Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3643 296482 296466 2026-04-13T06:55:15Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Windowsvistainterface.png|Windowsvistainterface.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Herbythyme|Herbythyme]] because: Copyright violation, see [[:c:Commons:Licensing|]]. 296482 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Windows Vista]] waa nooca 6aad ee nidaamka hawlgalka [[Microsoft Windows]] ee Microsoft. Waa bedelka [[Windows XP]]. Inta la samaynayo, waxa loo yaqaan ''Longhorn''. Bishii Luulyo 28, 2005, Microsoft waxay bixisay magaceeda dhabta ah, kaas oo ahaa Windows Vista. Siideynta asalka ah ee Windows Vista waa la taageeray ilaa Abriil 13, 2010; Isticmaale kasta oo Windows Vista ah wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu rakibo Xidhmada Adeegga 2 si uu u helo balastar iyo taageero taariikhdaas ka dib. Adeegga Xidhmada 2 ee lagu rakibay Windows Vista, [[Microsoft]] waxay soo afjartay taageerada guud Abriil 10, 2012 ka dibna waxay joojisay taageeridda Windows Vista guud ahaan [[Abriil]] 11, 2017. =Qoraalada= *''Home Basic Edition'' *''Home Premium Edition'' *''Starter Edition'' *''Business Edition'' *''Enterprise Edition'' *''Ultimate Edition'' =Taarikhda= Windows Vista waxaa loo sii daayay beddelka [[Windows XP]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Windows Vista ayaa ah mid aad u xiiso yar sababtoo ah nidaamka qalliinka ee culus. =Akhriska sii wad= *[[w:en:Windows Vista|Windows Vista]] =Tixraacyada= ---- [[Windows XP]] – [[Windows Vista]] – [[Windows 7]] ---- {{gumud}} [[Category:Teknooloji]] 02lf0rlzcmgbllc30jsq72293crdckk 0 4046 296485 296448 2026-04-13T08:08:53Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Windows_7_SP1_screenshot.png|Windows_7_SP1_screenshot.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Túrelio|Túrelio]] because: [[:c:COM:L|Copyright violation]]: Windows 7 SP1 screenshot. 296485 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Windows-7-logo.webp|thumb|astaanawindows7logo2009]]'''Windows 7''' waxaa haatan shirkada Microsoft ay soo saartay 22 Luulyo 2009, Barnaamij Cusub oo la yiraahdo Windows 7, iyadoo suuqyadana lagu sii daayay 22 Oktoobar 2009. Windows 7 waa nooc ka mid ah [[Microsoft Windows]], [[nidaamka hawlgalka]] ee kombuyuutarrada gaarka ah. Waa bedelka Windows Vista, oo ah sii deynta lixaad ee nidaamka hawlgalka Windows. Sida laga soo xigtay Microsoft, Windows 7 waxay wanaajisaa xawaaraha, isku halaynta, iyo laqabsiga [[Windows Vista]]. =Taarikhda= Nooca [[beta]] ee Windows 7 ayaa la sii daayay [[Janaayo]] 9, 2009, musharaxa sii daayayna wuxuu sii daayay May 5. Nuqulkii ugu dambeeyay ee Windows 7 waxaa loo diray soosaarayaasha [[PC]] Julaay 22, 2009, si ay u helaan seddex bilood oo ay ku beddelaan. oo ay ku daraan [[kombiyuutar]]adooda. Windows 7 waxaa loo sii daayay dadweynaha Oktoobar 22, 2009. Siideynta asalka ah ee Windows 7 waa la taageeray ilaa Abriil 9, 2013, ka dib, Windows 7 isticmaale kasta wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu rakibo Xidhmada Adeegga 1 si aan u helo cusbooneysiinta amniga iyo taageerada kadib taariikhdaas. Iyada oo la rakibay Adeegga Xidhmada 1, [[Microsoft]] waxay soo afjartay taageerada caadiga ah ee Windows 7 Janaayo 13, 2015 ka dibna waxay joojisay bixinta cusbooneysiinta amniga Windows 7 Janaayo 14, 2020. Jannaayo 22, 2020 Adeegyada Ciyaaraha Internetka ee Microsoft waxay joojiyeen inay ka shaqeeyaan Windows 7. Amniga La dheereeyay Cusbooneysiinta (ESU) waa barnaamij u oggolaanaya in lagu helo cusboonaysiinta amniga Windows 7 ilaa Janaayo 10, 2023, si kastaba ha ahaatee, bilaash maaha.[[File:Windows 7 logo.svg|400px|thumb|right|Astaanta Windows 7]] =Tixraacyada= * {{Official website|http://www.windows7.com}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081031030941/http://windowsteamblog.com/blogs/windows7/default.aspx The Windows 7 team blog] ---- [[Windows Vista]] – [[Windows 7]] – [[Windows 8]] ---- {{gumud}} [[Category:Teknooloji]] [[Category:Kumbuyuutarada]] [[Category:Microsoft]] 4jzzm1gy6kpfks5x9wri7vjjp43vbp4 0 4827 296477 296303 2026-04-13T05:41:59Z SpinnerLaserzthe2nd 36167 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Saudi Passport 2022.jpg]] → [[File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg]] 296477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million<sup>3</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala [[Afrika]] iyo [[Aasiya]] xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref>https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490</Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05".||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Jabaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |07"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |08'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |09".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11".||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<S>[[SADR]]<s's!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |14".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |15".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |16".=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |18'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |19'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<s'?> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/> |- |20."`.||[[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|193px]]<S'!>[[Yemen]]<s'!> ||69.98<REF name=p.189/>. |- |21.'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<S!>[[Falastiin]]<s'!> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |22".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!!>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |23"_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |24".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |25_.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s'!> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |26"_.||[[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|191px]]<S'!>[[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |} <Ref>https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php</Ref>.::.!'! <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: <ReF>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa</ReF>.: ===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”=== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.".||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.".||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.".||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.".||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05.".||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Jabaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.".||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191"/>. |- |07.".||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]<S>[[Kuuriya]]<s!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |08."'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10.".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |12".||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<!?>[[SADR]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |13".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |14".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |15".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |16".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |17.".||[[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|192px]]<S>[[Bangladesh]]<s'!> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |18.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |19."'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |19.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/> |- |20."`.||[[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|193px]]<!>[[Yemen]]<!> ||69.98<REF name=p.189/>. |- |21.'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |21.".||[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|191px]]<S>[[Bakistaan]]<s'>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |22.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!?>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |23."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'!> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |24.".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]<S>[[Marseilles]]<S'!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |27._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |28."_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]<S>[[Soviet. 3mpire.!'!']]<s!'?> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |29.".||[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|191px]]<S>[[Somalie.!'?]]<s'!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |30."_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]<S'>[[Jabuuty.!'!]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} |- [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. |- <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: |- <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F05%2F05%2F147980</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023</Ref>.:• |- |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Republic-of-yemen-passport-non-biometric-01.JPG|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! … https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::. ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html <Ref>https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. <Ref>https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. * https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }} * https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html *https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02 <Ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1</Ref>.: ** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world <Ref>https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries</Ref>. * https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ 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Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} hcbxsju4slsvczm6yta79xqytvrkway 296480 296477 2026-04-13T06:05:34Z SpinnerLaserzthe2nd 36167 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Republic-of-yemen-passport-non-biometric-01.JPG]] → [[File:Yemen Passport.svg]] 296480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million<sup>3</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala [[Afrika]] iyo [[Aasiya]] xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref>https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490</Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05".||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Jabaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |07"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |08'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |09".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11".||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<S>[[SADR]]<s's!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |14".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |15".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |16".=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |18'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |19'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<s'?> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/> |- |20."`.||[[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|193px]]<S'!>[[Yemen]]<s'!> ||69.98<REF name=p.189/>. |- |21.'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<S!>[[Falastiin]]<s'!> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |22".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!!>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |23"_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |24".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |25_.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s'!> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |26"_.||[[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|191px]]<S'!>[[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |} <Ref>https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php</Ref>.::.!'! <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: <ReF>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa</ReF>.: ===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”=== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.".||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.".||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.".||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.".||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05.".||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Jabaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.".||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191"/>. |- |07.".||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]<S>[[Kuuriya]]<s!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |08."'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10.".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |12".||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<!?>[[SADR]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |13".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |14".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |15".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |16".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |17.".||[[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|192px]]<S>[[Bangladesh]]<s'!> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |18.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |19."'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |19.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/> |- |20."`.||[[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|193px]]<!>[[Yemen]]<!> ||69.98<REF name=p.189/>. |- |21.'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |21.".||[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|191px]]<S>[[Bakistaan]]<s'>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |22.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!?>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |23."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'!> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |24.".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]<S>[[Marseilles]]<S'!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |27._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |28."_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]<S>[[Soviet. 3mpire.!'!']]<s!'?> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |29.".||[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|191px]]<S>[[Somalie.!'?]]<s'!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |30."_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]<S'>[[Jabuuty.!'!]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} |- [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. |- <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: |- <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F05%2F05%2F147980</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023</Ref>.:• |- |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Yemen Passport.svg|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! … https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::. ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html <Ref>https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. <Ref>https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. * https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }} * https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html *https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02 <Ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1</Ref>.: ** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world <Ref>https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries</Ref>. * https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ |date=20240614155515 }} * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 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Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} spsgyl3oexguqlrehbpdv0l031zinjr 0 15416 296483 296452 2026-04-13T06:55:19Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Windowsxpdesktop.webp|Windowsxpdesktop.webp]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Herbythyme|Herbythyme]] because: Copyright violation, see [[:c:Commons:Licensing|]]. 296483 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Windows XP]] waa nooc ka mid ah nidaamka hawlgalka [[Microsoft Windows]] ee [[kombiyuutar]]ada gaarka ah. Xarfaha "XP" waxay u taagan yihiin e'''XP'''erience. Microsoft waxay soo saartay Windows XP 25 Oktoobar, 2001. Windows XP waxay beddeshay Windows 2000 iyo [[Windows ME]], taas oo ka caawisay in la isu keeno noocyada NT iyo 9x ee Windows. Waxaa lagu beddelay [[Windows Vista]] 2006. [[File:Astaana Windows XP.webp|thumb|AstaanaWindowsxp]] =Taarikhda= [[File:Windows XP wordmark.svg|thumb|Windows XP]] [[File:Windows XP SP2 boot screen.png|thumb|Windows Xp boot up]] [[Windows XP|Windows XP waa nooc ka mid ah nidaamka hawlgalka Microsoft Windows ee kombuyuutarrada gaarka ah. Xarfaha "XP" waxay u taagan yihiin eXPerience. Microsoft waxay sii daysay Windows XP Oktoobar 25, 2001. Windows XP waxa ay bedeshay Windows 2000 iyo Windows ME, kuwaas oo gacan ka gaystay isu keenida NT iyo 9x nooc ee Windows.]] [[Windows XP|Horumarinta Windows XP waxay bilaabatay dabayaaqadii 1990-meeyadii iyadoo hoos imanaysa nambarka "Neptune", oo lagu dhisay kernel-ka Windows NT, oo si cad loogu talagalay isticmaalka macaamiisha caadiga ah. Nooca la cusboonaysiiyay ee Windows 2000 ayaa sidoo kale markii hore loo qorsheeyay suuqa ganacsiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bishii Janaayo 2000, labada mashruucba waa la tirtiray iyada oo loo door biday hal OS oo magaciisu yahay "Whistler", kaas oo u adeegi doona hal madal oo loogu talagalay macaamiisha iyo suuqyada ganacsiga labadaba. Natiijo ahaan, Windows XP waa daabacaaddii ugu horreysay ee macaamiisha Windows oo aan ku salaysnayn Windows 95 kernel ama MS-DOS.]] [[Windows XP|Markii la siidaayay, Windows XP waxay heshay amaano muhiim ah, iyada oo xustay waxqabadka iyo xasilloonida kordhay (gaar ahaan marka la barbar dhigo Windows Me), is-dhexgal isticmaale oo dareen badan, taageerada qalabka oo la hagaajiyay iyo ballaarinta awoodaha warbaahinta badan. Windows XP iyo Windows Server 2003 waxaa ku guuleystey Windows Vista iyo Windows Server 2008, oo la sii daayey 2007 iyo 2008, siday u kala horreeyaan.]] [[Windows XP|Tarjamay iyadoo la isticmaalayo Lingvanex.com]] [[Windows XP]] waa nooca ugu iibinta fiican ee daaqadaha. Taageerada noocaan ayaa la joojiyay 8 [[Abriil]], 2014. =Tixraacyada= ---- [[Windows ME]] – [[Windows XP]] – [[Windows Vista]] ---- {{gumud}} [[Category:Teknooloji]] njjdmw04ewjd43z6blg2fg0wlm6rlvn 296484 296483 2026-04-13T06:55:22Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Astaana_Windows_XP.webp|Astaana_Windows_XP.webp]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Herbythyme|Herbythyme]] because: Copyright violation, see [[:c:Commons:Licensing|]]. 296484 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Windows XP]] waa nooc ka mid ah nidaamka hawlgalka [[Microsoft Windows]] ee [[kombiyuutar]]ada gaarka ah. Xarfaha "XP" waxay u taagan yihiin e'''XP'''erience. Microsoft waxay soo saartay Windows XP 25 Oktoobar, 2001. Windows XP waxay beddeshay Windows 2000 iyo [[Windows ME]], taas oo ka caawisay in la isu keeno noocyada NT iyo 9x ee Windows. Waxaa lagu beddelay [[Windows Vista]] 2006. =Taarikhda= [[File:Windows XP wordmark.svg|thumb|Windows XP]] [[File:Windows XP SP2 boot screen.png|thumb|Windows Xp boot up]] [[Windows XP|Windows XP waa nooc ka mid ah nidaamka hawlgalka Microsoft Windows ee kombuyuutarrada gaarka ah. Xarfaha "XP" waxay u taagan yihiin eXPerience. Microsoft waxay sii daysay Windows XP Oktoobar 25, 2001. Windows XP waxa ay bedeshay Windows 2000 iyo Windows ME, kuwaas oo gacan ka gaystay isu keenida NT iyo 9x nooc ee Windows.]] [[Windows XP|Horumarinta Windows XP waxay bilaabatay dabayaaqadii 1990-meeyadii iyadoo hoos imanaysa nambarka "Neptune", oo lagu dhisay kernel-ka Windows NT, oo si cad loogu talagalay isticmaalka macaamiisha caadiga ah. Nooca la cusboonaysiiyay ee Windows 2000 ayaa sidoo kale markii hore loo qorsheeyay suuqa ganacsiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bishii Janaayo 2000, labada mashruucba waa la tirtiray iyada oo loo door biday hal OS oo magaciisu yahay "Whistler", kaas oo u adeegi doona hal madal oo loogu talagalay macaamiisha iyo suuqyada ganacsiga labadaba. Natiijo ahaan, Windows XP waa daabacaaddii ugu horreysay ee macaamiisha Windows oo aan ku salaysnayn Windows 95 kernel ama MS-DOS.]] [[Windows XP|Markii la siidaayay, Windows XP waxay heshay amaano muhiim ah, iyada oo xustay waxqabadka iyo xasilloonida kordhay (gaar ahaan marka la barbar dhigo Windows Me), is-dhexgal isticmaale oo dareen badan, taageerada qalabka oo la hagaajiyay iyo ballaarinta awoodaha warbaahinta badan. Windows XP iyo Windows Server 2003 waxaa ku guuleystey Windows Vista iyo Windows Server 2008, oo la sii daayey 2007 iyo 2008, siday u kala horreeyaan.]] [[Windows XP|Tarjamay iyadoo la isticmaalayo Lingvanex.com]] [[Windows XP]] waa nooca ugu iibinta fiican ee daaqadaha. Taageerada noocaan ayaa la joojiyay 8 [[Abriil]], 2014. =Tixraacyada= ---- [[Windows ME]] – [[Windows XP]] – [[Windows Vista]] ---- {{gumud}} [[Category:Teknooloji]] mfm6591a4db4mu7yt5kxwi8myf12ibx 0 23933 296478 296443 2026-04-13T05:53:50Z SpinnerLaserzthe2nd 36167 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Turkmenistan passport.jpg]] → [[File:Turkmen Passport.svg]] 296478 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:EPassport logo.svg|300px|right|thumb|生物特徵護照的標誌]] [[File:Automated Passport Check at Rome Fiumicino with instruction screen.jpg|thumb|图为使用法国电子护照在意大利某口岸进行自助通关]] [[Baasaboor]] waa buug-yare laga soo saaray waddamada muwaadiniinta, u oggolaanaya in uu u safro waddamo kale. Xaaladaha qaarkood dalalka ayaa bixiya dukumiintiga safarka ee la mid ah kuwa baasaboorka deganayaasha. Ururada caalamiga ahi waxay sidoo kale bixiyaan dukumeentiyada safarka, badanaa loo yaqaan 'laissez-passer', shaqaalahooda. Maqaalkani wuxuu muujinayaa sawirrada baasaboorada kala duwan ee hadda jira. [[w:es:Pasaporte]] [[w:zh:生物特徵護照]] ===[[Africa]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery mode=traditional caption="" class="center"> |{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|AGO}} [[Angolan passport|Angola]] File:Cover of Beninese Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Benin}} [[Beninese passport|Benin]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Botswana}} [[Botswana passport|Botswana]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|BFA}} [[Burkinabe passport|Burkina Faso]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|BDI}} [[Burundian passport|Burundi]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Cameroonian passport|Cameroon]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cape Verdean Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Cape Verde}} [[Cape Verdean passport|Cape Verde]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African Republic passport|Central African Republic]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}} [[Chadian passport|Chad]] File:Comorian Passport.png|{{flagicon|Comoros}} [[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Congolese Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo passport|Congo, Democratic Republic of the]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Republic of the Congo passport|Congo, Republic of the]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Djiboutian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Djibouti}} [[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]] File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egyptian passport|Egypt]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Equatorial Guinean passport|Equatorial Guinea]] File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}} [[Eritrean passport|Eritrea]] File:Current Ethiopian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopian passport|Ethiopia]] File:Cover of Gabonese passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Gabon}} [[Gabonese passport|Gabon]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GAM}} [[Gambian passport|Gambia]] File:Ghana Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghanaian passport|Ghana]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]<br><small>(see also [[Ghana Card|Ghana card]])</small> File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Guinean passport|Guinea]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passaporte Guiné-Bissau.jpg|{{flagicon|Guinea Bissau}} [[Guinea-Bissauan passport|Guinea Bissau]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Côte d'Ivoire}} [[Ivorian passport|Ivory Coast<br />Côte d'Ivoire]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Kenyan_passport.jpg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kenyan passport|Kenya]]<br />[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|LSO}} [[Lesotho passport|Lesotho]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|LBR}} [[Liberian passport|Liberia]] File:PassportOfLibya 2014-04-08 14-18.