distributing phonorecords made from a performance of a musical work also requires the authorization of the copyright holder of the work performed ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#106 17 USC 106(3)]). A sound recording is copyrighted separately from the musical work it records. Publicly distributing phonorecords of the sound recording constitutes publication of the sound recording. ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#101 17 USC 101])

So there are four different copyrights to be considered for a sound recording:
*The copyright of the composer
*The copyright of the texter, if any
*The copyright of the performer, and
*The copyright of the producer of the record
In the case of broadcasts, there's also the copyright of the broadcaster on the broadcast to consider. The copyrights of performers/record producers/broadcasters are called the &quot;[[neighbouring rights]]&quot; or &quot;related rights&quot; in many countries. ''All'' of these have to have expired before the work enters the public domain.

As of January 2025, there have been significant changes to US sound recording copyright as a result of the [[Music Modernization Act]] (see [https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/09/new-music-modernization-act-has-major-fix-older-recordings-wll-belong-public] and [https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1551/text]). Prior to the passage of the law, sound recordings made before February 15, 1972, were not covered by US federal copyright law, but were subject to state laws instead, effectively meaning that no sound recordings could be considered to be in the public domain, no matter how old. Under the Music Modernization Act, the situation is as follows:
* ''Works published prior to 1925 entered the public domain on January 1, 2025.''
* ''Works published 1925–1946 will enter the public domain 100 years after the publication date.''
* ''Works published 1947–1956 will enter the public domain 110 years after the publication date.''
* ''Works published 1957–February 14, 1972, will enter the public domain on February 15, 2067.''

&lt;!-- Old text for the situation prior to the MMA:
&lt;s&gt;Sound recordings made before February 15, 1972, are ''not'' covered by US federal copyright law[http://www.clir.org/PUBS/reports/pub135/contents.html]. They are, however, subject to US state common or statutory laws until February 15, 2067.{{ref|date2067|†}} On that date, federal copyright law will preempt state law, i.e., federal law will supersede any state laws in matters concerning the copyright of such sound recordings, and such sound recordings will then enter the public domain in the US, as federal law explicitly states that no such recordings &quot;shall be subject to copyright under this title before, on, or after&quot; that date. ([http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap3.html#301 17 USC 301(c)]) (Note that certain sound recordings of foreign origin may be subject to federal copyright instead of state copyright due to the URAA. This issue is mentioned in more detail later in this section.)&lt;/s&gt;

&lt;s&gt;State law and/or common law copyrights on sound recordings do ''not'' always incorporate the same limitations and formalities of federal copyright law, so state copyrights may apply even when a sound recording is extremely old (i.e. a cylinder recording from the late 1800s) or if a recording was publicly released in noncompliance with copyright formalities (i.e. no copyright notice or registration or renewal).&lt;ref name=&quot;economist_sound_recordings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/sound-recordings |publisher=[[The Economist]] |date=2011-06-21 |title=Sound recordings: The sound of silence |access-date=2012-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the most part, state laws on sound recording copyright specify that the right of reproduction belongs to the party who possesses the master recording(s).&lt;ref name=&quot;economist_sound_recordings&quot;/&gt; The Podcasting Legal Guide from the Creative Commons wiki claims that the applicable state law for a recording that was produced before February 15, 1972, is usually the law of the state where the recording was made.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/index.php?title=Podcasting_Legal_Guide&amp;oldid=21175#Two_Types_Of_Works_Involved_In_A_Copyrighted_Song. |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |date=2009-02-27 |access-date=2012-09-06 |title=Podcasting Legal Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/s&gt;

Sound recordings made on or after February 15, 1972, ''are'' covered by 17 USC (that is, the federal copyright law), and state law is irrelevant for such later recordings.
--&gt;
On an international level, sound recordings are ''not'' covered by the Berne Convention. §2(1) of the Berne Convention only lists musical works, but not recordings of performances of such. Internationally, sound recordings are brought under the auspices of copyright protection by the [[Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations|Rome Convention]], the [[WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty|WPPT]], and the [[Geneva Phonograms Convention]] (in full: &quot;[http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/phonograms/index.html Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms]&quot;). The US has never signed the Rome Convention, but has signed and ratified the WPPT (entry in force in the US was on March 20, 2002). Additionally, the US has ratified the Phonograms Convention in 1973, it entered in force on March 10, 1974.

An illustrative case in the US showing some of the complexities of determining the copyright status of even old recordings is ''[https://www.law.cornell.edu/nyctap/I05_0027.htm Capitol Records v. Naxos of America]'', decided by the [[New York Court of Appeals]], the highest court of the state of New York, on April 5, 2005. Briefly, that decision about old recordings that were made in the [[United Kingdom]] in the 1930s and that had entered the public domain there in the 1980s (50 years after their creation) stated that these were still eligible for copyright protection under the common law of the state of New York, even though they were in the public domain in the UK prior to January 1, 1996, and thus not eligible for copyright restoration under the URAA. The reason given was precisely that records from the 1930s were not covered by federal law and the URAA and its cut-off date did not apply to state law.

Despite sound recordings not being covered by the Berne Convention, and despite the fact that the US in 1996 was a member of neither the Rome Convention nor the WPPT, the [[URAA]] ''does'' cover sound recordings ([[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Section 104A|17 USC 104A(h)(6)]], in particular sub-points (C)(iii) and (E)). The usual copyright term for performances/records/broadcasts in many non-US countries is 50 years, counted from the creation (performance, fixation of the record, original broadcast), but if the performance or record is published within these 50 years, the term runs until the end of 50 years after that first publication. (The minimum term defined in the Rome Convention is just 20 years, but many countries go further.) As a result, the URAA generally restored ''federal'' copyright on foreign sound recordings made 1946 or later, even though domestic records from 1946&amp;ndash;1971 do not benefit from such federal copyright. As far as ''foreign'' records are concerned, common law copyright applies only to pre-1946 records. Later records are covered by federal law. And, as the ''Capitol v. Naxos'' case showed, absence of federal copyright due to non-restoration does not mean the foreign recording were in the public domain in the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;besek&quot;&gt;Besek, June M.: ''[http://www.clir.org/PUBS/abstract/pub135abst.html Copyright Issues Relevant to Digital Preservation and Dissemination of Pre-1972 Commercial Sound Recordings by Libraries and Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824063251/http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub135abst.html |date=2007-08-24}}'', CLIR pub. #135, December 2005, {{ISBN|1-932326-23-5}}. URL last accessed 2007-08-23. See in particular p.&amp;nbsp;18f on restoration of foreign sound recordings, and footnote 88 on p.&amp;nbsp;31 for evidence that ''all'' four (or five) different copyrights need to have expired.&lt;/ref&gt;

:&lt;small&gt;{{note|date2067|†}} That date originally was February 15, 2047 (75 years after 1972), but was extended by 20 years in 1998 by the [[CTEA]].&lt;/small&gt;

===UK===
In the United Kingdom, the copyright of a sound recording expires 50 years after it was made. However, from 1 November 2013, the copyright of a sound recording expires 70 years from the end of the year of publication, when it was first played in public or communicated to the public, whichever event occurred first.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/copy/c-duration/c-soundrecordings.htm |title=Sound Recordings |access-date=2010-02-17 |archive-date=2010-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405132911/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/copy/c-duration/c-soundrecordings.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prior to November 2013, the copyright of a sound recording expired 50 years from the end of the year of publication, when it was first played in public or communicated to the public, whichever event occurred first. Therefore, any work which copyright expired on 1 January 2013 or prior will not be affected and remain in the public domain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/pro-types/pro-copy/c-policy/c-policy-copyterm.htm |title=Term of protection for sound recordings and performers' rights |access-date=2014-04-09 |archive-date=2013-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223101833/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/pro-types/pro-copy/c-policy/c-policy-copyterm.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Movies ==
:'''In short: many movies are ''[[commons:COM:DW|derivative works]]'' of other, pre-existing works. They enter the public domain only when the copyrights on the movie ''and'' those on the underlying base work(s) have expired.'''
Movies are called &quot;motion pictures&quot; in the US Copyright law and belong to the class of &quot;audiovisual works&quot;. A movie comprises both the sequence of images and the accompanying sound, if any.&lt;ref&gt;[[wikisource:Page:H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476 (1976) Page 056.djvu|Copyright Law Revision (House Report No. 94-1476) (1976), page 56]] from the [[US House of Representatives]]&lt;/ref&gt; (Incidentally, a movie soundtrack is ''not'' a &quot;sound recording&quot;, 17 USC 101.) They are subject to the same copyright rules as other works, with a few extras. Among the exclusive rights of the copyright holder on a movie are the rights to display publicly the movie ''or individual images from it''. Therefore, even the display of a single frame from a movie is subject to the copyright on the film.

For movies, the question of whether a movie is a published work may arise, because public showings in theaters do not constitute publication. At the same time, the process of disseminating a movie involves (or used to involve) a distributor placing copies of the movie in its branch offices (which were sometimes called &quot;exchanges&quot; or &quot;regional exchanges&quot;) from where they would be rented to exhibitors.&lt;ref name=&quot;stephen_fishman_2012_p174&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |last=Fishman |first=Stephen |year=2012 |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/174 174] |isbn=9781413317213 |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |access-date=2012-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to legal writer Stephen Fishman, the legal consensus is that a movie is published for the purpose of copyright once the distributor has made copies available in its exchanges.&lt;ref name=&quot;stephen_fishman_2012_p174&quot;/&gt; In particular, there is the court case ''American Vitagraph, Inc. v Levy'', 659 F.2d 1023 (9th Cir. 1981). As such, a film that has been distributed and then shown in movie theaters to the general public can be treated as being published.

The matter of movies is complicated when the movie itself is a derivative work of some earlier work, for instance a previously published novel. As with all derivative works, the copyright on both the derivative and the underlying base work must have expired before the film is truly in the public domain. If only the rights on the film have expired, publication of the movie is still subject to the consent of the rights holder of the underlying work.

:&quot;In ''Russell v. Price'', 612 F.2d 1123,1128 (9th Cir. 1979), the court held that copyright owners of [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s play ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'', which was still covered by copyright, could prevent distribution of the film version of the play, even though the film had fallen into the public domain. Similarly, in ''Filmvideo Releasing Corp. v. Hastings'', 668 F.2d 91,92 (2d Cir. 1981), the court held that even though films based on the ''[[Hopalong Cassidy]]'' stories had fallen into the public domain, a license for television exhibition had to be obtained from the owners of the copyrights in the underlying books, which were still protected by copyright.&quot;
::Quoted from Besek, footnote 88 on page 31.&lt;ref name=&quot;besek&quot;/&gt;

A similar case occurred with the film ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'', which was thought to be in the public domain when its copyright owner failed to renew its copyright in 1974. However, in 1993, the copyright owner determined that it still held the rights to the underlying story.&lt;ref name=&quot;ochoa&quot;&gt;Ochoa, T.: ''[http://www3.wcl.american.edu/cni/0202/30327.html Re: Films in Public Domain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725004552/http://www3.wcl.american.edu/cni/0202/30327.html |date=2010-07-25}}'', E-Mail to listserv, February 27, 2002; citing Steven Mitchell Schiffman, ''Movies in the Public Domain: A Threatened Species'' 20 Columbia-VLA J. L. Arts 663, 671-72 (1996) and Debra L. Quentel, ''&quot;Bad Artists Copy. Good Artists Steal&quot;: The ugly Conflict between Copyright Law and Appropriationism'', 4 UCLA Ent. L. Rev. 39, 47 n.46 (1996). URL last accessed 2007-08-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

The situation gets even more confusing if the effects of renewals are taken into account. In particular, what about the status of derivative works created during the base work's initial copyright term, ''i.e.'', created before the renewal of the copyright on base work? In 1990, the US [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] ruled in ''Stewart v. Abend'' (495 U.S. 207 (1990)) that the continued exhibition and distribution of the [[Alfred Hitchcock|Hitchcock]] movie ''[[Rear Window]]'' was a copyright infringement on an underlying short story, on which the copyright had been renewed. On the other hand, this applies only to ''explicit'' copyright renewals, i.e. all pre-1964 renewals and those made voluntarily after 1964. As per [[:s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 3/Sections 304 and 305|17 USC 304(a)(4)(A)]], it does ''not'' apply to automatic copyright renewals (since 1964).&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_movie_renwal&quot;&gt;Gorman, R. A.: ''[http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/$file/copyright.pdf Copyright Law, 2nd ed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926003813/http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/%24file/copyright.pdf |date=2007-09-26}}'', US [[Federal Judicial Center]], June 19, 2006. Sub-section &quot;Derivative works prepared during the initial term&quot;, pp.&amp;nbsp;60&amp;ndash;62. URL last accessed 2007-08-27.&lt;/ref&gt; See also ''[http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ15.html Circular 15: Renewal of Copyright] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829181711/http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ15.html |date=2007-08-29 }}'' by the US Copyright Office.

Other issues that may arise with movies include the situation where a movie's footage shows items of preexisting artwork that are copyrighted separately from the movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |last=Fishman |first=Stephen  |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/186 186] |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |access-date=2012-08-30 |year=2012|isbn=9781413317213 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (In some circumstances, such as if the artwork appears momentarily or is obscured or out of focus such that it is unidentifiable, the depiction of the artwork may be permissible under fair use.) In addition, though publication of a movie also constitutes publication of the underlying screenplay elements that the movie incorporates (see ''Shoptalk, Ltd. v Concorde-New Horizons, Corp.'', 168 F.3d 586 (2d Cir. 1999) and ''Batjac Productions, Inc. v Goodtimes Home Video Corp.'', 160 F.3d 1223 (9th Cir. 1998)),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |last=Fishman |first=Stephen  |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/181 181] |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |access-date=2012-08-30 |year=2012|isbn=9781413317213 }}&lt;/ref&gt; it is not legally clear as to whether the publication of a movie constitutes publication of musical works that are included in the audio portion of the movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |last=Fishman |first=Stephen  |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/183 183] |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |access-date=2012-08-30 |year=2012|isbn=9781413317213 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Note that in most countries, all this is not an issue at all. As movies are granted the same copyrights with the same terms as the underlying work(s), the copyright on the underlying work typically expires first. But in the US, it is quite possible that the copyright on a movie was not renewed (or the movie was published without copyright notice) while the book on which it is based was properly copyrighted and renewed. In such cases, the movie will be in the public domain only when the book is in the public domain, too.

=== Animated movies (cartoons) ===
:'''In short: Cartoons (animated movies or comic strips) enter the public domain only when the copyrights on both the movie or strip ''and'' the character have expired.'''
With cartoons, a slightly different issue may arise. Cartoon characters are, themselves, objects of copyright,&lt;ref name=&quot;gorman_cartoon&quot;&gt;Gorman, R. A.: ''[http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/$file/copyright.pdf Copyright Law, 2nd ed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926003813/http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/%24file/copyright.pdf |date=2007-09-26}}'', US [[Federal Judicial Center]], June 19, 2006. Section &quot;Pictorial and literary characters&quot;, p.&amp;nbsp;50. URL last accessed 2007-08-27.&lt;/ref&gt; as they themselves are works of art and not a phenomenon of nature. The most famous example is, most likely, [[Mickey Mouse]]. He appeared in 1928 in the animated movies ''[[Plane Crazy]]'' and ''[[Steamboat Willie]]'', and was copyrighted at that time. The copyright was properly renewed and, because of the terms of the [[Copyright Term Extension Act]], its copyright ran for 95 years since the original publication and expired at the end of 2023. The Mickey Mouse case is complicated even more because the character has become a trademark of [[The Walt Disney Company]], which means that even &quot;fair use&quot; of the character must be carefully evaluated to avoid [[trademark infringement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;moffat&quot;&gt;Moffat, V.: ''[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=972358 Mutant Copyrights and Backdoor Patents: The Problem of Overlapping Intellectual Property Protection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013232842/http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=972358 |date=2007-10-13}}'', Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Vol. 19, 2004, pp.&amp;nbsp;1474&amp;ndash;1532. ([http://btlj.boalt.org/data/articles/19-4_fall-2004_6-moffat.pdf Alternate link to full article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626180848/http://btlj.boalt.org/data/articles/19-4_fall-2004_6-moffat.pdf |date=2006-06-26}})&lt;/ref&gt;

Similar to the above, an animated movie enters the public domain only when the copyrights on both the movie ''and'' the character have expired. Even if there were a ''Mickey Mouse'' movie that was not under copyright due to non-renewal or other reasons, that movie was not the public domain until the end of 2023, when the copyrights on ''Plane Crazy'', ''Steamboat Willie'' and on ''Mickey Mouse'' expired.

The same applies, of course, to other cartoon characters such as [[Donald Duck]], or the [[Warner Bros.]] characters such as [[Daffy Duck]]. It also applies to [[comic strips]] and comics characters, such as [[Superman]].

== TV shows ==
Many TV shows may in fact be unpublished works for the purpose of copyright because wireless broadcast does not constitute publication. In addition, it is not clear as to whether [[Syndication (television)|syndication]] of a TV show constitutes publication for the purpose of copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;stephen_fishman_2012_p189&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Public Domain: How to Find &amp; Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art &amp; More |last=Fishman |first=Stephen  |year=2012 |publisher=[[Nolo.com]] |via=Internet Archive |page=[https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3/page/189 189] |isbn=9781413317213 |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdomainhowt00fish_3 |url-access=registration |access-date=2012-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two rulings from US federal trial courts (''Paramount Pictures Corp. v Rubinowitz'', 217 U.S.P.Q. 48 (E.D. N.Y., 1981) and ''NBC v Sonneoborn'', 630 F.Supp 524 (D. Conn, 1985)) held that syndication of TV shows under restrictive agreements did not constitute publication, though it is not clear as to whether other courts would come to the same decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;stephen_fishman_2012_p189&quot;/&gt;

== Photographs of buildings ==
:'''In short: Photographs of civilian buildings from public places are OK in many, but not all, countries.'''
Buildings are works subject to copyright in the US according to [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#102 17 USC 102(a)(8)] since the [http://www.djc.com/news/ae/11151054.html Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act] was passed in 1990. It applies to all buildings that were completed (not begun) after December 1, 1990, or where the plans were published after that date. However, the US federal copyright law explicitly exempts photographs of such copyrighted buildings from the copyright of the building in [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#120 17 USC 120(a)]. Anyone may take photographs of buildings from public places. The photographer holds the exclusive copyright to such an image (the architect or owner of the building has no say whatsoever), and may publish the image in any way. In German copyright law, this is called ''&quot;[[:de:Panoramafreiheit|Panoramafreiheit]]&quot;''. Not all countries recognize this right; in France and Greece for instance, there is no such [[freedom of panorama]] and thus the copyright holder of a building has the right to control the distribution of photographs of the building.

17 USC 120 applies only to architectural works, not to other works of visual art, such as statues. In many other countries, this freedom of panorama extends also to works of the visual arts that are permanently located in public places, but that is not the case in the United States. In many countries, taking photographs of military installations is also illegal or it is illegal to reproduce cultural heritage without the permission of its owner (but that prohibition is independent of copyright).

:''See also the [[:commons:Commons:Freedom of panorama|list of panorama freedom legislation around the world]] at the Commons.''

== Derived works and restorations of works in the public domain ==
:'''In short: These may give rise to new copyright on the new work, but not on the public domain original.'''
[[File:Vietnam child soldier.jpg|thumb|This image has been heavily postprocessed by a Wikipedia editor to restore it from a very badly deteriorated original. Although the technical work was intricate and involved many choices to be made, the creator of the digitally restored image does not think he'd have a copyright on the restored version as it is not the result of original, creative input of his. Both the original (as a work of a US Army soldier in service) and the restored image are in the public domain.]]
A work that is derived or adapted from a public domain work can itself be protected by copyright only to the extent that the derived work contains elements of originality contributed by the author of the derived work. For example, an abstract painting of a famous photograph would be protectable, as is the distinctive rendition of the ''[[Star Spangled Banner]]'' performed by [[Jimi Hendrix]]. The protection available to these works does not remove the underlying work from the public domain, and the author of the derivation has no cause of action against another person who makes a derivation of the same public domain work.

A work that is merely a &quot;slavish copy&quot;, or even a restoration of an original public domain work is ''not'' subject to copyright protection. In the case of ''Hearn v. Meyer'', 664 F. Supp 832 (S.D.N.Y. 1987), an illustrator attempted unsuccessfully to claim copyright on his restored versions of original ''Wizard of Oz'' illustrations. The illustrations were in the public domain, and the court found that the act of rendering them with bolder and more vibrant colors was not an original contribution sufficient to remove the restored works from the public domain.

The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] has explicitly rejected difficulty of labor or expense as a consideration in copyrightability in ''[[Feist v. Rural]]''. See also &quot;[[#Non-creative works|Non-creative works]]&quot; above.

{{See also|Threshold of originality|Sweat of the brow}}

== Public records ==
:'''In short: being in the public record generally has no bearing on the copyright status of an item. Works in the public record may or may not be copyrighted.'''
[[Public record]]s are ''not'' necessarily in the public domain. Citizens generally have the right to ''access'' many items in the government's public records, but this right to access does not include a right to republish or redistribute the works so accessed. In general, copyright is neither lost nor waived when a work becomes part of the public record. Being in the public record and copyright are two independent concepts. Uses of works from the public record must comply with copyright law.&lt;ref name=&quot;publ_rec&quot;&gt;Davis, Karen: ''[http://www.in.gov/pac/informal/2005/Lt.Governor_inquiry_by_Chad_Frahm_re_Tourism_photos.pdf Guidance Regarding the Use of Copyrighted Material Under the Access to Public Records Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328083035/http://www.in.gov/pac/informal/2005/Lt.Governor_inquiry_by_Chad_Frahm_re_Tourism_photos.pdf |date=2007-03-28}}'', Public Access Counselor, US State of [[Indiana]], October 31, 2005. URL last accessed 2006-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

Many items in the US public records are in the public domain as [[#U.S. government works|works of the US federal government]], such as court decisions by federal courts. The constitution and statutes of some states, such as [[Template:PD-CAGov|California]] and [[Template:PD-FLGov|Florida]], ''generally'' do not permit public records to be copyrighted.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.2dca.org/opinions/Opinion_Pages/Opinion_Page_2004/December/December%2001,%202004/2D03-3346.pdf ''Microdecisions, Inc. v. Skinner''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406114316/http://www.2dca.org/opinions/Opinion_Pages/Opinion_Page_2004/December/December%2001,%202004/2D03-3346.pdf |date=2011-04-06}}, Case no. 2D03-3346, Florida Court of Appeal, Second District (Dec. 1, 2004), construing Florida Statutes § [http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&amp;Search_String=&amp;URL=Ch0119/SEC07.HTM&amp;Title=-%3E2008-%3ECh0119-%3ESection%2007#0119.07 119.07] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613213654/http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&amp;Search_String=&amp;URL=Ch0119%2FSEC07.HTM&amp;Title=-%3E2008-%3ECh0119-%3ESection%2007#0119.07 |date=2019-06-13}}. See [[Microdecisions, Inc. v. Skinner]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.flsenate.gov/data/Publications/2006/Senate/reports/interim_reports/pdf/2006-217go.pdf Florida senate committee report On public records and copyright] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624104136/http://www.flsenate.gov/data/Publications/2006/Senate/reports/interim_reports/pdf/2006-217go.pdf |date=2009-06-24}}, September 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; Other kinds of works in the public record (third-party works, works and software created by contractors for a state or local government) may be copyrighted, though;&lt;ref name=&quot;state_pubs&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;contractors&quot;/&gt; even when they have become part of the public record.

In the [[United Kingdom]], many items in the public records ''are'' copyrighted. Official works in the UK are under [[Crown copyright]], and this copyright subsists if the item was published before it was placed in a public record repository. Only for works that were placed in such repositories without having been published before, the Crown waives its copyright.&lt;ref name=&quot;opsi&quot;&gt;UK [[Office of Public Sector Information]]: ''[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/advice/crown-copyright/copyright-guidance/copyright-in-public-records.htm Copyright in Public Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212112200/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/advice/crown-copyright/copyright-guidance/copyright-in-public-records.htm |date=2007-02-12}}'', November 30, 2006. URL last accessed 2006-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{See also|Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Avoid misuse of primary sources}}

== Copyright restorations ==
:'''In short: Works that were already out of copyright may sometimes become copyrighted again!'''
Common sense would suggest that once the copyright of a particular work has expired in a country and it had thus entered the public domain in that country, it would always remain in the public domain there. Unfortunately, this is not always true. It is possible that the copyright laws of a country are changed such that works already out of copyright under the old law ''become copyrighted again'' under the new law. Such ''copyright restorations'' complicate considerably the matter of deciding whether a work is indeed in the public domain.

