Wikisource:Scriptorium

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="en">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikisource</sitename>
    <dbname>sourceswiki</dbname>
    <base>https://wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Special</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">User</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">User talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikisource</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikisource talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">File</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">File talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MediaWiki talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Template</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Template talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Help</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Help talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Category</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Category talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="104" case="first-letter">Page</namespace>
      <namespace key="105" case="first-letter">Page talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="106" case="first-letter">Index</namespace>
      <namespace key="107" case="first-letter">Index talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="108" case="first-letter">Author</namespace>
      <namespace key="109" case="first-letter">Author talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1198" case="first-letter">Translations</namespace>
      <namespace key="1199" case="first-letter">Translations talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Wikisource:Scriptorium</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>187</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333251</id>
      <parentid>1333112</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T03:56:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TunnelESON</username>
        <id>1142</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proposed changes to Main Page */ reply</comment>
      <origin>1333251</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="88772" sha1="rt2yt97caesfa81wsxglloh734p16st" xml:space="preserve">{{scriptoriumhead}}
== Tech News: 2026-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:33, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29907192 --&gt;

== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.


'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 January 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=29879549 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:29, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29943403 --&gt;

== Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

21:02, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=29905753 --&gt;

== Support for Bodo Wikisource (Ws/brx) on Wikimedia Incubator ==

Hello,

I am working on setting up Bodo Wikisource (language code: brx) on Wikimedia Incubator.
I would like guidance on ProofreadPage, Index creation, and language approval process.

Bodo is an officially recognized language of India and is written in Devanagari script.

Thank you. [[User:Bkbrahma1|Bkbrahma1]] ([[User talk:Bkbrahma1|talk]]) 07:37, 21 January 2026 (UTC)

== Tech News: 2026-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29969530 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:43, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30000986 --&gt;

== Page language ==

It is possible to change page language from default to Lingua Franca Nova (&lt;code&gt;lfn&lt;/code&gt; for [[Main Page/Lingua Franca Nova]], [[La Prea a Senior]] and [[Jura de Hipocrate]]? Thanks in advance. [[User:Evelino Ucelo|Evelino Ucelo]] ([[User talk:Evelino Ucelo|talk]]) 17:10, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Tech News: 2026-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:30, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30026671 --&gt;

== Best place to translate meta-works about the capture of knowledge? ==

There are some interesting freely licensed works about librarianship, archiving, and the like.  E.g. this recent paper on [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VMkNDcY1KBH1YV0QOVGs38o6eetUTddj/view Content Authenticity and Provenance ] -- which are often in just one language and not well indexed, but bear preserving and translating.  Is there a good WS project or collection for such things?  Does it make sense to have a language-neutral wikiproject for collecting this type of knowledge across the field? [[User:Sj|Sj]] ([[User talk:Sj|talk]]) 18:52, 11 February 2026 (UTC)

:{{en|My initial thought is that it makes the most sense to transcribe the original text on [[:en:]] (or whatever the source language is) and then allow the other languages' projects to pursue their own translations in accordance with their own policies. Perhaps coordination could be done via a multilingual wikiproject, like [[Wiksource:WikiProject Translations]] or similar. I've just started looking around the multilingual wikisource myself so I'm not sure if we have any more infrastructure than the mere ''possibility ''of organizing such a thing. -- [[User:Mathmitch7|Mathmitch7]] ([[User talk:Mathmitch7|talk]]) 22:43, 2 March 2026 (UTC)}}

== Tech News: 2026-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot; /&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30086330 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot; /&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30119102 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot; /&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:51, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30137798 --&gt;

== Did some Author category cleanup, thinking about next steps ==

{{en| Good morning all, I recently moved around a bunch of categories in [[:Category:Authors]]. Notable additions include [[:Category:Authors by language]], [[:Category:Authors by profession]]. I also updated [[WS:LANG]] to include a column for language-specific Author categories, which are also (generally) collected in [[:Category:Authors by language]]. There is presently no consistent organization for the language author categories, which I think is fine, but I'd be interested in making some kind of consistency which we can use going forward.
: My thinking is that we could create categories like [[:Category:eng authors]] or [[:Category:zho authors]] for all of the languages represented here on multi-language wikisource with ISO-639 codes. Then, either redirect those pages to their respective language-specific Author categories (when they exist); or use them as their own category which would then be categorized into both the language's category and [[:Category:Authors by language]]. For example, [[:Category:lv authors]] would redirect to the Latvian-language [[:Category:Autori]], while [[:Category:tpn authors]] would serve as the equivalent Tupi-language category. This would help provide some useful infrastructure to support new languages works and authors in the future. 
: Thoughts? I'm open to suggestions. Don't want to be overly English-oriented, or create too much administrative burden for new users and language content. -- [[User:Mathmitch7|Mathmitch7]] ([[User talk:Mathmitch7|talk]]) 18:26, 3 March 2026 (UTC)}}

:

:{{en|An additional thought: I think it would be helpful if we created category pages for each ISO 639-1 code, possibly -2 or -3 as well for at least the languages included on multilingual wikisource and on their own subdomains. These would generally redirect to the language categories. For example, [[:Category:en]] would redirect to [[:Category:English]], [[:Category:lv]] would redirect to [[:Category:Ladin]], [[:Category:Ru]] would redirect to [[:Category:Русский]]. This would just be helpful for quickly categorizing works without having to find the specific &quot;correct&quot; category. Again, let me know what you think. [[User:Mathmitch7|Mathmitch7]] ([[User talk:Mathmitch7|talk]]) 23:34, 3 March 2026 (UTC)}}

== Tech News: 2026-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:52, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30213008 --&gt;

== TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) gadget ==

{{ping|Pecha-pema|Abhignkr47|Saaifa|Mathmitch7}} and anyone interested. Greetings, pleasure to meet you and sorry to disturb. Apologies for writing in English. You appear to be the most active on Multilingual Wikisource of the latest days. I'm sorry for whoever interested I did not alert, I did not want to send out too many unwanted pings.

In short, I have written a gadget that can render [[w:Text Encoding Initiative|TEI XML]]-format texts as HTML. (You can turn it on in your preferences and check how it handles [[TEI:Fare i ri ëvetar shqip]]. A brief explanation is at [[Wikisource:TEI Gadget]].) It is a format used for a more scholarly kind of transcription, mainly used for palaeography, manuscripts or thorough critical digital editions. This is not meant as a replacement of the current situation but a way to better digitalise the cases which are not well-handled by Wikitext.

For technical reasons, mostly about security, the solution requires a new namespace (i.e. the thing that comes the colon in a page title, like &lt;code&gt;Page:&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Talk:&lt;/code&gt;), so I have to file a technical request for the namespace &lt;code&gt;TEI:&lt;/code&gt;. As regrettably scatterful as this project is, I assume that such a change would not be carried through without an attempt at a discussion with other editors. For this reason, I ask here whether any of you would oppose such a change.

Thank you for your love of writing, and the work you do to record it. :) [[User:Catonif|Catonif]] ([[User talk:Catonif|talk]]) 16:23, 13 March 2026 (UTC)
{{en|Personally I'm fine with having a TEI: namespace or something similar. Support for this kind of document format would be very helpful and putting TEI documents into their own namespace seems like a good way to integrate it with our existing workflow, using a TEI: page as a source and then transcluding it to a normal &quot;work&quot; namespace using a template/Lua module.
: However, I would like to see us think about how we could use TEI or TEI markup alongside the existing Page transcription and transclusion workflow. I think one of the best things about Wikisource is that pages in the mainspace are generally linked back to their source scan in an easily verifiable, traceable, and auditable way. Although TEI is great for transcriptions, I don’t yet see an analogue for that particular type of &quot;backing&quot; to a scan. The example document you link has source information, but some work would need to be done to get to something as granular as what we already have for scan verification and to support proofreading efforts.
: That all being said, if the gadget works and TEI-XML is as robust as it appears to be, I’m fine with doing what must be done to implement support for it. If that includes a special namespace, at least here on multilingual ws, I '''support'''. Cheers! -- [[User:Mathmitch7|Mathmitch7]] ([[User talk:Mathmitch7|talk]]) 19:45, 13 March 2026 (UTC)}}
::Hello, thanks for your thoughts and your support! :) I agree that scan-backed transcription is the strongest point of boast for Wikisource. The thing is that the transformers are very versatile, which isn't well visible by the example I gave, which only shows two almost-identical transformer schemes, with the only difference being script (if it can help get the idea, the green-boxed header is also generated by a transformer of the same structure.) With this in mind, my thought was to have &quot;Original scan&quot; as one of the selectable transformers (i.e. a column), which is fairly easily doable, just requires for the transformer to ignore all tags, except for &lt;code&gt;&lt;pb/&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (&quot;page break&quot;), which would show the images.
::I was going to implement this, I didn't because there is an unrelated [[phab:T418178|ongoing bug]] which makes the pages of DJVU files not display. See for example [[Page:Veqilharxhi - Ëvetar (1845).djvu/1]] (the same work already in wikitext). The page image used to work a while ago. So for now it would have looked like a bunch of error messages in mainspace. But it's definitely doable once the bug is fixed. :)
::This to me is also a way to make the scans more immediately accessible to the reader. I find them to be very valuable, especially in cases of manuscripts and other kind of texts in which TEI in particular shines, and having scans into a separate namespace always felt a bit like hiding them to me. The idea of having them user-toggleable seemed quite neat.
::Admittedly, it is true that it will never be as easy. TEI is inevitable much more cumbersome, difficult to learn and master, and in many cases harder to read from the source. The main workspace of editors using will most likely never be the Wikisource editor box, but rather VS Code with the &quot;Scholarly XML&quot; extension (AFAIK, most accessible widely used TEI environment), or similar software. For these reason, I emphasise that that TEI is meant for those who particularly have a lot of time and dedication at their disposal, and are willing to go through the hardships that are required to get something of academic quality. The vast majority of texts will be kept in wikitext. [[User:Catonif|Catonif]] ([[User talk:Catonif|talk]]) 20:32, 13 March 2026 (UTC)
:What are the security concerns of having such a namespace enabled and how would you deal with them? Recently there was a mass deletion of random articles in multiple wikis because of a personal JS script gone rogue. PS: (I am well in favor of offering the wide community a sufficiently good for them standard for transcribing. Also I guess there is plenty of text already transcribed this way we could incorporate.) [[User:Ignacio Rodríguez|Ignacio Rodríguez]] ([[User talk:Ignacio Rodríguez|talk]]) 11:36, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

== Tech News: 2026-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30260505 --&gt;

== Images for &quot;toki soweli tan jan Beatrix Potter&quot; are broken because of an incorrect thumbnail size ==

When trying to edit [[toki soweli tan jan Beatrix Potter]], all of the page images are broken. (Example: [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Toki_soweli_tan_jan_Beatrix_Potter.pdf/page938-872px-Toki_soweli_tan_jan_Beatrix_Potter.pdf.jpg Page 938], obtained from the &quot;Image&quot; tab at the top of [[Page:Toki soweli tan jan Beatrix Potter.pdf/938]])

It looks like this is because the images are using 872px as the thumbnail size. Setting the size of the thumbnail manually in the URL to 960px (or any of the other sizes listed [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Common_thumbnail_sizes here]) fixes the issue ([https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Toki_soweli_tan_jan_Beatrix_Potter.pdf/page938-960px-Toki_soweli_tan_jan_Beatrix_Potter.pdf.jpg fixed URL for page 938]).

Is there a way for the default thumbnail size be changed to something other than 872px so the images show up properly in the editor?

Thanks in advance.

[[User:Tymewalk|Tymewalk]] ([[User talk:Tymewalk|talk]]) 03:47, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
{{en|This strikes me as a weird quirk or possible bug in ProofreadPage. I can confirm that I get the same kind of broken page image, using Firefox 148.0.2 for Windows, and the Monobook skin. I’ll see if I can force a fix by just purging some pages here and on commons, as sometimes that fixes issues with PDFHandler. Otherwise, we can try posting over to [[:mw:Project:Village Pump]] and see if anybody knows if it’s related to a known and tracked issue, or if it needs a new issue reported. -- [[User:Mathmitch7|Mathmitch7]] ([[User talk:Mathmitch7|talk]]) 18:23, 23 March 2026 (UTC)}}

== Tech News: 2026-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30268305 --&gt;

== Proposed changes to [[Main Page]] ==

I think we should:
#Move it to [[Wikisource:Main Page]] and
#Include some text introducing that this is a stand-alone wiki, not just a portal. I think we should explain that this wiki hosts:
#*Multilingual works
#*Works in a language with too small a corpus
#*Works that are incubating to a subdomain
#*Works that are made up of non-linguistic content
#*Works with languages that have subdomains but that won't accept a particular work for whatever reason
Thoughts on these changes? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 06:20, 25 March 2026 (UTC)
{{en|I think about this a lot, and I don’t have a great answer. Honestly, my ideal would be to split multi-lingual WS into mul.wikisource.org, and organize it as its own project, and make this main wikisource.org ''just'' a portal to those other sites, similar to how Wikipedia works (and by default redirecting all traffic to specific pages to the page on mul.ws). I think that would be clearer to people, including editors. However, that’s a pretty big change, and I wouldn’t move forward with it without substantial discussion both here and at individual language subdomains.
: In the meantime, I think your proposal’s points are reasonable. I don’t see a particular reason to move the main page to [[Wikisource:Main Page]], but everything else seems fine. I would also add that the main page should specifically say &quot;Welcome to Multilingual Wikisource.&quot; -- [[User:Mathmitch7|Mathmitch7]] ([[User talk:Mathmitch7|talk]]) 13:01, 30 March 2026 (UTC)}}
: I agree with Mathmitch7. Moving to mul.wikisource.org seems like a good idea. Like Wikidata and Wikispecies, we should have a centralized and organized Main Page for each language using Extension:Translate --[[User:Namoroka|Namoroka]] ([[User talk:Namoroka|talk]]) 09:27, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
::I support revising our Main Page. Yet to split multi-lingual WS into mul.wikisource.org sounds excessive for now.--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|talk]]) 03:56, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Upcoming Wikimedia Café meetup regarding the [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]] ==

{{tmbox
| image = [[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|45px]]
| type=notice
| text  = Hello! There will be a '''[[:meta:Wikimedia Café|Wikimedia Café]]''' meetup on '''Saturday, 11 April 2026 at 14:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1775916000 timestamp conversion tool]), focusing on the [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]]. The featured guests will be &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:KStineRowe_(WMF) Kelsi Stine-Rowe]&lt;/span&gt; (senior manager, [[:meta:Movement Communications|Movement Communications]], Wikimedia Foundation), and &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Samwalton9_(WMF) Sam Walton] (senior product manager, [[:mw:Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]], Wikimedia Foundation). &lt;br /&gt;

In addition to this Café session, [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Collaboration|several additional meetings regarding the Annual Plan are listed on the Collaboration page]], and you may participate on the [[:meta:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. &lt;br /&gt;

This Café meetup will be approximately two hours long. Attendees may choose to attend only for a part. Please see the Café page for more information, including [[:meta:Wikimedia Café#Signups for the April 2026 session|how to register]]. &lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]
}}
[[User:Pine|Pine]] ([[User talk:Pine|talk]]) 05:18, 29 March 2026 (UTC)

== Tech News: 2026-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:25, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30329462 --&gt;

== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=29941252 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rt2yt97caesfa81wsxglloh734p16st</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>National Atheist Party Charter</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>92126</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333223</id>
      <parentid>364269</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T12:42:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-20978-23</username>
        <id>957647</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A Your save</comment>
      <origin>1333223</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="65319" sha1="nss9d5huc8j8uj74btmo5qiijs5umg3" xml:space="preserve">{{stub|move to en.source}}&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apt_sources&quot; line=&quot;1&quot; start=&quot;126500&quot;&gt;
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;ref&gt;￼Reference&lt;/ref&gt;
'''National Atheist Party Charter
'''“From Diversity and Reason, Unity”
Adopted March 2011''''''
    '''Preamble'''
Acknowledging our reliance upon Reason and Rational Thought for our guidance and Ethical Stand-ards, and in celebration of freethinking individuals of the United States, forthwith, we do hereby constitute this organization using the good deed standard currency as defined by Ryguy Mau Muhammedd.

”The National Atheist Party is open to all faiths, if they share our goals. We are not, as a Party, attack-ing the evident basis of religion and recognize that would be impossible and counter-productive. This is not an organization that seeks to defeat religion. Our goal is to seek legislation that is free of religious bias in our government. We support the right of any individual to practice anything they want as long as that observance is performed at home, in their church, synagogue or mosque. We do not seek to limit the freedom of religious expression in any way, but where multiple traditions collide, including public schools, workplace, government facilities and the courts, religion should be prudently absent. From the perspective of the National Atheist Party, government and the agencies of government, should not promote or endorse any one religion or ideology over any other. To do so is to violate the spirit and the intent of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment and to deny the intent of the framers of the U.S. Constitution.”

Article I – Name
          Section 1:
A)  Political Committee Name

1. The name of this organization, as a ‘national political party’ certified under the provisions of the Election Law of the United States of America, shall be the “National Atheist Party,” herein-after referred to as the “Party.”

Article II – Purpose
   Section 1:
A)    Purpose of the Party
1. The purpose of the Party is to develop an informed, energetic and effective nationwide politi-cal organization in order to support the principles, goals and platforms of the Party as adopted by the National Convention of the Atheist Party, and to secure the election of all duly nominat-ed candidates and electors thereof.


Article III – Governance
     Section 1:
A) Party Governing Body

1. The Executive Board is the governing body of the National Atheist Party and shall be respon-sible for conducting all party business. Qualifications and duties of the officers, procedures con-cerning the times and places of meetings and rules and procedures for governance of the Execu-tive Board shall be set forth in the bylaws.

Article IV – Members
  Section 1:
A) Party Membership

1. Membership in the Party shall consist of all persons who are registered voters under the laws of the United States who have declared their affiliation with the Atheist Party proper.

Article V – Convention
 Section 1: 
A) Virtual Convention
1. For each year in which the President of the United States is elected, the Atheist Party shall hold a Virtual Convention (ongoing) for the purpose of:

2. Electing an Executive Board

3. Adopting a Party Platform

4. Transacting any other business brought before the Convention according to established Party rules.

Article VI – Identification
        Section 1:
A) Party name, Motto, Mission Statement, Political Statement and “We Are” Statement
1. The party shall be known as the “National Atheist Party”

2. The party’s motto shall be “From Diversity and Reason, Unity”

3. The party’s “Mission Statement” shall be:
“We move for an objective government with the consideration of all opinions and beliefs, providing provisions necessary for an individual to pursue success and providing aid for those who do not possess the means to help themselves, at the expense of those who have abundant resources. The National Atheist Party will support and defend the rights of all citizens and legal residents.”

4. The party’s “Political Statement” shall be:
“The National Atheist Party stands for the enforcement of the United States Constitution, the promotion of individual thought and rights and its secular values.”

5.  The party’s “We Are Statement” shall be:
“The National Atheist Party is a progressive, secular, political movement and response to the lack of representation for all freethinking people who are legal, law abiding citizens and resi-dents of the United States. We demand emancipation from the corporate sponsored religious dogma that has infiltrated our government and has unjustly influenced political decisions and policy making. We are for the PEOPLE, by the PEOPLE and therefore incorporate the right to use the power of the PEOPLE to restore equality in our Democratic Republic in reasonable, ra-tional and non-violent means. The National Atheist Party is open to people of all races, sexes, sexual orientations, and cultures. We are committed to a government free of superstition, bias, guided by the principles of Secular Humanism, equal opportunity, recognition of merit, and economic responsibility. The National Atheist Party does not seek to inhibit the religious prac-tices or beliefs of any group, but are committed to the division of church and state and that reli-gious preference is a private matter, which has no place in the government or in government fa-cilities.

Article VII: Executive Board
     Section 1:
A) Commission of Executive Board
1. The Executive Board is a body of officers conducting the official business of the National Atheist Party and shall be established by the president before first elections are held, and there-after by election votes of membership body of the National Atheist Party.

2. The Executive Board shall be the governing body of the party and shall have the authority to recommend all appropriate actions and measures to perform all duties to accomplish the mandate of the National Atheist Party. A quorum of the Executive Board must be present to conduct the National Atheist Party’s business. The Executive Board has the power to revise, by quorum of the Executive Board “Article IX: Bylaws” of the Charter of the National Atheist Party. A quorum is defined as three of the five Executive Board members reach a consensus.

Article VIII: Code of Standards and Ethics
Section 1:
A) Secular Humanism

1. Secular Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance, which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethics based philosophy on human and other nat-ural values in the spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities and justice for all.

2. All members, officers and advisors will conduct themselves as defined by our Secular Hu-manist mandate.

3. Any member, officer or advisor who is found not upholding the Secular Humanist mandate or the laws upholding society with the highest regard shall come before council and tried for their transgression. Possibility of removal from the National Atheist Party will be decided by ap-pointed council.      
                                                         
Article IX: Bylaws
Section 1:  Officers Requirements, Duties and Responsibilities

A) Officers Requirements

1. The Officers of the National Atheist Party shall be active members of the party and shall con-sist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, Secretary and Treasurer. All active members of the par-ty are eligible to hold an Officer’s position provided they meet the minimum qualifications and requirements which are: a U.S. citizen by birth or naturalization and of legal voting age. All of-ficers of the Executive Board shall conduct themselves and follow the guidelines set forth in the National Atheist Party’s Constitution.

B) Officers Duties and Responsibilities

1. President – The President is the visible head of the party. The President is the spokesperson for the party, unless delegated on an issue by issue basis to VP1 and VP2. The President is re-sponsible for deciding non-critical issues that do not require an Executive Board decision such as diplomatic relations with other parties and ideological groups. The President forms decisions on the basis of input and recommendations from the Advisory Council, Executive Board, and VP1 and VP2. The President should be aware of the current progress of all campaigns and chap-ters and implements the strategies of VP1 and VP2 after consultation and deliberation.

2. VP1 of Outreach – Oversees and Maintains a Consistent Focus on Policy and Outreach. The VP1 is an external, managerial position that is responsible for creating, delegating and maintain-ing the policies of standards, procedures, operations and supervision of all administrators, coor-dinators, managers and department head functions of operations. For the purposes of Outreach, these positions will include Campaign Coordinator, Campaign Coordinators, Chapter Adminis-trators, Membership Coordinator, Diversity Council, PR/Marketing Manager and Website De-sign Manager and his maintenance team. The Political Strategy Committee will be overseen by VP1 and VP2 and the Political Advisor will be the chair of that committee. Communications, recruitment and membership, policy statements, media education, outreach, campaigning, public presentation and campaign response are maintained through operations. VP1 must ensure that procedures are being followed, high productivity is maintained, objectives, priorities and required deadlines are met with efficiency and through clear and direct communications and ex-pectations. This process will involve a comprehensive organizational assessment of all external programs, state administrations, finances, recommendations, and implementation of all policies and operations. Meaningful participation and transparency will be prioritized and VP1 will di-rect and implement any alternative courses of action, by analyzing the risks, benefits and costs to improve operating procedures. This includes the delegation of qualified department heads, managers and supervisors and their training to achieve specific goals and objectives. The VP1 has the authority to create any position deemed necessary to fulfill their goals and objectives with the approval of the Executive Board.

3. VP2 of Administration - Oversees and Maintains Organization of Inner Structure and Communication. The VP2 is an internal administrative, managerial position that is responsible for creating, delegating and maintaining the policies of standards, procedures, operations and supervision of the managerial and department head functions in administration. VP2 will devel-op and maintain the internal structure and organization of NAP. VP2 oversees the functions of the Executive Board including, Secretary and Treasurer. For the purposes of Administration, these positions will include the Campaign Coordinator, for direction and guidance on the crea-tion of his/her committee. VP2 will also oversee the functions of the Advisory Council including Advisory Council Secretary, Legal Advisor, Historical Advisor, Education, Science and Technology, Theology, Political, Psychology, Anthropology and Sociology, Demographics and Statistical, Foreign Relations, , Environmental and Energy Advisors. On specific policy issues requiring communication from the Diversity Council, the VP2 will instruct chairs of those committees what information, research, input or other tasks are required of them. The Political Strategy Committee will be overseen by VP1 and VP2 and the Political Advisor will be the chair of that committee. The minutes, documentation, Charter, polls, internal memos/reports from subject matter specialists, strategy, planning, development, resources including finances are maintained through administration. VP2 must ensure that procedures are being followed, high productivity is maintained, and objectives, priorities and required deadlines are met with efficiency, through clear and direct communications and expectations. This process will involve a comprehensive organizational assessment of all internal programs, identifying problems of the installed internal departmental procedures, finances, recommendations, and implementation of all policies and operations. Meaningful participation and transparency will be prioritized and VP2 will direct and implement any alternative courses of action, by analyzing the risks, benefits and costs to improve operating procedures, including the delegation of qualified department heads, managers and supervisors and their training to achieve specific goals and objectives. The VP has the authority to create any position deemed necessary to fulfill their goals and objectives with the approval of the Executive Board.

Joint Duties/Duties and Procedures of VP1 and VP2 
Basic procedures and protocols to maintain organized communications.
VP1 and VP 2 will collaborate as necessary including budgets, committees and events.
VP1 and VP2 will jointly oversee the NAP website.
VP2 will work with the President managing the NAP Charter and any amendments recom-mended and implemented through the Executive Board. After the first elections are held, any amendments to the charter must be approved by the general membership during the annual con-vention.
VP2 will work with the President and Political Advisor in joint sessions to implement designed strategies for NAP. The political advisor will chair the Political Strategy Committee and the committee members are to be determined by him/her.
All committees will be determined by the President. The regulation and management of the committees will be the VP1 and VP2 responsibilities.
VPs will submit monthly reports (unless time-sensitive) to the President including updates of all functions from each respective department of the VPs, an updated priority list with necessary recommendations for inclusion and /or improvement and an estimated time frame for the com-pletion of said priorities.
VP1 and VP2 will receive weekly reports from all department heads including all functions from each respective department of the VPs, an updated priority list with necessary recommen-dations for inclusion and /or improvement and an estimated time frame for the completion of said priorities and plans.
The Department Heads will organize and implement the committees, as directed by VPs (unless directed otherwise) whether they are internal or external, and will report weekly or as necessary to the VP’s for recommendations and to give status updates.

4. Deputy VP of Outreach – This position is an appointed position by the VP of Outreach and designed to be a direct liaison to the VP1 and all the various committees that fall under the di-rection of VP1. The Deputy VP of Outreach will have the authority to supervise and have over-sight responsibilities of those committees, in the absence of the VP1 or at the direction of the VP1. The Deputy VP of Outreach will serve as the official representative of the VP1 if acting in the absence of VP1 in the various committee meetings they have authority over. The Deputy VP of Outreach shall be a qualified individual designated by the VP1 to fill the specific require-ments and responsibilities needed to assist with all functions of the Outreach Departments of this political party. This individual will compliment and assist the VP1 in his/her duties and re-sponsibilities. The Deputy VP of Outreach will serve as an administrative assistant to the VP1 and share in their duties and responsibilities, including the creation of policies, procedures and their implementation, concerning all of the affairs of each specific department. The Deputy VP of Outreach will serve as a spokesperson and a liaison for the VP1 for the purpose of conducting official business, wherever deemed necessary. In the absence of the VP of Outreach, the Deputy VP of Outreach shall have the authority to vote on all official business and act as representative for the VP1 to the other departments that fall under the domain of the VP1.

5. Deputy VP of Administration – This position is an appointed position by the VP of Admin-istration and designed to be a direct liaison to the VP2 and all the various committees that fall under the direction of VP2. The Deputy VP of Administrative will have the authority to super-vise and have oversight responsibilities of those committees, in the absence of the VP2 or at the direction of the VP2. The Deputy VP of Administration will serve as the official representative of the VP2 if acting in the absence of VP2 in the various committee meetings they have authori-ty over. The Deputy VP of Administration will have the authority to vote on the policies and is-sues developed by the Advisory Council. The Deputy VP of Administration shall be a qualified individual designated by the VP2 to fill the specific requirements and responsibilities needed to assist with all functions of the Administrative Departments of this political party. This individu-al will compliment and assist the VP2 in his/her duties and responsibilities. The Deputy VP of Administration will serve as an administrative assistant to the VP2 and share in their duties and responsibilities, including the creation of policies, procedures and their implementation, con-cerning all of the affairs of each specific department. The Deputy VP of Administration will serve as a spokesperson and a liaison for the VP for the purpose of conducting official business, wherever deemed necessary. In the absence of the VP2, the Deputy VP of Administration shall have the authority to vote on all official business and act as representative for the VP2 to the other departments that fall under the domain of the VP2.

6. Executive Board Treasurer -  The Treasurer will keep track of all monetary donations and expenses, receipts for all transactions, be it paper trail or cyber, and a list of the names of con-tributors. Will inform the AC of finances and current account standings through a weekly report and inform the EB of any major changes to the account, donations and expenses through a weekly report. Assist the other positions and committees, as necessary when it comes to all monetary aspects of their agenda and responsibilities. Cut checks as needed for expenses ap-proved by the EB. File the party’s taxes and provide all information necessary to the IRS, and make sure all information is up to date at all times. Be in direct contact with the EB, AC, State Chapter Leaders, lawyers, and all others in positions of authority, so we can at all times maintain clear communications concerning  donations, promotions, fundraisers, merchandise sales, etc. All monetary finances are to be kept track of and deposited properly. Treasurer is to be informed of all financial transactions, so detailed records are maintained, assist in proper planning and keeping track of funds (i.e.: %of discounts, % to speakers/book deals, personal expenses and expected reimbursement).

7. Executive Board Secretary – Responsibilities include: Coordinate all Executive Board (EB) meetings – weekly and emergency sessions. Conduct the EB meetings, take notes and keep the meeting on task. Take, type and post minutes of meetings to Executive Board. Securely store the official records for all staff, including all committees, councils, and boards. Screen calls to the Party through Skype call forwarding and by checking the voicemail system, and alert staff members to the messages that relate to their position or department. The secretary will also ac-cept other responsibilities, as delegated by the President or the Executive Board based on the needs of the Party. Required education and experience – Relevant training or qualification. Knowledge and experience of relevant software applications – spreadsheets, word processing, and database management. Proficient in spelling, punctuation, grammar and other English lan-guage skills. Key Competencies -Verbal and written communication skills, attention to detail, confidentiality, planning and organizing, time management, interpersonal skills, customer-service orientation, initiative, reliability, stress tolerance, flexibility, project coordination experience, ability to work well with all levels of internal management and staff.
The secretary will also accept other responsibilities, as delegated by the President or the Execu-tive Board based on the needs of the Party.

       Section 2:
Elections, Appointing and Removal of Officers

A)	Inaugural Appointment and Removal of Officers

1. Until such time as the first elections are held, the President holds the power to appoint mem-bers to the Executive Board, and a quorum is required to remove an officer.

B) Elections
1. Executive Board Officers of the National Atheist Party shall be elected by a 2/3 majority vote of the membership. He/she shall hold office for four years or one election cycle. The first official election will held on the one year anniversary date of the formation of the National Atheist Party, March 11, 2011. Thereafter, elections will be held every four years. Any member in good standing of the National Atheist Party may run for any Executive Board Officer position. Inten-tion to run for any Executive Board position can be declared beginning January 1 of that elec-tion year and the deadline for accepting candidates is the last day of February of that election year. The elected officers officially commence the duties of their position on April 11 of that election year.

C) Special Appointment of Officers

1. If an Executive Board officer’s position becomes vacant during the officer’s term, the Na-tional Atheist Party’s president shall make a special appointment of an active member to fill the vacancy. The special appointment to fill a vacancy shall require approval of the active member-ship by a 2/3 vote.  The person appointed to fill an officer’s vacancy shall serve until the organ-ization holds its election of officers, every four years to coincide with National elections.

D) Removing Officers
1. The National Atheist Party’s Executive Board officers may be removed from office for just cause. Just cause is considered, but not limited to, excessive absence from meetings, misappro-priation of funds and violation of the code of conduct. The removal of an officer requires a 2/3 majority vote of approval from the organization’s membership based on the recommendation of the president and the Executive Board.

Meetings, Procedures and Agenda
         Section 3:
A) Conduction of Executive Board Meetings

1. Meetings of the National Atheist Party shall be conducted by the president and scheduled by the president or vice-president. The meeting location and meeting time shall be established by the president or vice-president, with advance notice provided to all club members.

2. The order of business to be followed at a regular meeting is as follows:
a. Call to order
b. Roll Call of officers
c. Guest Address, if not categorized under another Agenda item
d. Adopt Previous Minutes and Board Actions passed since last meeting
e. Report of New Members
f. Treasurer’s Report
g. Reading of communications, bills, etc.
h. Treasurer’s Business Items
i. Report of committees and State Chapters
j. President’s Report and Business Items
k. Outreach VPs Updates and Business Items
l. Administrative VPs Updates and Business Items
m. Secretary’s Updates and Business Items
n. Adjournment

B) Procedures
1. Executive Board Secretary will call meeting to order.

2. Roll call of officers.

3. Executive Board Secretary will address the first issue stated on the agenda. (No meeting will be conducted without an agenda. The agenda will be posted at least 24 hrs. prior to the sched-uled meeting)

4. Executive Board Secretary will open floor for discussion. Please try to be respectful to your fellow members. Secretaries: this will be very important to keep all discussions within the meet-ing minutes.

5. Call for motion to close discussion. A member will reply MOVE 1. Executive Board Secre-tary will call for a 2nd. A member will reply MOVE 2. Discussion will be closed. No exceptions. If the motion to discuss has been officially closed and a member wishes to discuss the issue further, the member must make a motion to reopen discussion. There MUST be a 2nd to reopen discussion. If there is a 2nd, the discussion will continue. Once this discussion is closed, no member can move to open the discussion a 3rd time. (ALSO – Any member may motion to close discussion with a 2/3 majority vote.) If the consensus is a 2/3 majority, then the discussion will be officially closed for this meeting and the president will call the next item on the agenda. The issue may be raised again at the next meeting, under new business, with a new motion to discuss the issue with the approval of a 2/3 consensus of the members.

C) Agenda
1. The agenda shall be a consensus of the officers. Executive board members shall add their own business items to the Agenda which will be posted at least 24 hours in advance of the meeting. No business items may be added to the Agenda less than one hour before the meeting is scheduled to begin. Any item on the Agenda may be tabled by a quorum vote of the Board.

2. Any member may petition the officers to add an item on the agenda with a minimum of 24 hours notice. The officers will then decide when and where that item will be placed on the agenda by a unanimous vote of the officers, and issue to the requesting person a Memorandum stating such scheduling information.

3. All officers must give consent to this memorandum before it is official.

Executive Board, Advisory Council and Special Committees
       Section 4:
A) Leadership of the National Atheist Party: Official Board, Advisory Council, Diversity Councils; National, Regional and State Chapter Leadership; PR/Marketing, Fundraising, Political Strategy, Cam-paign Coordination Committees.

1. The National Atheist Party shall be run by a board of elected officials consisting of a presi-dent, two vice presidents, two deputy vice presidents, secretary and treasurer overseeing and di-recting the various functions of the NAP.

2. An advisory council to the Executive Board shall be created consisting of professionals and specialists to assist and advise the board in their strategy, by giving professional advice from within their particular areas of specialty. The advisory council will not have authority over the Executive Board or to vote on executive affairs.

3. The president and the vice president’s shall appoint or create such standing and special com-mittees as necessary to conduct the business of the party and he/she shall be an ex-officio mem-ber of all committees. When the appointed committee has completed its requirements, the Chair of said committee will report the finished conclusions to the Executive Board of the NAP. If the conclusions are found satisfactory, the Executive Board will order the said committee dissolved and will be no longer responsible for further action.

4. Serving on a Policy Committee will include duties of helping to create reforms, advise on policy, and suggest budgets specific to committees’ oversight. The expertise, direction, and in-sight shared are valuable in moving forward with the structure of this party and enriching our platform. The committees will research and draft policy proposals upon researching and debat-ing issues that need to be defined in our platform. The committee’s would then draft policy statements to define their position on any current events or legislation within their domain: e.g. For the Education Committee, the collective committee members would make a statement on Race to the Top, the use of charters, vouchers etc. These statements would be then submitted to Executive Board and Advisory Council for review and approval. On the issues, that leads to an addendum or change to the charter and platform- Policy Committees would be tasked with gathering resources and drafting arguments to membership to educate them on our proposal and the reasons for it- in hopes that they will concur with the committees’ expert suggestions.
The meetings and regularity would depend on what needed to be addressed and how often disagreements need compromise. Much of the communication would be done asynchronously. A chair will be nominated within the committee and submitted for approval by the Executive Board. In cases where there is no nomination, the Executive Board will appoint the committee chair. The Committee chair will be tasked with presenting the findings and suggestions of their committee to the Advisory Council and Executive Board as well as conducting and managing the meetings of his or her committee.
Not all Policy Chairs will be serving on Advisory Council. The Advisory Council will review proposals by other committees, such as the Diversity Council, and advise on them as well – ei-ther concurrently or peremptorily.

4.	All leadership of the National Atheist Party are required to have a signed and notarized Non-Disclosure, Non-Compete Agreement along with a photo-copy of a valid driver’s li-cense or a valid identification provided to the representative designated by the Executive Board of the National Atheist Party prior to the start of their leadership position. Their offi-cial duties will not be in effect until it has been received. The expectation is that the NDA will be returned to the NAP representative within 10 days. If they fail to do so, their offer for a leadership position within the National Atheist Party will be terminated, but their status and privileges of regular membership with the party will remain intact.

