Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 1978 275936 273475 2025-06-18T12:57:55Z 197.231.201.179 275936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Keenya |native_name = ''Jamhuri ya Kenya'' |common_name = Kenya |image_flag = Flag of Kenya.svg |image_coat = File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_(Official).svg | national_motto = "[[Harambee]]"<br />({{langx|en|"Let us all pull together"}}) |image_map = Kenya (orthographic projection).svg |national_motto = {{native phrase|sw|"[[Harambee]]"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"Aan wada shaqayno"}} |national_anthem = ''[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]'' |official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Sawaaxili|Swahili]] |[[Ingiriis (luqad)|English]]}} |demonym = [[Demographics of Kenya|Kinyaati]] |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 17.13% [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] | 14.35% [[Luhya people|Luhya]] | 13.37% [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]] | 10.65% [[Luo people of Kenya|Luo]] | 9.81% [[Kamba people|Kamba]] | 5.85% [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | 5.68% [[Kisii people|Kisii]] | 5.23% [[Mijikenda people|Mijikenda]] | 4.15% [[Meru people|Meru]] | 1% Aan afrikaan ahayn }} |capital = [[Nairobi]] |latd=1 |latm=16 |latNS=S |longd=36 |longm=48 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Nayroobi]] |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Jamhuuriyad|Qaab jamhuuriyad]]}} |leader_title1 = Madaxweeyne |leader_name1 = [[William Ruto]] |leader_title2 = Madaxweeyne ku xigeen |leader_name2 = |leader_title4 = Afhayeenka baarlamaanka |leader_name4 = [[Justin Muturi]] |leader_title5 = Gudoomiyeha maxkamadda sare |leader_name5 = [[Hon. Lady Justice Martha Koome]] |legislature = [[Baarlamaan]] |area_km2 = 582,646 km2 |area_sq_mi = 224,961 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 47th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |percent_water = 2.3 |population_estimate = 52,574,000 |population_estimate_year = 2020 |population_estimate_rank = 31st |population_census = 47,564,296 |population_census_year = 2019 |population_density_km2 = 67.2 |population_density_sq_mi = 174.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 140th |GDP_PPP_year = 2020 |GDP_PPP = $206.532 billion |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,071 |GDP_nominal = $109.116 billion |GDP_nominal_year = 2020 |currency_code = KES |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |date_format = dd/mm/yy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = Lama arag |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = Bidix |cctld = [[.ke]] |calling_code = [[+254]] |footnotes = }} '''Kenya''' , si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Kenya''' ({{lang-sw|Jamhuri ya Kenya}}), waa waddan ku yaal [[Bariga Afrika]] . Baaxada Kenya waa 580,367 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran (224,081 sq mi), waa dalka 48aad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka loo eego guud ahaan bedka. Iyada oo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 47.6 milyan oo qof tirakoobka 2019, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/msdpnbc/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-population-by-county-and-sub-county?county=1001880-limuru|title=2019 KENYA POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS - POPULATION BY COUNTY AND SUB COUNTY - Kenya Data Portal|website=kenya.opendataforafrica.org|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2021-03-21|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416222406/https://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/msdpnbc/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-population-by-county-and-sub-county?county=1001880-limuru|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kenya waa waddanka 29aad ee ugu dadka badan. <ref name=KNBS2019 /> caasimada Kenya iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Nairobi]] , halka magaaladeeda ugu da'da weyn iyo caasimada ugu horeysa ay tahay magaalo xeebeedka [[Mombasa]] . Magaalada [[Kisumu]] waa magaalada saddexaad ee ugu weyn sidoo kale waxay leedahay deked gudaha ah oo ku taal harada [[Warta Victoria]] . Xarumaha kale ee magaalooyinka ee muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ah [[Nakuru]] iyo [[Eldoret]] . Laga soo bilaabo sanadka 2020, Kenya waa dalka seddexaad ee ugu dhaqaalaha badan wadamada Saxaraha ka hooseeya marka laga reebo [[Nigeria]] iyo [[Koonfuur afrika]]. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Standard|title=Kenya now third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001374151/kenya-now-third-largest-economy-in-sub-saharan-africa|access-date=2020-06-08|website=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> Kenya waxaa xuduud la leh [[Koonfurta Suudaan]] dhinaca waqooyi-galbeed, [[Itoobiya]] dhinaca woqooyi, [[Soomaaliya]] dhanka bari, [[Ugaandha]] dhanka galbeed, [[Tanzania]] dhanka koonfureed, iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] dhanka koonfur-bari. [[File:Kenya_Provinces_numbered.svg|thumb|right|500px|Kiinya dulka]] Marka loo eego taariikhda qadiimiga ah ee waxyaabaha la xidhiidha iyo waxyaabaha lafaha ah, dadka Kuushiitiga waxay markii ugu horreysay degeen dhulka hoose ee Kenya intii u dhaxeysay 3,200 iyo 1,300 dhalashadii Nabi Ciise ka hor csw, marxalad loo yaqaan 'Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic' . Dadka reer guuraaga ah ee ku hadla afka [[Nilotik]] (waxay ku abtirsadaan dadka reer Kenya ee ku hadla afka Nilotik) waxay bilaabeen inay ka haajiraan dhulka maanta loo yaqaan Koonfurta Suudaan una soo guuraan Kenya qiyaastii 500 BC. <ref name="EhretCHS"/> Xiriirka reer [[Yurub]] wuxuu ka bilaabmay 1500 [[Bortuqaal|Boortaqiiska]] , in kasta oo gumaysiga wax ku oolka ah ee Kenya uu bilaabmay qarnigii 19aad xiligii Yurub sahaminta ka waday gudaha . Kenya maanta waxay ka soo baxday maxmiyad ay aas aastay Boqortooyadii [[Ingiriiska]] 1895 iyo Gumaysigii Kenya ee xigay, , oo bilaabmay 1920. khilaafaadyo badan oo udhaxeeyay UK iyo gumaysiga ayaa u horseeday [[kacaankii Mau Mau]] , oo bilaabmay 1952, iyo ku dhawaaqistii madaxbanaanida ee xigta 1963 kadib xornimadii, Kenya waxay xubin ka noqotay [[Dalalka Barwaaqo Sooranka]] .Dastuurka hadda jira ayaa la ansixiyay 2010 si loogu badalo 1963. Kenya waa jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah oo mataleysa madaxweynaha, taas oo saraakiisha la soo doortay ay matalaan shacabka, madaxweynuhuna yahay madaxa qaranka iyo dowlada. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2007|title=Victorian Electronic Democracy - Final Report - Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy - Final Report - Glossary|date=13 December 2007|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Kenya waxay xubin ka tahay [[Qaramada Midoobay]] , Barwaaqo Sooranka , [[Bangiga Adduunka]] , [[Sanduuqa Lacagta Adduunka]] , [[COMESA]] , [[Maxkamadda Dembiyada Caalamiga]] , iyo ururo kale oo caalami ah. Iyada oo leh GNI 1,460, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gnp.pcap.cd?year_high_desc=true|title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Kenya waa dal dakhligiisu hooseeyo. Dhaqaalaha Kenya waa kan ugu weyn bariga iyo bartamaha Afrika, <ref name="auto">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=2&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=644&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= Ethiopia GDP purchasing power 2010: 86 billion]. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.</ref><ref name="auto1">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=664&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=69&pr.y=14 Kenya GDP purchasing power 2010: 66 Billion]. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.</ref> oo Nairobi u adeegta xarun ganacsi oo weyn. <ref name="auto1"/> Beeraha waa waaxda ugu weyn: shaaha iyo kafeega waa dalagyo dhaqameed oo lacag ah, halka ubaxyada cusubi yihiin dhoofinta si xawli ah u socota [[Warshadaha adeegga]] sidoo kale waa wade weyn oo xagga dhaqaalaha ah, gaar ahaan dalxiiska. Kenya waxay xubin ka tahay urur ganacsi oo ka socda Beesha Bariga Afrika , in kasta oo qaar ka mid ah ururada ganacsiga ee caalamiga ah ay ku tilmaamaan inay tahay qayb ka mid ah Geeska Afrika . <ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72-90.</ref> Afrika waa suuqa ugu weyn ee Kenya wax u dhoofiso, waxaana ku xiga Midowga Yurub. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf|title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study|author1=MWANGI S. KIMENYI |author2=FRANCIS M. MWEGA |author3=NJUGUNA S. NDUNG'U |date=May 2016|publisher=The Brookings Institution|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> ==Xubin== * [[IGAD]] *[[:en:Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa|COMESA]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] (UN) *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Community East African Community] ==Kofka deggan Kenya waddanmaha== * {{Flag|Somalia}} 2,500,000+ * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 30,000+: * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} 2?000+ == Taariikh == Fosils laga helay Kenya ayaa muujisay in astaamaha aagga ku noolaa in ka badan 20 milyan oo sano. Natiijooyinka ugu dambeeyay ee ku dhow warta Turkana waxay muujinayaan in [[hominids]] sida [[Homo habilis]] (1.8 ilaa 2.5 milyan sano ka hor) iyo [[Homo erectus]] (1.9 milyan ilaa 350,000 sano ka hor) ay yihiin awoowayaal toos ah oo [[Homo sapiens]] casri ah , waxayna ku noolaayeen Kenya xilligii Pleistocene . <ref name="Isaac"/> Intii lagu guda jiray qodista warta Turkana sanadkii 1984, khabiir ku takhasusay cilmiga dhulka, [[Richard Leakey]] , oo uu caawiyay [[Kamoya Kimeu]] , ayaa helay wiilka Turkana , oo ah 1.6-milyan oo jir Homo erectus ah. Cilmi-baaris hore oo ku saabsan hominids-ka hore ayaa si gaar ah loogu aqoonsaday Mary Leakey iyo Louis Leakey , oo mas'uul ka ahaa baaritaanka horudhaca ah ee qadiimiga ah ee Olorgesailie iyo Hyrax Hill . Markii dambe shaqadii goobta hore waxaa qabtay Glynn Isaac. Bariga Afrika, oo ay ku jirto Kenya, waa mid ka mid ah gobollada ugu horreeya ee la rumaysan yahay inay ku noolaayeen bini-aadamka casriga ah ( Homo sapiens ). Caddaynta waxaa la helay 2018, oo ku saabsan qiyaastii 320,000 sano ka hor, goobta Kenya ee Olorgesailie, oo ah markii ugu horreysay ee ay soo ifbaxeen dabeecado casri ah oo ay ka mid yihiin: shabakadaha ganacsiga masaafada fog (oo ku lug leh badeecadaha sida obsidian), isticmaalka midabbada, iyo suurtogalnimada sameynta dhibco soo baxa Waxaa u kuurgalay qorayaasha seddex daraasadood oo 2018 ah oo ku saabsan goobta, in caddaynta dabeecadahaani ay yihiin kuwo ku dhow isla taariikhda ugu horreysa ee Homo sapiens fosil (sida Jebel Irhoud ee Morokko iyo Florisbad ee Koonfur Afrika) == Juqraafi == Kenya wuxuu ku fadhiyaa dhul balaaran oo gaaraayo 582,646 km2. waxay ka mid tahay wadammada waaweyn. Kenya waa wadanka afartan iyo toddobaad oo ugu weyn [[Aduunka]]. Kenya waxay xuduud la leedahay wadammada [[Tansaaniya]] , [[Ugaandha]] , [[Harta]] [[Fiktooriya]] , [[Soomaaliya]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo K[[konfur sudan|onfuur Suudaan]] . == Jawiga == Jawiga Kenya waa kuleyl, dhinaca xeebaha. woqooyiga Kenya waa meel doog ah oo roob badan ka dain. Roob badan ayaa Kenya ka da'o bilaha [[Maarso]] iyo [[Maajo]]. Roob yarna wuxuu da'aa [[Oktoobar]] iyo [[Nofeembar]]. xaraaradaha neh, Kuleyl ayuu ku egyahay. == Dhaqaale == Sanadka 2013 ilaa iyo 2017, dhaqaalaha Kenya wuxuu kubcay 5.5% waxaa lagu qiyaasi in uu lubci doono 6.1% sanadka 2019<gallery> File:Flag of Kenya.svg|Calanka Dalka Kenya </gallery> wadanka Kenya sida oo u xoroway, dhaqaalihiisa kor ayuu u socdaa. waxayna soo saaraan, sonkor, biyaha macaanka, qamadi, qamri, warqado, nalal, alaabta baabuurta iyo wax badan oo kale. Dadka adduunkana wey u soo dalxiisaan. Dhaqaalaha Kenya maanta wuxuu gaaray Dhaqaalaha ugu xoogan Bariga Afrika. Wadanka Kenya wuxuu ku dadaalooyaa horumarinta shacabka Kenyaatiga iyo dhismaha dalka. == Magaalooyinka == * [[Nayroobi]] - 4,397,073 qof * [[Mombaaso]] - 707,400 qof * [[Kisumu]] - 322,024 qof * [[Nakuru]] - 319.200 qof * [[Machakos]] -144,109 qof Gobolada uu dalka ka koobnaan jir 1. Gobolka Dhexe ( Central)<br />2. Gobolka Xeebta (Coast)<br />3. Galbeedka (Western)<br />4. Gobolka [[Waqooyi bari]] (North Eastern)<br />5. Gobolka [[Provincia di Nyanza|Nyanza]] (Nyanza)<br />6. Gobolka Dooxada (Rift Valley)<br />7. Gobolka Bari (Eastern) 9. Nairobi [[File:Map showing counties under the new Kenyan constitution.gif|thumb|350x350px|Kenya]] {{commonscat|Kenya|Kenya}} == Xigasho == * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20010215/Searching-for-Deserving-Ones-in-Kenya/ Searching for Deserving Ones in Kenya] *[https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20050415/Hope-Amid-Despair-An-Assembly-in-a-Refugee-Camp/ Hope Amid Despair—An Assembly in a Refugee Camp] <references /> {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Kenya| ]] [[Category:Dawladdaha Afrika]] tc9tofxgt0yg9zq0ay35znzeyxdhbph 275938 275936 2025-06-18T12:58:38Z 197.231.201.179 275938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Keenya |native_name = ''Jamhuri ya Kenya'' |common_name = Kenya |image_coat = File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_(Official).svg | national_motto = "[[Harambee]]"<br />({{langx|en|"Let us all pull together"}}) |image_map = Kenya (orthographic projection).svg |national_motto = {{native phrase|sw|"[[Harambee]]"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"Aan wada shaqayno"}} |national_anthem = ''[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]'' |official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Sawaaxili|Swahili]] |[[Ingiriis (luqad)|English]]}} |demonym = [[Demographics of Kenya|Kinyaati]] |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 17.13% [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] | 14.35% [[Luhya people|Luhya]] | 13.37% [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]] | 10.65% [[Luo people of Kenya|Luo]] | 9.81% [[Kamba people|Kamba]] | 5.85% [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | 5.68% [[Kisii people|Kisii]] | 5.23% [[Mijikenda people|Mijikenda]] | 4.15% [[Meru people|Meru]] | 1% Aan afrikaan ahayn }} |capital = [[Nairobi]] |latd=1 |latm=16 |latNS=S |longd=36 |longm=48 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Nayroobi]] |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Jamhuuriyad|Qaab jamhuuriyad]]}} |leader_title1 = Madaxweeyne |leader_name1 = [[William Ruto]] |leader_title2 = Madaxweeyne ku xigeen |leader_name2 = |leader_title4 = Afhayeenka baarlamaanka |leader_name4 = [[Justin Muturi]] |leader_title5 = Gudoomiyeha maxkamadda sare |leader_name5 = [[Hon. Lady Justice Martha Koome]] |legislature = [[Baarlamaan]] |area_km2 = 582,646 km2 |area_sq_mi = 224,961 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 47th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |percent_water = 2.3 |population_estimate = 52,574,000 |population_estimate_year = 2020 |population_estimate_rank = 31st |population_census = 47,564,296 |population_census_year = 2019 |population_density_km2 = 67.2 |population_density_sq_mi = 174.