There are several examples of such laws restoring copyrights. In the EU, the [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection]], which is ''binding'' for all EU members and which became effective on July 1, 1995, makes any work that was copyrighted in at least one EU member on January 1, 1995, copyrighted in ''all'' EU members, even if that work's copyright had already expired there (see [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0098:EN:HTML §10(2)] of the directive). Because Spain has had a strict copyright law with a long copyright term of 70 years p.m.a. (or even 80 years for some time) and no rule of the shorter term since 1879, this effectively means that throughout the EU, one has to apply 70 years p.m.a., irrespective of shorter terms that may have existed in historic laws of a particular EU member. For an example of this, see the case of German [[#German World War II images|World War II images]] below. In the US, the [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38b.pdf Uruguay Round Agreement Act (URAA)] mentioned above is another such copyright restoration to the US copyright law. It suddenly makes works copyrighted in the US that previously were in the public domain there. Examples of such copyright restorations also exist in other countries.

Such copyright restorations typically are ''not'' ''[[ex post facto]]'' laws. (Briefly, an ''ex post facto'' law is one that retroactively criminalizes or punishes more severely acts done before the law was passed.) The EU directive explicitly says in [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0098:EN:HTML §10(3)] that the directive ''&quot;shall be without prejudice to any acts of exploitation performed before the...''[effective date, i.e. July 1, 1995]''. Member States shall adopt the necessary provisions to protect in particular acquired rights of third parties.&quot;'' The URAA, to take the other example discussed above, only makes ''continued or new'' unlicensed uses of works whose copyright has been restored a copyright violation. Unlicensed earlier publications of the work (while it was still in the public domain in the US) are ''not'' punished &quot;after the fact&quot;, i.e. ''ex post facto''. For continued uses, [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A] requires even that the holder of the restored copyright file a so-called &quot;Notice of Intent to Enforce Restored Copyrights&quot; (in short: NIE) with the US Copyright Office for such continued uses to be considered copyright infringements (see 17 USC 104A(c)). For existing derivative works, 17 USC 104A(d)(3) stipulates that a &quot;reasonable compensation&quot; must be paid for continued use.

Because the URAA became effective only on January 1, 1996 (half a year after the EU directive), any copyrights restored in the EU by the directive also became restored in the US.

=== Countries without copyright treaties with the US ===
{{see also|Template:Non-free no treaty}}
:'''In short: Use such works under a &quot;public domain&quot; claim ''only if'' the copyright in the country of origin has expired. Do not include those in Wikipedia without discussing at talk page first.'''
According to [http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.pdf Circular 38a] of the US Copyright Office, as of January 2021, [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]] have no copyright relations with the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;no_copyr_relations&quot;&gt;As of January 2021, the status of [[East Timor]], [[Palau]], [[Somalia]] and [[South Sudan]] is stated as &quot;unclear&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Works published in one of these countries by a resident citizen of that country thus are not copyrighted in the United States, irrespective of the local copyright laws of these countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;no_copyr_relations_2&quot;&gt;[http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm Peter Hirtle's chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825165033/http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm |date=2017-08-25}} specifies the condition that a work has been produced by &quot;a resident of&quot; a country without copyright relations and published in that country. Stephen Fishman's [https://books.google.com/books?id=wy8oMwYaSbEC&amp;lpg=PP6&amp;pg=PA351#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &quot;Public Domain&quot; book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219030355/https://books.google.com/books?id=wy8oMwYaSbEC&amp;lpg=PP6&amp;pg=PA351#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |date=2021-02-19}} (Nolo, 2012, pg. 351) specifies the condition that a work has been published in a country without copyright relations and that the publication have been done by a citizen of that country.&lt;/ref&gt;

On Wikipedia, such works may be used under a &quot;public domain&quot; claim ''only'' if their copyright in the country of origin has expired, even though legally the work is in the public domain in the US.&lt;ref&gt;See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-August/027373.html 2005 statement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115004346/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-August/027373.html |date=2015-11-15}} by [[Jimbo Wales]], and the [[Wikipedia_talk:Copyrights/Archive_14#RfC:_What_to_do_with_respect_to_the_copyright_of_countries_with_which_the_US_does_not_have_copyright_relations|2012 RFC]] confirming this position.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it also avoids future problems with images on Wikipedia if some of these countries should enter a copyright treaty with the US, because then suddenly such works will become copyrighted in the US by virtue of the URAA (see above) if they are still copyrighted in their country of origin. Previously uploaded images might then have to be reevaluated. As an example, consider [[Iraq]], which is a [[WTO]] [http://www.wto.int/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm observer] and is in the process of [http://www.wto.int/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_iraq_e.htm applying for WTO membership]. If and when Iraq does become a WTO member, the URAA suddenly will apply, and Iraqi works that are copyrighted in Iraq at that time will become copyrighted in the US.

== Example cases ==

=== German World War II images ===
{{see also|Template:PD-US-alien property}}
The issue of German photographs from World War II has created some confusion. Are they still copyrighted? What about governmental images (such as propaganda)? What about images seized by Nazi Germany?

The copyright situation in Germany concerning such images is in itself confusing. Originally, these images were subject to the 1907 ''[http://www.fotorecht.de/publikationen/kug.html Kunsturhebergesetz (KUG)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231025518/http://www.fotorecht.de/publikationen/kug.html |date=2012-12-31 }}'', which provided for a copyright term for photographs of 10 years from publication, or 25 years p.m.a. for unpublished works. In 1940, the ''KUG'' was modified to provide a copyright term of 25 years from publication, also applicable to all works that were either still unpublished or still copyright protected (§26). In 1965, the first version of the German ''[http://www.urheberrecht.org/law/normen/urhg/1965-09-09/text/bgbl_I_1273_01_07_p64-69.php3 Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG)]'' became effective, again with a copyright term for photographs of 25 years from publication, or 25 years from creation, if the image had not been published in that time (§68). As a result, copyright on photographs from the World War II expired at the end of 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;seiler&quot;&gt;Rechtsanwalt D. Seiler: ''[http://www.fotorecht.de/publikationen/schutzfrist.html Fotografien und urheberrechtliche Schutzfristen]''. URL last accessed 2008-09-16. The distinction in German copyright law between photographic ''works'' (''Lichtbildwerk'', copyrighted for 70 years ''p.m.a.)'', and simple photographs (''Lichtbild'', copyrighted for 50 years from creation or publication) was only introduced in 1985: [http://www.urheberrecht.org/law/normen/urhg/1985-06-24/materialien/bgbl_I_1137.php3#1985_I_1137 Gesetz zur Änderung von Vorschriften auf dem Gebiet des Urheberrechts vom 24. Juni 1985] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829204923/http://www.urheberrecht.org/law/normen/urhg/1985-06-24/materialien/bgbl_I_1137.php3#1985_I_1137 |date=2008-08-29}}, BGBl. I Nr. 33 vom 27.6.1985, S. 1137. [[Directive 93/98/EEC|EU directive 93/98/EEC]] had the effect of making most photos qualify as photographic ''works''. See Seiler on this.&lt;/ref&gt;

However, with the 1993 EU [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection]], which became effective in Germany on July 1, 1995, and is implemented in German law in [http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__137f.html §137f], these works suddenly became copyright protected ''again'', until 70 years p.m.a! This was caused by Spain's longer copyright term of 80 years ''p.m.a.'' (see [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection#Copyright restoration|section on copyright restoration]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Spain&quot;&gt;See the [http://www.derecho-internet.org/node/365 1879 copyright law of Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211102143/http://www.derecho-internet.org/node/365 |date=2012-02-11}}: the 80-year term remained valid even in the [http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/es/es/es015es.html 1987 copyright law] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20041128182219/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/es/es/es015es.html |date=2004-11-28}} (transitional provisions, article 1(2)) and in the [http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/es/es070en.html 1996 copyright law] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20050228095358/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/es/es070en.html |date=2005-02-28}}, which implemented that EU directive (transitional provisions, fourth article).&lt;/ref&gt; This suddenly superseded Germany's old &quot;25 years&quot;-rule that had governed World War II images. As a result, an image published in 1943 that had been in the public domain in Germany since 1968 became copyrighted again in 1995 with the EU term of 70y p.m.a.&lt;ref name=&quot;olg_hh&quot;&gt;[[:s:de:Oberlandesgericht Hamburg - U-Boot Foto 1941|Oberlandesgericht Hamburg, decision 5 U 159/03, March 3, 2004]]: The copyright on a German photograph of a surfacing submarine, taken in 1941 and published in 1943, had expired in Germany at the end of 1968. However, the image was re-copyrighted by [http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__137f.html §137f] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825145259/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__137f.html |date=2006-08-25}} implementing the [[Directive 93/98/EEC|EU directive 93/98/EEC]] because it was still copyrighted in Spain on July 1, 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;

As a result, such images were copyright protected on January 1, 1996&lt;ref name=&quot;uraa_wwii&quot;&gt;See the section explaining the [[#Country-specific rules|URAA]] above.&lt;/ref&gt; (which is the critical date as far as US copyright law is concerned), and therefore, they ''are copyrighted even in the US.'' 

The situation of German World War II photographs found in US governmental archives is controversial. They might fall (in the US only) under [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/104A#a_2 17 U.S.C. 104A(a)(2)], which exempts from the URAA copyright restorations works on which the copyright was seized and administered by the US Office of the [[Alien Property Custodian]] and on which a restored copyright would be held by a foreign government.&lt;ref name=&quot;fr_63_74&quot;&gt;United States: ''[http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1998/63fr19287.pdf Federal Register Vol. 63, No. 74 / Friday, April 17, 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014074123/https://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1998/63fr19287.pdf |date=October 14, 2017}}'', pp. 19289&amp;ndash;19290. URL last accessed 2007-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt; It is unclear to what works exactly this provision would apply,&lt;ref name=&quot;fr_63_74&quot;/&gt; as it can be argued that copyright of hardly any of the WWII works at all were owned by the German government and the Nazi party, but by private people and organizations. Most of these seized copyrights were returned to their foreign owners in 1962 by public law Pub. L. No. 87–846,&lt;ref name=&quot;fr_63_74&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;patry_twte&quot;&gt;Patry, W.: ''[http://digital-law-online.info/patry/patry7.html Copyright Law and Practice]'', Chapter 1, part 7: &quot;Trading With the Enemy Act&quot;. Bna Books, {{ISBN|0871798549}}. URL last accessed 2007-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt; but on motion pictures, the US retained the right &quot;to reproduce, for its own use, or exhibit any divested copyrighted motion picture films.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;fr_63_74&quot;/&gt; There is also the ''Price vs. United States'' ([[Case citation|69 F.3d 46]]) ruling that at least places serious constraints on the practical enforceability of copyrights on such works in the US.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = David Culbert | title = The Heinrich Hoffmann Photo Archive: Price vs United States (United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, 20 November, 1995) | journal = Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 261–262 | date = June 1997 | doi = 10.1080/01439689700260721}} See also [https://web.archive.org/web/20020602021048/http://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/98-857.pdf Civil Action 98-857] before the US District Court for the District of Columbia, Judge Henry H. Kennedy. Ultimately, the US Supreme Court denied the Hoffmann heirs review of the lower courts' decision in their disfavor. (See the [http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/briefs/2001/0responses/2001-1111.resp.html opinion of the US Solicitor General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126124039/http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/briefs/2001/0responses/2001-1111.resp.html |date=2008-01-26}} and the [{{SCOTUS URL|orders/journal/jnl04.pdf}} Journal of the U.S. Supreme Court, October 2004, p. 298].) URLs last accessed 2007-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] even tags some such images as &quot;© USHMM&quot;. It is also unclear what the US position on &quot;official&quot; images of the Nazi regime is. It should be noted that even the [https://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/art/key-series-descriptions/key-series-descriptions-15.html NARA acknowledges the presence of copyrights] from the war era on some of its holdings remaining with the institutions and individuals who own the artwork, as opposed to their Nazi plunderers.

Another example are German [[newsreel]]s, a kind of weekly news shown in movie theatres before the advent of [[television]]. Most such ''Wochenschau'' films are still copyrighted; the rights are held by Transit Film GmbH in Germany. In the US the copyright on these films from 1914 until the 1940s had expired due to non-compliance with US formalities; the copyright was then restored in 1996 by the URAA on those published after {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}}. The Transit Film company then even [http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1998/63fr19287.pdf filed so-called &quot;notices of intent to enforce&quot; (NIEs)] with the US Copyright Office and can now even enforce its copyrights against parties who used their films (rightfully!) before the URAA became effective. The same is also true for most [[Universum Film AG|UFA]] films; the rights holder in this case is the [[Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau]] Foundation [http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1998/63fr19287.pdf]. The song ''[[Lili Marleen]]'' is another such case; the rights holder is Schott Music International [http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/1996/61fr68453.html].

In the United Kingdom, confiscated German works brought into the country between September 3, 1939, and July 9, 1951, had all German interests, both physical ownership and intellectual property rights such as copyrights or patents, extinguished by the ''Enemy Property Act'' of 1953. This expropriation affected only the status of such works within the UK; the international rights on German works were left untouched.&lt;ref name=&quot;iwm&quot;&gt;[[Imperial War Museum]]: ''[http://www.iwmcollections.org.uk/common/pdf/FilmTermsConds.pdf Standard Terms and Conditions Governing the Release and Use of Film and Visual Material] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616073048/http://www.iwmcollections.org.uk/common/pdf/FilmTermsConds.pdf |date=2007-06-16}}''. URL last accessed 2007-05-30.&lt;/ref&gt; This act was repealed in 1976, but the copyrights on such seized works were not restored in the UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;best1&quot;&gt;Best, H.: ''[http://www.twobirds.com/English/News/Articles/Pages/2002/GermanFilmsandUKEnemyPropertyAct1953pt1.aspx The spoils of war: German Films and UK Enemy Property Act 1953] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014074119/https://www.twobirds.com/English/News/Articles/Pages/2002/GermanFilmsandUKEnemyPropertyAct1953pt1.aspx |date=2017-10-14}}'', Bird &amp; Bird, January 7, 2002. URL last accessed 2012-08-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;best2&quot;&gt;Best, H: ''[http://www.twobirds.com/English/News/Articles/Pages/2005/Booty_in_the_eye_of_the_beholder.aspx Booty in the eye of the beholder]'', Bird &amp; Bird, February 10, 2005. URL last accessed 2012-08-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Wikipedia:Copyright]]
* [[Wikipedia:Copyright FAQ]]
* [[Wikipedia:Granting work into the public domain]]
* [[Wikipedia:File copyright tags]]
* [[Wikipedia:Public domain resources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Public domain image resources]]
* [[s:Help:Public domain|Wikisource:Help:Public domain]] – determine whether a work is in the public domain and which template to use
* [[Copyfraud]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
General:
*[http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States] copyright.cornell.edu
*[http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704071954/http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm |date=2012-07-04 }} by Peter Hirtle.
*[http://www.mediarights.co.uk/ Sound Recordings and Copyright in the UK]. A guide for those engaged in the restoration of public domain sound recordings.
*[http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=14076&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html Collection of National Copyright Laws] by the [[UNESCO]].
*[http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/clea_adv_search.jsp Collection of Laws for Electronic Access (CLEA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615010654/http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/clea_adv_search.jsp |date=2006-06-15 }} from the [[WIPO]].
*[http://www.ecap-project.org/asean_ip_legislation_international_treaties.html Copyright laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821083354/http://www.ecap-project.org/asean_ip_legislation_international_treaties.html |date=2007-08-21 }} of [[ASEAN]] countries.
*[http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/index.htm Copyright laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213112/http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/index.htm |date=2007-09-27 }} of countries that formerly were part of the [[Soviet Union]].
*[https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.pdf International Copyright Relations of the U.S.] &amp;ndash; Circular 38a of the US Copyright Office.
*[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/copy_and_perms.pdf Copyright guidelines] from the University of Chicago Press.
*[http://english.osu.edu/research/organizations/ijjf/copyrightfaqs.cfm The copyright status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712050055/http://english.osu.edu/research/organizations/ijjf/copyrightfaqs.cfm |date=2010-07-12 }} of the works of [[James Joyce]]. Illustrates some of the complications that may arise.
*Gorman, R.: ''[http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/$file/copyright.pdf Copyright Law], 2nd ed''. US [[Federal Judicial Center]], June 19, 2006. URL last accessed 2006-10-27.
*[http://www.publicdomainday.org/ Public Domain Day]: with many links to useful tools to find and determine PD works
*[http://outofcopyright.eu/calculator.html Public Domain calculator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118120709/http://outofcopyright.eu/calculator.html |date=2015-01-18 }} by Europeana ([http://www.outofcopyright.eu/media.html flowcharts / guiding texts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428130135/http://www.outofcopyright.eu/media.html |date=2014-04-28 }})
*Guadamuz, A. [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2446451 Comparative Analysis of National Approaches on Voluntary Copyright Relinquishment] (2013). 

Copyright renewals in the US:
*[http://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&amp;PAGE=First On-line database] for copyright registrations and renewals in the US since 1978
*[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/cce/ TIFF scans] of the registry of the US Copyright Office 1950–1977, with a bias towards books.
*[[gutenberg:11800|digitized versions]] of the registry of the US Copyright Office 1950–1977, with a bias towards books, hosted by [[Project Gutenberg]].
*[https://collections.stanford.edu/copyrightrenewals/ Searchable database] of the digitized copyright renewal records for books.

[[Category:Wikipedia public domain| ]]</text>
      <sha1>acdomjrcaezz9c7krmiivfqpxrwoktf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>විකිපීඩියා:PD</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>192253</id>
    <redirect title="විකිපීඩියා:Public domain" />
    <revision>
      <id>785974</id>
      <timestamp>2025-08-20T21:47:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;OfTheUsername</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Modifying [[WP:RCAT|redirect categories]] using [[User:Wugapodes/Capricorn|Capricorn ♑]]</comment>
      <origin>785974</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="142" sha1="5efsc80ioynn7p3y6ihfr1jersc69hd" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Public domain]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to project namespace}}
{{R from shortcut}}
{{R mentioned in hatnote}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>5efsc80ioynn7p3y6ihfr1jersc69hd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785975</id>
      <parentid>785974</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:10:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Wikipedia:PD]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
      <origin>785974</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="142" sha1="5efsc80ioynn7p3y6ihfr1jersc69hd" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Public domain]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to project namespace}}
{{R from shortcut}}
{{R mentioned in hatnote}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>5efsc80ioynn7p3y6ihfr1jersc69hd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Belgium by province category navigation</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>192254</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785977</id>
      <timestamp>2025-12-26T17:51:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Pppery</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rename per CfD</comment>
      <origin>785977</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="16780" sha1="b7mrk6e06xf3j6ifj4cttk50z5x0zlj" xml:space="preserve">--[[
	v01.18: fix handling of definite article (e.g. for 'the Northwest Territories')
	2.0 Resolve category redirects

 each title consists of three parts
    * prefix
    * province name
    * suffix
 e.g. &quot;Foo in Antwerp Province&quot;
    * prefix = &quot;Foo in &quot;
    * province name = &quot;Antwerp Province&quot;
    * suffix = &quot;&quot;
 e.g. &quot;Hainaut (province)-related lists&quot;
    * prefix = &quot;&quot;
    * province name = &quot;Hainaut (province)&quot;
    * suffix = &quot;-related lists&quot;
]]

-- config
local textSize = '90%'
local tableClass=&quot;toc nomobile&quot;
local evenRowStyle = &quot;vertical-align:top; background-color:#f3f3f3;&quot;
local oddRowStyle = &quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
local labelStyle = &quot;text-align:right; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;&quot;
local listStyle = &quot;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;&quot;
local greyLinkColor = &quot;#888&quot;
--[[ Note that the table styles are designed to ensure that the navbox is as wide as possible, while still leaving
     enough enough space on the right for portal boxes, commons links, and GeoGroup templates.
     A lot of fiddling was needed to make it work, so please test any changes very carfully in the sandbox.
]]
local tableFallbackMaxWidth=&quot;auto&quot;
local tableMaxWidth=&quot;calc(100% - 25em)&quot; -- Template:GeoGroup has width: 23em&lt;
-- local tableStyle=&quot;margin-left:0; margin-right:auto; clear:left !important; margin-top:0 !important; float:left; width:auto;&quot;
local tableStyle=&quot;margin-left:0; margin-right:auto; clear:left !important; margin-top:0 !important; width:auto;&quot;

-- Templates which are allowed to call this module
local callingTemplates = {
	'Template:Belgium by province category navigation',
}

-- globals for this module
local debugging = false
local debugmsg = &quot;&quot;
local tableRowNum = 0
local title_prefix = &quot;&quot;
local title_suffix = &quot;&quot;
local title_prefix
local title_suffix
local thisPageProvince
local greyLinkCount = 0
local blueLinkCount = 0
local parentname = &quot;&quot;
local templateName

local horizontal = require('Module:List').horizontal
local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
local ResolveCategoryRedirect = require('Module:Resolve category redirect').rtarget
local p = {}

--[[
	Plain text list of provinces
	* Each entry exactly as it appears in running text in category titles, with any prefix (e.g. &quot;the&quot;)
	* Be sure to avoid hidden characters and duplicate spaces. They break the pattern-matching on which this module relies
]]
local BelgiumRegions = {
	'Brussels',
	'Flanders',
	'Wallonia'
}
local FlandersProvinces = {
	'Antwerp Province',
	'East Flanders',
	'Flemish Brabant',
	'Limburg (Belgium)',
	'West Flanders'
}
local WalloniaProvinces = {
	'Hainaut Province',
	'Liège Province',
	'Luxembourg (Belgium)',
	'Namur Province',
	'Walloon Brabant'
}

-- If the page title matches any of these Lua patterns, treat it as a false positive 
local falsePositiveChecks = {
}

local function publishDebugLog()
	if not debugging then
		return &quot;&quot;
	end
	return &quot;==Debugging ==\n\n&quot; .. debugmsg .. &quot;\n== Output ==\n&quot;
end

-- debugLog builds a log which can be output if debuging is enabled
-- each log entry is given a level, so that the output is not simply a flat list
-- a debug msg may be appended to the previous msg by setting the level to nil
local function debugLog(level, msg)

	if (debugmsg == nil) then
		debugmsg = &quot;&quot;
	end

	if (level ~= nil) then
		-- not appending, so make a new line
		debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;\n&quot;
		-- then add the level
		local i
		for i = 1, level do
			if (i % 2) == 1 then
				debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;#&quot;
			else
				debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;*&quot;
			end
		end 
	end
	debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot; &quot; .. msg
	return true
end

local function makeTrackingCategory()
	-- discount the current page, which will always be coded as a blue link, but rendered as bold un-navigable
	blueLinkCount = blueLinkCount - 1
	if greyLinkCount == 0 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with no grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if blueLinkCount == 0 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with all grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if  greyLinkCount &lt;= 5 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with 1–5 grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if  greyLinkCount &gt; 5 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with 6 or more grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	return &quot;&quot;
end