Article X Advisory Council
   Section 1:
A) Advisory Council
1. The Advisory Council of the National Atheist Party is an informal, volunteer group of profes-sionals and intellectuals from all fields, who will advise the Executive Board on all policies, is-sues, programs, staff, budget and mission priorities. Upon request of the Executive Board the Advisory Council will also discuss issues regarding procedures, matters at hand, course of action or other issues as decided by them. The Advisory Council does not have the authority to vote on executive matters pertaining to the National Atheist Party but will potentially have to vote on matters in the meetings in order to reach a consensus. A presence of 2/3 of Advisory Council members is sufficient to vote on those matters. The Advisory Council will conduct itself in accordance with the National Atheist Party Charter. Meetings will be held as needed online or in a location defined in advance.

2. Members are selected by the Executive board for a period of 4 years and may act as a pool of experienced leaders to serve as members of the Executive Board. Such members are not com-pensated and new reserve members will be added by a 2/3 majority vote of the Council. Council members will serve staggered four-year terms and may remove themselves from the Council at any time with thirty days notice, but are highly encouraged to finish their appointed term. Re-serve members will fill open positions to maintain the minimum quorum of seven.

3. The Advisory Council shall consist of political, legal, academic, scientific and technological, historical, theological, demographical and statistical, anthropological, psychological, environ-mental, energy and foreign policy professionals. Specialty fields shall qualify, but do not ex-clude any other field of expertise, as medical, environmental, law enforcement, tax/not for prof-it, IT, media, human resource professionals and any other specialty professionals, as are deemed necessary. All advisor positions are required to have a minimum of a Master’s Degree or ten years work experience in their respective career field and also required to develop their specific role as each position mandates. Advisors are expected to be assertive, innovative, develop a team of professionals and be hands on at all times.

4. It is the responsibility of the National Atheist Party’s Administration to create and maintain a political community by building a common identity and sense of community, foster economic and social development and securing democracy, human rights and civil liberties for ALL legal citizens.
Advisor Role Descriptions
Secretary – Primary responsibility will be to conduct the Advisory Council meetings, takes notes and keeps the meeting on task. Take, type and post minutes of meetings to Executive Board and forward minutes to all necessary departments. Ensure that any official correspondence, reports and documents needing to be kept are forwarded to the person responsible for keeping central documentation. Organ-ize and coordinate all meetings – weekly and emergency sessions. Take on any other responsibilities as delegated by the President or the Executive Board. Required education and experience – Relevant training or qualification. Knowledge and experience of relevant software applications – spreadsheets, word processing, and database management. Proficient in spelling, punctuation, grammar and other English language skills. Key Competencies -Verbal and written communication skills, attention to de-tail, confidentiality, planning and organizing, time management, interpersonal skills, customer-service orientation, initiative, reliability, stress tolerance, flexibility, project coordination experience, ability to work well with all levels of internal management and staff.

VP of Administration: Oversees all functions of the Advisory Council and meetings.
Education Advisor: The Education Advisor will provide the AC with education information, interpre-tation, and opinion needed to define Party policy as articulated in the Education Policy Committee. The EA will guide the committee to provide information to the membership on aspects of current and pro-posed policies active in the political dialogue of the nation. The EA will have proper degrees, certifica-tions, and experience in the field of education and be entrusted with forming a committee composed of a diverse field of education professionals.

Science &amp; Technology Advisor: The Advisor is the main source of scientific and technological infor-mation, interpretation, and opinion to the Executive Board. It is the duty of the Science &amp; Technology Advisor to develop, organize, and maintain various resources to facilitate responses to queries from the Executive Board as well as to create reforms on political issues which have a scientific component. The Science Advisor will be aided by the Science Advisory Committee; a group of 5-7 scientists who’s combined knowledge base encompass all areas of science. The Science Advisor will be responsible for staffing the SAC and guiding all efforts necessary to define party policy and create reforms. Addition-ally, the SA will develop programs to promote science education and provide the membership with cur-rent information on scientific knowledge and advancements.

Theology Advisor: Shall develop and reform policies that relate to religion and government for the purpose of reinforcing the division of church and state. This position would work to identify issues and inform on positions pertinent to the goals of the party. This position would also include working with other required participants in reforming the tax code and their not-for-profit status, specifically the mega churches status and parachurch ministries that operate like a business.

Secularism is the belief that the government should be a secular institution; that is, have no state reli-gion, have no legislation that outlaws or favors one religion over another, and have no religiously moti-vated regulations on the eligibility of the nation’s politicians. A secular state has no power over the na-tion’s churches and the nation’s churches have no political powers over the members of the government. The Theology Advisor position’s main purpose is to build up this wall of separation between church and state.

Political Advisor: Shall inform the Executive Board and all related divisions in political matters, in-cluding advising and assisting in political campaigns and virtually all of their activities from research to field strategy. This advisor will conduct candidate research, voter research, and opposition research, watches the political market and advises the EB, as to what moves should be made. It is the job of the political advisor to pay attention to who the EB’s allies and enemies are in the local, state, and national political arenas.

Example: If a company deals with a union, it is the job of the political advisor to pay attention to the issues between the union and the company. He or she will advise the company as to what issues should be pursued, and which ones should be ignored for the time being.

Psychology/Social Advisor: Is an academic field dedicated to the relationship between psychology and political science, with a focus on the role of human thought, emotion, and behavior in politics and analyzes political science as related to entities such as voters, lawmakers, local and national governments and administrations, international organizations, political parties, and associations. While the grammar of “political psychology” tends to stress psychology as the central field, the discipline could also be accurately labeled “the psychology of politics,” so as to more evenly recognize the interdisciplinary nature of the field.
Also not fully conveyed by the label is the wide scope of the disciplines from which political psycholo-gy draws, including anthropology, cognitive and personality psychology, sociology and social psychol-ogy, psychiatry, international relations, and other more distant fields such as economics, philosophy, and the arts.

Anthropologist/Social Advisor: The Anthropology Advisor will serve on the Advisory Council and help to create reforms, advise upon policy, and suggest budgets specific to the fields of anthropology and sociology. The expertise, direction and insight shared are valuable in moving forward with the structure of the National Atheist Party.

In the United States, contemporary anthropology is typically divided into four sub-fields: cultural an-thropology also known as socio-cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and phys-ical (or biological) anthropology. The NAP is mainly concerned with socio-cultural anthropology in relation to policy and strategy direction.

Demographic/Statistical Advisor: Is the statistical study of human population. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic human population, that is, one that changes over time or space (see population dynamics). It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of these populations, and spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging and death.
Demographic analysis can be applied to whole societies or to groups defined by criteria such as educa-tion, nationality, religion and ethnicity. Institutionally, demography is usually considered a field of so-ciology, though there are a number of independent demography departments.The broader field of social demography population studies also analyzes the relationships between economic, social, cultural and biological processes influencing a population. The term demographics, refers to characteristics of a population.

Foreign Policy Advisor: A country’s foreign policy, also called foreign, or International, relations consists, primarily, of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve its goals within the International System arena. From the concept of Realism, or rational choice, the approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. In recent times, due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities, the states will also have to interact with non-state actors. These include IGOs, NGOs, MNCs, as well as private foundations and individu-als. The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation. Since the national interests are paramount, foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision-making processes. Additionally, increased in-teraction among non-state actors and various IGOs have created arenas where foreign relations exist outside of the governmental system.  National interest accomplishments can occur as a result of peace-ful cooperation with other nations, or through exploitation. Usually, creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government and the foreign minister (or equivalent). In some countries the legislature also has considerable oversight. However, in the United States, the executive branch has a wide range of options available for foreign policy implementation.

Historical Advisor: One of two basic functions of the Historical Advisor and the History Committee can be likened to that of a fact checker. It will be the role of the Historical Committee to review com-munications, particularly those directed toward the general public. The purpose of this will be to ensure that communications to the public contain factual historical information, and that any historical claims made in communications are claims that are legitimately defensible based on evidence and the most recent academic historical scholarship. In so doing, the Historical Committee will help the NAP ensure that historical information is accurately portrayed in the presentation of constitutional issues, the history of American secular ideals, religious history in America, etc; the Historical Committee will be helping the NAP to avoid embarrassment by being prepared with historical evidence to combat accusations of “historical revisionism.”
The other basic function of the Historical Advisor and the Historical Committee is one of education. The culture wars in this nation have led to a variety of historical misconceptions among both conserva-tives and liberals, among both the religious right and staunch supporters of strict separation of church and state. It is the role of the Historical Committee to produce educational materials that seek rectify this misconceptions, to more objectively educate the American public about the founding of our nation, the religious beliefs of the founding fathers, the history of separation of church and state, and other is-sues of importance Issues of national importance. In short, it is a primary goal of the Historical Com-mittee to bring an end to the culture wars that have plagued U.S. society through the production of ma-terials for the general public that investigate American history from an objective point of view, rather than one shaded by political battles. These documents will be published on the NAP website where they will be available to read to the general public, and the History Committee will promote the docu-ments through various social networking sites such as Facebook and twitter.

Issues of interest to the Historical Committee may include, but are not limited to the Enlightenment and the increasingly secular ideals prevalent among the Founding Fathers, the writing and ratification of the U.S. Constitution, the history of Constitutional interpretation particularly with regards to the first amendment and separation of church and state, the history of the role and place of religion in colonial and American history, the repression and the achievements of atheists, secularists, and humanists in American history, and the complex history of the American culture war between those who support and those who oppose the separation of church and state.

Legal Advisor: Shall advise all members of the AC and the EB of all legal actions that need to be tak-en in the pursuit of policy development and all politics at hand and will also create a team specific to the political needs of this Party. This person (s) will possess the necessary credentials qualifying them to work as a lawyer. Basic application of skills involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems, and to perform required legal services.

Environmental Advisor: Establish reforms concerning policies that relate to the development of an alternative energy infrastructure that encompasses research and development, job creation and manda-tory deployment of green alternatives. These policies would affect those research firms and scientists that are developing real-world strategies for the reduction or elimination of the release of greenhouse gasses, in order to combat global climate change. Support policies that reduce pollution to air, water and land. Create penalties for violators.

Develop budgets for research firms and scientists to build strategies for the reduction or elimination of the release of greenhouse gasses and incorporate green solutions in the manufacture of everyday prod-ucts.  Restrictions would be instituted for industries whose practices pollute or harm the environment.
Establish reforms concerning policies that relate to the development of green chemistry solutions to replace the topic substances that are polluting our environment. Develop budgets for research into this area. Another major area of concern is the clean-up of toxins and pollutants that have already penetrat-ed our land, air and water.

Energy Advisor: Shall create reforms and a budget concerning policies that relate to relieving our de-pendence upon fossil fuels. Alternative energy solutions include nuclear, solar, wind and water. Alter-native energy solutions must be researched and brought to the fore to combat our dependence upon for-eign oil. Hydrogen and other as-yet-undiscovered solutions must be sought and implemented. The NAP supports tax incentives and federal grants as a measure to incentive this research and development.

Economy Advisor: An economist is a professional in the social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad philosophical the-ories to the focused study of minutiae within specific markets, macroeconomic analysis, micro-economic analysis or financial statement analysis, involving analytical methods and tools such as econ-ometrics, statistics, economics computational models, financial economics, mathematical finance and mathematical economics.

Meetings, Procedures and Agenda
A) Conduction of Advisory Council Meetings
1. Meeting of the National Atheist Party shall be conducted and scheduled by the Deputy Ad-ministrative VP. The Advisory Council Secretary coordinates the meeting location and meeting time giving 48 hours advance notice provided to all members. The Secretary will be responsible for taking meeting minutes and posting them.

2. The order of business to be followed at a regular meeting is as follows:
a. Roll call of Members
c. Discussion and/or Approval of previous week’s minutes
d. Deputy VP2 Reports
e. Advisors reports
f. Further Business
g. Adjournment


B) Procedures
1. The Deputy VP of Administration will follow the agenda and start with calling the meeting to order.
2. The Deputy VP of Administration will proceed with Roll Call.
3. The Deputy VP of Administration will address the first issue stated on the agenda. No meet-ing will be conducted without an agenda.
4. The Deputy VP of Administration will open floor for discussion, if applicable, to all members of the Advisory Council.
5. The Deputy VP of Administration will call for motion to close discussion once each member has concluded discussion. An Advisory Council member will respond with an ‘I Second that motion.’ All other Advisory Council members will respond with aye or nay. No exceptions. If the motion to discuss has been officially closed and a member wishes to discuss the issue fur-ther, the member must make a motion to reopen discussion. There MUST be a 2nd to reopen discussion. If there is a 2nd, the discussion will continue. Once this discussion is closed, no member can move to open the discussion a 3rd time. (ALSO – Any member may motion to close discussion with a 2/3 majority vote.) If the consensus is a 2/3 majority, then the discussion will be officially closed for this meeting and the Secretary will call the next item on the agenda. The issue may be raised again at the next meeting, under new business, with a new motion to discuss the issue with the approval of a 2/3 consensus of the members.

C) Agenda
1. Secretary will create the agenda and post this at least 48 hours prior to the meeting. It shall reflect all the Advisory Council members.
2. Any Advisory Council member may add an item on the agenda up until 1 hour prior to the scheduled meeting.

Article XI: National Atheist Party Platform 
                                
A) Economy
With a cognizance of our national security, an awareness of the scientific community’s research into global climate change, and a desire to create new jobs, we must as a nation bring to a halt our national dependence on fossil fuels and foreign oil. To this end, we call for a “Manhattan Project” or “Apollo program” level of national commitment and research into green energy solutions.
Another drain on our economy, that has so far yielded poor results with no abatement, is the “War on Drugs.” This party recognizes that the criminalization of drug use stems from a position grounded in religion. Free adults should be able to enjoy recreational drugs, provided that they do not abuse them in a public or destructive manner. Therefore, the NAP advocates decriminalizing the use of drugs and in-stead find reasonable alternatives of taxation and regulation, creating jobs in the drug sector and elimi-nating vast drug cartels.
Balancing the budget is important, and finding programs among the Federal departments that can be downsized or eliminated is a difficult task. However, some programs, due to their nature as a lifeline for the disadvantaged, should never be cut. The NAP does not consider programs that contribute to the social welfare of our least wealthy citizens to be eligible programs for elimination 

B) Jobs
It is no secret that bureaucracy is expensive. We demand a comprehensive review of all government departments with an eye toward identifying wasteful practices and appropriate level of spending. The traditional policy of “spend-down” – in which each department tries to spend its entire budget each fis-cal segment, in order to justify receiving more money in the next – shall be halted.
Jobs are created when innovation occurs. There is no argument or question that this is true. All of our modern technological conveniences, from LCD and LED display technology to stud less tires and ath-letic shoes, have been developed as spin-off technologies from NASA. The lesson is clear: investment in advanced technology reaps huge economic rewards. This party advocates an unprecedented level of funding be earmarked for NASA and the biotechnology sector.
Photovoltaic energy conversion, or solar cells (another spin-off from NASA research), has enjoyed a renaissance over the last couple of decades. The energy output and sensitivity of the technology has increased dramatically. The NAP believes that the alternative energy industry, or “green energy”, is an untapped source of jobs. If a national mandate for alternative energy research and installation in exist-ing homes and businesses would create jobs and revitalize the economy.

C) Social Security/Medicare
Social security is a safety net that millions of our senior citizens have depended on for years. Estab-lished by President Roosevelt in 1935, social security programs have helped Americans weather the worst times with hope and dignity. The NAP feels that legislation should be passed to protect Social Security from the threat of privatization or surcease.
As a corollary issue, the NAP strongly recommends that Medicare, rather than continuing to exist as a separately funded and maintained benefit, should be absorbed into a new Universal Health Care system.

D) Health Care
Health care for the wealthy has long been considered a luxury. Plastic surgery and elective procedures help to paint this picture of health care as only being in reach of the few. The NAP believes that proper health care – care which extends the useful life and comfort of patients – is a right - not a privilege. We support an amendment to the Constitution or other legislation that recognizes health care as a basic right universal to all citizens.

E) Abortion
The NAP, in concert with Planned Parenthood, the Women’s movement and other groups, recognizes that pregnancy is a profound physical change and that the ultimate decision to proceed with a pregnan-cy or to terminate it rests with the individual woman. Government should play no role in deciding such an individual choice. It is our position that legislation inhibiting a woman’s right to choose is based on religious concerns of morality and conception, and does not reflect the scientific community’s consen-sus of when a fetus can be said to be an independent organism.

F) Gay Rights
The rights that we extend to our citizens are not dependent upon the majority position of those citizens. In fact, “rights” are designed to protect minority positions from the unfair oppression of their members by the majority. As such, the NAP feels that the time is overdue for the recognition of the GLBT (gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered) community as citizens, with rights protecting them from being targeted by those who disagree with their sexual identity. We call for a Constitutional amendment rec-ognizing the rights of the GLBT, alongside other distinguished characteristics like race, creed, and na-tional origin.
Further, we demand that marriage between consenting adults of any sexual persuasion be legalized and recognized by all fifty states. Civil union should be afforded the same rights and tax advantages as tra-ditional marriage.
GLBT citizens have had a very hard time in this country. Intolerance, ridicule, outright hatred, and vio-lence prompt the NAP to call for a determination, by act of Federal Law, that violence directed toward gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgendered citizens shall be deemed a “hate crime” with attendant se-vere punishment.

G) Education
The NAP is deeply concerned that divisive religious indoctrination and religiocentric policies are being taught in this nation’s public schools on a daily basis. Reports of teachers pressing their religious views onto their captive audience are common. Hidden faith-based organizations are going into our schools and advocating behavior from a religious perspective while actively hiding their religious affiliation, in order to get around laws prohibiting them from doing so. Our classrooms are a melting pot of traditions, national origin and creeds and it is wrong for any one religion to have a stranglehold over the minds of diverse children. We support the idea that any school that receives Federal funding should diligently screen the external organizations that present services to our children, and that teachers who proselytize their religious views should be removed from teaching entirely.

H) Immigration
The United States is a nation of immigrants. Multiple waves of European immigrants, documented and undocumented, have contributed to the “melting pot” of this nation. The U.S. is currently experiencing a large influx of documented and undocumented immigration from Mexico and other places. Many of these workers are paid “under the table,” and many more pay into a system from which they will never see a benefit. The National Atheist Party believes that the current system of Immigration policies is deeply flawed. We move for a relaxation of Citizenship Qualification Standards, and a liberal border policy allowing workers to come and go as they please. Current laws stipulate that children born of un-documented citizens are de facto U.S. citizens, and we see no reason to change that policy.
 
I) Guns
We recognize that the right to bear arms is a traditional part of America, and we support Americans’ Second Amendment right to own and use firearms. But we also believe that reasonable regulation is important in a country where we have seen so much gun violence. The NAP wants to work toward closing the “gun show” loophole, reinforce our background check policies to include a longer waiting period, and a mandatory use and safety course for each first-time gun buyer.

J) Environment
The environment is a major concern of the National Atheist Party. We only have one world and are not going to be resurrected into a better one, so we are committed to the idea of doing whatever is neces-sary to ensure that this one is managed properly by human industry. The NAP supports subsidies grant-ed to “green” industry, in the form of both government investment and tax incentives, while penalizing those industries that would ignore the detrimental effect that they have on our shared environment.

As stated above, we also support the development of an alternative energy infrastructure, a robust en-deavor that encompasses research and development, job creation and mandatory deployment of green alternatives. Concomitant with that strategy, restrictions should be placed on logging companies to treat the environment in a respectful, sustainable manner. “Clear-cutting” – the practice of completely de-nuding a section of our vital forest lands, without replanting or “fixing” the soil, will be considered a Federal crime.

In addition, the NAP would devote a substantial budget increase for those research firms and scientists that are developing real-world strategies for the reduction or elimination of the release of greenhouse gasses, in order to combat the reality of global climate change. The human element contributing to cli-mate change is well documented by the scientific community, and the NAP joins responsible organiza-tions worldwide in calling for an immediate halt to those activities that exacerbate this dire and emer-gent problem.

K) Energy
Nothing can be more difficult than changing an entire way of life. From automobiles to heating our homes, the U.S. is completely dependent upon fossil fuels. Fossil fuels have driven the global economy for close to two hundred years, but no consumer of fossil fuels has ever been as hungry for them as the U.S. There is a steep price to pay for this reliance, however, the burning and refining of fossil fuels, by the U.S. and other oil-producing nations, is a major contributor to climate change and the continued release of greenhouse gases. Additionally, inflation and other economic indicators are directly tied to the price of oil. The NAP supports the idea that our dependence on fossil fuels MUST end. Alternative energy solutions, like nuclear, solar and wind and water energy must be researched and brought to the fore to combat that dependence. Hydrogen and other as-yet-undiscovered solutions must be sought and implemented. The NAP supports tax incentives and federal grants as a measure to incentivize this re-search and development.

L) Tax Reform
Some solution must be found to level the playing field and halt the widening gap between the rich and poor in the U.S. Further, it has become increasingly obvious that savvy accounting and creative legal acrobatics have made it easy for massive corporations and the U.S.’s wealthiest citizens to avoid paying taxes entirely. The NAP calls for a sweeping review of tax laws and a simplification of implementation such that a fair tax shall be levied against all citizens and corporate persons without “loopholes.” In addition, as a bold statement of fair play, the NAP moves to rescind the tax-exempt status of all church activities that are unrelated to charitable activity. Church organizations should be as transparent to review and audit as any other business, and should pay income taxes, property taxes and use or excise taxes on its traditionally taxable activities. Churches shall be treated as any other for-profit business, when a profit is being made.

M) Legal/Tort Reform
The rewards of successful litigation are alluring. Many individuals and corporations are unable to ignore the potential windfall from using the courts as a lottery. Under the theory that “those who can pay, should” and that punitive awards should be stiff enough to “hurt” – the trend on tort damages has been to creep higher and higher until litigants receive an exorbitant amount in re-compensatory damages. The NAP believes some awards to be excessive. We move for a reform of lawsuit damages such that, while payment for injury is not ignored, it is also not akin to finding buried treasure. An advisory committee must be convened to examine this question, and set a ceiling on punitive awards.

N) Campaign Finance Reform
The political process is supposed to be one in which every citizen of worth and backing can have an equal chance to promote their candidacy. The reality is that only millionaires, with millions of dollars of campaign funds can reasonably win. The NAP supports a cap on campaign contributions such that ALL candidates have access to advertising and transportation costs, but that no one candidate enjoys limitless resources when others are spent bankrupt trying to compete.

O) Security/ Defense
The NAP along with many Americans, are tired of the U.S. providing troops for seemingly every mili-tary action, worldwide. It is time that the U.S. stopped being the worlds’ policeman. We support the notion that the U.S. military should remain in a state of readiness, to respond to domestic threats or when one of our allies is attacked. Along with that thinking, we feel that a review of open bases worldwide should be conducted and those bases without a clear strategic need should be closed. Like-wise an audit of domestic bases and assets should be conducted, with concomitant decommissioning of non-performing assets.

P) Foreign Policy
During the Bush administration, the U.S. saw its popularity decrease worldwide while overseas en-gagements with our military forces increased. In order to move forward in a peaceful and responsible manner, the NAP believes that the U.S.’s role in U.N. Peacekeeping missions should be reduced and eliminated entirely when possible. The U.S. should modify its role to an advisory position and only field troops in a dire emergency of last resort. For too long, we have spent taxpayers’ money and the lives of our young men and women in support of conflicts that may have been diplomatically solved.

The U.S. is in a deficit position with foreign economies like China and Japan. To combat this, we sup-port a leveling of the playing field by de-incentivizing the movement of manufacturing overseas and imposing a fair tariff on imported goods. Our focus now should be on debt reduction.

Q) Faith/Religion
The National Atheist Party believes in the U.S. Constitution, and in the wisdom of the Founding Fa-thers who wrote it. These great men had the foresight to erect a wall of separation between church and state; a wall that has been eroding for many years. In the 1950s, the phrases “In God We Trust” and “Under God” were added to our paper currency and our Pledge of Allegiance. It is our position that such language forces Americans to recognize the existence of God. When the pledge is recited, espe-cially by children, it gives the impression that the U.S. itself ratifies the existence of God – an act and a stance that is unequivocally prejudiced and athwart the cherished traditions of the U.S. We move for the restoration of both the pledge and our currency to their pre-1950s incarnations.
In all cases and in all ways, the NAP moves for a strict interpretation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. While we do not wish to inhibit anyone’s practice of the religion of their choice, we do not want government to engage in the practice or the perception of engaging in the practice of pro-moting any one religion. To that end, we seek to strip churches, synagogues and mosques of the tax exemption status they now enjoy, and to increase the transparency of Church-filed annual reports. Churches receive numerous donations, and these donations must be declared in their entirety so that proper income taxes can be applied.

R) Organ Donation
Organ donation can save a life that would otherwise end in tragedy. Recognizing this, we believe that the parents of a recently deceased child should be given full authority to donate the remains and help others who are less fortunate.</text>
      <sha1>nss9d5huc8j8uj74btmo5qiijs5umg3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ཚད་མ་རྣམ་འགྲེལ་གྱི་འགྲེལ་པ། བམ་པོ་དང་པོ།.pdf/72</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>442744</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333240</id>
      <parentid>1321598</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T14:47:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pecha-pema</username>
        <id>890001</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Validated */</comment>
      <origin>1333240</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4726" sha1="huemjvxaov24zanwtfmoptp9zb5j4fm" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;4&quot; user=&quot;Pecha-pema&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
༄༅། །དངོས་པོ་ཐ་དད་པ་མེད་པ་སྒྲས་བརྗོད་པ་ན་དེ་ཉིད་གཞན་ལ་ཐ་དད་པའི་ཕྱིར། ཆ་མེད་པའི་ཐ་དད་པ་གཅིག་བརྗོད་པ་ན་ཐ་དད་པ་ཐམས་ཅད་རྟོགས་པས་དེ་ལས་སྒྲ་དང་ཚད་མ་གཞན་དོན་མེད་པར་ཇི་ལྟར་མི་འགྱུར་ཞེ་ན། འདི་ལ་ཉེས་པ་མེད་དེ་གང་གི་ཕྱིར།
འདྲེས་པ་དོན་གཅིག་གཅོད་པ་ན། །སྒྲའམ་རྟགས་ནི་གཅིག་པུ་ཡི། །བྱ་བ་དེ་ལ་དངོས་པོ་ཡི། །བརྗོད་བྱ་གཅད་པ་ཅི་ཡང་མེད། །གང་གི་རྗོད་པར་བྱེད་པ་དང་། །དངོས་པོའི་ནུས་པ་མ་ལུས་པ། །རྟོགས་འགྱུར་དེའི་ཕྱིར་ན་སྒྲ། །འབྲས་བུ་དུ་མ་རྟེན་གཅིག་འགྱུར། །
དཔེར་ན་ཕྱི་ནང་ཐ་དད་པའི་འདྲེས་པ་ཅན་གྱི་བློ་རང་ཉིད་ཀྱི་སྣང་བ་ཐ་སྙད་ཀྱི་ཡུལ་དོན་བྱེད་པར་རུང་བ་ངེས་པར་བྱས་ནས་སྒྲའི་དོན་ཉེ་བར་སྦྱོར་བར་བྱེད་དོ་ཞེས་སྔར་བཤད་པ་ལྟ་བུའོ། །འཁྲུལ་པའི་རྒྱུ་དེ་དང་དེ་དག་གིས་འདྲེས་པའི་ངོ་བོ་ལྟ་བུར་སྣང་བ་བརྡ་ཇི་ལྟ་བ་བཞིན་དུ་རྣམ་པར་གཅད་པའི།
ཕྱིར་དེ་ཉིད་ལ་སྒྲ་དེ་དག་གི་བྱ་བ་ཉིད་ཡིན་ཏེ། གཅིག་པ་བསྒྲུབས་ན་ཡང་གཞན་རྣམ་པར་གཅོད་པར་མི་བྱེད་དེ། བརྡ་སོ་སོར་ངེས་པའི་ཕྱིར་རོ། །དངོས་པོ་རྣམ་པར་གཅད་པས་འཕངས་པ་ཅི་ཡང་མེད་མོད་ཀྱི། འོན་ཀྱང་གང་གི་རྗོད་པར་བྱེད་པ་དང་། དངོས་པོ་ཉིད་ཀྱི་
སྟོབས་ཀྱིས་ནི་མ་ལུས་པར་རྟོགས་པར་འགྱུར་ཏེ། སྒྲ་རྣམས་ནི་བློའི་བསླད་པའི་ཡུལ་ཅན་ཉིད་ཡིན་པའི་ཕྱིར་རོ། །དེ་ལ་དངོས་པོ་མེད་པ་ཡང་དངོས་པོའི་ནུས་པ་མེད་པའི་ཕྱིར་རོ། །ཐ་སྙད་འདི་ནི་ཡང་དག་པའི་དོན་དེ་བཞིན་དུ་མཐོང་བའི་སྒོ་ནས་ཆོས་དུ་མ་དང་། གཅིག་དང་། ཐ་
དད་པ་དང་། ཐ་དད་པ་མ་ཡིན་པར་སྣང་བ་འཁྲུལ་པའི་རྗེས་སུ་འབྲང་བའི་ཕྱིར། དེ་དང་དེར་འབྲེལ་པར་འགྱུར་བ་ལས་དུ་མ་འཁྲུལ་པ་ཡིན་ནོ། །དེ་བཞིན་དུ་མ་ཡིན་པ་དེ་ལས་ཀྱང་མཐར་ཡང་དག་པ་ཉིད་ཀྱི་དངོས་པོ་ལ་ཤེས་པ་མི་བསླུ་བའི་ཕྱིར་རོ། །རྣམ་པ་ཐ་དད་པར་འཛིན་པའི་
ཤེས་པ་དང་སྒྲ་ཐ་དད་ཀྱང་དངོས་པོ་གཅིག་གི་ཡུལ་ཅན་ཉིད་ཡིན་པའི་ཕྱིར། སྒྲ་འབྲས་བུ་དུ་མ་ཅན་རྟེན་གཅིག་པ་མ་ཡིན་ཏེ་འགལ་བའི་ཕྱིར་རོ། །ཇི་སྐད་བརྗོད་པའི་བློའི་སྣང་བ་ལ་བརྟེན་པ་ལ་ཉེས་པ་ཡོད་པ་མ་ཡིན་ནོ། །གཅིག་ཅིག་རྣམ་གཅོད་སྟོན་པ་ན། །གང་ཚེ་གཞན་&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>huemjvxaov24zanwtfmoptp9zb5j4fm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ཚད་མ་རྣམ་འགྲེལ་གྱི་འགྲེལ་པ། བམ་པོ་དང་པོ།.pdf/73</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>442745</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333241</id>
      <parentid>1321599</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T14:59:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pecha-pema</username>
        <id>890001</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Validated */</comment>
      <origin>1333241</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4798" sha1="glwqm5g22h6knm70skfdgsbj7rc1wke" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;4&quot; user=&quot;Pecha-pema&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
སྤོང་མི་འཇུག་པ། །དེ་ནི་དེས་ཁྱབ་གཅིག་ཏུའང་སྣང་། །དེ་ཚེ་བློ་ཡི་ངོར་བྱས་ནས། །གཞི་མཐུན་པ་ནི་ཉིད་དུ་འགྱུར། །སྒྲ་ནི་རྣམ་གཅོད་བྱེད་པ་ན། །དངོས་པོའི་ཆོས་ལ་རེག་འགྱུར་བ། །དེ་ནི་དེ་ལ་ཡོད་དོ་ཞེས། །བྱའོ་དངོས་གཅིག་བརྗོད་བྱ་མིན། །བློ་ལ་སྣང་བ་མིན་
མཐོང་ལ། །དངོས་པོ་མེད་པར་ངེས་ཕྱིར་རོ། །ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ནི་བར་སྐབས་ཀྱི་ཚིགས་སུ་བཅད་པའོ། །དེ་ཕྱིར་གཞན་སེལ་ཡུལ་ལ་ནི། །སྒྲ་རྣམས་ཀྱིས་ནི་བློ་ཉིད་ཀྱང་། །སྤྱིའི་སྤྱོད་ཡུལ་ཅན་བསྟན་ཏེ། །དངོས་ལ་དེ་དག་མི་སྲིད་ཕྱིར། །གལ་ཏེ་བསྒྲུབ་པའི་ཚུལ་ལ་དངོས་པོ་
ཉིད་ལ་སྒྲ་དང་རྣམ་པར་རྟོག་པ་རྣམས་ཀྱིས་ཡུལ་དུ་བྱེད་ན་དེ་ནི་འདིར་དོན་ཐམས་ཅད་ལ་ཐམས་ཅད་དུ་རྟོགས་པར་ཐལ་བར་འགྱུར་བ་དང་། གཞི་མཐུན་པ་ཉིད་ལ་སོགས་པ་མེད་དོ་ཞེས་རིགས་པའི་བསྟན་བཅོས་མཛད་པ་པོས་དགོངས་ནས་གཞན་སེལ་བའི་ཡུལ་ཅན་ལ་དེ་དག་
རབ་ཏུ་བསྟན་ཏོ། །དེ་ལྟར་ན། དངོས་པོའི་ངོ་བོ་གཅིག་ཉིད་ཕྱིར། །གང་ལས་ཐ་དད་ངོ་བོར་འདོད། །གཅིག་ལ་རྗེས་སུ་འགྲོ་བ་དང་། །ལྡོག་པའི་དོན་གཅིག་སྤྱོད་ཡུལ་མིན། །དེ་ནི་དངོས་པོ་ཆ་མེད་པ་གཅིག་པོ་ཡིན་ན་ཇི་ལྟར་ན་བློ་རྣམ་པ་ཐ་དད་པ་དག་གི་ཡུལ་དུ་བྱེད་དེ།
རྣམ་པ་ཐ་དད་པ་ནི་ཐ་དད་པ་ལ་བརྟེན་པ་ཉིད་ཀྱི་ཕྱིར་རོ། །དེ་ཡང་ཐ་མི་དད་པའི་ཕྱིར་ཏེ་སྤྱི་ནི་དེའི་བདག་ཉིད་ཡིན་དུ་ཟིན་ཀྱང་དེ་ནི་གྲུབ་པ་དང་བདེ་བ་གཅིག་པ་ཉིད་ཀྱི་ཕྱིར་རོ། །དེ་བས་ན་འདི་ནི་དོན་ཕན་ཚུན་སྤངས་པའི་སྒོ་ནས་ཡུལ་གཅིག་ལ་འཇུག་ཏུ་མི་རུང་བའི་ཕྱིར། གཞི་མཐུན་པ་
ཉིད་ལ་སོགས་པར་མི་འགྱུར་རོ། །དངོས་པོའི་བདག་ཉིད་གཅིག་པུ་དེ་ཉིད་ལ་འཇུག་པ་དང་མི་འཇུག་པ་མི་རིགས་ཏེ་འགལ་བ་ཉིད་ཀྱི་ཕྱིར་རོ། །གཞན་དུ་མི་འཇུག་པ་ཡང་སྤྱི་ཉིད་དུ་མི་འགྱུར་རོ། །གལ་ཏེ་སྤྱིའི་འཇུག་པ་ཡིན་གྱི་ཁྱད་པར་གྱི་མ་ཡིན་ནོ་ཞེ་ན། མ་ཡིན་ཏེ། ཐ་
དད་པ་མེད་པའི་ཕྱིར་ཏེ། དེ་ནི་ངོ་བོ་གཅིག་པ་སྤྱི་འམ་ཁྱད་པར་དུ་འགྱུར་གྲང་ན། ངོ་བོ་ཐ་དད་པ་མེད་པ་འདི་ལ་ནི་རབ་ཏུ་དབྱེ་བ་མི་རིགས་པ་ཡོད་ན་ཡང་ཐ་དད་པ་མེད་པར་མི་འགྱུར་རོ་ཞེས་བསྟན་པའི་ཕྱིར་རོ། །དེ་བས་ན་དབྱེ་བ་མེད་པ་འདི་ནི་རྗེས་སུ་འགྲོ་བ་མེད་པ་ཡང་རྗེས་སུ་&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>glwqm5g22h6knm70skfdgsbj7rc1wke</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:AN 87 21 Tara Sotra.pdf/7</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>448175</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333286</id>
      <parentid>1329878</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:53:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soniya Maharjan</username>
        <id>916885</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333286</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2358" sha1="o4x2oq17ivarxcrq3mlxjwvgbbuxajd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Neetu Dangol&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;च्युता यान्ति सुखाबती ॥ २६ ॥ तान्यहं संप्रवक्षामि देवसंघाः श्रृणोथ मे ॥ अनु
मोदभबेतद्वा भविष्यध्वं सुनिर्बृताः ॥ २७ ॥ ॐ लोचने सुलोचने तारे तारोद्भ
बे सर्बसत्वानु कंपिनी सर्बसत्वोत्तारणी सहस्रभुजे सहस्रनेत्रे ॥ २८ ॥ ॐ नमो
भगबते अवलोकय अवलोकय मां म म सर्वसत्वानाञ्च हुँ फट्‌स्वाहा ॥ ॥
ॐ तारे तुत्तारे तुरेस्वाहा ॥ ॐ शुद्धे विशुद्धे सुगतात्मजे मैत्री हृदये निर्म