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}} [[Libyan passport|Libya]] File:Malagasy Passport Cover 2013.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Malagasy passport|Madagascar]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Malawi}} [[Malawian passport|Malawi]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|MLI}} [[Malian passport|Mali]] File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mauritanian passport|Mauritania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|MUS}} [[Mauritian passport|Mauritius]] File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Moroccan passport|Morocco]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Mozambican Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Mozambique}} [[Mozambican passport|Mozambique]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Namibia Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Namibia}} [[Namibian passport|Namibia]] File:Niger Passport.JPG|{{flagicon|Niger}} [[Nigerien passport|Niger]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigerian passport|Nigeria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} {{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Rwandan passport|Rwanda]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|SADR}} ''[[Sahrawi passport|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]''<ref name="notaccept">{{Cite web|title=Table of travel documents entitling the holder to cross the external borders and which may be endorsed with a visa|work=[[Council of the European Union]]|date=17 June 2010|url=http://www.udiregelverk.no/~/media/Images/Rettskilder/Visa%20Code/Visa%20Code%20vedlegg%2010%20a.ashx|accessdate=20 July 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120013643/http://www.udiregelverk.no/~/media/Images/Rettskilder/Visa%20Code/Visa%20Code%20vedlegg%2010%20a.ashx|archivedate=20 November 2010|df= }}</ref> File:Cover of Santomean Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Sao Tome and Principe}} [[Santomean passport|São Tomé and Príncipe]] File:Senegalese Passport 2025.jpg|{{flagicon|Senegal}} [[Senegalese passport|Senegal]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport of Seychelles cover cropped.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Seychelles}} [[Seychellois passport|Seychelles]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|SLE}} [[Sierra Leonean passport|Sierra Leone]] {{flagicon|SOM}} [[Somali passport|Somalia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg| File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg| {{flagicon|Somaliland}} ''[[Baasaboorka Somaliland|Somaliland]] <br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]'' File:SA Passport Coat of Arms 2010 web.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South African passport|South Africa]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|South Sudan}} [[South Sudanese passport|South Sudan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Swazi Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Swaziland}} [[Swazi passport|Swaziland]] File:Passport_TZ.jpg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} [[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Tanzanian passport|Tanzania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Togo passport.png|{{flagicon|Togo}} [[Togolese passport|Togo]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]] File:Cover of Ugandan Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} {{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Ugandan passport|Uganda]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zambian passport|Zambia]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Zimbabwean passport|Zimbabwe]] </gallery> ===[[North America]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Location North America.svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery mode=traditional caption="" class="center"> File:British passport (Anguilla) new.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|AIA}} [[Anguillan passport|Anguilla]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] |{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Antigua and Barbuda}} [[Antigua and Barbuda passport|Antigua and Barbuda]] File:EPassport logo.svg File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Bahamian passport|Bahamas]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:BelizeanPassport.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Belize}} [[Belizean passport|Belize]] File:British_passport_(Government_of_Bermuda).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|BMU}} [[Bermudian passport|Bermuda]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:British passport (The Virgin Islands).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|VGB}} [[British Virgin Islands passport|British Virgin Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canadian passport|Canada]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:British passport (Cayman Islands).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|CYM}} [[British passport (Cayman Islands)|Cayman Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Portada del Pasaporte Costarricense desde 2022.png|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rican passport|Costa Rica]] File:Current_cover_Cuban_passport.JPG|{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Cuban passport|Cuba]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Dominica}} [[Dominica passport|Dominica]] File:Dominican Republic Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Dominican Republic passport|Dominican Republic]] {{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[Salvadoran passport|El Salvador]] File:Passeport Groenland.jpg|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Denmark}} {{flagicon|GRL}} [[Greenlandic passport|Greenland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Caribbean_Community_Grenada_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Grenada}} [[Grenadian passport|Grenada]] {{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemalan passport|Guatemala]] File:PassportHaiti.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Haitian passport|Haiti]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Honduran passport|Honduras]] |{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Jamaican passport|Jamaica]] File:Pasaporte Mexicano.jpg|{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexican passport|Mexico]] File:British passport (Montserrat) new.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|MSR}} [[Montserratian passport|Montserrat]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Nicaraguan passport|Nicaragua]] File:Front cover of the Panamanian biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panamanian passport|Panama]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:StKitts&NevisPassport.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} [[Saint Kitts and Nevis passport|Saint Kitts and Nevis]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Saint Lucian passport|Saint Lucia]] File:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passport cover.png|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passport|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] |{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Trinidad and Tobago passport|Trinidad and Tobago]] File:British passport (Turks and Caicos Islands).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} [[Turks and Caicos Islands passport|Turks and Caicos Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Us-passport.jpg|{{flagicon|USA}} [[United States passport|United States]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ===[[South America]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:South America (orthographic projection).svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:Brazilian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazilian passport|Brazil]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Portada del pasaporte biométrico actual, vigente desde 2013.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chilean passport|Chile]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasaporte desde el 2015.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Andean Community}} {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombian passport|Colombia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:EcuadorianPassport.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Andean Community}} {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuadorian passport|Ecuador]] File:Guyana_Passport.png|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Guyana}} [[Guyanese passport|Guyana]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Paraguayan passport|Paraguay]] File:Biometric Passport Peru.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Andean Community}} {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Peruvian passport|Peru]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Suriname}} [[Surinamese passport|Suriname]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguayan passport|Uruguay]] [[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] Pasaporte Venezolano Mercosur.jpeg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuelan passport|Venezuela]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ===[[Asia]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Asia (orthographic projection).svg|left|upright|frameless]] <gallery widths="120" heights="120" class="center" classes="center"> File:Abkhazian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Abkhazia}} ''[[Abkhazian passport|Abkhazia]]'' File:Afghan Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Afghanistani passport|Afghanistan]] File:Armenia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Armenian passport|Armenia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Karabakh passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Artsakh}} ''[[Artsakh passport|Artsakh]]'' File:Azerbaijan Passport.svg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijani passport|Azerbaijan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|BHR}} [[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]] File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladeshi passport|Bangladesh]] {{flagicon|BHU}} [[Bhutanese passport|Bhutan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:Brunei biometric passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Bruneian passport|Brunei]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cambodian Passport.svg|{{flagicon|KHM}} [[Cambodian passport|Cambodia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:People's Republic of China Passport 2012.svg|{{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Chinese passport|China]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of East Timorese Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|East Timor}} [[East Timorese passport|East Timor]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Indian Passport cover 2015.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|India}} [[Indian passport|India]] File:Epaspor-nusantara.png|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesian passport|Indonesia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Iranian Biometric Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iranian passport|Iran]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Biometric passport of Israel.jpg|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israeli passport|Israel]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japanese passport|Japan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Jordanian passport|Jordan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Kazakhstan Passport.svg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstani passport|Kazakhstan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Kurdistan}} ''[[Kurdistani passport|Kurdistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]'' File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|KWT}} [[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Kirguiz.jpg|{{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Kyrgyzstani passport|Kyrgyzstan]] File:Laos Passport.svg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Laos}} [[Laotian passport|Laos]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanese passport|Lebanon]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Macau Biom Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|MAC}} [[Macao Special Administrative Region passport|Macao SAR]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:PMA-ICAO2010.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysian passport|Malaysia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Maldives ePassport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldivian passport|Maldives]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:PassportMongolia.png|{{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolian passport|Mongolia]] File:Cover of Burmese Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Burma}} [[Burmese passport|Myanmar]] File:New nepalese passport front.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepalese passport|Nepal]] File:Passport Northern Cyprus.jpg|{{flagicon|Northern Cyprus}} ''[[Northern Cypriot passport|Northern Cyprus]]''<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg>|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Omani passport|Oman]] File:Pakistani Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistani passport|Pakistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Regular Philippine Passport.svg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippine passport|Philippines]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]] File:KOR ePassport.jpg|{{flagicon|Republic of Korea}} [[Republic of Korea passport|South Korea]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|South Ossetia}} ''[[South Ossetian passport|South Ossetia]]'' File:Sri Lankan Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lankan passport|Sri Lanka]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Syrian passport|Syria]] File:REPUBLIC OF CHINA (TAIWAN) PASSPORT 2020.png|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} ''[[Taiwan passport|Taiwan (Republic of China)]]''<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:P TJK NEW.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Tajik passport|Tajikistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Thailand ePassport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thai passport|Thailand]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Turkmen Passport.svg|{{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmen passport|Turkmenistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]File:Turkmen e-passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmen passport|Turkmenistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Turkish e-passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish passport|Turkey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:United Arab Emirates Passport Cover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport of citizen of Uzbekistan. Cover.JPG|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Uzbekistani passport|Uzbekistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Vietnamese passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnamese passport|Vietnam]] File:Republic-of-yemen-passport-non-biometric-01.JPG|{{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemeni passport|Yemen]] </gallery> ===[[Europe]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery widths="120" heights="120" class="center"> File:Albanian biometric passport (crop).jpg|{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Albanian passport|Albania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passaport andorrà.jpg|{{flagicon|AND}} [[Andorran passport|Andorra]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Reisepass at.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austrian passport|Austria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Пашпарт. Рэспубліка Беларусь. 2001.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarusian passport|Belarus]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Belgian Passport 2008 cover.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgian passport|Belgium]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Bosnian Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina passport|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passportbg.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgarian passport|Bulgaria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Croatian biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatian passport|Croatia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cypriot passport|Cyprus]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Czech passport 2007 cover.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech passport|Czech Republic]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:DK Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish passport|Denmark]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Eesti pass.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonian passport|Estonia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passeport Îles Féroé.jpg|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Denmark}} {{flagicon|FRO}} [[Faroese passport|Faroe Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Finnish passport cover PRADO.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finnish passport|Finland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:French Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|France}} [[French passport|France]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Georgian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgian passport|Georgia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Reisepass Bundesrepublik Deutschland – Einband Vorderseite 2017.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Germany}} [[German passport|Germany]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport of Gibraltar.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Gibraltar}} [[Gibraltar passport|Gibraltar]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Greek Passport.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greek passport|Greece]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Guernsey passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|GGY}} [[Guernsey passport|Guernsey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Hungarian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungarian passport|Hungary]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Icelandic Passport Front Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Icelandic passport|Iceland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Eirepas.JPG|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Irish passport|Ireland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Isle of man passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|IMN}} [[Manx passport|Isle of Man]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Italian biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian passport|Italy]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Jersey passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|JEY}} [[Jersey passport|Jersey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Kosovo}} ''[[Kosovan passport|Kosovo]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]'' File:LR Pase.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvian passport|Latvia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:FürstentumLiechtensteinReisepassCover.jpg|{{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstein passport|Liechtenstein]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasas2008.gif|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuanian passport|Lithuania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourgian passport|Luxembourg]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Macedonian passport.png|{{flagicon|Macedonia}} [[Macedonian passport|Macedonia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Front cover of a current Maltese biometric passport.JPG|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Maltese passport|Malta]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:PAEM.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldovan passport|Moldova]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|MON}} [[Monégasque passport|Monaco]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:Passport of Montenegro.png|{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegrin passport|Montenegro]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Nederlanden paspoort 2011.