-- Make a piped link to a category, if it exists
-- If it doesn't exist, just display the greyed the link title without linking
local function makeCatLink(catname, disp)
	local displaytext
	if (disp ~= &quot;&quot;) and (disp ~= nil) then
		-- use 'disp' parameter, but strip any trailing disambiguator
		displaytext = mw.ustring.gsub(disp, &quot;%s+%(.+$&quot;, &quot;&quot;);
		-- also strip any trailing &quot;Province&quot;
		displaytext = mw.ustring.gsub(displaytext, &quot;%sProvince&quot;, &quot;&quot;);
	else
		displaytext = catname
	end
	local fmtlink
	local catPage = mw.title.new( catname, &quot;Category&quot; )
	if (catPage.exists) then
		fmtlink = &quot;[[:Category:&quot; .. catname .. &quot;|&quot; .. displaytext .. &quot;]]&quot;
		blueLinkCount = blueLinkCount + 1
	else
		fmtlink = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:' .. greyLinkColor .. '&quot;&gt;' .. displaytext .. &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;
		greyLinkCount = greyLinkCount + 1
	end

	return fmtlink
end

local function makeCatName(provinceName, prefix, suffix)
	local thisCatName = prefix .. provinceName .. suffix
	debugLog(5, &quot;thisCatName = [&quot; .. thisCatName .. &quot;]&quot;)
	--[[
		Now check whether the all following conditions are true
			1/ the provinceName begins with &quot;the&quot;
			2/ the category does NOT exist if we use &quot;the &quot;
			3/ the category does exist if we strip &quot;the &quot;
		 If those conditions are all true, them strip &quot;the&quot; 
	]] 
	if (mw.ustring.match(provinceName, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) ~= nil) then
		debugLog(6, &quot;ProvinceName begins with 'the'&quot;)
		local provinceNameStripped = mw.ustring.gsub(provinceName, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;, &quot;&quot;, 1)
		local thisCatNameStripped = prefix .. provinceNameStripped .. suffix
		debugLog(6, &quot;thisCatNameStripped = [&quot; .. thisCatNameStripped .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local testCatPage = mw.title.new(thisCatName, &quot;Category&quot; )
		local testCatPageStripped = mw.title.new(thisCatNameStripped, &quot;Category&quot; )
		if not testCatPage.exists then
			debugLog(7, &quot;[&quot; .. testCatPage.fullText .. &quot;] .. does not exist&quot;) 
			if (testCatPageStripped.exists) then
				debugLog(7, &quot;[&quot; .. testCatPageStripped.fullText .. &quot;] .. DOES exist, so use that&quot;) 
				return thisCatNameStripped
			end
		end
	end
	return thisCatName
end

local function makeTableRow(rowLabel, provinceList)
	debugLog(2, &quot;makeTableRow, label: &quot;)
	if (rowLabel == nil) then
		rowLabel = &quot;By&amp;nbsp;region (and&amp;nbsp;province)&quot;
		debugLog(nil, rowLabel)
	else
		rowLabel = mw.text.trim(rowLabel)
		debugLog(nil, &quot; [&quot; .. rowLabel .. &quot;]&quot;)
	end
	tableRowNum = tableRowNum + 1
	local thisRow
	if (tableRowNum % 2) == 0 then
		debugLog(3, &quot;Even-numbered&quot;)
		thisRow = '&lt;tr style=&quot;' .. evenRowStyle .. '&quot;&gt;\n'
	else
		debugLog(3, &quot;Odd-numbered&quot;)
		thisRow = '&lt;tr style=&quot;' .. oddRowStyle .. '&quot;&gt;\n'
	end
	if not ((rowLabel == nil) or (rowLabel ==&quot;&quot;)) then
		thisRow = thisRow .. '&lt;td style=&quot;' .. labelStyle .. '&quot;&gt;' .. rowLabel .. '&lt;/td&gt;\n'
	end
	-- now begin making the row contents
	debugLog(3, &quot;Process provinceList&quot;)
	local list_args = {}
	for i, aProvince in ipairs(provinceList) do
		debugLog(4, &quot;No. &quot; .. tostring(i) .. &quot;: [&quot; .. aProvince .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local myCatName = ResolveCategoryRedirect(makeCatName(aProvince, title_prefix, title_suffix))
		local sublist
		if (aProvince == &quot;Flanders&quot;) then
			-- make a sub-list for Flanders
			sublist = mw.html.create('ul')
			local subCatName
			for _, a2Province in ipairs(FlandersProvinces) do
				subCatName = makeCatName(a2Province, title_prefix, title_suffix)
				local displayname = a2Province
				sublist:tag('li'):wikitext(makeCatLink(subCatName, displayname)):done()
			end
		end
		local sublist2
		if (aProvince == &quot;Wallonia&quot;) then
			-- make a sub-list for Wallonia
			sublist2 = mw.html.create('ul')
			local subCatName
			for _, a3Province in ipairs(WalloniaProvinces) do
				subCatName = makeCatName(a3Province, title_prefix, title_suffix)
				local displayname = a3Province
				sublist2:tag('li'):wikitext(makeCatLink(subCatName, displayname)):done()
			end
		end
		if sublist then
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince) .. tostring(sublist))
		elseif sublist2 then
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince) .. tostring(sublist2))
		else
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince))
		end
	end
	
	return thisRow .. '&lt;td style=&quot;' .. listStyle .. ';&quot;&gt;' .. horizontal(list_args) .. '&lt;/td&gt;\n&lt;/tr&gt;'
end

local function makeTable()
	debugLog(1, &quot;makeTable&quot;)
	tableRowNum = 0
	local myTable = '&lt;table class=&quot;' .. tableClass .. '&quot;'
	myTable = myTable .. ' style=&quot;' .. tableStyle .. '; font-size:' .. textSize .. '; max-width:' .. tableFallbackMaxWidth .. '; max-width:' .. tableMaxWidth ..'&quot;&gt;\n'
	myTable = myTable .. makeTableRow(nil, BelgiumRegions)
	myTable = myTable .. &quot;&lt;/table&gt;\n&quot;
	return myTable
end

local function patternSearchEncode(s)
	return mw.ustring.gsub(s, &quot;([%W])&quot;, &quot;%%%1&quot;)
end

-- Does the pagename include a province name?
local function findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, provinceList, description)
	local i, aProvince, testProvince
	debugLog(2, &quot;checking [&quot; .. pn ..&quot;] for a province name in province set: &quot; .. description)
	for i, aProvince in ipairs(provinceList) do
		testProvince = aProvince
		debugLog(3, &quot;testing: [&quot;  .. testProvince .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local testProvinceEncoded = patternSearchEncode(testProvince)
		-- For efficiency, the first test is a simple match as a a screening test
		-- If the bare province name is nowhere in the pagename, then no need for
		-- more precise checks
		-- This check would be one line in regex, but Lua pattern matching is cruder,
		--so we need several passes to ensure that any match is of a complete word
		debugLog(4, &quot;simple match? &quot;)
		if (not mw.ustring.match(pn, testProvinceEncoded)) then
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Fail&quot;)
		else
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Success&quot;)

			-- test for false positives
			local j, aFalsePositiveTest
			for j, aFalsePositiveTest in ipairs(falsePositiveChecks) do
				debugLog(5, &quot;false positive test pattern '&quot; .. aFalsePositiveTest .. &quot;' ? &quot;)
				if (mw.ustring.match(pn, aFalsePositiveTest)) then
					debugLog(nil, &quot;Match, so fail&quot;)
					return nil
				end
				debugLog(nil, &quot;No match, so OK&quot;)
			end

			debugLog(4, &quot;match whole name? &quot;)
			if (pn == testProvince) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

			debugLog(4, &quot;match at start, followed by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
			
			debugLog(4, &quot;match at end, preceded by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

			debugLog(4, &quot;match anywhere, preceded and followed by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

		end
		-- Special case: if the province name we are testing begins with a prefixed &quot;the&quot;
		debugLog(4, &quot;does testProvince begin with 'the' ? &quot;)
		if (mw.ustring.match(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) == nil) then
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
		else
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
		end
		if (mw.ustring.match(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) ~= nil) then
			local testProvinceStripped = mw.ustring.gsub(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;, &quot;&quot;, 1)
			local testProvinceStrippedEncoded = patternSearchEncode(testProvinceStripped)
			debugLog(4, &quot;test pattern without leading definite article, i.e. '&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;' ? &quot;)
			if (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;)  ~= nil) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvinceStripped
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
		end
	end
	return nil
end

-- parse the pagename to find three parts: prefix, province name, suffix
local function parsePagename(pn)
	debugLog(1, &quot;parsePagename: [&quot; .. pn .. &quot;]&quot;)
	local validprovinceName
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, FlandersProvinces, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, WalloniaProvinces, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, BelgiumRegions, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
		return false
	end
	end
	end
	
	-- if we get here, the page name &quot;pn&quot; includes a validprovinceName
	-- so now we need to split the string
	
	debugLog(2, &quot;split pagename around [&quot; .. validprovinceName .. &quot;]&quot;)
	local validProvinceEncoded = mw.ustring.gsub(validprovinceName, &quot;([%W])&quot;, &quot;%%%1&quot;)
	match_prefix, match_province, match_suffix = mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. validProvinceEncoded .. &quot;)(.*)$&quot;)
	
	title_prefix = match_prefix
	title_suffix = match_suffix
	debugLog(2, &quot;parse successful&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;title_prefix = [&quot; .. title_prefix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;thisPageProvince = [&quot; .. match_province .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;title_suffix = [&quot; .. title_suffix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	return true
end

local function getYesNoParam(args, thisParamName, defaultVal)
	local paramVal = args[thisParamName]
	if paramVal == nil then
		paramVal = &quot;&quot;
	end

	debugLog(2, &quot;Evaluate yes/no parameter: [&quot; .. thisParamName .. &quot;] = [&quot; .. paramVal .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;default = &quot; .. ((defaultVal and &quot;Yes&quot;) or &quot;No&quot;))
	debugLog(3, &quot;Evaluate as: &quot;)
	local returnValue
	if paramVal == &quot;&quot; then
		returnValue = defaultVal
	else
		returnValue = yesno(args[thisParamName], defaultVal)
	end
	if (returnValue) then
		debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
	else
		debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
	end
	return returnValue
end

local function makeErrorMsg(s)
	return '&lt;p class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;[[' .. parentname .. ']] Error: ' .. s .. '&lt;/p&gt;\n'
end

local function isValidParent(p)
	for i, aParent in ipairs(callingTemplates) do
		if p == aParent then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end

function p.main(frame)
	local parent = frame:getParent()
	if parent then
		 parentname = parent:getTitle():gsub('/sandbox$', '')
	end

	if (parentname == nil) or not isValidParent(parentname) then
		local errormsg = '&lt;p class=&quot;error&quot;&gt; Error: ' .. parentname .. ' is not a valid wrapper for [[' .. frame:getTitle() .. ']]\n'
		errormsg = errormsg .. '&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Valid wrappers: '
		local i, aParent
		for i, aParent in ipairs(callingTemplates) do
			errormsg = errormsg .. '[[' .. aParent  .. ']]'
		end
		errormsg = errormsg .. '&lt;/p&gt;'
		return errormsg
	end
	templateName = mw.ustring.gsub(parentname, &quot;^Template:&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;Check parameters&quot;)
	debugging = getYesNoParam(frame.args, &quot;debug&quot;, false)

	-- get the page title
	thispage = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	thispagename = thispage.text;
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;mw.title.getCurrentTitle()&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.text = [&quot; .. thispage.text ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.namespace = [&quot; .. thispage.namespace ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.nsText = [&quot; .. thispage.nsText ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;is it a cat? using (thispage:inNamespace(14)): &quot;)
	if not (thispage:inNamespace(14)) then
		debugLog(nil, &quot;No, this is not a category&quot;)
		debugLog(1, &quot;Not a category, so no output&quot;)
		return makeErrorMsg(&quot;only for use on a category page&quot;) .. publishDebugLog()
	end
	debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes, this is a category&quot;)

	if not parsePagename(thispagename) then
		-- some error parsing the title, so don't proceed to output
		local trackingCatInvalid = &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; on invalid category|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
		return makeErrorMsg('the name of this category does not include a valid Belgian province') .. publishDebugLog() .. trackingCatInvalid
	end
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;all parse done&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;title_prefix = [&quot; .. title_prefix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;title_suffix = [&quot; .. title_suffix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	
	local myNavTable = makeTable()
	debugLog(2, &quot;blueLinkCount = [&quot; .. blueLinkCount .. &quot;]. &amp;nbsp; (NB The current page is always counted as a bluelink, but will not be navigable)&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;greyLinkCount = [&quot; .. greyLinkCount .. &quot;]&quot;)
	
	if (blueLinkCount &lt;= 1) then
		-- This is a navbar to nowhere, so suppress display
		myNavTable = &quot;&quot;
		debugLog(1, &quot;Zero bluelinks (other than the current page) makes this a navbox to nowhere, so do not display the navbox&quot;)
	end
	
	local myTrackingCat = makeTrackingCategory()

	return publishDebugLog() .. myNavTable .. myTrackingCat

end

return p</text>
      <sha1>b7mrk6e06xf3j6ifj4cttk50z5x0zlj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785978</id>
      <parentid>785977</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:12:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Module:Belgium_by_province_category_navigation]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
      <origin>785977</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="16780" sha1="b7mrk6e06xf3j6ifj4cttk50z5x0zlj" xml:space="preserve">--[[
	v01.18: fix handling of definite article (e.g. for 'the Northwest Territories')
	2.0 Resolve category redirects

 each title consists of three parts
    * prefix
    * province name
    * suffix
 e.g. &quot;Foo in Antwerp Province&quot;
    * prefix = &quot;Foo in &quot;
    * province name = &quot;Antwerp Province&quot;
    * suffix = &quot;&quot;
 e.g. &quot;Hainaut (province)-related lists&quot;
    * prefix = &quot;&quot;
    * province name = &quot;Hainaut (province)&quot;
    * suffix = &quot;-related lists&quot;
]]

-- config
local textSize = '90%'
local tableClass=&quot;toc nomobile&quot;
local evenRowStyle = &quot;vertical-align:top; background-color:#f3f3f3;&quot;
local oddRowStyle = &quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
local labelStyle = &quot;text-align:right; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;&quot;
local listStyle = &quot;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;&quot;
local greyLinkColor = &quot;#888&quot;
--[[ Note that the table styles are designed to ensure that the navbox is as wide as possible, while still leaving
     enough enough space on the right for portal boxes, commons links, and GeoGroup templates.
     A lot of fiddling was needed to make it work, so please test any changes very carfully in the sandbox.
]]
local tableFallbackMaxWidth=&quot;auto&quot;
local tableMaxWidth=&quot;calc(100% - 25em)&quot; -- Template:GeoGroup has width: 23em&lt;
-- local tableStyle=&quot;margin-left:0; margin-right:auto; clear:left !important; margin-top:0 !important; float:left; width:auto;&quot;
local tableStyle=&quot;margin-left:0; margin-right:auto; clear:left !important; margin-top:0 !important; width:auto;&quot;

-- Templates which are allowed to call this module
local callingTemplates = {
	'Template:Belgium by province category navigation',
}

-- globals for this module
local debugging = false
local debugmsg = &quot;&quot;
local tableRowNum = 0
local title_prefix = &quot;&quot;
local title_suffix = &quot;&quot;
local title_prefix
local title_suffix
local thisPageProvince
local greyLinkCount = 0
local blueLinkCount = 0
local parentname = &quot;&quot;
local templateName

local horizontal = require('Module:List').horizontal
local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
local ResolveCategoryRedirect = require('Module:Resolve category redirect').rtarget
local p = {}

--[[
	Plain text list of provinces
	* Each entry exactly as it appears in running text in category titles, with any prefix (e.g. &quot;the&quot;)
	* Be sure to avoid hidden characters and duplicate spaces. They break the pattern-matching on which this module relies
]]
local BelgiumRegions = {
	'Brussels',
	'Flanders',
	'Wallonia'
}
local FlandersProvinces = {
	'Antwerp Province',
	'East Flanders',
	'Flemish Brabant',
	'Limburg (Belgium)',
	'West Flanders'
}
local WalloniaProvinces = {
	'Hainaut Province',
	'Liège Province',
	'Luxembourg (Belgium)',
	'Namur Province',
	'Walloon Brabant'
}

-- If the page title matches any of these Lua patterns, treat it as a false positive 
local falsePositiveChecks = {
}

local function publishDebugLog()
	if not debugging then
		return &quot;&quot;
	end
	return &quot;==Debugging ==\n\n&quot; .. debugmsg .. &quot;\n== Output ==\n&quot;
end

-- debugLog builds a log which can be output if debuging is enabled
-- each log entry is given a level, so that the output is not simply a flat list
-- a debug msg may be appended to the previous msg by setting the level to nil
local function debugLog(level, msg)

	if (debugmsg == nil) then
		debugmsg = &quot;&quot;
	end

	if (level ~= nil) then
		-- not appending, so make a new line
		debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;\n&quot;
		-- then add the level
		local i
		for i = 1, level do
			if (i % 2) == 1 then
				debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;#&quot;
			else
				debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;*&quot;
			end
		end 
	end
	debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot; &quot; .. msg
	return true
end

local function makeTrackingCategory()
	-- discount the current page, which will always be coded as a blue link, but rendered as bold un-navigable
	blueLinkCount = blueLinkCount - 1
	if greyLinkCount == 0 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with no grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if blueLinkCount == 0 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with all grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if  greyLinkCount &lt;= 5 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with 1–5 grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if  greyLinkCount &gt; 5 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with 6 or more grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	return &quot;&quot;
end

-- Make a piped link to a category, if it exists
-- If it doesn't exist, just display the greyed the link title without linking
local function makeCatLink(catname, disp)
	local displaytext
	if (disp ~= &quot;&quot;) and (disp ~= nil) then
		-- use 'disp' parameter, but strip any trailing disambiguator
		displaytext = mw.ustring.gsub(disp, &quot;%s+%(.+$&quot;, &quot;&quot;);
		-- also strip any trailing &quot;Province&quot;
		displaytext = mw.ustring.gsub(displaytext, &quot;%sProvince&quot;, &quot;&quot;);
	else
		displaytext = catname
	end
	local fmtlink
	local catPage = mw.title.new( catname, &quot;Category&quot; )
	if (catPage.exists) then
		fmtlink = &quot;[[:Category:&quot; .. catname .. &quot;|&quot; .. displaytext .. &quot;]]&quot;
		blueLinkCount = blueLinkCount + 1
	else
		fmtlink = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:' .. greyLinkColor .. '&quot;&gt;' .. displaytext .. &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;
		greyLinkCount = greyLinkCount + 1
	end

	return fmtlink
end

local function makeCatName(provinceName, prefix, suffix)
	local thisCatName = prefix .. provinceName .. suffix
	debugLog(5, &quot;thisCatName = [&quot; .. thisCatName .. &quot;]&quot;)
	--[[
		Now check whether the all following conditions are true
			1/ the provinceName begins with &quot;the&quot;
			2/ the category does NOT exist if we use &quot;the &quot;
			3/ the category does exist if we strip &quot;the &quot;
		 If those conditions are all true, them strip &quot;the&quot; 
	]] 
	if (mw.ustring.match(provinceName, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) ~= nil) then
		debugLog(6, &quot;ProvinceName begins with 'the'&quot;)
		local provinceNameStripped = mw.ustring.gsub(provinceName, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;, &quot;&quot;, 1)
		local thisCatNameStripped = prefix .. provinceNameStripped .. suffix
		debugLog(6, &quot;thisCatNameStripped = [&quot; .. thisCatNameStripped .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local testCatPage = mw.title.new(thisCatName, &quot;Category&quot; )
		local testCatPageStripped = mw.title.new(thisCatNameStripped, &quot;Category&quot; )
		if not testCatPage.exists then
			debugLog(7, &quot;[&quot; .. testCatPage.fullText .. &quot;] .. does not exist&quot;) 
			if (testCatPageStripped.exists) then
				debugLog(7, &quot;[&quot; .. testCatPageStripped.fullText .. &quot;] .. DOES exist, so use that&quot;) 
				return thisCatNameStripped
			end
		end
	end
	return thisCatName
end

local function makeTableRow(rowLabel, provinceList)
	debugLog(2, &quot;makeTableRow, label: &quot;)
	if (rowLabel == nil) then
		rowLabel = &quot;By&amp;nbsp;region (and&amp;nbsp;province)&quot;
		debugLog(nil, rowLabel)
	else
		rowLabel = mw.text.trim(rowLabel)
		debugLog(nil, &quot; [&quot; .. rowLabel .. &quot;]&quot;)
	end
	tableRowNum = tableRowNum + 1
	local thisRow
	if (tableRowNum % 2) == 0 then
		debugLog(3, &quot;Even-numbered&quot;)
		thisRow = '&lt;tr style=&quot;' .. evenRowStyle .. '&quot;&gt;\n'
	else
		debugLog(3, &quot;Odd-numbered&quot;)
		thisRow = '&lt;tr style=&quot;' .. oddRowStyle .. '&quot;&gt;\n'
	end
	if not ((rowLabel == nil) or (rowLabel ==&quot;&quot;)) then
		thisRow = thisRow .. '&lt;td style=&quot;' .. labelStyle .. '&quot;&gt;' .. rowLabel .. '&lt;/td&gt;\n'
	end
	-- now begin making the row contents
	debugLog(3, &quot;Process provinceList&quot;)
	local list_args = {}
	for i, aProvince in ipairs(provinceList) do
		debugLog(4, &quot;No. &quot; .. tostring(i) .. &quot;: [&quot; .. aProvince .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local myCatName = ResolveCategoryRedirect(makeCatName(aProvince, title_prefix, title_suffix))
		local sublist
		if (aProvince == &quot;Flanders&quot;) then
			-- make a sub-list for Flanders
			sublist = mw.html.create('ul')
			local subCatName
			for _, a2Province in ipairs(FlandersProvinces) do
				subCatName = makeCatName(a2Province, title_prefix, title_suffix)
				local displayname = a2Province
				sublist:tag('li'):wikitext(makeCatLink(subCatName, displayname)):done()
			end
		end
		local sublist2
		if (aProvince == &quot;Wallonia&quot;) then
			-- make a sub-list for Wallonia
			sublist2 = mw.html.create('ul')
			local subCatName
			for _, a3Province in ipairs(WalloniaProvinces) do
				subCatName = makeCatName(a3Province, title_prefix, title_suffix)
				local displayname = a3Province
				sublist2:tag('li'):wikitext(makeCatLink(subCatName, displayname)):done()
			end
		end
		if sublist then
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince) .. tostring(sublist))
		elseif sublist2 then
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince) .. tostring(sublist2))
		else
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince))
		end
	end
	
	return thisRow .. '&lt;td style=&quot;' .. listStyle .. ';&quot;&gt;' .. horizontal(list_args) .. '&lt;/td&gt;\n&lt;/tr&gt;'
end

local function makeTable()
	debugLog(1, &quot;makeTable&quot;)
	tableRowNum = 0
	local myTable = '&lt;table class=&quot;' .. tableClass .. '&quot;'
	myTable = myTable .. ' style=&quot;' .. tableStyle .. '; font-size:' .. textSize .. '; max-width:' .. tableFallbackMaxWidth .. '; max-width:' .. tableMaxWidth ..'&quot;&gt;\n'
	myTable = myTable .. makeTableRow(nil, BelgiumRegions)
	myTable = myTable .. &quot;&lt;/table&gt;\n&quot;
	return myTable
end

local function patternSearchEncode(s)
	return mw.ustring.gsub(s, &quot;([%W])&quot;, &quot;%%%1&quot;)
end

-- Does the pagename include a province name?
local function findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, provinceList, description)
	local i, aProvince, testProvince
	debugLog(2, &quot;checking [&quot; .. pn ..&quot;] for a province name in province set: &quot; .. description)
	for i, aProvince in ipairs(provinceList) do
		testProvince = aProvince
		debugLog(3, &quot;testing: [&quot;  .. testProvince .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local testProvinceEncoded = patternSearchEncode(testProvince)
		-- For efficiency, the first test is a simple match as a a screening test
		-- If the bare province name is nowhere in the pagename, then no need for
		-- more precise checks
		-- This check would be one line in regex, but Lua pattern matching is cruder,
		--so we need several passes to ensure that any match is of a complete word
		debugLog(4, &quot;simple match? &quot;)
		if (not mw.ustring.match(pn, testProvinceEncoded)) then
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Fail&quot;)
		else
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Success&quot;)

			-- test for false positives
			local j, aFalsePositiveTest
			for j, aFalsePositiveTest in ipairs(falsePositiveChecks) do
				debugLog(5, &quot;false positive test pattern '&quot; .. aFalsePositiveTest .. &quot;' ? &quot;)
				if (mw.ustring.match(pn, aFalsePositiveTest)) then
					debugLog(nil, &quot;Match, so fail&quot;)
					return nil
				end
				debugLog(nil, &quot;No match, so OK&quot;)
			end

			debugLog(4, &quot;match whole name? &quot;)
			if (pn == testProvince) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

			debugLog(4, &quot;match at start, followed by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
			
			debugLog(4, &quot;match at end, preceded by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

			debugLog(4, &quot;match anywhere, preceded and followed by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

		end
		-- Special case: if the province name we are testing begins with a prefixed &quot;the&quot;
		debugLog(4, &quot;does testProvince begin with 'the' ? &quot;)
		if (mw.ustring.match(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) == nil) then
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
		else
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
		end
		if (mw.ustring.match(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) ~= nil) then
			local testProvinceStripped = mw.ustring.gsub(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;, &quot;&quot;, 1)
			local testProvinceStrippedEncoded = patternSearchEncode(testProvinceStripped)
			debugLog(4, &quot;test pattern without leading definite article, i.e. '&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;' ? &quot;)
			if (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;)  ~= nil) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvinceStripped
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
		end
	end
	return nil
end