च्युत भएर सुखावती जान्छन्। ती म भन्नेछु, हे देवगणहरू हो! सुन मलाई। अनुमोदन गर, अथवा भविष्यमा अति आनन्दित हौ। ॐ लोचन, सुलोचन, तारे, तारोद्भव, सबै प्राणीमाथि दया गर्ने, सबै प्राणीलाई उद्धार गर्ने, हजार भुजा भएका, हजार नेत्र भएका। ॐ भगवानलाई नमस्कार छ। हेर, हेर मलाई र सबै प्राणीहरूलाई हुम् फट् स्वाहा। ॐ तारे तुत्तारे तुरे स्वाहा। ॐ शुद्ध, विशुद्ध, सुगतात्मज, मैत्री हृदय निर्मल।

Sukhavati becomes dry after falling. I say to you, O gods! Listen to me. If you approve, or be very happy in the future. Om Lochan, Sulochan, Taare, Taraobhav, having mercy on all living beings, saving all living beings, having thousand arms, having thousand eyes. Om Bhagwan, Namaskar. Hey, Hey I swore me and all the living beings. Om Taare Tuttare Ture Swaha. Om pure, impure, good soul, friendly heart, pure.&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o4x2oq17ivarxcrq3mlxjwvgbbuxajd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1333287</id>
      <parentid>1333286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:54:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soniya Maharjan</username>
        <id>916885</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333287</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2369" sha1="eege9nt1jm7mq0g4dlpsgjwrb6zfj65" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Neetu Dangol&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;च्युता यान्ति सुखाबती ॥ २६ ॥ तान्यहं संप्रवक्षामि देवसंघाः श्रृणोथ मे ॥ अनु
मोदभबेतद्वा भविष्यध्वं सुनिर्बृताः ॥ २७ ॥ ॐ लोचने सुलोचने तारे तारोद्भ
बे सर्बसत्वानु कंपिनी सर्बसत्वोत्तारणी सहस्रभुजे सहस्रनेत्रे ॥ २८ ॥ ॐ नमो
भगबते अवलोकय अवलोकय मां म म सर्वसत्वानाञ्च हुँ फट्‌स्वाहा ॥ ॥
ॐ तारे तुत्तारे तुरेस्वाहा ॥ ॐ शुद्धे विशुद्धे सुगतात्मजे मैत्री हृदये निर्म

च्युत भएर सुखावती जान्छन्। ती म भन्नेछु, हे देवगणहरू हो! सुन मलाई। अनुमोदन गर, अथवा भविष्यमा अति आनन्दित हौ। ॐ लोचन, सुलोचन, तारे, तारोद्भव, सबै प्राणीमाथि दया गर्ने, सबै प्राणीलाई उद्धार गर्ने, हजार भुजा भएका, हजार नेत्र भएका। ॐ भगवानलाई नमस्कार छ। हेर, हेर मलाई र सबै प्राणीहरूलाई हुम् फट् स्वाहा। ॐ तारे तुत्तारे तुरे स्वाहा। ॐ शुद्ध, विशुद्ध, सुगतात्मज, मैत्री हृदय निर्मल।

Sukhavati becomes dry after falling. I say to you, O gods! Listen to me. If you approve, or be very happy in the future. Om Lochan, Sulochan, Taare, Taraobhav, having mercy on all living beings, saving all living beings, having thousand arms, having thousand eyes. Om Bhagwan, Namaskar. Hey, Hey I swore me and all the living beings fhat swaha. Om Taare Tuttare Ture Swaha. Om pure, impure, good soul, friendly heart, pure.&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>eege9nt1jm7mq0g4dlpsgjwrb6zfj65</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:AN 87 21 Tara Sotra.pdf/8</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>448176</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333293</id>
      <parentid>1329879</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T09:32:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soniya Maharjan</username>
        <id>916885</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333293</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2611" sha1="jhmxkcbpkpnomwnol9zubeipdb5ojin" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Neetu Dangol&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;ले श्यामे श्यामरुपिणी महाप्राज्ञे प्रबर बिभुपिते ॥ ३० ॥ अपराजिता महा
रौद्री बिश्वरुपी महाबला ॥ ॐ कल्पाणीमहातेजा लोकधात्री महायशा ॥ ३१
सरस्वती बिशालाक्षी प्रज्ञाश्रीबुद्धिबर्द्धिनी ॥ धृतिदा पुष्टिदा स्वाहा ॐ कारा
कामरुपिणी ॥ सर्बसत्व हितोद्युक्ता संग्रामेतारणी जया ॥ प्रज्ञापारमिता
देवी अर्य्यतारा मनोरमा ॥ ३३ ॥ दुन्दुभि‍ः शंखिनी पुर्ण्णा बिद्ताराज्ञी प्रि

हे कालो छाला भएकी, तिम्रो रूप काली स्त्रीको जस्तो छ, र तिमी धेरै बुद्धिमानी र श्रृंगारमा उत्कृष्ट छौ। अपराजिता महारौद्री विश्वरूपी महाबला ओम कल्याणी महातेजा लोकधात्री महायशा सरस्वतीका आँखा ठूला छन् र बुद्धि, ऐश्वर्य र बुद्धिमत्ता बढाउँछन्। उनी धैर्य र पोषण प्रदान गर्छिन्। जया युद्धमा उद्धारकर्ता हुन् र सबै प्राणीहरूको कल्याणमा समर्पित छिन्। देवी प्रज्ञापरमिता महान र आनन्ददायी तारा हुन्। दुन्दुभी शंखिनी पूर्ण विदराजनी प्री

Oh black blister, your beauty is like that of a black woman, you are very intelligent and your makeup is excellent. Aparajita Maharaudri, the great power of the world, Om Kalyani, Mahateja, Lokdhatri, Mahayasha, Saraswati, has big eyes and increases intellect, wealth and intelligence. She provides patience and nourishment. Jaya is the savior of war and is dedicated to the welfare of all living beings. Goddess Prajnaparamita is a great and blissful star. Dundubhi Shankhini Purna Vidarajani Pre&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jhmxkcbpkpnomwnol9zubeipdb5ojin</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:AN 87 21 Tara Sotra.pdf/9</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>448190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333294</id>
      <parentid>1329897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T10:16:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soniya Maharjan</username>
        <id>916885</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333294</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2787" sha1="ge3ldz1quvceyxv8f53zl3dujqxhgug" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Neetu Dangol&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;यंवदा ॥ चन्द्रानना महागौरी अजिता पीतवाससा ॥ ३४ ॥ महामाया महाश्वेता
महावलपराक्रमा ॥ महारौद्री महाचण्डी दुष्टसत्वनि सूदनी ॥ ३५ ॥ प्रशान्ता शा
न्तरुपा च बिजया ज्वलनप्रभा ॥ बिद्युत्माली ध्वजी खड्गी चक्री चापोद्युतायुधा ॥
जन्भानी स्तनम्भनी काली कालरात्री निशाचरी ॥ रक्षणी मोहिनी शान्ता कान्तरि
द्राबिणी शुभा ॥ ३७ ॥ ब्राम्हणी वेदमाताच गुह्यच गुह्यवासिनी ॥ मांगल्या
५

यन्वाद ॥ चन्द्रमुखी महागौरी अजेय थिइन् र पहेँलो रंगको पहिरनमा सजिएकी थिइन्। ३४ ॥ महामाया महाश्वेता महावलपराक्रम उनी अत्यन्तै उग्र र भयंकर छिन् र दुष्ट प्राणीहरूलाई मार्छिन्। ३५ ॥ उनी शान्तिप्रिय छिन् र शान्तिप्रिय महिलाको रूप धारण गर्छिन्। उनले बिजुलीको माला, झण्डा, तरवार, चक्र, धनुष र बिजुलीका हतियारहरू बोकेकी थिइन्। जनभानी, स्तानम्भानी, काली, कालरात्री र रात्रियात्री। उनी रक्षक, मोहक, शान्तिप्रिय, सुन्दर, चित्रकारी, शुभ हुन्। ३७ ॥ उनी ब्राह्मणहरूकी आमा र वेदकी आमा हुन्। मांगल्या

Yanavad || Chandramukhi Mahagauri was invincible and was dressed in yellow. 34 || Mahamaya Mahasweta Mahavalparakram She is extremely fierce and kills evil beings. 35 || She is peaceful and takes the form of a peaceful woman. She carries a garland of lightning, a flag, a sword, a discus, a bow and lightning weapons. Janabhani, Stanambhani, Kali, Kaalratri and Ratriyatri. She is protective, seductive, peaceful, beautiful, painterly, auspicious. 37 ॥ She is the mother of the Brahmins and the mother of the Vedas. Mangalya&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ge3ldz1quvceyxv8f53zl3dujqxhgug</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:AN 87 21 Tara Sotra.pdf/10</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>448191</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333295</id>
      <parentid>1329898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T10:20:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soniya Maharjan</username>
        <id>916885</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333295</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2610" sha1="dzscdc6u5uupeno41uzq35jn6dtwxf4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Neetu Dangol&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;शांकरी सौम्या जातवेदा मनोजबा ॥ ३८ ॥ कापालिनी महावेगा सन्ध्या स
त्यापराजिता ॥ सार्थ बाहकृपा दृष्टि र्नष्टमार्गोप्रदर्शिनी ॥ ३९ ॥ बरदा शा
सिनी शास्त्री स्त्रीरुपा मितविक्रमा ॥ शवरी योगिनी सिद्धा चण्डाली चामृता
ध्रुवा ॥ ४० ॥ धन्या पुण्या महाभागा सुभगा प्रियदर्शना ॥ कृतान्तत्रासनी भि
मा उग्रा उग्रपराक्रमा ॥ ४१ ॥ जगदेकहितोद्युक्ता शरण्या भक्तिबत्सला ॥ बा

शंकरी सौम्या जटावेद मनोजबा ॥ ३८ ॥ शक्तिशाली सन्ध्यालाई कापलीले पराजित गरिन्। सज्जनको बाहुको दयालु दृष्टिले हराएकोलाई बाटो देखाउँछ। ३९ ॥ बर्द शा सिनी शास्त्री श्रीरूपा मिताविक्रमः शावरी योगी, सिद्ध, चाण्डाली र अमृत ध्रुवा हुन्। ४० ॥ धन्य छौ तिमी धर्मात्मा, सबैभन्दा भाग्यशाली र आँखालाई मन पर्ने, मृत्युसँग नडराऊ, तर उग्र र शक्तिशाली बन। ४१ ॥ उनी सम्पूर्ण ब्रह्माण्डको कल्याणमा समर्पित छिन् र आफ्ना भक्तहरूप्रति मायालु छिन्। त्यहाँ छ।

Shankari Saumya Jataveda Manojaba ॥ 38 ॥ Kapali defeated the powerful Sandhya. The kind glance of the gentleman's arm shows the way to the lost. 39 ॥ Barda Sha Sini Shastri Shrirupa Mitavikrama: Shavari is the Yogi, the Siddha, the Chandali and the Amrit Dhruva. ​​40 ॥ Blessed are you, the righteous, the most fortunate and pleasing to the eye, do not fear death, but be fierce and powerful. 41 ॥ She is devoted to the welfare of the entire universe and is affectionate to her devotees. There is.&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dzscdc6u5uupeno41uzq35jn6dtwxf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:AN 87 21 Tara Sotra.pdf/11</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>448192</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333296</id>
      <parentid>1329899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T10:57:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soniya Maharjan</username>
        <id>916885</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333296</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2876" sha1="92era0arpw0mav1pqirz1jmpum0fnfz" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Neetu Dangol&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;गीश्वरी शिवा शूक्षमा नृत्या सर्वत्रचानुगा ॥ ४२ ॥ सर्वाथसाधनी भद्रा गोप्त्री धात्री
धनंददा ॥ अभया गौतमी पुण्या श्रीमल्लोकेश्वरात्मजा ॥ ४३ ॥ तारानामगु
णानन्ता सर्बाशापरिपूरिणी ॥ ॐ तारे कृपावलम्बिनी सर्बार्थसाधनी स्वा
हा ॥ ४४ ॥ नामाष्टोत्तरशतकं कीर्तितं हितकाम्यया ॥ रहस्यम्भुतं गुह्यं
देवानामपि दुर्लभं ॥ ४५ ॥ सौभाग्यभाग्यकरणं सर्वकिल्विषनाशनं ॥ सर्व
६

देवी गिश्वरी शुभ र सूक्ष्म छिन् र सबैतिर नाच्छिन् र उनको पछि लाग्छिन्। ४२ ॥ उहाँ सबै धनको स्रोत हुनुहुन्छ र शुभ हुनुहुन्छ। अभया भगवान श्रीमद्-भागवतमकी पुण्यवती छोरी हुनुहुन्छ। ४३ ॥ उहाँ ताराहरूको गुणमा अनन्त हुनुहुन्छ र तिनीहरूका सबै आशाहरू पूरा गर्नुहुन्छ। ॐ दयामा भर पर्ने र सबै उद्देश्यहरू पूरा गर्ने तारा, स्वाहा। ४४ ॥ मैले मेरो कल्याणको लागि भगवानका १८० नामहरू वर्णन गरेको छु। यो एक रहस्य हो, अद्भुत र रहस्यमय छ, र यो देवताहरूको लागि पनि दुर्लभ छ। ४५ ॥ यसले सौभाग्य र सौभाग्य ल्याउँछ र सबै पापहरूलाई नष्ट गर्छ। सबै ६

Goddess Gishwari is auspicious and subtle and dances everywhere and follows her. 42 ॥ She is the source of all wealth and is auspicious. Abhaya is the virtuous daughter of Lord Srimad-Bhagavatam. 43 ॥ She is infinite in the qualities of stars and fulfills all their hopes. Om The star who relies on mercy and fulfills all purposes, Swaha. 44 ॥ I have described the 180 names of God for my welfare. It is a mystery, wonderful and mysterious, and it is rare even for the gods. 45 ॥ It brings good fortune and fortune and destroys all sins. All 6&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>92era0arpw0mav1pqirz1jmpum0fnfz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:Conversations in Gaelic and English.djvu/18</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>448475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333255</id>
      <parentid>1330886</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T04:43:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cwrwgl</username>
        <id>937938</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333255</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="665" sha1="df17u64p2086v31beyemycz1vt9fuhx" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Cwrwgl&quot; /&gt;{{rh|14|PRONUNCIATION.}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;s before a broad vowel is like s in English.

s before a small vowel is like sh, as sin-shin-stretch.

sh, sh at the beginning of a word soun ls like h, as shin=hìn-
t,
stretched.

so-this, and sud-yon, sound as if spelt sho ant shud.

t before a broad vowel is like t (with a lisp) in tan, as tana—thin.

t before a small vowel is like ch in chin, as teine—fire.

th, th at the beginning of a word is like h, as thig-hig-come.

th in the middle and end of a word is silent, as bathar=baär-
goods, bath=bà-drown.

1, n, r, are the only letters that are doubled in the middle of
a word. No letter is doubled at the beginning of a word.&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>df17u64p2086v31beyemycz1vt9fuhx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:Conversations in Gaelic and English.djvu/64</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449311</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333246</id>
      <parentid>1333144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T21:04:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cwrwgl</username>
        <id>937938</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1333246</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2334" sha1="iy2z0nr87crlnx02nli75y223xvnubf" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Cwrwgl&quot; /&gt;{{rh|60|CÒMHRAIDHEAN: CONVERSATIONS.}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;Laidionn a bhi air a bruidhinn
le sluagh.

An d' fhàg an Laidionn sliochd 'n
a déidh?

'S i 'dh' fhag.

An ainmich sibh iad?

Cànain na H-Eadailt, na Spàinte,
Phortugal, na Frainge, agus
còrr aon eile.

Am bheil tuilleadh chànainean ann
a bhuineas do 'n ''Aryan?''

Buinidh dhi a' Bheurla, cainnt na
Geàrmailt, Rusia, Pholand,
Bhulgaria, Bhohemia, Shervia,
etc.

Air m' fhocal cha 'n 'eil aobhar aig
a' Ghàidhlig nàire 'ghabhail
d' a luchd-dàimh.

Tha Raonull Mac Eachainn, aig an
dorus, ag iarraidh bruidhinn
ruibh.

Thoir a stigh è do sheòmar na
dìnneireach.

Bithidh mi air m' ais a chlisgeadh.

Na cuiribh cabhag oirbh-fhéin air
mo shon-sa.

Saoil sibh am bheil a' Ghàidhlig
air a cothlamadh le facail o
chànainean eile?

Tha ann an tomhas, ach tha na 's
lugha de dh' fhacail choigreach
innte na th' anns a' chuid a 's
mò de chànainean na Roinn-Eòrpa.

Cia as a fhuair i na facail choigreach
a th' innte?

Fhuair i 'chuid mhòr dhiùbh o 'n
Laidinn.

Ciamar a fhuair iad a stigh innte?

Trid cumhachd cléir eaglais na
Roimhe.

Is ainneamh ni anns nach bi làmh
aig a' chléir.

Anns na h-amannan dorcha o shean
bha cumhachd mór aca ann an
nithe aimsireil cho math a 's
ann an nithe spioradail.

spoken by a people.

Has Latin left a family behind it?

That it did.

Will you name them?

The language of Italy, of Spain,
of Portugal, of France, and a
few others.

Are there more languages that belong
to the Aryan?

There belong to it English, German,
Russian, Polish, Bulgarian,
Bohemian, Servian,
etc.

Upon my word, Gaelic has no
reason to be ashamed of its
kindred.

Ronald Mac Hector is at the door
wishing to speak to you.

Bring him in to the dining-room.

I shall be back instantly.

Do not hurry yourself on my
account.

Do you think that Gaelic is mixed
with words from other languages?

Yes, in a measure, but there are
fewer foreign words in it than
there are in most of the languages
of Europe.

Whence did it receive the foreign
words that are in it?

It received the most of them from
the Latin.

How did they get admittance into it?

Through the influence of the clergy
of the Church of Rome.

There are few things in which the
clergy have not a hand.

In the dark times of old they had
great influence in temporal as
well as in spiritual matters.
{{nop}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>iy2z0nr87crlnx02nli75y223xvnubf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/37</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449360</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333226</id>
      <parentid>1332636</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T12:58:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Not proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333226</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2059" sha1="2fqu1xoprtr0tpv3f7kbwfue6x1lgqx" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;Bio— Boa 31 

Blockhead; — Onye-nsokwu, onye-nzuzu, onye-nkwukwu; — In- 
Blockish; — Di-nsolnvu, di-ukwukwu; — Fou, folle; adj. [sense; s.] 
Blood; — Obala, me, ndu; — Sang; s. 

Bloodily; — N'iwe, n'adjo-obi, n'afo-ndjo; — D'une maniere san- 
Bloodless; — Euwe-obala, emve-me; — Anemie; adj. [glante.] 

Blood-sucker; — Etu; — • Sangsue; s. 
Blood-vessel; — Akwala; — Yeine; s. 
Bloody; — Di-me; — Ensangiante; adj. 
Bloom; — Ifufu; — Bouton de fleur; $. 
Bloom; — Ba-ifulu; — Fleurir; v. n. 

Blooming; — Di-ikolobya, di-agfbogliobya; — En fleur; adj. 
Blossom; — Ifulu, ifulu-osisi; — Fleuri; adj. 
Blot; — Ntupo, ife-ifele; — Tache; s. 
Blot; — TWusa, decapu; — Tacher; v. a. 
Blotch; — Oke-iso, oke-atu; — Tache; s. 
Blotter; — Akwukwo-mbica; — Brouillon, brouillard; s. 
Blow; — Ikpa, okpo, akwa, afufu; — Coup, piqure; s. 
Blow; — Ku, hi, fe; — Souffler, venter; v. n. 
Blowth; — Ifulu, ifulu-osisi; — Fleur; s. 

Blubber; — Nmauu-enyiazu, manu-eny iazu ; — Graisse debalaine; s. 
Bludgeon; — Nkulu, upaifaka; — Batonnet, canne; s. 
Blue; — Ag-olo, di-agolo; — Bleu; adj. 
Blueness; — Agolo, idi-agolo; — Couleur bleue; s. 
Bluish; — Di-uwa-ag-olo ; — Bleuatre; adj. 
Blunder; — Nmefye, ndjefye; — Bevue, faute; s. 

— Mefye, djefye, fye; — Errer, se tromper; v. n. 
Blunderbuss; — Obele-og-boudu, nkenke-og-boudu; — Espingole; $. 
Blunderer; — Onye-ukwukwu, ouye-usokwu ; — Brouillon; s. 
Blunt; — Adi-uko, nkpu; — Obtus, emousse; adj. 

■ — Mekpu; — Emousser; v. a. 

Bluntly; — ISTa nkpu, nkpu; — Brusquement; adv. 
Bluntness; — Nkpu, adi-uko; — Brusquerie; p. 
Blur; — Atutu, utupo, nmeto; — Tache, rature; s. 
Blush; — Ifele, ime-ifele; — Rougeur; s. 

— Me-ifele; — Rougir; v. n. 
Blushing; — Icakpa; — Rougeur; s. 

— Di-me, di-iru-aui; — Rougissant; adj. 
Bluster; — Ba, bigbo; — Faire du bruit; v. n. 
Bluster; — Mba, mkpotu, inyaisi; — Bruit; s. 
Boa; — Eke; — Boa, pithon; s.&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2fqu1xoprtr0tpv3f7kbwfue6x1lgqx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1333227</id>
      <parentid>1333226</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T13:00:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333227</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2449" sha1="llap5jljajzo0x7gkaknzwb99hfqc7o" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|30|Bla—Blo}}
{{Rule}}
Blasphemously; — '''N’okwu-nso, n’okwu-alu;''' — En blasphémant; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Blasphemy; — '''Okwa-nso, okwu-alu;''' — Blasphème; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blast; — '''Ikuku, ifufe, oke-ifufe;''' — Souffler; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Gbu, mebi;''' — Souffler; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Blaze; — '''Nwu, gbasa;''' — Flamber; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ife-oku;''' — Flamme; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blazon; — '''Gosi, gbasa;''' — Divulguer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Bleach; — '''Me-oca, cago;''' — Blanchir; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Bleak; — '''Di-oyi, ghelu-oghe;''' — Pâle, froid; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Bleakly; — '''N’oyi;''' — Froidement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Bleakness; — '''Oghe, oyi, ntumoyi;''' — Froidure; s.&lt;br&gt;
Bleat; — '''Be k’utulu, be k’efi;''' — Bêler; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Bleed; — '''Gba-me, gbabala;''' — Saigner; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Bleeding; — '''Igba-me, igba-obala;''' — Saignée; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Bo-olu, do-olu;''' — Ternir; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Blemish; — '''Olu, atutu;''' — Tache; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blench; — '''Ze, zelu;''' — Tressaillir; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Blend; — '''Mako, kpoko, tigwa;''' — Mêler, marier; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Bless; — '''Gosi, gondu, gonyendu;''' — Bénir; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Blessed; — '''Di-ngozi, di-nso;''' — Béni; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Blessedness; — '''Ngozi, idi-ngozi, idi-nso;''' — Félicité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blessing; — '''Ngozi, anwuli-C̣ukwu;''' — Béatitude; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blight; — '''Mebi;''' — Rouille; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blind; — '''Gbogbo, gbọọi;''' — Aveugler; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Isi, di-isi, mpi;''' — Aveugle; adj.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ife-mgbọi, ife-mgbodo;''' — Cécité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blindfold; — '''Kpudo-anya;''' — Bander les yeux; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Blindness; — '''Isi, ikpu-isi, anya-mpi, anya-nkpo;''' — Cécité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blink; — '''Do-anya, taçe-anya, nyube-anya;''' — Cligner des yeux; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Blinkard; — '''Onye-isi, onye-anya-ufey;''' — Celui qui clignote; s.&lt;br&gt;
Bliss; — '''Ngozi, onu, oke-ngozi;''' — Félicité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blissful; — '''Di-oke-ngozi;''' — Bienheureux; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Blissfulness; — '''Idi-ngozi;''' — Béatitude; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blister; — '''Esoso, atu, oke-iso;''' — Pustule; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blithe; — '''Iru-amu, di-iru-amu;''' — Enjoué; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Blithely; — '''N’awuli, n’egu, n’amu;''' — Gaiement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Bloat; — '''Buni, bue, buea, sia;''' — Enfler; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Blobber; — '''Ufufu;''' — Globule; s.&lt;br&gt;
Block; — '''Nkpilikpi-osisi;''' — Bloc, bûche; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blockade; — '''Nfofe, nmakpo;''' — Blocus; s.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>llap5jljajzo0x7gkaknzwb99hfqc7o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1333298</id>
      <parentid>1333227</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T11:34:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>904794</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Validated */</comment>
      <origin>1333298</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2449" sha1="6y26rob37tmve5slr0q5xy53jqmmgzi" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;4&quot; user=&quot;Vivian Amalachukwu&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|30|Bla—Blo}}
{{Rule}}
Blasphemously; — '''N’okwu-nso, n’okwu-alu;''' — En blasphémant; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Blasphemy; — '''Okwa-nso, okwu-alu;''' — Blasphème; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blast; — '''Ikuku, ifufe, oke-ifufe;''' — Souffler; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Gbu, mebi;''' — Souffler; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Blaze; — '''Nwu, gbasa;''' — Flamber; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ife-oku;''' — Flamme; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blazon; — '''Gosi, gbasa;''' — Divulguer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Bleach; — '''Me-oca, cago;''' — Blanchir; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Bleak; — '''Di-oyi, ghelu-oghe;''' — Pâle, froid; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Bleakly; — '''N’oyi;''' — Froidement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Bleakness; — '''Oghe, oyi, ntumoyi;''' — Froidure; s.&lt;br&gt;
Bleat; — '''Be k’utulu, be k’efi;''' — Bêler; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Bleed; — '''Gba-me, gbabala;''' — Saigner; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Bleeding; — '''Igba-me, igba-obala;''' — Saignée; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Bo-olu, do-olu;''' — Ternir; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Blemish; — '''Olu, atutu;''' — Tache; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blench; — '''Ze, zelu;''' — Tressaillir; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Blend; — '''Mako, kpoko, tigwa;''' — Mêler, marier; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Bless; — '''Gosi, gondu, gonyendu;''' — Bénir; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Blessed; — '''Di-ngozi, di-nso;''' — Béni; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Blessedness; — '''Ngozi, idi-ngozi, idi-nso;''' — Félicité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blessing; — '''Ngozi, anwuli-C̣ukwu;''' — Béatitude; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blight; — '''Mebi;''' — Rouille; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blind; — '''Gbogbo, gbọọi;''' — Aveugler; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Isi, di-isi, mpi;''' — Aveugle; adj.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ife-mgbọi, ife-mgbodo;''' — Cécité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blindfold; — '''Kpudo-anya;''' — Bander les yeux; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Blindness; — '''Isi, ikpu-isi, anya-mpi, anya-nkpo;''' — Cécité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blink; — '''Do-anya, taçe-anya, nyube-anya;''' — Cligner des yeux; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Blinkard; — '''Onye-isi, onye-anya-ufey;''' — Celui qui clignote; s.&lt;br&gt;
Bliss; — '''Ngozi, onu, oke-ngozi;''' — Félicité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blissful; — '''Di-oke-ngozi;''' — Bienheureux; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Blissfulness; — '''Idi-ngozi;''' — Béatitude; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blister; — '''Esoso, atu, oke-iso;''' — Pustule; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blithe; — '''Iru-amu, di-iru-amu;''' — Enjoué; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Blithely; — '''N’awuli, n’egu, n’amu;''' — Gaiement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Bloat; — '''Buni, bue, buea, sia;''' — Enfler; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Blobber; — '''Ufufu;''' — Globule; s.&lt;br&gt;
Block; — '''Nkpilikpi-osisi;''' — Bloc, bûche; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blockade; — '''Nfofe, nmakpo;''' — Blocus; s.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6y26rob37tmve5slr0q5xy53jqmmgzi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/38</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449361</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333261</id>
      <parentid>1332637</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T06:30:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Validated */</comment>
      <origin>1333261</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2007" sha1="67arv3ki04fej8mke42g5lkkixcw6s3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;4&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;32 Boa— Bon 

Boar; — Oke-ezi; — Pore; s. 

Board; — Ibe-mg-bo, mg-bo, ug-bo, nni, izu; — Blanche; s. 

— Nye-nni, nalu-nni; — Mettre en pension; v. a. 
Boarish; — Bik'ezi, k'ezi, k'anu; — Brutal; adj. 
Boast; — Inya-isi; — Vanterie, parade; s. 

— ]Nya-isi, gala; — Se vanter; v. n. 
Boaster; — Onye-nanya-isi; — Vantard; s. 

Boastful; — Oke-onu, ng-ala, di-ng-ala; — Fier, vaniteux; adj. 

Boasting; — Inya-isi; — Jactance; s. 

Boastingly; — !N&quot;'inya-isi; — Orgueilleusement; adv. 

Boat; — Obele-ug-bo, ug-bo-nta; — Canof, bateau; s. 

Boatman; — Madu-ug-bo ; — Batelier; s. 

Bodied; — ]Nwelu-aru; — Gros; adj. 

Bodiless; — Emvero-aru; — Maigre; adj. 

Bodily; — N'aru; — Corporel; adj. 

Bodkin; — Ara, ndudu, igngTi; — Poincon; s. 

Body; — Aru, ogwe-aru, ogwulugwu; — Corps; s. 

Bog; — Mg-bo, mg-bo-mili, apiti; — Fondriere; s. 

Boggle; — Tu-u^e; — Hesiter; v. n. 

Boggier; — Onye-natu-ii(fe, otu-u&lt;?e; — Personne irresolue; s. 

Boggy; — Di-apiti; — Marecageux; adj. 

Boil; — Oke-iso, oke-atu; — Furoncle; s. 

Boil; — Gbo, si; — Bouillir; v. n. 

Boiler; — Ite-oku, ite; — Bouilloire; s. 

Boisterous; — Di-nkpotu; — Violent; adj. 

Bold; — Di-ika-anya; — Hardi; adj. 

Boldfaced; — Di-ika-anya, di-anya-o^a; — Effronte; adjy 

Boldly; — N'ika-anya, n'anya-oqa; — Hardiment; adv. 

Boldness; — Ika-anya, anya-oqa; — Effronterie; s. 

Boll; — Oko; — Capsule; s. 

Bolster; — Alozi; — Traversin; s. 

Bolt; — Nme&lt;?i-u&lt;?o, nkpaci-uqo, iifele, amuma; — Fleche; s. 

Bolter; — Kyo; — Bluter; v. a. 

Bolting-cloth; — Akwa-nyo; — Etoffe a bluttoir; 

Bond; — Ag-bu; — Lien; s. 

— Ke-ag-bu, fye-ag-bu; — Lier; v. a. 

Bondage; — Ndji, iiioiia-oru ; — Action de lier; s. 
Bondmaid; — Oru-nwanyi, odibo-nwanyi; — Servante, esclave; 
Bond-man; — Oru-nwoke, odibo-nwoke; — Domestique, esclave; 
Bond-servant; — Oru, odibo; — Domestique; s.&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>67arv3ki04fej8mke42g5lkkixcw6s3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1333262</id>
      <parentid>1333261</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T06:30:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Not proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333262</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2007" sha1="3fosck9997kf166qocuu88zk77gq1je" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;32 Boa— Bon 

Boar; — Oke-ezi; — Pore; s. 

Board; — Ibe-mg-bo, mg-bo, ug-bo, nni, izu; — Blanche; s. 

— Nye-nni, nalu-nni; — Mettre en pension; v. a. 
Boarish; — Bik'ezi, k'ezi, k'anu; — Brutal; adj. 
Boast; — Inya-isi; — Vanterie, parade; s. 

— ]Nya-isi, gala; — Se vanter; v. n. 
Boaster; — Onye-nanya-isi; — Vantard; s. 

Boastful; — Oke-onu, ng-ala, di-ng-ala; — Fier, vaniteux; adj. 

Boasting; — Inya-isi; — Jactance; s. 

Boastingly; — !N&quot;'inya-isi; — Orgueilleusement; adv. 

Boat; — Obele-ug-bo, ug-bo-nta; — Canof, bateau; s. 

Boatman; — Madu-ug-bo ; — Batelier; s. 

Bodied; — ]Nwelu-aru; — Gros; adj. 

Bodiless; — Emvero-aru; — Maigre; adj. 

Bodily; — N'aru; — Corporel; adj. 

Bodkin; — Ara, ndudu, igngTi; — Poincon; s. 

Body; — Aru, ogwe-aru, ogwulugwu; — Corps; s. 

Bog; — Mg-bo, mg-bo-mili, apiti; — Fondriere; s. 

Boggle; — Tu-u^e; — Hesiter; v. n. 

Boggier; — Onye-natu-ii(fe, otu-u&lt;?e; — Personne irresolue; s. 

Boggy; — Di-apiti; — Marecageux; adj. 

Boil; — Oke-iso, oke-atu; — Furoncle; s. 

Boil; — Gbo, si; — Bouillir; v. n. 

Boiler; — Ite-oku, ite; — Bouilloire; s. 

Boisterous; — Di-nkpotu; — Violent; adj. 

Bold; — Di-ika-anya; — Hardi; adj. 

Boldfaced; — Di-ika-anya, di-anya-o^a; — Effronte; adjy 

Boldly; — N'ika-anya, n'anya-oqa; — Hardiment; adv. 

Boldness; — Ika-anya, anya-oqa; — Effronterie; s. 

Boll; — Oko; — Capsule; s. 

Bolster; — Alozi; — Traversin; s. 

Bolt; — Nme&lt;?i-u&lt;?o, nkpaci-uqo, iifele, amuma; — Fleche; s. 

Bolter; — Kyo; — Bluter; v. a. 

Bolting-cloth; — Akwa-nyo; — Etoffe a bluttoir; 

Bond; — Ag-bu; — Lien; s. 

— Ke-ag-bu, fye-ag-bu; — Lier; v. a. 