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Dutch passport|Netherlands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Norwegian Passport, New Design.jpg|{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norwegian passport|Norway]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Polska ePaszport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish passport|Poland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passaporte Português .jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese passport|Portugal]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasaport Ro.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romanian passport|Romania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Russian ePassport.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian passport|Russia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Helenacover.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Saint Helena}} [[St. Helena passport]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino passport|San Marino]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Serbian Passport.svg|{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbian passport|Serbia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Slovak passport biometric.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovak passport|Slovakia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Slovenian Passport3.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenian passport|Slovenia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Swedish passport|Sweden]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Swiss Pass 2006.jpg|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Swiss passport|Switzerland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Transnistria.jpg|{{flagicon|Transnistria}} ''[[Transnistrian passport|Transnistria]]'' File:Ukrainian passport 2015.jpg|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukrainian passport|Ukraine]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:British biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British passport|United Kingdom]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ===[[Oceania]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Oceania (orthographic projection).svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:Australian Passport Cover of P - Series.jpg|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian passport|Australia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|FJI}} [[Fijian passport|Fiji]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Kiribati}} [[Kiribati passport|Kiribati]] File:RMI passport cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Marshall Islands}} [[Marshallese passport|Marshall Islands]] File:Micronesia passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Micronesia}} [[Micronesian passport|Micronesia]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|NRU}} [[Nauruan passport|Nauru]] New Zealand Passport Biometric.jpg|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand passport|New Zealand]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Palau}} [[Palau passport|Palau]] File:Cover of Papua New Guinean Passport.gif|{{flagicon|PNG}} [[Papua New Guinean passport|Papua New Guinea]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Samoa}} [[Samoan passport|Samoa]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Solomon Islands}} [[Solomon Islands passport|Solomon Islands]] {{flagicon|Tonga}} [[Tongan passport|Tonga]] File:Cover of Tuvaluan Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Tuvalu}} [[Tuvaluan passport|Tuvalu]] File:Cover of Vanuatuan Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Vanuatu}} [[Vanuatu passport|Vanuatu]] </gallery> ==International organizations and sovereign subjects of international law== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[African Union Passport|African Union<br>Diplomatic Passport]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} [[European Union laissez-passer|European Union<br>laissez-passer]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Interpol passport|Interpol]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:UN-laissez-passer.jpg|{{flagicon|United Nations}} [[United Nations laissez-passer|United Nations<br>Laissez-Passer]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ==Contemporary diplomatic passports== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Australian passport|Australia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Austrian passport|Austria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg<!--A non-free file cannot be used for this entry per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP)-->|[[Canadian passport|Canada]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:PRC_passport_(Diplomatic).png|[[Chinese passport|China]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Croatia - diplomatic passport.jpg|[[Croatian passport|Croatia]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Danish passport|Denmark]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Estonian passport|Estonia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Finlanddippassport.jpg|[[Finnish passport|Finland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[French passport|France]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Diplopass_deutsch.jpg|[[German passport|Germany]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Ghana Biometric Diplomatic Passport.jpg|[[Ghanaian passport|Ghana]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Greek Passport (Diplomatic).svg|[[Greek passport|Greece]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Hungarian Diplomatic Passport.jpg|[[Hungarian passport|Hungary]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Paspor.JPG|[[Indonesian passport|Indonesia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Diplomatic Passport.jpeg|[[Kenyan passport|Kenya]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]<!-- Biometric even though not indicated on the front cover of the passport--> File:New_Zealand_Diplomatic_Passport_Outside_Front_Cover.png|[[New Zealand passport|New Zealand]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Polishdippassport.jpg|[[Polish passport|Poland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:QueensMessengerpassport.jpg|[[Queen's Messenger]] passport File:Diplomatic_passport_of_Russia.jpg|[[Russian passport|Russia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasaporte ES.svg|[[Spanish passport|Spain]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport turk.jpg|[[Turkish passport|Turkey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Diplomatic Passport of Ukraine.jpg|[[Ukrainian passport|Ukraine]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:US Diplomatic Passport.JPG|[[United States passport|United States]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ==Sido kale fiiri== i96bmurf243bohs3ekidj8oy4x54iy4 296479 296478 2026-04-13T05:56:33Z SpinnerLaserzthe2nd 36167 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:United Arab Emirates Passport Cover.png]] → [[File:UAE Passport.svg]] 296479 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:EPassport logo.svg|300px|right|thumb|生物特徵護照的標誌]] [[File:Automated Passport Check at Rome Fiumicino with instruction screen.jpg|thumb|图为使用法国电子护照在意大利某口岸进行自助通关]] [[Baasaboor]] waa buug-yare laga soo saaray waddamada muwaadiniinta, u oggolaanaya in uu u safro waddamo kale. Xaaladaha qaarkood dalalka ayaa bixiya dukumiintiga safarka ee la mid ah kuwa baasaboorka deganayaasha. Ururada caalamiga ahi waxay sidoo kale bixiyaan dukumeentiyada safarka, badanaa loo yaqaan 'laissez-passer', shaqaalahooda. Maqaalkani wuxuu muujinayaa sawirrada baasaboorada kala duwan ee hadda jira. [[w:es:Pasaporte]] [[w:zh:生物特徵護照]] ===[[Africa]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery mode=traditional caption="" class="center"> |{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|AGO}} [[Angolan passport|Angola]] File:Cover of Beninese Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Benin}} [[Beninese passport|Benin]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Botswana}} [[Botswana passport|Botswana]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|BFA}} [[Burkinabe passport|Burkina Faso]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|BDI}} [[Burundian passport|Burundi]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Cameroonian passport|Cameroon]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cape Verdean Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Cape Verde}} [[Cape Verdean passport|Cape Verde]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African Republic passport|Central African Republic]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}} [[Chadian passport|Chad]] File:Comorian Passport.png|{{flagicon|Comoros}} [[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Congolese Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo passport|Congo, Democratic Republic of the]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Republic of the Congo passport|Congo, Republic of the]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Djiboutian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Djibouti}} [[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]] File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egyptian passport|Egypt]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Equatorial Guinean passport|Equatorial Guinea]] File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}} [[Eritrean passport|Eritrea]] File:Current Ethiopian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopian passport|Ethiopia]] File:Cover of Gabonese passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Gabon}} [[Gabonese passport|Gabon]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GAM}} [[Gambian passport|Gambia]] File:Ghana Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghanaian passport|Ghana]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]<br><small>(see also [[Ghana Card|Ghana card]])</small> File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Guinean passport|Guinea]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passaporte Guiné-Bissau.jpg|{{flagicon|Guinea Bissau}} [[Guinea-Bissauan passport|Guinea Bissau]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Côte d'Ivoire}} [[Ivorian passport|Ivory Coast<br />Côte d'Ivoire]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Kenyan_passport.jpg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kenyan passport|Kenya]]<br />[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|LSO}} [[Lesotho passport|Lesotho]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|LBR}} [[Liberian passport|Liberia]] File:PassportOfLibya 2014-04-08 14-18.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}} [[Libyan passport|Libya]] File:Malagasy Passport Cover 2013.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Malagasy passport|Madagascar]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Malawi}} [[Malawian passport|Malawi]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|MLI}} [[Malian passport|Mali]] File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mauritanian passport|Mauritania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|MUS}} [[Mauritian passport|Mauritius]] File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Moroccan passport|Morocco]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Mozambican Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Mozambique}} [[Mozambican passport|Mozambique]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Namibia Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Namibia}} [[Namibian passport|Namibia]] File:Niger Passport.JPG|{{flagicon|Niger}} [[Nigerien passport|Niger]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigerian passport|Nigeria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} {{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Rwandan passport|Rwanda]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|SADR}} ''[[Sahrawi passport|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]''<ref name="notaccept">{{Cite web|title=Table of travel documents entitling the holder to cross the external borders and which may be endorsed with a visa|work=[[Council of the European Union]]|date=17 June 2010|url=http://www.udiregelverk.no/~/media/Images/Rettskilder/Visa%20Code/Visa%20Code%20vedlegg%2010%20a.ashx|accessdate=20 July 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120013643/http://www.udiregelverk.no/~/media/Images/Rettskilder/Visa%20Code/Visa%20Code%20vedlegg%2010%20a.ashx|archivedate=20 November 2010|df= }}</ref> File:Cover of Santomean Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Sao Tome and Principe}} [[Santomean passport|São Tomé and Príncipe]] File:Senegalese Passport 2025.jpg|{{flagicon|Senegal}} [[Senegalese passport|Senegal]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport of Seychelles cover cropped.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Seychelles}} [[Seychellois passport|Seychelles]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|SLE}} [[Sierra Leonean passport|Sierra Leone]] {{flagicon|SOM}} [[Somali passport|Somalia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg| File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg| {{flagicon|Somaliland}} ''[[Baasaboorka Somaliland|Somaliland]] <br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]'' File:SA Passport Coat of Arms 2010 web.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South African passport|South Africa]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|South Sudan}} [[South Sudanese passport|South Sudan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Swazi Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Swaziland}} [[Swazi passport|Swaziland]] File:Passport_TZ.jpg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} [[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Tanzanian passport|Tanzania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Togo passport.png|{{flagicon|Togo}} [[Togolese passport|Togo]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]] File:Cover of Ugandan Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} {{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Ugandan passport|Uganda]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zambian passport|Zambia]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Zimbabwean passport|Zimbabwe]] </gallery> ===[[North America]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Location North America.svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery mode=traditional caption="" class="center"> File:British passport (Anguilla) new.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|AIA}} [[Anguillan passport|Anguilla]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] |{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Antigua and Barbuda}} [[Antigua and Barbuda passport|Antigua and Barbuda]] File:EPassport logo.svg File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Bahamian passport|Bahamas]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:BelizeanPassport.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Belize}} [[Belizean passport|Belize]] File:British_passport_(Government_of_Bermuda).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|BMU}} [[Bermudian passport|Bermuda]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:British passport (The Virgin Islands).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|VGB}} [[British Virgin Islands passport|British Virgin Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canadian passport|Canada]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:British passport (Cayman Islands).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|CYM}} [[British passport (Cayman Islands)|Cayman Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Portada del Pasaporte Costarricense desde 2022.png|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rican passport|Costa Rica]] File:Current_cover_Cuban_passport.JPG|{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Cuban passport|Cuba]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Dominica}} [[Dominica passport|Dominica]] File:Dominican Republic Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Dominican Republic passport|Dominican Republic]] {{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[Salvadoran passport|El Salvador]] File:Passeport Groenland.jpg|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Denmark}} {{flagicon|GRL}} [[Greenlandic passport|Greenland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Caribbean_Community_Grenada_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Grenada}} [[Grenadian passport|Grenada]] {{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemalan passport|Guatemala]] File:PassportHaiti.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Haitian passport|Haiti]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Honduran passport|Honduras]] |{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Jamaican passport|Jamaica]] File:Pasaporte Mexicano.jpg|{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexican passport|Mexico]] File:British passport (Montserrat) new.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|MSR}} [[Montserratian passport|Montserrat]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Nicaraguan passport|Nicaragua]] File:Front cover of the Panamanian biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panamanian passport|Panama]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:StKitts&NevisPassport.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} [[Saint Kitts and Nevis passport|Saint Kitts and Nevis]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Saint Lucian passport|Saint Lucia]] File:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passport cover.png|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passport|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] |{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Trinidad and Tobago passport|Trinidad and Tobago]] File:British passport (Turks and Caicos Islands).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} [[Turks and Caicos Islands passport|Turks and Caicos Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Us-passport.jpg|{{flagicon|USA}} [[United States passport|United States]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ===[[South America]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:South America (orthographic projection).svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:Brazilian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazilian passport|Brazil]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Portada del pasaporte biométrico actual, vigente desde 2013.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chilean passport|Chile]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasaporte desde el 2015.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Andean Community}} {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombian passport|Colombia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:EcuadorianPassport.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Andean Community}} {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuadorian passport|Ecuador]] File:Guyana_Passport.png|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Guyana}} [[Guyanese passport|Guyana]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Paraguayan passport|Paraguay]] File:Biometric Passport Peru.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Andean Community}} {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Peruvian passport|Peru]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Suriname}} [[Surinamese passport|Suriname]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguayan passport|Uruguay]] [[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] Pasaporte Venezolano Mercosur.jpeg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuelan passport|Venezuela]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ===[[Asia]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Asia (orthographic projection).svg|left|upright|frameless]] <gallery widths="120" heights="120" class="center" classes="center"> File:Abkhazian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Abkhazia}} ''[[Abkhazian passport|Abkhazia]]'' File:Afghan Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Afghanistani passport|Afghanistan]] File:Armenia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Armenian passport|Armenia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Karabakh passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Artsakh}} ''[[Artsakh passport|Artsakh]]'' File:Azerbaijan Passport.svg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijani passport|Azerbaijan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|BHR}} [[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]] File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladeshi passport|Bangladesh]] {{flagicon|BHU}} [[Bhutanese passport|Bhutan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:Brunei biometric passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Bruneian passport|Brunei]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cambodian Passport.svg|{{flagicon|KHM}} [[Cambodian passport|Cambodia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:People's Republic of China Passport 2012.svg|{{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Chinese passport|China]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of East Timorese Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|East Timor}} [[East Timorese passport|East Timor]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Indian Passport cover 2015.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|India}} [[Indian passport|India]] File:Epaspor-nusantara.png|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesian passport|Indonesia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Iranian Biometric Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iranian passport|Iran]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Biometric passport of Israel.jpg|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israeli passport|Israel]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japanese passport|Japan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Jordanian passport|Jordan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Kazakhstan Passport.svg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstani passport|Kazakhstan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Kurdistan}} ''[[Kurdistani passport|Kurdistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]'' File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|KWT}} [[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Kirguiz.jpg|{{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Kyrgyzstani passport|Kyrgyzstan]] File:Laos Passport.svg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Laos}} [[Laotian passport|Laos]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanese passport|Lebanon]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Macau Biom Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|MAC}} [[Macao Special Administrative Region passport|Macao SAR]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:PMA-ICAO2010.