-- parse the pagename to find three parts: prefix, province name, suffix
local function parsePagename(pn)
	debugLog(1, &quot;parsePagename: [&quot; .. pn .. &quot;]&quot;)
	local validprovinceName
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, FlandersProvinces, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, WalloniaProvinces, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, BelgiumRegions, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
		return false
	end
	end
	end
	
	-- if we get here, the page name &quot;pn&quot; includes a validprovinceName
	-- so now we need to split the string
	
	debugLog(2, &quot;split pagename around [&quot; .. validprovinceName .. &quot;]&quot;)
	local validProvinceEncoded = mw.ustring.gsub(validprovinceName, &quot;([%W])&quot;, &quot;%%%1&quot;)
	match_prefix, match_province, match_suffix = mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. validProvinceEncoded .. &quot;)(.*)$&quot;)
	
	title_prefix = match_prefix
	title_suffix = match_suffix
	debugLog(2, &quot;parse successful&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;title_prefix = [&quot; .. title_prefix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;thisPageProvince = [&quot; .. match_province .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;title_suffix = [&quot; .. title_suffix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	return true
end

local function getYesNoParam(args, thisParamName, defaultVal)
	local paramVal = args[thisParamName]
	if paramVal == nil then
		paramVal = &quot;&quot;
	end

	debugLog(2, &quot;Evaluate yes/no parameter: [&quot; .. thisParamName .. &quot;] = [&quot; .. paramVal .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;default = &quot; .. ((defaultVal and &quot;Yes&quot;) or &quot;No&quot;))
	debugLog(3, &quot;Evaluate as: &quot;)
	local returnValue
	if paramVal == &quot;&quot; then
		returnValue = defaultVal
	else
		returnValue = yesno(args[thisParamName], defaultVal)
	end
	if (returnValue) then
		debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
	else
		debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
	end
	return returnValue
end

local function makeErrorMsg(s)
	return '&lt;p class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;[[' .. parentname .. ']] Error: ' .. s .. '&lt;/p&gt;\n'
end

local function isValidParent(p)
	for i, aParent in ipairs(callingTemplates) do
		if p == aParent then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end

function p.main(frame)
	local parent = frame:getParent()
	if parent then
		 parentname = parent:getTitle():gsub('/sandbox$', '')
	end

	if (parentname == nil) or not isValidParent(parentname) then
		local errormsg = '&lt;p class=&quot;error&quot;&gt; Error: ' .. parentname .. ' is not a valid wrapper for [[' .. frame:getTitle() .. ']]\n'
		errormsg = errormsg .. '&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Valid wrappers: '
		local i, aParent
		for i, aParent in ipairs(callingTemplates) do
			errormsg = errormsg .. '[[' .. aParent  .. ']]'
		end
		errormsg = errormsg .. '&lt;/p&gt;'
		return errormsg
	end
	templateName = mw.ustring.gsub(parentname, &quot;^Template:&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;Check parameters&quot;)
	debugging = getYesNoParam(frame.args, &quot;debug&quot;, false)

	-- get the page title
	thispage = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	thispagename = thispage.text;
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;mw.title.getCurrentTitle()&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.text = [&quot; .. thispage.text ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.namespace = [&quot; .. thispage.namespace ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.nsText = [&quot; .. thispage.nsText ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;is it a cat? using (thispage:inNamespace(14)): &quot;)
	if not (thispage:inNamespace(14)) then
		debugLog(nil, &quot;No, this is not a category&quot;)
		debugLog(1, &quot;Not a category, so no output&quot;)
		return makeErrorMsg(&quot;only for use on a category page&quot;) .. publishDebugLog()
	end
	debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes, this is a category&quot;)

	if not parsePagename(thispagename) then
		-- some error parsing the title, so don't proceed to output
		local trackingCatInvalid = &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; on invalid category|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
		return makeErrorMsg('the name of this category does not include a valid Belgian province') .. publishDebugLog() .. trackingCatInvalid
	end
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;all parse done&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;title_prefix = [&quot; .. title_prefix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;title_suffix = [&quot; .. title_suffix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	
	local myNavTable = makeTable()
	debugLog(2, &quot;blueLinkCount = [&quot; .. blueLinkCount .. &quot;]. &amp;nbsp; (NB The current page is always counted as a bluelink, but will not be navigable)&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;greyLinkCount = [&quot; .. greyLinkCount .. &quot;]&quot;)
	
	if (blueLinkCount &lt;= 1) then
		-- This is a navbar to nowhere, so suppress display
		myNavTable = &quot;&quot;
		debugLog(1, &quot;Zero bluelinks (other than the current page) makes this a navbox to nowhere, so do not display the navbox&quot;)
	end
	
	local myTrackingCat = makeTrackingCategory()

	return publishDebugLog() .. myNavTable .. myTrackingCat

end

return p</text>
      <sha1>b7mrk6e06xf3j6ifj4cttk50z5x0zlj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785979</id>
      <parentid>785978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:16:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>785979</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="16793" sha1="dimg80gfyyzb5n9ehbov3oxis3y7x75" xml:space="preserve">--[[
	v01.18: fix handling of definite article (e.g. for 'the Northwest Territories')
	2.0 Resolve category redirects

 each title consists of three parts
    * prefix
    * province name
    * suffix
 e.g. &quot;Foo in Antwerp Province&quot;
    * prefix = &quot;Foo in &quot;
    * province name = &quot;Antwerp Province&quot;
    * suffix = &quot;&quot;
 e.g. &quot;Hainaut (province)-related lists&quot;
    * prefix = &quot;&quot;
    * province name = &quot;Hainaut (province)&quot;
    * suffix = &quot;-related lists&quot;
]]

-- config
local textSize = '90%'
local tableClass=&quot;toc nomobile&quot;
local evenRowStyle = &quot;vertical-align:top; background-color:#f3f3f3;&quot;
local oddRowStyle = &quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
local labelStyle = &quot;text-align:right; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;&quot;
local listStyle = &quot;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;&quot;
local greyLinkColor = &quot;#888&quot;
--[[ Note that the table styles are designed to ensure that the navbox is as wide as possible, while still leaving
     enough enough space on the right for portal boxes, commons links, and GeoGroup templates.
     A lot of fiddling was needed to make it work, so please test any changes very carfully in the sandbox.
]]
local tableFallbackMaxWidth=&quot;auto&quot;
local tableMaxWidth=&quot;calc(100% - 25em)&quot; -- Template:GeoGroup has width: 23em&lt;
-- local tableStyle=&quot;margin-left:0; margin-right:auto; clear:left !important; margin-top:0 !important; float:left; width:auto;&quot;
local tableStyle=&quot;margin-left:0; margin-right:auto; clear:left !important; margin-top:0 !important; width:auto;&quot;

-- Templates which are allowed to call this module
local callingTemplates = {
	'සැකිල්ල:Belgium by province category navigation',
}

-- globals for this module
local debugging = false
local debugmsg = &quot;&quot;
local tableRowNum = 0
local title_prefix = &quot;&quot;
local title_suffix = &quot;&quot;
local title_prefix
local title_suffix
local thisPageProvince
local greyLinkCount = 0
local blueLinkCount = 0
local parentname = &quot;&quot;
local templateName

local horizontal = require('Module:List').horizontal
local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
local ResolveCategoryRedirect = require('Module:Resolve category redirect').rtarget
local p = {}

--[[
	Plain text list of provinces
	* Each entry exactly as it appears in running text in category titles, with any prefix (e.g. &quot;the&quot;)
	* Be sure to avoid hidden characters and duplicate spaces. They break the pattern-matching on which this module relies
]]
local BelgiumRegions = {
	'Brussels',
	'Flanders',
	'Wallonia'
}
local FlandersProvinces = {
	'Antwerp Province',
	'East Flanders',
	'Flemish Brabant',
	'Limburg (Belgium)',
	'West Flanders'
}
local WalloniaProvinces = {
	'Hainaut Province',
	'Liège Province',
	'Luxembourg (Belgium)',
	'Namur Province',
	'Walloon Brabant'
}

-- If the page title matches any of these Lua patterns, treat it as a false positive 
local falsePositiveChecks = {
}

local function publishDebugLog()
	if not debugging then
		return &quot;&quot;
	end
	return &quot;==Debugging ==\n\n&quot; .. debugmsg .. &quot;\n== Output ==\n&quot;
end

-- debugLog builds a log which can be output if debuging is enabled
-- each log entry is given a level, so that the output is not simply a flat list
-- a debug msg may be appended to the previous msg by setting the level to nil
local function debugLog(level, msg)

	if (debugmsg == nil) then
		debugmsg = &quot;&quot;
	end

	if (level ~= nil) then
		-- not appending, so make a new line
		debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;\n&quot;
		-- then add the level
		local i
		for i = 1, level do
			if (i % 2) == 1 then
				debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;#&quot;
			else
				debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;*&quot;
			end
		end 
	end
	debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot; &quot; .. msg
	return true
end

local function makeTrackingCategory()
	-- discount the current page, which will always be coded as a blue link, but rendered as bold un-navigable
	blueLinkCount = blueLinkCount - 1
	if greyLinkCount == 0 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with no grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if blueLinkCount == 0 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with all grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if  greyLinkCount &lt;= 5 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with 1–5 grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if  greyLinkCount &gt; 5 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with 6 or more grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	return &quot;&quot;
end

-- Make a piped link to a category, if it exists
-- If it doesn't exist, just display the greyed the link title without linking
local function makeCatLink(catname, disp)
	local displaytext
	if (disp ~= &quot;&quot;) and (disp ~= nil) then
		-- use 'disp' parameter, but strip any trailing disambiguator
		displaytext = mw.ustring.gsub(disp, &quot;%s+%(.+$&quot;, &quot;&quot;);
		-- also strip any trailing &quot;Province&quot;
		displaytext = mw.ustring.gsub(displaytext, &quot;%sProvince&quot;, &quot;&quot;);
	else
		displaytext = catname
	end
	local fmtlink
	local catPage = mw.title.new( catname, &quot;Category&quot; )
	if (catPage.exists) then
		fmtlink = &quot;[[:Category:&quot; .. catname .. &quot;|&quot; .. displaytext .. &quot;]]&quot;
		blueLinkCount = blueLinkCount + 1
	else
		fmtlink = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:' .. greyLinkColor .. '&quot;&gt;' .. displaytext .. &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;
		greyLinkCount = greyLinkCount + 1
	end

	return fmtlink
end

local function makeCatName(provinceName, prefix, suffix)
	local thisCatName = prefix .. provinceName .. suffix
	debugLog(5, &quot;thisCatName = [&quot; .. thisCatName .. &quot;]&quot;)
	--[[
		Now check whether the all following conditions are true
			1/ the provinceName begins with &quot;the&quot;
			2/ the category does NOT exist if we use &quot;the &quot;
			3/ the category does exist if we strip &quot;the &quot;
		 If those conditions are all true, them strip &quot;the&quot; 
	]] 
	if (mw.ustring.match(provinceName, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) ~= nil) then
		debugLog(6, &quot;ProvinceName begins with 'the'&quot;)
		local provinceNameStripped = mw.ustring.gsub(provinceName, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;, &quot;&quot;, 1)
		local thisCatNameStripped = prefix .. provinceNameStripped .. suffix
		debugLog(6, &quot;thisCatNameStripped = [&quot; .. thisCatNameStripped .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local testCatPage = mw.title.new(thisCatName, &quot;Category&quot; )
		local testCatPageStripped = mw.title.new(thisCatNameStripped, &quot;Category&quot; )
		if not testCatPage.exists then
			debugLog(7, &quot;[&quot; .. testCatPage.fullText .. &quot;] .. does not exist&quot;) 
			if (testCatPageStripped.exists) then
				debugLog(7, &quot;[&quot; .. testCatPageStripped.fullText .. &quot;] .. DOES exist, so use that&quot;) 
				return thisCatNameStripped
			end
		end
	end
	return thisCatName
end

local function makeTableRow(rowLabel, provinceList)
	debugLog(2, &quot;makeTableRow, label: &quot;)
	if (rowLabel == nil) then
		rowLabel = &quot;By&amp;nbsp;region (and&amp;nbsp;province)&quot;
		debugLog(nil, rowLabel)
	else
		rowLabel = mw.text.trim(rowLabel)
		debugLog(nil, &quot; [&quot; .. rowLabel .. &quot;]&quot;)
	end
	tableRowNum = tableRowNum + 1
	local thisRow
	if (tableRowNum % 2) == 0 then
		debugLog(3, &quot;Even-numbered&quot;)
		thisRow = '&lt;tr style=&quot;' .. evenRowStyle .. '&quot;&gt;\n'
	else
		debugLog(3, &quot;Odd-numbered&quot;)
		thisRow = '&lt;tr style=&quot;' .. oddRowStyle .. '&quot;&gt;\n'
	end
	if not ((rowLabel == nil) or (rowLabel ==&quot;&quot;)) then
		thisRow = thisRow .. '&lt;td style=&quot;' .. labelStyle .. '&quot;&gt;' .. rowLabel .. '&lt;/td&gt;\n'
	end
	-- now begin making the row contents
	debugLog(3, &quot;Process provinceList&quot;)
	local list_args = {}
	for i, aProvince in ipairs(provinceList) do
		debugLog(4, &quot;No. &quot; .. tostring(i) .. &quot;: [&quot; .. aProvince .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local myCatName = ResolveCategoryRedirect(makeCatName(aProvince, title_prefix, title_suffix))
		local sublist
		if (aProvince == &quot;Flanders&quot;) then
			-- make a sub-list for Flanders
			sublist = mw.html.create('ul')
			local subCatName
			for _, a2Province in ipairs(FlandersProvinces) do
				subCatName = makeCatName(a2Province, title_prefix, title_suffix)
				local displayname = a2Province
				sublist:tag('li'):wikitext(makeCatLink(subCatName, displayname)):done()
			end
		end
		local sublist2
		if (aProvince == &quot;Wallonia&quot;) then
			-- make a sub-list for Wallonia
			sublist2 = mw.html.create('ul')
			local subCatName
			for _, a3Province in ipairs(WalloniaProvinces) do
				subCatName = makeCatName(a3Province, title_prefix, title_suffix)
				local displayname = a3Province
				sublist2:tag('li'):wikitext(makeCatLink(subCatName, displayname)):done()
			end
		end
		if sublist then
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince) .. tostring(sublist))
		elseif sublist2 then
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince) .. tostring(sublist2))
		else
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince))
		end
	end
	
	return thisRow .. '&lt;td style=&quot;' .. listStyle .. ';&quot;&gt;' .. horizontal(list_args) .. '&lt;/td&gt;\n&lt;/tr&gt;'
end

local function makeTable()
	debugLog(1, &quot;makeTable&quot;)
	tableRowNum = 0
	local myTable = '&lt;table class=&quot;' .. tableClass .. '&quot;'
	myTable = myTable .. ' style=&quot;' .. tableStyle .. '; font-size:' .. textSize .. '; max-width:' .. tableFallbackMaxWidth .. '; max-width:' .. tableMaxWidth ..'&quot;&gt;\n'
	myTable = myTable .. makeTableRow(nil, BelgiumRegions)
	myTable = myTable .. &quot;&lt;/table&gt;\n&quot;
	return myTable
end

local function patternSearchEncode(s)
	return mw.ustring.gsub(s, &quot;([%W])&quot;, &quot;%%%1&quot;)
end

-- Does the pagename include a province name?
local function findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, provinceList, description)
	local i, aProvince, testProvince
	debugLog(2, &quot;checking [&quot; .. pn ..&quot;] for a province name in province set: &quot; .. description)
	for i, aProvince in ipairs(provinceList) do
		testProvince = aProvince
		debugLog(3, &quot;testing: [&quot;  .. testProvince .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local testProvinceEncoded = patternSearchEncode(testProvince)
		-- For efficiency, the first test is a simple match as a a screening test
		-- If the bare province name is nowhere in the pagename, then no need for
		-- more precise checks
		-- This check would be one line in regex, but Lua pattern matching is cruder,
		--so we need several passes to ensure that any match is of a complete word
		debugLog(4, &quot;simple match? &quot;)
		if (not mw.ustring.match(pn, testProvinceEncoded)) then
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Fail&quot;)
		else
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Success&quot;)

			-- test for false positives
			local j, aFalsePositiveTest
			for j, aFalsePositiveTest in ipairs(falsePositiveChecks) do
				debugLog(5, &quot;false positive test pattern '&quot; .. aFalsePositiveTest .. &quot;' ? &quot;)
				if (mw.ustring.match(pn, aFalsePositiveTest)) then
					debugLog(nil, &quot;Match, so fail&quot;)
					return nil
				end
				debugLog(nil, &quot;No match, so OK&quot;)
			end

			debugLog(4, &quot;match whole name? &quot;)
			if (pn == testProvince) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

			debugLog(4, &quot;match at start, followed by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
			
			debugLog(4, &quot;match at end, preceded by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

			debugLog(4, &quot;match anywhere, preceded and followed by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

		end
		-- Special case: if the province name we are testing begins with a prefixed &quot;the&quot;
		debugLog(4, &quot;does testProvince begin with 'the' ? &quot;)
		if (mw.ustring.match(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) == nil) then
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
		else
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
		end
		if (mw.ustring.match(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) ~= nil) then
			local testProvinceStripped = mw.ustring.gsub(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;, &quot;&quot;, 1)
			local testProvinceStrippedEncoded = patternSearchEncode(testProvinceStripped)
			debugLog(4, &quot;test pattern without leading definite article, i.e. '&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;' ? &quot;)
			if (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;)  ~= nil) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvinceStripped
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
		end
	end
	return nil
end

-- parse the pagename to find three parts: prefix, province name, suffix
local function parsePagename(pn)
	debugLog(1, &quot;parsePagename: [&quot; .. pn .. &quot;]&quot;)
	local validprovinceName
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, FlandersProvinces, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, WalloniaProvinces, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, BelgiumRegions, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
		return false
	end
	end
	end
	
	-- if we get here, the page name &quot;pn&quot; includes a validprovinceName
	-- so now we need to split the string
	
	debugLog(2, &quot;split pagename around [&quot; .. validprovinceName .. &quot;]&quot;)
	local validProvinceEncoded = mw.ustring.gsub(validprovinceName, &quot;([%W])&quot;, &quot;%%%1&quot;)
	match_prefix, match_province, match_suffix = mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. validProvinceEncoded .. &quot;)(.*)$&quot;)
	
	title_prefix = match_prefix
	title_suffix = match_suffix
	debugLog(2, &quot;parse successful&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;title_prefix = [&quot; .. title_prefix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;thisPageProvince = [&quot; .. match_province .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;title_suffix = [&quot; .. title_suffix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	return true
end

local function getYesNoParam(args, thisParamName, defaultVal)
	local paramVal = args[thisParamName]
	if paramVal == nil then
		paramVal = &quot;&quot;
	end

	debugLog(2, &quot;Evaluate yes/no parameter: [&quot; .. thisParamName .. &quot;] = [&quot; .. paramVal .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;default = &quot; .. ((defaultVal and &quot;Yes&quot;) or &quot;No&quot;))
	debugLog(3, &quot;Evaluate as: &quot;)
	local returnValue
	if paramVal == &quot;&quot; then
		returnValue = defaultVal
	else
		returnValue = yesno(args[thisParamName], defaultVal)
	end
	if (returnValue) then
		debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
	else
		debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
	end
	return returnValue
end

local function makeErrorMsg(s)
	return '&lt;p class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;[[' .. parentname .. ']] Error: ' .. s .. '&lt;/p&gt;\n'
end

local function isValidParent(p)
	for i, aParent in ipairs(callingTemplates) do
		if p == aParent then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end

function p.main(frame)
	local parent = frame:getParent()
	if parent then
		 parentname = parent:getTitle():gsub('/sandbox$', '')
	end

	if (parentname == nil) or not isValidParent(parentname) then
		local errormsg = '&lt;p class=&quot;error&quot;&gt; Error: ' .. parentname .. ' is not a valid wrapper for [[' .. frame:getTitle() .. ']]\n'
		errormsg = errormsg .. '&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Valid wrappers: '
		local i, aParent
		for i, aParent in ipairs(callingTemplates) do
			errormsg = errormsg .. '[[' .. aParent  .. ']]'
		end
		errormsg = errormsg .. '&lt;/p&gt;'
		return errormsg
	end
	templateName = mw.ustring.gsub(parentname, &quot;^Template:&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;Check parameters&quot;)
	debugging = getYesNoParam(frame.args, &quot;debug&quot;, false)

	-- get the page title
	thispage = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	thispagename = thispage.text;
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;mw.title.getCurrentTitle()&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.text = [&quot; .. thispage.text ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.namespace = [&quot; .. thispage.namespace ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.nsText = [&quot; .. thispage.nsText ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;is it a cat? using (thispage:inNamespace(14)): &quot;)
	if not (thispage:inNamespace(14)) then
		debugLog(nil, &quot;No, this is not a category&quot;)
		debugLog(1, &quot;Not a category, so no output&quot;)
		return makeErrorMsg(&quot;only for use on a category page&quot;) .. publishDebugLog()
	end
	debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes, this is a category&quot;)

	if not parsePagename(thispagename) then
		-- some error parsing the title, so don't proceed to output
		local trackingCatInvalid = &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; on invalid category|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
		return makeErrorMsg('the name of this category does not include a valid Belgian province') .. publishDebugLog() .. trackingCatInvalid
	end
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;all parse done&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;title_prefix = [&quot; .. title_prefix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;title_suffix = [&quot; .. title_suffix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	
	local myNavTable = makeTable()
	debugLog(2, &quot;blueLinkCount = [&quot; .. blueLinkCount .. &quot;]. &amp;nbsp; (NB The current page is always counted as a bluelink, but will not be navigable)&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;greyLinkCount = [&quot; .. greyLinkCount .. &quot;]&quot;)
	
	if (blueLinkCount &lt;= 1) then
		-- This is a navbar to nowhere, so suppress display
		myNavTable = &quot;&quot;
		debugLog(1, &quot;Zero bluelinks (other than the current page) makes this a navbox to nowhere, so do not display the navbox&quot;)
	end
	
	local myTrackingCat = makeTrackingCategory()

	return publishDebugLog() .. myNavTable .. myTrackingCat

end

return p</text>
      <sha1>dimg80gfyyzb5n9ehbov3oxis3y7x75</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785980</id>
      <parentid>785979</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:17:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>බ්‍රසල්ස්</comment>
      <origin>785980</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="16825" sha1="rpf00vr17gc5pac7hh0ynvh987s9kt0" xml:space="preserve">--[[
	v01.18: fix handling of definite article (e.g. for 'the Northwest Territories')
	2.0 Resolve category redirects

 each title consists of three parts
    * prefix
    * province name
    * suffix
 e.g. &quot;Foo in Antwerp Province&quot;
    * prefix = &quot;Foo in &quot;
    * province name = &quot;Antwerp Province&quot;
    * suffix = &quot;&quot;
 e.g. &quot;Hainaut (province)-related lists&quot;
    * prefix = &quot;&quot;
    * province name = &quot;Hainaut (province)&quot;
    * suffix = &quot;-related lists&quot;
]]

-- config
local textSize = '90%'
local tableClass=&quot;toc nomobile&quot;
local evenRowStyle = &quot;vertical-align:top; background-color:#f3f3f3;&quot;
local oddRowStyle = &quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
local labelStyle = &quot;text-align:right; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;&quot;
local listStyle = &quot;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;&quot;
local greyLinkColor = &quot;#888&quot;
--[[ Note that the table styles are designed to ensure that the navbox is as wide as possible, while still leaving
     enough enough space on the right for portal boxes, commons links, and GeoGroup templates.
     A lot of fiddling was needed to make it work, so please test any changes very carfully in the sandbox.
]]
local tableFallbackMaxWidth=&quot;auto&quot;
local tableMaxWidth=&quot;calc(100% - 25em)&quot; -- Template:GeoGroup has width: 23em&lt;
-- local tableStyle=&quot;margin-left:0; margin-right:auto; clear:left !important; margin-top:0 !important; float:left; width:auto;&quot;
local tableStyle=&quot;margin-left:0; margin-right:auto; clear:left !important; margin-top:0 !important; width:auto;&quot;

-- Templates which are allowed to call this module
local callingTemplates = {
	'සැකිල්ල:Belgium by province category navigation',
}