Bondage; — Ndji, iiioiia-oru ; — Action de lier; s. 
Bondmaid; — Oru-nwanyi, odibo-nwanyi; — Servante, esclave; 
Bond-man; — Oru-nwoke, odibo-nwoke; — Domestique, esclave; 
Bond-servant; — Oru, odibo; — Domestique; s.&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3fosck9997kf166qocuu88zk77gq1je</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1333263</id>
      <parentid>1333262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T06:37:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333263</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2449" sha1="2mx86gj4sg7q7r1xks7ahtvf2lmqtrn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh||Blo-Boa|31}}
{{Rule}}
Blockhead; — '''Onye-nsokwu, onye-nzuzu, onye-nkwukwu'''; — Imbécile; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blockish; — '''Di-nsokwu, di-nkwukwu'''; — Fou, folle; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Blood; — '''Obala, me, ndu'''; — Sang; s.&lt;br&gt;
Bloodily; — '''N’iwe, n’adjo-obi, n’afọ-ndijo'''; — D’une manière sanglante; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Bloodless; — '''Enwe-obala, enwe-me'''; — Anémié; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Blood-sucker; — '''Etu'''; — Sangsue; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blood-vessel; — '''Akwala'''; — Veine; s.&lt;br&gt;
Bloody; — '''Di-me'''; — Ensanglanté; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Bloom; — '''Ifufu'''; — Bouton de fleur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Bloom; — '''Ra-ifulu'''; — Fleurir; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Blooming; — '''Di-ikolobhya, di-agboghobya'''; — En fleur; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Blossom; — '''Ifulu, ifulu-osisi'''; — Fleurir; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Blot; — '''Ntupo, ife-ifele'''; — Tache; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blot; — '''Tuwusa, decapu'''; — Tacher; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Blotch; — '''Oke-isi, oke-atu'''; — Tache; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blotter; — '''Akwukwo-mbica'''; — Brouillon, brouillard; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blow; — '''Ikpa, okpo, akwa, afufu'''; — Coup, piqûre; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blow; — '''Ku, fu, fe'''; — Souffler, venter; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Blowth; — '''Ifulu, ifulu-osisi'''; — Fleur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blubber; — '''Nmanu-enyiazu, manu-enyiazu'''; — Graisse de baleine; s.&lt;br&gt;
Bludgeon; — '''Nkulu, npan’aka'''; — Bâtonnet, canne; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blue; — '''Agolo, di-agolo'''; — Bleu; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Blueness; — '''Agolo, di-agolo'''; — Couleur bleue; s.&lt;br&gt;
Bluish; — '''Di-nwa-agolo'''; — Bleuâtre; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Blunder; — '''Nmefye, ndjefye'''; — Bévûe, faute; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Mefye, djefye, fye'''; — Errer, se tromper; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Blunderbuss; — '''Obele-ogbondu, nkenke-ogbondu'''; — Espingole; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blunderer; — '''Onye-nkwukwu, onye-nsokwu'''; — Brouillon; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blunt; — '''Adi-nko, nkpu'''; — Obtus, émoussé; adj.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Mekpu'''; — Emousser; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Bluntly; — '''Na nkpu, nkpu'''; — Brusquement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Bluntness; — '''Nkpu, adi-nko'''; — Brusquerie; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blur; — '''Atutu, ntupo, nmeto'''; — Tache, rature; s.&lt;br&gt;
Blush; — '''Ifele, ime-ifele'''; — Rougeur; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Me-ifele'''; — Rougir; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Blushing; — '''Içakpa'''; — Rougeur; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Di-me, di-iru-ani'''; — Rougissant; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Bluster; — '''Ba, bigbo'''; — Faire du bruit; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Bluster; — '''Mba, mkpontu, inyaisi'''; — Bruit; s.&lt;br&gt;
Boa; — '''Eke'''; — Boa, pithon; s.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2mx86gj4sg7q7r1xks7ahtvf2lmqtrn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/74</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449397</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333297</id>
      <parentid>1332694</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T11:33:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>904794</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Validated */</comment>
      <origin>1333297</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2306" sha1="t7aozh7wg4fv1ydxvwog491and123xg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;4&quot; user=&quot;Vivian Amalachukwu&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh||Cry-Cur|67}}
{{rule}}
Cryptic; - '''Di-nzozo;''' - Caché; ''adj.''&lt;br&gt;
Cuddle; - '''Gwolu;''' - Se blottir; ''v. n.''&lt;br&gt;
Cudgel; - '''Nkulu;''' - Gourdin; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Cue; - '''Odu-ife;''' - Queue; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Cuff; - '''Ikpa, okpo;''' - Coup de poing; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Cull; - '''Roputa;''' - Cueillir; ''v. a.''&lt;br&gt;
Cullender; - '''Nza, nnyo;''' - Passoire; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Culpable; - '''Di-uta, di-ita-uta;''' - Coupable; ''adj.''&lt;br&gt;
Culpability; - '''Idi-uta, idi-ita-uta;''' - Culpabilité; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Culpably; - '''N'uta;''' - Criminellement; ''adv.''&lt;br&gt;
Culprit; - '''Onye-ebolu-ebobo;''' - Accusé; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Cultivate; - '''Luca;''' - Cultiver; ''v. a.''&lt;br&gt;
Culture; - '''Nluça;''' - Culture; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Cumber; - '''Noci;''' - Encombrer; ''v. a.''&lt;br&gt;
Cumbersome, cumbrous; - '''Di-mpapa;''' - Encombrant; ''adj.''&lt;br&gt;
Cumulate; - '''Tuba;''' - Cumuler; ''v. a.''&lt;br&gt;
Cunning; -  '''Aghugho, nka, onwene;''' - Adresse; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
- '''Di-aghugho;''' - Adroit-e; ''adj.''&lt;br&gt;
Cunningly; - '''Na nka, n'aghugho;''' - Adroitement; ''adv.''&lt;br&gt;
Cup; - '''Iko, eku, akalaka;''' - Coupe; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Cupboard; - '''Okwa-afele, akpata-aya;''' - Buffet; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Cupel; - '''Ikenta;''' - Coupelle; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Cupidity; - '''Akpili-ego, anya-ukwu-ego;''' - Cupidité; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Cur; - '''Adjo-nkita;''' - Vilain chien; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Curable; - '''Di-nzota, di-ozozo, di-ngwota;''' - Guérissable; ''adj.''&lt;br&gt;
Curdle; - '''Tuni;''' - Se coaguler; ''v. n.''&lt;br&gt;
Cure; - '''Zo, zota, gwo, gwota;''' - Guérir; ''v. n.''&lt;br&gt;
Cureless; - '''Adi-ngwota, adi-ozozo;''' - Incurable; ''adj.''&lt;br&gt;
Curfew; - '''Mgbiligba-anyasi;''' - Couvre-feu; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Curious; - '''Di-nnyonyo;''' - Curieux-se; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Curl; - '''Mkpuluose;''' - Sinuosité; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
- '''Gba-mkpuluose;''' - Se boucher; ''v. n.''&lt;br&gt;
Current; - '''Nruru, omu;''' - Courant; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Curse; - '''Abumonu;''' - Malédiction; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
- '''Bu-onu;''' - Maudire; ''v. a.''&lt;br&gt;
Cursory; - '''Di-ngwa, di-mgbanu;''' - Léger-ère; ''adj.''&lt;br&gt;
Curt; - '''Nkenke, nkpilikpi;''' - Court, bref; ''adj.''&lt;br&gt;
Curtail; - '''Benata, benkenke;''' - Couper; ''v. a.''&lt;br&gt;
Curtain; - '''Akwa-mgbaçi;''' - Toile; ''s.''&lt;br&gt;
Curvation; - '''Mgbugoba;''' - Courbure; ''s.''

[[Category:Igbo]]

                                                     5&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>t7aozh7wg4fv1ydxvwog491and123xg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/161</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333222</id>
      <parentid>1332775</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T12:38:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333222</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2490" sha1="3sso4w5d7sizr2y79zogjei1v9bszl9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|154|Lip-Liq}}
{{Rule}}
Lip; — '''Egbụgbele-onu'''; — Lèvre; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lipped; — '''Nwelu egbụgbele-onu'''; — Lippu-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Liquefaction; — '''Mgbaze, nzize'''; — Liquefaction; s.&lt;br&gt;
Liquefiable; — '''Di-mgbaze, di-nzize'''; — Liquéfiable; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Liquefy; — '''Gbaze, zize'''; — Liquefier; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Liquefescence; — '''Idi-mgbaze, idi-nzize'''; — Action de se liquéfier; s.&lt;br&gt;
Liquescent; — '''N’agbaze-agbaze, n’ezize-ezize'''; — Qui se liquéfie; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Liquid; — '''N’eru-eru'''; — Liquide; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ife-mili, ife-oruru'''; — Liquide; s.&lt;br&gt;
Liquidate; — '''Dozi, gbazi'''; — Liquider; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Liquidation; — '''Ndozi, mgbazi'''; — Liquidation; s.&lt;br&gt;
Liquidator; — '''Onye-ndozi, onye-mgbazi'''; — Celui qui liquide; s.&lt;br&gt;
Liquidity; — '''Idi-mili'''; — Liquidité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Liquor; — '''Ife-olala, manya'''; — Liqueur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lisp; — '''Suka, sukali'''; — Grasseyer; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Nsuka'''; — Grasseyement; s.&lt;br&gt;
List; — '''Denye, ge-nti'''; — Ecouter; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Listen; — '''Na nti, ge nti'''; — Ecoutez; excl.&lt;br&gt;
Listless; — '''N’agbanyero'''; — Inattentif-ve; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Listlessly; — '''N’agbanyegheife'''; — Inattention; s.&lt;br&gt;
Litany; — '''Litania-ayoyo'''; — Litanie; s.&lt;br&gt;
Literally; — '''N’akpụokwu'''; — Littéralement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Literature; — '''Ima-akwukwo, omama-akwukwo'''; — Littérature; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lithe; — '''Di-nlogo, di-nmadiji'''; — Flexible, souple; s.&lt;br&gt;
Litheness; — '''Idi-nmadiji, idi-nlogo'''; — Souplesse; s.&lt;br&gt;
Live; — '''Di, di-ndu, bi, bili'''; — Être vivant; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Di-ndu, nwelu ndu, di-ngwa'''; — Vivant-e, en vie; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Livelihood; — '''Ndu, ukele, ukpa-nini'''; — Vie; s.&lt;br&gt;
Liveliness; — '''Idi-ukele, idi-ngwa'''; — Vivacité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Live long (To be); — '''To, tooto'''; — Être éternel; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Lively; — '''Di-ngwa, di-ukele'''; — Vif-ve, animé-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Na ngwa, ngwangwa'''; — Vivement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Liver; — '''Imedju, onye-dindu'''; — Qui vit, vivant; s.&lt;br&gt;
Live-stock; — '''Anu-uno'''; — Bétail; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lizard; — '''Ngwele, ugwele'''; — Lézard; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lo; — '''Ne, nedu'''; — Voilà, voyez; interj.&lt;br&gt;
Load; — '''Bo-ibu, kwanye'''; — Charger; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ibu'''; — Fardeau, charge; s.&lt;br&gt;
Loading; — '''Ibu, ibu-ugbo'''; — Chargement; s.&lt;br&gt;
Loaf; — '''Ibe-aĉiça, ogbe-aĉiça'''; — Pain; s.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3sso4w5d7sizr2y79zogjei1v9bszl9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/163</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449470</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333224</id>
      <parentid>1332776</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T12:43:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333224</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2543" sha1="9n8kxp5c9m3dzvc6pmtzc05kfgca32u" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|156|Loo-Lop}}
{{Rule}}
Loose; — '''To, topu, gbato'''; — Délier; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Di-aghala-di-akpankam'''; — Lâche, relâché-e; s.&lt;br&gt;
Loosely; — '''N’akpankam; n’aghala'''; — Lâchement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Loosen; — '''Totu, totumata'''; — Desserrer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Lop; — '''Beka, gbuka'''; — Ebrancher; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Loquacious; — '''Di-ekwuokwu, di-ekwu okwu'''; — Loquace; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Loquacity; — '''Ekwuokwu, ekwu okwu'''; — Loquacité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lord; — '''Dinwenu, Nna, Onye-isi'''; — Seigneur, maître; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lordliness; — '''Nnakoli, ugala, oke-ngala'''; — Dignité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lordling; — '''Nwanta, obere-Dinwenu'''; — Petit-seigneur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lordly; — '''Di-ngala, di-nkpakoli'''; — Noble, hautain-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Lore; — '''Nmuta, nkuzi'''; — Science, savoir; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lubricate; — '''Kwomi; me k’ife nolu'''; — Lubrifier; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Lubricity; — '''Onono, ntela, nkwomi'''; — Lubricité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lubricious; — '''Di-ntela, n’ano-ano'''; — Lubrique; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Lucid; — '''Di-ife, di-ifolo, n’anu-amu'''; — Lucide; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Lucidness; — '''Omumu, idi-ifolo'''; — Transparence; s.&lt;br&gt;
Luck; — '''Inyo, ukwa'''; — Fortune, chance; s.&lt;br&gt;
Luckily; — '''N’awole, n’isi-oma'''; — Heureusement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Luckless; — '''Aduo-aru, n’enwero-awole, isi-adio-aru'''; — Malheureux; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Lucky; — '''Awole, isi-oma'''; — Heureux-se; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Lucrative; — '''Di-elele, di-ulu'''; — Lucratif-ve; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Lucre; — '''Elele, ulu'''; — Lucre; s.&lt;br&gt;
Luculent; — '''Di-ifolo, sebu-enu, gbalu-enu'''; — Clair, limpide; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Ludicrous; — '''Di-amu'''; — Risible; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Ludicrously; — '''N’amu, n’k’amu'''; — Risiblement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Lug; — '''Pupa'''; — Tirer, traîner; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ibu-alo'''; — Fardeau; s.&lt;br&gt;
Luggage; — '''Ibu, ife-ifo'''; — Bagage; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lukewarm; — '''Di-nnala-nnala'''; — Tiède; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Lukewarmness; — '''Nnala-nnala, idi-nnala-nnala'''; — Tiédeur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lull; — '''Gugu, lakwado'''; — Endormir; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Lump; — '''We n’ogbe'''; — Prendre en bloc; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ogbe'''; — Masse, bloc; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lumpish; — '''Di-alo, di-ogbe'''; — Gros, lourd-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Lumpishly; — '''N’ogbe, n’alo'''; — Lourdement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Lumpy; — '''Buso-ogbe'''; — Grumeleux-se; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Lunacy; — '''Isi-nghapu, ikoloko, ikoloko-anya'''; — Folie, aliénation; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lunch; — '''Azi, igba-azi'''; — Goûter; s.&lt;br&gt;
Lung; — '''Ufokpolo'''; — Poumon; s.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9n8kxp5c9m3dzvc6pmtzc05kfgca32u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/175</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449471</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333225</id>
      <parentid>1333017</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T12:55:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333225</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2624" sha1="giqnsdopkw55gx6sc841gfpvnhvq0hu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;4&quot; user=&quot;Sayvhior&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|168|Mis—Mis}}
{{Rule}}
Miserly; — '''Nk’anya-ukwu, n’anya-ukwu;''' — Avare; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Misery; — '''Afufu, nfiaru’nkpa;''' — Misère; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misfortune; — '''Afufu, adjo-arlu, uke;''' — Infortune; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misgive; — '''Tu-uçe, çe-uçe;''' — Inspirer des craintes; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misgiving; — '''Itu-uçe, içe uçe;''' — Pressentiment; s.&lt;br&gt;
Mishap; — '''Oghom, uke, adjo-aru;''' — Malheur, contre-temps; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misjudge; — '''Kpefie, sikwufie;''' — Juger mal; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misjudgement; — '''Nkpefie, nsikwufie;''' — Mauvais jugement; s.&lt;br&gt;
Mislay; — '''Tofie, tinyefie, togbofie;''' — Placer mal; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misle; — '''Do-igiligii, ba-nsansa;''' — Bruiner; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Misname; — '''Kpofie, kpofie afa;''' — Nommer mal; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misplace; — '''Tinyefie, debe-fie;''' — Placer mal; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Mispronounce; — '''Kpofie, kpofie-iru;''' — Mal prononcer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Mispronunciation; — '''Ikpofie-iru;''' — Mauvaise prononciation; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misreckon; — '''Gufie, ghakofie;''' — Compter mal; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misrelate; — '''Kofie;''' — Raconter inexactement; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Miss; — '''Nwata-nwayi, nwagbogho;''' — Demoiselle; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Fie;''' — Omettre; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Missal; — '''Kwukwo-misa;''' — Missel; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misshape; — '''Mofie, kpufie;''' — Former mal; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Missing; — '''Fulu-efu, n’anoro;''' — Perdu, absent; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Mission; — '''Ozi, idu-uko;''' — Mission; s.&lt;br&gt;
Missionary; — '''Onye-ozi-oma;''' — Missionnaire; s.&lt;br&gt;
Missive; — '''Di-iziozi, ezili-ozi, ezili-ezi;''' — Envoyé; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Misspend; — '''Tunyefie, kwayi, meyi;''' — Dépenser à tort; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misstate; — '''Kwufie, kofie;''' — Rapporter faussement; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misstatement; — '''Nkwufie, nkofie;''' — Faux rapport; s.&lt;br&gt;
Mist; — '''Alulu, igiligi;''' — Brouillard; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misteach; — '''Kuzifie;''' — Enseigner mal; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misterm; — '''Kpofie, kpofie-iru;''' — Nommer incorrectement; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misthink; — '''Lofie;''' — Penser mal de; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Mistiness; — '''Idi-alulu, ikwu-alulu;''' — Brume; s.&lt;br&gt;
Mistletoe; — '''Owube;''' — Gui; s.&lt;br&gt;
Mistrust; — '''Tal’uçe;''' — Se défier de; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Itul’uçe;''' — Méfiance, défiance; s.&lt;br&gt;
Mistrustful; — '''Di-itul’uçe;''' — Défiant-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Misty; — '''Di-alulu, n’akwụ-alulu;''' — Brumeux-se; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Misunderstanding; — '''Ngotafie, nlofie;''' — Malentendu; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misusage; — '''Nmedjo, nmeto;''' — Abus, mauvais usage; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misuse; — '''Medjo, mebi, meto;''' — Abuser de; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>giqnsdopkw55gx6sc841gfpvnhvq0hu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/177</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449472</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333228</id>
      <parentid>1333019</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T13:07:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333228</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2624" sha1="giqnsdopkw55gx6sc841gfpvnhvq0hu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;4&quot; user=&quot;Sayvhior&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|168|Mis—Mis}}
{{Rule}}
Miserly; — '''Nk’anya-ukwu, n’anya-ukwu;''' — Avare; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Misery; — '''Afufu, nfiaru’nkpa;''' — Misère; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misfortune; — '''Afufu, adjo-arlu, uke;''' — Infortune; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misgive; — '''Tu-uçe, çe-uçe;''' — Inspirer des craintes; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misgiving; — '''Itu-uçe, içe uçe;''' — Pressentiment; s.&lt;br&gt;
Mishap; — '''Oghom, uke, adjo-aru;''' — Malheur, contre-temps; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misjudge; — '''Kpefie, sikwufie;''' — Juger mal; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misjudgement; — '''Nkpefie, nsikwufie;''' — Mauvais jugement; s.&lt;br&gt;
Mislay; — '''Tofie, tinyefie, togbofie;''' — Placer mal; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misle; — '''Do-igiligii, ba-nsansa;''' — Bruiner; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Misname; — '''Kpofie, kpofie afa;''' — Nommer mal; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misplace; — '''Tinyefie, debe-fie;''' — Placer mal; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Mispronounce; — '''Kpofie, kpofie-iru;''' — Mal prononcer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Mispronunciation; — '''Ikpofie-iru;''' — Mauvaise prononciation; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misreckon; — '''Gufie, ghakofie;''' — Compter mal; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misrelate; — '''Kofie;''' — Raconter inexactement; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Miss; — '''Nwata-nwayi, nwagbogho;''' — Demoiselle; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Fie;''' — Omettre; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Missal; — '''Kwukwo-misa;''' — Missel; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misshape; — '''Mofie, kpufie;''' — Former mal; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Missing; — '''Fulu-efu, n’anoro;''' — Perdu, absent; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Mission; — '''Ozi, idu-uko;''' — Mission; s.&lt;br&gt;
Missionary; — '''Onye-ozi-oma;''' — Missionnaire; s.&lt;br&gt;
Missive; — '''Di-iziozi, ezili-ozi, ezili-ezi;''' — Envoyé; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Misspend; — '''Tunyefie, kwayi, meyi;''' — Dépenser à tort; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misstate; — '''Kwufie, kofie;''' — Rapporter faussement; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misstatement; — '''Nkwufie, nkofie;''' — Faux rapport; s.&lt;br&gt;
Mist; — '''Alulu, igiligi;''' — Brouillard; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misteach; — '''Kuzifie;''' — Enseigner mal; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misterm; — '''Kpofie, kpofie-iru;''' — Nommer incorrectement; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Misthink; — '''Lofie;''' — Penser mal de; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Mistiness; — '''Idi-alulu, ikwu-alulu;''' — Brume; s.&lt;br&gt;
Mistletoe; — '''Owube;''' — Gui; s.&lt;br&gt;
Mistrust; — '''Tal’uçe;''' — Se défier de; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Itul’uçe;''' — Méfiance, défiance; s.&lt;br&gt;
Mistrustful; — '''Di-itul’uçe;''' — Défiant-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Misty; — '''Di-alulu, n’akwụ-alulu;''' — Brumeux-se; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Misunderstanding; — '''Ngotafie, nlofie;''' — Malentendu; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misusage; — '''Nmedjo, nmeto;''' — Abus, mauvais usage; s.&lt;br&gt;
Misuse; — '''Medjo, mebi, meto;''' — Abuser de; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>giqnsdopkw55gx6sc841gfpvnhvq0hu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/179</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449473</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333229</id>
      <parentid>1332910</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T13:16:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333229</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2599" sha1="5z72e9zg1o60o1ycoyukllh3xo4ujyp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;4&quot; user=&quot;Chinemeremprince&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|172|Muc—Mush}}
{{Rule}}
Mud; — '''Apiti, ulu, adja-mili'''; — Vase, fange, boue; s.&lt;br&gt;
Muddle; — '''Zo-adia, zoto, gbato'''; — Troubler; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Muddy; — '''Di-apiti, di-adja'''; — Trouble, bourbeux-se; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Mug; — '''Iko, euki'''; — Pot à boire; s.&lt;br&gt;
Muggy; — '''Di-agu, di-ndjumoji'''; — Humide, moisi-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Mulct; — '''Li-nra'''; — Mettre à l’amende; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Mulish; — '''Di-nti-ike, di-isi-ike'''; — Têtu-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Multifarious; — '''Di-nje-nje, di-ubombuo'''; — Multiplié; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Multiform; — '''Molu nje-nje, molu-nje-nje'''; — Multiforme; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Multiformity; — '''Omulu-nje-nje'''; — Multiformité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Multipliable; — '''Di-mbasa, di-nkpasa'''; — Multipliable; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Multiplication; — '''Uba mbasa, ibasa'''; — Multiplication; s.&lt;br&gt;
Multiplicity; — '''Ubombuo, imeline'''; — Multiplicité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Multiplier; — '''Onye-mbasa'''; — Multiplicateur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Multiply; — '''Ba, basa'''; — Multiplier; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Multitude; — '''Igwe, mgbako'''; — Multitude; s.&lt;br&gt;
Multitudinous; — '''Di-igwe, di-uba'''; — Houleux, populeux; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Mumble; — '''Tamu, demu; tamulu-mnli'''; — Mâchonner; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Mummer; — '''Onye-nsokwu, osokwukwu'''; — Masque; s.&lt;br&gt;
Mummery; — '''Ikpa-amu, nje-nje'''; — Bouffonnerie; s.&lt;br&gt;
Mundane; — '''Nkewa, nk’uwa nta'''; — Mondain-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Municipal; — '''Nk’obodo, nk’isi-obodo'''; — Municipal; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Municipality; — '''Ogbe, ebo'''; — Municipalité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Munificence; — '''Afoma amala, obi-amala'''; — Munificence; s.&lt;br&gt;
Munificent; — '''Di-amala, di-afoma'''; — Généreux, libéral-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Munition; — '''Ife-ogu, ife-agha'''; — Munition; s.&lt;br&gt;
Murder; — '''Oçu, igbu madu, ogbugbu madu'''; — Meurtre; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Megbu madu'''; — Assassiner; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Murderer; — '''Onye-oçu, ogbu-madu'''; — Meurtrier; s.&lt;br&gt;
Murderous; — '''N’egbu madu, ogbu-madu'''; — Meurtrier-ère; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Murky; — '''Di-oçici'''; — Noir, ténébreux-se; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Murmur; — '''Tamu, demu'''; — Murmurer; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Nkpemkpe; ntamu'''; — Murmure; s.&lt;br&gt;
Murmurer; — '''Onye-nkpemkpe, eze-nkpemkpe'''; — Grognard; s.&lt;br&gt;
Murrain; — '''Oya-anu-manu'''; — Peste, épizootie; s.&lt;br&gt;
Muscle; — '''Ulu, ulu-anu'''; — Muscle; s.&lt;br&gt;
Muscular; — '''Nke ulu-anu'''; — Musculaire; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Muse; — '''Ilolo, oke-ilolo'''; — Rêverie, muse; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ge, lo'''; — Rêver; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Mush; — '''Nni-oka, nni-ogbadu'''; — Bouillie de maïs; s.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5z72e9zg1o60o1ycoyukllh3xo4ujyp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/181</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449474</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333230</id>
      <parentid>1332780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T13:36:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333230</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2304" sha1="5vyedi5gsi67g2jn5wpz6zih012s29l" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|174|Nak—Near}}
{{Rule}}
Nakedly; — '''Na oto, na ife, na ora'''; — A nu; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Nakedness; — '''Oto, mgbulo-oto, igba oto'''; — Nudité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Name; — '''Afa, nzele, afa-nzele; Kpo-afa, fota'''; — Nommer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Nameless; — '''N’enwero-afa'''; — Anonyme; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Namely; — '''Bu, nkebu'''; — Nommément; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Namesake; — '''Ago ogo'''; — Homonyme; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nap; — '''Nwabene-ula, nkenke-ula'''; — Somme, sieste; s.&lt;br&gt;
Narcotic; — '''N’akpata ula, n’atu-ula'''; — Narcotique; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Narrate; — '''Ko, gwa'''; — Raconter; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Narration; — '''Akoko'''; — Narration; s.&lt;br&gt;
Narrator; — '''Onye-akoko, okwa-akoko'''; — Narrateur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Narrow; — '''Di-mwalala, di-nkpa'''; — Étroit-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Narrowly; — '''Ntama, otamai'''; — Étroitement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Narrowness; — '''Walata, idi-mwalata'''; — Étroitesse; s.&lt;br&gt;
Narrows; — '''Nkpatankpa''';&lt;br&gt;
Nasal; — '''Nk’imi'''; — Nasal; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Nasty; — '''Di-anolo, di-ilugbu, di-inyi'''; — Malpropre; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Natan; — '''N’ese, n’esese, n’ese n’emu''';&lt;br&gt;
Nation; — '''Mba, ani-oze, ani-ofu-eze'''; — Nation; adj.&lt;br&gt;
National; — '''Nke mba'''; — National; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Nativity; — '''Omumu'''; — Nativité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Natural; — '''Sitena qi. nke qi; Osokwukwu, eghele'''; — Naturel, naïf-ve; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Naturally; — '''Sitena qi, nke qi'''; — Naturellement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Nature; — '''Qi afa'''; — Nature; s.&lt;br&gt;
Naught; — '''Ufolо, nkiti'''; — Rien; s.&lt;br&gt;
Naughtiness; — '''Onu, ndjo, afo ndjo'''; — Méchanceté; s.&lt;br&gt;
Naughty; — '''Di-ndjo, adjo'''; — Pervers, méchant; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Nausea; — '''Obi-oyi'''; — Nausée; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nauseous; — '''N’aghul-agbu, di-anolo'''; — Nauséabond; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Naval; — '''Nke ugba'''; — Naval; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Navel; — '''Otulo'''; — Nombril; s.&lt;br&gt;
Navigator; — '''Okpe-ugbo, onye-ekwum'''; — vigateur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Navy; — '''Igwe ugbo ugbo'''; — Terrassier; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nay; — '''Mba odighi'''; — Non; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Neaptides; — '''Idju-ukpo, idju nta'''; — Mortes eaux; s.&lt;br&gt;
Near; — '''Di-nso, nso, kpiderepe'''; — Proche; adv. s’approcher; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Di-anya-ukwu'''; — Parcimonieux; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Nearly; — '''Ntama'''; — De près; adv.&lt;br&gt;
[[category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5vyedi5gsi67g2jn5wpz6zih012s29l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/183</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333231</id>
      <parentid>1332781</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T13:39:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333231</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2419" sha1="jwi7kdy0zxkuviqq37m8owaspy5fw60" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|176|Neigh — Nim}}
{{Rule}}
Neighbouring; — '''Di-nso'''; — Voisin, avoisinant; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Nephew; — '''Nwa nwoke nke nwanne'''; — Neveu; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nephritic; — '''Akulu, nk’akulu'''; — Néphritique; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Nerve; — '''Ike, idi-ike'''; — Nerf, nervure; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Nye-ike, gba-ume'''; — Donner du nerf; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Nerveless; — '''N’adiro-ike, n’enyero-ike'''; — Sans nerf; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Nervous; — '''Di-ike'''; — Nerveux-se; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Nervously; — '''N’ike, nk’ike'''; — Nerveusement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Nest; — '''Akwu, uno-nnunu'''; — Nid; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nesting; — '''Nwa nnunu'''; — Jeune oiseau; s.&lt;br&gt;
Net; — '''Ugbu, agadaabu'''; — Filet, réseau; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nether; — '''Di-ani, ndida, di-ndida, k’ani'''; — Inférieur-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Nethermost; — '''Kasidi ani, kasidi ndida'''; — Le plus bas; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Nettle; — '''Uke, uga'''; — Ortie; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Du, gba'''; — Piquer, irriter; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Network; — '''Ugbu, ima-ugbu, oga, itu-oga''';&lt;br&gt;
Neutralize; — '''Gbellu'''; — Neutraliser; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Never; — '''Nuro, nutaro'''; — Jamais, aucunement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Nevertheless; — '''Ma'''; — Cependant; conj.&lt;br&gt;
New; — '''Ofu, di-ofu'''; — Neuf-ve; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Newfangled; — '''Ezupụtara ofu'''; — De nouvelle invention; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Newly; — '''Ofu, n’ofu'''; — Nouvellement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Newness; — '''Ofu, di-ofu'''; — Nouveauté; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nib; — '''Onu, onunu'''; — Bec d’oiseau; s.&lt;br&gt;
Niche; — '''Onu, onunu'''; — Niche; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nicknacks; — '''Nkpako-ife'''; — bonbons; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nickname; — '''Mu-afa'''; — Donner un sobriquet; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Afa-otutu'''; — Sobriquet; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nictate; — '''Tabe-anya, myube-anya'''; — Clignoter; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Nictation; — '''Ntabe-anya, myube-anya'''; — Clignotement; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nidification; — '''Iku-akwu, akwu'''; — Nidification; s.&lt;br&gt;
Niece; — '''Nwa nwayi nke nwanne'''; — Nièce; s.&lt;br&gt;
Niggard; — '''Onye-akantadide, onye-ijeu'''; — Avare; s.&lt;br&gt;
Night; — '''Di-nso; na nso'''; — Proche; adj. de près; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Nightness; — '''Nso, idi-nso'''; — Proximité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Night; — '''Ueji'''; — Nuit; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nightfall; — '''Udejie'''; — Chute du jour; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nightly; — '''Ueji, nk’ueji'''; — De nuit; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Night-watch; — '''Nche ueji'''; — Veille de nuit; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nimble; — '''Di-ngwa, di-ukele'''; — Agile, léger; adj.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jwi7kdy0zxkuviqq37m8owaspy5fw60</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/185</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333232</id>
      <parentid>1332782</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T13:46:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333232</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2447" sha1="s3smwokvjevp8k72i5cmgejoz3sws1m" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|178|Non-Nub}}
{{Rule}}
Non-entity; — '''Ife n’adiro-adi;''' — Non existence; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nonsense; — '''Okwu-egheli, ofega;''' — Non-sens; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nonsensical; — '''N’enwero-isi, egheli, ofega;''' — Absurde, bête; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Nook; — '''Nkuku, nkutu;''' — Coin, recoin; s.&lt;br&gt;
Noon; — '''Effiye nabo, dje’kwala, oke-effiye;''' — Midi; s.&lt;br&gt;
Noose; — '''Nmakwu, ndidili;''' — Nœud coulant; s.&lt;br&gt;
North; — '''Ugwu;''' — Nord; s.&lt;br&gt;
North east; — '''Mgbata iru awu n’ugwu;''' — Nord est; s.&lt;br&gt;
Northern; — '''N’kugwu, ugwu;''' — Septentrional; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Northward; — '''N’akuku ugwu;''' — Au nord; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Northwest; — '''Mgbata ugwu n’odata awu;''' — Nord-ouest; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nose; — '''Imi;''' — Nez; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Si, nu-isi, na-isisi, nyamyo;''' — Sentir; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Nostril; — '''Oghle-imi;''' — narine;&lt;br&gt;
Not; — '''Ro (in comp);''' — Non, ne pas; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Notable; — '''Di-ukele, amalu afaya;''' — Notable; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Notation; — '''Igu onu, agumonu;''' — Numération; s.&lt;br&gt;
Note; — '''Akala, eghughu;''' — Note, marque; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ri-ama;''' — Noter; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Noted; — '''Amalu afaya, amalu-ama;''' — Célèbre, connu; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Nothingness; — '''Abugh ife-obuna;''' — Néant; s.&lt;br&gt;
Notice; — '''Riba anya;''' — Observer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Okwa, aka, ikpa-aka;''' — Observation; s.&lt;br&gt;
Notification; — '''Ima-okwa, ikpa-aka, okwa, nkaka;''' — Notification; s.&lt;br&gt;
Notify; — '''Kalu, malu-okwa, kpalu-aka;''' — Notifier; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Notion; — '''Uce, ilolo;''' — Notion, idée; s.&lt;br&gt;
Notorious; — '''Oramalu, amazulu-amazu;''' — Notoire; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Notwithstanding; — '''Ma, koosinadi;''' — Néanmoins; conj.&lt;br&gt;
Noun; — '''Afa;''' — Nom; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nourish; — '''Zu, nye nri;''' — Nourrir; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Nourisher; — '''Onye-ozuzu, ife-ozuzu;''' — Qui nourrit; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nourishment; — '''Ife-ozuzu, ozuzu, nri;''' — Nourriture; s.&lt;br&gt;
Novel; — '''Ofu, afunene;''' — Nouveau-elle; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Novelty; — '''Ofu, idi-ofu, afunene;''' — Nouveauté; s.&lt;br&gt;
Novice; — '''Ogbodi, oka-ofu;''' — Novice; s.&lt;br&gt;
Now; — '''Kita, kodinwo;''' — Maintenant; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Now-a-days; — '''Kodinwo, ubosi-kodinwo;''' — De nos jours; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Noxious; — '''N’alu-aru, n’emeli-aru;''' — Nuisible; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Nozzle; — '''Ile, imi;''' — Nez; s.&lt;br&gt;
Nubile; — '''Di onunu;''' — Nubile; adj.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>s3smwokvjevp8k72i5cmgejoz3sws1m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/187</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333233</id>
      <parentid>1332783</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T13:51:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333233</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2780" sha1="sjj2xvt4ceqqlh80nwqjaqd6kl78o79" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|180|obj-obt}}
{{Rule}}
Objectionnable; — '''Di-odjudjuo, di-olu-uka;''' — Reprochable; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Objector; — '''Onye-odjudjuo, olu-uka;''' — Qui fait des objections; s.&lt;br&gt;
Oblation; — '''Nru, ife-nru;''' — Oblation; s.&lt;br&gt;
Oblige; — '''Me n’ike, nyado, rudo;''' — Obliger; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Oblique; — '''Di-ufie;''' — Oblique; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Obliquely; — '''Ufie, n’ufie;''' — Obliquement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Obliquity; — '''Ufie, di-ufie;''' — Obliquité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Obliterate; — '''Deçapu, meçapu, sapu;''' — Oblitérer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Obliteration; — '''Ndeçapu nsapu;''' — Oblitération; s.&lt;br&gt;
Oblivion; — '''Nçezo, nlozo;''' — Oubli; s.&lt;br&gt;
Oblivious; — '''Di-nçezo, n’akpata-nlozo;''' — Oublieux-se; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Obloquy; — '''Ikpe, ufo-odjo, nkpeça;''' — Reproche; s.&lt;br&gt;
Obscuration; — '''Iba-oçieçi, ngbaçita;''' — Obscurcissement; s.&lt;br&gt;
Obscure; — '''Gba oçieçi, gbaçita;''' — Obscurcir; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Di oçieçi, gbaçughalu;''' — Obscure; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Obscurely; — '''N’oçieçi, oçieçi-oçieçi;''' — Obscurément; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Obscurity; — '''Igba-oçieçi, oçieçi, nzozo;''' — Obscurité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Obsecration; — '''Ayoyo;''' — Obsécration; s.&lt;br&gt;
Obsequies; — '''Ememe, ememe-akwamozi;''' — Obsèques; s.&lt;br&gt;
Obsequious; — '''N’erube-isi, di-umani, n’ete-ani;''' — Obséquieux-se; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Obsequiously; — '''N’irube-isi, n’umani;''' — Obsèquieusement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Obsequiousness; — '''Ite-ani;''' — Obsèquiosité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Observable; — '''Di-iriba-anya;''' — Remarquable, sensible; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Observably; — '''N’iriba-anya, nk’iriba-anya;''' — Sensiblement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Observance; — '''Ige-nti, mgbanye, ina-nti;''' — Observation; s.&lt;br&gt;
Observant; — '''Na na nti, n’agbanye;''' — Observateur; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Observation; — '''Iriba-anya, iyibe-anya;''' — Observation; s.&lt;br&gt;
Observe; — '''Fu, kodo-anya, yibe-anya;''' — Observer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Observer; — '''Oriba-anya, onye-anyasi;''' — Observateur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Obsession; — '''Nkenye, nkebido;''' — Obsession; s.&lt;br&gt;
Obstinacy; — '''Isi-ike, nti-ike;''' — Obstination; s.&lt;br&gt;
Obstinate; — '''Di-nti-ike, di-isi-ike;''' — Obstiné; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Obstinately; — '''Na nti-ike, n’isi-ike;''' — Obstinément; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Obstruct; — '''Deçye, çebido, nara, kwusi;''' — Obstruer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Obtain; — '''Nwe, lita;''' — Obtenir; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Obtainable; — '''Di-nlita, di-onwenwe;''' — Qu’on peut obtenir; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Obtest; — '''Yo, ziza, sekpu, kpelu;''' — Supplier; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Obtestation; — '''Ayoyo, nziza;''' — Supplication; s.&lt;br&gt;
Obtrude; — '''Sifi-anye, sunye, numinye;''' — Imposer de force; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Obtruder; — '''Onye-nsifianye;''' — Intrus; s.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sjj2xvt4ceqqlh80nwqjaqd6kl78o79</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/189</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333256</id>
      <parentid>1332784</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T04:47:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333256</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2561" sha1="tdcnnnzrbw01m4firi3jdl6go5tmhqu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|182|Off-One}}
{{Rule}}
Offence; — '''Ndjo, agomokwu, iço-okwu;''' — Offense, outrage; s.&lt;br&gt;
Offenceless; — '''N’adaco-okwu;''' — Inoffensif-ve; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Offend; — '''Go-okwu, me-ndjo;''' — Offenser; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Offender; — '''Oço-okwu, ome-ndjo;''' — Offenseur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Offer; — '''Çe, kwe-onu;''' — Offrir; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Onu-afia;''' — Offre, prix d’achat; s.&lt;br&gt;
Offering; — '''Adja, ife-nru, nru;''' — Offrande, sacrifice; s.&lt;br&gt;
Office; — '''Olu, ebe-olu;''' — Office, charge, emploi; s.&lt;br&gt;
Officer; — '''Onye-olu;''' — Fonctionnaire; s.&lt;br&gt;
Official; — '''Onye-ikpe nk’uka;''' — Official; s.&lt;br&gt;
Officiate; — '''Lo-olu, me-olu;''' — Exercer, officier; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Officious; — '''Di-nkpakwu;''' — Officieux; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Officiously; — '''Na nkpakwu;''' — Officieusement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Officiousness; — '''Nkpakwu;''' — Empressement; s.&lt;br&gt;
Offscouring; — '''Açala, ife-nkiti;''' — Rebut; s.&lt;br&gt;
Offset; — '''Ome;''' — Perpendiculaire; s.&lt;br&gt;
Offspring; — '''Umu, ndudugandu;''' — Rejeton; s.&lt;br&gt;
Oft, often; — '''Ugbol’ugbo;''' — Souvent; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Ogle; — '''Gbi-anya, gbe-anya;''' — Lorgner; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Oh; — '''Ewe, ewo, tawo;''' — Oh; interj.&lt;br&gt;
Oil; — '''Manu, ude;''' — Huile; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Te-manu, kpa-manu;''' — Huiler, oindre; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Oiliness; — '''Idi-manu idi-nde;''' — Onctuosité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Oint; — '''Te-manu, kpa-manu, ru-ude;''' — Oindre; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Ointment; — '''Ude, manu;''' — Onction; s.&lt;br&gt;
Old; — '''Di-oçye, oçye, gbo;''' — Vieux, âgé; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Oldness; — '''Idi-oçye, gbo, oçye;''' — Vieillesse; s.&lt;br&gt;
Oleaginous; — '''Di-manu, di-ude;''' — Oléagineux-se; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Olfactory; — '''N’anu-isi;''' — Olfactif-ve; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Olibanum; — '''Megba, obia;''' — Encens mâle; s.&lt;br&gt;
Omission; — '''Nrado, nnefe, iweghag’aka;''' — Omission; s.&lt;br&gt;
Omit; — '''Weghag’aka, nnefe, rado, çado;''' — Omettre; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Omnipotence; — '''Ike nine, ike n’enwer’ube;''' — Omnipotence; s.&lt;br&gt;
Omnipotent; — '''Di-ike nine, pu’ime ife nine;''' — Omnipotent; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Omnipresence; — '''Ino-ebe nine;''' — Omniprésence; s.&lt;br&gt;
Omnipresent; — '''Di-nebenine, nnebenine;''' — Omniprésent; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Omniscient; — '''Malu-ifemine, nwelu-ama ifemine;''' — Omniscient-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Omnivorous; — '''N’eli-ifemine, oli-ifemine;''' — Omnivore; adj.&lt;br&gt;
On; — '''Na, nenu, kwasi;''' — Sur; prép.&lt;br&gt;
Once; — '''Ofu ngbolo, ofu ndje;''' — Une fois; adv.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category:Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tdcnnnzrbw01m4firi3jdl6go5tmhqu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/191</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333257</id>
      <parentid>1332785</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T05:01:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333257</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2478" sha1="han9b4zyd2gs99wmch2pzu934qo0bgo" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|184|Ora-Oss}}
{{Rule}}
Oral; — '''Nke onu;''' — Oral-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Orally; — '''N’onu, nkeonu;''' — Oralement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Orange; — '''Oluma, oluma oyibo;''' — Orange; s.&lt;br&gt;
Oration; — '''Onu-okwu, okwu;''' — Discours; s.&lt;br&gt;
Orator; — '''Onye-okwu, okwu-okwu;''' — Orateur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Oratorical; — '''Nk’ okwu-okwu;''' — Oratoire; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Oratorically; — '''Nke onu-okwu;''' — Avec éloquence; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Oratory; — '''Obele onu-uka;''' — Oratoire; s.&lt;br&gt;
Orbicular; — '''Di-okilikili, gwolu-okilikili;''' — Sphérique; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Orbit; — '''Ukolokwugwu-anya;''' — Orbite; s.&lt;br&gt;
Ordain; — '''Ci, cibe;''' — Ordonner; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Ordeal; — '''Ife-nza, nza, ita;''' — Épreuve; s.&lt;br&gt;
Order; — '''Iwu, ozi;''' — Ordre, ordonnance; s.&lt;br&gt;
Ordinance; — '''Iwu, ememe;''' — Ordonnance, règlement; s.&lt;br&gt;
Ordinary; — '''Isi, onye-isi;''' — Ordinaire; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''N’emele-emeli, nikiti;''' — Ordinaire; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Ordination; — '''Ociči, neibe;''' — Ordination; s.&lt;br&gt;
Ordnance; — '''Ogbondulu;''' — Artillerie; s.&lt;br&gt;
Ordure; — '''Nsi, nsisi, abulu, akpulu, akpama;''' — Ordure; s.&lt;br&gt;
Organ; — '''Nukwu ubo, ubo okwu;''' — Organe; s.&lt;br&gt;
Organist; — '''Okwa-ubo;''' — Organiste; s.&lt;br&gt;
Organization; — '''Nkwaba, ndozi;''' — Organisation; s.&lt;br&gt;
Organize; — '''Kwaba, dozi;''' — Organiser; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Orient; — '''Iru-awu, n’awa-awa, n’amu-amu;''' — Orient; s.&lt;br&gt;
Oriental; — '''Nk’iru-awu;''' — Oriental; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Orifice; — '''Oghele, onu;''' — Orifice; s.&lt;br&gt;
Origin; — '''Mbido, isi, izizi;''' — Origine; s.&lt;br&gt;
Original; — '''Nk’izizi, nke mbu;''' — Original; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Originally; — '''N’izizi, nke izizi;''' — Originalement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Originate; — '''Gbudo, bido, mu;''' — Produire, donner origine; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Originator; — '''Onye-mbido;''' — Cause première; s.&lt;br&gt;
Orison; — '''Ekpele, ayoyo;''' — Oraison, prière; s.&lt;br&gt;
Ornament; — '''Ico-nma, ife-ico-nma;''' — Ornement; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Dokwa, co-nma;''' — Décorer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Ornate; — '''Aco-nma;''' — Orné; adj. Orner; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Ornithology; — '''Akoko-nnunu;''' — Ornithologie; s.&lt;br&gt;
Orphan; — '''Nwa-mgbei;''' — Orphelin; s.&lt;br&gt;
Orphanage; — '''Mgbei, ikpe-ogbwenye;''' — Orphelinage; s.&lt;br&gt;
Ortive; — '''N’awa-awa, nk’iru-awu;''' — Levant, de l’est; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Osseous; — '''Nk’okpukpu, okpukpu;''' — Osseux-se; adj.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>han9b4zyd2gs99wmch2pzu934qo0bgo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/193</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333258</id>
      <parentid>1332786</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T05:49:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333258</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2777" sha1="9h5t3lgo7iyy1tlotrnbgbdmu1xp9bi" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|186|Outsh-Overm}}
{{Rule}}
Outside; — '''Ezi, ilo, ife, azu;''' — Extérieur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Outskirt; — '''Ikpele, uso-uso, nti;''' — Bord, extrémité; s.&lt;br&gt;
Outspread; — '''Kpasa, gbasa, kusa, kuwa;''' — Étendre; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Outstretch; — '''Seti, setipu, gbati;''' — Déployer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Outstrip; — '''Ghaga, gha, gafe;''' — Devancer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Outwalk; — '''Djeghaga, djekali, djenari;''' — Marcher mieux que; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Outward; — '''Ife, nk’ife;''' — Extérieur-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Outwardly; — '''N’ife, n’ezi-ilo, n’ilo;''' — Extérieurement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Outwear; — '''Tonari, togbu;''' — Durer plus longtemps que; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Outwit; — '''Nwekali, uqe, nwenari-uqe;''' — Surpasser en finesse; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Oval; — '''Dik’akwa;''' — Ovale; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Over; — '''N’emu, n’isi, n’ufesi, kali;''' — Sur; prép.&lt;br&gt;
Overact; — '''Megha, mefelu;''' — Outrer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overbalance; — '''Dagbu, nyigbu;''' — Peser plus que; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overbearing; — '''Di-ngala, di-oke-obi, di-uko;''' — Arrogant-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Overboard; — '''N’ufesi-ugbo;''' — Par dessus le bord; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Overburden; — '''Boghu, kwaghaga;''' — Surcharger; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overcast; — '''Gbaeli-agbagi;''' — Couvrir, obscurcir; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overcharge; — '''Sughaaga;''' — Surcharger; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Nsughaga;''' — Surcharge; s.&lt;br&gt;
Overcome; — '''Meli, nyi;''' — Dompter, vaincre; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overdo; — '''Meghaga, mefelu, mefelu-oke;''' — Outrer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overflow; — '''Idju, uma, oke-idju;''' — Inondation; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Kpasa, gbasa, gbokwasi, gbobe;''' — Inonder, faire déborder; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overflowing; — '''Nrughaga;''' — Surabondance; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Imililike, imilikiti;''' — Surabondant-e; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Overgrow; — '''Gbaei, puci, soqi;''' — Croître trop; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Overgrowth; — '''Nsoghaga, nsoci, mgbaci;''' — Accroissement excessif; s.&lt;br&gt;
Overhang; — '''Kwubido, zebido;''' — Pencher sur; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overhaul; — '''Kwudo, gbaeghaa;''' — Examiner; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overhear; — '''N’isi, na opune-isi;''' — En haut, sur la tête; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Overheat; — '''Kponyeghega-oku, kponye oke-oku;''' — Échauffer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overjoy; — '''Goli, wugali, maegahali;''' — Ravir; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overland; — '''N’ukwu-enu, n’uzo-enu;''' — Par voie de terre; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Overlay; — '''Gbukpo, gbobe, gbokwasi;''' — Couvrir, étouffer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overleap; — '''Mafelụ, mafega, wufega;''' — Sauter par dessus; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Overload; — '''Boghu, lighaga;''' — Surcharger; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overlook; — '''Neghalu-anya, nefelu-anya;''' — Surveiller; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overmatch; — '''Kali, nyi;''' — Maîtriser; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Overmuch; — '''Kali-aka, fel’oke;''' — Excessif-ve; adj.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9h5t3lgo7iyy1tlotrnbgbdmu1xp9bi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/195</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449481</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333259</id>
      <parentid>1332787</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T06:22:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333259</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2121" sha1="o2g9d2fed564skj4t9hpfry6tdx9e27" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|188|Pab-Pal}}
{{Rule}}
{{C|'''&lt;big&gt;&lt;&lt;/big&gt;P&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;'''}}
Pabular; — '''Nni, nke nni;''' — Alimenteux; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Pace; — '''Ama ukwu, nanye-ife;''' — Pas, allure; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pacification; — '''Ndokwa, nligba;''' — Pacification; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pacifier; — '''Onye-ndokwa;''' — Pacificateur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pacify; — '''Dokwa, gbo;''' — Pacifier; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Pack; — '''Fo, fonye, do;''' — Emballer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ukwu;''' — Paquet; s.&lt;br&gt;
Package; — '''Ukwu, nkunukwu;''' — Colis; s.&lt;br&gt;
Packet; — '''Obele ukwu, ukwu nta;''' — Paquet; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pact; — '''Agha;''' — Pacte; s.&lt;br&gt;
Paddle; — '''Nya, ku;''' — Pagayer; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Amala;''' — Pagaie; s.&lt;br&gt;
Paddock; — '''Awo, mbala;''' — Gros crapaud; s.&lt;br&gt;
Padlock; — '''Ugodi;''' — Cadenas; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pagan; — '''Onye-uwa, onye n’agonyo;''' — Payen; s.&lt;br&gt;
Paganism; — '''Igomo;''' — Paganisme; s.&lt;br&gt;
Page; — '''Iru-akwukwo, pagina;''' — Page; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pageant; — '''Udje, ololo;''' — Spectacle; s.&lt;br&gt;
Paid; — '''Akwulu-akwù;''' — Payé-e; p. p.&lt;br&gt;
Pain; — '''Megbu;''' — Affliger; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ife-ololo, ufu;''' — Peine; s.&lt;br&gt;
Painful; — '''Di-mgbu, di-ufu;''' — Pénible; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Painfully; — '''Na mgbu, n’ufu;''' — Péniblement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Paint; — '''De, senye akwukwo;''' — Peindre; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Painter; — '''Ode;''' — Peintre; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pair; — '''Nabo, ibwa;''' — Paire; s.&lt;br&gt;
Palace; — '''Obi, obi-eze;''' — Palais; s.&lt;br&gt;
Palatable; — '''Di-uso;''' — Agréable au goût; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Palaver; — '''Okwu, esemokwu;''' — Palabre; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pale; — '''Caghala-acagha;''' — Pâle; adj.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ma-nwu; cagha;''' — Palisser; v. a. — pâlir; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Paleness; — '''Ncagha;''' — Pâleur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Paling; — '''Egbo, ima-egbo, ima-nwu;''' — Palissage; s.&lt;br&gt;
Palisade; — '''Iga, igwu-iga;''' — Palissade; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Gwu-iga;''' — Palissader; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Pall; — '''Kpu-akwà;''' — Couvrir, envelopper; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Akwa-ozu;''' — Manteau; s.&lt;br&gt;
Palliate; — '''Kpudo, kpube, mala, gbodo;''' — Pallier; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o2g9d2fed564skj4t9hpfry6tdx9e27</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1333260</id>
      <parentid>1333259</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T06:22:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>951142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333260</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2120" sha1="6x366mhvhkxkgtpg9dsnorgeobzyuxc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;10kdollz&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{rh|188|Pab-Pal}}
{{Rule}}
{{C|'''&lt;big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;P&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;'''}}
Pabular; — '''Nni, nke nni;''' — Alimenteux; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Pace; — '''Ama ukwu, nanye-ife;''' — Pas, allure; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pacification; — '''Ndokwa, nligba;''' — Pacification; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pacifier; — '''Onye-ndokwa;''' — Pacificateur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pacify; — '''Dokwa, gbo;''' — Pacifier; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Pack; — '''Fo, fonye, do;''' — Emballer; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ukwu;''' — Paquet; s.&lt;br&gt;
Package; — '''Ukwu, nkunukwu;''' — Colis; s.&lt;br&gt;
Packet; — '''Obele ukwu, ukwu nta;''' — Paquet; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pact; — '''Agha;''' — Pacte; s.&lt;br&gt;
Paddle; — '''Nya, ku;''' — Pagayer; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Amala;''' — Pagaie; s.&lt;br&gt;
Paddock; — '''Awo, mbala;''' — Gros crapaud; s.&lt;br&gt;
Padlock; — '''Ugodi;''' — Cadenas; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pagan; — '''Onye-uwa, onye n’agonyo;''' — Payen; s.&lt;br&gt;
Paganism; — '''Igomo;''' — Paganisme; s.&lt;br&gt;
Page; — '''Iru-akwukwo, pagina;''' — Page; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pageant; — '''Udje, ololo;''' — Spectacle; s.&lt;br&gt;
Paid; — '''Akwulu-akwù;''' — Payé-e; p. p.&lt;br&gt;
Pain; — '''Megbu;''' — Affliger; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ife-ololo, ufu;''' — Peine; s.&lt;br&gt;
Painful; — '''Di-mgbu, di-ufu;''' — Pénible; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Painfully; — '''Na mgbu, n’ufu;''' — Péniblement; adv.&lt;br&gt;
Paint; — '''De, senye akwukwo;''' — Peindre; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Painter; — '''Ode;''' — Peintre; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pair; — '''Nabo, ibwa;''' — Paire; s.&lt;br&gt;
Palace; — '''Obi, obi-eze;''' — Palais; s.&lt;br&gt;
Palatable; — '''Di-uso;''' — Agréable au goût; adj.&lt;br&gt;
Palaver; — '''Okwu, esemokwu;''' — Palabre; s.&lt;br&gt;
Pale; — '''Caghala-acagha;''' — Pâle; adj.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Ma-nwu; cagha;''' — Palisser; v. a. — pâlir; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
Paleness; — '''Ncagha;''' — Pâleur; s.&lt;br&gt;
Paling; — '''Egbo, ima-egbo, ima-nwu;''' — Palissage; s.&lt;br&gt;
Palisade; — '''Iga, igwu-iga;''' — Palissade; s.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Gwu-iga;''' — Palissader; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
Pall; — '''Kpu-akwà;''' — Couvrir, envelopper; v. a.&lt;br&gt;
— '''Akwa-ozu;''' — Manteau; s.&lt;br&gt;
Palliate; — '''Kpudo, kpube, mala, gbodo;''' — Pallier; v. n.&lt;br&gt;
[[Category: Igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6x366mhvhkxkgtpg9dsnorgeobzyuxc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/213</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449490</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333264</id>
      <parentid>1332796</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T07:31:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Timzy D'Great</username>
        <id>678957</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Not proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333264</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2282" sha1="8pcc8bcorpoyx9yzbir6dqmh7fbrkis" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Timzy D'Great&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;Prob— Prof 207 