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysian passport|Malaysia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Maldives ePassport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldivian passport|Maldives]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:PassportMongolia.png|{{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolian passport|Mongolia]] File:Cover of Burmese Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Burma}} [[Burmese passport|Myanmar]] File:New nepalese passport front.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepalese passport|Nepal]] File:Passport Northern Cyprus.jpg|{{flagicon|Northern Cyprus}} ''[[Northern Cypriot passport|Northern Cyprus]]''<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg>|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Omani passport|Oman]] File:Pakistani Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistani passport|Pakistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Regular Philippine Passport.svg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippine passport|Philippines]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]] File:KOR ePassport.jpg|{{flagicon|Republic of Korea}} [[Republic of Korea passport|South Korea]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|South Ossetia}} ''[[South Ossetian passport|South Ossetia]]'' File:Sri Lankan Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lankan passport|Sri Lanka]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Syrian passport|Syria]] File:REPUBLIC OF CHINA (TAIWAN) PASSPORT 2020.png|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} ''[[Taiwan passport|Taiwan (Republic of China)]]''<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:P TJK NEW.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Tajik passport|Tajikistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Thailand ePassport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thai passport|Thailand]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Turkmen Passport.svg|{{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmen passport|Turkmenistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]File:Turkmen e-passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmen passport|Turkmenistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Turkish e-passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish passport|Turkey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport of citizen of Uzbekistan. Cover.JPG|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Uzbekistani passport|Uzbekistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Vietnamese passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnamese passport|Vietnam]] File:Republic-of-yemen-passport-non-biometric-01.JPG|{{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemeni passport|Yemen]] </gallery> ===[[Europe]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery widths="120" heights="120" class="center"> File:Albanian biometric passport (crop).jpg|{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Albanian passport|Albania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passaport andorrà.jpg|{{flagicon|AND}} [[Andorran passport|Andorra]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Reisepass at.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austrian passport|Austria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Пашпарт. Рэспубліка Беларусь. 2001.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarusian passport|Belarus]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Belgian Passport 2008 cover.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgian passport|Belgium]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Bosnian Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina passport|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passportbg.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgarian passport|Bulgaria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Croatian biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatian passport|Croatia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cypriot passport|Cyprus]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Czech passport 2007 cover.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech passport|Czech Republic]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:DK Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish passport|Denmark]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Eesti pass.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonian passport|Estonia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passeport Îles Féroé.jpg|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Denmark}} {{flagicon|FRO}} [[Faroese passport|Faroe Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Finnish passport cover PRADO.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finnish passport|Finland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:French Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|France}} [[French passport|France]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Georgian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgian passport|Georgia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Reisepass Bundesrepublik Deutschland – Einband Vorderseite 2017.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Germany}} [[German passport|Germany]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport of Gibraltar.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Gibraltar}} [[Gibraltar passport|Gibraltar]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Greek Passport.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greek passport|Greece]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Guernsey passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|GGY}} [[Guernsey passport|Guernsey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Hungarian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungarian passport|Hungary]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Icelandic Passport Front Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Icelandic passport|Iceland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Eirepas.JPG|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Irish passport|Ireland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Isle of man passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|IMN}} [[Manx passport|Isle of Man]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Italian biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian passport|Italy]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Jersey passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|JEY}} [[Jersey passport|Jersey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Kosovo}} ''[[Kosovan passport|Kosovo]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]'' File:LR Pase.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvian passport|Latvia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:FürstentumLiechtensteinReisepassCover.jpg|{{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstein passport|Liechtenstein]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasas2008.gif|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuanian passport|Lithuania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourgian passport|Luxembourg]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Macedonian passport.png|{{flagicon|Macedonia}} [[Macedonian passport|Macedonia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Front cover of a current Maltese biometric passport.JPG|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Maltese passport|Malta]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:PAEM.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldovan passport|Moldova]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|MON}} [[Monégasque passport|Monaco]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:Passport of Montenegro.png|{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegrin passport|Montenegro]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Nederlanden paspoort 2011.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Dutch passport|Netherlands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Norwegian Passport, New Design.jpg|{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norwegian passport|Norway]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Polska ePaszport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish passport|Poland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passaporte Português .jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese passport|Portugal]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasaport Ro.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romanian passport|Romania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Russian ePassport.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian passport|Russia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Helenacover.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Saint Helena}} [[St. Helena passport]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino passport|San Marino]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Serbian Passport.svg|{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbian passport|Serbia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Slovak passport biometric.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovak passport|Slovakia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Slovenian Passport3.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenian passport|Slovenia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Swedish passport|Sweden]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Swiss Pass 2006.jpg|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Swiss passport|Switzerland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Transnistria.jpg|{{flagicon|Transnistria}} ''[[Transnistrian passport|Transnistria]]'' File:Ukrainian passport 2015.jpg|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukrainian passport|Ukraine]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:British biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British passport|United Kingdom]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ===[[Oceania]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Oceania (orthographic projection).svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:Australian Passport Cover of P - Series.jpg|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian passport|Australia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|FJI}} [[Fijian passport|Fiji]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Kiribati}} [[Kiribati passport|Kiribati]] File:RMI passport cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Marshall Islands}} [[Marshallese passport|Marshall Islands]] File:Micronesia passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Micronesia}} [[Micronesian passport|Micronesia]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|NRU}} [[Nauruan passport|Nauru]] New Zealand Passport Biometric.jpg|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand passport|New Zealand]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Palau}} [[Palau passport|Palau]] File:Cover of Papua New Guinean Passport.gif|{{flagicon|PNG}} [[Papua New Guinean passport|Papua New Guinea]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Samoa}} [[Samoan passport|Samoa]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Solomon Islands}} [[Solomon Islands passport|Solomon Islands]] {{flagicon|Tonga}} [[Tongan passport|Tonga]] File:Cover of Tuvaluan Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Tuvalu}} [[Tuvaluan passport|Tuvalu]] File:Cover of Vanuatuan Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Vanuatu}} [[Vanuatu passport|Vanuatu]] </gallery> ==International organizations and sovereign subjects of international law== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[African Union Passport|African Union<br>Diplomatic Passport]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} [[European Union laissez-passer|European Union<br>laissez-passer]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Interpol passport|Interpol]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:UN-laissez-passer.jpg|{{flagicon|United Nations}} [[United Nations laissez-passer|United Nations<br>Laissez-Passer]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ==Contemporary diplomatic passports== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Australian passport|Australia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Austrian passport|Austria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg<!--A non-free file cannot be used for this entry per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP)-->|[[Canadian passport|Canada]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:PRC_passport_(Diplomatic).png|[[Chinese passport|China]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Croatia - diplomatic passport.jpg|[[Croatian passport|Croatia]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Danish passport|Denmark]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Estonian passport|Estonia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Finlanddippassport.jpg|[[Finnish passport|Finland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[French passport|France]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Diplopass_deutsch.jpg|[[German passport|Germany]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Ghana Biometric Diplomatic Passport.jpg|[[Ghanaian passport|Ghana]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Greek Passport (Diplomatic).svg|[[Greek passport|Greece]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Hungarian Diplomatic Passport.jpg|[[Hungarian passport|Hungary]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Paspor.JPG|[[Indonesian passport|Indonesia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Diplomatic Passport.jpeg|[[Kenyan passport|Kenya]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]<!-- Biometric even though not indicated on the front cover of the passport--> File:New_Zealand_Diplomatic_Passport_Outside_Front_Cover.png|[[New Zealand passport|New Zealand]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Polishdippassport.jpg|[[Polish passport|Poland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:QueensMessengerpassport.jpg|[[Queen's Messenger]] passport File:Diplomatic_passport_of_Russia.jpg|[[Russian passport|Russia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasaporte ES.svg|[[Spanish passport|Spain]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport turk.jpg|[[Turkish passport|Turkey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Diplomatic Passport of Ukraine.jpg|[[Ukrainian passport|Ukraine]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:US Diplomatic Passport.JPG|[[United States passport|United States]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ==Sido kale fiiri== rt9mtj6qslqzp6imq8p6kpvd9qvbqs3 296481 296479 2026-04-13T06:05:36Z SpinnerLaserzthe2nd 36167 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Republic-of-yemen-passport-non-biometric-01.JPG]] → [[File:Yemen Passport.svg]] 296481 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:EPassport logo.svg|300px|right|thumb|生物特徵護照的標誌]] [[File:Automated Passport Check at Rome Fiumicino with instruction screen.jpg|thumb|图为使用法国电子护照在意大利某口岸进行自助通关]] [[Baasaboor]] waa buug-yare laga soo saaray waddamada muwaadiniinta, u oggolaanaya in uu u safro waddamo kale. Xaaladaha qaarkood dalalka ayaa bixiya dukumiintiga safarka ee la mid ah kuwa baasaboorka deganayaasha. Ururada caalamiga ahi waxay sidoo kale bixiyaan dukumeentiyada safarka, badanaa loo yaqaan 'laissez-passer', shaqaalahooda. Maqaalkani wuxuu muujinayaa sawirrada baasaboorada kala duwan ee hadda jira. [[w:es:Pasaporte]] [[w:zh:生物特徵護照]] ===[[Africa]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery mode=traditional caption="" class="center"> |{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|AGO}} [[Angolan passport|Angola]] File:Cover of Beninese Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Benin}} [[Beninese passport|Benin]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Botswana}} [[Botswana passport|Botswana]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|BFA}} [[Burkinabe passport|Burkina Faso]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|BDI}} [[Burundian passport|Burundi]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Cameroonian passport|Cameroon]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cape Verdean Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Cape Verde}} [[Cape Verdean passport|Cape Verde]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African Republic passport|Central African Republic]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}} [[Chadian passport|Chad]] File:Comorian Passport.png|{{flagicon|Comoros}} [[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Congolese Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo passport|Congo, Democratic Republic of the]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Republic of the Congo passport|Congo, Republic of the]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Djiboutian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Djibouti}} [[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]] File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egyptian passport|Egypt]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Equatorial Guinean passport|Equatorial Guinea]] File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}} [[Eritrean passport|Eritrea]] File:Current Ethiopian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopian passport|Ethiopia]] File:Cover of Gabonese passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Gabon}} [[Gabonese passport|Gabon]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GAM}} [[Gambian passport|Gambia]] File:Ghana Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghanaian passport|Ghana]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]<br><small>(see also [[Ghana Card|Ghana card]])</small> File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Guinean passport|Guinea]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passaporte Guiné-Bissau.jpg|{{flagicon|Guinea Bissau}} [[Guinea-Bissauan passport|Guinea Bissau]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Côte d'Ivoire}} [[Ivorian passport|Ivory Coast<br />Côte d'Ivoire]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Kenyan_passport.jpg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kenyan passport|Kenya]]<br />[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|LSO}} [[Lesotho passport|Lesotho]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|LBR}} [[Liberian passport|Liberia]] File:PassportOfLibya 2014-04-08 14-18.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}} [[Libyan passport|Libya]] File:Malagasy Passport Cover 2013.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Malagasy passport|Madagascar]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Malawi}} [[Malawian passport|Malawi]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|MLI}} [[Malian passport|Mali]] File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mauritanian passport|Mauritania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|MUS}} [[Mauritian passport|Mauritius]] File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Moroccan passport|Morocco]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Mozambican Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Mozambique}} [[Mozambican passport|Mozambique]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Namibia Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Namibia}} [[Namibian passport|Namibia]] File:Niger Passport.JPG|{{flagicon|Niger}} [[Nigerien passport|Niger]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigerian passport|Nigeria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} {{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Rwandan passport|Rwanda]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|SADR}} ''[[Sahrawi passport|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]''<ref name="notaccept">{{Cite web|title=Table of travel documents entitling the holder to cross the external borders and which may be endorsed with a visa|work=[[Council of the European Union]]|date=17 June 2010|url=http://www.udiregelverk.no/~/media/Images/Rettskilder/Visa%20Code/Visa%20Code%20vedlegg%2010%20a.ashx|accessdate=20 July 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120013643/http://www.udiregelverk.no/~/media/Images/Rettskilder/Visa%20Code/Visa%20Code%20vedlegg%2010%20a.ashx|archivedate=20 November 2010|df= }}</ref> File:Cover of Santomean Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Sao Tome and Principe}} [[Santomean passport|São Tomé and Príncipe]] File:Senegalese Passport 2025.jpg|{{flagicon|Senegal}} [[Senegalese passport|Senegal]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport of Seychelles cover cropped.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Seychelles}} [[Seychellois passport|Seychelles]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|SLE}} [[Sierra Leonean passport|Sierra Leone]] {{flagicon|SOM}} [[Somali passport|Somalia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg| File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg| {{flagicon|Somaliland}} ''[[Baasaboorka Somaliland|Somaliland]] <br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]'' File:SA Passport Coat of Arms 2010 web.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South African passport|South Africa]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|South Sudan}} [[South Sudanese passport|South Sudan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Swazi Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Swaziland}} [[Swazi passport|Swaziland]] File:Passport_TZ.jpg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} [[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Tanzanian passport|Tanzania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Togo passport.png|{{flagicon|Togo}} [[Togolese passport|Togo]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]] File:Cover of Ugandan Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} {{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Ugandan passport|Uganda]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zambian passport|Zambia]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Zimbabwean passport|Zimbabwe]] </gallery> ===[[North America]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Location North America.svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery mode=traditional caption="" class="center"> File:British passport (Anguilla) new.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|AIA}} [[Anguillan passport|Anguilla]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] |{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Antigua and Barbuda}} [[Antigua and Barbuda passport|Antigua and Barbuda]] File:EPassport logo.svg File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Bahamian passport|Bahamas]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:BelizeanPassport.