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 140th |GDP_PPP_year = 2020 |GDP_PPP = $206.532 billion |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,071 |GDP_nominal = $109.116 billion |GDP_nominal_year = 2020 |currency_code = KES |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |date_format = dd/mm/yy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = Lama arag |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = Bidix |cctld = [[.ke]] |calling_code = [[+254]] |footnotes = }} '''Kenya''' , si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Kenya''' ({{lang-sw|Jamhuri ya Kenya}}), waa waddan ku yaal [[Bariga Afrika]] . Baaxada Kenya waa 580,367 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran (224,081 sq mi), waa dalka 48aad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka loo eego guud ahaan bedka. Iyada oo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 47.6 milyan oo qof tirakoobka 2019, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/msdpnbc/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-population-by-county-and-sub-county?county=1001880-limuru|title=2019 KENYA POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS - POPULATION BY COUNTY AND SUB COUNTY - Kenya Data Portal|website=kenya.opendataforafrica.org|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2021-03-21|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416222406/https://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/msdpnbc/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-population-by-county-and-sub-county?county=1001880-limuru|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kenya waa waddanka 29aad ee ugu dadka badan. <ref name=KNBS2019 /> caasimada Kenya iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Nairobi]] , halka magaaladeeda ugu da'da weyn iyo caasimada ugu horeysa ay tahay magaalo xeebeedka [[Mombasa]] . Magaalada [[Kisumu]] waa magaalada saddexaad ee ugu weyn sidoo kale waxay leedahay deked gudaha ah oo ku taal harada [[Warta Victoria]] . Xarumaha kale ee magaalooyinka ee muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ah [[Nakuru]] iyo [[Eldoret]] . Laga soo bilaabo sanadka 2020, Kenya waa dalka seddexaad ee ugu dhaqaalaha badan wadamada Saxaraha ka hooseeya marka laga reebo [[Nigeria]] iyo [[Koonfuur afrika]]. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Standard|title=Kenya now third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001374151/kenya-now-third-largest-economy-in-sub-saharan-africa|access-date=2020-06-08|website=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> Kenya waxaa xuduud la leh [[Koonfurta Suudaan]] dhinaca waqooyi-galbeed, [[Itoobiya]] dhinaca woqooyi, [[Soomaaliya]] dhanka bari, [[Ugaandha]] dhanka galbeed, [[Tanzania]] dhanka koonfureed, iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] dhanka koonfur-bari. [[File:Kenya_Provinces_numbered.svg|thumb|right|500px|Kiinya dulka]] Marka loo eego taariikhda qadiimiga ah ee waxyaabaha la xidhiidha iyo waxyaabaha lafaha ah, dadka Kuushiitiga waxay markii ugu horreysay degeen dhulka hoose ee Kenya intii u dhaxeysay 3,200 iyo 1,300 dhalashadii Nabi Ciise ka hor csw, marxalad loo yaqaan 'Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic' . Dadka reer guuraaga ah ee ku hadla afka [[Nilotik]] (waxay ku abtirsadaan dadka reer Kenya ee ku hadla afka Nilotik) waxay bilaabeen inay ka haajiraan dhulka maanta loo yaqaan Koonfurta Suudaan una soo guuraan Kenya qiyaastii 500 BC. <ref name="EhretCHS"/> Xiriirka reer [[Yurub]] wuxuu ka bilaabmay 1500 [[Bortuqaal|Boortaqiiska]] , in kasta oo gumaysiga wax ku oolka ah ee Kenya uu bilaabmay qarnigii 19aad xiligii Yurub sahaminta ka waday gudaha . Kenya maanta waxay ka soo baxday maxmiyad ay aas aastay Boqortooyadii [[Ingiriiska]] 1895 iyo Gumaysigii Kenya ee xigay, , oo bilaabmay 1920. khilaafaadyo badan oo udhaxeeyay UK iyo gumaysiga ayaa u horseeday [[kacaankii Mau Mau]] , oo bilaabmay 1952, iyo ku dhawaaqistii madaxbanaanida ee xigta 1963 kadib xornimadii, Kenya waxay xubin ka noqotay [[Dalalka Barwaaqo Sooranka]] .Dastuurka hadda jira ayaa la ansixiyay 2010 si loogu badalo 1963. Kenya waa jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah oo mataleysa madaxweynaha, taas oo saraakiisha la soo doortay ay matalaan shacabka, madaxweynuhuna yahay madaxa qaranka iyo dowlada. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2007|title=Victorian Electronic Democracy - Final Report - Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy - Final Report - Glossary|date=13 December 2007|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Kenya waxay xubin ka tahay [[Qaramada Midoobay]] , Barwaaqo Sooranka , [[Bangiga Adduunka]] , [[Sanduuqa Lacagta Adduunka]] , [[COMESA]] , [[Maxkamadda Dembiyada Caalamiga]] , iyo ururo kale oo caalami ah. Iyada oo leh GNI 1,460, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gnp.pcap.cd?year_high_desc=true|title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Kenya waa dal dakhligiisu hooseeyo. Dhaqaalaha Kenya waa kan ugu weyn bariga iyo bartamaha Afrika, <ref name="auto">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=2&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=644&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= Ethiopia GDP purchasing power 2010: 86 billion]. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.</ref><ref name="auto1">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=664&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=69&pr.y=14 Kenya GDP purchasing power 2010: 66 Billion]. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.</ref> oo Nairobi u adeegta xarun ganacsi oo weyn. <ref name="auto1"/> Beeraha waa waaxda ugu weyn: shaaha iyo kafeega waa dalagyo dhaqameed oo lacag ah, halka ubaxyada cusubi yihiin dhoofinta si xawli ah u socota [[Warshadaha adeegga]] sidoo kale waa wade weyn oo xagga dhaqaalaha ah, gaar ahaan dalxiiska. Kenya waxay xubin ka tahay urur ganacsi oo ka socda Beesha Bariga Afrika , in kasta oo qaar ka mid ah ururada ganacsiga ee caalamiga ah ay ku tilmaamaan inay tahay qayb ka mid ah Geeska Afrika . <ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72-90.</ref> Afrika waa suuqa ugu weyn ee Kenya wax u dhoofiso, waxaana ku xiga Midowga Yurub. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf|title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study|author1=MWANGI S. KIMENYI |author2=FRANCIS M. MWEGA |author3=NJUGUNA S. NDUNG'U |date=May 2016|publisher=The Brookings Institution|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> ==Xubin== * [[IGAD]] *[[:en:Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa|COMESA]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] (UN) *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Community East African Community] ==Kofka deggan Kenya waddanmaha== * {{Flag|Somalia}} 2,500,000+ * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 30,000+: * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} 2?000+ == Taariikh == Fosils laga helay Kenya ayaa muujisay in astaamaha aagga ku noolaa in ka badan 20 milyan oo sano. Natiijooyinka ugu dambeeyay ee ku dhow warta Turkana waxay muujinayaan in [[hominids]] sida [[Homo habilis]] (1.8 ilaa 2.5 milyan sano ka hor) iyo [[Homo erectus]] (1.9 milyan ilaa 350,000 sano ka hor) ay yihiin awoowayaal toos ah oo [[Homo sapiens]] casri ah , waxayna ku noolaayeen Kenya xilligii Pleistocene . <ref name="Isaac"/> Intii lagu guda jiray qodista warta Turkana sanadkii 1984, khabiir ku takhasusay cilmiga dhulka, [[Richard Leakey]] , oo uu caawiyay [[Kamoya Kimeu]] , ayaa helay wiilka Turkana , oo ah 1.6-milyan oo jir Homo erectus ah. Cilmi-baaris hore oo ku saabsan hominids-ka hore ayaa si gaar ah loogu aqoonsaday Mary Leakey iyo Louis Leakey , oo mas'uul ka ahaa baaritaanka horudhaca ah ee qadiimiga ah ee Olorgesailie iyo Hyrax Hill . Markii dambe shaqadii goobta hore waxaa qabtay Glynn Isaac. Bariga Afrika, oo ay ku jirto Kenya, waa mid ka mid ah gobollada ugu horreeya ee la rumaysan yahay inay ku noolaayeen bini-aadamka casriga ah ( Homo sapiens ). Caddaynta waxaa la helay 2018, oo ku saabsan qiyaastii 320,000 sano ka hor, goobta Kenya ee Olorgesailie, oo ah markii ugu horreysay ee ay soo ifbaxeen dabeecado casri ah oo ay ka mid yihiin: shabakadaha ganacsiga masaafada fog (oo ku lug leh badeecadaha sida obsidian), isticmaalka midabbada, iyo suurtogalnimada sameynta dhibco soo baxa Waxaa u kuurgalay qorayaasha seddex daraasadood oo 2018 ah oo ku saabsan goobta, in caddaynta dabeecadahaani ay yihiin kuwo ku dhow isla taariikhda ugu horreysa ee Homo sapiens fosil (sida Jebel Irhoud ee Morokko iyo Florisbad ee Koonfur Afrika) == Juqraafi == Kenya wuxuu ku fadhiyaa dhul balaaran oo gaaraayo 582,646 km2. waxay ka mid tahay wadammada waaweyn. Kenya waa wadanka afartan iyo toddobaad oo ugu weyn [[Aduunka]]. Kenya waxay xuduud la leedahay wadammada [[Tansaaniya]] , [[Ugaandha]] , [[Harta]] [[Fiktooriya]] , [[Soomaaliya]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo K[[konfur sudan|onfuur Suudaan]] . == Jawiga == Jawiga Kenya waa kuleyl, dhinaca xeebaha. woqooyiga Kenya waa meel doog ah oo roob badan ka dain. Roob badan ayaa Kenya ka da'o bilaha [[Maarso]] iyo [[Maajo]]. Roob yarna wuxuu da'aa [[Oktoobar]] iyo [[Nofeembar]]. xaraaradaha neh, Kuleyl ayuu ku egyahay. == Dhaqaale == Sanadka 2013 ilaa iyo 2017, dhaqaalaha Kenya wuxuu kubcay 5.5% waxaa lagu qiyaasi in uu lubci doono 6.1% sanadka 2019<gallery> File:Flag of Kenya.svg|Calanka Dalka Kenya </gallery> wadanka Kenya sida oo u xoroway, dhaqaalihiisa kor ayuu u socdaa. waxayna soo saaraan, sonkor, biyaha macaanka, qamadi, qamri, warqado, nalal, alaabta baabuurta iyo wax badan oo kale. Dadka adduunkana wey u soo dalxiisaan. Dhaqaalaha Kenya maanta wuxuu gaaray Dhaqaalaha ugu xoogan Bariga Afrika. Wadanka Kenya wuxuu ku dadaalooyaa horumarinta shacabka Kenyaatiga iyo dhismaha dalka. == Magaalooyinka == * [[Nayroobi]] - 4,397,073 qof * [[Mombaaso]] - 707,400 qof * [[Kisumu]] - 322,024 qof * [[Nakuru]] - 319.200 qof * [[Machakos]] -144,109 qof Gobolada uu dalka ka koobnaan jir 1. Gobolka Dhexe ( Central)<br />2. Gobolka Xeebta (Coast)<br />3. Galbeedka (Western)<br />4. Gobolka [[Waqooyi bari]] (North Eastern)<br />5. Gobolka [[Provincia di Nyanza|Nyanza]] (Nyanza)<br />6. Gobolka Dooxada (Rift Valley)<br />7. Gobolka Bari (Eastern) 9. Nairobi [[File:Map showing counties under the new Kenyan constitution.gif|thumb|350x350px|Kenya]] {{commonscat|Kenya|Kenya}} == Xigasho == * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20010215/Searching-for-Deserving-Ones-in-Kenya/ Searching for Deserving Ones in Kenya] *[https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20050415/Hope-Amid-Despair-An-Assembly-in-a-Refugee-Camp/ Hope Amid Despair—An Assembly in a Refugee Camp] <references /> {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Kenya| ]] [[Category:Dawladdaha Afrika]] dzc0s059czhqvkq7xi0laum53jhsjli 275939 275938 2025-06-18T12:59:20Z 197.231.201.179 Noqay bedelaadka [[Special:Diff/275938|275938]] ee sameeyay [[Special:Contributions/197.231.201.179|197.231.201.179]] ([[User talk:197.231.201.179|hadal]]) 275939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Keenya |native_name = ''Jamhuri ya Kenya'' |common_name = Kenya |image_flag = Flag of Kenya.svg |image_coat = File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_(Official).svg | national_motto = "[[Harambee]]"<br />({{langx|en|"Let us all pull together"}}) |image_map = Kenya (orthographic projection).svg |national_motto = {{native phrase|sw|"[[Harambee]]"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"Aan wada shaqayno"}} |national_anthem = ''[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]'' |official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Sawaaxili|Swahili]] |[[Ingiriis (luqad)|English]]}} |demonym = [[Demographics of Kenya|Kinyaati]] |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 17.13% [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] | 14.35% [[Luhya people|Luhya]] | 13.37% [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]] | 10.65% [[Luo people of Kenya|Luo]] | 9.81% [[Kamba people|Kamba]] | 5.85% [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | 5.68% [[Kisii people|Kisii]] | 5.23% [[Mijikenda people|Mijikenda]] | 4.15% [[Meru people|Meru]] | 1% Aan afrikaan ahayn }} |capital = [[Nairobi]] |latd=1 |latm=16 |latNS=S |longd=36 |longm=48 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Nayroobi]] |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Jamhuuriyad|Qaab jamhuuriyad]]}} |leader_title1 = Madaxweeyne |leader_name1 = [[William Ruto]] |leader_title2 = Madaxweeyne ku xigeen |leader_name2 = |leader_title4 = Afhayeenka baarlamaanka |leader_name4 = [[Justin Muturi]] |leader_title5 = Gudoomiyeha maxkamadda sare |leader_name5 = [[Hon. Lady Justice Martha Koome]] |legislature = [[Baarlamaan]] |area_km2 = 582,646 km2 |area_sq_mi = 224,961 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 47th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |percent_water = 2.3 |population_estimate = 52,574,000 |population_estimate_year = 2020 |population_estimate_rank = 31st |population_census = 47,564,296 |population_census_year = 2019 |population_density_km2 = 67.2 |population_density_sq_mi = 174.