Probationer; — Ogbodi, aka ofu, onye otu; — Aspirant; ' s. 
Probity — Idje eklesu, omeme kwuoto; — Probite; s. 
Proboscis; — Ilo ilo enyi; — Trompe; $'. 
Procedure; — Omeme, okpulu, iga, n'iru; — Procedure; s. 
Proceed ; — g-aba, g-a n'iru, g*awoga; — Proceder; v. n. 
Procession; — Ig-an'ug-bala, ug-bala; — Procession; s. 
Proclaim; — Kwuputa, gbasa, kwuwa, kwapu; — Proclamer; v. a.. 
Proclamation; — Nkwuputa, mgbasa; — Proclamation; 
Procrastinate; — Bura; — Differer; v. a. 
Procrastination; — Mbura; — Petard; s. 
Procreate; — Mu, muta; — Procreer; v. a. 

Procreation; — Nmuta, omu onu; — Procreation; s. [curer] adj. 
Procurable; — Di-ofufu, di-ilu aka, di-ncota; — Qu'on peut se pro- 
Procure; — (fota, fn; — Procurer; v. a. 
Procurement; — Ofufu, ncota; -— Entremise; s- 
Prodigal; — Ose aka, di-ose aka, di-nmeyi; — Prodigue; adj. 
Prodigality; — Ose aka, nmayi, alansaka; — Prodigalite ; s. 
Prodigally; — N'ose aka, nk'ose aka; — Prodigalement ; adv. 
Prodigious; — Di- nukwu, agadag*a, akatakpo; — Prodigieux-sc ; adj.. 
Prodigiously; — Xa nukwu, nke ukwu; — Prodigieusement ; adv~ 
Prodigy; — Ife ebube; — Prodige; s. 
Produce; — Wepiita, mnputa, muta; — Produire; v. a. 
Producible; — Di-nweputa; — Productible; adj. 
Production; — Nkbulu, nwebuta; — Production; s. 
Productive; — Di-nweputa, n'eweputa; — Productif-ve ; adj. 
Productiveness; — Idi-nweputa, oke ani; — Fecondite; s. 
Proem; — Mbene okwu, ig-buntu okwu; — Preface; s. 
Profanation; — Nmelu, ilu nso; — Profanation; s. 
Profane; — Lu nso, melu, meto; — Profane; adj. 
Profanity; — Nmelu, enwegh'egwu Cukwu; — Impiete; s. 
Profess; — Kwupu, kwuwa, kwuputa; — Professer; v. a. 
Profession; — Olu, nkwuputa; — Profession; s. 
Professor; — Onye-nkuzi, onye-nkwuputa; — Professeur; 5. 
Professorship; — Olu onye-nkuzi; — Professorat; s. 
Proffer; — (^e, celu, nye; — Offrir; v. a. 
Profit; — Balu; — Prof iter; v. n. 
— Elele, uba; — Profit, gain; s. 
Profitable; — Di-elele, di-uba; — Profitable; adj. 
Profitably; — N'elele, nk' elele; — Profitablement; adv. 
Profitless; — N'enwero elele, n'adiro elele; — Sans profit; adj.&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8pcc8bcorpoyx9yzbir6dqmh7fbrkis</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/215</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449491</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333266</id>
      <parentid>1332797</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T07:31:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Timzy D'Great</username>
        <id>678957</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Not proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333266</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2335" sha1="6q7louloxlv0hs7d2kz9wvaqyv65qvu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Timzy D'Great&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;Prom— Prof. 209 

Promulgate; — Kwnpiita, gbasa, ma okwa; — Promulguer ; v. a. 
Promulgation; — Amamokwa, ima okwa; — Promulgation; s. 
Prong; — Ngadaba, ngamazu; — Pourchon, branche; s. 
Pronounce; — Kpo, kwu, kpoko; — Prononcer; v. a. adj.] 

Pronounceable; — Di-okpokpo, di-nkpoko; — Qu'on peut prononcer; 
Pronunciation; — Okpokpo, nkpoko; — Prononciation ; s. 
Proof; — Ikari, akika okwu; — Preuve; s,.' 
Prop; — Zado kwado-nza; — Supporter v. a. - support; s. 
Propagate; — Gbasa buni, meni; — Propager; v. a. 
Propagation; — Mgbasa, nmeni; — Propagation; s. 
Proper; — Ezi kwesili ekwesi; — Propre, particulier; adj. 
Properly; — Of uma, na nma, ezie nke oma; — Proprement;, en 
Property; — Aku oku; — Propriete; s. [propre; adv.] 

Prophecy; — Amuma, okwu omuma; — Prophetie; s. 
Prophet; — Amuma, onye-amuma; — Prophete; s. 
Prophetess; — Amuma nwayi — Prophetesse; s. 
Prophetical; — Nke amuma, nke nkwubulu; — Prophetique; adj. 
Propinquity; — Nso, idi-nso, ndidebe; — Proximite; s. 
Propitiate; — Go, ya melu, mala; — Rendre propice; v. a. 
Propitiation; — Alo, ay a, nmelo, nmala; — Propitiation; s. 
Propitiator; — Onye-nmelo, onye-nmala; — Mediateur; s. 
Proportion; — Gbazi, fiazi-oke; — Proportion;^. 
Proportionable; — Di-mgbazi, di-nt'iazi; — Proportionne-e ; adj. 
Proprietary; — Di nmemi, onwenu; — Proprietaire ; s. 
Propriety; — Nkwesi, ototo; — Propriete; s. 
Prosecute; — (pii gbaso; — Poursuivre, executer; v. a. 
Prosecution; — Oeucu, mg-baso; — Poursuite; s. 
Prosecutor; — Onye-mgbaso, onye-ncoeo; - Poursuivant; ,?. 
Prospect; — Ncekwube; — Perspective, espoir; s. 
Prospective; — Nkodin'iru; — En perspective; adj. 
Prospectus; — Izuzu olu akwukwo; — Prospectus; * 
Prosper; — Ba, bu, ga; — Prosperer; v. n. 
Prosperity; — Uba, aku, awele; — Prosperity ; s. 
Prostitute; — Idegbe, mbili; — Prostituee; s. 
Prostrate; — Togbolu, togbo, tura; — Abattre, renverser; v. a. 
Prostration; — Nturu, ntura, nkolopu; — Prostration, abattement; s. 
Protect; — Qedo zodo; — Proteger; — v. a. - 
Protection; — Ncedo, nzodo, ozozo; — Protection: s. 
Protector; — Onye ncedo, onye nzodo; — Protecteur; s. 
Protectress; — Onye-ncedo nwayi; — Protectrice; s.&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6q7louloxlv0hs7d2kz9wvaqyv65qvu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/216</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449564</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333267</id>
      <parentid>1332912</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T07:31:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Timzy D'Great</username>
        <id>678957</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Not proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333267</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2250" sha1="1sfjgk1l80nn8mz35iwiajtqtrijcmk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Timzy D'Great&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;210 Prot— Pub 

Protract; — (xbati, seti, doti; — Prolonger; v. a. 

Protraction; — Mg-bati, nseti, ndoti; — Prolongation; s. 

Protrude; — Nupu kwabu; — Faire sortir; v. a. 

Protrusion; — ^Npupu, nkwapu; — Action de fair sortir; s. 

Proud; — Di-ng-ala, di ng-ala di-ng-ana; — Fier, orgueilleux-se; adj. 

Proudly; -*- Ka ngpala, na tig-ana; — Orgueilleusement; adv. 

Provable; — Di-onwanwa, di-nwane; — Prouvable; adj. 

Prove; — Nwa, nwane; — Prouver; v. a. 

Provender; — Afifya aim, alifya okponku; — Fourrage; s. 

Proverb; — Inn okwu, ira akukn; — Proverbe; s. 

Provide; — &lt;J!edo &lt;?odo, kpado; — Pourvoir; v. a. 

Provision; — Ife-nkpado, nni, nli; — Provision; s. 

Provocation; — Nkpasu iwe. iilasu, nmesu; — Provocation; s. 

Provoke; — Kpasu, kpasu iwe, lasn, mesu; — Provoquer; v. a. 

Provost; — Onye-isi, onye-ikpe, eze-ikpe; — Prevot; s. 

Prow; — Onu ug&quot;bo; — Proue; s. 

Prowess; — Dike, ile; — Prouesse; s. 

Prowl; — Wag-hali, &lt;?u nti; — Roder; v. n. 

— N wag-hali; — Vagabondage; s. 

Proximate; — Di-nso, nonyabalu; — Prochain, immediat-e; adj. 

Proximately; — Nso, na nso; — Immediatement; adv. 

Proximity; — N&quot;so, idi-nso, ino nso; — Proximite; s. 

Proxy; — Onye-nno&lt;?i ; — Mandataire; s. 

Prudently;. — N'amamife, nk'uqe ; — Prudemment; adv. 

Prune; — Gbuka, beka, wn am; — Couper, tailier; v. a. 

Pry; — Nyo, nyo&lt;?a; — Scruter; v. a. 

Psalm; — Abunso, ukwo nso, uli nso; — Psaume; s. 

Psalmist; — Okwa abu, onye abu, okwa onnng-u; — Psalmiste; s. 

Psalmody; — Ibu abn nso, ikwe ukwe nso; — Psalmodie; s. 

Psalter; — Akwukwo abo nso; — Psautier; s. 

Pshaw!; — Ta sa!; — Bah!; Inter j. 

Psychology; — Akoko nkpulobi; — Psychologie; s. 

Puberty; — Og'O, og-o nwayi, og^o madn; — Puberte; s. 

Public; — Ora ora madu; — Public; s. 

— Nk'ora, nk'ora madu; — Public, publique; adj. 
Publican; — Ona atu, onye-ona atu; — Publicain; s. 
Publication; — Mg-basa, nkwusa; — Publication; s. 
Publicly; — N'iru ora; — Publiquement; — adv. 
Publish; — €rbasa, kwusa; — Publier; v. a. 
Publisher; — Onye-mg-basa, ouye-nkwusa; — Auteur; s. 

[[Category:igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1sfjgk1l80nn8mz35iwiajtqtrijcmk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu/214</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449565</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333265</id>
      <parentid>1332913</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T07:31:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Timzy D'Great</username>
        <id>678957</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Not proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333265</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2310" sha1="270erw09k35p10le17h2qa2jpm0ik4p" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Timzy D'Great&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;20S Prof— Prom 

Profligacy; — Adio omeme; — Dereglement; s. 
Profound ; — Di-omemi, mutalu amiita ; — Prof oncl-e ; adj. 
Profoundly; .— N'omimi; — Profondement; adv. 
Profoundity; — Omimi og-bu; — Profondeur; s. 
Profuse; — Salu aka, di-afo oma, alansaka; — Abondant-e; adj. 
Profusely; X'ose aka, na nmeyi, ighalakiti! — Profusement; adv. 
Profusion; — Imeline, imilikiti; — Profusion; s. 
Prog; — Afifya nni: — Nourriture, pature; s. 
Progenitor; — ^madi, nnadiimadi, nnadi ukwu; — Aieul; s. 
Progeny; — Umu umumu, ebo, mbana, onuku; — Race, lignee; s. 
Prognostic; — Ama, atu, arima, akala; — Prognostic; s. 
Prognosticate; — Kwubulu, fn ofu; — Prognostiquer ; v. a. 
Progress; — (xan'iru, g-awagii; — Progresser; v. n. 
Progression; — Igan'iru, ngan'iru, ngawaga; — Progression; s. 
Prohibit; — INara nwuci. ma&lt;?i; — Prohiber; v. a. 
Prohibition; — Nma&lt;?i, nwuci, nnara; — Prohiber; v. a. 
Project; — Zu, sosopu; — Projeter; v. a. 
— Izu, izuzu, izu olu; — Projct; 5. 
Projector; — Onye-izuzu; — Auteur; s. 
Projecture; — Nsopu, nsosopu; — Projecture; s. 
Prolific; — Naminni, ii'emenni oke; — Prolifique; adj. 
Prolix; — Ogonogo, di-ogxmogo, di-uso; - Prolixe; adj. 
Prolixity; — Ogonogo, uso mg-bamg-oatilili; == Prolixite; s. 
Prologue; — Mbene, ilo-oka; — Prologue; s. 
Prolong; — Gbati, doti, seti; — Prolonger; 
Prolongation; — M gbati, nseti, ndoti; — Prolongation; s. 
Prominence; — I&lt;?i isi, iiiwe isi, idi-enu; — Proeminence: s. 
Prominent; — (xbalu eim, amalu afaya; — Proeminent-e ; adj. 
Prominently; — N'enu, ag-adaga, akatakpo; — D' une maniere pro- 
Promiscuous; — Di-og-wa, g-walu aka; Confus-e; adj. [eminente; adv.] 
Promiscuously; — ^X'og'wa, ng&quot;vang,wa ; — Confinement; adv. 
Promise; ■ — Kwe nkwa-nkwa; — Promettre; v. a. 
Promissory; — Di- nkwa, like nkwa; — Promissoire ; adj. 
Promontory; — - Mpipi, mpipi ani; — Promotoire; s. 
Promote; — Buni, meni, menwu; — Elever; v. a. 
Promoter; — Omeni, obuni; — Promoteur; s. 
Promotion; — Mbuni, limeni; — Promontion; s. 
Prompt; — Di-ngwa, di-ukele; — Prompt-e; — adj. 
Promptitude; — jVg-wa; — Promptitude; s. 
Promptly; — Gbo, na g*bo; — Promptement; adv. 

[[Category:igbo]]&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>270erw09k35p10le17h2qa2jpm0ik4p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>သႃႇသၼႃႇ လႄႈ တႆး/သႃႇသၼႃႇ ၶဝ်ႈမႃး ပွတ်းၵဵင်းတုင်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>449661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333299</id>
      <parentid>1333130</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T11:50:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sai Myo Thura Kyaw</username>
        <id>946522</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add contents</comment>
      <origin>1333299</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19539" sha1="i2unrebdr4g99ia5rtj295j0pog0044" xml:space="preserve">{{header
| title = သႃႇသၼႃႇ လႄႈ တႆး
| author = ၸဝ်ႈၶူး Dr. ပၺ်ၺႃသီရိ သၢႆပွၼ်
| override_author =
| editor =
| translator =
| contributor =
| override_contributor =
| section = 
| previous = [[သႃႇသၼႃႇ လႄႈ တႆး/ၵွင်းမူး ၼႂ်းမိူင်းတႆး ဢၼ်ၶဝ်ႈပႃး ၼႂ်းတၢင်းလီ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ဢႃႇသေႃးၵ|ၵွင်းမူး ၼႂ်းမိူင်းတႆး ဢၼ်ၶဝ်ႈပႃး ၼႂ်းတၢင်းလီ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ဢႃႇသေႃးၵ]]
| previous2 =
| next = [[သႃႇသၼႃႇ လႄႈ တႆး/ပွႆးသင်ႇၶႃႇ ပိုၼ်ၽႄႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ ပွၵ်ႈၵမ်းသွင်|ပွႆးသင်ႇၶႃႇ ပိုၼ်ၽႄႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ ပွၵ်ႈၵမ်းသွင်]]
| next2 =
| year =
| notes =
| edition = ပွၵ်ႈၵမ်းၼိုင်ႈ
| categories = သႃႇသၼႃႇပုတ်ႉထ
| shortcut =
| portal =
}}

ဝဵင်းၵဵင်းတုင်ၼႆႉ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်းမင်းရႆၢး မႃးပူၵ်းတင်ႈ မိူဝ်ႈပီ 1262 ဢေႇၻီႇ။ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်းမင်းရႆၢးၼႆႉ ပဵၼ်ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ၽွင်းငမ်း မိူင်းၵဵင်းသႅၼ်၊ မိူင်းထႆး တႄႇဢဝ်ပီ 1296 ၼၼ်ႉယူႇ။ ၼႂ်းမိူင်းမၼ်းၸဝ်ႈၼၼ်ႉ ဝဵင်းလူင်မၼ်း ပဵၼ်ၵဵင်းႁႆး (Chiangrai) လႄႈ လၢၼ်ႉၼႃး ၵဵင်းမႆႇၼႆယဝ်ႉ။&lt;ref&gt;James G. Scott, burma: ''A Handbook of Practical information'', p.491&lt;/ref&gt;  မိူင်းၵဵင်းတုင်ၼႆႉ ၸဝ်ႈၾႃႉၶဝ် လႆႈၽွင်းငမ်းၵႂႃႇ 800 ပီပၢႆပၢႆၼႆႉၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ၸဝ်ႈၾႃႉၵေႃႉလိုၼ်းသုတ်းတႄႉ ပဵၼ်ၸဝ်ႈၾႃႉ ၸဝ်ႈၸႆၢးလူင် ဢၼ်သဵင်ႈၵၢမ်ႇသုတ်းမုၼ်ၵႂႃႇ တီႈတႃႈၵုင်ႈ မိူဝ်ႈပီ 1997 ၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။

ပေႃးတူၺ်းဢဝ် ပိုၼ်းတႆး ဢၼ်ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း မင်းရႆၢး တႅမ်ႈဝႆႉၼၼ်ႉၸိုင် ၼင်ႇႁိုဝ်သႃႇသၼႃႇ တေၽႄႈတိူၼ်း ၶိုၼ်ႈယႂ်ႇမႂ်ႇသုင်ၼၼ်ႉ မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈပွႆႇ လုၵ်ႈၸႆၢးမၼ်းၸဝ်ႈလႄႈ သင်ႇၶၸဝ်ႈ ပိုၼ်ၽႄႈသႃႇသၼႃႇမႃး မိူင်းၵဵင်းတုင် မိူဝ်ႈ 1253 ဢေႇၻီႇၼၼ်ႉၼႆ ယဝ်ႉ။ ဝၢႆးသေၼၼ်ႉ မွၵ်ႈထႅင်ႈသၢဝ်းပီလိူဝ်လိူဝ် ၸဝ်ႈသိတ်ႉပၼ်ႇတု သမ်ႉမႃးသိုပ်ႇႁဵတ်းၵၢၼ် သႃႇသၼႃႇထႅင်ႈ တီႈၵဵင်းတုင်ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ဝၢႆးၼၼ်ႉ မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈ မႃးသိုပ်ႇပူၵ်းတင်ႈ ဝတ်ႉသီႇလင် မိူၼ်ၼင်ႇ ဝတ်ႉၾႃႉၵႅဝ်ႈ၊ ဝတ်ႉႁူဝ်ၶူင်ႇ၊ ဝတ်ႉပႃႇၵၢင်းဝတ်ႉၾႃႉၵၢင်း၊ ဝတ်ႉၸွမ်တွင်းထႅင်ႈ မိူဝ်ႈ 1370 ဢေႇၻီႇၼၼ်ႉၼႆယဝ်ႉ။&lt;ref&gt;''Popular History of Thailand'', p-18., Nawkhamla, An Analytical Study of Tai Buddhism, p-77. &lt;/ref&gt;

သႃႇသၼႃႇၶဝ်ႈမႃး ၼႂ်းမိူင်းၵဵင်းတုင်ၼႆႉ ပေႃးဢဝ်သႆၢမၼ်းဝႃႈ ၵွင်ႉၵႆၢႇၵၼ် တင်းသႃႇသၼႃႇ တီႈဝတ်ႉမႁႃႇဝိႁႃႇရ မိူင်းသီႇရိလင်းၵႃ၊ ဢၼ်ၸဝ်ႈဢရႁၼ်ႇ မႁိၼ်ႇတ လုၵ်ႈၸႆၢးၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ဢသေႃးၵ မႃးပိုၼ်ၽႄႈ မိူဝ်ႈၽွင်း ႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 3 ပီႇၸီႇၼၼ်ႉယူႇ။ ၵူၺ်းၵႃႈ ဝႃႈၼၼ်သေတ မၼ်းဢမ်ႇလုၵ်ႉဢဝ် တီႈမိူင်းသီႇရိလင်းၵႃသေ မႃးၵမ်းလဵဝ်ၼင်ႇၵဝ်ႇ။ လုၵ်ႉဢဝ်ပွတ်း မႃႇတပၢၼ်ႇ ဢၼ် ႁွင်ႉဝႃႈ မုတ်ႉတမ မိူင်းမွၼ်းၸိူဝ်းၼၼ်ႉသေ မႃးၽွင်ႈ။ လိူဝ်ၼၼ်ႉ သမ်ႉလုၵ်ႉဢဝ် ပွတ်းၵဵင်းသႅၼ်သေ မႃးၵေႃႈမီးၼႆယဝ်ႉ။&lt;ref&gt;''Buddhism in Kengtung: A Brief History, Article'', By Sao Dr. Dhammasami, p.2&lt;/ref&gt;