-- globals for this module
local debugging = false
local debugmsg = &quot;&quot;
local tableRowNum = 0
local title_prefix = &quot;&quot;
local title_suffix = &quot;&quot;
local title_prefix
local title_suffix
local thisPageProvince
local greyLinkCount = 0
local blueLinkCount = 0
local parentname = &quot;&quot;
local templateName

local horizontal = require('Module:List').horizontal
local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
local ResolveCategoryRedirect = require('Module:Resolve category redirect').rtarget
local p = {}

--[[
	Plain text list of provinces
	* Each entry exactly as it appears in running text in category titles, with any prefix (e.g. &quot;the&quot;)
	* Be sure to avoid hidden characters and duplicate spaces. They break the pattern-matching on which this module relies
]]
local BelgiumRegions = {
	'බ්‍රසල්ස්',
	'Brussels',
	'Flanders',
	'Wallonia'
}
local FlandersProvinces = {
	'Antwerp Province',
	'East Flanders',
	'Flemish Brabant',
	'Limburg (Belgium)',
	'West Flanders'
}
local WalloniaProvinces = {
	'Hainaut Province',
	'Liège Province',
	'Luxembourg (Belgium)',
	'Namur Province',
	'Walloon Brabant'
}

-- If the page title matches any of these Lua patterns, treat it as a false positive 
local falsePositiveChecks = {
}

local function publishDebugLog()
	if not debugging then
		return &quot;&quot;
	end
	return &quot;==Debugging ==\n\n&quot; .. debugmsg .. &quot;\n== Output ==\n&quot;
end

-- debugLog builds a log which can be output if debuging is enabled
-- each log entry is given a level, so that the output is not simply a flat list
-- a debug msg may be appended to the previous msg by setting the level to nil
local function debugLog(level, msg)

	if (debugmsg == nil) then
		debugmsg = &quot;&quot;
	end

	if (level ~= nil) then
		-- not appending, so make a new line
		debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;\n&quot;
		-- then add the level
		local i
		for i = 1, level do
			if (i % 2) == 1 then
				debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;#&quot;
			else
				debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;*&quot;
			end
		end 
	end
	debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot; &quot; .. msg
	return true
end

local function makeTrackingCategory()
	-- discount the current page, which will always be coded as a blue link, but rendered as bold un-navigable
	blueLinkCount = blueLinkCount - 1
	if greyLinkCount == 0 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with no grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if blueLinkCount == 0 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with all grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if  greyLinkCount &lt;= 5 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with 1–5 grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if  greyLinkCount &gt; 5 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with 6 or more grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	return &quot;&quot;
end

-- Make a piped link to a category, if it exists
-- If it doesn't exist, just display the greyed the link title without linking
local function makeCatLink(catname, disp)
	local displaytext
	if (disp ~= &quot;&quot;) and (disp ~= nil) then
		-- use 'disp' parameter, but strip any trailing disambiguator
		displaytext = mw.ustring.gsub(disp, &quot;%s+%(.+$&quot;, &quot;&quot;);
		-- also strip any trailing &quot;Province&quot;
		displaytext = mw.ustring.gsub(displaytext, &quot;%sProvince&quot;, &quot;&quot;);
	else
		displaytext = catname
	end
	local fmtlink
	local catPage = mw.title.new( catname, &quot;Category&quot; )
	if (catPage.exists) then
		fmtlink = &quot;[[:Category:&quot; .. catname .. &quot;|&quot; .. displaytext .. &quot;]]&quot;
		blueLinkCount = blueLinkCount + 1
	else
		fmtlink = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:' .. greyLinkColor .. '&quot;&gt;' .. displaytext .. &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;
		greyLinkCount = greyLinkCount + 1
	end

	return fmtlink
end

local function makeCatName(provinceName, prefix, suffix)
	local thisCatName = prefix .. provinceName .. suffix
	debugLog(5, &quot;thisCatName = [&quot; .. thisCatName .. &quot;]&quot;)
	--[[
		Now check whether the all following conditions are true
			1/ the provinceName begins with &quot;the&quot;
			2/ the category does NOT exist if we use &quot;the &quot;
			3/ the category does exist if we strip &quot;the &quot;
		 If those conditions are all true, them strip &quot;the&quot; 
	]] 
	if (mw.ustring.match(provinceName, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) ~= nil) then
		debugLog(6, &quot;ProvinceName begins with 'the'&quot;)
		local provinceNameStripped = mw.ustring.gsub(provinceName, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;, &quot;&quot;, 1)
		local thisCatNameStripped = prefix .. provinceNameStripped .. suffix
		debugLog(6, &quot;thisCatNameStripped = [&quot; .. thisCatNameStripped .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local testCatPage = mw.title.new(thisCatName, &quot;Category&quot; )
		local testCatPageStripped = mw.title.new(thisCatNameStripped, &quot;Category&quot; )
		if not testCatPage.exists then
			debugLog(7, &quot;[&quot; .. testCatPage.fullText .. &quot;] .. does not exist&quot;) 
			if (testCatPageStripped.exists) then
				debugLog(7, &quot;[&quot; .. testCatPageStripped.fullText .. &quot;] .. DOES exist, so use that&quot;) 
				return thisCatNameStripped
			end
		end
	end
	return thisCatName
end

local function makeTableRow(rowLabel, provinceList)
	debugLog(2, &quot;makeTableRow, label: &quot;)
	if (rowLabel == nil) then
		rowLabel = &quot;By&amp;nbsp;region (and&amp;nbsp;province)&quot;
		debugLog(nil, rowLabel)
	else
		rowLabel = mw.text.trim(rowLabel)
		debugLog(nil, &quot; [&quot; .. rowLabel .. &quot;]&quot;)
	end
	tableRowNum = tableRowNum + 1
	local thisRow
	if (tableRowNum % 2) == 0 then
		debugLog(3, &quot;Even-numbered&quot;)
		thisRow = '&lt;tr style=&quot;' .. evenRowStyle .. '&quot;&gt;\n'
	else
		debugLog(3, &quot;Odd-numbered&quot;)
		thisRow = '&lt;tr style=&quot;' .. oddRowStyle .. '&quot;&gt;\n'
	end
	if not ((rowLabel == nil) or (rowLabel ==&quot;&quot;)) then
		thisRow = thisRow .. '&lt;td style=&quot;' .. labelStyle .. '&quot;&gt;' .. rowLabel .. '&lt;/td&gt;\n'
	end
	-- now begin making the row contents
	debugLog(3, &quot;Process provinceList&quot;)
	local list_args = {}
	for i, aProvince in ipairs(provinceList) do
		debugLog(4, &quot;No. &quot; .. tostring(i) .. &quot;: [&quot; .. aProvince .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local myCatName = ResolveCategoryRedirect(makeCatName(aProvince, title_prefix, title_suffix))
		local sublist
		if (aProvince == &quot;Flanders&quot;) then
			-- make a sub-list for Flanders
			sublist = mw.html.create('ul')
			local subCatName
			for _, a2Province in ipairs(FlandersProvinces) do
				subCatName = makeCatName(a2Province, title_prefix, title_suffix)
				local displayname = a2Province
				sublist:tag('li'):wikitext(makeCatLink(subCatName, displayname)):done()
			end
		end
		local sublist2
		if (aProvince == &quot;Wallonia&quot;) then
			-- make a sub-list for Wallonia
			sublist2 = mw.html.create('ul')
			local subCatName
			for _, a3Province in ipairs(WalloniaProvinces) do
				subCatName = makeCatName(a3Province, title_prefix, title_suffix)
				local displayname = a3Province
				sublist2:tag('li'):wikitext(makeCatLink(subCatName, displayname)):done()
			end
		end
		if sublist then
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince) .. tostring(sublist))
		elseif sublist2 then
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince) .. tostring(sublist2))
		else
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince))
		end
	end
	
	return thisRow .. '&lt;td style=&quot;' .. listStyle .. ';&quot;&gt;' .. horizontal(list_args) .. '&lt;/td&gt;\n&lt;/tr&gt;'
end

local function makeTable()
	debugLog(1, &quot;makeTable&quot;)
	tableRowNum = 0
	local myTable = '&lt;table class=&quot;' .. tableClass .. '&quot;'
	myTable = myTable .. ' style=&quot;' .. tableStyle .. '; font-size:' .. textSize .. '; max-width:' .. tableFallbackMaxWidth .. '; max-width:' .. tableMaxWidth ..'&quot;&gt;\n'
	myTable = myTable .. makeTableRow(nil, BelgiumRegions)
	myTable = myTable .. &quot;&lt;/table&gt;\n&quot;
	return myTable
end

local function patternSearchEncode(s)
	return mw.ustring.gsub(s, &quot;([%W])&quot;, &quot;%%%1&quot;)
end

-- Does the pagename include a province name?
local function findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, provinceList, description)
	local i, aProvince, testProvince
	debugLog(2, &quot;checking [&quot; .. pn ..&quot;] for a province name in province set: &quot; .. description)
	for i, aProvince in ipairs(provinceList) do
		testProvince = aProvince
		debugLog(3, &quot;testing: [&quot;  .. testProvince .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local testProvinceEncoded = patternSearchEncode(testProvince)
		-- For efficiency, the first test is a simple match as a a screening test
		-- If the bare province name is nowhere in the pagename, then no need for
		-- more precise checks
		-- This check would be one line in regex, but Lua pattern matching is cruder,
		--so we need several passes to ensure that any match is of a complete word
		debugLog(4, &quot;simple match? &quot;)
		if (not mw.ustring.match(pn, testProvinceEncoded)) then
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Fail&quot;)
		else
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Success&quot;)

			-- test for false positives
			local j, aFalsePositiveTest
			for j, aFalsePositiveTest in ipairs(falsePositiveChecks) do
				debugLog(5, &quot;false positive test pattern '&quot; .. aFalsePositiveTest .. &quot;' ? &quot;)
				if (mw.ustring.match(pn, aFalsePositiveTest)) then
					debugLog(nil, &quot;Match, so fail&quot;)
					return nil
				end
				debugLog(nil, &quot;No match, so OK&quot;)
			end

			debugLog(4, &quot;match whole name? &quot;)
			if (pn == testProvince) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

			debugLog(4, &quot;match at start, followed by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
			
			debugLog(4, &quot;match at end, preceded by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

			debugLog(4, &quot;match anywhere, preceded and followed by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

		end
		-- Special case: if the province name we are testing begins with a prefixed &quot;the&quot;
		debugLog(4, &quot;does testProvince begin with 'the' ? &quot;)
		if (mw.ustring.match(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) == nil) then
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
		else
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
		end
		if (mw.ustring.match(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) ~= nil) then
			local testProvinceStripped = mw.ustring.gsub(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;, &quot;&quot;, 1)
			local testProvinceStrippedEncoded = patternSearchEncode(testProvinceStripped)
			debugLog(4, &quot;test pattern without leading definite article, i.e. '&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;' ? &quot;)
			if (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;)  ~= nil) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvinceStripped
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
		end
	end
	return nil
end

-- parse the pagename to find three parts: prefix, province name, suffix
local function parsePagename(pn)
	debugLog(1, &quot;parsePagename: [&quot; .. pn .. &quot;]&quot;)
	local validprovinceName
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, FlandersProvinces, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, WalloniaProvinces, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, BelgiumRegions, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
		return false
	end
	end
	end
	
	-- if we get here, the page name &quot;pn&quot; includes a validprovinceName
	-- so now we need to split the string
	
	debugLog(2, &quot;split pagename around [&quot; .. validprovinceName .. &quot;]&quot;)
	local validProvinceEncoded = mw.ustring.gsub(validprovinceName, &quot;([%W])&quot;, &quot;%%%1&quot;)
	match_prefix, match_province, match_suffix = mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. validProvinceEncoded .. &quot;)(.*)$&quot;)
	
	title_prefix = match_prefix
	title_suffix = match_suffix
	debugLog(2, &quot;parse successful&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;title_prefix = [&quot; .. title_prefix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;thisPageProvince = [&quot; .. match_province .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;title_suffix = [&quot; .. title_suffix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	return true
end

local function getYesNoParam(args, thisParamName, defaultVal)
	local paramVal = args[thisParamName]
	if paramVal == nil then
		paramVal = &quot;&quot;
	end

	debugLog(2, &quot;Evaluate yes/no parameter: [&quot; .. thisParamName .. &quot;] = [&quot; .. paramVal .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;default = &quot; .. ((defaultVal and &quot;Yes&quot;) or &quot;No&quot;))
	debugLog(3, &quot;Evaluate as: &quot;)
	local returnValue
	if paramVal == &quot;&quot; then
		returnValue = defaultVal
	else
		returnValue = yesno(args[thisParamName], defaultVal)
	end
	if (returnValue) then
		debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
	else
		debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
	end
	return returnValue
end

local function makeErrorMsg(s)
	return '&lt;p class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;[[' .. parentname .. ']] Error: ' .. s .. '&lt;/p&gt;\n'
end

local function isValidParent(p)
	for i, aParent in ipairs(callingTemplates) do
		if p == aParent then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end

function p.main(frame)
	local parent = frame:getParent()
	if parent then
		 parentname = parent:getTitle():gsub('/sandbox$', '')
	end

	if (parentname == nil) or not isValidParent(parentname) then
		local errormsg = '&lt;p class=&quot;error&quot;&gt; Error: ' .. parentname .. ' is not a valid wrapper for [[' .. frame:getTitle() .. ']]\n'
		errormsg = errormsg .. '&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Valid wrappers: '
		local i, aParent
		for i, aParent in ipairs(callingTemplates) do
			errormsg = errormsg .. '[[' .. aParent  .. ']]'
		end
		errormsg = errormsg .. '&lt;/p&gt;'
		return errormsg
	end
	templateName = mw.ustring.gsub(parentname, &quot;^Template:&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;Check parameters&quot;)
	debugging = getYesNoParam(frame.args, &quot;debug&quot;, false)

	-- get the page title
	thispage = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	thispagename = thispage.text;
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;mw.title.getCurrentTitle()&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.text = [&quot; .. thispage.text ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.namespace = [&quot; .. thispage.namespace ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.nsText = [&quot; .. thispage.nsText ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;is it a cat? using (thispage:inNamespace(14)): &quot;)
	if not (thispage:inNamespace(14)) then
		debugLog(nil, &quot;No, this is not a category&quot;)
		debugLog(1, &quot;Not a category, so no output&quot;)
		return makeErrorMsg(&quot;only for use on a category page&quot;) .. publishDebugLog()
	end
	debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes, this is a category&quot;)

	if not parsePagename(thispagename) then
		-- some error parsing the title, so don't proceed to output
		local trackingCatInvalid = &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; on invalid category|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
		return makeErrorMsg('the name of this category does not include a valid Belgian province') .. publishDebugLog() .. trackingCatInvalid
	end
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;all parse done&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;title_prefix = [&quot; .. title_prefix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;title_suffix = [&quot; .. title_suffix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	
	local myNavTable = makeTable()
	debugLog(2, &quot;blueLinkCount = [&quot; .. blueLinkCount .. &quot;]. &amp;nbsp; (NB The current page is always counted as a bluelink, but will not be navigable)&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;greyLinkCount = [&quot; .. greyLinkCount .. &quot;]&quot;)
	
	if (blueLinkCount &lt;= 1) then
		-- This is a navbar to nowhere, so suppress display
		myNavTable = &quot;&quot;
		debugLog(1, &quot;Zero bluelinks (other than the current page) makes this a navbox to nowhere, so do not display the navbox&quot;)
	end
	
	local myTrackingCat = makeTrackingCategory()

	return publishDebugLog() .. myNavTable .. myTrackingCat

end

return p</text>
      <sha1>rpf00vr17gc5pac7hh0ynvh987s9kt0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785983</id>
      <parentid>785980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:20:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>සැකිල්ල</comment>
      <origin>785983</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="16838" sha1="983uppronudillg32vsms01xwhjk4un" xml:space="preserve">--[[
	v01.18: fix handling of definite article (e.g. for 'the Northwest Territories')
	2.0 Resolve category redirects

 each title consists of three parts
    * prefix
    * province name
    * suffix
 e.g. &quot;Foo in Antwerp Province&quot;
    * prefix = &quot;Foo in &quot;
    * province name = &quot;Antwerp Province&quot;
    * suffix = &quot;&quot;
 e.g. &quot;Hainaut (province)-related lists&quot;
    * prefix = &quot;&quot;
    * province name = &quot;Hainaut (province)&quot;
    * suffix = &quot;-related lists&quot;
]]

-- config
local textSize = '90%'
local tableClass=&quot;toc nomobile&quot;
local evenRowStyle = &quot;vertical-align:top; background-color:#f3f3f3;&quot;
local oddRowStyle = &quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
local labelStyle = &quot;text-align:right; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;&quot;
local listStyle = &quot;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;&quot;
local greyLinkColor = &quot;#888&quot;
--[[ Note that the table styles are designed to ensure that the navbox is as wide as possible, while still leaving
     enough enough space on the right for portal boxes, commons links, and GeoGroup templates.
     A lot of fiddling was needed to make it work, so please test any changes very carfully in the sandbox.
]]
local tableFallbackMaxWidth=&quot;auto&quot;
local tableMaxWidth=&quot;calc(100% - 25em)&quot; -- Template:GeoGroup has width: 23em&lt;
-- local tableStyle=&quot;margin-left:0; margin-right:auto; clear:left !important; margin-top:0 !important; float:left; width:auto;&quot;
local tableStyle=&quot;margin-left:0; margin-right:auto; clear:left !important; margin-top:0 !important; width:auto;&quot;

-- Templates which are allowed to call this module
local callingTemplates = {
	'සැකිල්ල:Belgium by province category navigation',
}

-- globals for this module
local debugging = false
local debugmsg = &quot;&quot;
local tableRowNum = 0
local title_prefix = &quot;&quot;
local title_suffix = &quot;&quot;
local title_prefix
local title_suffix
local thisPageProvince
local greyLinkCount = 0
local blueLinkCount = 0
local parentname = &quot;&quot;
local templateName

local horizontal = require('Module:List').horizontal
local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
local ResolveCategoryRedirect = require('Module:Resolve category redirect').rtarget
local p = {}

--[[
	Plain text list of provinces
	* Each entry exactly as it appears in running text in category titles, with any prefix (e.g. &quot;the&quot;)
	* Be sure to avoid hidden characters and duplicate spaces. They break the pattern-matching on which this module relies
]]
local BelgiumRegions = {
	'බ්‍රසල්ස්',
	'Brussels',
	'Flanders',
	'Wallonia'
}
local FlandersProvinces = {
	'Antwerp Province',
	'East Flanders',
	'Flemish Brabant',
	'Limburg (Belgium)',
	'West Flanders'
}
local WalloniaProvinces = {
	'Hainaut Province',
	'Liège Province',
	'Luxembourg (Belgium)',
	'Namur Province',
	'Walloon Brabant'
}

-- If the page title matches any of these Lua patterns, treat it as a false positive 
local falsePositiveChecks = {
}

local function publishDebugLog()
	if not debugging then
		return &quot;&quot;
	end
	return &quot;==Debugging ==\n\n&quot; .. debugmsg .. &quot;\n== Output ==\n&quot;
end

-- debugLog builds a log which can be output if debuging is enabled
-- each log entry is given a level, so that the output is not simply a flat list
-- a debug msg may be appended to the previous msg by setting the level to nil
local function debugLog(level, msg)

	if (debugmsg == nil) then
		debugmsg = &quot;&quot;
	end

	if (level ~= nil) then
		-- not appending, so make a new line
		debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;\n&quot;
		-- then add the level
		local i
		for i = 1, level do
			if (i % 2) == 1 then
				debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;#&quot;
			else
				debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot;*&quot;
			end
		end 
	end
	debugmsg = debugmsg .. &quot; &quot; .. msg
	return true
end

local function makeTrackingCategory()
	-- discount the current page, which will always be coded as a blue link, but rendered as bold un-navigable
	blueLinkCount = blueLinkCount - 1
	if greyLinkCount == 0 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with no grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if blueLinkCount == 0 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with all grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if  greyLinkCount &lt;= 5 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with 1–5 grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	if  greyLinkCount &gt; 5 then
		return &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; with 6 or more grey links|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
	return &quot;&quot;
end

-- Make a piped link to a category, if it exists
-- If it doesn't exist, just display the greyed the link title without linking
local function makeCatLink(catname, disp)
	local displaytext
	if (disp ~= &quot;&quot;) and (disp ~= nil) then
		-- use 'disp' parameter, but strip any trailing disambiguator
		displaytext = mw.ustring.gsub(disp, &quot;%s+%(.+$&quot;, &quot;&quot;);
		-- also strip any trailing &quot;Province&quot;
		displaytext = mw.ustring.gsub(displaytext, &quot;%sProvince&quot;, &quot;&quot;);
	else
		displaytext = catname
	end
	local fmtlink
	local catPage = mw.title.new( catname, &quot;Category&quot; )
	if (catPage.exists) then
		fmtlink = &quot;[[:Category:&quot; .. catname .. &quot;|&quot; .. displaytext .. &quot;]]&quot;
		blueLinkCount = blueLinkCount + 1
	else
		fmtlink = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:' .. greyLinkColor .. '&quot;&gt;' .. displaytext .. &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;
		greyLinkCount = greyLinkCount + 1
	end

	return fmtlink
end

local function makeCatName(provinceName, prefix, suffix)
	local thisCatName = prefix .. provinceName .. suffix
	debugLog(5, &quot;thisCatName = [&quot; .. thisCatName .. &quot;]&quot;)
	--[[
		Now check whether the all following conditions are true
			1/ the provinceName begins with &quot;the&quot;
			2/ the category does NOT exist if we use &quot;the &quot;
			3/ the category does exist if we strip &quot;the &quot;
		 If those conditions are all true, them strip &quot;the&quot; 
	]] 
	if (mw.ustring.match(provinceName, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) ~= nil) then
		debugLog(6, &quot;ProvinceName begins with 'the'&quot;)
		local provinceNameStripped = mw.ustring.gsub(provinceName, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;, &quot;&quot;, 1)
		local thisCatNameStripped = prefix .. provinceNameStripped .. suffix
		debugLog(6, &quot;thisCatNameStripped = [&quot; .. thisCatNameStripped .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local testCatPage = mw.title.new(thisCatName, &quot;Category&quot; )
		local testCatPageStripped = mw.title.new(thisCatNameStripped, &quot;Category&quot; )
		if not testCatPage.exists then
			debugLog(7, &quot;[&quot; .. testCatPage.fullText .. &quot;] .. does not exist&quot;) 
			if (testCatPageStripped.exists) then
				debugLog(7, &quot;[&quot; .. testCatPageStripped.fullText .. &quot;] .. DOES exist, so use that&quot;) 
				return thisCatNameStripped
			end
		end
	end
	return thisCatName
end

local function makeTableRow(rowLabel, provinceList)
	debugLog(2, &quot;makeTableRow, label: &quot;)
	if (rowLabel == nil) then
		rowLabel = &quot;By&amp;nbsp;region (and&amp;nbsp;province)&quot;
		debugLog(nil, rowLabel)
	else
		rowLabel = mw.text.trim(rowLabel)
		debugLog(nil, &quot; [&quot; .. rowLabel .. &quot;]&quot;)
	end
	tableRowNum = tableRowNum + 1
	local thisRow
	if (tableRowNum % 2) == 0 then
		debugLog(3, &quot;Even-numbered&quot;)
		thisRow = '&lt;tr style=&quot;' .. evenRowStyle .. '&quot;&gt;\n'
	else
		debugLog(3, &quot;Odd-numbered&quot;)
		thisRow = '&lt;tr style=&quot;' .. oddRowStyle .. '&quot;&gt;\n'
	end
	if not ((rowLabel == nil) or (rowLabel ==&quot;&quot;)) then
		thisRow = thisRow .. '&lt;td style=&quot;' .. labelStyle .. '&quot;&gt;' .. rowLabel .. '&lt;/td&gt;\n'
	end
	-- now begin making the row contents
	debugLog(3, &quot;Process provinceList&quot;)
	local list_args = {}
	for i, aProvince in ipairs(provinceList) do
		debugLog(4, &quot;No. &quot; .. tostring(i) .. &quot;: [&quot; .. aProvince .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local myCatName = ResolveCategoryRedirect(makeCatName(aProvince, title_prefix, title_suffix))
		local sublist
		if (aProvince == &quot;Flanders&quot;) then
			-- make a sub-list for Flanders
			sublist = mw.html.create('ul')
			local subCatName
			for _, a2Province in ipairs(FlandersProvinces) do
				subCatName = makeCatName(a2Province, title_prefix, title_suffix)
				local displayname = a2Province
				sublist:tag('li'):wikitext(makeCatLink(subCatName, displayname)):done()
			end
		end
		local sublist2
		if (aProvince == &quot;Wallonia&quot;) then
			-- make a sub-list for Wallonia
			sublist2 = mw.html.create('ul')
			local subCatName
			for _, a3Province in ipairs(WalloniaProvinces) do
				subCatName = makeCatName(a3Province, title_prefix, title_suffix)
				local displayname = a3Province
				sublist2:tag('li'):wikitext(makeCatLink(subCatName, displayname)):done()
			end
		end
		if sublist then
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince) .. tostring(sublist))
		elseif sublist2 then
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince) .. tostring(sublist2))
		else
			table.insert(list_args, makeCatLink(myCatName, aProvince))
		end
	end
	
	return thisRow .. '&lt;td style=&quot;' .. listStyle .. ';&quot;&gt;' .. horizontal(list_args) .. '&lt;/td&gt;\n&lt;/tr&gt;'
end

local function makeTable()
	debugLog(1, &quot;makeTable&quot;)
	tableRowNum = 0
	local myTable = '&lt;table class=&quot;' .. tableClass .. '&quot;'
	myTable = myTable .. ' style=&quot;' .. tableStyle .. '; font-size:' .. textSize .. '; max-width:' .. tableFallbackMaxWidth .. '; max-width:' .. tableMaxWidth ..'&quot;&gt;\n'
	myTable = myTable .. makeTableRow(nil, BelgiumRegions)
	myTable = myTable .. &quot;&lt;/table&gt;\n&quot;
	return myTable
end

local function patternSearchEncode(s)
	return mw.ustring.gsub(s, &quot;([%W])&quot;, &quot;%%%1&quot;)
end