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 140th |GDP_PPP_year = 2020 |GDP_PPP = $206.532 billion |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,071 |GDP_nominal = $109.116 billion |GDP_nominal_year = 2020 |currency_code = KES |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |date_format = dd/mm/yy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = Lama arag |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = Bidix |cctld = [[.ke]] |calling_code = [[+254]] |footnotes = }} '''Kenya''' , si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Kenya''' ({{lang-sw|Jamhuri ya Kenya}}), waa waddan ku yaal [[Bariga Afrika]] . Baaxada Kenya waa 580,367 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran (224,081 sq mi), waa dalka 48aad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka loo eego guud ahaan bedka. Iyada oo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 47.6 milyan oo qof tirakoobka 2019, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/msdpnbc/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-population-by-county-and-sub-county?county=1001880-limuru|title=2019 KENYA POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS - POPULATION BY COUNTY AND SUB COUNTY - Kenya Data Portal|website=kenya.opendataforafrica.org|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2021-03-21|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416222406/https://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/msdpnbc/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-population-by-county-and-sub-county?county=1001880-limuru|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kenya waa waddanka 29aad ee ugu dadka badan. <ref name=KNBS2019 /> caasimada Kenya iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Nairobi]] , halka magaaladeeda ugu da'da weyn iyo caasimada ugu horeysa ay tahay magaalo xeebeedka [[Mombasa]] . Magaalada [[Kisumu]] waa magaalada saddexaad ee ugu weyn sidoo kale waxay leedahay deked gudaha ah oo ku taal harada [[Warta Victoria]] . Xarumaha kale ee magaalooyinka ee muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ah [[Nakuru]] iyo [[Eldoret]] . Laga soo bilaabo sanadka 2020, Kenya waa dalka seddexaad ee ugu dhaqaalaha badan wadamada Saxaraha ka hooseeya marka laga reebo [[Nigeria]] iyo [[Koonfuur afrika]]. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Standard|title=Kenya now third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001374151/kenya-now-third-largest-economy-in-sub-saharan-africa|access-date=2020-06-08|website=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> Kenya waxaa xuduud la leh [[Koonfurta Suudaan]] dhinaca waqooyi-galbeed, [[Itoobiya]] dhinaca woqooyi, [[Soomaaliya]] dhanka bari, [[Ugaandha]] dhanka galbeed, [[Tanzania]] dhanka koonfureed, iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] dhanka koonfur-bari. [[File:Kenya_Provinces_numbered.svg|thumb|right|500px|Kiinya dulka]] Marka loo eego taariikhda qadiimiga ah ee waxyaabaha la xidhiidha iyo waxyaabaha lafaha ah, dadka Kuushiitiga waxay markii ugu horreysay degeen dhulka hoose ee Kenya intii u dhaxeysay 3,200 iyo 1,300 dhalashadii Nabi Ciise ka hor csw, marxalad loo yaqaan 'Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic' . Dadka reer guuraaga ah ee ku hadla afka [[Nilotik]] (waxay ku abtirsadaan dadka reer Kenya ee ku hadla afka Nilotik) waxay bilaabeen inay ka haajiraan dhulka maanta loo yaqaan Koonfurta Suudaan una soo guuraan Kenya qiyaastii 500 BC. <ref name="EhretCHS"/> Xiriirka reer [[Yurub]] wuxuu ka bilaabmay 1500 [[Bortuqaal|Boortaqiiska]] , in kasta oo gumaysiga wax ku oolka ah ee Kenya uu bilaabmay qarnigii 19aad xiligii Yurub sahaminta ka waday gudaha . Kenya maanta waxay ka soo baxday maxmiyad ay aas aastay Boqortooyadii [[Ingiriiska]] 1895 iyo Gumaysigii Kenya ee xigay, , oo bilaabmay 1920. khilaafaadyo badan oo udhaxeeyay UK iyo gumaysiga ayaa u horseeday [[kacaankii Mau Mau]] , oo bilaabmay 1952, iyo ku dhawaaqistii madaxbanaanida ee xigta 1963 kadib xornimadii, Kenya waxay xubin ka noqotay [[Dalalka Barwaaqo Sooranka]] .Dastuurka hadda jira ayaa la ansixiyay 2010 si loogu badalo 1963. Kenya waa jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah oo mataleysa madaxweynaha, taas oo saraakiisha la soo doortay ay matalaan shacabka, madaxweynuhuna yahay madaxa qaranka iyo dowlada. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2007|title=Victorian Electronic Democracy - Final Report - Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy - Final Report - Glossary|date=13 December 2007|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Kenya waxay xubin ka tahay [[Qaramada Midoobay]] , Barwaaqo Sooranka , [[Bangiga Adduunka]] , [[Sanduuqa Lacagta Adduunka]] , [[COMESA]] , [[Maxkamadda Dembiyada Caalamiga]] , iyo ururo kale oo caalami ah. Iyada oo leh GNI 1,460, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gnp.pcap.cd?year_high_desc=true|title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Kenya waa dal dakhligiisu hooseeyo. Dhaqaalaha Kenya waa kan ugu weyn bariga iyo bartamaha Afrika, <ref name="auto">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=2&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=644&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= Ethiopia GDP purchasing power 2010: 86 billion]. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.</ref><ref name="auto1">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=664&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=69&pr.y=14 Kenya GDP purchasing power 2010: 66 Billion]. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.</ref> oo Nairobi u adeegta xarun ganacsi oo weyn. <ref name="auto1"/> Beeraha waa waaxda ugu weyn: shaaha iyo kafeega waa dalagyo dhaqameed oo lacag ah, halka ubaxyada cusubi yihiin dhoofinta si xawli ah u socota [[Warshadaha adeegga]] sidoo kale waa wade weyn oo xagga dhaqaalaha ah, gaar ahaan dalxiiska. Kenya waxay xubin ka tahay urur ganacsi oo ka socda Beesha Bariga Afrika , in kasta oo qaar ka mid ah ururada ganacsiga ee caalamiga ah ay ku tilmaamaan inay tahay qayb ka mid ah Geeska Afrika . <ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72-90.</ref> Afrika waa suuqa ugu weyn ee Kenya wax u dhoofiso, waxaana ku xiga Midowga Yurub. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf|title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study|author1=MWANGI S. KIMENYI |author2=FRANCIS M. MWEGA |author3=NJUGUNA S. NDUNG'U |date=May 2016|publisher=The Brookings Institution|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> ==Xubin== * [[IGAD]] *[[:en:Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa|COMESA]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] (UN) *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Community East African Community] ==Kofka deggan Kenya waddanmaha== * {{Flag|Somalia}} 2,500,000+ * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 30,000+: * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} 2?000+ == Taariikh == Fosils laga helay Kenya ayaa muujisay in astaamaha aagga ku noolaa in ka badan 20 milyan oo sano. Natiijooyinka ugu dambeeyay ee ku dhow warta Turkana waxay muujinayaan in [[hominids]] sida [[Homo habilis]] (1.8 ilaa 2.5 milyan sano ka hor) iyo [[Homo erectus]] (1.9 milyan ilaa 350,000 sano ka hor) ay yihiin awoowayaal toos ah oo [[Homo sapiens]] casri ah , waxayna ku noolaayeen Kenya xilligii Pleistocene . <ref name="Isaac"/> Intii lagu guda jiray qodista warta Turkana sanadkii 1984, khabiir ku takhasusay cilmiga dhulka, [[Richard Leakey]] , oo uu caawiyay [[Kamoya Kimeu]] , ayaa helay wiilka Turkana , oo ah 1.6-milyan oo jir Homo erectus ah. Cilmi-baaris hore oo ku saabsan hominids-ka hore ayaa si gaar ah loogu aqoonsaday Mary Leakey iyo Louis Leakey , oo mas'uul ka ahaa baaritaanka horudhaca ah ee qadiimiga ah ee Olorgesailie iyo Hyrax Hill . Markii dambe shaqadii goobta hore waxaa qabtay Glynn Isaac. Bariga Afrika, oo ay ku jirto Kenya, waa mid ka mid ah gobollada ugu horreeya ee la rumaysan yahay inay ku noolaayeen bini-aadamka casriga ah ( Homo sapiens ). Caddaynta waxaa la helay 2018, oo ku saabsan qiyaastii 320,000 sano ka hor, goobta Kenya ee Olorgesailie, oo ah markii ugu horreysay ee ay soo ifbaxeen dabeecado casri ah oo ay ka mid yihiin: shabakadaha ganacsiga masaafada fog (oo ku lug leh badeecadaha sida obsidian), isticmaalka midabbada, iyo suurtogalnimada sameynta dhibco soo baxa Waxaa u kuurgalay qorayaasha seddex daraasadood oo 2018 ah oo ku saabsan goobta, in caddaynta dabeecadahaani ay yihiin kuwo ku dhow isla taariikhda ugu horreysa ee Homo sapiens fosil (sida Jebel Irhoud ee Morokko iyo Florisbad ee Koonfur Afrika) == Juqraafi == Kenya wuxuu ku fadhiyaa dhul balaaran oo gaaraayo 582,646 km2. waxay ka mid tahay wadammada waaweyn. Kenya waa wadanka afartan iyo toddobaad oo ugu weyn [[Aduunka]]. Kenya waxay xuduud la leedahay wadammada [[Tansaaniya]] , [[Ugaandha]] , [[Harta]] [[Fiktooriya]] , [[Soomaaliya]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo K[[konfur sudan|onfuur Suudaan]] . == Jawiga == Jawiga Kenya waa kuleyl, dhinaca xeebaha. woqooyiga Kenya waa meel doog ah oo roob badan ka dain. Roob badan ayaa Kenya ka da'o bilaha [[Maarso]] iyo [[Maajo]]. Roob yarna wuxuu da'aa [[Oktoobar]] iyo [[Nofeembar]]. xaraaradaha neh, Kuleyl ayuu ku egyahay. == Dhaqaale == Sanadka 2013 ilaa iyo 2017, dhaqaalaha Kenya wuxuu kubcay 5.5% waxaa lagu qiyaasi in uu lubci doono 6.1% sanadka 2019<gallery> File:Flag of Kenya.svg|Calanka Dalka Kenya </gallery> wadanka Kenya sida oo u xoroway, dhaqaalihiisa kor ayuu u socdaa. waxayna soo saaraan, sonkor, biyaha macaanka, qamadi, qamri, warqado, nalal, alaabta baabuurta iyo wax badan oo kale. Dadka adduunkana wey u soo dalxiisaan. Dhaqaalaha Kenya maanta wuxuu gaaray Dhaqaalaha ugu xoogan Bariga Afrika. Wadanka Kenya wuxuu ku dadaalooyaa horumarinta shacabka Kenyaatiga iyo dhismaha dalka. == Magaalooyinka == * [[Nayroobi]] - 4,397,073 qof * [[Mombaaso]] - 707,400 qof * [[Kisumu]] - 322,024 qof * [[Nakuru]] - 319.200 qof * [[Machakos]] -144,109 qof Gobolada uu dalka ka koobnaan jir 1. Gobolka Dhexe ( Central)<br />2. Gobolka Xeebta (Coast)<br />3. Galbeedka (Western)<br />4. Gobolka [[Waqooyi bari]] (North Eastern)<br />5. Gobolka [[Provincia di Nyanza|Nyanza]] (Nyanza)<br />6. Gobolka Dooxada (Rift Valley)<br />7. Gobolka Bari (Eastern) 9. Nairobi [[File:Map showing counties under the new Kenyan constitution.gif|thumb|350x350px|Kenya]] {{commonscat|Kenya|Kenya}} == Xigasho == * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20010215/Searching-for-Deserving-Ones-in-Kenya/ Searching for Deserving Ones in Kenya] *[https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20050415/Hope-Amid-Despair-An-Assembly-in-a-Refugee-Camp/ Hope Amid Despair—An Assembly in a Refugee Camp] <references /> {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Kenya| ]] [[Category:Dawladdaha Afrika]] tc9tofxgt0yg9zq0ay35znzeyxdhbph 275940 275939 2025-06-18T13:01:17Z 197.231.201.179 275940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Keenya |native_name = ''Jamhuri ya Kenya'' |common_name = Kenya |image_flag = Flag of Kenya.svg | national_motto = "[[Harambee]]"<br />({{langx|en|"Let us all pull together"}}) |image_map = Kenya (orthographic projection).svg |national_motto = {{native phrase|sw|"[[Harambee]]"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"Aan wada shaqayno"}} |national_anthem = ''[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]'' |official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Sawaaxili|Swahili]] |[[Ingiriis (luqad)|English]]}} |demonym = [[Demographics of Kenya|Kinyaati]] |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 17.13% [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] | 14.35% [[Luhya people|Luhya]] | 13.37% [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]] | 10.65% [[Luo people of Kenya|Luo]] | 9.81% [[Kamba people|Kamba]] | 5.85% [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | 5.68% [[Kisii people|Kisii]] | 5.23% [[Mijikenda people|Mijikenda]] | 4.15% [[Meru people|Meru]] | 1% Aan afrikaan ahayn }} |capital = [[Nairobi]] |latd=1 |latm=16 |latNS=S |longd=36 |longm=48 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Nayroobi]] |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Jamhuuriyad|Qaab jamhuuriyad]]}} |leader_title1 = Madaxweeyne |leader_name1 = [[William Ruto]] |leader_title2 = Madaxweeyne ku xigeen |leader_name2 = |leader_title4 = Afhayeenka baarlamaanka |leader_name4 = [[Justin Muturi]] |leader_title5 = Gudoomiyeha maxkamadda sare |leader_name5 = [[Hon. Lady Justice Martha Koome]] |legislature = [[Baarlamaan]] |area_km2 = 582,646 km2 |area_sq_mi = 224,961 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 47th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |percent_water = 2.3 |population_estimate = 52,574,000 |population_estimate_year = 2020 |population_estimate_rank = 31st |population_census = 47,564,296 |population_census_year = 2019 |population_density_km2 = 67.2 |population_density_sq_mi = 174.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 140th |GDP_PPP_year = 2020 |GDP_PPP = $206.532 billion |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,071 |GDP_nominal = $109.116 billion |GDP_nominal_year = 2020 |currency_code = KES |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |date_format = dd/mm/yy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = Lama arag |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = Bidix |cctld = [[.ke]] |calling_code = [[+254]] |footnotes = }} '''Kenya''' , si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Kenya''' ({{lang-sw|Jamhuri ya Kenya}}), waa waddan ku yaal [[Bariga Afrika]] . Baaxada Kenya waa 580,367 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran (224,081 sq mi), waa dalka 48aad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka loo eego guud ahaan bedka. Iyada oo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 47.6 milyan oo qof tirakoobka 2019, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/msdpnbc/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-population-by-county-and-sub-county?county=1001880-limuru|title=2019 KENYA POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS - POPULATION BY COUNTY AND SUB COUNTY - Kenya Data Portal|website=kenya.opendataforafrica.org|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2021-03-21|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416222406/https://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/msdpnbc/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-population-by-county-and-sub-county?county=1001880-limuru|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kenya waa waddanka 29aad ee ugu dadka badan. <ref name=KNBS2019 /> caasimada Kenya iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Nairobi]] , halka magaaladeeda ugu da'da weyn iyo caasimada ugu horeysa ay tahay magaalo xeebeedka [[Mombasa]] . Magaalada [[Kisumu]] waa magaalada saddexaad ee ugu weyn sidoo kale waxay leedahay deked gudaha ah oo ku taal harada [[Warta Victoria]] . Xarumaha kale ee magaalooyinka ee muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ah [[Nakuru]] iyo [[Eldoret]] . Laga soo bilaabo sanadka 2020, Kenya waa dalka seddexaad ee ugu dhaqaalaha badan wadamada Saxaraha ka hooseeya marka laga reebo [[Nigeria]] iyo [[Koonfuur afrika]]. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Standard|title=Kenya now third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001374151/kenya-now-third-largest-economy-in-sub-saharan-africa|access-date=2020-06-08|website=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> Kenya waxaa xuduud la leh [[Koonfurta Suudaan]] dhinaca waqooyi-galbeed, [[Itoobiya]] dhinaca woqooyi, [[Soomaaliya]] dhanka bari, [[Ugaandha]] dhanka galbeed, [[Tanzania]] dhanka koonfureed, iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] dhanka koonfur-bari. [[File:Kenya_Provinces_numbered.svg|thumb|right|500px|Kiinya dulka]] Marka loo eego taariikhda qadiimiga ah ee waxyaabaha la xidhiidha iyo waxyaabaha lafaha ah, dadka Kuushiitiga waxay markii ugu horreysay degeen dhulka hoose ee Kenya intii u dhaxeysay 3,200 iyo 1,300 dhalashadii Nabi Ciise ka hor csw, marxalad loo yaqaan 'Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic' . Dadka reer guuraaga ah ee ku hadla afka [[Nilotik]] (waxay ku abtirsadaan dadka reer Kenya ee ku hadla afka Nilotik) waxay bilaabeen inay ka haajiraan dhulka maanta loo yaqaan Koonfurta Suudaan una soo guuraan Kenya qiyaastii 500 BC. <ref name="EhretCHS"/> Xiriirka reer [[Yurub]] wuxuu ka bilaabmay 1500 [[Bortuqaal|Boortaqiiska]] , in kasta oo gumaysiga wax ku oolka ah ee Kenya uu bilaabmay qarnigii 19aad xiligii Yurub sahaminta ka waday gudaha . Kenya maanta waxay ka soo baxday maxmiyad ay aas aastay Boqortooyadii [[Ingiriiska]] 1895 iyo Gumaysigii Kenya ee xigay, , oo bilaabmay 1920. khilaafaadyo badan oo udhaxeeyay UK iyo gumaysiga ayaa u horseeday [[kacaankii Mau Mau]] , oo bilaabmay 1952, iyo ku dhawaaqistii madaxbanaanida ee xigta 1963 kadib xornimadii, Kenya waxay xubin ka noqotay [[Dalalka Barwaaqo Sooranka]] .Dastuurka hadda jira ayaa la ansixiyay 2010 si loogu badalo 1963. Kenya waa jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah oo mataleysa madaxweynaha, taas oo saraakiisha la soo doortay ay matalaan shacabka, madaxweynuhuna yahay madaxa qaranka iyo dowlada. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2007|title=Victorian Electronic Democracy - Final Report - Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy - Final Report - Glossary|date=13 December 2007|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Kenya waxay xubin ka tahay [[Qaramada Midoobay]] , Barwaaqo Sooranka , [[Bangiga Adduunka]] , [[Sanduuqa Lacagta Adduunka]] , [[COMESA]] , [[Maxkamadda Dembiyada Caalamiga]] , iyo ururo kale oo caalami ah. Iyada oo leh GNI 1,460, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gnp.pcap.cd?year_high_desc=true|title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Kenya waa dal dakhligiisu hooseeyo. Dhaqaalaha Kenya waa kan ugu weyn bariga iyo bartamaha Afrika, <ref name="auto">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=2&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=644&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= Ethiopia GDP purchasing power 2010: 86 billion]. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.</ref><ref name="auto1">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=664&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=69&pr.y=14 Kenya GDP purchasing power 2010: 66 Billion]. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.</ref> oo Nairobi u adeegta xarun ganacsi oo weyn. <ref name="auto1"/> Beeraha waa waaxda ugu weyn: shaaha iyo kafeega waa dalagyo dhaqameed oo lacag ah, halka ubaxyada cusubi yihiin dhoofinta si xawli ah u socota [[Warshadaha adeegga]] sidoo kale waa wade weyn oo xagga dhaqaalaha ah, gaar ahaan dalxiiska. Kenya waxay xubin ka tahay urur ganacsi oo ka socda Beesha Bariga Afrika , in kasta oo qaar ka mid ah ururada ganacsiga ee caalamiga ah ay ku tilmaamaan inay tahay qayb ka mid ah Geeska Afrika . <ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72-90.</ref> Afrika waa suuqa ugu weyn ee Kenya wax u dhoofiso, waxaana ku xiga Midowga Yurub. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf|title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study|author1=MWANGI S. KIMENYI |author2=FRANCIS M. MWEGA |author3=NJUGUNA S. NDUNG'U |date=May 2016|publisher=The Brookings Institution|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> ==Xubin== * [[IGAD]] *[[:en:Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa|COMESA]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] (UN) *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Community East African Community] ==Kofka deggan Kenya waddanmaha== * {{Flag|Somalia}} 2,500,000+ * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 30,000+: * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} 2?000+ == Taariikh == Fosils laga helay Kenya ayaa muujisay in astaamaha aagga ku noolaa in ka badan 20 milyan oo sano. Natiijooyinka ugu dambeeyay ee ku dhow warta Turkana waxay muujinayaan in [[hominids]] sida [[Homo habilis]] (1.8 ilaa 2.5 milyan sano ka hor) iyo [[Homo erectus]] (1.9 milyan ilaa 350,000 sano ka hor) ay yihiin awoowayaal toos ah oo [[Homo sapiens]] casri ah , waxayna ku noolaayeen Kenya xilligii Pleistocene . <ref name="Isaac"/> Intii lagu guda jiray qodista warta Turkana sanadkii 1984, khabiir ku takhasusay cilmiga dhulka, [[Richard Leakey]] , oo uu caawiyay [[Kamoya Kimeu]] , ayaa helay wiilka Turkana , oo ah 1.6-milyan oo jir Homo erectus ah. Cilmi-baaris hore oo ku saabsan hominids-ka hore ayaa si gaar ah loogu aqoonsaday Mary Leakey iyo Louis Leakey , oo mas'uul ka ahaa baaritaanka horudhaca ah ee qadiimiga ah ee Olorgesailie iyo Hyrax Hill . Markii dambe shaqadii goobta hore waxaa qabtay Glynn Isaac. Bariga Afrika, oo ay ku jirto Kenya, waa mid ka mid ah gobollada ugu horreeya ee la rumaysan yahay inay ku noolaayeen bini-aadamka casriga ah ( Homo sapiens ). Caddaynta waxaa la helay 2018, oo ku saabsan qiyaastii 320,000 sano ka hor, goobta Kenya ee Olorgesailie, oo ah markii ugu horreysay ee ay soo ifbaxeen dabeecado casri ah oo ay ka mid yihiin: shabakadaha ganacsiga masaafada fog (oo ku lug leh badeecadaha sida obsidian), isticmaalka midabbada, iyo suurtogalnimada sameynta dhibco soo baxa Waxaa u kuurgalay qorayaasha seddex daraasadood oo 2018 ah oo ku saabsan goobta, in caddaynta dabeecadahaani ay yihiin kuwo ku dhow isla taariikhda ugu horreysa ee Homo sapiens fosil (sida Jebel Irhoud ee Morokko iyo Florisbad ee Koonfur Afrika) == Juqraafi == Kenya wuxuu ku fadhiyaa dhul balaaran oo gaaraayo 582,646 km2. waxay ka mid tahay wadammada waaweyn. Kenya waa wadanka afartan iyo toddobaad oo ugu weyn [[Aduunka]]. Kenya waxay xuduud la leedahay wadammada [[Tansaaniya]] , [[Ugaandha]] , [[Harta]] [[Fiktooriya]] , [[Soomaaliya]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo K[[konfur sudan|onfuur Suudaan]] . == Jawiga == Jawiga Kenya waa kuleyl, dhinaca xeebaha. woqooyiga Kenya waa meel doog ah oo roob badan ka dain. Roob badan ayaa Kenya ka da'o bilaha [[Maarso]] iyo [[Maajo]]. Roob yarna wuxuu da'aa [[Oktoobar]] iyo [[Nofeembar]]. xaraaradaha neh, Kuleyl ayuu ku egyahay. == Dhaqaale == Sanadka 2013 ilaa iyo 2017, dhaqaalaha Kenya wuxuu kubcay 5.5% waxaa lagu qiyaasi in uu lubci doono 6.1% sanadka 2019<gallery> File:Flag of Kenya.svg|Calanka Dalka Kenya </gallery> wadanka Kenya sida oo u xoroway, dhaqaalihiisa kor ayuu u socdaa. waxayna soo saaraan, sonkor, biyaha macaanka, qamadi, qamri, warqado, nalal, alaabta baabuurta iyo wax badan oo kale. Dadka adduunkana wey u soo dalxiisaan. Dhaqaalaha Kenya maanta wuxuu gaaray Dhaqaalaha ugu xoogan Bariga Afrika. Wadanka Kenya wuxuu ku dadaalooyaa horumarinta shacabka Kenyaatiga iyo dhismaha dalka. == Magaalooyinka == * [[Nayroobi]] - 4,397,073 qof * [[Mombaaso]] - 707,400 qof * [[Kisumu]] - 322,024 qof * [[Nakuru]] - 319.200 qof * [[Machakos]] -144,109 qof Gobolada uu dalka ka koobnaan jir 1. Gobolka Dhexe ( Central)<br />2. Gobolka Xeebta (Coast)<br />3. Galbeedka (Western)<br />4. Gobolka [[Waqooyi bari]] (North Eastern)<br />5. Gobolka [[Provincia di Nyanza|Nyanza]] (Nyanza)<br />6. Gobolka Dooxada (Rift Valley)<br />7. Gobolka Bari (Eastern) 9. Nairobi [[File:Map showing counties under the new Kenyan constitution.gif|thumb|350x350px|Kenya]] {{commonscat|Kenya|Kenya}} == Xigasho == * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20010215/Searching-for-Deserving-Ones-in-Kenya/ Searching for Deserving Ones in Kenya] *[https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20050415/Hope-Amid-Despair-An-Assembly-in-a-Refugee-Camp/ Hope Amid Despair—An Assembly in a Refugee Camp] <references /> {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Kenya| ]] [[Category:Dawladdaha Afrika]] 1340ucqgyob37f3qwyqz7djtjhm4ijo 275941 275940 2025-06-18T13:12:40Z 197.231.201.179 275941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Keenya |native_name = ''Jamhuri ya Kenya'' |common_name = Kenya |image_flag = Flag of Kenya.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|sw|"[[Harambee]]"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"Aan wada shaqayno"}} |image_map = Kenya (orthographic projection).svg |national_anthem = ''[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]'' |official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Sawaaxili|Swahili]] |[[Ingiriis (luqad)|English]]}} |demonym = [[Demographics of Kenya|Kinyaati]] |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 17.13% [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] | 14.35% [[Luhya people|Luhya]] | 13.37% [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]] | 10.65% [[Luo people of Kenya|Luo]] | 9.81% [[Kamba people|Kamba]] | 5.85% [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | 5.68% [[Kisii people|Kisii]] | 5.23% [[Mijikenda people|Mijikenda]] | 4.15% [[Meru people|Meru]] | 1% Aan afrikaan ahayn }} |capital = [[Nairobi]] |latd=1 |latm=16 |latNS=S |longd=36 |longm=48 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Nayroobi]] |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Jamhuuriyad|Qaab jamhuuriyad]]}} |leader_title1 = Madaxweeyne |leader_name1 = [[William Ruto]] |leader_title2 = Madaxweeyne ku xigeen |leader_name2 = |leader_title4 = Afhayeenka baarlamaanka |leader_name4 = [[Justin Muturi]] |leader_title5 = Gudoomiyeha maxkamadda sare |leader_name5 = [[Hon. Lady Justice Martha Koome]] |legislature = [[Baarlamaan]] |area_km2 = 582,646 km2 |area_sq_mi = 224,961 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 47th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |percent_water = 2.3 |population_estimate = 52,574,000 |population_estimate_year = 2020 |population_estimate_rank = 31st |population_census = 47,564,296 |population_census_year = 2019 |population_density_km2 = 67.2 |population_density_sq_mi = 174.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 140th |GDP_PPP_year = 2020 |GDP_PPP = $206.532 billion |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,071 |GDP_nominal = $109.116 billion |GDP_nominal_year = 2020 |currency_code = KES |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |date_format = dd/mm/yy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = Lama arag |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = Bidix |cctld = [[.ke]] |calling_code = [[+254]] |footnotes = |image_coat=Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_(Official).svg}} '''Kenya''' , si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Kenya''' ({{lang-sw|Jamhuri ya Kenya}}), waa waddan ku yaal [[Bariga Afrika]] . Baaxada Kenya waa 580,367 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran (224,081 sq mi), waa dalka 48aad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka loo eego guud ahaan bedka. Iyada oo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 47.6 milyan oo qof tirakoobka 2019, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/msdpnbc/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-population-by-county-and-sub-county?county=1001880-limuru|title=2019 KENYA POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS - POPULATION BY COUNTY AND SUB COUNTY - Kenya Data Portal|website=kenya.opendataforafrica.org|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2021-03-21|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416222406/https://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/msdpnbc/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-population-by-county-and-sub-county?county=1001880-limuru|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kenya waa waddanka 29aad ee ugu dadka badan. <ref name=KNBS2019 /> caasimada Kenya iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Nairobi]] , halka magaaladeeda ugu da'da weyn iyo caasimada ugu horeysa ay tahay magaalo xeebeedka [[Mombasa]] . Magaalada [[Kisumu]] waa magaalada saddexaad ee ugu weyn sidoo kale waxay leedahay deked gudaha ah oo ku taal harada [[Warta Victoria]] . Xarumaha kale ee magaalooyinka ee muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ah [[Nakuru]] iyo [[Eldoret]] . Laga soo bilaabo sanadka 2020, Kenya waa dalka seddexaad ee ugu dhaqaalaha badan wadamada Saxaraha ka hooseeya marka laga reebo [[Nigeria]] iyo [[Koonfuur afrika]]. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Standard|title=Kenya now third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001374151/kenya-now-third-largest-economy-in-sub-saharan-africa|access-date=2020-06-08|website=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> Kenya waxaa xuduud la leh [[Koonfurta Suudaan]] dhinaca waqooyi-galbeed, [[Itoobiya]] dhinaca woqooyi, [[Soomaaliya]] dhanka bari, [[Ugaandha]] dhanka galbeed, [[Tanzania]] dhanka koonfureed, iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] dhanka koonfur-bari. [[File:Kenya_Provinces_numbered.svg|thumb|right|500px|Kiinya dulka]] Marka loo eego taariikhda qadiimiga ah ee waxyaabaha la xidhiidha iyo waxyaabaha lafaha ah, dadka Kuushiitiga waxay markii ugu horreysay degeen dhulka hoose ee Kenya intii u dhaxeysay 3,200 iyo 1,300 dhalashadii Nabi Ciise ka hor csw, marxalad loo yaqaan 'Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic' . Dadka reer guuraaga ah ee ku hadla afka [[Nilotik]] (waxay ku abtirsadaan dadka reer Kenya ee ku hadla afka Nilotik) waxay bilaabeen inay ka haajiraan dhulka maanta loo yaqaan Koonfurta Suudaan una soo guuraan Kenya qiyaastii 500 BC. <ref name="EhretCHS"/> Xiriirka reer [[Yurub]] wuxuu ka bilaabmay 1500 [[Bortuqaal|Boortaqiiska]] , in kasta oo gumaysiga wax ku oolka ah ee Kenya uu bilaabmay qarnigii 19aad xiligii Yurub sahaminta ka waday gudaha . Kenya maanta waxay ka soo baxday maxmiyad ay aas aastay Boqortooyadii [[Ingiriiska]] 1895 iyo Gumaysigii Kenya ee xigay, , oo bilaabmay 1920. khilaafaadyo badan oo udhaxeeyay UK iyo gumaysiga ayaa u horseeday [[kacaankii Mau Mau]] , oo bilaabmay 1952, iyo ku dhawaaqistii madaxbanaanida ee xigta 1963 kadib xornimadii, Kenya waxay xubin ka noqotay [[Dalalka Barwaaqo Sooranka]] .Dastuurka hadda jira ayaa la ansixiyay 2010 si loogu badalo 1963. Kenya waa jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah oo mataleysa madaxweynaha, taas oo saraakiisha la soo doortay ay matalaan shacabka, madaxweynuhuna yahay madaxa qaranka iyo dowlada. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2007|title=Victorian Electronic Democracy - Final Report - Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy - Final Report - Glossary|date=13 December 2007|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Kenya waxay xubin ka tahay [[Qaramada Midoobay]] , Barwaaqo Sooranka , [[Bangiga Adduunka]] , [[Sanduuqa Lacagta Adduunka]] , [[COMESA]] , [[Maxkamadda Dembiyada Caalamiga]] , iyo ururo kale oo caalami ah. Iyada oo leh GNI 1,460, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gnp.pcap.cd?year_high_desc=true|title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Kenya waa dal dakhligiisu hooseeyo. Dhaqaalaha Kenya waa kan ugu weyn bariga iyo bartamaha Afrika, <ref name="auto">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=2&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=644&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= Ethiopia GDP purchasing power 2010: 86 billion]. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.</ref><ref name="auto1">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=664&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=69&pr.y=14 Kenya GDP purchasing power 2010: 66 Billion]. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.</ref> oo Nairobi u adeegta xarun ganacsi oo weyn. <ref name="auto1"/> Beeraha waa waaxda ugu weyn: shaaha iyo kafeega waa dalagyo dhaqameed oo lacag ah, halka ubaxyada cusubi yihiin dhoofinta si xawli ah u socota [[Warshadaha adeegga]] sidoo kale waa wade weyn oo xagga dhaqaalaha ah, gaar ahaan dalxiiska. Kenya waxay xubin ka tahay urur ganacsi oo ka socda Beesha Bariga Afrika , in kasta oo qaar ka mid ah ururada ganacsiga ee caalamiga ah ay ku tilmaamaan inay tahay qayb ka mid ah Geeska Afrika . <ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72-90.</ref> Afrika waa suuqa ugu weyn ee Kenya wax u dhoofiso, waxaana ku xiga Midowga Yurub. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf|title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study|author1=MWANGI S. KIMENYI |author2=FRANCIS M. MWEGA |author3=NJUGUNA S. NDUNG'U |date=May 2016|publisher=The Brookings Institution|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> ==Xubin== * [[IGAD]] *[[:en:Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa|COMESA]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] (UN) *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Community East African Community] ==Kofka deggan Kenya waddanmaha== * {{Flag|Somalia}} 2,500,000+ * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 30,000+: * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} 2?000+ == Taariikh == Fosils laga helay Kenya ayaa muujisay in astaamaha aagga ku noolaa in ka badan 20 milyan oo sano. Natiijooyinka ugu dambeeyay ee ku dhow warta Turkana waxay muujinayaan in [[hominids]] sida [[Homo habilis]] (1.8 ilaa 2.5 milyan sano ka hor) iyo [[Homo erectus]] (1.9 milyan ilaa 350,000 sano ka hor) ay yihiin awoowayaal toos ah oo [[Homo sapiens]] casri ah , waxayna ku noolaayeen Kenya xilligii Pleistocene . <ref name="Isaac"/> Intii lagu guda jiray qodista warta Turkana sanadkii 1984, khabiir ku takhasusay cilmiga dhulka, [[Richard Leakey]] , oo uu caawiyay [[Kamoya Kimeu]] , ayaa helay wiilka Turkana , oo ah 1.6-milyan oo jir Homo erectus ah. Cilmi-baaris hore oo ku saabsan hominids-ka hore ayaa si gaar ah loogu aqoonsaday Mary Leakey iyo Louis Leakey , oo mas'uul ka ahaa baaritaanka horudhaca ah ee qadiimiga ah ee Olorgesailie iyo Hyrax Hill . Markii dambe shaqadii goobta hore waxaa qabtay Glynn Isaac. Bariga Afrika, oo ay ku jirto Kenya, waa mid ka mid ah gobollada ugu horreeya ee la rumaysan yahay inay ku noolaayeen bini-aadamka casriga ah ( Homo sapiens ). Caddaynta waxaa la helay 2018, oo ku saabsan qiyaastii 320,000 sano ka hor, goobta Kenya ee Olorgesailie, oo ah markii ugu horreysay ee ay soo ifbaxeen dabeecado casri ah oo ay ka mid yihiin: shabakadaha ganacsiga masaafada fog (oo ku lug leh badeecadaha sida obsidian), isticmaalka midabbada, iyo suurtogalnimada sameynta dhibco soo baxa Waxaa u kuurgalay qorayaasha seddex daraasadood oo 2018 ah oo ku saabsan goobta, in caddaynta dabeecadahaani ay yihiin kuwo ku dhow isla taariikhda ugu horreysa ee Homo sapiens fosil (sida Jebel Irhoud ee Morokko iyo Florisbad ee Koonfur Afrika) == Juqraafi == Kenya wuxuu ku fadhiyaa dhul balaaran oo gaaraayo 582,646 km2. waxay ka mid tahay wadammada waaweyn. Kenya waa wadanka afartan iyo toddobaad oo ugu weyn [[Aduunka]]. Kenya waxay xuduud la leedahay wadammada [[Tansaaniya]] , [[Ugaandha]] , [[Harta]] [[Fiktooriya]] , [[Soomaaliya]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo K[[konfur sudan|onfuur Suudaan]] . == Jawiga == Jawiga Kenya waa kuleyl, dhinaca xeebaha. woqooyiga Kenya waa meel doog ah oo roob badan ka dain. Roob badan ayaa Kenya ka da'o bilaha [[Maarso]] iyo [[Maajo]]. Roob yarna wuxuu da'aa [[Oktoobar]] iyo [[Nofeembar]]. xaraaradaha neh, Kuleyl ayuu ku egyahay. == Dhaqaale == Sanadka 2013 ilaa iyo 2017, dhaqaalaha Kenya wuxuu kubcay 5.5% waxaa lagu qiyaasi in uu lubci doono 6.1% sanadka 2019<gallery> File:Flag of Kenya.svg|Calanka Dalka Kenya </gallery> wadanka Kenya sida oo u xoroway, dhaqaalihiisa kor ayuu u socdaa. waxayna soo saaraan, sonkor, biyaha macaanka, qamadi, qamri, warqado, nalal, alaabta baabuurta iyo wax badan oo kale. Dadka adduunkana wey u soo dalxiisaan. Dhaqaalaha Kenya maanta wuxuu gaaray Dhaqaalaha ugu xoogan Bariga Afrika. Wadanka Kenya wuxuu ku dadaalooyaa horumarinta shacabka Kenyaatiga iyo dhismaha dalka. == Magaalooyinka == * [[Nayroobi]] - 4,397,073 qof * [[Mombaaso]] - 707,400 qof * [[Kisumu]] - 322,024 qof * [[Nakuru]] - 319.200 qof * [[Machakos]] -144,109 qof Gobolada uu dalka ka koobnaan jir 1. Gobolka Dhexe ( Central)<br />2. Gobolka Xeebta (Coast)<br />3. Galbeedka (Western)<br />4. Gobolka [[Waqooyi bari]] (North Eastern)<br />5. Gobolka [[Provincia di Nyanza|Nyanza]] (Nyanza)<br />6. Gobolka Dooxada (Rift Valley)<br />7. Gobolka Bari (Eastern) 9. Nairobi [[File:Map showing counties under the new Kenyan constitution.gif|thumb|350x350px|Kenya]] {{commonscat|Kenya|Kenya}} == Xigasho == * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20010215/Searching-for-Deserving-Ones-in-Kenya/ Searching for Deserving Ones in Kenya] *[https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20050415/Hope-Amid-Despair-An-Assembly-in-a-Refugee-Camp/ Hope Amid Despair—An Assembly in a Refugee Camp] <references /> {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Kenya| ]] [[Category:Dawladdaha Afrika]] 2igh7wnplmckkl2jbe8q71mr7ekgxq7 0 4827 275965 275843 2025-06-18T23:07:10Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 275965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million<sup>3</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala [[Afrika]] iyo [[Aasiya]] xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref>https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490</Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]][[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |05.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |06"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |07'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |08".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |11".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |13".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |14".=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |15".||[[File:Flag of Mauritania.svg|189px]]<!>[[Mauritania]]<!> ||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |16'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |17'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<s>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/> |- |18"`.||[[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|193px]]<!>[[Yemen]]<!> ||69.98<REF name=p.189/>. |- |19'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |20"_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<s'>[[Barunay]]<!'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |21".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<s'>[[Komoros]]<!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |23_.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<s>[[Islaam]]<s'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |24".||[[File:Flag of Somaliland.svg|191px]][[Somalia]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |25".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]][[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |26".||[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|191px]]<S>[[Bakistaan]]<s'>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |27".||[[File:Flag of Malta.svg|189px]]<S>[[Malta]]<s'>||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |28".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|191px]]<S>[[Baariis]]<s'>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |29"_.||[[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|191px]]<s>[[Jasiirada Maldiif]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |30". ||[[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|192px]]<S>[[Konstantinoble]]<!'> ||89.8<Ref name=p.189/>. |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Passport 2022.jpg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Passport 2022.jpg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Republic-of-yemen-passport-non-biometric-01.JPG|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The Arab world covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html <Ref>https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. <Ref>https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. * https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }} * https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html *https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02 <Ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1</Ref>.: ** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world <Ref>https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries</Ref>. * https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes 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Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million³ |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala [[Afrika]] iyo [[Aasiya]] xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref>https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490</Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]][[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |05.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |06"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |07'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |08".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |11".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |13".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |14".=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |15".||[[File:Flag of Mauritania.svg|189px]]<!>[[Mauritania]]<!> ||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |16'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |17'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<s>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/> |- |18"`.||[[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|193px]]<!>[[Yemen]]<!> ||69.98<REF name=p.189/>. |- |19'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |20"_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<s'>[[Barunay]]<!'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |21".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<s'>[[Komoros]]<!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |23_.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<s>[[Islaam]]<s'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |24".||[[File:Flag of Somaliland.svg|191px]][[Somalia]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |25".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]][[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |26".||[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|191px]]<S>[[Bakistaan]]<s'>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |27".||[[File:Flag of Malta.svg|189px]]<S>[[Malta]]<s'>||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |28".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|191px]]<S>[[Baariis]]<s'>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |29"_.||[[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|191px]]<s>[[Jasiirada Maldiif]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |30". ||[[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|192px]]<S>[[Konstantinoble]]<!'