ပွတ်းမႃႇတပၢၼ်ႇ ဢၼ်ႁွင်ႉဝႃႈ ရႃႇမၺ်ႇၺတေႇသၼႆႉ မိူဝ်ႈၸဝ်ႉၸဝ်ႉတႄႉ ၸိုဝ်ႈသဵင်လိုဝ်းလင်ဝႃႈ တိူင်းသုဝၼ်ႇၼၽူႇမိၼႆယူႇ။ ပွတ်းၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉ ဝၢႆးသေ လႆႈႁပ်ႉႁွင်းဢဝ် သႃႇသၼႃႇ တမ်ႈတီႈ ၸဝ်ႈသေႃးၼ လႄႈ ၸဝ်ႈဢုတ်ႉတရ ဢၼ်ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်းဢသေႃးၵ ပွႆႇမႃး မိူဝ်ႈပီ ႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 3 ပီႇၸီႇၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ ဝႆၢးၼၼ်ႉ ပဵၼ်ငဝ်ႈငႂႃႇလူင် သႃႇသၼႃႇ တႃႇတေၽႄႈ ၼႂ်းမိူင်းမၢၼ်ႈၼႆႉယူႇ။  မိူဝ်ႈပီ 1057 ဢေႇၻီႇၼၼ်ႉ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ဢၼေႃႇရထႃႇ (1044-77 ဢေႇၻီႇ) သမ်ႉၵႂႃႇ တိုၵ်းဢဝ်မႃး ပိတၵၢတ်ႈ တီႈမိူင်းသထုင်ႇသုဝၼ်ႇၼၽူႇ မိ 32 ၸုမ်ႇၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ဝၢႆးသေၼၼ်ႉ ၼႂ်းပၢၼ်မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈ ၽွင်းငမ်းၼၼ်ႉ ၵႆႉၵႆႉၵပ်းသိုပ်ႇၵၼ် တင်းသႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းသီႇရိလင်းၵႃ ဝႆႉၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ပၢၼ်ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ထမ်ႇမၸေႇတီႇ (1472-92) ၼၼ်ႉ မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈ ပူၵ်းတင်ႈသိမ်ႇၵလျႃႇၼီႇ တီႈမိူင်းပၵူဝ်း။ သိမ်ႇၼႆႉ ပဵၼ် ဢၼ်ၸိုဝ်ႈသဵင်ယႂ်ႇ ၵိုၵ်းပိုၼ်းဝႆႉ တေႃႇယၢမ်းလဵဝ်ယူႇ။ မိူဝ်ႈပၢၼ် မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈၼၼ်ႉၵေႃႈ ၵႆႉၵႆႉသူင်ႇ မုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈၼႂ်းမိူင်း ၵႂႃႇလဵပ်ႈႁဵၼ်း လိူင်ႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ တီႈမိူင်းလင်းၵႃလႆၢလၢႆပွၵ်ႈ။ ဝႃႈတႄႉၵေႃႈ မိူဝ်ႈၼႃႈ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ထမ်ႇမၸေႇတီႇ ပႆႇပွႆႇမုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈ ၼႂ်းမိူင်းမၼ်း ၵႂႃႇၶိုၼ်းႁဵတ်းရႁၢၼ်း တီႈမိူင်းလင်းၵႃၼၼ်ႉ ၾိင်ႈထုင်းသႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းလင်းၵႃၵေႃႈ ၶဝ်မႃးၸွမ်းဢဝ် ပိူင်လႆၢးႁဵတ်းလႆၢးသၢင်ႈ သႃႇသၼႃႇ ပွတ်းရႃႇမၺ်ႇၺတေႇသ ၼႆႉၵူၺ်းၼင်ႇၵဝ်ႇၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ၼႂ်းလိၵ်ႈၽႃႁိၼ် ဢၼ်တႅမ်ႈဝႆႉ ၸွမ်းသိမ်ႇၵလျႃႇၼီႇ ၼႂ်းႁႃႈၶေႃႈၼၼ်ႉ တႃႇသီႇၶေႃႈ ပဵၼ်လႆၢးႁဵတ်းလႆၢးသၢင်ႈ မိူင်းလင်းၵႃဝႆႉၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ လိၵ်ႈၽႃႁိၼ်ၼၼ်ႉ မွၵ်ႇဝႃႈ မၼ်းပဵၼ်ၶေႃႈပူင် ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ထမ်ႇမၸေႇတီႇ ဢၼ်ၵႆႉၵပ်းသိုပ်းၵၼ် တင်းသႃႇသၼႃႇလင်းၵႃၼႆယဝ်ႉ။&lt;ref&gt; Taw Sein Ko (translated) ''Kalyani Inscriptions'', pp. 58-9.&lt;/ref&gt; 

ဝဵင်းၵဵင်းသႅၼ် ဢၼ်တင်ႈၸဝ်ႉသေပိူၼ်ႈ ၼႂ်းမိူင်းထႆးၼႆႉ မၼ်းၶႂ်ႈတူၵ်းၺႃး ယၢမ်းလဵဝ်ၵၼ် တင်းပၢၼ်တႂႃႇရဝတီႇ ႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ (6-11) ဢေႇၻီႇ ပၢၼ်မိူင်းမွၼ်း တႂ်ႈဢၢမ်းၼတ်ႈ ၶုၼ်ၶမႃႇၶဝ်ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ၾိင်ႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းလင်းၵႃ ဢၼ်ႁွင်ႉဝႃႈ လင်ႇၵႃႇဝမ်ႇသ ဢၼ်မႃးထိုင် ၵဵင်းသႅၼ်ၼႆႉ ဢွၼ်တၢင်းသုတ်း လုၵ်ႉဢဝ်တီႈ သုၵ်ႉၶေႃးထႆးသေမႃး၊ ဝၢႆးၼၼ်ႉ သမ်ႉလုၵ်ႉတီႈ ဢယုတ်ႉထယသေမႃး။ သုၵ်ႉၶေႃးထႆး (1219-1350 ဢေႇၻီႇ)ၼႆႉ ဢွၼ်တၢင်းသုတ်း ၶဝ်ႁပ်ႉႁွင်းဢဝ် ပိူင်သႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းလင်းၵႃ မိူဝ်ႈ 1276 ဢေႇၻီႇ တီႈ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ၼၶွၼ်း သီႇရိထမ်ႇမရတ်ႉ (Nakon Sridhamma-raj) ၼၼ်ႉၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ မိူင်းသုၵ်ႉၶေႃးထႆးၼၼ်ႉ သႃႇသၼႃႇ ပေႃးႁိူဝ်ႈႁိူင်းမႃး ၸဵမ်မိူဝ်ႈၸဝ်ႉၸဝ်ႉ လႆႈမွၵ်ႈ သိပ်းသၢဝ်းပီၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ တီႈၼၼ်ႈ ၵွပ်ႈပိူဝ်ႈမၼ်းပဵၼ် တီႈမုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈသီႇႁူဝ်ႇၶဝ် ႁူမ်ႈလူၺ်ႈ မုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈမိူင်းထႆး ၸိူဝ်းဢၼ်ၵႂႃႇႁဵၼ်းလိၵ်ႈ တီႈမိူင်းလင်းၵႃ ၶိုၼ်း မႃးႁဵတ်းၵၢၼ် ပိုၼ်ၽႄႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ ၼႂ်းမၼ်းၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ၼၶွၼ်းသီႇရိထမ်ႇမရတ်ႉၼႆႉ ဝၢႆးသေ မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈလႆႈငိၼ်းဝႃႈ မုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈမိူင်းလင်းၵႃၶဝ် လူင်ႉလႅၼ်ႇပိတၵၢတ်ႈၼႃႇ၊ လိူဝ်ၼၼ်ႉ ပၵ်းပိူင်လွင်ႈယူႇသဝ်းၵေႃႈ ၶႅမ်ႉၼႃႇၼႆၼၼ်ႉ မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈပၢင်းဢဝ် မုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈသီႇႁူဝ်ႇၶဝ် မႃးႁဵတ်းၵၢၼ်ပိုၼ်ၽႄႈ သႃႇသၼႃႇ ၼႂ်းမိူင်း မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈၼႆယဝ်ႉ။

ၼိူဝ်လၵ်းသဝ်ႁိၼ် ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ရမ်ႇၶမ်းႁႅင်း [Ram khamheng] 1276 ဢေႇၻီႇ ၼၼ်ႉ တႅမ်ႈဝႆႉဝႃႈ ''ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ရမ်ႇၶမ်းႁႅင်းၼႆႉ မၼ်းမေႃၵမ်ႉထႅမ်၊ လူႇတၢၼ်း ၵူၼ်းမီးသီႇလ၊ သမႃႇထိ၊ ပၺ်ႇၺႃႇ ဢိၵ်ႇလူၺ်ႈ ၸဝ်ႈမုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈၸၢင်း ၸိူဝ်းလူင်ႉလႅၼ်ႇ ပိတၵၢတ်ႈထမ်းၸဝ်ႈ ၸိူဝ်းဢၼ်မႃးမႂ်ႇၼၼ်ႉတႄႉတႄႉ။ ၸဝ်ႈၶဝ်ၸိူဝ်းၼၼ်ႉ ဢွၼ်ၵၼ်လုၵ်ႉတီႈ ၼၶွၼ်းသီႇရိထမ်ႇမရတ်ႉၼၼ်ႉမႃး''ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။&lt;ref&gt;''Prince Damrong Rajanubhab Buddhism in Thailand'', p.9.&lt;/ref&gt;

ၼႂ်းပပ်ႉ ၸိၼၵလမႃႇလီႇ ဢၼ်တႅမ်ႈဝႆႉ ၽႆၢႇပႃႇလိ မိူဝ်ႈ 1516 ဢေႇၻီႇၼၼ်ႉ မၼ်းလၢတ်ႈၼႄ ၶိူဝ်းၸဝ်ႈသုမၼ ၵႂႃႇႁဵတ်း သႃႇသၼႃႇ တီႈမႃႇတပၢၼ်ႇ၊ ရႃႇမၺ်ႇၺတေႇသ တီႈဢၼ်မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈ လႆႈလဵပ်ႈႁဵၼ်းမႃး လွင်ႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းလင်းၵႃ၊ ဝၢႆးၼၼ်ႉ ၸင်ႇဢဝ်မႃးပိုၼ်ၽႄႈ တီႈသုၵ်ႉၶေႃးထႆးၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ 

သႃႇသၼႃႇ ထေႇရဝၢတ်ႈ ဢၼ်မႃးထိုင် ၼႂ်းၵဵင်းသႅၼ်ၼႆႉ မႃးၸွမ်း တၢင်းၶတ်းၸႂ် ၸဝ်ႈသုမၼ မိူဝ်ႈ 1030-110 ဢေႇၻီႇလႄႈ တင်းၸဝ်ႈဢၼေႃးမတတ်ႉသီႇ ဢၼ်လႆႈသွၼ်ပိတၵၢတ်ႈမႃးတီႈ မႃႇတပၢၼ်ႇ ၼႃႈၶဝ်ၸဝ်ႈမႃး သုၵ်ႉၶေႃးထႆးၼႆယဝ်ႉ။  ၽရူဝ်ႇၾႅၵ်ႉသိူဝ်ႇ ဢႅတ်ႉၵျေႇ ထမ်ႇပီႇယႃႇ (Professor S.J Tambiah) ၵေႃႈ တႅမ်ႈဝႆႉ ၼႂ်းပပ်ႉ 'ၽူႈဢွင်ႇပေႉ ၼႂ်းလူၵ်ႈလႄႈ ၽူႈၽၢတ်ႇဢွၵ်ႇ ၼႂ်းလူၵ်ႈ' ၼၼ်ႉဝႃႈ ပပ်ႉပိုၼ်းမူႇလသႃႇသၼႃႇထႆး ဢၼ်တႅမ်ႈဝႆႉၽႆၢႇပႃႇလိၼၼ်ႉဝႃႈ 'ၵိူင်းသႃႇသၼႃႇလင်းၵႃ ၽူႈယူႇသဝ်း ၼႂ်းထိူၼ်ႇ၊ ၼႂ်းပွတ်းတွၼ်ႈ ရႃႇမၺ်ႇၺတေႇသ တီႈပၢၼ်ႇႁိမ်းမႃႇတပၢၼ်ႇၼၼ်ႉ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း မိူင်းလင်းၵႃ မႃႁႃႇသႃႇမိ ပေႃးၼပ်ႉယမ်' ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ လိူဝ်ၼၼ်ႉ သမ်ႉဝႃႈထႅင်ႈ 'မုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈထႆးသွင်တူၼ် ၸဝ်ႈဢၼေႃးမတတ်ႉသီႇလႄႈ ၸဝ်ႈသုမၼၼႆႉ ဢွၼ်ၵၼ်ၵႂႃႇ တီႈပၢၼ်ႇသေ ၵႂႃႇၶိုၼ်းႁဵတ်းၸၢင်း သမ်ႉၵႂႃႇသွၼ်ဢဝ်တၢင်းမေႃ ပိတၵၢတ်ႈ တမ်ႈတီႈမႁႃႇသႃႇမိၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ဝၢႆးၼၼ်ႉ ၸဝ်ႈသုမၼ ၶိုၼ်းမႃးတီႈ သုၵ်ႉၶေႃးထႆးသေ ဝႆၢးၼၼ်ႉ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်းလူဝ်တႆး (King Lo Tai) တုၵ်းယွၼ်းႁႂ်ႈတင်ႈပၼ် ၸုမ်းသႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းလင်းၵႃ။ ဝၢႆးၼၼ်ႉ မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈသိုပ်ႇမႃး တီႈၵဵင်းသႅၼ်သေ မႃးႁဵတ်းၵၢၼ်သႃႇသၼႃႇ တီႈၼၼ်ႈၼႆယဝ်ႉ။&lt;ref&gt;S. J. Tambiah, ''The Word Conqueror and the World Renouncer'', pp. 73-77.&lt;/ref&gt;

ၼႂ်းပိုၼ်းဝတ်ႉပႃႇလႅင် ၵဵင်းတုင် ဢၼ်တႅမ်ႈဝႆႉၽႆၢႇမိူင်းၼၼ်ႉဝႃႈ လွၵ်းလႆၢးတိုဝ်းၵမ် သႃႇသၼႃႇၵဵင်းတုင်ၼႆႉ ႁဵတ်းၼင်ႇ တီႈမႃႇတပၢၼ်ႇၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ လွၵ်းလႆၢးသႃႇသၼႃႇ ဢၼ်ၼႆႉ လုၵ်ႉဢဝ်ၵဵင်းမႆႇသေ မႃးထိုင်ၵဵင်းတုင် မွၵ်ႈမိူဝ်ႈ ႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 10 ဢေႇၻီႇ၊ ၽူႈဢဝ်မႃးမၼ်း ပဵၼ်ၸဝ်ႈသုမၼၼႆယဝ်ႉ။&lt;ref&gt;Sao Saimong Mangrai, pp. 102-105.&lt;/ref&gt;

ၼႂ်းတီႈၼႆႈ ယုမ်ႇယမ်ဝႃႈ ယၢမ်းမိူဝ်ႈၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း မင်းရႆၢး ၶိုၼ်ႈႁဵတ်းၶုၼ် တီႈၵဵင်းတုင်ၼၼ်ႉ သႃႇသၼႃႇ ၼႂ်းမိူင်းၵဵင်းတုင် ပေႃးလႅပ်ႈႁိူဝ်ႈႁိူင်းဝႆႉယဝ်ႉ။ ၵူၺ်းၵႃႈ ပေႃးတူၺ်းဢဝ် ဢၼ်ဝႃႈၵဵင်းမႆႇၼႆႉ တိုၵ်ႉမီးမႃးဢဝ်မိူဝ်ႈ 12.4.1296 ၼၼ်ႉၵူၺ်းၼႆၼၼ်ႉတႄႉ သမ်ႉသၢၼ်ၶတ်းၵၼ်ဝႆႉ။&lt;ref&gt;Hans Penth, ''A Brief History of Lanna'', p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt; ၵွပ်ႈၼၼ် ၶေႃႈထၢမ်တီႈၼႆႈ ဢွၵ်ႇမႃးဝႃႈ ၸဵမ်မိူဝ်ႈၵဵင်းတုင် ပႆႇလႆႈတႄႇတင်ႈၼၼ်ႉ တေႁဵတ်းႁိုဝ်ဝႃႈ သႃႇသၼႃႇ ပေႃးမႃးမီးဝႆႉယဝ်ႉၼႆၼၼ်ႉယူႇ။ ပေႃးႁဝ်းမႃးသွၼ်ႇတူၺ်း ဢၼ်ဝႃႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းထႆးပွတ်းႁွင်ႇၼႆႉ မၼ်းပေႃးႁိူဝ်ႈႁိူင်းမႃး ၸဵမ်မိူဝ်ႈၼႃႈ 1296 ဢေႇၻီႇပုၼ်ႉမႃးယဝ်ႉ၊ သႃႇသၼႃႇၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉ မၼ်းလုၵ်ႉဢဝ် ပွတ်းတႂႃႇရဝတီႇလႄႈ ပွတ်းၵဵင်းမႆႇသေမႃး ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ယွၼ်ႉၼၼ် သႃႇသၼႃႇၼႆႉ မၼ်းပေႃးမီးမႃး ၸဵမ်မိူဝ်ႈ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်းမင်းရႆၢး ပႆႇမႃးတင်ႈမိူင်းၵဵင်းတုင်ၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉၼႆယူႇ။ လွင်ႈၼႆႉ ၶေးလီႁွင်ႉဝႃႈ သႃႇသၼႃႇပၢၼ် ၼႃႈၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း မင်းရႆၢး ဢၼ်ၵပ်းသိုပ်ႇၵၼ် တင်းပွတ်းရႃႇမၺ်ႇၺတေႇသၼႆယူႇ။

{{dhr|3}}
{{rule|6em|align=left|style=border:1px solid}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:တႆး]]</text>
      <sha1>i2unrebdr4g99ia5rtj295j0pog0044</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1333300</id>
      <parentid>1333299</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T11:54:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sai Myo Thura Kyaw</username>
        <id>946522</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add contents</comment>
      <origin>1333300</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22316" sha1="5dtn6kmcf15q0ow8hy2okktiiod3pzv" xml:space="preserve">{{header
| title = သႃႇသၼႃႇ လႄႈ တႆး
| author = ၸဝ်ႈၶူး Dr. ပၺ်ၺႃသီရိ သၢႆပွၼ်
| override_author =
| editor =
| translator =
| contributor =
| override_contributor =
| section = 
| previous = [[သႃႇသၼႃႇ လႄႈ တႆး/ၵွင်းမူး ၼႂ်းမိူင်းတႆး ဢၼ်ၶဝ်ႈပႃး ၼႂ်းတၢင်းလီ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ဢႃႇသေႃးၵ|ၵွင်းမူး ၼႂ်းမိူင်းတႆး ဢၼ်ၶဝ်ႈပႃး ၼႂ်းတၢင်းလီ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ဢႃႇသေႃးၵ]]
| previous2 =
| next = [[သႃႇသၼႃႇ လႄႈ တႆး/ပွႆးသင်ႇၶႃႇ ပိုၼ်ၽႄႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ ပွၵ်ႈၵမ်းသွင်|ပွႆးသင်ႇၶႃႇ ပိုၼ်ၽႄႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ ပွၵ်ႈၵမ်းသွင်]]
| next2 =
| year =
| notes =
| edition = ပွၵ်ႈၵမ်းၼိုင်ႈ
| categories = သႃႇသၼႃႇပုတ်ႉထ
| shortcut =
| portal =
}}

ဝဵင်းၵဵင်းတုင်ၼႆႉ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်းမင်းရႆၢး မႃးပူၵ်းတင်ႈ မိူဝ်ႈပီ 1262 ဢေႇၻီႇ။ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်းမင်းရႆၢးၼႆႉ ပဵၼ်ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ၽွင်းငမ်း မိူင်းၵဵင်းသႅၼ်၊ မိူင်းထႆး တႄႇဢဝ်ပီ 1296 ၼၼ်ႉယူႇ။ ၼႂ်းမိူင်းမၼ်းၸဝ်ႈၼၼ်ႉ ဝဵင်းလူင်မၼ်း ပဵၼ်ၵဵင်းႁႆး (Chiangrai) လႄႈ လၢၼ်ႉၼႃး ၵဵင်းမႆႇၼႆယဝ်ႉ။&lt;ref&gt;James G. Scott, burma: ''A Handbook of Practical information'', p.491&lt;/ref&gt;  မိူင်းၵဵင်းတုင်ၼႆႉ ၸဝ်ႈၾႃႉၶဝ် လႆႈၽွင်းငမ်းၵႂႃႇ 800 ပီပၢႆပၢႆၼႆႉၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ၸဝ်ႈၾႃႉၵေႃႉလိုၼ်းသုတ်းတႄႉ ပဵၼ်ၸဝ်ႈၾႃႉ ၸဝ်ႈၸႆၢးလူင် ဢၼ်သဵင်ႈၵၢမ်ႇသုတ်းမုၼ်ၵႂႃႇ တီႈတႃႈၵုင်ႈ မိူဝ်ႈပီ 1997 ၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။

ပေႃးတူၺ်းဢဝ် ပိုၼ်းတႆး ဢၼ်ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း မင်းရႆၢး တႅမ်ႈဝႆႉၼၼ်ႉၸိုင် ၼင်ႇႁိုဝ်သႃႇသၼႃႇ တေၽႄႈတိူၼ်း ၶိုၼ်ႈယႂ်ႇမႂ်ႇသုင်ၼၼ်ႉ မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈပွႆႇ လုၵ်ႈၸႆၢးမၼ်းၸဝ်ႈလႄႈ သင်ႇၶၸဝ်ႈ ပိုၼ်ၽႄႈသႃႇသၼႃႇမႃး မိူင်းၵဵင်းတုင် မိူဝ်ႈ 1253 ဢေႇၻီႇၼၼ်ႉၼႆ ယဝ်ႉ။ ဝၢႆးသေၼၼ်ႉ မွၵ်ႈထႅင်ႈသၢဝ်းပီလိူဝ်လိူဝ် ၸဝ်ႈသိတ်ႉပၼ်ႇတု သမ်ႉမႃးသိုပ်ႇႁဵတ်းၵၢၼ် သႃႇသၼႃႇထႅင်ႈ တီႈၵဵင်းတုင်ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ဝၢႆးၼၼ်ႉ မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈ မႃးသိုပ်ႇပူၵ်းတင်ႈ ဝတ်ႉသီႇလင် မိူၼ်ၼင်ႇ ဝတ်ႉၾႃႉၵႅဝ်ႈ၊ ဝတ်ႉႁူဝ်ၶူင်ႇ၊ ဝတ်ႉပႃႇၵၢင်းဝတ်ႉၾႃႉၵၢင်း၊ ဝတ်ႉၸွမ်တွင်းထႅင်ႈ မိူဝ်ႈ 1370 ဢေႇၻီႇၼၼ်ႉၼႆယဝ်ႉ။&lt;ref&gt;''Popular History of Thailand'', p-18., Nawkhamla, An Analytical Study of Tai Buddhism, p-77. &lt;/ref&gt;

သႃႇသၼႃႇၶဝ်ႈမႃး ၼႂ်းမိူင်းၵဵင်းတုင်ၼႆႉ ပေႃးဢဝ်သႆၢမၼ်းဝႃႈ ၵွင်ႉၵႆၢႇၵၼ် တင်းသႃႇသၼႃႇ တီႈဝတ်ႉမႁႃႇဝိႁႃႇရ မိူင်းသီႇရိလင်းၵႃ၊ ဢၼ်ၸဝ်ႈဢရႁၼ်ႇ မႁိၼ်ႇတ လုၵ်ႈၸႆၢးၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ဢသေႃးၵ မႃးပိုၼ်ၽႄႈ မိူဝ်ႈၽွင်း ႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 3 ပီႇၸီႇၼၼ်ႉယူႇ။ ၵူၺ်းၵႃႈ ဝႃႈၼၼ်သေတ မၼ်းဢမ်ႇလုၵ်ႉဢဝ် တီႈမိူင်းသီႇရိလင်းၵႃသေ မႃးၵမ်းလဵဝ်ၼင်ႇၵဝ်ႇ။ လုၵ်ႉဢဝ်ပွတ်း မႃႇတပၢၼ်ႇ ဢၼ် ႁွင်ႉဝႃႈ မုတ်ႉတမ မိူင်းမွၼ်းၸိူဝ်းၼၼ်ႉသေ မႃးၽွင်ႈ။ လိူဝ်ၼၼ်ႉ သမ်ႉလုၵ်ႉဢဝ် ပွတ်းၵဵင်းသႅၼ်သေ မႃးၵေႃႈမီးၼႆယဝ်ႉ။&lt;ref&gt;''Buddhism in Kengtung: A Brief History, Article'', By Sao Dr. Dhammasami, p.2&lt;/ref&gt;

ပွတ်းမႃႇတပၢၼ်ႇ ဢၼ်ႁွင်ႉဝႃႈ ရႃႇမၺ်ႇၺတေႇသၼႆႉ မိူဝ်ႈၸဝ်ႉၸဝ်ႉတႄႉ ၸိုဝ်ႈသဵင်လိုဝ်းလင်ဝႃႈ တိူင်းသုဝၼ်ႇၼၽူႇမိၼႆယူႇ။ ပွတ်းၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉ ဝၢႆးသေ လႆႈႁပ်ႉႁွင်းဢဝ် သႃႇသၼႃႇ တမ်ႈတီႈ ၸဝ်ႈသေႃးၼ လႄႈ ၸဝ်ႈဢုတ်ႉတရ ဢၼ်ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်းဢသေႃးၵ ပွႆႇမႃး မိူဝ်ႈပီ ႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 3 ပီႇၸီႇၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ ဝႆၢးၼၼ်ႉ ပဵၼ်ငဝ်ႈငႂႃႇလူင် သႃႇသၼႃႇ တႃႇတေၽႄႈ ၼႂ်းမိူင်းမၢၼ်ႈၼႆႉယူႇ။  မိူဝ်ႈပီ 1057 ဢေႇၻီႇၼၼ်ႉ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ဢၼေႃႇရထႃႇ (1044-77 ဢေႇၻီႇ) သမ်ႉၵႂႃႇ တိုၵ်းဢဝ်မႃး ပိတၵၢတ်ႈ တီႈမိူင်းသထုင်ႇသုဝၼ်ႇၼၽူႇ မိ 32 ၸုမ်ႇၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ဝၢႆးသေၼၼ်ႉ ၼႂ်းပၢၼ်မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈ ၽွင်းငမ်းၼၼ်ႉ ၵႆႉၵႆႉၵပ်းသိုပ်ႇၵၼ် တင်းသႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းသီႇရိလင်းၵႃ ဝႆႉၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ပၢၼ်ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ထမ်ႇမၸေႇတီႇ (1472-92) ၼၼ်ႉ မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈ ပူၵ်းတင်ႈသိမ်ႇၵလျႃႇၼီႇ တီႈမိူင်းပၵူဝ်း။ သိမ်ႇၼႆႉ ပဵၼ် ဢၼ်ၸိုဝ်ႈသဵင်ယႂ်ႇ ၵိုၵ်းပိုၼ်းဝႆႉ တေႃႇယၢမ်းလဵဝ်ယူႇ။ မိူဝ်ႈပၢၼ် မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈၼၼ်ႉၵေႃႈ ၵႆႉၵႆႉသူင်ႇ မုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈၼႂ်းမိူင်း ၵႂႃႇလဵပ်ႈႁဵၼ်း လိူင်ႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ တီႈမိူင်းလင်းၵႃလႆၢလၢႆပွၵ်ႈ။ ဝႃႈတႄႉၵေႃႈ မိူဝ်ႈၼႃႈ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ထမ်ႇမၸေႇတီႇ ပႆႇပွႆႇမုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈ ၼႂ်းမိူင်းမၼ်း ၵႂႃႇၶိုၼ်းႁဵတ်းရႁၢၼ်း တီႈမိူင်းလင်းၵႃၼၼ်ႉ ၾိင်ႈထုင်းသႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းလင်းၵႃၵေႃႈ ၶဝ်မႃးၸွမ်းဢဝ် ပိူင်လႆၢးႁဵတ်းလႆၢးသၢင်ႈ သႃႇသၼႃႇ ပွတ်းရႃႇမၺ်ႇၺတေႇသ ၼႆႉၵူၺ်းၼင်ႇၵဝ်ႇၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ၼႂ်းလိၵ်ႈၽႃႁိၼ် ဢၼ်တႅမ်ႈဝႆႉ ၸွမ်းသိမ်ႇၵလျႃႇၼီႇ ၼႂ်းႁႃႈၶေႃႈၼၼ်ႉ တႃႇသီႇၶေႃႈ ပဵၼ်လႆၢးႁဵတ်းလႆၢးသၢင်ႈ မိူင်းလင်းၵႃဝႆႉၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ လိၵ်ႈၽႃႁိၼ်ၼၼ်ႉ မွၵ်ႇဝႃႈ မၼ်းပဵၼ်ၶေႃႈပူင် ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ထမ်ႇမၸေႇတီႇ ဢၼ်ၵႆႉၵပ်းသိုပ်းၵၼ် တင်းသႃႇသၼႃႇလင်းၵႃၼႆယဝ်ႉ။&lt;ref&gt; Taw Sein Ko (translated) ''Kalyani Inscriptions'', pp. 58-9.&lt;/ref&gt; 

ဝဵင်းၵဵင်းသႅၼ် ဢၼ်တင်ႈၸဝ်ႉသေပိူၼ်ႈ ၼႂ်းမိူင်းထႆးၼႆႉ မၼ်းၶႂ်ႈတူၵ်းၺႃး ယၢမ်းလဵဝ်ၵၼ် တင်းပၢၼ်တႂႃႇရဝတီႇ ႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ (6-11) ဢေႇၻီႇ ပၢၼ်မိူင်းမွၼ်း တႂ်ႈဢၢမ်းၼတ်ႈ ၶုၼ်ၶမႃႇၶဝ်ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ၾိင်ႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းလင်းၵႃ ဢၼ်ႁွင်ႉဝႃႈ လင်ႇၵႃႇဝမ်ႇသ ဢၼ်မႃးထိုင် ၵဵင်းသႅၼ်ၼႆႉ ဢွၼ်တၢင်းသုတ်း လုၵ်ႉဢဝ်တီႈ သုၵ်ႉၶေႃးထႆးသေမႃး၊ ဝၢႆးၼၼ်ႉ သမ်ႉလုၵ်ႉတီႈ ဢယုတ်ႉထယသေမႃး။ သုၵ်ႉၶေႃးထႆး (1219-1350 ဢေႇၻီႇ)ၼႆႉ ဢွၼ်တၢင်းသုတ်း ၶဝ်ႁပ်ႉႁွင်းဢဝ် ပိူင်သႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းလင်းၵႃ မိူဝ်ႈ 1276 ဢေႇၻီႇ တီႈ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ၼၶွၼ်း သီႇရိထမ်ႇမရတ်ႉ (Nakon Sridhamma-raj) ၼၼ်ႉၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ မိူင်းသုၵ်ႉၶေႃးထႆးၼၼ်ႉ သႃႇသၼႃႇ ပေႃးႁိူဝ်ႈႁိူင်းမႃး ၸဵမ်မိူဝ်ႈၸဝ်ႉၸဝ်ႉ လႆႈမွၵ်ႈ သိပ်းသၢဝ်းပီၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ တီႈၼၼ်ႈ ၵွပ်ႈပိူဝ်ႈမၼ်းပဵၼ် တီႈမုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈသီႇႁူဝ်ႇၶဝ် ႁူမ်ႈလူၺ်ႈ မုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈမိူင်းထႆး ၸိူဝ်းဢၼ်ၵႂႃႇႁဵၼ်းလိၵ်ႈ တီႈမိူင်းလင်းၵႃ ၶိုၼ်း မႃးႁဵတ်းၵၢၼ် ပိုၼ်ၽႄႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ ၼႂ်းမၼ်းၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ၼၶွၼ်းသီႇရိထမ်ႇမရတ်ႉၼႆႉ ဝၢႆးသေ မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈလႆႈငိၼ်းဝႃႈ မုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈမိူင်းလင်းၵႃၶဝ် လူင်ႉလႅၼ်ႇပိတၵၢတ်ႈၼႃႇ၊ လိူဝ်ၼၼ်ႉ ပၵ်းပိူင်လွင်ႈယူႇသဝ်းၵေႃႈ ၶႅမ်ႉၼႃႇၼႆၼၼ်ႉ မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈပၢင်းဢဝ် မုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈသီႇႁူဝ်ႇၶဝ် မႃးႁဵတ်းၵၢၼ်ပိုၼ်ၽႄႈ သႃႇသၼႃႇ ၼႂ်းမိူင်း မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈၼႆယဝ်ႉ။

ၼိူဝ်လၵ်းသဝ်ႁိၼ် ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ရမ်ႇၶမ်းႁႅင်း [Ram khamheng] 1276 ဢေႇၻီႇ ၼၼ်ႉ တႅမ်ႈဝႆႉဝႃႈ ''ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ရမ်ႇၶမ်းႁႅင်းၼႆႉ မၼ်းမေႃၵမ်ႉထႅမ်၊ လူႇတၢၼ်း ၵူၼ်းမီးသီႇလ၊ သမႃႇထိ၊ ပၺ်ႇၺႃႇ ဢိၵ်ႇလူၺ်ႈ ၸဝ်ႈမုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈၸၢင်း ၸိူဝ်းလူင်ႉလႅၼ်ႇ ပိတၵၢတ်ႈထမ်းၸဝ်ႈ ၸိူဝ်းဢၼ်မႃးမႂ်ႇၼၼ်ႉတႄႉတႄႉ။ ၸဝ်ႈၶဝ်ၸိူဝ်းၼၼ်ႉ ဢွၼ်ၵၼ်လုၵ်ႉတီႈ ၼၶွၼ်းသီႇရိထမ်ႇမရတ်ႉၼၼ်ႉမႃး''ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။&lt;ref&gt;''Prince Damrong Rajanubhab Buddhism in Thailand'', p.9.&lt;/ref&gt;

ၼႂ်းပပ်ႉ ၸိၼၵလမႃႇလီႇ ဢၼ်တႅမ်ႈဝႆႉ ၽႆၢႇပႃႇလိ မိူဝ်ႈ 1516 ဢေႇၻီႇၼၼ်ႉ မၼ်းလၢတ်ႈၼႄ ၶိူဝ်းၸဝ်ႈသုမၼ ၵႂႃႇႁဵတ်း သႃႇသၼႃႇ တီႈမႃႇတပၢၼ်ႇ၊ ရႃႇမၺ်ႇၺတေႇသ တီႈဢၼ်မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈ လႆႈလဵပ်ႈႁဵၼ်းမႃး လွင်ႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းလင်းၵႃ၊ ဝၢႆးၼၼ်ႉ ၸင်ႇဢဝ်မႃးပိုၼ်ၽႄႈ တီႈသုၵ်ႉၶေႃးထႆးၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ 

သႃႇသၼႃႇ ထေႇရဝၢတ်ႈ ဢၼ်မႃးထိုင် ၼႂ်းၵဵင်းသႅၼ်ၼႆႉ မႃးၸွမ်း တၢင်းၶတ်းၸႂ် ၸဝ်ႈသုမၼ မိူဝ်ႈ 1030-110 ဢေႇၻီႇလႄႈ တင်းၸဝ်ႈဢၼေႃးမတတ်ႉသီႇ ဢၼ်လႆႈသွၼ်ပိတၵၢတ်ႈမႃးတီႈ မႃႇတပၢၼ်ႇ ၼႃႈၶဝ်ၸဝ်ႈမႃး သုၵ်ႉၶေႃးထႆးၼႆယဝ်ႉ။  ၽရူဝ်ႇၾႅၵ်ႉသိူဝ်ႇ ဢႅတ်ႉၵျေႇ ထမ်ႇပီႇယႃႇ (Professor S.J Tambiah) ၵေႃႈ တႅမ်ႈဝႆႉ ၼႂ်းပပ်ႉ 'ၽူႈဢွင်ႇပေႉ ၼႂ်းလူၵ်ႈလႄႈ ၽူႈၽၢတ်ႇဢွၵ်ႇ ၼႂ်းလူၵ်ႈ' ၼၼ်ႉဝႃႈ ပပ်ႉပိုၼ်းမူႇလသႃႇသၼႃႇထႆး ဢၼ်တႅမ်ႈဝႆႉၽႆၢႇပႃႇလိၼၼ်ႉဝႃႈ 'ၵိူင်းသႃႇသၼႃႇလင်းၵႃ ၽူႈယူႇသဝ်း ၼႂ်းထိူၼ်ႇ၊ ၼႂ်းပွတ်းတွၼ်ႈ ရႃႇမၺ်ႇၺတေႇသ တီႈပၢၼ်ႇႁိမ်းမႃႇတပၢၼ်ႇၼၼ်ႉ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း မိူင်းလင်းၵႃ မႃႁႃႇသႃႇမိ ပေႃးၼပ်ႉယမ်' ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ လိူဝ်ၼၼ်ႉ သမ်ႉဝႃႈထႅင်ႈ 'မုၼ်ၸဝ်ႈထႆးသွင်တူၼ် ၸဝ်ႈဢၼေႃးမတတ်ႉသီႇလႄႈ ၸဝ်ႈသုမၼၼႆႉ ဢွၼ်ၵၼ်ၵႂႃႇ တီႈပၢၼ်ႇသေ ၵႂႃႇၶိုၼ်းႁဵတ်းၸၢင်း သမ်ႉၵႂႃႇသွၼ်ဢဝ်တၢင်းမေႃ ပိတၵၢတ်ႈ တမ်ႈတီႈမႁႃႇသႃႇမိၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ဝၢႆးၼၼ်ႉ ၸဝ်ႈသုမၼ ၶိုၼ်းမႃးတီႈ သုၵ်ႉၶေႃးထႆးသေ ဝႆၢးၼၼ်ႉ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်းလူဝ်တႆး (King Lo Tai) တုၵ်းယွၼ်းႁႂ်ႈတင်ႈပၼ် ၸုမ်းသႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းလင်းၵႃ။ ဝၢႆးၼၼ်ႉ မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈသိုပ်ႇမႃး တီႈၵဵင်းသႅၼ်သေ မႃးႁဵတ်းၵၢၼ်သႃႇသၼႃႇ တီႈၼၼ်ႈၼႆယဝ်ႉ။&lt;ref&gt;S. J. Tambiah, ''The Word Conqueror and the World Renouncer'', pp. 73-77.&lt;/ref&gt;