-- Does the pagename include a province name?
local function findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, provinceList, description)
	local i, aProvince, testProvince
	debugLog(2, &quot;checking [&quot; .. pn ..&quot;] for a province name in province set: &quot; .. description)
	for i, aProvince in ipairs(provinceList) do
		testProvince = aProvince
		debugLog(3, &quot;testing: [&quot;  .. testProvince .. &quot;]&quot;)
		local testProvinceEncoded = patternSearchEncode(testProvince)
		-- For efficiency, the first test is a simple match as a a screening test
		-- If the bare province name is nowhere in the pagename, then no need for
		-- more precise checks
		-- This check would be one line in regex, but Lua pattern matching is cruder,
		--so we need several passes to ensure that any match is of a complete word
		debugLog(4, &quot;simple match? &quot;)
		if (not mw.ustring.match(pn, testProvinceEncoded)) then
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Fail&quot;)
		else
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Success&quot;)

			-- test for false positives
			local j, aFalsePositiveTest
			for j, aFalsePositiveTest in ipairs(falsePositiveChecks) do
				debugLog(5, &quot;false positive test pattern '&quot; .. aFalsePositiveTest .. &quot;' ? &quot;)
				if (mw.ustring.match(pn, aFalsePositiveTest)) then
					debugLog(nil, &quot;Match, so fail&quot;)
					return nil
				end
				debugLog(nil, &quot;No match, so OK&quot;)
			end

			debugLog(4, &quot;match whole name? &quot;)
			if (pn == testProvince) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

			debugLog(4, &quot;match at start, followed by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
			
			debugLog(4, &quot;match at end, preceded by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

			debugLog(4, &quot;match anywhere, preceded and followed by separator? &quot;)
			if mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvince
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)

		end
		-- Special case: if the province name we are testing begins with a prefixed &quot;the&quot;
		debugLog(4, &quot;does testProvince begin with 'the' ? &quot;)
		if (mw.ustring.match(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) == nil) then
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
		else
			debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
		end
		if (mw.ustring.match(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;) ~= nil) then
			local testProvinceStripped = mw.ustring.gsub(testProvince, &quot;^[tT]he &quot;, &quot;&quot;, 1)
			local testProvinceStrippedEncoded = patternSearchEncode(testProvinceStripped)
			debugLog(4, &quot;test pattern without leading definite article, i.e. '&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;' ? &quot;)
			if (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;[^%w]&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;[^%w]&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;)  ~= nil)
			or (mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^&quot; .. testProvinceStrippedEncoded .. &quot;$&quot;)  ~= nil) then
				debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
				return testProvinceStripped
			end
			debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
		end
	end
	return nil
end

-- parse the pagename to find three parts: prefix, province name, suffix
local function parsePagename(pn)
	debugLog(1, &quot;parsePagename: [&quot; .. pn .. &quot;]&quot;)
	local validprovinceName
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, FlandersProvinces, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, WalloniaProvinces, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
	validprovinceName = findprovinceNameInPagename(pn, BelgiumRegions, &quot;provincelst&quot;)
	if validprovinceName == nil then
		return false
	end
	end
	end
	
	-- if we get here, the page name &quot;pn&quot; includes a validprovinceName
	-- so now we need to split the string
	
	debugLog(2, &quot;split pagename around [&quot; .. validprovinceName .. &quot;]&quot;)
	local validProvinceEncoded = mw.ustring.gsub(validprovinceName, &quot;([%W])&quot;, &quot;%%%1&quot;)
	match_prefix, match_province, match_suffix = mw.ustring.match(pn, &quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. validProvinceEncoded .. &quot;)(.*)$&quot;)
	
	title_prefix = match_prefix
	title_suffix = match_suffix
	debugLog(2, &quot;parse successful&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;title_prefix = [&quot; .. title_prefix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;thisPageProvince = [&quot; .. match_province .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;title_suffix = [&quot; .. title_suffix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	return true
end

local function getYesNoParam(args, thisParamName, defaultVal)
	local paramVal = args[thisParamName]
	if paramVal == nil then
		paramVal = &quot;&quot;
	end

	debugLog(2, &quot;Evaluate yes/no parameter: [&quot; .. thisParamName .. &quot;] = [&quot; .. paramVal .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(3, &quot;default = &quot; .. ((defaultVal and &quot;Yes&quot;) or &quot;No&quot;))
	debugLog(3, &quot;Evaluate as: &quot;)
	local returnValue
	if paramVal == &quot;&quot; then
		returnValue = defaultVal
	else
		returnValue = yesno(args[thisParamName], defaultVal)
	end
	if (returnValue) then
		debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes&quot;)
	else
		debugLog(nil, &quot;No&quot;)
	end
	return returnValue
end

local function makeErrorMsg(s)
	return '&lt;p class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;[[' .. parentname .. ']] Error: ' .. s .. '&lt;/p&gt;\n'
end

local function isValidParent(p)
	for i, aParent in ipairs(callingTemplates) do
		if p == aParent then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end

function p.main(frame)
	local parent = frame:getParent()
	if parent then
		 parentname = parent:getTitle():gsub('/sandbox$', '')
	end

	if (parentname == nil) or not isValidParent(parentname) then
		local errormsg = '&lt;p class=&quot;error&quot;&gt; Error: ' .. parentname .. ' is not a valid wrapper for [[' .. frame:getTitle() .. ']]\n'
		errormsg = errormsg .. '&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Valid wrappers: '
		local i, aParent
		for i, aParent in ipairs(callingTemplates) do
			errormsg = errormsg .. '[[' .. aParent  .. ']]'
		end
		errormsg = errormsg .. '&lt;/p&gt;'
		return errormsg
	end
	templateName = mw.ustring.gsub(parentname, &quot;^සැකිල්ල:&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;Check parameters&quot;)
	debugging = getYesNoParam(frame.args, &quot;debug&quot;, false)

	-- get the page title
	thispage = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	thispagename = thispage.text;
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;mw.title.getCurrentTitle()&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.text = [&quot; .. thispage.text ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.namespace = [&quot; .. thispage.namespace ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;thispage.nsText = [&quot; .. thispage.nsText ..&quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;is it a cat? using (thispage:inNamespace(14)): &quot;)
	if not (thispage:inNamespace(14)) then
		debugLog(nil, &quot;No, this is not a category&quot;)
		debugLog(1, &quot;Not a category, so no output&quot;)
		return makeErrorMsg(&quot;only for use on a category page&quot;) .. publishDebugLog()
	end
	debugLog(nil, &quot;Yes, this is a category&quot;)

	if not parsePagename(thispagename) then
		-- some error parsing the title, so don't proceed to output
		local trackingCatInvalid = &quot;[[Category:&quot; .. templateName .. &quot; on invalid category|&quot; .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text .. &quot;]]&quot;
		return makeErrorMsg('the name of this category does not include a valid Belgian province') .. publishDebugLog() .. trackingCatInvalid
	end
	
	debugLog(1, &quot;all parse done&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;title_prefix = [&quot; .. title_prefix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;title_suffix = [&quot; .. title_suffix .. &quot;]&quot;)
	
	local myNavTable = makeTable()
	debugLog(2, &quot;blueLinkCount = [&quot; .. blueLinkCount .. &quot;]. &amp;nbsp; (NB The current page is always counted as a bluelink, but will not be navigable)&quot;)
	debugLog(2, &quot;greyLinkCount = [&quot; .. greyLinkCount .. &quot;]&quot;)
	
	if (blueLinkCount &lt;= 1) then
		-- This is a navbar to nowhere, so suppress display
		myNavTable = &quot;&quot;
		debugLog(1, &quot;Zero bluelinks (other than the current page) makes this a navbox to nowhere, so do not display the navbox&quot;)
	end
	
	local myTrackingCat = makeTrackingCategory()

	return publishDebugLog() .. myNavTable .. myTrackingCat

end

return p</text>
      <sha1>983uppronudillg32vsms01xwhjk4un</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Belgium by province category navigation with all grey links</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192255</id>
    <revision>
      <id>785981</id>
      <timestamp>2025-11-05T00:14:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Kaffet i halsen</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[WP:AES|←]]Created page with '{{Tracking category|text=populated by {{tl|Belgium by province category navigation}}}}  Associated tracking categories: {{flatlist| * [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation on invalid category|Belgium by province category navigation on invalid category]] * [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with no grey links |Belgium by province category navigation with no grey links]] * :Category:Belgium by province category navigation with...'</comment>
      <origin>785981</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="942" sha1="9aiacak496lvd1wno6vmxm11xybfryc" xml:space="preserve">{{Tracking category|text=populated by {{tl|Belgium by province category navigation}}}}

Associated tracking categories: {{flatlist|
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation on invalid category|Belgium by province category navigation on invalid category]]
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with no grey links |Belgium by province category navigation with no grey links]]
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with 1–5 grey links|Belgium by province category navigation with 1–5 grey links]]
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with 6 or more grey links|Belgium by province category navigation with 6 or more grey links]]
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with all grey links |Belgium by province category navigation with all grey links]]
}}
{{Automatic category TOC}}

[[Category:Country by country subdivision category navigation with all grey links]]</text>
      <sha1>9aiacak496lvd1wno6vmxm11xybfryc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>785982</id>
      <parentid>785981</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-12T14:18:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Category:Belgium_by_province_category_navigation_with_all_grey_links]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
      <origin>785981</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="942" sha1="9aiacak496lvd1wno6vmxm11xybfryc" xml:space="preserve">{{Tracking category|text=populated by {{tl|Belgium by province category navigation}}}}

Associated tracking categories: {{flatlist|
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation on invalid category|Belgium by province category navigation on invalid category]]
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with no grey links |Belgium by province category navigation with no grey links]]
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with 1–5 grey links|Belgium by province category navigation with 1–5 grey links]]
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with 6 or more grey links|Belgium by province category navigation with 6 or more grey links]]
* [[:Category:Belgium by province category navigation with all grey links |Belgium by province category navigation with all grey links]]
}}
{{Automatic category TOC}}

[[Category:Country by country subdivision category navigation with all grey links]]</text>
      <sha1>9aiacak496lvd1wno6vmxm11xybfryc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:Taxonomy/Gekkota</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>192256</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786004</id>
      <timestamp>2025-07-26T20:10:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Jako96</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Suborder</comment>
      <origin>786004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="157" sha1="le4j5hljlozc9q0w5h1ysm78riodvc7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{High-use}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=subordo
|link=Gecko|Gekkota
|parent=Gekkonomorpha
|always_display=yes
}}</text>
      <sha1>le4j5hljlozc9q0w5h1ysm78riodvc7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786005</id>
      <parentid>786004</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T03:53:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Template:Taxonomy/Gekkota]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
      <origin>786004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="157" sha1="le4j5hljlozc9q0w5h1ysm78riodvc7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{High-use}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=subordo
|link=Gecko|Gekkota
|parent=Gekkonomorpha
|always_display=yes
}}</text>
      <sha1>le4j5hljlozc9q0w5h1ysm78riodvc7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:Taxonomy/Gekkonomorpha</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>192257</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786006</id>
      <timestamp>2025-08-25T19:27:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Jako96</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Changed parent to Squamata</comment>
      <origin>786006</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="204" sha1="6qzwcerf4sn14wq34jfgxwm9uuvfj3u" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{High-use}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=clade
|link=Gekkonomorpha
|parent=Squamata
|extinct=
|refs=&lt;!--Shown on this page only; don't include &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>6qzwcerf4sn14wq34jfgxwm9uuvfj3u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786007</id>
      <parentid>786006</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T03:53:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Template:Taxonomy/Gekkonomorpha]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
      <origin>786006</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="204" sha1="6qzwcerf4sn14wq34jfgxwm9uuvfj3u" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{High-use}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=clade
|link=Gekkonomorpha
|parent=Squamata
|extinct=
|refs=&lt;!--Shown on this page only; don't include &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>6qzwcerf4sn14wq34jfgxwm9uuvfj3u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සාකච්ඡාව:හූනා</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>192258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786008</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T03:54:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>නිර්මාණය</comment>
      <origin>786008</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15" sha1="6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb" xml:space="preserve">{{Talk header}}</text>
      <sha1>6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:Squamata families</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>192259</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786009</id>
      <timestamp>2025-10-27T06:01:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Trilletrollet</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>consistency</comment>
      <origin>786009</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2360" sha1="gh5z2hz1zco3dtufr3p736zuuy6xt63" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name       = Squamata families
|title      = Extant families of [[Squamata]]
|bodyclass = hlist

|above      = 
* Kingdom: [[Animal]]ia
* Phylum: [[Chordate|Chordata]]
* Class: [[Reptile|Reptilia]]
* Order: [[Squamata]]

|group1 = [[Dibamidae|Dibamia]]
|list1 =
* [[Dibamidae]]

|group2 = [[Gecko|Gekkota]]
|list2  = {{Navbox|subgroup|

|group1 = [[Pygopodoidea]]
|list1  =
* [[Diplodactylidae]]
* [[Carphodactylidae]]
* [[Pygopodidae]]

|group2 = [[Gekkonoidea]]
|list2  =
* [[Eublepharidae]]
* [[Sphaerodactylidae]]
* [[Gekkonidae]]
* [[Phyllodactylidae]]

}}

|group3 = [[Scincoidea]]
|list3  =
* [[Skink|Scincidae]]
* [[Xantusiidae]]
* [[Cordylidae]]
* [[Gerrhosauridae]]

|group4 = [[Lacertoidea|Laterata /&lt;br /&gt;Lacertoidea]]
|list4 = {{Navbox|subgroup|

|group1 = 
|list1 = 
* [[Lacertidae]]

|group2 = [[Gymnophthalmoidea]]
|list2  =
* [[Alopoglossidae]]
* [[Gymnophthalmidae]]
* [[Teiidae]]

|group3 = [[Amphisbaenia]]
|list3  =
* [[Amphisbaenidae]]
* [[Bipedidae]]
* [[Blanidae]]
* [[Cadeidae]]
* [[Rhineuridae]]
* [[Trogonophidae]]

}}

|group5 = [[Anguimorpha]]
|list5  = {{Navbox|subgroup|

|group1 = [[Paleoanguimorpha]]
|list1  =
* [[Shinisauridae]]
* [[Lanthanotidae]]
* [[Varanidae]]

|group2 = [[Neoanguimorpha]]
|list2  =
* [[Helodermatidae]]
* [[Xenosauridae]]
* [[Anguidae]]
* [[Anniellidae]]
* [[Diploglossidae]]

}}

|group6 = [[Iguania]]
|list6  = {{Navbox|subgroup|

|group1 = [[Acrodonta (lizard)|Acrodonta]]
|list1  =
* [[Agamidae]]
* [[Chamaeleonidae]]

|group2 = [[Pleurodonta]]
|list2  =
* [[Corytophanidae]]
* [[Crotaphytidae]]
* [[Dactyloidae]]
* [[Hoplocercidae]]
* [[Iguanidae]]
* [[Leiocephalidae]]
* [[Leiosauridae]]
* [[Liolaemidae]]
* [[Opluridae]]
* [[Phrynosomatidae]]
* [[Polychrotidae]]
* [[Tropiduridae]]

}}

|group7 = [[Serpentes]]
|list7 = {{Navbox|subgroup|

|group1 = [[Scolecophidia]]
|list1  =
* [[Anomalepididae]]
* [[Gerrhopilidae]]
* [[Leptotyphlopidae]]
* [[Typhlopidae]]
* [[Xenotyphlopidae]]

|group2 = [[Alethinophidia]]
|list2  =
* [[Acrochordidae]]
* [[Aniliidae]]
* [[Anomochilidae]]
* [[Atractaspididae]]
* [[Boidae]]
* [[Bolyeriidae]]
* [[Colubridae]]
* [[Cylindrophis|Cylindrophiidae]]
* [[Elapidae]]
* [[Loxocemidae]]
* [[Pythonidae]]
* [[Tropidophiidae]]
* [[Uropeltidae]]
* [[Viper|Viperidae]]
* [[Xenopeltidae]]

}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Squamate navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gh5z2hz1zco3dtufr3p736zuuy6xt63</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786010</id>
      <parentid>786009</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:03:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Template:Squamata_families]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
      <origin>786009</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2360" sha1="gh5z2hz1zco3dtufr3p736zuuy6xt63" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name       = Squamata families
|title      = Extant families of [[Squamata]]
|bodyclass = hlist

|above      = 
* Kingdom: [[Animal]]ia
* Phylum: [[Chordate|Chordata]]
* Class: [[Reptile|Reptilia]]
* Order: [[Squamata]]

|group1 = [[Dibamidae|Dibamia]]
|list1 =
* [[Dibamidae]]

|group2 = [[Gecko|Gekkota]]
|list2  = {{Navbox|subgroup|

|group1 = [[Pygopodoidea]]
|list1  =
* [[Diplodactylidae]]
* [[Carphodactylidae]]
* [[Pygopodidae]]

|group2 = [[Gekkonoidea]]
|list2  =
* [[Eublepharidae]]
* [[Sphaerodactylidae]]
* [[Gekkonidae]]
* [[Phyllodactylidae]]

}}

|group3 = [[Scincoidea]]
|list3  =
* [[Skink|Scincidae]]
* [[Xantusiidae]]
* [[Cordylidae]]
* [[Gerrhosauridae]]

|group4 = [[Lacertoidea|Laterata /&lt;br /&gt;Lacertoidea]]
|list4 = {{Navbox|subgroup|

|group1 = 
|list1 = 
* [[Lacertidae]]

|group2 = [[Gymnophthalmoidea]]
|list2  =
* [[Alopoglossidae]]
* [[Gymnophthalmidae]]
* [[Teiidae]]

|group3 = [[Amphisbaenia]]
|list3  =
* [[Amphisbaenidae]]
* [[Bipedidae]]
* [[Blanidae]]
* [[Cadeidae]]
* [[Rhineuridae]]
* [[Trogonophidae]]

}}

|group5 = [[Anguimorpha]]
|list5  = {{Navbox|subgroup|

|group1 = [[Paleoanguimorpha]]
|list1  =
* [[Shinisauridae]]
* [[Lanthanotidae]]
* [[Varanidae]]

|group2 = [[Neoanguimorpha]]
|list2  =
* [[Helodermatidae]]
* [[Xenosauridae]]
* [[Anguidae]]
* [[Anniellidae]]
* [[Diploglossidae]]

}}

|group6 = [[Iguania]]
|list6  = {{Navbox|subgroup|

|group1 = [[Acrodonta (lizard)|Acrodonta]]
|list1  =
* [[Agamidae]]
* [[Chamaeleonidae]]

|group2 = [[Pleurodonta]]
|list2  =
* [[Corytophanidae]]
* [[Crotaphytidae]]
* [[Dactyloidae]]
* [[Hoplocercidae]]
* [[Iguanidae]]
* [[Leiocephalidae]]
* [[Leiosauridae]]
* [[Liolaemidae]]
* [[Opluridae]]
* [[Phrynosomatidae]]
* [[Polychrotidae]]
* [[Tropiduridae]]

}}

|group7 = [[Serpentes]]
|list7 = {{Navbox|subgroup|

|group1 = [[Scolecophidia]]
|list1  =
* [[Anomalepididae]]
* [[Gerrhopilidae]]
* [[Leptotyphlopidae]]
* [[Typhlopidae]]
* [[Xenotyphlopidae]]

|group2 = [[Alethinophidia]]
|list2  =
* [[Acrochordidae]]
* [[Aniliidae]]
* [[Anomochilidae]]
* [[Atractaspididae]]
* [[Boidae]]
* [[Bolyeriidae]]
* [[Colubridae]]
* [[Cylindrophis|Cylindrophiidae]]
* [[Elapidae]]
* [[Loxocemidae]]
* [[Pythonidae]]
* [[Tropidophiidae]]
* [[Uropeltidae]]
* [[Viper|Viperidae]]
* [[Xenopeltidae]]

}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Squamate navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gh5z2hz1zco3dtufr3p736zuuy6xt63</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786011</id>
      <timestamp>2024-08-14T05:11:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Jlwoodwa</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>follow rd</comment>
      <origin>786011</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1624" sha1="ikgliqshnx9rwnij0p6stiot0p6m4cm" xml:space="preserve">{{Tracking category}}
{{Cat see also|Taxonbars without secondary Wikidata taxon IDs}}

This is a maintenance tracking category for {{tl|Taxonbar}} pages without any Wikidata taxonomic identifiers, either manually input on Wikipedia, or on the linked Wikidata item. Editors are encouraged to add valid IDs to existing databases; for example, those described in [[Template:Taxonbar/doc#Taxon identifiers]] and [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Taxonomy#Databases]], if possible. This can be done in two ways.

#The preferred way is to update the Wikidata entity associated with the Wikipedia article by clicking the &quot;[[d:Special:EntityPage/Q4661045|Wikidata item]]&quot; link (''[[Aaadonta angaurana]]'' used here as an example), under the &quot;Tools&quot; heading on the left-hand side of the categorized page. Then scroll down to the bottom of the Wikidata page, click &quot;add statement&quot;, look for the appropriate database, and add the ID in the other field provided.
#If you are unfamiliar with Wikidata, you may manually specify an ID directly in the {{t|Taxonbar}} template, for example, by &lt;syntaxhighlight inline lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Taxonbar|iucn=3}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; for ''[[Aaadonta angaurana]]''; this will place the page into [[:Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs]].

It may also be the case that the {{t|Taxonbar}} was incorrectly added to a page not dedicated to a specific taxon, i.e. [[Dung beetle]], in which case it should be removed. See [[:Category:Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages]] for more information.

Pages in this category should only be added by [[Module:Taxonbar]].

{{CatAutoTOC}}

[[Category:Taxonbar cleanup|M]]</text>
      <sha1>ikgliqshnx9rwnij0p6stiot0p6m4cm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786012</id>
      <parentid>786011</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:04:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[:en:Category:Taxonbars_without_primary_Wikidata_taxon_IDs]] වෙතින් එක් සංශෝධනයක්</comment>
      <origin>786011</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1624" sha1="ikgliqshnx9rwnij0p6stiot0p6m4cm" xml:space="preserve">{{Tracking category}}
{{Cat see also|Taxonbars without secondary Wikidata taxon IDs}}

This is a maintenance tracking category for {{tl|Taxonbar}} pages without any Wikidata taxonomic identifiers, either manually input on Wikipedia, or on the linked Wikidata item. Editors are encouraged to add valid IDs to existing databases; for example, those described in [[Template:Taxonbar/doc#Taxon identifiers]] and [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Taxonomy#Databases]], if possible. This can be done in two ways.