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Belize}} [[Belizean passport|Belize]] File:British_passport_(Government_of_Bermuda).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|BMU}} [[Bermudian passport|Bermuda]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:British passport (The Virgin Islands).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|VGB}} [[British Virgin Islands passport|British Virgin Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canadian passport|Canada]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:British passport (Cayman Islands).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|CYM}} [[British passport (Cayman Islands)|Cayman Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Portada del Pasaporte Costarricense desde 2022.png|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rican passport|Costa Rica]] File:Current_cover_Cuban_passport.JPG|{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Cuban passport|Cuba]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Dominica}} [[Dominica passport|Dominica]] File:Dominican Republic Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Dominican Republic passport|Dominican Republic]] {{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[Salvadoran passport|El Salvador]] File:Passeport Groenland.jpg|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Denmark}} {{flagicon|GRL}} [[Greenlandic passport|Greenland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Caribbean_Community_Grenada_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Grenada}} [[Grenadian passport|Grenada]] {{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemalan passport|Guatemala]] File:PassportHaiti.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Haitian passport|Haiti]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Honduran passport|Honduras]] |{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Jamaican passport|Jamaica]] File:Pasaporte Mexicano.jpg|{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexican passport|Mexico]] File:British passport (Montserrat) new.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|MSR}} [[Montserratian passport|Montserrat]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Nicaraguan passport|Nicaragua]] File:Front cover of the Panamanian biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panamanian passport|Panama]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:StKitts&NevisPassport.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} [[Saint Kitts and Nevis passport|Saint Kitts and Nevis]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Saint Lucian passport|Saint Lucia]] File:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passport cover.png|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passport|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] |{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Trinidad and Tobago passport|Trinidad and Tobago]] File:British passport (Turks and Caicos Islands).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} [[Turks and Caicos Islands passport|Turks and Caicos Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Us-passport.jpg|{{flagicon|USA}} [[United States passport|United States]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ===[[South America]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:South America (orthographic projection).svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:Brazilian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazilian passport|Brazil]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Portada del pasaporte biométrico actual, vigente desde 2013.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chilean passport|Chile]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasaporte desde el 2015.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Andean Community}} {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombian passport|Colombia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:EcuadorianPassport.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Andean Community}} {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuadorian passport|Ecuador]] File:Guyana_Passport.png|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Guyana}} [[Guyanese passport|Guyana]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Paraguayan passport|Paraguay]] File:Biometric Passport Peru.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Andean Community}} {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Peruvian passport|Peru]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Suriname}} [[Surinamese passport|Suriname]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguayan passport|Uruguay]] [[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] Pasaporte Venezolano Mercosur.jpeg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuelan passport|Venezuela]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ===[[Asia]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Asia (orthographic projection).svg|left|upright|frameless]] <gallery widths="120" heights="120" class="center" classes="center"> File:Abkhazian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Abkhazia}} ''[[Abkhazian passport|Abkhazia]]'' File:Afghan Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Afghanistani passport|Afghanistan]] File:Armenia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Armenian passport|Armenia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Karabakh passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Artsakh}} ''[[Artsakh passport|Artsakh]]'' File:Azerbaijan Passport.svg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijani passport|Azerbaijan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|BHR}} [[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]] File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladeshi passport|Bangladesh]] {{flagicon|BHU}} [[Bhutanese passport|Bhutan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:Brunei biometric passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Bruneian passport|Brunei]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cambodian Passport.svg|{{flagicon|KHM}} [[Cambodian passport|Cambodia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:People's Republic of China Passport 2012.svg|{{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Chinese passport|China]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of East Timorese Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|East Timor}} [[East Timorese passport|East Timor]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Indian Passport cover 2015.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|India}} [[Indian passport|India]] File:Epaspor-nusantara.png|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesian passport|Indonesia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Iranian Biometric Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iranian passport|Iran]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Biometric passport of Israel.jpg|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israeli passport|Israel]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japanese passport|Japan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Jordanian passport|Jordan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Kazakhstan Passport.svg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstani passport|Kazakhstan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Kurdistan}} ''[[Kurdistani passport|Kurdistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]'' File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|KWT}} [[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Kirguiz.jpg|{{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Kyrgyzstani passport|Kyrgyzstan]] File:Laos Passport.svg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Laos}} [[Laotian passport|Laos]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanese passport|Lebanon]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Macau Biom Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|MAC}} [[Macao Special Administrative Region passport|Macao SAR]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:PMA-ICAO2010.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysian passport|Malaysia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Maldives ePassport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldivian passport|Maldives]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:PassportMongolia.png|{{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolian passport|Mongolia]] File:Cover of Burmese Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Burma}} [[Burmese passport|Myanmar]] File:New nepalese passport front.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepalese passport|Nepal]] File:Passport Northern Cyprus.jpg|{{flagicon|Northern Cyprus}} ''[[Northern Cypriot passport|Northern Cyprus]]''<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg>|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Omani passport|Oman]] File:Pakistani Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistani passport|Pakistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Regular Philippine Passport.svg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippine passport|Philippines]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]] File:KOR ePassport.jpg|{{flagicon|Republic of Korea}} [[Republic of Korea passport|South Korea]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|South Ossetia}} ''[[South Ossetian passport|South Ossetia]]'' File:Sri Lankan Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lankan passport|Sri Lanka]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Syrian passport|Syria]] File:REPUBLIC OF CHINA (TAIWAN) PASSPORT 2020.png|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} ''[[Taiwan passport|Taiwan (Republic of China)]]''<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:P TJK NEW.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Tajik passport|Tajikistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Thailand ePassport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thai passport|Thailand]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Turkmen Passport.svg|{{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmen passport|Turkmenistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]File:Turkmen e-passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmen passport|Turkmenistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Turkish e-passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish passport|Turkey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport of citizen of Uzbekistan. Cover.JPG|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Uzbekistani passport|Uzbekistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Vietnamese passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnamese passport|Vietnam]] File:Yemen Passport.svg|{{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemeni passport|Yemen]] </gallery> ===[[Europe]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery widths="120" heights="120" class="center"> File:Albanian biometric passport (crop).jpg|{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Albanian passport|Albania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passaport andorrà.jpg|{{flagicon|AND}} [[Andorran passport|Andorra]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Reisepass at.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austrian passport|Austria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Пашпарт. Рэспубліка Беларусь. 2001.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarusian passport|Belarus]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Belgian Passport 2008 cover.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgian passport|Belgium]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Bosnian Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina passport|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passportbg.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgarian passport|Bulgaria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Croatian biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatian passport|Croatia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cypriot passport|Cyprus]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Czech passport 2007 cover.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech passport|Czech Republic]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:DK Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish passport|Denmark]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Eesti pass.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonian passport|Estonia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passeport Îles Féroé.jpg|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Denmark}} {{flagicon|FRO}} [[Faroese passport|Faroe Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Finnish passport cover PRADO.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finnish passport|Finland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:French Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|France}} [[French passport|France]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Georgian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgian passport|Georgia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Reisepass Bundesrepublik Deutschland – Einband Vorderseite 2017.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Germany}} [[German passport|Germany]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport of Gibraltar.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Gibraltar}} [[Gibraltar passport|Gibraltar]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Greek Passport.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greek passport|Greece]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Guernsey passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|GGY}} [[Guernsey passport|Guernsey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Hungarian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungarian passport|Hungary]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Icelandic Passport Front Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Icelandic passport|Iceland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Eirepas.JPG|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Irish passport|Ireland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Isle of man passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|IMN}} [[Manx passport|Isle of Man]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Italian biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian passport|Italy]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Jersey passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|JEY}} [[Jersey passport|Jersey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Kosovo}} ''[[Kosovan passport|Kosovo]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]'' File:LR Pase.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvian passport|Latvia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:FürstentumLiechtensteinReisepassCover.jpg|{{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstein passport|Liechtenstein]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasas2008.gif|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuanian passport|Lithuania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourgian passport|Luxembourg]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Macedonian passport.png|{{flagicon|Macedonia}} [[Macedonian passport|Macedonia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Front cover of a current Maltese biometric passport.JPG|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Maltese passport|Malta]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:PAEM.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldovan passport|Moldova]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|MON}} [[Monégasque passport|Monaco]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:Passport of Montenegro.png|{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegrin passport|Montenegro]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Nederlanden paspoort 2011.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Dutch passport|Netherlands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Norwegian Passport, New Design.jpg|{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norwegian passport|Norway]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Polska ePaszport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish passport|Poland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passaporte Português .jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese passport|Portugal]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasaport Ro.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romanian passport|Romania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Russian ePassport.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian passport|Russia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Helenacover.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Saint Helena}} [[St. Helena passport]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino passport|San Marino]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Serbian Passport.svg|{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbian passport|Serbia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Slovak passport biometric.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovak passport|Slovakia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Slovenian Passport3.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenian passport|Slovenia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Swedish passport|Sweden]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Swiss Pass 2006.jpg|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Swiss passport|Switzerland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Transnistria.jpg|{{flagicon|Transnistria}} ''[[Transnistrian passport|Transnistria]]'' File:Ukrainian passport 2015.jpg|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukrainian passport|Ukraine]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:British biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British passport|United Kingdom]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ===[[Oceania]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Oceania (orthographic projection).svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:Australian Passport Cover of P - Series.jpg|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian passport|Australia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|FJI}} [[Fijian passport|Fiji]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Kiribati}} [[Kiribati passport|Kiribati]] File:RMI passport cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Marshall Islands}} [[Marshallese passport|Marshall Islands]] File:Micronesia passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Micronesia}} [[Micronesian passport|Micronesia]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|NRU}} [[Nauruan passport|Nauru]] New Zealand Passport Biometric.jpg|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand passport|New Zealand]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Palau}} [[Palau passport|Palau]] File:Cover of Papua New Guinean Passport.gif|{{flagicon|PNG}} [[Papua New Guinean passport|Papua New Guinea]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Samoa}} [[Samoan passport|Samoa]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Solomon Islands}} [[Solomon Islands passport|Solomon Islands]] {{flagicon|Tonga}} [[Tongan passport|Tonga]] File:Cover of Tuvaluan Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Tuvalu}} [[Tuvaluan passport|Tuvalu]] File:Cover of Vanuatuan Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Vanuatu}} [[Vanuatu passport|Vanuatu]] </gallery> ==International organizations and sovereign subjects of international law== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[African Union Passport|African Union<br>Diplomatic Passport]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} [[European Union laissez-passer|European Union<br>laissez-passer]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Interpol passport|Interpol]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:UN-laissez-passer.jpg|{{flagicon|United Nations}} [[United Nations laissez-passer|United Nations<br>Laissez-Passer]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ==Contemporary diplomatic passports== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Australian passport|Australia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Austrian passport|Austria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg<!--A non-free file cannot be used for this entry per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP)-->|[[Canadian passport|Canada]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:PRC_passport_(Diplomatic).png|[[Chinese passport|China]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Croatia - diplomatic passport.jpg|[[Croatian passport|Croatia]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Danish passport|Denmark]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Estonian passport|Estonia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Finlanddippassport.jpg|[[Finnish passport|Finland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[French passport|France]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Diplopass_deutsch.jpg|[[German passport|Germany]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Ghana Biometric Diplomatic Passport.jpg|[[Ghanaian passport|Ghana]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Greek Passport (Diplomatic).svg|[[Greek passport|Greece]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Hungarian Diplomatic Passport.jpg|[[Hungarian passport|Hungary]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Paspor.JPG|[[Indonesian passport|Indonesia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Diplomatic Passport.jpeg|[[Kenyan passport|Kenya]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]<!