ၼႂ်းပိုၼ်းဝတ်ႉပႃႇလႅင် ၵဵင်းတုင် ဢၼ်တႅမ်ႈဝႆႉၽႆၢႇမိူင်းၼၼ်ႉဝႃႈ လွၵ်းလႆၢးတိုဝ်းၵမ် သႃႇသၼႃႇၵဵင်းတုင်ၼႆႉ ႁဵတ်းၼင်ႇ တီႈမႃႇတပၢၼ်ႇၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ လွၵ်းလႆၢးသႃႇသၼႃႇ ဢၼ်ၼႆႉ လုၵ်ႉဢဝ်ၵဵင်းမႆႇသေ မႃးထိုင်ၵဵင်းတုင် မွၵ်ႈမိူဝ်ႈ ႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 10 ဢေႇၻီႇ၊ ၽူႈဢဝ်မႃးမၼ်း ပဵၼ်ၸဝ်ႈသုမၼၼႆယဝ်ႉ။&lt;ref&gt;Sao Saimong Mangrai, pp. 102-105.&lt;/ref&gt;

ၼႂ်းတီႈၼႆႈ ယုမ်ႇယမ်ဝႃႈ ယၢမ်းမိူဝ်ႈၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း မင်းရႆၢး ၶိုၼ်ႈႁဵတ်းၶုၼ် တီႈၵဵင်းတုင်ၼၼ်ႉ သႃႇသၼႃႇ ၼႂ်းမိူင်းၵဵင်းတုင် ပေႃးလႅပ်ႈႁိူဝ်ႈႁိူင်းဝႆႉယဝ်ႉ။ ၵူၺ်းၵႃႈ ပေႃးတူၺ်းဢဝ် ဢၼ်ဝႃႈၵဵင်းမႆႇၼႆႉ တိုၵ်ႉမီးမႃးဢဝ်မိူဝ်ႈ 12.4.1296 ၼၼ်ႉၵူၺ်းၼႆၼၼ်ႉတႄႉ သမ်ႉသၢၼ်ၶတ်းၵၼ်ဝႆႉ။&lt;ref&gt;Hans Penth, ''A Brief History of Lanna'', p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt; ၵွပ်ႈၼၼ် ၶေႃႈထၢမ်တီႈၼႆႈ ဢွၵ်ႇမႃးဝႃႈ ၸဵမ်မိူဝ်ႈၵဵင်းတုင် ပႆႇလႆႈတႄႇတင်ႈၼၼ်ႉ တေႁဵတ်းႁိုဝ်ဝႃႈ သႃႇသၼႃႇ ပေႃးမႃးမီးဝႆႉယဝ်ႉၼႆၼၼ်ႉယူႇ။ ပေႃးႁဝ်းမႃးသွၼ်ႇတူၺ်း ဢၼ်ဝႃႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းထႆးပွတ်းႁွင်ႇၼႆႉ မၼ်းပေႃးႁိူဝ်ႈႁိူင်းမႃး ၸဵမ်မိူဝ်ႈၼႃႈ 1296 ဢေႇၻီႇပုၼ်ႉမႃးယဝ်ႉ၊ သႃႇသၼႃႇၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉ မၼ်းလုၵ်ႉဢဝ် ပွတ်းတႂႃႇရဝတီႇလႄႈ ပွတ်းၵဵင်းမႆႇသေမႃး ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ယွၼ်ႉၼၼ် သႃႇသၼႃႇၼႆႉ မၼ်းပေႃးမီးမႃး ၸဵမ်မိူဝ်ႈ ၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်းမင်းရႆၢး ပႆႇမႃးတင်ႈမိူင်းၵဵင်းတုင်ၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉၼႆယူႇ။ လွင်ႈၼႆႉ ၶေးလီႁွင်ႉဝႃႈ သႃႇသၼႃႇပၢၼ် ၼႃႈၶုၼ်ႁေႃၶမ်း မင်းရႆၢး ဢၼ်ၵပ်းသိုပ်ႇၵၼ် တင်းပွတ်းရႃႇမၺ်ႇၺတေႇသၼႆယူႇ။

လွင်ႈသႃႇသၼႃႇၵဵင်းတုင်ၼႆႉ ဢၼ်လႆႈႁူႉတႄႉ ပဵၼ်ဢၼ် လႆႈလဵပ်ႈႁဵၼ်းဢဝ် ၼႂ်းပိုၼ်းဝတ်ႉပႃႇလႅင်ၼၼ်ႉၵူၺ်း။ လွင်ႈၶိူဝ်းပိုၼ်း ၸုမ်းၸဝ်ႈသြႃႇသုမၼၶဝ်တႄႉ ၶဝ်ၸဝ်ႈၸွမ်းဢဝ် ပိူင်ၸိူင်ႉႁိုဝ်၊ ၸုမ်းလႂ်သေ ႁဵတ်းသၢင်ႈသႃႇသၼႃႇ ဢၼ်ဝႃႈၼၼ်ႉ ယွၼ်ႉၶဝ် ဢမ်ႇတႅမ်ႈမႆၢဝႆႉလႄႈ တႃႇတေတႅပ်းတတ်းလႆႈ ယၢပ်ႇယူႇ။ ၵူၺ်းၵႃႈ ပေႃးမႃးလဵပ်ႈႁဵၼ်းတူၺ်း ပိုၼ်းသႃႇသၼႃႇ မိူင်းႁိမ်းႁွမ်းၸိူဝ်းၼၼ်ႉတႄႉ သႃႇသၼႃႇမိူဝ်ႈၸဝ်ႉၼႆႉ ၶဝ်ၸဝ်ႈဢဝ်လႆၢးၸိူင်ႉႁိုဝ်၊ ပိူင်ၸုမ်းလႂ်သေႁဵတ်း ဢၼ်ဝႃႈၼၼ်ႉ ပွင်ႇၸႂ်လႆႈယူႇၽွင်ႈ။ ၵူၺ်းၵႃႈ မၼ်းတေပူၼ်ႉ ၼိူဝ်ႁူဝ်ၶေႃႈၼႆႉၵႂႃႇ။ ယွၼ်ႉၼၼ်လႄႈ ႁဝ်းၵိုင်ႇလီ ဢိင်ဢဝ်ၼိူဝ် လၵ်းသဝ်ႁိၼ် ဝတ်ႉပႃႇလႅင်လႄႈ ပိုၼ်းဝတ်ႉပႃႇလႅင်၊ ဢိၵ်ႇလူၺ်ႈ ပိုၼ်းမိူင်းၵဵင်းတုင် ဢၼ်တေဢမ်ႇမီး လွင်ႈထၢင်ႇထိူမ် လႆႈၼၼ်ႉၵူၺ်း။ မိူၼ်ပိုၼ်းၸုမ်း ၸဝ်ႈသြႃႇသေႃးမၸိတ်ႉတၶဝ် ဢၼ်မႃးႁဵတ်းသႃႇသၼႃႇ ပွၵ်ႈၵမ်းသွင်ၼၼ်ႉ ယွၼ်ႉလုၵ်ႈသိတ်ႈ မၼ်းၸဝ်ႈ တႅမ်ႈမႆၢဝႆလႄႈ ၼႆႉၵေႃႈတႅၵ်ႇလႅင်းယူႇ။ လၵ်းသဝ်ႁိၼ် ဝတ်ႉပႃႇလႅင်ၼႆႉ တွၵ်ႇဝႆႉ မိူဝ်ႈ 1451 ဢေႇၻီႇၼၼ်ႉသေ သမ်ႉမီး ၼႂ်းလၵ်းသဝ်ႁိၼ် ရမ်ႇၶမ်းႁႅင်း တႁီ (Ram- khamheang Tahi scripts) ၼၼ်ႉၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ၵူၺ်းၵႃႈ ပိုၼ်းသွင်ဢၼ်ၼၼ်ႉတႄႉ ဢမ်ႇလႆႈဝၼ်းထိမၼ်း တႅတ်ႈတေႃး။ 

{{dhr|3}}
{{rule|6em|align=left|style=border:1px solid}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:တႆး]]</text>
      <sha1>5dtn6kmcf15q0ow8hy2okktiiod3pzv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:སྤྱོད་འཇུག་གི་འབྲུ་འགྲེལ་དབུ་མའི་ལམ་གྱི་སྒྲོན་མེ།.pdf/9</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449667</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333238</id>
      <parentid>1333173</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T14:37:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pecha-pema</username>
        <id>890001</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333238</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2294" sha1="s9wzkaaritxfes3ebza3yhvipkvcrp1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Pecha-pema&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;༄༅། །མ་ཡིན་ནོ།།ཞེས་པས། རྟེན་འདི་གཅིག་པུ་དལ་བར་འཇོག་པའང་དེར། གང་ཟག་ཚངས་པར་སྤྱོད་པ་ལ་གནས་པ་དལ་བའི་
དུས་ནི་གཅིག་སྟེ། དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ་འཇིག་རྟེན་འདིར་བྱུང་ལ་ཆོས་ཀྱང་སྟོན་ཏེ་ཞེས་སོགས་ཀྱིས་སོ། །མི་ཁོམ་པའི་ནང་ཚན་ཚེ་རིང་ལྷ་ནི། བསམ་གཏན་བཞི་
པའི་གནས་གཞན་འབྲས་བུ་ཆེའི་ཕྱོགས་གཅིག་ཏུ་སྐྱེས་པའི་འདུ་ཤེས་མེད་པ་དང་། གཟུགས་མེད་ཀྱི་སོ་སྐྱེར་ཕལ་ཆེར་འདོད་ཀྱང་། དཔའ་བོས་སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་གསུཾ་
པ་སོགས་བཞག་སྟེ། རྟེན་འདི་རབ་ཏུ་བྱུང་བ་རུང་བའི་དབང་དུ་བྱས་ཤིང་། དེ་ལ་ལྷ་ལས་ལྷག་པའི་ལུས་ཞེས་བཏགས་པས་ཕྱི་མ་འཐད་པར་སེམ་མོ། །སངས་རྒྱས་
ཀྱི་སྙིང་པོ་ལས། དགེ་སློང་དག་དལ་འབྱོར་ནི་རྣམ་པ་བཅུ་སྟེ། གཞན་གྱི་འབྱོར་པ་ལྔ་དང་། རང་གི་འབྱོར་བ་ལྔའོ་ཞེས་སོགས་རྒྱས་པར་བཤད་པ་དེ་དག་མཐུན་པའི་རྐྱེན་
ཡིན་པས་འབྱོར་པར་བཞག་པ་སྟེ། ཕྱུག་པོའི་ལོངས་སྤྱོད་བཞིན་ནོ། །དེས་ན་རྟེན་འདི་རྙེད་མི་དཀའ་རུ། འཇིག་རྟེན་དུ་སངས་རྒྱས་འབྱུང་བ་དཀོན་ལ། འདི་དེ་ལ་རག་ལུས་&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>s9wzkaaritxfes3ebza3yhvipkvcrp1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:Conversations in Gaelic and English.djvu/66</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449670</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333245</id>
      <parentid>1333161</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T21:03:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cwrwgl</username>
        <id>937938</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1333245</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2489" sha1="qx4um6dschhc59o0jvyim4nsitv61e8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Cwrwgl&quot; /&gt;{{rh|62|CÒMHRAIDHEAN: CONVERSATIONS.}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;Laidinn is leis an teaghlach
an coitchiontas iad.

Am bheil dad r'a fhaotainn ann an
''Grammar'' na Gàidhlig cosmhuil
ris na gheibhear ann an
''Grammar'' nan cainntean eile?

Tha beagan, ach tha è cho mion 's
nach 'eil è furasd' a chur ann
an Gàidhlig a thuigeas daoine.

Chomhairlichinn duit leabhar
Phrofessor Blackie mu ’n
Ghàidhlig a leughadh.

Ciod tuilleadh a tha ri 'ràdh mu 'n
chùis ?

Tha mòran de bhun-fhacail 's a'
Ghàidhlig aig am bheil an
leth-bhreacan 's an Laidinn gu
sònraichte.

Am bheil an dàimh a tha eadar riu
furasd' fhaicinn?

Cha 'n 'eil mur 'eil neach eòlach
air a lorgachadh.

'D é 's aobhar d' a sin?

Tha mòran de na facail nach 'eil a'
tòiseachadh leis an aon litir,
agus tha muthadh eadar riu air
dòighean eile.

Ann an coimeas chànainean, uime
sin, tha è feumail a thoirt
fainear ciod na fuaimean anns
an dara cainnt a tha 'freagairt
do na fuaimean anns a' chainnt
eile.

'D é 'ur barail mu 'n Ghàidhlig
mar chainnt?

Tha i fìor fhreagarrach airson cur
an céill smuaintean, faireachduinnean,
agus uireasbhuidhean
gnàthaichte an duine.

Nach 'eil i freagarrach airson
bàrdachd?

Tha, agus airson ciùil, eachdraidh,
sgeulachdan, agus airson labhairt ri coimhthional agus
cunntas a thoirt air coltas na
cruitheachd.

Am bheil i freagarrach airson
feallsanachd?

the common property of the
family.

Is there anything to be found in
Gaelic Grammar resembling
what is to be found in the
Grammar of the other languages?

There is a little, but it is so minute
that it is not easy to put it in
intelligible Gaelic.

I would recommend to you to read
Professor Blackie's book about
Gaelic.

What more is there to say about
the matter?

There are many root-words in
Gaelic which have their coun-
terparts in Latin especially.

Is the affinity between them easily
perceived?

It is not if one is not skilful in
tracing it.

What is the cause of that?

Many of the words do not begin
with the same letter, and there
are differences between them
in other ways.

In comparing languages, therefore,
it is necessary to consider what
sounds in the one language
correspond to the sounds in
the other.

What is your opinion of Gaclic as
a language?

It is very well adapted for expressing the ordinary thoughts,
feelings, and wants of man.

Is it not adapted for poetry?

Yes, and for music, history, tales,
addressing an assembly, and
describing the appearance of
creation.

Is it adapted for philosophy?
{{nop}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qx4um6dschhc59o0jvyim4nsitv61e8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:Conversations in Gaelic and English.djvu/67</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449671</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333242</id>
      <parentid>1333143</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T20:46:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cwrwgl</username>
        <id>937938</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333242</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2228" sha1="6gnh10bz0smei5guxhfy41g19orwtcx" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Cwrwgl&quot; /&gt;{{rh||CÒMHRAIDHEAN: CONVERSATIONS.|63}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;Cha 'n 'eil.

Carson?

A chionn nach 'eil facail fhreagarrach innte.

Ciamar a thachair sin?

Chaidh stad a chur air a cinneas.

Am bheil e 'n a comas àireamh a
facail a mheudachadh?

Tha gu mòr, agus sin uaipe féin,
gun bhi 'n comain cànain sam
bith eile.

A bharrachd air sin tha i 'n a
cainnt lìomharra, bhinn-fhoclach, cheòlmhor.

'S è so barail nan daoine fòghluimte
a rannsaich a' chùis.

Mòran taing dhuibh.

Biodh a càirdean uile cho dìleas di
's a tha sibhse, 's cha 'n eagal
di.

{{c|LEABHRAICHEAN
GÀIDHLIG.}}

An aithne dhuibh fear a' bhail'
ud shuas?

'S aithne dhomh è r' a fhaicinn: 's
è sin uil' è.

Cha bu mhòr an call ged nach robh
am barrachd eòlais agaibh air.

Tha è coltach ris nach 'eil thusa
buidheach dheth.

Cha 'n 'eil, 's tha aobhar agam.

Ciod a thàinig eadaraibh?

Cha téid stad air a theangaidh a'
diomoladh na Gàidhlig agus
gach ni Gàidhealach.

&quot;Is tric a dhiomol an ceannaich'
am bathar a bu mhath leis 'n
a mhàileid.&quot;

Nach dubhairt è rium an clàr
an aodainn nach 'eil 's a'
Ghàidhlig ach cainnt airson
dhaoine borba, 's nach 'eil
leabhraichean innte a 's fhiach
an leughadh!

It is not.

Why?

Because there are not suitable
words in it.

How did that happen?

Its growth has been stopped.

Has it the power of increasing the
number of its words?

Yes, greatly, and that from itself,
without being indebted to any
other language.

Moreover, it is a polished, melodious, and musical language.

This is the opinion of the learned
men that have examined the
matter.

Many thanks to you.

Let all its friends be as faithful to
it as you are, and there is no
fear of it.

{{c|GAELIC BOOKS.}}

Do you know the man of the farm
up yonder?

I know him by sight: that is all.

It would be no great loss though
you should have no further
acquaintance with him.

It seems that you are not pleased
with him.

I am not, and I have cause.

What has come between you?

His tongue does not cease to disparage Gaelic and everything
Highland.

Often has the pedlar disparaged
goods that he would wish to
have in his pack.

Did he not tell me to my face that
Gaelic is only a language for
savages, and that there are no
books in it worth reading!&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6gnh10bz0smei5guxhfy41g19orwtcx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1333244</id>
      <parentid>1333242</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T21:03:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cwrwgl</username>
        <id>937938</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1333244</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2236" sha1="pwfw2uu4wspbn35ithheoorbliz1sc0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Cwrwgl&quot; /&gt;{{rh||CÒMHRAIDHEAN: CONVERSATIONS.|63}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;Cha 'n 'eil.

Carson?

A chionn nach 'eil facail fhreagarrach innte.

Ciamar a thachair sin?

Chaidh stad a chur air a cinneas.

Am bheil e 'n a comas àireamh a
facail a mheudachadh?

Tha gu mòr, agus sin uaipe féin,
gun bhi 'n comain cànain sam
bith eile.

A bharrachd air sin tha i 'n a
cainnt lìomharra, bhinn-fhoclach, cheòlmhor.

'S è so barail nan daoine fòghluimte
a rannsaich a' chùis.

Mòran taing dhuibh.

Biodh a càirdean uile cho dìleas di
's a tha sibhse, 's cha 'n eagal
di.

{{c|LEABHRAICHEAN
GÀIDHLIG.}}

An aithne dhuibh fear a' bhail'
ud shuas?

'S aithne dhomh è r' a fhaicinn: 's
è sin uil' è.

Cha bu mhòr an call ged nach robh
am barrachd eòlais agaibh air.

Tha è coltach ris nach 'eil thusa
buidheach dheth.

Cha 'n 'eil, 's tha aobhar agam.

Ciod a thàinig eadaraibh?

Cha téid stad air a theangaidh a'
diomoladh na Gàidhlig agus
gach ni Gàidhealach.

&quot;Is tric a dhiomol an ceannaich'
am bathar a bu mhath leis 'n
a mhàileid.&quot;

Nach dubhairt è rium an clàr
an aodainn nach 'eil 's a'
Ghàidhlig ach cainnt airson
dhaoine borba, 's nach 'eil
leabhraichean innte a 's fhiach
an leughadh!

It is not.

Why?

Because there are not suitable
words in it.

How did that happen?

Its growth has been stopped.

Has it the power of increasing the
number of its words?

Yes, greatly, and that from itself,
without being indebted to any
other language.

Moreover, it is a polished, melodious, and musical language.

This is the opinion of the learned
men that have examined the
matter.

Many thanks to you.

Let all its friends be as faithful to
it as you are, and there is no
fear of it.

{{c|GAELIC BOOKS.}}

Do you know the man of the farm
up yonder?

I know him by sight: that is all.

It would be no great loss though
you should have no further
acquaintance with him.

It seems that you are not pleased
with him.

I am not, and I have cause.

What has come between you?

His tongue does not cease to disparage Gaelic and everything
Highland.

Often has the pedlar disparaged
goods that he would wish to
have in his pack.

Did he not tell me to my face that
Gaelic is only a language for
savages, and that there are no
books in it worth reading!
{{nop}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pwfw2uu4wspbn35ithheoorbliz1sc0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index:ཐབས་མཁས་ཐུགས་རྗེ་མ།.pdf</title>
    <ns>106</ns>
    <id>449693</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333234</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T14:27:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pecha-Alalamo</username>
        <id>871864</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>auto summary: New page created (no summary given)</comment>
      <origin>1333234</origin>
      <model>proofread-index</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="348" sha1="k500nirbsgw91rj7jl8xflxd74c7uzi" xml:space="preserve">{{:MediaWiki:Proofreadpage_index_template
|Title=ཐབས་མཁས་ཐུགས་རྗེ་མ།
|Language=bo
|Author=འབྲི་གུང་སྐྱོབས་པ་འཇིག་རྟེན་གསུམ་མགོན།
|Translator=
|Editor=
|Year=
|Publisher=
|Address=
|Key=
|Source=https://library.bdrc.
|Image=[[File:ཐབས་མཁས་ཐུགས་རྗེ་མ།.jpg|thumb|ཐབས་མཁས་ཐུགས་རྗེ་མ།]]
|Progress=C
|Volumes=
|Pages=&lt;pagelist /&gt;
|Remarks=
|Width=
|Css=
}}
[[Category:Tibetan]]</text>
      <sha1>k500nirbsgw91rj7jl8xflxd74c7uzi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ཐབས་མཁས་ཐུགས་རྗེ་མ།.pdf/1</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449694</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333235</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T14:28:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pecha-Alalamo</username>
        <id>871864</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Not proofread */ auto summary: New page created (no summary given)</comment>
      <origin>1333235</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="101" sha1="sm7ow4rmgjlk2u0nn56ktl705dsxvuu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Pecha-Alalamo&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;༄༅། །ཐབས་མཁས་ཐུགས་རྗེ་མ་བཞུགས་སོ།།&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sm7ow4rmgjlk2u0nn56ktl705dsxvuu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ཐབས་མཁས་ཐུགས་རྗེ་མ།.pdf/2</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333236</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T14:30:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pecha-Alalamo</username>
        <id>871864</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Not proofread */ auto summary: New page created (no summary given)</comment>
      <origin>1333236</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2546" sha1="2zx2syh6v0nayzutppox7cfx3dsgmof" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Pecha-Alalamo&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;༄༅། །ཐབས་མཁས་ཐུགས་རྗེས་ཤཱཀྱའི་རིགས་འཁྲུངས་ཤིང་། །གཞན་གྱིས་མི་ཐུབ་བདུད་ཀྱི་དཔུང་བཅོམ་པ། ། གསེར་གྱི་ལྷུན་པོ་ལྟ་བུར་བརྗིད་པའི་སྐུ། །ཤཱཀྱའི་རྒྱལ་པོ་དེ་ལ་
ཕྱག་འཚལ་ལོ། །གང་གིས་དང་པོར་བྱང་ཆུབ་ཐུགས་བསྐྱེད་ནས། །བསོད་ནམས་ཡེ་ཤེས་ཚོགས་གཉིས་རྫོགས་མཛད་ཅིང་། ། དུས་འདིར་མཛད་པ་རྒྱ་ཆེན་འགྲོ་བ་ཡི། །མགོན་གྱུར་ཁྱོད་ལ་
བདག་གིས་བསྟོད་པར་བགྱི། །ལྷ་རྣམས་འདུལ་མཛད་འདུལ་བའི་དུས་གཟིགས་ནས། །ལྷ་ལས་བབས་ནས་གླང་ཆེན་ལྟར་གཤེགས་ཏེ། །རིགས་ལ་གཟིགས་ནས་ལྷ་མོ་སྒྱུ་འཕྲུལ་མའི། །ལྷུམས་སུ་
ཞུགས་པར་མཛད་ལ་ཕྱག་འཚལ་ལོ། །ཟླ་བ་བཅུ་རྫོགས་ཤཱཀྱའི་སྲས་པོ་ནི། །བཀྲ་ཤིས་ལུམ་བིའི་ཚལ་དུ་བལྟམས་པའི་ཚེ། ། ཚངས་དང་བརྒྱ་བྱིན་གྱིས་བཏུད་མཚན་མཆོག་ནི། །བྱང་ཆུབ་
རིགས་སུ་ངེས་མཛད་ཕྱག་འཚལ་ལོ། །གཞོན་ནུ་སྟོབས་ལྡན་མི་ཡི་སེངྒེ་དེས། །ཨཾ་ག་མ་གྷ་དྷར་ནི་སྒྱུ་རྩལ་བསྟན། ། སྐྱེ་བོ་དྲེགས་པ་ཅན་རྣམས་ཚར་བཅད་ནས། །
འགྲན་ཟླ་མེད་པར་མཛད་ལ་ཕྱག་འཚལ་ལོ། །འཇིག་རྟེན་ཆོས་དང་མཐུན་པར་བྱ་བ་དང་། །ཁ་ན་མ་ཐོ་སྤང་ཕྱིར་བཙུན་མོ་ཡི། ། འཁོར་དང་ལྡན་མཛད་ཐབས་ལ་མཁས་པ་ཡིས། །&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2zx2syh6v0nayzutppox7cfx3dsgmof</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ཐབས་མཁས་ཐུགས་རྗེ་མ།.pdf/3</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449696</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333237</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T14:33:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pecha-Alalamo</username>
        <id>871864</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Not proofread */ auto summary: New page created (no summary given)</comment>
      <origin>1333237</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2494" sha1="c2j0c0ag7chnhqh79ea7egkszzjn578" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Pecha-Alalamo&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;༄༅། །རྒྱལ་སྲིད་སྐྱོང་བར་མཛད་ལ་ཕྱག་འཚལ་ལོ། །འཁོར་བའི་བྱ་བ་སྙིང་པོ་མེད་གཟིགས་ནས། །ཁྱིམ་ནས་བྱུང་སྟེ་མཁའ་ལ་གཤེགས་ནས་ཀྱང་། ། མཆོད་རྟེན་
རྣམ་དག་དྲུང་དུ་ཉིད་ལས་ཉིད། །རབ་ཏུ་བྱུང་བར་མཛད་ལ་ཕྱག་འཚལ་ལོ། །བརྩོན་པས་བྱང་ཆུབ་བསྒྲུབ་པར་དགོངས་ནས་ཀྱང་། །ནི་རཉྫ་ནའི་འགྲམ་དུ་ལོ་དྲུག་ཏུ། ། དཀའ་བ་
སྤྱད་མཛད་བརྩོན་འགྲུས་མཐར་ཕྱིན་ནས། །བསམ་གཏན་མཆོག་བརྙེས་མཛད་ལ་ཕྱག་འཚལ་ལོ། །ཐོག་མ་མེད་ནས་འབད་པ་དོན་ཡོད་ཕྱིར། །མ་ག་དྷ་ཡི་བྱང་ཆུབ་ཤིང་
དྲུང་དུ། ། སྐྱིལ་ཀྲུང་མི་གཡོ་མངོན་པར་སངས་རྒྱས་ནས། །བྱང་ཆུབ་རྫོགས་པར་མཛད་ལ་ཕྱག་འཚལ་ལོ། །ཐུགས་རྗེས་འགྲོ་ལ་མྱུར་དུ་གཟིགས་ནས་ནི། །ཝཱ་རཱ་ཎ་སི་ལ་སོགས་
གནས་མཆོག་ཏུ། ། ཆོས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ་བསྐོར་ནས་གདུལ་བྱ་རྣམས། །ཐེག་པ་གསུམ་ལ་འགོད་མཛད་ཕྱག་འཚལ་ལོ། །གཞན་གྱི་རྒོལ་བ་ངན་པ་ཚར་བཅད་ནས། །མུ་སྟེགས་སྟོན་པ་དྲུག་དང་
ལྷས་བྱིན་སོགས། ། འཁོར་མོ་འཇིག་གི་ཡུལ་དུ་བདུད་རྣམས་བཏུལ། །ཐུབ་པ་གཡུལ་ལས་རྒྱལ་ལ་ཕྱག་འཚལ་ལོ། །སྲིད་པ་གསུམ་ན་དཔེ་མེད་ཡོན་ཏན་གྱི། །མཉན་དུ་ཡོད་པར་ཆོ་འཕྲུལ་ཆེན་པོ་&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>c2j0c0ag7chnhqh79ea7egkszzjn578</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ཐབས་མཁས་ཐུགས་རྗེ་མ།.pdf/4</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449697</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333239</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T14:41:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pecha-Alalamo</username>
        <id>871864</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Not proofread */ auto summary: New page created (no summary given)</comment>
      <origin>1333239</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2067" sha1="k0whk68b0moen4g4od7mxaglqyolp84" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Pecha-Alalamo&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;བསྟན། ། ལྷ་མི་འགྲོ་བ་ཀུན་གྱིས་རབ་མཆོད་དེ། །བསྟན་པ་རྒྱས་པར་མཛད་ལ་ཕྱག་འཚལ་ལོ། །ལེ་ལོ་ཅན་རྣམས་ཆོས་ལ་བསྐུལ་བྱའི་ཕྱིར། །རྩ་མཆོག་གྲོང་གི་ས་གཞི་གཙང་མ་རུ། ། འཆི་མེད་
རྡོ་རྗེ་ལྟ་བུའི་སྐུ་བཤིགས་ནས། །མྱ་ངན་འདའ་བར་མཛད་ལ་ཕྱག་འཚལ་ལོ། །ཡང་དག་ཉིད་དུ་འཇིག་པ་མེད་གཟིགས་ཀྱང་། །མ་འོངས་སེམས་ཅན་བསོད་ནམས་བསག་བྱའི་ཕྱིར། ། དེ་ཉིད་དུ་ནི་རིང་
བསྲེལ་མང་སྤྲུལ་ནས། །སྐུ་གདུང་ཆ་བརྒྱད་མཛད་ལ་ཕྱག་འཚལ་ལོ། །དེ་ལྟར་བསྟན་པའི་བདག་པོ་བཅོམ་ལྡན་གྱི། །མཛད་པའི་ཚུལ་ལ་མདོ་ཙམ་བསྟོད་པ་ཡི། ། དགེ་བས་འགྲོ་བ་ཀུན་གྱི་སྤྱོད་
པ་ཡང་། །བདེ་གཤེགས་ཉིད་ཀྱི་མཛད་དང་མཚུངས་པར་ཤོག །དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ་ཞེས་པ་ནས་མཛད་དུ་གསོལ། །སྟོན་པ་འཇིག་རྟེན་ཁམས་སུ་བྱོན་པ་དང་། །བསྟན་པ་ཉི་འོད་བཞིན་དུ་
གསལ་བ་དང་། ། བསྟན་འཛིན་བུ་སློབ་ཤིན་ཏུ་མཐུན་པ་ཡིས། །བསྟན་པ་ཡུན་རིང་གནས་པའི་བཀྲ་ཤིས་ཤོག །&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>k0whk68b0moen4g4od7mxaglqyolp84</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:Conversations in Gaelic and English.djvu/68</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449698</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333243</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T21:02:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cwrwgl</username>
        <id>937938</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333243</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2484" sha1="i7dnaznx2ji6tuulrkvt6bxu9h53y44" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Cwrwgl&quot; /&gt;{{rh|64|CÒMHRAIDHEAN: CONVERSATIONS.}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;Cha do labhair é ach a réir an
còlais a th' aige.

Bu chòir dhuibh a ràdh a réir ain-colais 's a mhì-mhodhalachd.

Tha thusa tuilleadh a 's cruaidh air.

Tha! tha! cha tig as a' phoit ach
an toit a bhios innte.

Cha sguir thusa de chagnadh
maimhdean na Gàidhlig.

&quot;Is duilich leam nach urrainn mi
an slugadh,&quot; mar thubhairt
Iain Lom.

Am feasgar mu dheireadh a bha
thu 'n so bha seanachas againn
mu 'n Ghàidhlig.

Bha sin againn, agus bu taitneach
an seanachas è.

'S fhiach è 'n t-saothair dhuinn air
an fheasgar so còmhradh a
bhi againn mu leabhraichean
Gàidhlig.

C' àit an tòisich sinn?

Aig an toiseach.

Ach c' àit am bheil an toiseach?

Feumaidh sinn dol air ar n-ais sèa
no seachd ceud bliadhna.

Am bheil an leabhar a 's sine 'th'
againn an aois sin?

Tha iad a' deanamh dheth gu 'm
bheil.

C' ainm a th' air?

Leabhar ''Dheer.''

'N è ainm àite 'th' ann an ''Deer?''

'S è ainm sgìreachd a th' ann a tha
'n iar air Ceann-Phàdruig, ann
an siorramachd Abaraidhean.

Co 'sgrìobh è?

Na manaich ann an tigh-mhanach
's an sgìreachd.

Ciod air am bheil è 'tighinn?
'S è earrannan de 'n t-soisgeul ann
an Laidinn a th' anns a' chuid
a 's mò dheth.

Ciod air am bheil na tha 'n a
Ghàidhlig dheth a' tighinn?

Tha e gu h-àraid a' tighinn air
fearann a thug cinn-fheadhna
's a' choimhearsnachd do 'n
tigh-mhanach.

He only spoke according to the
knowledge that he has.

You should say according to his
ignorance and rudeness.

You are too hard on him.

Yes! yes! nothing but the smoke that
is in it will come from the pot.

You will not cease to chew the
enemies of Gaelic.

&quot;I regret that I cannot swallow
them,&quot; as John Lom said.

The last evening that you were
here we had a talk about
Gaelic.

We had, and a pleasant talk it was.

It is worth our while this evening
to have a conversation about
Gaelic books.

Where shall we begin?

At the beginning.

But where is the beginning?
We must go back six or seven
hundred years.

Is the oldest book that we have
that age?

It is estimated that it is.

What is its name?
The book of Deer.

Is Deer the name of a place?

It is the name of a parish to the
west of Peterhead, in Aberdeenshire.

Who wrote it?

The monks in a monastery in the
parish.

What does it treat of?

The most part of it consists of por-
tions of the Gospel in Latin.

What does the Gaelic portion of it
treat of?

It treats chiefly of land that neighbouring chiefs gave to the
monastery.
{{nop}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i7dnaznx2ji6tuulrkvt6bxu9h53y44</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:Conversations in Gaelic and English.djvu/69</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449699</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333247</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T21:31:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cwrwgl</username>
        <id>937938</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333247</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2476" sha1="97yheoz8pirc7opj8ldshuevdlcwaom" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Cwrwgl&quot; /&gt;{{rh||CÒMHRAIDHEAN: CONVERSATIONS.|65}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;An ionann Gàidhlig an leabhair so
a 's a' Ghàidhlig againn-ne?

Cha 'n ionann: tha muthadh eatorra.

'S è 'n ath leabhar a 's sine 'th'
againn Leabhar Deadhan Lise
Moire, ann an Earraghàidheal.

C' uin a bha 'n leabhar sin air a
chur r' a chéile?

'S a' bhliadhna 1512: a dh' aona
chuid bha è deas a' bhliadhna
sin.

Co dhiùbh is è eachdraidh no bàrdachd a th' ann?

Bàrdachd.

C' àit an d' fhuaradh i?

Air feadh na Gàidhealtachd.

Cia meud dàn a th' ann?

Tha còrr a's trì fichead ann, agus
ochd thar fhichead dhiùbh mu
'n Fhéinn.

Am bheil dàin ann le Oisean?

A réir an leabhair tha naoi le
Oisean, dithis le Fearghas
filidh, agus aon le Caoilte Mac
Ronain.

Co iad sin?

Triùir bhàrd na Féinne.

Tha sinn a' fòghlum o so gu 'n
robh iomradh air Oisean is gu
'n robh dàin air an cur as a leth
o cheann còrr a 's trì cheud
agus ceithir fichead bliadhna?

Ciod an seòrsa Gàidhlig a th' ann?

An t-aona Ghàidhlig a th' ann an
leabhar Dheer.

C' uin a bha è air a chur a mach?

O cheann deich bliadhna fichead.

Co 'dh' ullaich è airson a chur a
mach?

An T-Ollamh Mac Lachlainn an
Dun-éideann.

'S è 'cheud leabhar Gàidhlig a bh'
air a chlòdh-bhualadh ''Leabhar-
ùrnuigh Knox,'' air eadar-
theangachadh leis an Easbuig
Charsallach.

C' uin a thàinig e mach?

'S a' bhliadhna 1567.

Is the Gaelic of this book the same
as ours?

It is not: there is a difference between them.

The next oldest book that we have
is &quot;The Book of the Dean of
Lismore,&quot; in Argyll.

When was that book put together?

In the year 1512: at any rate, it
was ready that year.

Whether is it history or poctry?

Poetry.

Where was it found?

Throughout the Highlands.

How many poems are there in it?

There are upwards of sixty in it,
twenty-eight of them being
about the Féinn.

Are there poems in it by Ossian ?

According to the book there are
nine by Ossian, two by Fergus
the bard, and one by Caoilte
Mac Ronain.