#The preferred way is to update the Wikidata entity associated with the Wikipedia article by clicking the &quot;[[d:Special:EntityPage/Q4661045|Wikidata item]]&quot; link (''[[Aaadonta angaurana]]'' used here as an example), under the &quot;Tools&quot; heading on the left-hand side of the categorized page. Then scroll down to the bottom of the Wikidata page, click &quot;add statement&quot;, look for the appropriate database, and add the ID in the other field provided.
#If you are unfamiliar with Wikidata, you may manually specify an ID directly in the {{t|Taxonbar}} template, for example, by &lt;syntaxhighlight inline lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Taxonbar|iucn=3}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; for ''[[Aaadonta angaurana]]''; this will place the page into [[:Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs]].

It may also be the case that the {{t|Taxonbar}} was incorrectly added to a page not dedicated to a specific taxon, i.e. [[Dung beetle]], in which case it should be removed. See [[:Category:Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages]] for more information.

Pages in this category should only be added by [[Module:Taxonbar]].

{{CatAutoTOC}}

[[Category:Taxonbar cleanup|M]]</text>
      <sha1>ikgliqshnx9rwnij0p6stiot0p6m4cm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:ගෙගෝ</title>
    <ns>15</ns>
    <id>192261</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786014</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:24:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Geckos]]</comment>
      <origin>786014</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5683" sha1="ciympq7709i34x9i98ngttz78zre6ei" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary
|----
| 1002246560 || 2021-01-23T14:47:12Z || Mike Peel || &lt;nowiki&gt;Removing Commons category link that does not match this category ([[:commons:Category:Gekkonidae]])&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 1002180417 || 2021-01-23T06:01:29Z || JarBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;Bot:add Commons category&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 985272822 || 2020-10-25T00:40:34Z || Randey1970 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 981041077 || 2020-09-29T22:48:33Z || Mike Peel || &lt;nowiki&gt;Removing misplaced Commons category link ([[:commons:Category:Gekkonidae]]) - Commons category belongs at [[Category:Gekkonidae]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 879124772 || 2019-01-19T05:13:52Z || Hyperik || &lt;nowiki&gt;removed [[Category:Predators]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 543826810 || 2013-03-13T12:15:23Z || Addbot || &lt;nowiki&gt;[[User:Addbot|Bot:]] Migrating 31 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:q6827938]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 538521565 || 2013-02-16T06:22:12Z || Alborzagros || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 537029777 || 2013-02-07T09:57:20Z || Makecat-bot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying [[fa:رده:مارمولک‌ها]] to [[fa:رده:گکوها]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 536000012 || 2013-02-01T09:29:26Z || Chobot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.3) (Robot: Modifying [[fa:رده:جکوها]] to [[fa:رده:مارمولک‌ها]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 527320273 || 2012-12-10T08:19:39Z || Dexbot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding [[fa:رده:جکوها]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 523374387 || 2012-11-16T19:37:06Z || عباد ديرانية || &lt;nowiki&gt;+ ar interwiki.&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 518550029 || 2012-10-18T17:38:56Z || ZéroBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding [[eu:Kategoria:Gekkonidae]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 515439637 || 2012-10-01T09:33:49Z || EmausBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding [[be:Катэгорыя:Геконавыя]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 502106386 || 2012-07-13T18:34:28Z || Paucabot || &lt;nowiki&gt;+ca&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 500453409 || 2012-07-03T07:59:49Z || EmausBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.2+) (Robot: Adding [[tr:Kategori:Gekogiller]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 497034184 || 2012-06-11T09:32:48Z || 49.158.96.205 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 491746615 || 2012-05-10T05:56:15Z || Minsbot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.2) (Robot: Adding [[sv:Kategori:Geckoödlor]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 486081996 || 2012-04-07T14:17:14Z || BrownHairedGirl || &lt;nowiki&gt;tidy&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 486081949 || 2012-04-07T14:16:52Z || BrownHairedGirl || &lt;nowiki&gt;merge from [[:Category:Gekkonidae]] per [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2012 March 22#Category:Gekkonidae]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 486080197 || 2012-04-07T14:03:47Z || Cydebot || &lt;nowiki&gt;Robot - Moving category Gekkonidae to [[:Category:Geckos]] per [[WP:CFD|CFD]] at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2012 March 22]].&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 479606229 || 2012-03-01T06:17:17Z || Newone || &lt;nowiki&gt;removed [[Category:Lizards]]; added [[Category:Gekkonidae]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 428147458 || 2011-05-08T21:53:09Z || Alan Liefting || &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cat main}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 299257044 || 2009-06-29T05:45:23Z || Almabot || &lt;nowiki&gt;robot Adding: [[oc:Categoria:Geconid]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 264265333 || 2009-01-15T15:20:19Z || Mywood || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 258451974 || 2008-12-16T22:55:21Z || CarsracBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;robot  Adding: [[pt:Categoria:Gekkonidae]] Removing: [[tr:Kategori:Gekogiller]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 253435064 || 2008-11-22T18:34:47Z || Ark-pl || &lt;nowiki&gt;pl linkfix&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 222192639 || 2008-06-28T00:39:24Z || Nguyễn Thanh Quang || &lt;nowiki&gt;[[vi:Thể loại:Họ Tắc kè]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 221663999 || 2008-06-25T14:55:14Z || BotMultichill || &lt;nowiki&gt;Commons cat&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 207321862 || 2008-04-22T09:23:09Z || Categorizador~enwiki || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 189314564 || 2008-02-05T19:00:08Z || JAnDbot || &lt;nowiki&gt;robot  Adding: [[eo:Kategorio:Gekedoj]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 176956893 || 2007-12-10T08:52:51Z || Escarbot || &lt;nowiki&gt;robot  Adding: [[sk:Kategória:Gekónovité]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 170070205 || 2007-11-08T10:15:36Z || VolkovBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;robot  Adding: [[no:Kategori:Gekkoer]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 168473822 || 2007-11-01T08:58:37Z || 195.113.200.209 || &lt;nowiki&gt;cs:&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 150414489 || 2007-08-10T16:07:03Z || 85.89.166.219 || &lt;nowiki&gt;+plwiki&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 143116532 || 2007-07-07T16:23:17Z || 213.40.71.70 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 132832039 || 2007-05-23T01:40:39Z || 60.46.134.218 || &lt;nowiki&gt;+ja&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 129172273 || 2007-05-08T06:25:24Z || Lycaon || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 121871085 || 2007-04-11T05:05:17Z || 201.66.4.62 || &lt;nowiki&gt;+iw:pt&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 119267704 || 2007-03-31T14:21:29Z || 84.122.196.233 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 97335387 || 2006-12-30T13:46:27Z || Headphonos || &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Pet reptiles]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 85642783 || 2006-11-04T10:56:22Z || EDUCA33E || &lt;nowiki&gt;rename&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
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|----
| 53141672 || 2006-05-14T12:23:56Z || Od Mishehu || &lt;nowiki&gt;interwiki +he&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 43867188 || 2006-03-15T08:57:02Z || BD2412 || &lt;nowiki&gt;adding/linking [[Wikipedia:Category]] to descriptions using [[Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
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|----
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|----
| 29278081 || 2005-11-26T11:21:19Z || HenkvD || &lt;nowiki&gt;sisterlinks project&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
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|----
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|----
| 5414757 || 2004-08-17T03:55:37Z || Hemanshu || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}</text>
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      <id>786027</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:51:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Geckos]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:ගෙගෝ]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary
|----
| 1002246560 || 2021-01-23T14:47:12Z || Mike Peel || &lt;nowiki&gt;Removing Commons category link that does not match this category ([[:commons:Category:Gekkonidae]])&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 1002180417 || 2021-01-23T06:01:29Z || JarBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;Bot:add Commons category&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
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|----
| 981041077 || 2020-09-29T22:48:33Z || Mike Peel || &lt;nowiki&gt;Removing misplaced Commons category link ([[:commons:Category:Gekkonidae]]) - Commons category belongs at [[Category:Gekkonidae]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 879124772 || 2019-01-19T05:13:52Z || Hyperik || &lt;nowiki&gt;removed [[Category:Predators]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 543826810 || 2013-03-13T12:15:23Z || Addbot || &lt;nowiki&gt;[[User:Addbot|Bot:]] Migrating 31 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:q6827938]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
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|----
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|----
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|----
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|----
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|----
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|----
| 491746615 || 2012-05-10T05:56:15Z || Minsbot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.2) (Robot: Adding [[sv:Kategori:Geckoödlor]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
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|----
| 486081949 || 2012-04-07T14:16:52Z || BrownHairedGirl || &lt;nowiki&gt;merge from [[:Category:Gekkonidae]] per [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2012 March 22#Category:Gekkonidae]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 486080197 || 2012-04-07T14:03:47Z || Cydebot || &lt;nowiki&gt;Robot - Moving category Gekkonidae to [[:Category:Geckos]] per [[WP:CFD|CFD]] at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2012 March 22]].&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 479606229 || 2012-03-01T06:17:17Z || Newone || &lt;nowiki&gt;removed [[Category:Lizards]]; added [[Category:Gekkonidae]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
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|----
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|----
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|----
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|----
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|----
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|----
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|----
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|----
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|----
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|----
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|----
| 53141672 || 2006-05-14T12:23:56Z || Od Mishehu || &lt;nowiki&gt;interwiki +he&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 43867188 || 2006-03-15T08:57:02Z || BD2412 || &lt;nowiki&gt;adding/linking [[Wikipedia:Category]] to descriptions using [[Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 40207564 || 2006-02-18T23:35:10Z || Ugur Basak Bot~enwiki || &lt;nowiki&gt;robot  Adding: tr&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 34131704 || 2006-01-06T17:38:31Z || 81.240.249.46 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 29278081 || 2005-11-26T11:21:19Z || HenkvD || &lt;nowiki&gt;sisterlinks project&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 16700104 || 2005-02-09T19:21:37Z || HenkvD || &lt;nowiki&gt;interwiki nl:&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 10104808 || 2004-08-24T17:02:56Z || Pcb21 || &lt;nowiki&gt;keep the category chain&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 5414757 || 2004-08-17T03:55:37Z || Hemanshu || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගෙගෝ</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192262</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786015</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:24:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Geckos]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Geckos|history]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="54" sha1="rga2sta3mohhupushs9f8t5y7ybbl9o" xml:space="preserve">{{Cat main|Gecko}}
[[Category:Lizards]]
{{CatAutoTOC}}</text>
      <sha1>rga2sta3mohhupushs9f8t5y7ybbl9o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786025</id>
      <parentid>786015</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:51:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Geckos]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගෙගෝ]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786015</origin>
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      <text bytes="54" sha1="rga2sta3mohhupushs9f8t5y7ybbl9o" xml:space="preserve">{{Cat main|Gecko}}
[[Category:Lizards]]
{{CatAutoTOC}}</text>
      <sha1>rga2sta3mohhupushs9f8t5y7ybbl9o</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Lizards of Asia</title>
    <ns>15</ns>
    <id>192263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786016</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:24:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Lizards of Asia]]</comment>
      <origin>786016</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="324" sha1="suiheekc2alqphemns7p4yjsdsycxxv" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary
|----
| 1267317273 || 2025-01-04T15:54:42Z || Tom.Reding || &lt;nowiki&gt;+{{CatAutoTOC}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 631037952 || 2014-10-25T08:58:33Z || NotWith || &lt;nowiki&gt;cleanup&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 631037921 || 2014-10-25T08:58:00Z || NotWith || &lt;nowiki&gt;Stub&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}</text>
      <sha1>suiheekc2alqphemns7p4yjsdsycxxv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Lizards of Asia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192264</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786017</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:24:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Lizards of Asia]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Lizards of Asia|history]])</comment>
      <origin>786017</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="89" sha1="9qejd945uv9n2won053pnnljitn33o6" xml:space="preserve">{{CatAutoTOC}}

[[Category:Lizards by continent|Asia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Asia| Liz]]</text>
      <sha1>9qejd945uv9n2won053pnnljitn33o6</sha1>
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    <title>ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Extant Cenomanian first appearances</title>
    <ns>15</ns>
    <id>192265</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786018</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:25:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Extant Cenomanian first appearances]]</comment>
      <origin>786018</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="796" sha1="b0pneobdlm3d2fgjxueu23025eu736e" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary
|----
| 1182832084 || 2023-10-31T17:06:47Z || NicoScribe || &lt;nowiki&gt;better sort key for category&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 1060383538 || 2021-12-15T04:46:09Z || Hike395 || &lt;nowiki&gt;/* top */add see also hatnote&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 1039820740 || 2021-08-20T23:31:59Z || Sumanuil || &lt;nowiki&gt;added [[Category:Cenomanian first appearances]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 1039714641 || 2021-08-20T08:46:12Z || Sumanuil || &lt;nowiki&gt;added [[Category:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 1039714614 || 2021-08-20T08:45:59Z || Sumanuil || &lt;nowiki&gt;[[WP:AES|←]]Created page with 'Extant biological taxa that first appeared during the [[Cenomanian]] age of the [[Late Cretaceous]].'&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Extant Cenomanian first appearances</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786019</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:25:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Extant Cenomanian first appearances]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Extant Cenomanian first appearances|history]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="260" sha1="10qxaqrr7yjpzfcht5wjoyhkkmov6rr" xml:space="preserve">Extant biological taxa that first appeared during the [[Cenomanian]] age of the [[Late Cretaceous]].

{{geological category see also}}

[[Category:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances|Cenomanian first appearances]]
[[Category:Cenomanian first appearances]]</text>
      <sha1>10qxaqrr7yjpzfcht5wjoyhkkmov6rr</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Vertebrate suborders</title>
    <ns>15</ns>
    <id>192267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786020</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:25:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Vertebrate suborders]]</comment>
      <origin>786020</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="359" sha1="466pajvgk9ojo9brhwnu5wulmgiarwd" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary
|----
| 767332636 || 2017-02-25T07:37:27Z || Caftaric || &lt;nowiki&gt;Category:Chordate suborders&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 767332359 || 2017-02-25T07:34:58Z || Caftaric || &lt;nowiki&gt;Category:Deuterostome suborders&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 707024360 || 2016-02-26T15:46:43Z || Caftaric || &lt;nowiki&gt;stub&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}</text>
      <sha1>466pajvgk9ojo9brhwnu5wulmgiarwd</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Vertebrate suborders</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786021</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:25:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Vertebrate suborders]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Vertebrate suborders|history]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="78" sha1="51vkj1tr15pskxntyhq820i9kiszclm" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Vertebrate taxa by rank|Suborders]]
[[Category:Chordate suborders]]</text>
      <sha1>51vkj1tr15pskxntyhq820i9kiszclm</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Geckos</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786026</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:51:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Geckos]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගෙගෝ]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786026</origin>
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      <text bytes="71" sha1="rbg2een3o7cqo90bwcrrs34svjos9nc" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[:ප්‍රවර්ගය:ගෙගෝ]]</text>
      <sha1>rbg2een3o7cqo90bwcrrs34svjos9nc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>786031</id>
      <parentid>786026</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:52:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>රොබෝ: යළියොමුව, මෘදු ප්‍රවර්ග යළියොමුවක් බවට හැරවීම</comment>
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      <comment>Lee විසින් [[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Geckos]] සිට [[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:ගෙගෝ]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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        <id>45635</id>
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      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Lizards]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Lizards</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786030</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:52:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Lizards]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Lizards|history]])</comment>
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This [[Wikipedia:Category|category]] contains articles about families in the [[Lacertilia]] suborder. For species-specific detail, see appropriate sub-categories.

[[Category:Squamata]]</text>
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        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
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      <comment>නිර්මාණය</comment>
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      <sha1>dpyxa7norod0hpbgklegrosb4y0tiam</sha1>
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    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>85</id>
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      <comment>නිර්මාණය</comment>
      <origin>786033</origin>
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      <text bytes="99" sha1="nw842tg70valr9v0kq7m7y2dr051yi5" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සංකේත]]</text>
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    <ns>10</ns>
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      <id>786035</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:56:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>85</id>
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      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:Asia topic]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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      <text bytes="76" sha1="7sqpoqcq9iqk9begcgu516vwls37fnh" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>85</id>
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      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:Asia topic]] සිට [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව topic]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
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      <text bytes="98" sha1="358hi2gajh5wsle926xqn8n8wvppd26" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව topic]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <id>786039</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:56:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:Asia topic/doc]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic/doc]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786039</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="80" sha1="ll2m87hgprfi8jjji4xsr7hf82rttcz" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic/doc]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:Asia topic/වැලිපිල්ල</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>192278</id>
    <redirect title="සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic/වැලිපිල්ල" />
    <revision>
      <id>786041</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:56:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:Asia topic/වැලිපිල්ල]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic/වැලිපිල්ල]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786041</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="104" sha1="sa8eiqxwhpk01hmjwxfuhj6sk91edk5" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic/වැලිපිල්ල]]</text>
      <sha1>sa8eiqxwhpk01hmjwxfuhj6sk91edk5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>192279</id>
    <redirect title="සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා" />
    <revision>
      <id>786043</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:56:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786043</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="89" sha1="4qq9ip5i7y4l4974fx62s8yejgqch84" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා]]</text>
      <sha1>4qq9ip5i7y4l4974fx62s8yejgqch84</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව topic</title>
    <ns>11</ns>
    <id>192280</id>
    <redirect title="සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව මාතෘකා" />
    <revision>
      <id>786045</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:56:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව topic]] සිට [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව මාතෘකා]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786045</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="111" sha1="b9bazshsz2uj1flg7qxwvmoz2s6t707" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව මාතෘකා]]</text>
      <sha1>b9bazshsz2uj1flg7qxwvmoz2s6t707</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>192281</id>
    <redirect title="සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා/doc" />
    <revision>
      <id>786047</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:56:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic/doc]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා/doc]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786047</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="93" sha1="o5ty6efnul8bgyk8hv9h047frbag37u" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා/doc]]</text>
      <sha1>o5ty6efnul8bgyk8hv9h047frbag37u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic/වැලිපිල්ල</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>192282</id>
    <redirect title="සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා/වැලිපිල්ල" />
    <revision>
      <id>786049</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T04:56:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව topic/වැලිපිල්ල]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා/වැලිපිල්ල]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786049</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="117" sha1="n3wub1c9og9oyfs0ncq352ybh2ew30x" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා/වැලිපිල්ල]]</text>
      <sha1>n3wub1c9og9oyfs0ncq352ybh2ew30x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>192284</id>
    <redirect title="සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව" />
    <revision>
      <id>786054</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:02:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786054</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="115" sha1="bof87l000i2jmgngeme74few2nm53or" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව]]</text>
      <sha1>bof87l000i2jmgngeme74few2nm53or</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව මාතෘකා</title>
    <ns>11</ns>
    <id>192285</id>
    <redirect title="සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව" />
    <revision>
      <id>786056</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:02:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව මාතෘකා]] සිට [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786056</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="137" sha1="33ko8twuyvby8yijr9ryzson9ntjstl" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව]]</text>
      <sha1>33ko8twuyvby8yijr9ryzson9ntjstl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>192286</id>
    <redirect title="සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව/doc" />
    <revision>
      <id>786058</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:02:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා/doc]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව/doc]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786058</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="119" sha1="1h3dulxqw25gu54tqwo3396yo5zixsr" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව/doc]]</text>
      <sha1>1h3dulxqw25gu54tqwo3396yo5zixsr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා/වැලිපිල්ල</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>192287</id>
    <redirect title="සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව/වැලිපිල්ල" />
    <revision>
      <id>786060</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:02:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lee විසින් [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව මාතෘකා/වැලිපිල්ල]] සිට [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව/වැලිපිල්ල]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී</comment>
      <origin>786060</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="143" sha1="4s7fuhmn0a12qyn2mnh1jitcv87l6su" xml:space="preserve">#යළියොමුව [[සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව පිළිබඳ මාතෘකා/නව/වැලිපිල්ල]]</text>
      <sha1>4s7fuhmn0a12qyn2mnh1jitcv87l6su</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>සැකිල්ල:ආසියාව තුළ මාතෘකා</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>192288</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786061</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:04:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ඉංග්‍රීසි ව්‍යාපෘතියේ නව කේතය</comment>
      <origin>786061</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9006" sha1="prcbwsagdl20zwr1zu43t84vz6jsybd" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:Navbox|navbox
| name   = {{{name|Asia topic}}}
| title  = {{#if:{{{title|}}} | {{{title}}} | {{#ifexist:{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}}_Asia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}} | [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Asia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}]] | {{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Asia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}} }} }}
| titlestyle = {{{titlestyle|}}}
| state  = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| border = {{{border|}}}
| navbar = {{{navbar|}}}
| image  = {{{image|}}}
| groupstyle = {{{groupstyle|}}}
| liststyle = {{{liststyle|}}}
| listclass = hlist

| group1 = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign states]]
| list1  =
* {{#if:{{{AF|♦}}}|[[{{{AF|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AF|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Afghanistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AM|♦}}}|[[{{{AM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Armenia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AZ|♦}}}|[[{{{AZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Azerbaijan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BH|♦}}}|[[{{{BH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Bahrain]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BD|♦}}}|[[{{{BD|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BD|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Bangladesh]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BT|♦}}}|[[{{{BT|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BT|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Bhutan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BN|♦}}}|[[{{{BN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Brunei]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KH|♦}}}|[[{{{KH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Cambodia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CN|♦}}}|[[{{{CN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|China]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CY|♦}}}|[[{{{CY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CY|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Cyprus]]}}
* {{#if:{{{EG|♦}}}|[[{{{EG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|EG|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Egypt]]}}
* {{#if:{{{GE|♦}}}|[[{{{GE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|GE|article={{{article|yes}}}|mode={{#ifeq:{{{template|yes}}}|yes|unique}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Georgia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IN|♦}}}|[[{{{IN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|India]]}}
* {{#if:{{{ID|♦}}}|[[{{{ID|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|ID|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Indonesia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IR|♦}}}|[[{{{IR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IR|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Iran]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IQ|♦}}}|[[{{{IQ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IQ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Iraq]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IL|♦}}}|[[{{{IL|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IL|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Israel]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JP|♦}}}|[[{{{JP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|JP|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Japan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JO|♦}}}|[[{{{JO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|JO|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Jordan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KZ|♦}}}|[[{{{KZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Kazakhstan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KP|♦}}}|[[{{{KP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KP|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|North Korea]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KR|♦}}}|[[{{{KR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KR|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|South Korea]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KW|♦}}}|[[{{{KW|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KW|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Kuwait]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KG|♦}}}|[[{{{KG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KG|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Kyrgyzstan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LA|♦}}}|[[{{{LA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LA|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Laos]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LB|♦}}}|[[{{{LB|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LB|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Lebanon]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MY|♦}}}|[[{{{MY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MY|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Malaysia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MV|♦}}}|[[{{{MV|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MV|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Maldives]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MN|♦}}}|[[{{{MN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Mongolia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MM|♦}}}|[[{{{MM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Myanmar]]}}
* {{#if:{{{NP|♦}}}|[[{{{NP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|NP|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Nepal]]}}
* {{#if:{{{OM|♦}}}|[[{{{OM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|OM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Oman]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PS|♦}}}|[[{{{PS|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PS|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Palestine]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PK|♦}}}|[[{{{PK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PK|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Pakistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PH|♦}}}|[[{{{PH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Philippines]]}}
* {{#if:{{{QA|♦}}}|[[{{{QA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|QA|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Qatar]]}}
* {{#if:{{{RU|♦}}}|[[{{{RU|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|RU|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Russia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SA|♦}}}|[[{{{SA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SA|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Saudi Arabia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SG|♦}}}|[[{{{SG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SG|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Singapore]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LK|♦}}}|[[{{{LK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LK|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Sri Lanka]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SY|♦}}}|[[{{{SY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SY|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Syria]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TJ|♦}}}|[[{{{TJ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TJ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Tajikistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TH|♦}}}|[[{{{TH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Thailand]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TL|♦}}}|[[{{{TL|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TL|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Timor-Leste (East Timor)]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TR|♦}}}|[[{{{TR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TR|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Turkey]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TM|♦}}}|[[{{{TM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Turkmenistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AE|♦}}}|[[{{{AE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AE|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|United Arab Emirates]]}}
* {{#if:{{{UZ|♦}}}|[[{{{UZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|UZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Uzbekistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{VN|♦}}}|[[{{{VN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|VN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Vietnam]]}}
* {{#if:{{{YE|♦}}}|[[{{{YE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|YE|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Yemen]]}}

| group2 = [[List of states with limited recognition|States with&lt;br/&gt;limited recognition]]
| list2  =
* {{#if:{{{XAB|♦}}}|[[{{{XAB|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Abkhazia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Abkhazia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XNC|♦}}}|[[{{{XNC|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Northern Cyprus{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Northern Cyprus]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XSO|♦}}}|[[{{{XSO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} South Ossetia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|South Ossetia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TW|♦}}}|[[{{{TW|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TW|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Taiwan]]}}

| group3 = [[Dependent territory|Dependencies]] and&lt;br/&gt;other territories
| list3  = {{#if:{{{countries_only|}}}|&lt;!-- DO NOTHING --&gt;|
* {{#if:{{{IO|♦}}}|[[{{{IO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IO|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|British Indian Ocean Territory]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CX|♦}}}|[[{{{CX|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CX|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Christmas Island]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CC|♦}}}|[[{{{CC|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CC|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]}}
* {{#if:{{{HK|♦}}}|[[{{{HK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|HK|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Hong Kong]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MO|♦}}}|[[{{{MO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MO|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Macau]]}}
}}
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* {{icon|Category}} [[:Category:Asia|Category]]
* {{icon|Portal}} [[Portal:Asia|Asia portal]]
}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}