-- Biometric even though not indicated on the front cover of the passport--> File:New_Zealand_Diplomatic_Passport_Outside_Front_Cover.png|[[New Zealand passport|New Zealand]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Polishdippassport.jpg|[[Polish passport|Poland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:QueensMessengerpassport.jpg|[[Queen's Messenger]] passport File:Diplomatic_passport_of_Russia.jpg|[[Russian passport|Russia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasaporte ES.svg|[[Spanish passport|Spain]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport turk.jpg|[[Turkish passport|Turkey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Diplomatic Passport of Ukraine.jpg|[[Ukrainian passport|Ukraine]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:US Diplomatic Passport.JPG|[[United States passport|United States]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ==Sido kale fiiri== jvzm5p3jr462syebbcq4vq94f7hpqao 0 35714 296472 249571 2026-04-12T19:40:48Z ~2026-22551-28 45253 296472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ayuub Cali Axmed | birth_date = 1997 1jan garowe | birth_place = garowe | residence = Turkey | nationality = Soomaali | occupation = [[Chief executive officer|Founder]] of [[Caawiye app]] | religion = Islam suni | website = {{URL|somaliblogger.com}} | image = }} '''Ayuub Cali axmed''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|AF-ingiriisi]]: '''ayub ali ahmed'''; dhashay 14 May 2000), waa aasaasaha blogger-ka somaliyeed ('''Somali Blogger''') waxa uu sameeyay [[Bar-internet|website]] badan sidoo kale waxa uu horumariyay '''Caawiye Q&A''' waa Somali professional web designer. == Noloshiisa == '''Ayuub Cali axmed''' wuxuu ku dhashay magaalada mogadishu taariikhda 14 May 2000 wuxuu wax ku bartay isla magaalada uuku dhashay wuxuu ka dhameeyay schoolka '''Ablaal secondary school''' waxa uu ka qalinjabiyay '''jaamacada somalia (uniso)''' sanadkii 2021. == Xirfadiisa == '''Ayuub''' waa xirfadle nashqadeeya websiteyada isaga oo udiyaariya si qurux badan waxaa uu nashqadeeyay in ka badaan 20-website == Xiriirinta dibadda == [[Qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed]] https://cansuufmedia.com/ {{Wayback|url=https://cansuufmedia.com/ |date=20220304131058 }} https://activities.osu.edu/involvement/student_organizations/find_a_student_org?i=1234&l=S&page=5 == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist|refs=https://caawiye.somaliblogger.com/ayub-ali-ahmed/ https://somaliblogger.com/author/somaliblogs7/}}<ref><nowiki>https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayuub_cali_axmed</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Somalis}}</nowiki></ref><ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://caawiye.somaliblogger.com/ayub-ali-ahmed/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226171514/https://caawiye.somaliblogger.com/ayub-ali-ahmed/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Category:Dad nool]] [[Category:Website sameeyaasha]] [[Category:Soomaali Wikipedians]] [[Category:Teknolojiyad]] __INDEX__ t1mdpkjh8a8075el94n03lvonzdqvpy 0 39797 296468 296454 2026-04-12T14:01:14Z ~2026-22332-79 45238 /* Xiliyadii Dhexe */ 296468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac|{{flagcountry|Yemen}}|group=Abokor Musa <br> |flag=[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|45px]][[File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg|45px]]|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}|region3={{flagcountry|Yemen}} |region4={{Flagcountry|United Kingdom}}|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]|rels=[[Islam]]|related-c= Other Eidagalle,clans <!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->}} '''Abokor Muuse''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Abokor Musa'','' [[Carabi]]: أبوبكر موسى ; ''',''' Magaca oo buuxa: Abokor Musa Da'ud ismacil Sheekh Ishaaq) waa Qabiil wayn oo ka mid ah beelweynta Eidagalle ee Isaaq. Beeshu waxay degaan rasmiya ku tahay [[Hargeysa|Hargaysa]],[[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] iyo [[Soomaali Galbeed|DDS Itoobiya]]. == Overview == The Abokor Musa is a major Somali clan that is part of the Eidagalle clan of the Isaaq clan family, traditionally also called ''Saleebaan''. Members of the Abokor Musa subclan are descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed. The Abokor musa<ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615-1-5.</ref> is one of the large somali clans and among the most prominent sub-clans of the Isaaq. They inhabit the Hargiesa and Salahley regions of Somaliland, in addition to the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Kenya, where they form part of the Isahakia community<ref name=":3">Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 9781135751753</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":4">Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. 9780226467917.</ref>.The Abokor Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists, merchants, and skilled poets.<ref>Andrzejewski, B.W. and I.M. Lewis, 1964, Somali Poetry: An Introduction, Oxford University Press.</ref>Historical roots can also be traced to [[Eratareya|Eritrea]], reflecting old trade routes . ==Tariikhda == ===Nasabka === Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu ka mid ahaa culimadii ka soo haajiray Carabta kuna soo tallaabay badda si ay Islaamka ugu faafiyaan Geeska Afrika qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday labo dumar ah oo deegaanka ah gudaha Somaliland, wuxuuna ka dhalay siddeed wiil. Mid ka mid ah, Ismaaciil, wuxuu noqday aabihii beesha Ciidagale.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> ===Xiliyadii Dhexe=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxaa si gaar ah loogu xusuustaa kaalintii ay ka qaateen halgankii uu hoggaaminayay Axmed Gurey (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ([[Saldanadii Cadal|Saldanadii Adal]]) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Sida lagu sheegay buugga taariikhiga ah ee ''Futuh al-Habash'', beelaha Habar Magaadle, oo ay ku jirto laantan, waxay bixiyeen ciidamo iyo hoggaamiyeyaal muhiim ah.<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref><blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo , taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha, gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad, oo ah Sultanate . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada [[Herer|Herar]].<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref> Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen magalda tariikhiga ah ee [[Saylac|zelia]].</blockquote> [[File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| [[Axmad III bin Abu Bakar|Axmad Bin Abii Bakar]], Amiirkii [[Harar]]]] Qarnigii 19aad, laanta Abokor Muuse waxay door muuqda ku lahaayeen ganacsigii ka socday Hargeysa–Berbera–Harar. Ganacsatadoodu waxay ahaayeen kuwa ugu firfircoon ee karavaannada ka keeni jiray gudaha Soomaalida xoolaha, muxurka, malmalka iyo subagga, kuna dhoofin jiray Berbera iyo suuqyada Carabta. Waxaa si gaar ah loo xusuustaa xiriirka dhow ee ay la lahaayeen Amiir Axmed III bin Abu Bakr, oo ahaa amiirkii Harar intii u dhaxaysay 1856–1875. Amiirka ayaa si weyn u qadarin jiray ganacsatada Abokor Muuse.<ref>Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 116–118.</ref> [[File:ShrineAwBarkhadle2007.png|thumb|240px|right|Aw Barkhadle – a historic place of oath and agreement, where the Abokor Muse clan played a leading role.]] <blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen ilaalinta dhaqanka, xeerka iyo dhexdhexaadinta. Goobta barakeysan ee [[Aw Barkhadle]], oo ku taalla inta u dhexeysa [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Berbera]], waxay ahayd xarun dhaar iyo heshiis lagu xallin jiray khilaafaadka. Odayaasha Abokor Muuse ayaa si gaar ah loogu qadarin jiray hoggaaminta dhaarta iyo heshiisiinta,oo ah Ugaaysada dhaqanka<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref> </blockquote> Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku ahaayeen hal-abuurka gabayga iyo xigmadda afka ah. Gabayga ayaa u ahaa hub lagula dagaallamo, laguna xafido taariikhda. Sida uu qoray Laurence Margaret, beesha Ciidagale (oo ay ka mid yihiin Abokor Muse) waxaa lagu yaqaanay in tiro badan oo rag ah ay gabyaa yihiin, taasoo ka dhigtay beel kaalin weyn ku leh suugaanta Soomaalida.<ref>Laurance, Margaret. ''A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose''. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref>Sido kale Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen qoys caan ku ahaa fardaha fuulka iyo dagaalka, waxaana si weyn looga yaqaanay kartida dagaal iyo xirfadda ay ku lahaayeen maareynta fardaha dagaalka. [[File:Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png|right|thumb|250x250px| Map showing trade routes leading to Berbera.]] Qarnigii 19aad, Abokor Muuse waxay door muhiim ah ku lahaayeen ganacsigii karavaannada ee u dhexeeyay [[Berbera]] iyo gudaha dalka. Waxay qayb ka ahaayeen aasaaska magaalada [[Hargeysa]], taasoo markii hore ahayd xarun karavaan oo ay dhiseen ganacsatada Ciidagale.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). ''Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia''. p. 96.</ref> <blockquote>Taariikhda Abokor Muuse waa mid ku dhisan geesinimada dagaal, hal-abuurka suugaaneed, hoggaaminta dhaqameed iyo firfircoonida ganacsiga. Waxay qayb muhiim ah ka noqdeen halgankii diimeed ee Muslimiinta, nabadaynta bulshada Isaaq, iyo kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka gobolka—astaamo qeexaya kaalintooda qoto dheer ee taariikhda Soomaaliyeed.</blockquote> Sidoo kale, waxay leeyihiin tariikh soo jireen ah oo ku salaysan dhaqashada xoolaha, sida Geela, Adhiga iyo lo'da, iyadoo geelu uu yahay xoolahooda ugu muhiimsan ee noloshooda ku tiirsan yihiin isla markaana ay Aad u dhaqdaan. Dhaqashada xoolaha waxay ka tarjumaysa hodantinimada, hiddaha, iyo xirfadda ay bulshadu ku dhisantahay oo soo jireen ah. ===Baranches and Subclans=== [[File:Eaglelogo.png||right|thumb|232px|Branches and Subclans]] Beesha Abokor Muuse waa beel ballaaran oo caan ku ah geesinimada iyo hiddaha soo jireenka ah, waxayna leedahay faracyo iyo laamo badan oo si dhaw isugu xidhan. Beeshan qiimaha leh waxay u kala baxdaa laamo waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin: ''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil|Mohammed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Ahmed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Aden Abokor]]'' (oo ,u kala baxa ''Cawlyahan'' iyo ''Hassan Aden''), ''Muuse Dhimbil'' Faracyada ''[[Mohamoud Muuse]]'' iyo ''Abdalleh Muuse''. Laamaha Beesha '''''Abdalleh Muuse''''' ayaa iyaguna caan ku ah reero balaadhan ah sida ''Reer Aadan'', Reer ''Ali Abdi'', ''Reer Nuur'', ''Reer Benin'', ''Rer Gallab'', ''Reer Eiye'', iyo ''Mohamed Cabdille'', (kuwaas oo kala baxa ''Reer Cali'' iyo ''Reer Gubadleh''.). ; [[Shaxda beesha|Shaxda Beesha]] ===Saltanate of Abokor Musa=== [[File:Ughaz Hassan.jpg|thumb|right|200px | Ughaz Hassan of the Abokor Musa clan.]] Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku tahay hoggaamin, halgan iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Intii taariikhdu xusuusato, beeshani waxay lahayd taliyaal dhaqameed oo ka kala socday laamaha iyo faracyada beesha, kuwaas oo door weyn ku lahaa xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada, iyo kordhinta midnimada beesha dhexdeeda. Suldaanada, boqorrada iyo ugaasyada ka soo jeeda Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen hogaamiyayaal caan ah, kuwaas oo isku darsaday garaad, geesinimo, iyo karti ciidan. Markay timaaddo dirir ama dagaal, waxay ahaayeen abaanduulayaal dagaal oo hoggaamiya ciidamo si abaabulan u dagaallama. Halka marka nabaddu timaaddo, ay noqdaan odayaal dhaqameed oo hagaya bulshada dhinaca garsoorka, dhaqanka, iyo isku duubnida. Doorkooda Ugaasnimadu waa astaan sharaf, caddaalad, iyo hoggaan bulsho. Taasi waxay sababtay in beesha Abokor Muuse lagu xasuusto dad hoggaamiya, nabad dhaliya, iyo dhaqanka ilaaliya, taasoo qayb weyn ka qaadatay dhismaha iyo ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada guud ahaan. ==Distribution== [[File:Hargeisa Somaliland.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A general view of Hargeisa, where the community is widely settled.]] Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran u daganyihiin magaalada Hargeysa, gaar ahaan koofurta iyo galbeedka caasimadda. Xaafadaha ay si rasmi ah u deggan yihiin waxaa ka mid ah ''Calaamadaha'' , oo ay kala Qaybiso Wadada Halbawlaha ee ''Airport Road ([[Wadada Madaarka Egal)]]'', iyo xaafadaha Masalaha ( Siirooga galbeedkiisa), ''Jameecada'', iyo qaybo ka mid ah Xaafadda ''October''. Meelahan ayaa ka mid ah deegaannada taariikhiga ah ee ay beesha si xooggan ugu xidhan tahay. Marka laga sii gudbo gudaha magaalada, Abokor Muuse waxay degaan ''Qoolcaday'',''Toon'', magaalada ''Salahley'', iyo tuulooyinka u dhow ilaa ''Ina-Guxaa'', oo ah xuduudda u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Ethiopia. Deegaannadan ayaa loo arkaa in ay yihiin laf-dhabarta beesha ee dhulka Somaliland, maadaama ay yihiin goobaha ay ku badan yihiin beelaha reer guuraaga ah iyo xoolo-dhaqatada beesha. Dhinaca kale, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran uga deggan yihiin Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya (DDS), halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin badan. Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan waxaa ka mid ah ''Bisad'', ''Abokor'', ''Egal Addani'', iyo ''Iskoyska'', halka ay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin deegaannada u dhow Dooxada ''Galool-Fadhiidh.'' Meelahan ayaa xiriir dhow la leh magaalada Awarre, taas oo ah xarun muhiim ah oo ka tirsan gobolka DDS. Isku soo wada duuboo, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay degaan dhul aad u ballaaran oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee xuduudda Somaliland iyo Itoobiya, iyagoo leh isku xirnaan dhaqan, deegaan, iyo taariikh wadaag ah oo soo jireen ah. ==Clan tree== A summarised clan family tree of the major subclans of Abokor Musa, is presented below: {{Tree list}} *Sheikh Ishaaq Bin Ahmed (Sheikh Ishaaq) **Daoud (Eidagalle) ***Muuse Daoud ****'''Abokor''' (Saleiban) ******Salieban Abokor *******Mohammad Salieban ********Saleiban Mohamed *********Yousuf Saleiban **********Osman Yusuf **********Said Yusuf **********Mohamed Yusuf *********Arralleh Saleiban **********Ali Arralle **********Saleiban Arralle ***********Abokor Saleiban ************Abdalleh Abokor *************Saleiban Abdalle **************Osman Saleiban ***************Waisleh Osman ****************Mahamoud Wais ****************Arralleh Wais ****************Hussein wais ****************Saleiban Wais ************Saleiban Abokor *************Warfa Saleiban *************Arreh Saleiban *************Farah Saleiban *************Mahamoud Saleiban ************Hassan Abokor *************Muuse Hassan *************Laqshe Hassan *************Basiralle Hassan *************Hawrarsame *************Dhimbil Hassan **************'''Mohammed Dhimbil''' ***************Musa Mohamed ****************Adawe Muuse (Rer Adawe) ****************Aden Muuse (Rer Aden) ***************Fatah Mohamed (Rer Fatah) ***************Mucawiye Mohamed ***************Gulled (Wardon) Mohamed ****************Hussein Guled ****************Egal Guled ****************Yusuf Guled ****************Roble Guled ****************Abdi Guled ****************Elmi Guled ****************Samter Guled **************'''Muuse Dhimbil''' ***************Abdalleh Muuse ****************Jibirl Abdalle *****************Siad Jibril ******************Muse Siad ******************Farah Siad *****************Kalil Jibirl ******************Ali kalil *******************Said Ali *******************Koshin Ali *******************Boqorreh Ali ********************Abar Boqorre *********************Deria Abar **********************Abdillahi Deria (Allanleh) *****************Saeed Jibril ******************Sade Said *******************Abdalle Sade *******************Musa Sade *****************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *****************Abdi Jibril ******************Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) *******************Abdalle Ali ********************Musa Abdalle *******************Hussein Ali *******************Mumin Ali *******************Naleye Ali ******************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) *******************Ismail Nour *******************Hersi Nour *******************Gabal Nour *******************Mohamed Nour ******************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *******************Naleye Benin *******************Ahmed Benin *******************Hersi Benin *******************Warfa Benin *******************Samter Benin *******************Abdi Benin *******************Fatah Benin *******************Dirie Benin *******************Farah Benin *******************Osman Benin ******************Abdille Abdi *******************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) ********************Ismail Gallab ********************Asker Gallab ********************Dahir Gallab ********************Wais Gallab ********************Ali Gallab ********************Osman Gallab ********************Jama Gallab ********************Roble Gallab ********************Abdi Gallab ********************Yusuf Gallab ********************Farah Gallab *******************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ********************Gulled Eiye ********************Sharmake Eiye *******************Mohamed Abdille ********************Ahmed Mohamed *********************Samter Ahmed *********************Ziyad Ahmed *********************Mayle Ahmed *********************Geedi Ahmed *********************Amanle Ahmed *********************Food Ahmed *********************Dhible Ahmed **********************Ismail Dhible **********************Barre Dhible **********************Samter Dhible **********************Egal Dhible *********************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********************Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **********************Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh) **************Mahamoud Muuse ****************Shirdon Mohamoud *****************Hamud Shirdon *****************Suldan Shirdon *****************Geele Shirdon *****************Osman Shirdon *****************Egal Shirdon *****************Mohamed Shirdon *****************Yusuf Shirdon ****************Hildiid Mohamoud *****************Ali Hildiid *****************Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi) *****************Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi) *************'''Ahmed Dhimbil''' ***************Musa Ahmed ***************Waisleh Ahmed ***************Osman Ahmed ***************Liban Ahmed ***************Abdi Liban ****************Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) ****************Mohammed Abdi (Addeh) *****************Sarar Mohamed *****************Ahmed(Beder)Mohamed ************'''Aden Abokor''' *************( Aden Mohamed) **************Issa Aden **************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) **************Hassan Aden ***************Ziyad Hassan ***************Odawa Hasaan ***************Ladon Hassan ***************Abdalle Hassan ****************Ali Abdalle ****************Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ****************Ahmed Abdalle *****************Halas Ahmed *****************Egal Ahmed *****************Geedi Ahmed (Rer Gheedi) {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Gaabuush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader, with strong tie to SAF. * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship. *Aden Mohamed Guhad (Aden Walli) – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Sh. Abdiraham Aden Eigeh * Suldan Aden S.Farah.S.Omar –Respected traditional holder. * Muuse Ismail Qalilnle – popular Somali singer *Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Suldan Osman Baane –traditional leader * Abukar Ali Osman *Said Dhimbil Nour – peot and politician * Hussein Habane – Lieutenant Colonel of the Somaliland Coast Guard. * Omar Aidid – is a billionaire and Founder of Hargeisa Theatre Mall, the largest Market Mall Center .(in somaliland) * Hussein Ali Mahamado – is Activist And Founder of In Guuxa Foundation * Abdishakur Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Abdikarem Hikmawi – Is Author, literally scholar and Activist * Yasin Alasie *Abdirahman Eid Dhimbil – is a professor and Politician * Mohamed Badel – was a poet, politician, and university lecturer. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician *Nadir Yusuf – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Ethiopia *Abwan Harir Osman Guray – Well-known Somali peot *Rashed Khadar – is an author and poet who has authored many books, the most famous of which is Agab-Jire. * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} 23uqao1hsksmf8gjnmut1a8o3hhtnho 296474 296468 2026-04-12T21:02:47Z ~2026-22332-79 45238 /* Clan tree */ 296474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac|{{flagcountry|Yemen}}|group=Abokor Musa <br> |flag=[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|45px]][[File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg|45px]]|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}|region3={{flagcountry|Yemen}} |region4={{Flagcountry|United Kingdom}}|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]|rels=[[Islam]]|related-c= Other Eidagalle,clans <!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->}} '''Abokor Muuse''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Abokor Musa'','' [[Carabi]]: أبوبكر موسى ; ''',''' Magaca oo buuxa: Abokor Musa Da'ud ismacil Sheekh Ishaaq) waa Qabiil wayn oo ka mid ah beelweynta Eidagalle ee Isaaq. Beeshu waxay degaan rasmiya ku tahay [[Hargeysa|Hargaysa]],[[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] iyo [[Soomaali Galbeed|DDS Itoobiya]]. == Overview == The Abokor Musa is a major Somali clan that is part of the Eidagalle clan of the Isaaq clan family, traditionally also called ''Saleebaan''. Members of the Abokor Musa subclan are descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed. The Abokor musa<ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615-1-5.</ref> is one of the large somali clans and among the most prominent sub-clans of the Isaaq. They inhabit the Hargiesa and Salahley regions of Somaliland, in addition to the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Kenya, where they form part of the Isahakia community<ref name=":3">Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 9781135751753</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":4">Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. 9780226467917.</ref>.The Abokor Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists, merchants, and skilled poets.<ref>Andrzejewski, B.W. and I.M. Lewis, 1964, Somali Poetry: An Introduction, Oxford University Press.</ref>Historical roots can also be traced to [[Eratareya|Eritrea]], reflecting old trade routes . ==Tariikhda == ===Nasabka === Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu ka mid ahaa culimadii ka soo haajiray Carabta kuna soo tallaabay badda si ay Islaamka ugu faafiyaan Geeska Afrika qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday labo dumar ah oo deegaanka ah gudaha Somaliland, wuxuuna ka dhalay siddeed wiil. Mid ka mid ah, Ismaaciil, wuxuu noqday aabihii beesha Ciidagale.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> ===Xiliyadii Dhexe=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxaa si gaar ah loogu xusuustaa kaalintii ay ka qaateen halgankii uu hoggaaminayay Axmed Gurey (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ([[Saldanadii Cadal|Saldanadii Adal]]) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Sida lagu sheegay buugga taariikhiga ah ee ''Futuh al-Habash'', beelaha Habar Magaadle, oo ay ku jirto laantan, waxay bixiyeen ciidamo iyo hoggaamiyeyaal muhiim ah.