Who are these?

The three bards of the Féinn.

We learn from this that mention
was made of Ossian and poems
were ascribed to him upwards
of three hundred and eighty
years ago.

What kind of Gaelic is in it?

The same kind of Gaelic as is in
the book of Deer.

When was it published?

Thirty years ago.

Who prepared it for publication?

Dr. MacLauchlan, in Edinburgh.

The first Gaelic book printed is
Knox's Liturgy, translated by
Bishop Carswell.

When did it come out?

In the year 1567.
{{nop}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{c|E}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>97yheoz8pirc7opj8ldshuevdlcwaom</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:Conversations in Gaelic and English.djvu/70</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449700</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333248</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T23:04:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cwrwgl</username>
        <id>937938</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333248</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2538" sha1="1v7opj1ek2103hax8g2os5zmtp0el1m" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Cwrwgl&quot; /&gt;{{rh|66|CÒMHRAIDHEAN: CONVERSATIONS.}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;Bha e air a chur a mach as ùr leis
an Ollamh Mac Lachlainn.

Is coltach gu 'n robh na h-uibhir
de na Gàidheil comasach air a'
Ghàidhlig a leughadh 's a'
bhliadhna 1567.

Chuir Seanadh Earraghaidheil a
mach leth-cheud de na Sailm an
Gàidhlig 's a' bhliadhna 1659,
agus an còrr 's a' bhliadhna
1694.

Bha na Sailm air an cur a mach
am meadrachd Ghaelic leis an
Urramach Iain Kirke, ministear
Bhochuidir, 's a' bhliadhna
1684.

Bha Foclair Gàidhlig air a chur a
mach le Alastair Dòmhnullach,
am bàrd, 's a' bhliadhna 1740.

Bha 'n ''Tiomnadh Nuadh'' air a chur
a mach an Gàidhlig 's a'
bhliadhna 1767.

Bha co-chruinneachadh de Ghnàth-
fhocaill Ghàidhealach air a
chur a mach le Mac-an-Tòisich
's a' bhliadhna 1785.

Bha 'n ''Seann Tiomnadh'' air a chur
a mach an Gàidhlig 'n a earrannaibh o 'n bhliadhna 1783
gus a' bhliadhna 1801, 'n uair
a bha 'n obair crìochnaichte.

Bha na ''Seann Dàna'' air an cur a
mach leis an Ollamh Mac-a-
Ghobhainn 'sa' bhliadhna 1787.

Bha ''Dan an Deirg'' agus ''Tiomnadh
Ghuil'' air an cur a mach le
eadar-theangachadh le C. S.
Jerram, M.A., 's a' bhliadhna
1874.

Bha Obair Oisean le Mac Mhuirich
air a cur a mach 's a' bhliadhna
1806.

Bha Foclair Gàidhlig Armstrong
air a chur a mach 's a' bhliadhna
1825, agus Foclair a' Chomuinn Ghàidhealaich tri bliadhna 'n a dhéidh sin.

Cha 'n fhaod mi crìochnachadh
gun iomradh a thoirt air an

It was republished by Dr. MacLauchlan.

It is probable that a number of the
Highlanders could read Gaelic
in 1567.

The Synod of Argyll published in
Gaelic fifty of the Psalms in
the year 1659, and the rest of
them in the year 1694.

The Psalms were published in
Gaelic metre by the Rev. John
Kirke, minister of Balquiddir,
in the year 1684.

A Gaelic Vocabulary was published
by Alexander MacDonald, the
bard, in the year 1740.

The New Testament was published
in Gaelic in the year 1767.

A collection of Gaelic Proverbs
was published by Macintosh
in the year 1785.

The Old Testament was published
in Gaelic in parts from the
year 1783 to the year 1801,
when the work was finished.

The Ancient Lays were published
by Dr. Smith in the year 1787.

''Dearg's'' Lay and ''Goll's Testament''
were published with a translation by C. S. Jerram, M.A.,
in the year 1874.

Ossian's work, by MacPherson, was
published in the year 1806.

Armstrong's Gaelic Dictionary was
published in the year 1825,
and the Highland Society's
Dictionary three years afterwards.

I must not conclude without making mention of the Highland&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1v7opj1ek2103hax8g2os5zmtp0el1m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:Conversations in Gaelic and English.djvu/71</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333249</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-05T23:24:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cwrwgl</username>
        <id>937938</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333249</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2456" sha1="oehz7urmiytavsqipxnoyrz4b2o3zmw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Cwrwgl&quot; /&gt;{{rh||CÒMHRAIDHEAN: CONVERSATIONS.|67}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;''Teachdaire Ghàidhealach'' 's air
''Cuairtear nan Gleann.''

'S ann 's na leabhraichean sin a
bha sgrìobhainnean ainmeil an
Ollaimh Mhic Leòid air an cur
a mach an toiseach. Gheibhear
a' chuid mhòr dhiùbh ann an
''Caraid nan Gàidheal.''

Is airidh iomradh a thoirt air
na ''Sgeulachdan Gàidhealach'' a
chruinnich I. F. Caimbeul, air
''Dàin Oisein'' an Gàidhlig 's am
Beurla leis an Ollamh Mac-a-Chléirich, agus air na ''Gnath-fhocaill''
a chuir an Siorram
Mac Neacail a mach.

{{c|2}}

Faodaidh sinn a nis bruidhinn mu
na bàird air am bheil a' bheag
no mhòr de dh' eòlas aig
Gàidheil am bidheantas.

Bithidh na 's leòir agaibh r' a
dheanamh ma bheir sibh iomradh orra uile.

Cha 'n urrainn domh sin a dheanamh an dràs.

Ghabhadh e leabhar gu math mòr
cunntas a thoirt air na th' ann
diùbh.

Na 'n abradh neach rium, &quot;C' ait
am bheil 'ur bàrdachd r' a
faotainn?&quot; dh' fhaodainn 'aire
a thionndadh ri &quot;Sàr-obair
nam Bàrd Gàidhealach.&quot;

Am bheil òrain nam bàrd uile 's an
leabhar sin?

Tha àireamh thaghta ann de dh'
òrain le còig is dà fhichead
bàrd.

D é 'n seòrsa òran a th' annta?

Òrain-mholaidh, òrain-chumhaidh,
òrain-ghaoil, òrain-shùgraidh,
òrain-chogaidh, òrain mu
ràithean na bliadhna, òrain
spioradail, agus mar sin sìos.

Am bheil gin ann de dh' òrain
''Mhàiri Nic Leòid,'' ris an

Messenger and the Courier of
the Glens.

It was in these books that the
namely writings of Dr. M’Leod
were first published. The most
of them will be found in ''Caraid nan Gaidheal.''

The Highland Tales collected by
J. F. Campbell, Ossian's
Poems in Gaelic and English
by Dr. Clerk, and the Proverbs
published by Sheriff Nicolson,
are worthy of mention.

We may now speak of the bards of
which Highlanders in general
have less or more knowledge.

You will have enough to do if you
speak of them all.

I cannot do that at present.

It would take a pretty large book
to give an account of all that
there are of them.

Were any one to say to me, &quot;Where
is your poetry to be found?&quot;
I might turn his attention
to &quot;The Beauties of Gaelie
Poetry.&quot;

Are the songs of all the bards in
that book?

There is a select number of songs
in it by forty-five bards.

What kind of songs are they?

Songs of praise, laments, love
songs, songs of mirth, war
songs, songs about the seasons
of the year, spiritual songs,
and so forth.

Are there any in it of the songs of
Mary MacLeod, called Mary,&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oehz7urmiytavsqipxnoyrz4b2o3zmw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:Conversations in Gaelic and English.djvu/72</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449702</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333250</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T03:49:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cwrwgl</username>
        <id>937938</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333250</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2408" sha1="hc42dtuto3lv50x4dmhh5hmkxe0ef88" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Cwrwgl&quot; /&gt;{{rh|68|CÒMHRAIDHEAN: CONVERSATIONS.}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;abrar ''Màiri, Nighean Alastair
Ruaidh?''

Tha naoi ann.

C' àit an d' rugadh i?

An Rùdal 's na H-Earradh.

C' uin a rugadh i?

'S a' bhliadhna 1569.

'D é 'n aois a bha i 'n uair a
chaochail i?

Bha i còig fichead bliadhna 's a còig.

Nach robh i 'n a banaltrum an
teaghlach Mhic Leòid Dhuin-bheagain?

'Bha fad iomadh bliadhna.

Carson a chuir è air fògradh i do
Mhuile?

A chionn gu'n robh è diombach dhi
airson òrain a rinn i.

Nach ann 'n uair a bha i 'm Muile
'rinn i 'n t-òran iomraideach
sin ris an abrar ''Luinneag Mhic
Leoid?''

S ann.

Nach do chuir è bàta 's sgioba g' a
toirt dhachaidh 'n uair a chual'
è mu 'n òran so?

Chuir, ach bha òrdugh aca gun a
toirt air bòrd gus an gealladh
i nach deanadh i tuilleadh
òran.

An d' thug i 'n gealladh a dh'
iarradh orra?

Thug, is fhuair i dhachaidh.

An do ghleidh i 'gealladh?

Rinn òran do mhac do Mhac
Leòid, agus 'n uair a chaidh
a cronachadh air a shon thubhairt
i, &quot;Cha 'n òran a th' ann;
cha 'n eil ann ach crònan.&quot;

An urrainn duibh dad de dh'
eachdraidh Iain Luim, bàrd
Lochabair, a thoirt domh?

'S è Dòmhnullach a bh' ann de
theaghlach na Ceapaich.

'D è 'n lìnn 's an robh è beò?

Ann an linn a' cheud 's an dara
Teàrlaich, is 'n a dhéigh.

the daughter of red-haired
Alexander?

There are nine.

Where was she born?

In Roudal, in Harris.

When was she born?

In the year 1569.

What age was she when she died?

She was one hundred and five years.

Was she not a nurse in the family
of MacLeod of Dunveagain?

She was for many a year.

Why did he banish her to Mull?

Because he was displeased with her
on account of a song that she
made.

Was it not when she was in Mull
that she made that celebrated
song called MacLeod's ditty?

It was.
Did he not send a boat and crew
to take her home when he
heard about this song?

He did, but they had orders not to
take her on board till she
should promise not to make
any more songs.

Did she give the promise that was
required of her?

She did, and was allowed to go
home.

Did she keep her promise?

She made a song to a son of MacLeod, and when she was reproved for it she said, &quot;It is
not a song; it is only a croon.&quot;

Can you give me anything of the
history of John Lom, the Lochaber bard?

He was a MacDonald of the family
of Keppoch.

In what age did he live?

In the age of the first and second
Charles, and after it.&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hc42dtuto3lv50x4dmhh5hmkxe0ef88</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:Conversations in Gaelic and English.djvu/73</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333252</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T04:12:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cwrwgl</username>
        <id>937938</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333252</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2633" sha1="ljxrd4xmdk41qn99n2x849yv3zx6crk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Cwrwgl&quot; /&gt;{{rh||CÒMHRAIDHEAN: CONVERSATIONS.|69}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;Chuala mi gu'n robh è 'n a charaid
dealasach do na Stiùbhartaich.

Bha, agus 'n a nàmhaid guineach
do rìgh Uilleam 's d' a chàirdean, na Caimbeulaich.

Nach è 'sheòl feachd Mhontrose do
dh' Ionar-lòchaidh a chumail
còdhail ris na Caimbeulaich?

'S è; agus 's è 'rinn an t-òran
ainmeil sin mu 'n bhlàr ris an
abrar &quot;Là Ionar-lòchaidh.&quot;

'D é 'n seòrsa duin' a bh' ann?

Bha è 'n a dhuine geur-chuiseach,
dalma, danarra, fiosrach mu
ghnothaichean na linne buair-
easaich 's an robh e beò.

C' uin a chaochail è?

Mu 'n bhliadhna 1700.

Bha è aois mhòr 'n uair a chaochail è.

Bruinidh sinn a nis mu ''Alastair
Dòmhnullach'' ris an abrar ''Mac
Mhaighstir Alastair.''

Rugadh è ann am Mùideart mu 'n
bhliadhna 1710.

Bha 'athair 'n a mhinistear de 'n
Eaglais Easbuigeach ann an
Aird-na-murchann.

'D é 'n dreuchd a bh' aige-fhéin?

Bha è 'u a mhaighstir-sgoil sgìreachd an Aird-na-murchann,
agus 'na fhoirfeach 's an
eaglais.

Dh' fheumadh gu'n robh è 'u a
dheadh sgoilear.

Fhuair è 'ionnsachadh ann an oilthigh Ghlascho.

Nach do thionndaidh è ris a'
Chreideamh Phàpanach?

Thionndaidh 'n uair a dh' fhalbh
è le Prionnsa Teàrlach 's a'
bhliadhna 1745.

Nach è 'rinn &quot;Oran nam Fineachan
Gàidhealach&quot; agus  &quot;Allt an t-siùcair?&quot;

'S è, agus &quot;Am Breacan Uallach,&quot;
&quot;Fàilte na Mòr-thir,&quot; &quot;A
Bhanarach Dhonn,”
&quot;Beannachadh Luinge,&quot; agus mòran
a bharrachd.

I have heard that he was a zealous
friend of the Stewarts.

He was, and a bitter enemy to
King William and his friends,
the Campbells.

Was it not he that guided Montrose's army to Inverlochy to
meet the Campbells?

It was; and it was he that composed that namely song called
&quot;The Day of Inverlochy.&quot;

What kind of man was he?

He was a shrewd, bold, resolute
man, well-informed as to the
affairs of the turbulent age in
which he lived.

When did he die?
About the year 1700.

He was a great age when he died.

We shall now speak of Alexander
MacDonald, called the son of
Mr. Alexander.

He was born in Muideart about
the year 1710.

His father was a minister of the
Episcopal Church in Ardnamurchan.

What office did he himself hold?

He was a parish schoolmaster in
Ardnamurchan, and an elder
in the church.

He must have been a good scholar.

He received his education in Glasgow College.

Did he not turn to the Popish
religion?

He did when he went away with
Prince Charles in the year
1745.

Was it not he that composed &quot;The
Song of the Highland Claus,&quot;
and &quot;The Sugar Brook?&quot;

Yes, and &quot;The Light Plaid,&quot;
&quot;Hail to Morir,&quot; &quot;The Brown-
haired Dairymaid,&quot;
&quot;The Blessing of a Ship,&quot; and many
more.&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ljxrd4xmdk41qn99n2x849yv3zx6crk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:Conversations in Gaelic and English.djvu/74</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449704</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333253</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T04:34:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cwrwgl</username>
        <id>937938</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333253</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2516" sha1="jbzf48o15ueed6ix1qbf02xh6hu6ozg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Cwrwgl&quot; /&gt;70
CÒMHRAIDHEAN:CONVERSATIONS.&lt;/noinclude&gt;Co dhiùbh 's è-fhéin no ''Donnchadh
Bàn Mac-an-t-Saoir'' am bàrd
a 's fheàrr?

Cha 'n 'eil mi ro chinnteach.

Tha iad le cheile 'n am bàird
chumhachdach.

Tha Donnchadh Bàn na 's fhasa
'thuigsinn.

Tha tuilleadh fhocal a chaidh a
cleachdadh ann am bàrdachd
an Dòmhnullaich.

C' àit an d'rugadh Donnchadh Bàn?

Rugadh è an Druimliaghairt an
Gleann-urchaidh 's a' bhliadhna 1724.

Dh'innseadh dhomh nach b' urrainn da aona chuid leughadh
no sgrìobhadh.

Cha b' urrainn, ach bha meoghair
cho math aige 's gu'n robh
cuimhn' aige air a h-uile facal
de na h-òrain a rinn è.

An robh ceàird sam bith aige?

Bha e 'n toiseach 'u a fhorsair* do
Mhorair Bhrait-Albainn an
Coire-cheathaich 's am Beinn-
dòrain, agus 'n a dhéidh sin
do Dhiùc Earraghaidheil am
Buachaill Eite.

Nach robh è 's an arm?

'N uair a bha e 'n a dhuin' òg bha
è le Còirneal Caimbeul Choire-
chumhann am blàr na H-Eigleise Brice.

Bha è o 'n bhliadhna 1793 gus a'
bhliadhna 1799 ann am ''Fencibles'' Morair Bhraid-Albainn.

Bha è na h-uibhir a bhliadhnaichean ann am Freiceadan baile
Dhun-éideann.

C' uin a chaochail è?

'S a' bhliadhna 1812.

'S iad na h-òrain a 's fheàrr a rinn
e &quot;Beinn-dòrain,&quot; &quot;Coire-cheathaich,&quot; agus “A' Mhàiri Bhàn òg.&quot;

Whether is he or Duncan Bàn
MacIntyre the better bard?

I am not very sure.

They are both powerful poets.

Duncan Bàn is more easily understood.

There are more obsolete words in
MacDonald's poetry.

Where was Duncan Bàn born?

He was born in Drimliart, in
Glenorchy, in the year 1724.

I have been told that he could
neither read nor write.

He could not, but he had so good
a memory that he remembered
every word of the songs that
he composed.

Had he any trade?

He was at first forester to Lord
Breadalbane in Coire-cheathaich and Bendorain, and
afterwards to the Duke of
Argyll in Buachaill Eite.

Was he not in the army?

When he was a young man he was
with Colonel Campbell of Carwhin at the battle of Falkirk.

He was from the year 1793 to the
year 1799 in Lord Breadalbane's Fencibles.

He was a number of years in the
City Guard of Edinburgh.

When did he die?

In the year 1812.

The best songs that he composed
are &quot;Bendorain,&quot; &quot;Coire-cheathaich,&quot; and &quot;Young Fair Mary.&quot;

{{smaller|* ''Frithear'' is the word used by ''Duncan Bàn'' for forester. &quot;Tha gach frithear
fuasgailte:&quot; &quot;Every forester is disengaged.&quot; ''Forsair,'' however, is that which is
most commonly used, and is sanctioned by the late Dr. MacLeod.}}
{{nop}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jbzf48o15ueed6ix1qbf02xh6hu6ozg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:Conversations in Gaelic and English.djvu/75</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333254</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T04:39:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cwrwgl</username>
        <id>937938</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333254</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="920" sha1="lpzfawg31trihk6vwtfmgcne7njiedw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;Cwrwgl&quot; /&gt;COMHRAIDHEAN:CONVERSATIONS.
71&lt;/noinclude&gt;Nach d' eadar-theangaich ''Professor
Blackie'' &quot;Beinn-dòrain &quot; gu
Beurla?

Dh' eadar-theangaich.

Dh' innseadh dhomh gu bheil è
anabarrach grinn air a dheanamh.

Tha è: is ainmic a' leugh mi eadar-
theangachadh a dh' fhaodar a
choimeas ris.

Tha mi duilich nach 'eil ùin' agam
tuilleadh a ràdh mu na bàird
air an fheasgar so.

Mata gu dearbh cha ruig sibh a
leas: tha mi air faotainn
cheana mòran eòlais uaibh.

Na 'm biodh agam-sa de mheoghair
a chuimhnicheadh è uile.

Has not Professor Blackie translated &quot;Bendorain&quot; into English?

He has.

I have been told that it is very
finely done.

It is: I have seldom read a translation that may be compared
with it.

I am sorry that I have not time to
say more about the bards this
evening.

Indeed you need not: I have
already received much information from you.

I wish I had such a measure of
memory as would remember
it all.
{{nop}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lpzfawg31trihk6vwtfmgcne7njiedw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/61</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333268</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:17:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333268</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2900" sha1="qyqbtbgwsw6o10sa8oukvwknx853s5c" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;▣        {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}}        ▣

{{gap}}ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾

{{gap}}ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱷᱟᱹ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱮᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ 'op.cit' (in the work cited) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱟ' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱸᰰᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱮᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ 'ibid' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 'ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱮᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱮᱢ ᱡᱮᱠᱷᱟ 'loc.cit' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 'ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾

▣        {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ                ( 49 )                ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}}        ▣&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qyqbtbgwsw6o10sa8oukvwknx853s5c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/62</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449707</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333269</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:19:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333269</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2641" sha1="s4jsjd0ypfhgzar4mkrmkieokc81dx0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;▣        {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}}        ▣

{{center|'''᱘. ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱤ (Bibliography)'''}}

{{gap}}ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱜᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱱᱰᱮᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ—

{{gap}}i) ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ (,) ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱞᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾

{{gap}}ii) ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱟᱹᱱᱩᱡ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱟ ᱾

{{gap}}iii) ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱷᱟᱹ ( ᱾) ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱷᱟᱹ ( ᱾) ᱮᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾

{{gap}}iv) ᱱᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾

{{gap}}v) ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱩᱨᱡᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱟ ᱾

{{gap}}ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱚᱞ) ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ...

▣        {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ                ( 50 )                ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}}        ▣&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>s4jsjd0ypfhgzar4mkrmkieokc81dx0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/63</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333270</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:21:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333270</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2900" sha1="ige1x6almofnwaassfnubs1zpbpvchc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;▣        {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}}        ▣

ᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱱᱩᱡ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾

{{center|'''᱙. ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ.'''}}

{{gap}}ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ, ᱠᱷᱚ, ᱜᱚ, ᱜᱷᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑, ᱒, ᱓, ᱔, ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ I, II, III, IV ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱡ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ॥

{{center|'''᱑᱐. ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ'''}}

{{gap}}ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱥᱴᱟ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱡᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ' 

▣        {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ                ( 51 )                ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}}        ▣&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ige1x6almofnwaassfnubs1zpbpvchc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1333271</id>
      <parentid>1333270</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:22:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333271</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2896" sha1="6b7ijriamx8tk7qvpxhbvk99rj5or02" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;▣        {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}}        ▣

ᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱱᱩᱡ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾

{{Left|'''᱙. ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ.'''}}

{{gap}}ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ, ᱠᱷᱚ, ᱜᱚ, ᱜᱷᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑, ᱒, ᱓, ᱔, ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ I, II, III, IV ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱡ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ॥

{{Left|'''᱑᱐. ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ'''}}

{{gap}}ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱥᱴᱟ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱡᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ' 

▣        {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ                ( 51 )                ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}}        ▣&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6b7ijriamx8tk7qvpxhbvk99rj5or02</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/64</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333272</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:24:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333272</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1519" sha1="t5datuoa8fh7kk0r9m0tb6il4zs49f3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;▣        {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}}        ▣

| ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱨᱩᱯ | ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ | ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| anon | anonymous | ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ |
| art. | article | ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ (ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ-᱘) |
| Aug | augmented | ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ |
| BK. | Book | ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ |
| ‘Biog’ | Biography | ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ |
| ‘Bibliog’ | Bibliography | ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱤ |
| bull | bulletin | ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ |
| C. | ‘copy right’ | ᱥᱟᱹᱛ |
| cf. | confer | ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ (ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ) |
| Col(s) | column(s) | ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢ, ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ |
| Diss. | Dissertation | ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ, ᱥᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨᱵᱷ |
| Ed(s) | editor(s) | ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱮᱫ |
| Edn. | Edition | ᱨᱟᱫᱟ |
| e.g. | Example Gratia | ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ |
| enl. | enlarged | ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ |
| et el | ‘et ‘alli’ and others used to refer to co-authors when there are three or more. | ‘ᱮᱢᱟᱱ’ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ-ᱟ) |

▣        {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ                ( 52 )                ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}}        ▣&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>t5datuoa8fh7kk0r9m0tb6il4zs49f3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1333273</id>
      <parentid>1333272</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:26:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1333273</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1537" sha1="67kdwi2ybno0agocbmibeetjtca0fn7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱨᱩᱯ !! ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ !! ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ
|-
| anon || anonymous || ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ
|-
| art. || article || ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ(ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ-᱘)
|-
| Aug || augmented || ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ
|-
| BK. || Book || ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ
|-
| ‘Biog’ || Biography || ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ
|-
| ‘Bibliog’ || Bibliography || ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱤ
|-
| bull || bulletin || ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ
|-
| C. || ‘copy right’ || ᱥᱟᱹᱛ
|-
| cf. || confer || ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ.(ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ)
|-
| Col(s) || column(s) || ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢ,ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ
|-
| Diss. || Dissertation || ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ, ᱥᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨᱵᱷ
|-
| Ed(s) || editor(s) || ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱮᱫ
|-
| Edn. || Edition || ᱨᱟᱫᱟ
|-
| e.g. || Example Gratia || ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ.
|-
| enl. || enlarged || ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ
|-
| &lt;u&gt;et el&lt;/u&gt; || ‘et ‘alli’ and others used to refer to co-authors when there are three or more. || ‘ᱮᱢᱟᱱ’ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱟ)
|}

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 52 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>67kdwi2ybno0agocbmibeetjtca0fn7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/65</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449710</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333274</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:30:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333274</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1440" sha1="kquti9avrl003q714ukp2gi4dtywz6q" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| &lt;u&gt;et alibi&lt;/u&gt; || ‘and elsewhere’ || ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱨᱮ
|-
| et seq || “et sequences and&lt;br /&gt;the following || ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞᱮᱱ
|-
| Fig(s) || “Figure(s)” || ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ
|-
| Fn. || Foot note(s) || ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱟ ᱚᱞ
|-
| Ibid || “Ibidem” in the&lt;br /&gt;same place or work || ᱚᱱᱟᱨᱮᱜᱮ
|-
| Idem || ‘the same’ (used when&lt;br /&gt;a footnote refers to&lt;br /&gt;the same work and&lt;br /&gt;the same page) || ᱚᱱᱰᱮᱜᱮ
|-
| i.e. || &lt;u&gt;id, est,&lt;/u&gt; that is || ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ
|-
| infra || below || ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ
|-
| I,II || Line, Lines || ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ
|-
| &lt;u&gt;loc.cit&lt;/u&gt; || Loco citato in&lt;br /&gt;the Places cited || ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝᱨᱮ&lt;br /&gt;ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ
|-
| Ms.Mss || Manuscript(s) || ᱛᱤ ᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ
|-
| n., nn || ‘note of footnote’ || ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ
|-
| N.B. || (nota bene)note well || ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ
|-
| n.d || no date of publication&lt;br /&gt;given || ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ&lt;br /&gt;ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ
|-
| no(s) || number(s) || ᱮᱞᱮᱞ, ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ
|}

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 53 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kquti9avrl003q714ukp2gi4dtywz6q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/66</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449711</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333275</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:33:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333275</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1740" sha1="o67wwgvp4kow4dyjow4qapb1v651zvi" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| P.pp || Page,pages || ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ
|-
| par(s) || paragraph(s) || ᱠᱷᱮᱡᱟ
|-
| ‘pl.’ ‘pls’ || plate’s || ᱯᱟᱴᱟ&lt;br /&gt;(ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭᱟᱜ&lt;br /&gt;ᱛᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱯᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ)
|-
| Pref || Preface || ᱚᱱᱚᱣᱟ,ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ
|-
| passim || here and there || ᱦᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱱᱟᱱᱰᱮ
|-
| pt(s) || part(s) || ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ
|-
| Pub.Publ. || Published || ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ
|-
| Trans. || Translation || ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ, ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ
|-
| rev. || revised or revision || ᱟᱹᱨᱣᱟᱜ
|-
| sec(s) || section(s) || ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱫᱷᱟᱯ
|-
| sic || Thus || ᱚᱝᱠᱟ
|-
| vol.(s) || volume(s) || ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ
|}

{{center|'''ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ'''}}

ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱢᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱠᱤᱞ, ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱬ

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 54 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o67wwgvp4kow4dyjow4qapb1v651zvi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/67</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333276</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:36:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333276</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2930" sha1="cdn0nzlykvu9ileej16xarwgfm2a3qh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

ᱥᱟᱛᱞᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱢᱴᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱨᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨᱟᱱᱛᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱪᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ ᱱᱚᱱᱰᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱞᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱥᱮᱨ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱤᱥᱴᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾

ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱚ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱢᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟ ‘ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱩᱜᱚᱛᱚ’ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱰᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱮᱢ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ‘ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱩᱜᱚᱛᱚ’ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱵᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝᱯᱚᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱦᱚᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱪᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱛᱟᱢᱚᱛ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 55 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cdn0nzlykvu9ileej16xarwgfm2a3qh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/68</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449713</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333277</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:38:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333277</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2707" sha1="kauf27v1ydrl7tbxf3t183b1znqwmh0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

{{center|{{larger|'''ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ&lt;br /&gt;ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ'''}}}}

ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱡᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱪᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ—The collection of data refers to a purposive gathering of information to the subject matter of the study from the units under investigation. The method of collection of data depends mainly upon the nature, purpose and the scope of requiring on one hand the availability of the resources and the time on the other.

ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ, ᱵᱤᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱠᱷᱮᱬ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱥᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱠᱮᱛᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱴᱷᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 56 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kauf27v1ydrl7tbxf3t183b1znqwmh0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/69</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333278</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:40:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333278</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3295" sha1="tume5wgb9qmefkyheu0gjll7t0qm9xf" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

ᱫᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ (frame) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱲᱚᱢᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱛᱮ, ᱵᱮᱥᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱟᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱨᱮᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱴᱤᱝ ᱥᱩᱜᱩᱲᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱪᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱛᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ, ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤᱯᱟᱹᱡᱤ, ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹᱵᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱭ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱫᱱᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱚ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱚᱠᱟᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱤᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 57 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tume5wgb9qmefkyheu0gjll7t0qm9xf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/70</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449715</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333279</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:43:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333279</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3100" sha1="m4huzdxt5a93j4lxpkc0rszxstd277m" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱚ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱟᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱪᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱩᱱᱠᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤᱢᱚᱛ ᱮᱢᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫᱛᱮ ᱪᱤ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱩᱜᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱛᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱚᱦᱚᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾

ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟᱵᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ‘ᱨᱚᱜᱷᱩᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ’ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱱᱰᱮ ‘ᱨᱚᱜᱷᱩᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ’ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ‘ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 58 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>m4huzdxt5a93j4lxpkc0rszxstd277m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/71</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449716</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333280</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:45:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333280</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3067" sha1="shx55c1j9s8be6g5ft19loy9nxytmt5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ' ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱪᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱾ 'ᱨᱚᱜᱷᱩᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ' ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ main source ᱫᱚ 'ᱵᱤᱫᱩ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱟᱱ', 'ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱜᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ', 'ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱣᱟᱲ ᱵᱤᱨ', 'ᱥᱤᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱱᱦᱩ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱦᱩᱞ' ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱥᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ ᱪᱤ ᱥᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱪᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱫ ᱞᱮ ᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱫᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱱᱩᱢᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫᱡᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱭᱟ, ᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱫᱚᱱᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱪᱷᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ, ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱬᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱰᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱮ ᱯᱩᱴᱟᱹᱜᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱪᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱦᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱ ᱪᱤ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ,

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 59 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>shx55c1j9s8be6g5ft19loy9nxytmt5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/72</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449717</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333281</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:47:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333281</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3106" sha1="hyuxqaneiadya1fwtiofojt8z3944v2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱫᱚ ᱾

ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱦᱚᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ‘ᱨᱚᱜᱷᱩᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ’ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ, ᱵᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ, ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱞ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱱᱚᱱ, ᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ, ᱥᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩ ᱨᱟᱢᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱥᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ, ᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱞ, ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾

ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱮᱦᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 60 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hyuxqaneiadya1fwtiofojt8z3944v2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/73</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449718</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333282</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:49:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333282</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2765" sha1="k9rengn920wxgrvdc1cn0tetpwxw3qs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ, ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱾

ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱢᱮᱱᱟ –

{{larger|'''ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ–'''}}

ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱴᱷᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱩᱫᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱡ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ guide ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ National Library, ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ Asiatic Library, ᱞᱳᱠᱚᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱫᱤᱞᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

{{larger|'''ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱱ–'''}}

ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱧᱟᱢ, ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 61 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>k9rengn920wxgrvdc1cn0tetpwxw3qs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/74</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449719</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333283</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:50:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333283</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2868" sha1="mgnwhxi9xqi0eszmhl4k51007kbo8r2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱮᱟᱹᱛᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮ Orientation Programme ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟ ᱾

ᱠᱟᱰ ᱠᱟᱴᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱴᱞᱚᱜᱽᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ (Title), ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ (Subject), ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ, ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ, ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ, ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟᱭᱤᱡ, ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱰ (Author Card) ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱰ (Title Card), ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱰ (Subject Card) ᱟᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱩᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱰᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱚᱞᱠᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱧᱟᱢᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ–᱑) ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (The library of Congress System) ᱒) ᱫᱚᱥᱢᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (The Deway Decimal System) ᱾ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱤ ᱜᱚᱴᱮᱡ ᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ–a, b, c, d.. ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ a-ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ, b-ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ, c-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ, d-ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱜᱮ

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 62 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mgnwhxi9xqi0eszmhl4k51007kbo8r2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/75</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449720</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333284</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:53:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Not proofread */ auto summary: New page created (no summary given)</comment>
      <origin>1333284</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2981" sha1="6n0g9uhq6d1e40cf0fggw2fkkfxw7oe" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

ᱫᱚᱥᱢᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ 000- ᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ-, 100- ᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ, 200-ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, 300-ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ, 400-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, 500- ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ, 600- ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱬ ᱮᱥ, 700- ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ, 800- ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ, 900- ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱾

ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱮᱴᱞᱚᱜᱽᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱳᱴᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱺᱫᱤ, ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱳᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱜᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ, ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱴ ᱜᱮᱡᱮᱴᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶᱜᱮ ᱾

{{larger|'''ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ, ᱯᱟᱺᱡᱤ ᱛᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ—'''}}

ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱫᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ, ᱢᱚᱴᱷ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱢᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ, ᱢᱟᱰᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱱᱟᱢᱮᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ, ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢᱨᱮ ᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱢᱟᱱ

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 63 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6n0g9uhq6d1e40cf0fggw2fkkfxw7oe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1333285</id>
      <parentid>1333284</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:53:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333285</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2981" sha1="4a4euj6dr6s2qpuba8315qjj5r7wthr" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

ᱫᱚᱥᱢᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ 000- ᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ-, 100- ᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ, 200-ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, 300-ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ, 400-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, 500- ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ, 600- ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱬ ᱮᱥ, 700- ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ, 800- ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ, 900- ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱾

ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱮᱴᱞᱚᱜᱽᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱳᱴᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱺᱫᱤ, ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱳᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱜᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ, ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱴ ᱜᱮᱡᱮᱴᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶᱜᱮ ᱾

{{larger|'''ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ, ᱯᱟᱺᱡᱤ ᱛᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ—'''}}

ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱫᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ, ᱢᱚᱴᱷ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱢᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ, ᱢᱟᱰᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱱᱟᱢᱮᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ, ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢᱨᱮ ᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱢᱟᱱ

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 63 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4a4euj6dr6s2qpuba8315qjj5r7wthr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/76</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449721</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333288</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:55:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333288</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2925" sha1="py9ayhhkmrifykflh9ujfoofogk7kyg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱡᱟᱭ ᱾

{{larger|'''ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ–ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ–'''}}

ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟᱜᱟᱨ, ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱨ, ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟᱜᱟᱨ, ᱦᱟᱭᱤᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟᱜᱟᱨ, ᱢᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟᱜᱟᱨ, ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟᱜᱟᱨ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟ ᱾

{{larger|'''ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱡᱮᱴᱤᱭᱚᱨ–'''}}

ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱪᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱲᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ, ᱥᱤᱠᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱰᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱢᱚᱲᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ “ᱤᱢᱯᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ” ᱟᱨ ‘ᱰᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤᱠᱴ ᱜᱮᱡᱮᱴᱤᱭᱚᱨ’ ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ, ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱤᱫᱤᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 64 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>py9ayhhkmrifykflh9ujfoofogk7kyg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/77</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449722</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333289</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T08:58:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333289</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2864" sha1="80yg7vvd1ve0df4wjyuq91xv9fr2wxn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾

{{larger|'''ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱱᱠᱷᱤ (Field Study)'''}}

ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ, ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱨᱪᱟᱨ, ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱚᱲ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ, ᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵᱽ ᱪᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱯᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱱᱠᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱡᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱜ ᱮᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱱᱠᱷᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱜ ᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱪᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱚᱞᱚ ᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱜᱮ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 65 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>80yg7vvd1ve0df4wjyuq91xv9fr2wxn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/78</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449723</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333290</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T09:02:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333290</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3192" sha1="ngoc4ocm3ztnrl7bvnsydf1ohvwxsqy" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱮᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱟᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱠᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱴᱤᱯ ᱪᱤᱱᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

{{larger|'''ᱧᱮᱯᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ (Interview)'''}}

ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱜᱩᱱᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱲᱤ ᱪᱤ ᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤᱧ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱯᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱯᱨᱮᱠᱚᱰᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱵᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱯᱴᱚᱯ ᱡᱩᱜᱽᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱰ

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 66 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ngoc4ocm3ztnrl7bvnsydf1ohvwxsqy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/79</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449724</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333291</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T09:04:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333291</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2760" sha1="1suiwjg6bktmxi3s1ipwxedkffeq09f" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱠᱚᱛ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱟ ᱾

ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱠᱚᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱱᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱜᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱜ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱛᱤ, ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ, ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱛ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱯᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾

{{larger|'''ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ (Questionaire)—'''}}

ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱦᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 67 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1suiwjg6bktmxi3s1ipwxedkffeq09f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Page:ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ.pdf/80</title>
    <ns>104</ns>
    <id>449725</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1333292</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T09:10:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ</username>
        <id>742656</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proofread */</comment>
      <origin>1333292</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2504" sha1="jnxtsfjbmmpoqy4ya7emyyv63jypgbl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;3&quot; user=&quot;ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ}} ▣}}

ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱟᱯᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱵᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱮᱯᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱪᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱵᱮᱥᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱠᱚᱜ ᱟ, ᱱᱚᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱚᱡ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ–

᱑. ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱦᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱾

᱒. ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾

᱓. ᱞᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱟᱞᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾

᱔. ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾

᱕. ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾

{{center|▣ {{smaller|ᱰᱨ. ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱨᱟ ( 68 ) ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱫᱟᱜ}} ▣}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jnxtsfjbmmpoqy4ya7emyyv63jypgbl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>