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}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
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      <id>786062</id>
      <parentid>786061</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:05:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
      </contributor>
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| name   = {{{name|ආසියාව තුළ මාතෘකා}}}
| title  = {{#if:{{{title|}}} | {{{title}}} | {{#ifexist:{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}}_Asia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}} | [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Asia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}]] | {{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Asia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}} }} }}
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| group1 = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign states]]
| list1  =
* {{#if:{{{AF|♦}}}|[[{{{AF|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AF|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Afghanistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AM|♦}}}|[[{{{AM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Armenia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AZ|♦}}}|[[{{{AZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Azerbaijan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BH|♦}}}|[[{{{BH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Bahrain]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BD|♦}}}|[[{{{BD|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BD|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Bangladesh]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BT|♦}}}|[[{{{BT|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BT|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Bhutan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BN|♦}}}|[[{{{BN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Brunei]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KH|♦}}}|[[{{{KH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Cambodia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CN|♦}}}|[[{{{CN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|China]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CY|♦}}}|[[{{{CY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CY|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Cyprus]]}}
* {{#if:{{{EG|♦}}}|[[{{{EG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|EG|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Egypt]]}}
* {{#if:{{{GE|♦}}}|[[{{{GE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|GE|article={{{article|yes}}}|mode={{#ifeq:{{{template|yes}}}|yes|unique}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Georgia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IN|♦}}}|[[{{{IN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|India]]}}
* {{#if:{{{ID|♦}}}|[[{{{ID|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|ID|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Indonesia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IR|♦}}}|[[{{{IR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IR|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Iran]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IQ|♦}}}|[[{{{IQ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IQ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Iraq]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IL|♦}}}|[[{{{IL|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IL|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Israel]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JP|♦}}}|[[{{{JP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|JP|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Japan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JO|♦}}}|[[{{{JO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|JO|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Jordan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KZ|♦}}}|[[{{{KZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Kazakhstan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KP|♦}}}|[[{{{KP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KP|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|North Korea]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KR|♦}}}|[[{{{KR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KR|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|South Korea]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KW|♦}}}|[[{{{KW|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KW|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Kuwait]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KG|♦}}}|[[{{{KG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KG|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Kyrgyzstan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LA|♦}}}|[[{{{LA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LA|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Laos]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LB|♦}}}|[[{{{LB|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LB|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Lebanon]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MY|♦}}}|[[{{{MY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MY|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Malaysia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MV|♦}}}|[[{{{MV|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MV|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Maldives]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MN|♦}}}|[[{{{MN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Mongolia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MM|♦}}}|[[{{{MM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Myanmar]]}}
* {{#if:{{{NP|♦}}}|[[{{{NP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|NP|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Nepal]]}}
* {{#if:{{{OM|♦}}}|[[{{{OM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|OM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Oman]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PS|♦}}}|[[{{{PS|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PS|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Palestine]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PK|♦}}}|[[{{{PK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PK|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Pakistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PH|♦}}}|[[{{{PH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Philippines]]}}
* {{#if:{{{QA|♦}}}|[[{{{QA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|QA|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Qatar]]}}
* {{#if:{{{RU|♦}}}|[[{{{RU|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|RU|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Russia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SA|♦}}}|[[{{{SA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SA|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Saudi Arabia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SG|♦}}}|[[{{{SG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SG|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Singapore]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LK|♦}}}|[[{{{LK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LK|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Sri Lanka]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SY|♦}}}|[[{{{SY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SY|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Syria]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TJ|♦}}}|[[{{{TJ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TJ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Tajikistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TH|♦}}}|[[{{{TH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Thailand]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TL|♦}}}|[[{{{TL|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TL|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Timor-Leste (East Timor)]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TR|♦}}}|[[{{{TR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TR|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Turkey]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TM|♦}}}|[[{{{TM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Turkmenistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AE|♦}}}|[[{{{AE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AE|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|United Arab Emirates]]}}
* {{#if:{{{UZ|♦}}}|[[{{{UZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|UZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Uzbekistan]]}}
* {{#if:{{{VN|♦}}}|[[{{{VN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|VN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Vietnam]]}}
* {{#if:{{{YE|♦}}}|[[{{{YE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|YE|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Yemen]]}}

| group2 = [[List of states with limited recognition|States with&lt;br/&gt;limited recognition]]
| list2  =
* {{#if:{{{XAB|♦}}}|[[{{{XAB|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Abkhazia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Abkhazia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XNC|♦}}}|[[{{{XNC|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Northern Cyprus{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Northern Cyprus]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XSO|♦}}}|[[{{{XSO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} South Ossetia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|South Ossetia]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TW|♦}}}|[[{{{TW|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TW|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Taiwan]]}}

| group3 = [[Dependent territory|Dependencies]] and&lt;br/&gt;other territories
| list3  = {{#if:{{{countries_only|}}}|&lt;!-- DO NOTHING --&gt;|
* {{#if:{{{IO|♦}}}|[[{{{IO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IO|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|British Indian Ocean Territory]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CX|♦}}}|[[{{{CX|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CX|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Christmas Island]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CC|♦}}}|[[{{{CC|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CC|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]}}
* {{#if:{{{HK|♦}}}|[[{{{HK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|HK|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Hong Kong]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MO|♦}}}|[[{{{MO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MO|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Macau]]}}
}}
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| below = 
* {{icon|Category}} [[:Category:Asia|Category]]
* {{icon|Portal}} [[Portal:Asia|Asia portal]]
}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{suffix|}}}

 |[[Category:Region topic template using suffix]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
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      <id>786064</id>
      <parentid>786062</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:22:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>85</id>
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* {{#if:{{{AF|♦}}}|[[{{{AF|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AF|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Afghanistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AM|♦}}}|[[{{{AM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Armenia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AZ|♦}}}|[[{{{AZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Azerbaijan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BH|♦}}}|[[{{{BH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bahrain}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BD|♦}}}|[[{{{BD|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BD|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bangladesh}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BT|♦}}}|[[{{{BT|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BT|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bhutan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BN|♦}}}|[[{{{BN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Brunei}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KH|♦}}}|[[{{{KH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Cambodia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CN|♦}}}|[[{{{CN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|China}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CY|♦}}}|[[{{{CY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CY|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Cyprus}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{EG|♦}}}|[[{{{EG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|EG|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Egypt}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{GE|♦}}}|[[{{{GE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|GE|article={{{article|yes}}}|mode={{#ifeq:{{{template|yes}}}|yes|unique}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Georgia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IN|♦}}}|[[{{{IN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|India}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{ID|♦}}}|[[{{{ID|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|ID|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Indonesia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IR|♦}}}|[[{{{IR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IR|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Iran}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IQ|♦}}}|[[{{{IQ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IQ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Iraq}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IL|♦}}}|[[{{{IL|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IL|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Israel}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JP|♦}}}|[[{{{JP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|JP|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Japan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JO|♦}}}|[[{{{JO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|JO|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Jordan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KZ|♦}}}|[[{{{KZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kazakhstan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KP|♦}}}|[[{{{KP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KP|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|North Korea}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KR|♦}}}|[[{{{KR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KR|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|South Korea}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KW|♦}}}|[[{{{KW|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KW|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kuwait}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KG|♦}}}|[[{{{KG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KG|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kyrgyzstan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LA|♦}}}|[[{{{LA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LA|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Laos}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LB|♦}}}|[[{{{LB|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LB|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Lebanon}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MY|♦}}}|[[{{{MY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MY|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Malaysia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MV|♦}}}|[[{{{MV|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MV|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Maldives}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MN|♦}}}|[[{{{MN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Mongolia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MM|♦}}}|[[{{{MM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Myanmar}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{NP|♦}}}|[[{{{NP|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|NP|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Nepal}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{OM|♦}}}|[[{{{OM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|OM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Oman}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PS|♦}}}|[[{{{PS|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PS|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Palestine}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PK|♦}}}|[[{{{PK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PK|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Pakistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PH|♦}}}|[[{{{PH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Philippines}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{QA|♦}}}|[[{{{QA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|QA|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Qatar}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{RU|♦}}}|[[{{{RU|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|RU|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Russia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SA|♦}}}|[[{{{SA|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SA|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Saudi Arabia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SG|♦}}}|[[{{{SG|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SG|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Singapore}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LK|♦}}}|[[{{{LK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LK|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Sri Lanka}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SY|♦}}}|[[{{{SY|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SY|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Syria}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TJ|♦}}}|[[{{{TJ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TJ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Tajikistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TH|♦}}}|[[{{{TH|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TH|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Thailand}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TL|♦}}}|[[{{{TL|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TL|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Timor-Leste (East Timor){{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TR|♦}}}|[[{{{TR|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TR|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Turkey}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TM|♦}}}|[[{{{TM|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TM|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Turkmenistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AE|♦}}}|[[{{{AE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AE|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|United Arab Emirates}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{UZ|♦}}}|[[{{{UZ|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|UZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Uzbekistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{VN|♦}}}|[[{{{VN|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|VN|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Vietnam}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{YE|♦}}}|[[{{{YE|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|YE|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Yemen}}]]}}

| group2 = [[List of states with limited recognition|States with&lt;br/&gt;limited recognition]]
| list2  =
* {{#if:{{{XAB|♦}}}|[[{{{XAB|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Abkhazia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Abkhazia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XNC|♦}}}|[[{{{XNC|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Northern Cyprus{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Northern Cyprus}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XSO|♦}}}|[[{{{XSO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} South Ossetia{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|South Ossetia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TW|♦}}}|[[{{{TW|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TW|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Taiwan}}]]}}

| group3 = [[Dependent territory|Dependencies]] and&lt;br/&gt;other territories
| list3  = {{#if:{{{countries_only|}}}|&lt;!-- DO NOTHING --&gt;|
* {{#if:{{{IO|♦}}}|[[{{{IO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IO|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|British Indian Ocean Territory}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CX|♦}}}|[[{{{CX|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CX|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Christmas Island}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CC|♦}}}|[[{{{CC|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CC|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Cocos (Keeling){{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට| Islands}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{HK|♦}}}|[[{{{HK|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|HK|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Hong Kong}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MO|♦}}}|[[{{{MO|{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MO|article={{{article|yes}}}}}{{{2| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Macau}}]]}}
}}
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* {{icon|Category}} [[:Category:Asia|Category]]
* {{icon|Portal}} [[Portal:Asia|Asia portal]]
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| name   = {{{name|ආසියාව තුළ මාතෘකා}}}
| title  = {{#if:{{{title|}}} | {{{title}}} | {{#ifexist:{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}}_Asia තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}} | [[{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} ආසියාව තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}]] | {{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} ආසියාව තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}} }} }}
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| group1 = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign states]]
| list1  =
* {{#if:{{{AF|♦}}}|[[{{{AF|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AF|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Afghanistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AM|♦}}}|[[{{{AM|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AM|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Armenia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AZ|♦}}}|[[{{{AZ|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Azerbaijan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BH|♦}}}|[[{{{BH|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BH|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bahrain}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BD|♦}}}|[[{{{BD|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BD|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bangladesh}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BT|♦}}}|[[{{{BT|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BT|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Bhutan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{BN|♦}}}|[[{{{BN|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|BN|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Brunei}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KH|♦}}}|[[{{{KH|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KH|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Cambodia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CN|♦}}}|[[{{{CN|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CN|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|China}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CY|♦}}}|[[{{{CY|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CY|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Cyprus}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{EG|♦}}}|[[{{{EG|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|EG|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Egypt}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{GE|♦}}}|[[{{{GE|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|GE|article={{{article|yes}}}|mode={{#ifeq:{{{template|yes}}}|yes|unique}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Georgia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IN|♦}}}|[[{{{IN|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IN|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|India}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{ID|♦}}}|[[{{{ID|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|ID|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Indonesia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IR|♦}}}|[[{{{IR|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IR|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Iran}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IQ|♦}}}|[[{{{IQ|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IQ|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Iraq}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{IL|♦}}}|[[{{{IL|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IL|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Israel}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JP|♦}}}|[[{{{JP|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|JP|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Japan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{JO|♦}}}|[[{{{JO|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|JO|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Jordan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KZ|♦}}}|[[{{{KZ|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kazakhstan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KP|♦}}}|[[{{{KP|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KP|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|North Korea}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KR|♦}}}|[[{{{KR|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KR|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|South Korea}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KW|♦}}}|[[{{{KW|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KW|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kuwait}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{KG|♦}}}|[[{{{KG|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|KG|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Kyrgyzstan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LA|♦}}}|[[{{{LA|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LA|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Laos}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LB|♦}}}|[[{{{LB|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LB|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Lebanon}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MY|♦}}}|[[{{{MY|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MY|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Malaysia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MV|♦}}}|[[{{{MV|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MV|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Maldives}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MN|♦}}}|[[{{{MN|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MN|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Mongolia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MM|♦}}}|[[{{{MM|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MM|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Myanmar}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{NP|♦}}}|[[{{{NP|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|NP|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Nepal}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{OM|♦}}}|[[{{{OM|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|OM|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Oman}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PS|♦}}}|[[{{{PS|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PS|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Palestine}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PK|♦}}}|[[{{{PK|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PK|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Pakistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{PH|♦}}}|[[{{{PH|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|PH|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Philippines}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{QA|♦}}}|[[{{{QA|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|QA|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Qatar}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{RU|♦}}}|[[{{{RU|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|RU|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Russia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SA|♦}}}|[[{{{SA|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SA|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Saudi Arabia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SG|♦}}}|[[{{{SG|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SG|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Singapore}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{LK|♦}}}|[[{{{LK|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|LK|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Sri Lanka}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{SY|♦}}}|[[{{{SY|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|SY|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Syria}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TJ|♦}}}|[[{{{TJ|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TJ|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Tajikistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TH|♦}}}|[[{{{TH|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TH|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Thailand}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TL|♦}}}|[[{{{TL|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TL|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Timor-Leste (East Timor){{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TR|♦}}}|[[{{{TR|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TR|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Turkey}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TM|♦}}}|[[{{{TM|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TM|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Turkmenistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{AE|♦}}}|[[{{{AE|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|AE|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|United Arab Emirates}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{UZ|♦}}}|[[{{{UZ|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|UZ|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Uzbekistan}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{VN|♦}}}|[[{{{VN|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|VN|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Vietnam}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{YE|♦}}}|[[{{{YE|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|YE|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Yemen}}]]}}

| group2 = [[List of states with limited recognition|States with&lt;br/&gt;limited recognition]]
| list2  =
* {{#if:{{{XAB|♦}}}|[[{{{XAB|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Abkhazia තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Abkhazia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XNC|♦}}}|[[{{{XNC|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} Northern Cyprus තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Northern Cyprus}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{XSO|♦}}}|[[{{{XSO|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} South Ossetia තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|South Ossetia}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{TW|♦}}}|[[{{{TW|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|TW|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Taiwan}}]]}}

| group3 = [[Dependent territory|Dependencies]] and&lt;br/&gt;other territories
| list3  = {{#if:{{{countries_only|}}}|&lt;!-- DO NOTHING --&gt;|
* {{#if:{{{IO|♦}}}|[[{{{IO|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|IO|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|British Indian Ocean Territory}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CX|♦}}}|[[{{{CX|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CX|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Christmas Island}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{CC|♦}}}|[[{{{CC|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|CC|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|Cocos (Keeling){{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට| Islands}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{HK|♦}}}|[[{{{HK|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|HK|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Hong Kong}}]]}}
* {{#if:{{{MO|♦}}}|[[{{{MO|{{{2|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{iso2country|MO|article={{{article|yes}}}}} තුළ {{{1| {{{suffix|}}}}}}}}}|{{ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය සිංහලට|Macau}}]]}}
}}
| belowclass = hlist
| below = 
* {{icon|Category}} [[:Category:Asia|Category]]
* {{icon|Portal}} [[Portal:Asia|Asia portal]]
}}{{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{suffix|}}}

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{{documentation}}
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    <title>ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ තැපැල් සංකේත</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:41:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>85</id>
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      <comment>Lee විසින් යලියොමුවක් දමා [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ තැපැල් සංකේත]] පිටුව [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තැපැල් සංකේත]] වෙත ගෙනයන ලදී</comment>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:45:29Z</timestamp>
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        <id>45635</id>
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      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Lizards by continent]]</comment>
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! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary
|----
| 1142527176 || 2023-03-02T22:27:26Z || Bluetime93 || &lt;nowiki&gt;new key for [[Category:Reptiles by continent]]: &quot;:Lizards&quot; using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 773416456 || 2017-04-02T07:52:02Z || Look2See1 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 630085790 || 2014-10-18T09:36:15Z || NotWith || &lt;nowiki&gt;cleanup&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 630078961 || 2014-10-18T07:56:28Z || NotWith || &lt;nowiki&gt;cleanup&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}</text>
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    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Lizards by continent</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:45:39Z</timestamp>
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        <id>45635</id>
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      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Lizards by continent]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Lizards by continent|history]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="80" sha1="fqnjk30r4e5arol4t75b4sl53z8xhl0" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Lizards by location| 01]]
[[Category:Reptiles by continent|:Lizards]]</text>
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        <id>45635</id>
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      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Reptiles of Asia]]</comment>
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|----
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|----
| 630083441 || 2014-10-18T09:01:41Z || NotWith || &lt;nowiki&gt;cleanup&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
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|----
| 533371870 || 2013-01-16T14:47:58Z || عباد ديرانية || &lt;nowiki&gt;+ ar interwiki.&lt;/nowiki&gt;
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| 515171606 || 2012-09-29T16:31:36Z || YFdyh-bot || &lt;nowiki&gt;r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding [[vi:Thể loại:Động vật bò sát châu Á]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
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|----
| 455917177 || 2011-10-16T22:25:00Z || Ali ringo || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
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|----
| 444133637 || 2011-08-10T20:41:48Z || Cydebot || &lt;nowiki&gt;Robot - Moving category Reptiles by geography to [[:Category:Reptiles by location]] per [[WP:CFD|CFD]] at [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2011 August 3]].&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 399584503 || 2010-11-29T21:12:51Z || Luckas-bot || &lt;nowiki&gt;[r2.5.2] robot Adding: [[sr:Категорија:Гмизавци Азије]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 363884292 || 2010-05-24T08:43:51Z || VolkovBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;robot Adding: [[la:Categoria:Reptilia Asiae]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 363367586 || 2010-05-21T10:55:06Z || ArthurBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;robot Adding: [[hu:Kategória:Ázsia hüllői]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
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|----
| 333322478 || 2009-12-22T18:29:43Z || Alph Bot || &lt;nowiki&gt;robot Adding: [[pt:Categoria:Répteis da Ásia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 298767349 || 2009-06-26T15:30:56Z || RitigalaJayasena || &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Reptiles by geography|Asia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 287695125 || 2009-05-03T19:26:32Z || SieBot || &lt;nowiki&gt;robot  Adding: [[bg:Категория:Влечуги в Азия]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
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|----
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|----
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| 74490676 || 2006-09-08T08:30:05Z || Kaarel || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Reptiles of Asia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192294</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786073</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:45:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Reptiles of Asia]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Reptiles of Asia|history]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="136" sha1="8ipvrmn2hmylo7yj0b8upkv1o8od380" xml:space="preserve">{{Commons category|Reptiles of Asia}}
{{CatAutoTOC}}

[[Category:Reptiles by continent|Asia]]
[[Category:Vertebrates of Asia| Reptiles]]</text>
      <sha1>8ipvrmn2hmylo7yj0b8upkv1o8od380</sha1>
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    <title>ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Cenomanian first appearances</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:46:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Cenomanian first appearances]]</comment>
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! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary
|----
| 1291547138 || 2025-05-21T22:27:47Z || A360mt || &lt;nowiki&gt;Fixing typo.&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 821086544 || 2018-01-18T08:50:22Z || Hike395 || &lt;nowiki&gt;/* top */replace geological navboxes with see also template in category space using [[Project:AWB|AWB]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 744591796 || 2016-10-16T07:03:19Z || Look2See1 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 736691173 || 2016-08-29T06:21:04Z || JarrahTree || &lt;nowiki&gt;add&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 736675491 || 2016-08-29T03:25:23Z || JarrahTree || &lt;nowiki&gt;add&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 688108505 || 2015-10-29T18:11:40Z || Abyssal || &lt;nowiki&gt;added [[Category:Cenomanian]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 688108488 || 2015-10-29T18:11:33Z || Abyssal || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 688082338 || 2015-10-29T14:50:50Z || Abyssal || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 687614114 || 2015-10-26T17:44:08Z || Abyssal || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 677002549 || 2015-08-20T13:54:09Z || Abyssal || &lt;nowiki&gt;[[WP:AES|←]]Created page with '[[Category: Late Cretaceous first appearances]]'&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Cenomanian first appearances</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786075</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:46:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Cenomanian first appearances]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Cenomanian first appearances|history]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="293" sha1="id5y64hfz4wo9d4re9nncyz247xt3jo" xml:space="preserve">[[Biological taxa]]  that first appeared during the [[Cenomanian age]] of [[geologic time]], between 100.5 and 93.9 million years ago.

{{geological category see also}}

{{See also|Category:Cenomanian extinctions}}

[[Category:Cenomanian life|F]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous first appearances]]</text>
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    <title>ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Vertebrate taxa by rank</title>
    <ns>15</ns>
    <id>192297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786076</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:46:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Vertebrate taxa by rank]]</comment>
      <origin>786076</origin>
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! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary
|----
| 797478546 || 2017-08-27T08:47:43Z || Caftaric || &lt;nowiki&gt;cleanup&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 782583133 || 2017-05-27T21:23:14Z || Look2See1 || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 774006057 || 2017-04-05T18:46:50Z || Caftaric || &lt;nowiki&gt;cleanup&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 745800072 || 2016-10-23T11:02:28Z || Caftaric || &lt;nowiki&gt;Category:Chordate taxa by rank&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 706996114 || 2016-02-26T12:47:56Z || Caftaric || &lt;nowiki&gt;stub&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Vertebrate taxa by rank</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>192298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786077</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:46:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Vertebrate taxa by rank]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Vertebrate taxa by rank|history]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="146" sha1="4kmdxqirpp3rcuif9bbw1guma82aupe" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Vertebrate taxa|.Rank]]
[[Category:Chordate taxa by rank|.]]
&lt;!-- [[Category:Animal taxa by rank|*]] included in the above category --&gt;</text>
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    <title>ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Chordate suborders</title>
    <ns>15</ns>
    <id>192299</id>
    <revision>
      <id>786078</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:46:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Chordate suborders]]</comment>
      <origin>786078</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="357" sha1="h3kq7f5zwksbqzbq6r4p1u1qxqiolbd" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary
|----
| 889626786 || 2019-03-26T22:19:45Z || Plantdrew || &lt;nowiki&gt;removed [[Category:Deuterostome suborders]]; added [[Category:Animal suborders]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|----
| 767332595 || 2017-02-25T07:37:02Z || Caftaric || &lt;nowiki&gt;Category:Deuterostome suborders&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}</text>
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    <title>ප්‍රවර්ගය:Chordate suborders</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>786079</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-13T05:46:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pinthura</username>
        <id>45635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved page from [[en:Category:Chordate suborders]] ([[ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව:Chordate suborders|history]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="74" sha1="ppm1o964ebwmhac88x1i0w86wauahmq" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Chordate taxa by rank|Suborders]]
[[Category:Animal suborders]]</text>
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