> ||89.8<Ref name=p.189/>. |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Passport 2022.jpg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Passport 2022.jpg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Republic-of-yemen-passport-non-biometric-01.JPG|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The Arab world covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html <Ref>https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. <Ref>https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. * https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }} * https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html *https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02 <Ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1</Ref>.: ** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world <Ref>https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries</Ref>. * https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes 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(v2.0.9.5 275973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million<sup>3</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala [[Afrika]] iyo [[Aasiya]] xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref>https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490</Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]][[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |05.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |06"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |07'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |08".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |11".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |13".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |14".=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |15".||[[File:Flag of Mauritania.svg|189px]]<!>[[Mauritania]]<!> ||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |16'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |17'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<s>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/> |- |18"`.||[[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|193px]]<!>[[Yemen]]<!> ||69.98<REF name=p.189/>. |- |19'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |20"_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<s'>[[Barunay]]<!'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |21".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<s'>[[Komoros]]<!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |23_.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<s>[[Islaam]]<s'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |24".||[[File:Flag of Somaliland.svg|191px]][[Somalia]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |25".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]][[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |26".||[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|191px]]<S>[[Bakistaan]]<s'>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |27".||[[File:Flag of Malta.svg|189px]]<S>[[Malta]]<s'>||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |28".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|191px]]<S>[[Baariis]]<s'>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |29"_.||[[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|191px]]<s>[[Jasiirada Maldiif]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |30". ||[[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|192px]]<S>[[Konstantinoble]]<!'> ||89.8<Ref name=p.189/>. |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Passport 2022.jpg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Passport 2022.jpg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Republic-of-yemen-passport-non-biometric-01.JPG|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The Arab world covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * 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https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes 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InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 275981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million³ |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala [[Afrika]] iyo [[Aasiya]] xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref>https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490</Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]][[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |05.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |06"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |07'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |08".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |11".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |13".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |14".=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |15".||[[File:Flag of Mauritania.svg|189px]]<!>[[Mauritania]]<!> ||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |16'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |17'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<s>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/> |- |18"`.||[[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|193px]]<!>[[Yemen]]<!> ||69.98<REF name=p.189/>. |- |19'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |20"_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<s'>[[Barunay]]<!'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |21".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<s'>[[Komoros]]<!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |23_.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<s>[[Islaam]]<s'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |24".||[[File:Flag of Somaliland.svg|191px]][[Somalia]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |25".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]][[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |26".||[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|191px]]<S>[[Bakistaan]]<s'>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |27".||[[File:Flag of Malta.svg|189px]]<S>[[Malta]]<s'>||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |28".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|191px]]<S>[[Baariis]]<s'>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |29"_.||[[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|191px]]<s>[[Jasiirada Maldiif]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |30". ||[[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|192px]]<S>[[Konstantinoble]]<!'> ||89.8<Ref name=p.189/>. |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Passport 2022.jpg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Passport 2022.jpg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Republic-of-yemen-passport-non-biometric-01.JPG|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The Arab world covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html <Ref>https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. <Ref>https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. * https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }} * https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html *https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02 <Ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1</Ref>.: ** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world <Ref>https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries</Ref>. * https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes 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|fix-attempted=yes }} 4m0e0fzbd4fxva30aln6xqzd96e20e1 0 6149 275944 243166 2025-06-18T14:22:39Z 192.145.175.218 Buq Aqable Waa magaalo caafi 275944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name =Buq Aqable |other_name =بُق اقبلي |native_name =<small>''Buq Aqable''</small> |nickname = |settlement_type =Magaalo |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map =Somalia |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption =Meesha ka dhacdo Soomaaliya. |subdivision_type =Dalka |subdivision_name ={{flag|Somalia}} |subdivision_type1 =[[Gobol]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Hiiraan]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title Duqa Degmada |leader_name Aadan Raaxa Jecel |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Metric |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 10 |area_land_km2 = |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |timezone =[[East Africa Time|EAT]] |utc_offset =+3 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd=4.058|latm=|lats=|latNS=N |longd=45.255|longm=|longs=|longEW=E |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Buq Aqable''' Waa [[Degmo]] ka mid ah degmooyinka gobolka [[Hiiraan]], waxeey 90-km dhanka koonfureed ka jirtaa xarunta gobolka Hiiraan ee [[Beledweyne]], dhanka galbeedna waxeey 40-km u jirtaa Degmada [[Buuloburde]]. Degmadani Waxa iska leh Beesha [GAALJECEL SARANSAROOR Gaar ahaan Beesha Caafi Cifaaf cabdi == Taariikh == Buq aqable waxay ka mid tahay egmooyinka ugu taariikhda dheer gobolka Hiiraan marka laga eego taariikhda ay dhisanthy iyadoo aheyd xaruntii loogaga talin jiray gobolada dhexe waqtigii gumeystaha talyaaniga heystay wadanka inta u dhaxeysay sanadihii 1927-kii illaa 1953-dii. == Dhaqaalaha iyo Waxbarashada == Degmada Buq Aqable dhaqaalaheeda waxuu ku tiirsanyahay ganacsiga, xoola dhaqashada iyo beeraha intaba waxaa kale o Degamda caan ku tahay iney ku hareereysanyihiin Caagag (Meelaha Biyaha Fariistaan) dadka degmada u yaqaanaan Sagaalka Caag, waxa inta dheer in webiga Shabeelle u Degmada Buq Aqable u jira 25KM, waxaa kale o Degmada ganacsigeeda ku xeran yahay magaalooyinka Muqdisho iyo Beledweyne. Dhanka waxbarashada degmada waxaa lagu tiriyaa iney tahay meelaha fara ku tiriska ah ee xagga waxbarashada ka dhisan, marka la eego gobolka, waxeey leedahay Dugsi hoose/dhexe iyo sare ah (Mercy Primary & Secondary School), waxeey kaloo leedahay Macaahid lagu barto luqadaha iyo Diinta, waxeey caan ku tahay barashada Diinta iyo ku dhaqankeeda. dagmad buqa aqable waxeey ka koobanthy Shan xaafadood oo lagu kala magacaabo Buula Dhagaxleey, Salbarwaaqa, Buula xoog, xafada eega iyo Meyd tubaka ama loo yaqaan war moog. == Muhiimada Degmada Buq Aqable == Buq Aqable waa magaalo muhiim ah waxaa mara wadada isku xirta Muqdisho iyo Gobalada dhexe, waxaa sidoo kale ay tahay istiraatiji dhanka wadooyinka, waxaa sidoo kale kabaxa wada si toos ah u aada Magaalada Baydhabo wadadaa o ey isticmaali jireen isticmaarkii Talyaaniga, waxaa sidoo kale eey leedahay dhuldaaq aad u weyn iyo dhul howd ah oo ey ka baxaan dhirta noocyadeeda kala duwan.Buq Aqable waa magaalo ku caan ah nabad wanaaga iyo isdhexgalka bulshada iyo waliba horumarka dhanka waxbarashada. ==Sidoo kale fiiri== *[[Liiska magaalooyinka Soomaaliya dadka ku nool]] *[[Liiska magaalooyinka Soomaaliya]] ==Xigasho== *[http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4553743&fid=5774&c=somalia Buur aqaba] {{reflist}} [[Category:Soomaaliya]] [[Category:Magaalooyinka Soomaaliya]] {{BUQ AQABLE waa magaala jirta waxka badan labo qarni}} t5afcciu01wuytwc2lvvqzcg496x3tk 0 15981 275943 206593 2025-06-18T14:20:29Z 192.145.175.218 Luuqajelow waa degmo caafi lee yahay 275943 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luuqjeeloow''' Waa Degmo Ka Mid ah Dagmooyinka Gobolka [[Hiiraan]] ee Soomaaliya Xadadka: Degmada Waxaa Dhanka Bari ka xiga Degmada Beledweyne waxaa dhanka Galbeed ka Xiga Degmada Ceel Cali Luuqada : Luuqada waa Afka Soomaaliya , Astaan: waxaa Degmadaani ku Badan Geedka Loo Yaqaano Baar iyo cadayga Degmadani waxa iska leh beesha gaaljecel Gaar ahan beesha caafi cifaf cabdi Taariikhta: Degmadaani waxeey Bilaabatay qiyaastii 400 oo sana kahor doodwladnimada soomaaliya dagamadaani waxa ay laheed Sheekooyin soo Jireen ah iyo Hal Abuuro loo Yaqaano oo ah degmadani waa degmada ugu geela badan soomaliya,xoolaha nool iyo caanaha laga soosaara waxaa loo iib geeyaa degmada Beledweeyn oo ay go day qiyaastii 25 sano kahor, iyo degmooyin kale sida ,degmada Guriceel,Cadaado, degmada Gaalkacyo iyo Boosaaso. '''Luuqjeeloow''' waxaa hoos yimaada ilaa 250 tuula.180 tuula waa ay guurguuta waxaana dagan dad xoola dhaqata ah marba meel uguura todobaatan tuula weey fa dhidaa waxaana dagan dad beeraleey ah iyo kuwa xoola dhaqato ah oo aan guurin inta badan waxaana kamid ah:- ka mid ah baali,jaamburoow,bisla caloolacad,biitaala,garastumaal,gacan,bicila,dameerlaays,doonfooley,doonkaadareer, jaadla,durdur baacyar, ceelka baar,tixey,macaanqaale,doonbireed,doonmasaajid,wardhabeeyl,baladamiin,bakeeyleey,doondiir,mudulka raaxooy,moorada reer aaden xaadoow,berta reerkuula,,xawaasha aadan cali, xawaasha idiriseey.ruunkii cabdila gureey,beeraha reernuufaaneey,warta calibuule,iyo degmada ee luuqjeeloow. luuqjeeloow waxa ay ka mid eheeyd xarumihii ladajiyay qaxootigii soomaali galbeed waa degma istiraatiji ah waxeey wabiga u jirtaain kayar 1kmitirxarunta ,waxeey leedahay dhamaan agabyadii degmo sida xarut degma,saldhig boolis,lab iskuula waaweeyn oo kiiba qaadikara 3000 oo arday,airibort ama garoon diyaaradeed oo weeyn oo ay ku soo degi karaan diyaaradaha waaweeyn,isbitaal, iyo garooma ciyaareed waxaa lagu qiyaasaa dadka kunool ilaa 24000 kun oo ruux tuu looyinka hoosyimaada waa ilaa 250 tuula. {{Degmooyinka Gobolka Hiiraan}} rzvy1w23f1506buie4kaicrxbnzh7zk 0 39919 275937 259076 2025-06-18T12:58:11Z 2601:152:4C7F:4E40:57A:C6BC:51DD:19EB 275937 wikitext text/x-wiki Taariikhda Magaalada. Turdho. Turdho waa Degaan ka tirsan [[Gobolka Jubbada Hoose)) waa tuulo Qurux badan oo Xeebaad leh waxaa days beesha sheekhaal loobage o u Badan Ganacsato,Siyaasiyiin iyo Culumaaudiin. Magaalada turdho waxay leedahay kaawada ugu weeyn jubbada hoose, dhul beereed iyo xeeb aad u dheer o qurux badan. Inta badan dadka degan waa xoolo dhaqato iyo beeraley iyo ganaacsato ,waxaa bur bur xun ka soo gaaray magaalada Turdho dagaaladi sokeeye ee ka dhacay dalka 1991. Waxaa bur bur xoogan ka muuqda isbitaalka weeyn ee magaalada iyo dugsigii hoose dhexe ee Turdho .Sh.Xasan Maxaad Cilmi o loo yaqaano《 Siigaale 》(Sheekhaal loobage) ayaa ka mid ahaa ragii talyaaniga kula jihaaday Turdho, dagaalkas o ka dhacay meesha lagu magacaabo Yaaq Kanooni, waxaa sidoo kale dagaalkas qeyb libaax leh ka qaatay Xaaji Nuur Abiikar (Sheekhaal Loobage) oo caan ka ah gobolka jubbada hoose , labadan hogaamiye (Siigaale iyo Nuur Abikar)o talyaniga siiyay casharo lama ilaawaan ah kana xureeyay inta u dhaxeeyso Jamaame iyo Turdho. Turdho xaqiiqdii waxaa degen beelo walaalo ah: - Mudulood siiba Abgaal iyo Hilibi Dalandoole, - Shiikhaal Loobage Faqa Cumar - Habargidir Sacad siiba reer Nimcaale/Axmed, Ciise,Cabdulle iyo Cali Nimcaale wa intaas dadka meeshaas caanka ah. qombvgzfzfevylcwnhkmelfmf8yf8vv 0 41696 275942 275935 2025-06-18T13:13:51Z 197.231.201.179 275942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail,became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohamed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohmed *********Guled Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi(Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ************Wais Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle *****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi –Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== 0o7zjoe3ry12rsa2wyn1k1etwmte371 275945 275942 2025-06-18T14:41:12Z 197.231.201.179 275945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohamed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohmed *********Guled Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi(Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ************Wais Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle *****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi –Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== 4prz9643sdia0fer27fl8j8qr1mb5oa 275946 275945 2025-06-18T15:11:48Z 197.231.201.179 275946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> [[File:Sultan Abdillahi Sultan Deria.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Sultan Abdillahi Sultan Deria, a respected 20th-century Grand Sultan of the Isaaq clan family.]] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria rose as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq, particularly among the Eidagale. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a time of significant political change, and his legacy is still honored today throughout Somaliland. The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohamed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohmed *********Guled Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi(Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ************Wais Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle *****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi –Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== ga5xsu8vss7hoyd6d0tjvx4juzbgvyv 275947 275946 2025-06-18T15:13:23Z 197.231.201.179 275947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria rose as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq, particularly among the Eidagale. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a time of significant political change, and his legacy is still honored today throughout Somaliland. The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohamed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohmed *********Guled Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi(Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ************Wais Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle *****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi –Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== 8ht972byjfhj6dkvxcuol29v68d82my 275950 275947 2025-06-18T16:27:31Z 197.231.201.179 275950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria rose as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq, particularly among the Eidagale. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a time of significant political change, and his legacy is still honored today throughout Somaliland. [[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]] *An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.* The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohamed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohmed *********Guled Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi(Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ************Wais Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle *****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi –Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== hkwryqzq0b77h6tce0yi2shq2127k0j 275951 275950 2025-06-18T16:30:48Z 197.231.201.179 275951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria emerged as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq clan, particularly among the Eidagale. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and in managing relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a period of significant political change. Today, his legacy continues to be honored across Somaliland. [[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]] The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohamed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohmed *********Guled Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi(Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ************Wais Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle *****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi –Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== 1l1o04ejlf479ah1w49iyqxzbsf2jsq 275952 275951 2025-06-18T16:52:19Z 197.231.201.179 275952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria emerged as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq clan, particularly among the Eidagale clan. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and in managing relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a period of significant political change. Today, his legacy continues to be honored across Somaliland. [[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]] The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohamed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohmed *********Guled Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi(Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ************Wais Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle *****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi –Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== 6s1pquz9hvumsnygsqmpkdc2g5ssrti 275974 275952 2025-06-19T08:09:30Z 197.231.201.179 275974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria emerged as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq clan, particularly among the Eidagale clan. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and in managing relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a period of significant political change. Today, his legacy continues to be honored across Somaliland. [[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]] The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohamed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohmed *********Guled Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi (Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ************Wais Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle ****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi –Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== fhjawk1r7kjbsohc5zwpoab13rfq1c3 275975 275974 2025-06-19T08:12:34Z 197.231.201.179 275975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria emerged as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq clan, particularly among the Eidagale clan. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and in managing relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a period of significant political change. Today, his legacy continues to be honored across Somaliland. [[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]] The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohamed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohmed *********Guled Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi (Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Geedi Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle ****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi –Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== hk2013dpk8ymhgbwma6pa2vronhwxo0 275976 275975 2025-06-19T08:17:32Z 197.231.201.179 275976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria emerged as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq clan, particularly among the Eidagale clan. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and in managing relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a period of significant political change. Today, his legacy continues to be honored across Somaliland. [[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]] The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohamed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohmed *********Guled Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi (Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Geedi Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon **********Yusuf Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle ****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi –Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== feg2oyv5z3wzcp6g5samo9ytqevz25w 275977 275976 2025-06-19T08:20:49Z 197.231.201.179 275977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria emerged as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq clan, particularly among the Eidagale clan. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and in managing relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a period of significant political change. Today, his legacy continues to be honored across Somaliland. [[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]] The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohammed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muuse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohamed *********Guled Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi (Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Geedi Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon **********Yusuf Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle ****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi –Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== t02eofqhyfj4skt1m13svrof4o9ozc3 275978 275977 2025-06-19T08:25:51Z 197.231.201.179 275978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria emerged as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq clan, particularly among the Eidagale clan. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and in managing relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a period of significant political change. Today, his legacy continues to be honored across Somaliland. [[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]] The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohammed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muuse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Ali Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohamed *********Guled Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi (Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Geedi Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon **********Yusuf Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle ****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi –Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== cxioweky6jx2kny34k2eeh09rji0tyh 275979 275978 2025-06-19T08:42:18Z 197.231.201.179 275979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria emerged as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq clan, particularly among the Eidagale clan. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and in managing relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a period of significant political change. Today, his legacy continues to be honored across Somaliland. [[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]] The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohammed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muuse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Ali Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohamed *********Guled (Wardon) Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi (Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Geedi Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon **********Yusuf Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle ****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi –Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== 7odzptr8zsrndpc4uvk7xkefbn0zb89 275980 275979 2025-06-19T08:53:54Z 197.231.201.179 275980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria emerged as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq clan, particularly among the Eidagale clan. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and in managing relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a period of significant political change. Today, his legacy continues to be honored across Somaliland. [[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]] The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohammed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muuse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Ali Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohamed *********Guled (Wardon) Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi (Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Geedi Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon **********Yusuf Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle ****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi –Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== juwsq4vx64mgbldau71p5g9xum2zrkg 275982 275980 2025-06-19T11:33:07Z 197.231.201.179 275982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria emerged as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq clan, particularly among the Eidagale clan. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and in managing relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a period of significant political change. Today, his legacy continues to be honored across Somaliland. [[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]] The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohammed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muuse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Ali Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohamed *********Guled (Wardon) Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi (Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Geedi Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon **********Yusuf Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle ****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye – Prominent Somali poet, known for his influential role in Somali literature. * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== 5blc75tx1nqcun68uwhv380w3cn1maz 275983 275982 2025-06-19T11:34:18Z 197.231.201.179 275983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria emerged as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq clan, particularly among the Eidagale clan. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and in managing relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a period of significant political change. Today, his legacy continues to be honored across Somaliland. [[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]] The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohammed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muuse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Ali Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohamed *********Guled (Wardon) Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi (Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Geedi Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon **********Yusuf Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle ****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye "Qaasim" – Prominent Somali poet, known for his influential role in Somali literature. * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== dcto5v6emhqwzt99ul5uop94wtvyshl 275984 275983 2025-06-19T11:40:21Z 197.231.201.179 275984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria emerged as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq clan, particularly among the Eidagale clan. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and in managing relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a period of significant political change. Today, his legacy continues to be honored across Somaliland. [[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]] The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohammed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muuse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Ali Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohamed *********Guled (Wardon) Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi (Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Geedi Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon **********Yusuf Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle ****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye "Qaasim" – Prominent Somali poet, known for his influential role in Somali literature. * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur– A revered Somali freedom fighter and senior SNM commander, remembered for his unmatched bravery, strategic leadership, and ultimate sacrifice in the fight against tyranny during the 1980s liberation struggle. * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== lth3ot3sytyb9ly2y09cxgrilvwamc4 275985 275984 2025-06-19T11:42:41Z 197.231.201.179 275985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Other [[Isaaq]],clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud Ismail Shiekh Ishaq) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo DDS Ethiopia. ==Distribution== [[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]] Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin gobollada DDS ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim oo looyaqaano Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==History== ===Lineage=== Sheikh Ishaq was one of the scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons. One of them Ismail, became the ancestor of the Eidagale Clan.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> === Medieval period === Historically the Eidagalle took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and are mentioned in the book ''Futuh Al-Habash'' (Conquest of Abyssinia) as the ''Habar Magaadle'' . The Habar Magaadle are known for producing a historical figure known as ''Ahmad Gurey bin Husain'' who was the right-hand man of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi].<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> [[File:An artistic reconstruction of a traditional Eidagale warrior, holding a shield and spear.png|thumb|270px|An artistic reconstruction of a 19th-century Eidagale warrior of the Isaaq clan, shown holding a spear and shield—symbolizing his role as both a fearless protector and a guardian of nomadic heritage..]] I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:<blockquote>The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Gurey Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magaadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Eidagal. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref></blockquote> For centuries, the tomb of sheikh Aw Barkhadle, which is located between [[Berbera]] and [[Hargeisa]], was used by the Isaaq clans to settle disputes and to swear oaths of alliances under a holy relic attributed to Bilal Ibn Rabah. As traditional leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clans, the Eidagale placed themselves as mediators during the disputes. <blockquote>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one of the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sultan Abdillahi Deria emerged as one of the most distinguished traditional leaders of the Isaaq clan, particularly among the Eidagale clan. Revered for his wisdom and diplomacy, he played a central role in conflict mediation, the preservation of Somali customary law (xeer), and in managing relations with British colonial authorities. His leadership helped consolidate traditional governance during a period of significant political change. Today, his legacy continues to be honored across Somaliland. [[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]] The Eidagalle were renowned for their equestrian skills, and their devastating raids extended between the coast and the interior. According to Swayne, who traversed through Somaliland in the late 19th century, the Eidagalle were amongst the clans most addicted to raiding: <blockquote>The tribes near the northern coast most addicted to raiding appear to be the Habr Awal, the Eidagalle, and the Habr Gerhajis.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Apart from their equestrian skills, the Eidagalle are also famed for their eloquence in traditional Somali poetry (gabay), producing many famous poets such as Xasan Tarabi and Elmi Boodhari. Historically, the Eidagale were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalle are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalle may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalle men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|275px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] For centuries, the Eidagalle were influential stakeholders in the long-distance Somali caravan trade. Eidagalle merchants procured various goods from the Somali Region in present-day [[Ethiopia]], such as livestock, acacia gum, myrrh and ghee, which were subsequently exported to Southern Arabia. The Eidagale caravan merchants founded several inland trade entrepôts in the interior, which also includes the modern city of [[Hargeisa]], founded in the 19th century as a caravan junction between [[Berbera]] and the Somali interior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> A close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map further attests to the Eidagale’s territorial presence. The map marks Hargeisa (spelled ''Harrer-es-Sagheer'') and labels the Eidagale as ''Eed-a-galleh'' residing in and around the area. The nearby Naasa Hablood hills (''Nas Hubla'') are also depicted, reinforcing both the cultural and geographical continuity of Eidagale settlement in the region.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Somalis of the Habr Gerhajis tribe arrive from Ogadain with feathers, myrrh, gum, sheep, cattle, and ghee, carrying away in exchange piece goods; they also make four trips in the season; they remain for less than a month, and during their stay reside with fellow-tribesmen, taking their meals in the mokhbâzah or eating-house.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> == Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] (Guyoobe) ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle ********Mohamed Abdalle **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Barre Hassan **Muse Daoud ***Abokor Muuse ****Mohamed Abokor *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Abokor Mohamed ******Ibrahim Abokor ******Hassan Abokor *******Muuse Hassan *******Laqshe Hassan *******Basiralle Hassan *******Dhimbil Hassan ********Mohammed Dhimbil *********Musa Mohamed **********Adawe Muuse ***********Absiye Adawe ***********Allamagn Adawe ***********Yusuf Adawe ***********Roble Adawe **********Aden Muuse ***********Had Adan ***********Roble Aden ***********Abane Aden ***********Ali Aden ***********Geedi Aden ***********Boqorre Aden ************Sugulle Boqore ************Liban Boqorre ************Abdi Boqorre ************Yusuf Boqorre ************Egal Boqorre *********Fatah Mohamed *********Mucawiye Mohamed *********Guled (Wardon) Mohamed ********Muuse Dhimbil *********Abdalle Muuse (Rer Abdalle) **********Jibirl Abdalle ***********Kalil Jibirl ************Calanle kalil ************Abdi kalil ************Ismail kalil ************Indhoad kalil ***********Aden Jibril ************Benin Aden ************Nur Aden ************Muse Aden ************Cileye Adan ************Ali Aden ************Adan Aden *************Ahmed Aden *************Eiye Aden ************Abdi Jibril *************Ali Abdi *************Nour Abdi *************Benin Abdi *************Abdille Abdi **************Gallab Abdille **************Eiye Abdille ***************Guled Eiye ***************Hagar Eiye ***************Kalil Eiye ***************Abokor Eiye **************Ahmed Mohamed ***************Ali Ahmed ****************Deria Ali ****************Kalil Ali ****************Jibril Ali ***************Gubadle Ahmed ***************Samter Ahmed *********Mahamoud Muuse (Rer Mahammud) **********Said Mohamoud **********Shirdon Mohamoud ***********Yusuf Shirdon ***********Farah Shirdon ***********Egal Shirdon **********Hildiid Mohamoud ***********Ali Hildiid ***********Odowa Hildiid ***********Geedi Hildiid ***********Abokor Hiliid ***********Hersi Hildiid ********Ahmed Dhimbil *********Muse Ahmed *********Liban Ahmed **********Abdi Liban ***********Ismail Abdi (Ayansame) ************Aden Ismail ************Iman Ismail ************Bulale Ismail ************Geedi Ismail ************Shirwac Ismail ***********Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ************Sarar Mohamed *************Nour Sarar *************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed *************Koshin Ahmed *************Samter Ahmed *************Uballe Ahmed *************Karie Ahmed *************Mohamed Ahmed ******Aden Abokor *******Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) ********Abdi Awal *********Had Abdi *********Nour Abdi *********Omar Abdi *********Ibrahim Abdi *********Mohamoud Abdi ********Hassan Aden *********Ziyad Hassan *********Odawa Hasaan *********Ladon Hassan **********Aden Ladon **********Farah Ladon **********Yusuf Ladon *********Abdalle Hassan **********Ahmed Abdalle ***********Geedi Ahmed ************Gele Geedi ************Hode Geedi ************Samter Geedi ************Allamagan Geedi ************Musa Geedi ***********Halas Ahmed ***********Egal Ahmed **********Ali Abdalle **********Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****(Rer Yoonis) ******Aden Yonis ******Ismail Yonis ******Ugadh Yonis ******Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadidi Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle ****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) ****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) *****Burale Abdi *****Qabile Abdi *****Hildiid Abdi *****Robe Abdi *****Geedi Abdi ****Abokor Ibrahim *****Idile Abokor (Rer Iidle) ******Farah Iidle ******Ismail Iidle ******Bare Iidle *****Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) ******Roble Matan ******Hamud Matan ******Aden Matan ******Damal Aden *******Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) *******Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Boondhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) *******Essa Dhamal ********Aden Essa ********Warfa Isse (Gaal-Eri) ********Guled Isse (Addeh or Addaniyad) ********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) ********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) ********Abdi Isse ( Rer Abdi Isse) *********Baho Abdi *********Mohamed Abdi *********Sugulle Abdi *********Aninanshe Abdi *********Amare Abdi *********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi *********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi *********Hersi Abdi *********Habarwa Abdi *********Warafa Abdi *********Wais Abdi *********Rage Abdi *********Abdalle Abdi *********Aden Abdi *********Abdi Bari (Rer Abdi Bari) *********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable people== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohammed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Eng Gabuush –Scholar and Military leader * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization * Axmed Ismaaciil Diiriye "Qaasim" – Prominent Somali poet, known for his influential role in Somali literature. * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship. * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Siyasi Ibrahim Ali Sanyare * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of UCID party (Justice and Development party of Somaliland) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Idiris Hajis Osman Gurey * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) * Suldaan Aden S.Farah S.Omar * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Abdirahman Jama Andholeh –Anti-Colonial fighter * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Mohamed Osman Aalin – Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Bihi Iman Eige –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist * Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhan Dahir – Journalist * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Kol Yusuf Bihi Oday – Commander of training school at Awarre * Ahmed Ismail Dirie "Qaasim" – Well-known Somali poet * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia ==References== 0qj3qqiuu6my6r8miiilwbyxw9vdhqg