<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref><blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo , taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha, gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad, oo ah Sultanate . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada [[Herer|Herar]].<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref> Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen magalda tariikhiga ah ee [[Saylac|zelia]].</blockquote> [[File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| [[Axmad III bin Abu Bakar|Axmad Bin Abii Bakar]], Amiirkii [[Harar]]]] Qarnigii 19aad, laanta Abokor Muuse waxay door muuqda ku lahaayeen ganacsigii ka socday Hargeysa–Berbera–Harar. Ganacsatadoodu waxay ahaayeen kuwa ugu firfircoon ee karavaannada ka keeni jiray gudaha Soomaalida xoolaha, muxurka, malmalka iyo subagga, kuna dhoofin jiray Berbera iyo suuqyada Carabta. Waxaa si gaar ah loo xusuustaa xiriirka dhow ee ay la lahaayeen Amiir Axmed III bin Abu Bakr, oo ahaa amiirkii Harar intii u dhaxaysay 1856–1875. Amiirka ayaa si weyn u qadarin jiray ganacsatada Abokor Muuse.<ref>Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 116–118.</ref> [[File:ShrineAwBarkhadle2007.png|thumb|240px|right|Aw Barkhadle – a historic place of oath and agreement, where the Abokor Muse clan played a leading role.]] <blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen ilaalinta dhaqanka, xeerka iyo dhexdhexaadinta. Goobta barakeysan ee [[Aw Barkhadle]], oo ku taalla inta u dhexeysa [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Berbera]], waxay ahayd xarun dhaar iyo heshiis lagu xallin jiray khilaafaadka. Odayaasha Abokor Muuse ayaa si gaar ah loogu qadarin jiray hoggaaminta dhaarta iyo heshiisiinta,oo ah Ugaaysada dhaqanka<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref> </blockquote> Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku ahaayeen hal-abuurka gabayga iyo xigmadda afka ah. Gabayga ayaa u ahaa hub lagula dagaallamo, laguna xafido taariikhda. Sida uu qoray Laurence Margaret, beesha Ciidagale (oo ay ka mid yihiin Abokor Muse) waxaa lagu yaqaanay in tiro badan oo rag ah ay gabyaa yihiin, taasoo ka dhigtay beel kaalin weyn ku leh suugaanta Soomaalida.<ref>Laurance, Margaret. ''A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose''. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref>Sido kale Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen qoys caan ku ahaa fardaha fuulka iyo dagaalka, waxaana si weyn looga yaqaanay kartida dagaal iyo xirfadda ay ku lahaayeen maareynta fardaha dagaalka. [[File:Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png|right|thumb|250x250px| Map showing trade routes leading to Berbera.]] Qarnigii 19aad, Abokor Muuse waxay door muhiim ah ku lahaayeen ganacsigii karavaannada ee u dhexeeyay [[Berbera]] iyo gudaha dalka. Waxay qayb ka ahaayeen aasaaska magaalada [[Hargeysa]], taasoo markii hore ahayd xarun karavaan oo ay dhiseen ganacsatada Ciidagale.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). ''Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia''. p. 96.</ref> <blockquote>Taariikhda Abokor Muuse waa mid ku dhisan geesinimada dagaal, hal-abuurka suugaaneed, hoggaaminta dhaqameed iyo firfircoonida ganacsiga. Waxay qayb muhiim ah ka noqdeen halgankii diimeed ee Muslimiinta, nabadaynta bulshada Isaaq, iyo kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka gobolka—astaamo qeexaya kaalintooda qoto dheer ee taariikhda Soomaaliyeed.</blockquote> Sidoo kale, waxay leeyihiin tariikh soo jireen ah oo ku salaysan dhaqashada xoolaha, sida Geela, Adhiga iyo lo'da, iyadoo geelu uu yahay xoolahooda ugu muhiimsan ee noloshooda ku tiirsan yihiin isla markaana ay Aad u dhaqdaan. Dhaqashada xoolaha waxay ka tarjumaysa hodantinimada, hiddaha, iyo xirfadda ay bulshadu ku dhisantahay oo soo jireen ah. ===Baranches and Subclans=== [[File:Eaglelogo.png||right|thumb|232px|Branches and Subclans]] Beesha Abokor Muuse waa beel ballaaran oo caan ku ah geesinimada iyo hiddaha soo jireenka ah, waxayna leedahay faracyo iyo laamo badan oo si dhaw isugu xidhan. Beeshan qiimaha leh waxay u kala baxdaa laamo waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin: ''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil|Mohammed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Ahmed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Aden Abokor]]'' (oo ,u kala baxa ''Cawlyahan'' iyo ''Hassan Aden''), ''Muuse Dhimbil'' Faracyada ''[[Mohamoud Muuse]]'' iyo ''Abdalleh Muuse''. Laamaha Beesha '''''Abdalleh Muuse''''' ayaa iyaguna caan ku ah reero balaadhan ah sida ''Reer Aadan'', Reer ''Ali Abdi'', ''Reer Nuur'', ''Reer Benin'', ''Rer Gallab'', ''Reer Eiye'', iyo ''Mohamed Cabdille'', (kuwaas oo kala baxa ''Reer Cali'' iyo ''Reer Gubadleh''.). ; [[Shaxda beesha|Shaxda Beesha]] ===Saltanate of Abokor Musa=== [[File:Ughaz Hassan.jpg|thumb|right|200px | Ughaz Hassan of the Abokor Musa clan.]] Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku tahay hoggaamin, halgan iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Intii taariikhdu xusuusato, beeshani waxay lahayd taliyaal dhaqameed oo ka kala socday laamaha iyo faracyada beesha, kuwaas oo door weyn ku lahaa xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada, iyo kordhinta midnimada beesha dhexdeeda. Suldaanada, boqorrada iyo ugaasyada ka soo jeeda Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen hogaamiyayaal caan ah, kuwaas oo isku darsaday garaad, geesinimo, iyo karti ciidan. Markay timaaddo dirir ama dagaal, waxay ahaayeen abaanduulayaal dagaal oo hoggaamiya ciidamo si abaabulan u dagaallama. Halka marka nabaddu timaaddo, ay noqdaan odayaal dhaqameed oo hagaya bulshada dhinaca garsoorka, dhaqanka, iyo isku duubnida. Doorkooda Ugaasnimadu waa astaan sharaf, caddaalad, iyo hoggaan bulsho. Taasi waxay sababtay in beesha Abokor Muuse lagu xasuusto dad hoggaamiya, nabad dhaliya, iyo dhaqanka ilaaliya, taasoo qayb weyn ka qaadatay dhismaha iyo ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada guud ahaan. ==Distribution== [[File:Hargeisa Somaliland.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A general view of Hargeisa, where the community is widely settled.]] Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran u daganyihiin magaalada Hargeysa, gaar ahaan koofurta iyo galbeedka caasimadda. Xaafadaha ay si rasmi ah u deggan yihiin waxaa ka mid ah ''Calaamadaha'' , oo ay kala Qaybiso Wadada Halbawlaha ee ''Airport Road ([[Wadada Madaarka Egal)]]'', iyo xaafadaha Masalaha ( Siirooga galbeedkiisa), ''Jameecada'', iyo qaybo ka mid ah Xaafadda ''October''. Meelahan ayaa ka mid ah deegaannada taariikhiga ah ee ay beesha si xooggan ugu xidhan tahay. Marka laga sii gudbo gudaha magaalada, Abokor Muuse waxay degaan ''Qoolcaday'',''Toon'', magaalada ''Salahley'', iyo tuulooyinka u dhow ilaa ''Ina-Guxaa'', oo ah xuduudda u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Ethiopia. Deegaannadan ayaa loo arkaa in ay yihiin laf-dhabarta beesha ee dhulka Somaliland, maadaama ay yihiin goobaha ay ku badan yihiin beelaha reer guuraaga ah iyo xoolo-dhaqatada beesha. Dhinaca kale, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran uga deggan yihiin Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya (DDS), halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin badan. Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan waxaa ka mid ah ''Bisad'', ''Abokor'', ''Egal Addani'', iyo ''Iskoyska'', halka ay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin deegaannada u dhow Dooxada ''Galool-Fadhiidh.'' Meelahan ayaa xiriir dhow la leh magaalada Awarre, taas oo ah xarun muhiim ah oo ka tirsan gobolka DDS. Isku soo wada duuboo, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay degaan dhul aad u ballaaran oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee xuduudda Somaliland iyo Itoobiya, iyagoo leh isku xirnaan dhaqan, deegaan, iyo taariikh wadaag ah oo soo jireen ah. ==Clan tree== A summarised clan family tree of the major subclans of Abokor Musa, is presented below: {{Tree list}} *Sheikh Ishaaq Bin Ahmed (Sheikh Ishaaq) **Daoud (Eidagalle) ***Muuse Daoud ****'''Abokor''' (Saleiban) ******Salieban Abokor *******Mohammad Salieban ********Saleiban Mohamed *********Yousuf Saleiban **********Osman Yusuf **********Said Yusuf **********Mohamed Yusuf *********Arralleh Saleiban **********Ali Arralle **********Saleiban Arralle ***********Abokor Saleiban ************Abdalleh Abokor *************Saleiban Abdalle **************Osman Saleiban ***************Waisleh Osman ****************Mahamoud Wais ****************Arralleh Wais ****************Hussein wais ****************Saleiban Wais ************Saleiban Abokor *************Warfa Saleiban *************Arreh Saleiban *************Farah Saleiban *************Mahamoud Saleiban ************Hassan Abokor *************Muuse Hassan *************Laqshe Hassan *************Basiralle Hassan *************Hawrarsame *************Dhimbil Hassan **************'''Mohammed Dhimbil''' ***************Musa Mohamed ****************Adawe Muuse (Rer Adawe) ****************Aden Muuse (Rer Aden) ***************Fatah Mohamed (Rer Fatah) ***************Mucawiye Mohamed ***************Gulled (Wardon) Mohamed ****************Hussein Guled ****************Egal Guled ****************Yusuf Guled ****************Roble Guled ****************Abdi Guled ****************Elmi Guled ****************Samter Guled **************'''Muuse Dhimbil''' ***************Abdalleh Muuse ****************Jibirl Abdalle *****************Siad Jibril ******************Muse Siad ******************Farah Siad *****************Kalil Jibirl ******************Ali kalil *******************Said Ali *******************Koshin Ali *******************Boqorreh Ali ********************Abar Boqorre *********************Deria Abar **********************Abdillahi Deria (Allanleh) *****************Saeed Jibril ******************Sade Said *******************Abdalle Sade *******************Musa Sade *****************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *****************Abdi Jibril ******************Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) *******************Abdalle Ali ********************Musa Abdalle *******************Hussein Ali *******************Mumin Ali *******************Naleye Ali ******************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) *******************Ismail Nour *******************Hersi Nour *******************Gabal Nour *******************Mohamed Nour ******************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *******************Naleye Benin *******************Ahmed Benin *******************Hersi Benin *******************Warfa Benin *******************Samter Benin *******************Abdi Benin *******************Fatah Benin *******************Dirie Benin *******************Farah Benin *******************Osman Benin ******************Abdille Abdi *******************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) ********************Ismail Gallab ********************Asker Gallab ********************Dahir Gallab ********************Wais Gallab ********************Ali Gallab ********************Osman Gallab ********************Jama Gallab ********************Roble Gallab ********************Abdi Gallab ********************Yusuf Gallab ********************Farah Gallab *******************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ********************Gulled Eiye ********************Sharmake Eiye *******************Mohamed Abdille ********************Ahmed Mohamed *********************Samter Ahmed *********************Ziyad Ahmed *********************Mayle Ahmed *********************Geedi Ahmed *********************Amanle Ahmed *********************Food Ahmed *********************Dhible Ahmed **********************Ismail Dhible **********************Barre Dhible **********************Wa'eys Dhible **********************Samter Dhible **********************Egal Dhible *********************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********************Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **********************Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh) **************Mahamoud Muuse ****************Shirdon Mohamoud *****************Hamud Shirdon *****************Suldan Shirdon *****************Geele Shirdon *****************Osman Shirdon *****************Egal Shirdon *****************Mohamed Shirdon *****************Yusuf Shirdon ****************Hildiid Mohamoud *****************Ali Hildiid *****************Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi) *****************Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi) *************'''Ahmed Dhimbil''' ***************Musa Ahmed ***************Waisleh Ahmed ***************Osman Ahmed ***************Liban Ahmed ***************Abdi Liban ****************Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) ****************Mohammed Abdi (Addeh) *****************Sarar Mohamed *****************Ahmed(Beder)Mohamed ************'''Aden Abokor''' *************( Aden Mohamed) **************Issa Aden **************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) **************Hassan Aden ***************Ziyad Hassan ***************Odawa Hasaan ***************Ladon Hassan ***************Abdalle Hassan ****************Ali Abdalle ****************Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ****************Ahmed Abdalle *****************Halas Ahmed *****************Egal Ahmed *****************Geedi Ahmed (Rer Gheedi) {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Gaabuush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader, with strong tie to SAF. * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship. *Aden Mohamed Guhad (Aden Walli) – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Sh. Abdiraham Aden Eigeh * Suldan Aden S.Farah.S.Omar –Respected traditional holder. * Muuse Ismail Qalilnle – popular Somali singer *Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Suldan Osman Baane –traditional leader * Abukar Ali Osman *Said Dhimbil Nour – peot and politician * Hussein Habane – Lieutenant Colonel of the Somaliland Coast Guard. * Omar Aidid – is a billionaire and Founder of Hargeisa Theatre Mall, the largest Market Mall Center .(in somaliland) * Hussein Ali Mahamado – is Activist And Founder of In Guuxa Foundation * Abdishakur Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Abdikarem Hikmawi – Is Author, literally scholar and Activist * Yasin Alasie *Abdirahman Eid Dhimbil – is a professor and Politician * Mohamed Badel – was a poet, politician, and university lecturer. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician *Nadir Yusuf – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Ethiopia *Abwan Harir Osman Guray – Well-known Somali peot *Rashed Khadar – is an author and poet who has authored many books, the most famous of which is Agab-Jire. * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} gsmveqfudxps60jcyy0vpvjics30p6a 296475 296474 2026-04-12T21:59:29Z ~2026-22332-79 45238 /* Notable figures */ 296475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac|{{flagcountry|Yemen}}|group=Abokor Musa <br> |flag=[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|45px]][[File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg|45px]]|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}|region3={{flagcountry|Yemen}} |region4={{Flagcountry|United Kingdom}}|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]|rels=[[Islam]]|related-c= Other Eidagalle,clans <!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->}} '''Abokor Muuse''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Abokor Musa'','' [[Carabi]]: أبوبكر موسى ; ''',''' Magaca oo buuxa: Abokor Musa Da'ud ismacil Sheekh Ishaaq) waa Qabiil wayn oo ka mid ah beelweynta Eidagalle ee Isaaq. Beeshu waxay degaan rasmiya ku tahay [[Hargeysa|Hargaysa]],[[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] iyo [[Soomaali Galbeed|DDS Itoobiya]]. == Overview == The Abokor Musa is a major Somali clan that is part of the Eidagalle clan of the Isaaq clan family, traditionally also called ''Saleebaan''. Members of the Abokor Musa subclan are descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed. The Abokor musa<ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615-1-5.</ref> is one of the large somali clans and among the most prominent sub-clans of the Isaaq. They inhabit the Hargiesa and Salahley regions of Somaliland, in addition to the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Kenya, where they form part of the Isahakia community<ref name=":3">Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 9781135751753</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":4">Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. 9780226467917.</ref>.The Abokor Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists, merchants, and skilled poets.<ref>Andrzejewski, B.W. and I.M. Lewis, 1964, Somali Poetry: An Introduction, Oxford University Press.</ref>Historical roots can also be traced to [[Eratareya|Eritrea]], reflecting old trade routes . ==Tariikhda == ===Nasabka === Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu ka mid ahaa culimadii ka soo haajiray Carabta kuna soo tallaabay badda si ay Islaamka ugu faafiyaan Geeska Afrika qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday labo dumar ah oo deegaanka ah gudaha Somaliland, wuxuuna ka dhalay siddeed wiil. Mid ka mid ah, Ismaaciil, wuxuu noqday aabihii beesha Ciidagale.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> ===Xiliyadii Dhexe=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxaa si gaar ah loogu xusuustaa kaalintii ay ka qaateen halgankii uu hoggaaminayay Axmed Gurey (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ([[Saldanadii Cadal|Saldanadii Adal]]) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Sida lagu sheegay buugga taariikhiga ah ee ''Futuh al-Habash'', beelaha Habar Magaadle, oo ay ku jirto laantan, waxay bixiyeen ciidamo iyo hoggaamiyeyaal muhiim ah.<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref><blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo , taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha, gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad, oo ah Sultanate . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada [[Herer|Herar]].<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref> Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen magalda tariikhiga ah ee [[Saylac|zelia]].</blockquote> [[File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| [[Axmad III bin Abu Bakar|Axmad Bin Abii Bakar]], Amiirkii [[Harar]]]] Qarnigii 19aad, laanta Abokor Muuse waxay door muuqda ku lahaayeen ganacsigii ka socday Hargeysa–Berbera–Harar. Ganacsatadoodu waxay ahaayeen kuwa ugu firfircoon ee karavaannada ka keeni jiray gudaha Soomaalida xoolaha, muxurka, malmalka iyo subagga, kuna dhoofin jiray Berbera iyo suuqyada Carabta. Waxaa si gaar ah loo xusuustaa xiriirka dhow ee ay la lahaayeen Amiir Axmed III bin Abu Bakr, oo ahaa amiirkii Harar intii u dhaxaysay 1856–1875. Amiirka ayaa si weyn u qadarin jiray ganacsatada Abokor Muuse.<ref>Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 116–118.</ref> [[File:ShrineAwBarkhadle2007.png|thumb|240px|right|Aw Barkhadle – a historic place of oath and agreement, where the Abokor Muse clan played a leading role.]] <blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen ilaalinta dhaqanka, xeerka iyo dhexdhexaadinta. Goobta barakeysan ee [[Aw Barkhadle]], oo ku taalla inta u dhexeysa [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Berbera]], waxay ahayd xarun dhaar iyo heshiis lagu xallin jiray khilaafaadka. Odayaasha Abokor Muuse ayaa si gaar ah loogu qadarin jiray hoggaaminta dhaarta iyo heshiisiinta,oo ah Ugaaysada dhaqanka<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref> </blockquote> Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku ahaayeen hal-abuurka gabayga iyo xigmadda afka ah. Gabayga ayaa u ahaa hub lagula dagaallamo, laguna xafido taariikhda. Sida uu qoray Laurence Margaret, beesha Ciidagale (oo ay ka mid yihiin Abokor Muse) waxaa lagu yaqaanay in tiro badan oo rag ah ay gabyaa yihiin, taasoo ka dhigtay beel kaalin weyn ku leh suugaanta Soomaalida.<ref>Laurance, Margaret. ''A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose''. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref>Sido kale Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen qoys caan ku ahaa fardaha fuulka iyo dagaalka, waxaana si weyn looga yaqaanay kartida dagaal iyo xirfadda ay ku lahaayeen maareynta fardaha dagaalka. [[File:Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png|right|thumb|250x250px| Map showing trade routes leading to Berbera.]] Qarnigii 19aad, Abokor Muuse waxay door muhiim ah ku lahaayeen ganacsigii karavaannada ee u dhexeeyay [[Berbera]] iyo gudaha dalka. Waxay qayb ka ahaayeen aasaaska magaalada [[Hargeysa]], taasoo markii hore ahayd xarun karavaan oo ay dhiseen ganacsatada Ciidagale.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). ''Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia''. p. 96.</ref> <blockquote>Taariikhda Abokor Muuse waa mid ku dhisan geesinimada dagaal, hal-abuurka suugaaneed, hoggaaminta dhaqameed iyo firfircoonida ganacsiga. Waxay qayb muhiim ah ka noqdeen halgankii diimeed ee Muslimiinta, nabadaynta bulshada Isaaq, iyo kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka gobolka—astaamo qeexaya kaalintooda qoto dheer ee taariikhda Soomaaliyeed.</blockquote> Sidoo kale, waxay leeyihiin tariikh soo jireen ah oo ku salaysan dhaqashada xoolaha, sida Geela, Adhiga iyo lo'da, iyadoo geelu uu yahay xoolahooda ugu muhiimsan ee noloshooda ku tiirsan yihiin isla markaana ay Aad u dhaqdaan. Dhaqashada xoolaha waxay ka tarjumaysa hodantinimada, hiddaha, iyo xirfadda ay bulshadu ku dhisantahay oo soo jireen ah. ===Baranches and Subclans=== [[File:Eaglelogo.png||right|thumb|232px|Branches and Subclans]] Beesha Abokor Muuse waa beel ballaaran oo caan ku ah geesinimada iyo hiddaha soo jireenka ah, waxayna leedahay faracyo iyo laamo badan oo si dhaw isugu xidhan. Beeshan qiimaha leh waxay u kala baxdaa laamo waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin: ''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil|Mohammed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Ahmed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Aden Abokor]]'' (oo ,u kala baxa ''Cawlyahan'' iyo ''Hassan Aden''), ''Muuse Dhimbil'' Faracyada ''[[Mohamoud Muuse]]'' iyo ''Abdalleh Muuse''. Laamaha Beesha '''''Abdalleh Muuse''''' ayaa iyaguna caan ku ah reero balaadhan ah sida ''Reer Aadan'', Reer ''Ali Abdi'', ''Reer Nuur'', ''Reer Benin'', ''Rer Gallab'', ''Reer Eiye'', iyo ''Mohamed Cabdille'', (kuwaas oo kala baxa ''Reer Cali'' iyo ''Reer Gubadleh''.). ; [[Shaxda beesha|Shaxda Beesha]] ===Saltanate of Abokor Musa=== [[File:Ughaz Hassan.jpg|thumb|right|200px | Ughaz Hassan of the Abokor Musa clan.]] Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku tahay hoggaamin, halgan iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Intii taariikhdu xusuusato, beeshani waxay lahayd taliyaal dhaqameed oo ka kala socday laamaha iyo faracyada beesha, kuwaas oo door weyn ku lahaa xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada, iyo kordhinta midnimada beesha dhexdeeda. Suldaanada, boqorrada iyo ugaasyada ka soo jeeda Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen hogaamiyayaal caan ah, kuwaas oo isku darsaday garaad, geesinimo, iyo karti ciidan. Markay timaaddo dirir ama dagaal, waxay ahaayeen abaanduulayaal dagaal oo hoggaamiya ciidamo si abaabulan u dagaallama. Halka marka nabaddu timaaddo, ay noqdaan odayaal dhaqameed oo hagaya bulshada dhinaca garsoorka, dhaqanka, iyo isku duubnida. Doorkooda Ugaasnimadu waa astaan sharaf, caddaalad, iyo hoggaan bulsho. Taasi waxay sababtay in beesha Abokor Muuse lagu xasuusto dad hoggaamiya, nabad dhaliya, iyo dhaqanka ilaaliya, taasoo qayb weyn ka qaadatay dhismaha iyo ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada guud ahaan. ==Distribution== [[File:Hargeisa Somaliland.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A general view of Hargeisa, where the community is widely settled.]] Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran u daganyihiin magaalada Hargeysa, gaar ahaan koofurta iyo galbeedka caasimadda. Xaafadaha ay si rasmi ah u deggan yihiin waxaa ka mid ah ''Calaamadaha'' , oo ay kala Qaybiso Wadada Halbawlaha ee ''Airport Road ([[Wadada Madaarka Egal)]]'', iyo xaafadaha Masalaha ( Siirooga galbeedkiisa), ''Jameecada'', iyo qaybo ka mid ah Xaafadda ''October''. Meelahan ayaa ka mid ah deegaannada taariikhiga ah ee ay beesha si xooggan ugu xidhan tahay. Marka laga sii gudbo gudaha magaalada, Abokor Muuse waxay degaan ''Qoolcaday'',''Toon'', magaalada ''Salahley'', iyo tuulooyinka u dhow ilaa ''Ina-Guxaa'', oo ah xuduudda u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Ethiopia. Deegaannadan ayaa loo arkaa in ay yihiin laf-dhabarta beesha ee dhulka Somaliland, maadaama ay yihiin goobaha ay ku badan yihiin beelaha reer guuraaga ah iyo xoolo-dhaqatada beesha. Dhinaca kale, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran uga deggan yihiin Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya (DDS), halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin badan. Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan waxaa ka mid ah ''Bisad'', ''Abokor'', ''Egal Addani'', iyo ''Iskoyska'', halka ay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin deegaannada u dhow Dooxada ''Galool-Fadhiidh.'' Meelahan ayaa xiriir dhow la leh magaalada Awarre, taas oo ah xarun muhiim ah oo ka tirsan gobolka DDS. Isku soo wada duuboo, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay degaan dhul aad u ballaaran oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee xuduudda Somaliland iyo Itoobiya, iyagoo leh isku xirnaan dhaqan, deegaan, iyo taariikh wadaag ah oo soo jireen ah. ==Clan tree== A summarised clan family tree of the major subclans of Abokor Musa, is presented below: {{Tree list}} *Sheikh Ishaaq Bin Ahmed (Sheikh Ishaaq) **Daoud (Eidagalle) ***Muuse Daoud ****'''Abokor''' (Saleiban) ******Salieban Abokor *******Mohammad Salieban ********Saleiban Mohamed *********Yousuf Saleiban **********Osman Yusuf **********Said Yusuf **********Mohamed Yusuf *********Arralleh Saleiban **********Ali Arralle **********Saleiban Arralle ***********Abokor Saleiban ************Abdalleh Abokor *************Saleiban Abdalle **************Osman Saleiban ***************Waisleh Osman ****************Mahamoud Wais ****************Arralleh Wais ****************Hussein wais ****************Saleiban Wais ************Saleiban Abokor *************Warfa Saleiban *************Arreh Saleiban *************Farah Saleiban *************Mahamoud Saleiban ************Hassan Abokor *************Muuse Hassan *************Laqshe Hassan *************Basiralle Hassan *************Hawrarsame *************Dhimbil Hassan **************'''Mohammed Dhimbil''' ***************Musa Mohamed ****************Adawe Muuse (Rer Adawe) ****************Aden Muuse (Rer Aden) ***************Fatah Mohamed (Rer Fatah) ***************Mucawiye Mohamed ***************Gulled (Wardon) Mohamed ****************Hussein Guled ****************Egal Guled ****************Yusuf Guled ****************Roble Guled ****************Abdi Guled ****************Elmi Guled ****************Samter Guled **************'''Muuse Dhimbil''' ***************Abdalleh Muuse ****************Jibirl Abdalle *****************Siad Jibril ******************Muse Siad ******************Farah Siad *****************Kalil Jibirl ******************Ali kalil *******************Said Ali *******************Koshin Ali *******************Boqorreh Ali ********************Abar Boqorre *********************Deria Abar **********************Abdillahi Deria (Allanleh) *****************Saeed Jibril ******************Sade Said *******************Abdalle Sade *******************Musa Sade *****************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *****************Abdi Jibril ******************Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) *******************Abdalle Ali ********************Musa Abdalle *******************Hussein Ali *******************Mumin Ali *******************Naleye Ali ******************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) *******************Ismail Nour *******************Hersi Nour *******************Gabal Nour *******************Mohamed Nour ******************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *******************Naleye Benin *******************Ahmed Benin *******************Hersi Benin *******************Warfa Benin *******************Samter Benin *******************Abdi Benin *******************Fatah Benin *******************Dirie Benin *******************Farah Benin *******************Osman Benin ******************Abdille Abdi *******************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) ********************Ismail Gallab ********************Asker Gallab ********************Dahir Gallab ********************Wais Gallab ********************Ali Gallab ********************Osman Gallab ********************Jama Gallab ********************Roble Gallab ********************Abdi Gallab ********************Yusuf Gallab ********************Farah Gallab *******************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ********************Gulled Eiye ********************Sharmake Eiye *******************Mohamed Abdille ********************Ahmed Mohamed *********************Samter Ahmed *********************Ziyad Ahmed *********************Mayle Ahmed *********************Geedi Ahmed *********************Amanle Ahmed *********************Food Ahmed *********************Dhible Ahmed **********************Ismail Dhible **********************Barre Dhible **********************Wa'eys Dhible **********************Samter Dhible **********************Egal Dhible *********************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********************Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **********************Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh) **************Mahamoud Muuse ****************Shirdon Mohamoud *****************Hamud Shirdon *****************Suldan Shirdon *****************Geele Shirdon *****************Osman Shirdon *****************Egal Shirdon *****************Mohamed Shirdon *****************Yusuf Shirdon ****************Hildiid Mohamoud *****************Ali Hildiid *****************Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi) *****************Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi) *************'''Ahmed Dhimbil''' ***************Musa Ahmed ***************Waisleh Ahmed ***************Osman Ahmed ***************Liban Ahmed ***************Abdi Liban ****************Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) ****************Mohammed Abdi (Addeh) *****************Sarar Mohamed *****************Ahmed(Beder)Mohamed ************'''Aden Abokor''' *************( Aden Mohamed) **************Issa Aden **************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) **************Hassan Aden ***************Ziyad Hassan ***************Odawa Hasaan ***************Ladon Hassan ***************Abdalle Hassan ****************Ali Abdalle ****************Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ****************Ahmed Abdalle *****************Halas Ahmed *****************Egal Ahmed *****************Geedi Ahmed (Rer Gheedi) {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Gaabuush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader, with strong tie to SAF. * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship. *Aden Mohamed Guhad (Aden Walli) – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Sh. Abdiraham Aden Eigeh * Suldan Aden S.Farah.S.Omar –Respected traditional holder. * Muuse Ismail Qalilnle – popular Somali singer *Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Suldan Osman Baane –traditional leader *Said Dhimbil Nour – peot and politician * Hussein Habane – Lieutenant Colonel of the Somaliland Coast Guard. * Omar Aidid – is a billionaire and Founder of Hargeisa Theatre Mall, the largest Market Mall Center .(in somaliland) * Hussein Ali Mahamado – is Activist And Founder of In Guuxa Foundation * Abdishakur Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Abdikarem Hikmawi – Is Author, literally scholar and Activist * Yasin Alasie *Abdirahman Eid Dhimbil – is a professor and Politician * Mohamed Badel – was a poet, politician, and university lecturer. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician *Nadir Yusuf – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Ethiopia *Abwan Harir Osman Guray – Well-known Somali peot *Rashed Khadar – is an author and poet who has authored many books, the most famous of which is Agab-Jire. * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} t86rhiztp8obpirnr6ibhg4ifb03gty 296476 296475 2026-04-12T22:20:10Z ~2026-22332-79 45238 /* Overview */ 296476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac|{{flagcountry|Yemen}}|group=Abokor Musa <br> |flag=[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|45px]][[File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg|45px]]|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}|region3={{flagcountry|Yemen}} |region4={{Flagcountry|United Kingdom}}|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]|rels=[[Islam]]|related-c= Other Eidagalle,clans <!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->}} '''Abokor Muuse''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Abokor Musa'','' [[Carabi]]: أبوبكر موسى ; ''',''' Magaca oo buuxa: Abokor Musa Da'ud ismacil Sheekh Ishaaq) waa Qabiil wayn oo ka mid ah beelweynta Eidagalle ee Isaaq. Beeshu waxay degaan rasmiya ku tahay [[Hargeysa|Hargaysa]],[[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] iyo [[Soomaali Galbeed|DDS Itoobiya]]. == Overview == The Abokor Musa is a major Somali clan that is part of the Eidagalle clan of the Isaaq clan family, traditionally also called ''Saleebaan''. Members of the Abokor Musa subclan are descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed. The Abokor musa<ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615-1-5.</ref> is one of the large somali clans and among the most prominent sub-clans of the Eidagale. They inhabit the Hargiesa and Salahley regions of Somaliland, in addition to the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Kenya, where they form part of the Isahakia community<ref name=":3">Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 9781135751753</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":4">Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. 9780226467917.</ref>.The Abokor Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists, merchants, and skilled poets.<ref>Andrzejewski, B.W. and I.M. Lewis, 1964, Somali Poetry: An Introduction, Oxford University Press.</ref>Historical roots can also be traced to [[Eratareya|Eritrea]], reflecting old trade routes . ==Tariikhda == ===Nasabka === Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu ka mid ahaa culimadii ka soo haajiray Carabta kuna soo tallaabay badda si ay Islaamka ugu faafiyaan Geeska Afrika qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday labo dumar ah oo deegaanka ah gudaha Somaliland, wuxuuna ka dhalay siddeed wiil. Mid ka mid ah, Ismaaciil, wuxuu noqday aabihii beesha Ciidagale.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> ===Xiliyadii Dhexe=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxaa si gaar ah loogu xusuustaa kaalintii ay ka qaateen halgankii uu hoggaaminayay Axmed Gurey (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ([[Saldanadii Cadal|Saldanadii Adal]]) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Sida lagu sheegay buugga taariikhiga ah ee ''Futuh al-Habash'', beelaha Habar Magaadle, oo ay ku jirto laantan, waxay bixiyeen ciidamo iyo hoggaamiyeyaal muhiim ah.<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref><blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo , taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha, gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad, oo ah Sultanate . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada [[Herer|Herar]].<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref> Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen magalda tariikhiga ah ee [[Saylac|zelia]].</blockquote> [[File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| [[Axmad III bin Abu Bakar|Axmad Bin Abii Bakar]], Amiirkii [[Harar]]]] Qarnigii 19aad, laanta Abokor Muuse waxay door muuqda ku lahaayeen ganacsigii ka socday Hargeysa–Berbera–Harar. Ganacsatadoodu waxay ahaayeen kuwa ugu firfircoon ee karavaannada ka keeni jiray gudaha Soomaalida xoolaha, muxurka, malmalka iyo subagga, kuna dhoofin jiray Berbera iyo suuqyada Carabta. Waxaa si gaar ah loo xusuustaa xiriirka dhow ee ay la lahaayeen Amiir Axmed III bin Abu Bakr, oo ahaa amiirkii Harar intii u dhaxaysay 1856–1875. Amiirka ayaa si weyn u qadarin jiray ganacsatada Abokor Muuse.<ref>Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 116–118.</ref> [[File:ShrineAwBarkhadle2007.png|thumb|240px|right|Aw Barkhadle – a historic place of oath and agreement, where the Abokor Muse clan played a leading role.]] <blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen ilaalinta dhaqanka, xeerka iyo dhexdhexaadinta. Goobta barakeysan ee [[Aw Barkhadle]], oo ku taalla inta u dhexeysa [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Berbera]], waxay ahayd xarun dhaar iyo heshiis lagu xallin jiray khilaafaadka. Odayaasha Abokor Muuse ayaa si gaar ah loogu qadarin jiray hoggaaminta dhaarta iyo heshiisiinta,oo ah Ugaaysada dhaqanka<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref> </blockquote> Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku ahaayeen hal-abuurka gabayga iyo xigmadda afka ah. Gabayga ayaa u ahaa hub lagula dagaallamo, laguna xafido taariikhda. Sida uu qoray Laurence Margaret, beesha Ciidagale (oo ay ka mid yihiin Abokor Muse) waxaa lagu yaqaanay in tiro badan oo rag ah ay gabyaa yihiin, taasoo ka dhigtay beel kaalin weyn ku leh suugaanta Soomaalida.<ref>Laurance, Margaret. ''A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose''. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref>Sido kale Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen qoys caan ku ahaa fardaha fuulka iyo dagaalka, waxaana si weyn looga yaqaanay kartida dagaal iyo xirfadda ay ku lahaayeen maareynta fardaha dagaalka. [[File:Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png|right|thumb|250x250px| Map showing trade routes leading to Berbera.]] Qarnigii 19aad, Abokor Muuse waxay door muhiim ah ku lahaayeen ganacsigii karavaannada ee u dhexeeyay [[Berbera]] iyo gudaha dalka. Waxay qayb ka ahaayeen aasaaska magaalada [[Hargeysa]], taasoo markii hore ahayd xarun karavaan oo ay dhiseen ganacsatada Ciidagale.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). ''Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia''. p. 96.</ref> <blockquote>Taariikhda Abokor Muuse waa mid ku dhisan geesinimada dagaal, hal-abuurka suugaaneed, hoggaaminta dhaqameed iyo firfircoonida ganacsiga. Waxay qayb muhiim ah ka noqdeen halgankii diimeed ee Muslimiinta, nabadaynta bulshada Isaaq, iyo kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka gobolka—astaamo qeexaya kaalintooda qoto dheer ee taariikhda Soomaaliyeed.</blockquote> Sidoo kale, waxay leeyihiin tariikh soo jireen ah oo ku salaysan dhaqashada xoolaha, sida Geela, Adhiga iyo lo'da, iyadoo geelu uu yahay xoolahooda ugu muhiimsan ee noloshooda ku tiirsan yihiin isla markaana ay Aad u dhaqdaan. Dhaqashada xoolaha waxay ka tarjumaysa hodantinimada, hiddaha, iyo xirfadda ay bulshadu ku dhisantahay oo soo jireen ah. ===Baranches and Subclans=== [[File:Eaglelogo.png||right|thumb|232px|Branches and Subclans]] Beesha Abokor Muuse waa beel ballaaran oo caan ku ah geesinimada iyo hiddaha soo jireenka ah, waxayna leedahay faracyo iyo laamo badan oo si dhaw isugu xidhan. Beeshan qiimaha leh waxay u kala baxdaa laamo waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin: ''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil|Mohammed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Ahmed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Aden Abokor]]'' (oo ,u kala baxa ''Cawlyahan'' iyo ''Hassan Aden''), ''Muuse Dhimbil'' Faracyada ''[[Mohamoud Muuse]]'' iyo ''Abdalleh Muuse''. Laamaha Beesha '''''Abdalleh Muuse''''' ayaa iyaguna caan ku ah reero balaadhan ah sida ''Reer Aadan'', Reer ''Ali Abdi'', ''Reer Nuur'', ''Reer Benin'', ''Rer Gallab'', ''Reer Eiye'', iyo ''Mohamed Cabdille'', (kuwaas oo kala baxa ''Reer Cali'' iyo ''Reer Gubadleh''.). ; [[Shaxda beesha|Shaxda Beesha]] ===Saltanate of Abokor Musa=== [[File:Ughaz Hassan.jpg|thumb|right|200px | Ughaz Hassan of the Abokor Musa clan.]] Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku tahay hoggaamin, halgan iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Intii taariikhdu xusuusato, beeshani waxay lahayd taliyaal dhaqameed oo ka kala socday laamaha iyo faracyada beesha, kuwaas oo door weyn ku lahaa xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada, iyo kordhinta midnimada beesha dhexdeeda. Suldaanada, boqorrada iyo ugaasyada ka soo jeeda Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen hogaamiyayaal caan ah, kuwaas oo isku darsaday garaad, geesinimo, iyo karti ciidan. Markay timaaddo dirir ama dagaal, waxay ahaayeen abaanduulayaal dagaal oo hoggaamiya ciidamo si abaabulan u dagaallama. Halka marka nabaddu timaaddo, ay noqdaan odayaal dhaqameed oo hagaya bulshada dhinaca garsoorka, dhaqanka, iyo isku duubnida. Doorkooda Ugaasnimadu waa astaan sharaf, caddaalad, iyo hoggaan bulsho. Taasi waxay sababtay in beesha Abokor Muuse lagu xasuusto dad hoggaamiya, nabad dhaliya, iyo dhaqanka ilaaliya, taasoo qayb weyn ka qaadatay dhismaha iyo ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada guud ahaan. ==Distribution== [[File:Hargeisa Somaliland.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A general view of Hargeisa, where the community is widely settled.]] Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran u daganyihiin magaalada Hargeysa, gaar ahaan koofurta iyo galbeedka caasimadda. Xaafadaha ay si rasmi ah u deggan yihiin waxaa ka mid ah ''Calaamadaha'' , oo ay kala Qaybiso Wadada Halbawlaha ee ''Airport Road ([[Wadada Madaarka Egal)]]'', iyo xaafadaha Masalaha ( Siirooga galbeedkiisa), ''Jameecada'', iyo qaybo ka mid ah Xaafadda ''October''. Meelahan ayaa ka mid ah deegaannada taariikhiga ah ee ay beesha si xooggan ugu xidhan tahay. Marka laga sii gudbo gudaha magaalada, Abokor Muuse waxay degaan ''Qoolcaday'',''Toon'', magaalada ''Salahley'', iyo tuulooyinka u dhow ilaa ''Ina-Guxaa'', oo ah xuduudda u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Ethiopia. Deegaannadan ayaa loo arkaa in ay yihiin laf-dhabarta beesha ee dhulka Somaliland, maadaama ay yihiin goobaha ay ku badan yihiin beelaha reer guuraaga ah iyo xoolo-dhaqatada beesha. Dhinaca kale, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran uga deggan yihiin Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya (DDS), halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin badan. Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan waxaa ka mid ah ''Bisad'', ''Abokor'', ''Egal Addani'', iyo ''Iskoyska'', halka ay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin deegaannada u dhow Dooxada ''Galool-Fadhiidh.'' Meelahan ayaa xiriir dhow la leh magaalada Awarre, taas oo ah xarun muhiim ah oo ka tirsan gobolka DDS. Isku soo wada duuboo, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay degaan dhul aad u ballaaran oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee xuduudda Somaliland iyo Itoobiya, iyagoo leh isku xirnaan dhaqan, deegaan, iyo taariikh wadaag ah oo soo jireen ah. ==Clan tree== A summarised clan family tree of the major subclans of Abokor Musa, is presented below: {{Tree list}} *Sheikh Ishaaq Bin Ahmed (Sheikh Ishaaq) **Daoud (Eidagalle) ***Muuse Daoud ****'''Abokor''' (Saleiban) ******Salieban Abokor *******Mohammad Salieban ********Saleiban Mohamed *********Yousuf Saleiban **********Osman Yusuf **********Said Yusuf **********Mohamed Yusuf *********Arralleh Saleiban **********Ali Arralle **********Saleiban Arralle ***********Abokor Saleiban ************Abdalleh Abokor *************Saleiban Abdalle **************Osman Saleiban ***************Waisleh Osman ****************Mahamoud Wais ****************Arralleh Wais ****************Hussein wais ****************Saleiban Wais ************Saleiban Abokor *************Warfa Saleiban *************Arreh Saleiban *************Farah Saleiban *************Mahamoud Saleiban ************Hassan Abokor *************Muuse Hassan *************Laqshe Hassan *************Basiralle Hassan *************Hawrarsame *************Dhimbil Hassan **************'''Mohammed Dhimbil''' ***************Musa Mohamed ****************Adawe Muuse (Rer Adawe) ****************Aden Muuse (Rer Aden) ***************Fatah Mohamed (Rer Fatah) ***************Mucawiye Mohamed ***************Gulled (Wardon) Mohamed ****************Hussein Guled ****************Egal Guled ****************Yusuf Guled ****************Roble Guled ****************Abdi Guled ****************Elmi Guled ****************Samter Guled **************'''Muuse Dhimbil''' ***************Abdalleh Muuse ****************Jibirl Abdalle *****************Siad Jibril ******************Muse Siad ******************Farah Siad *****************Kalil Jibirl ******************Ali kalil *******************Said Ali *******************Koshin Ali *******************Boqorreh Ali ********************Abar Boqorre *********************Deria Abar **********************Abdillahi Deria (Allanleh) *****************Saeed Jibril ******************Sade Said *******************Abdalle Sade *******************Musa Sade *****************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *****************Abdi Jibril ******************Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) *******************Abdalle Ali ********************Musa Abdalle *******************Hussein Ali *******************Mumin Ali *******************Naleye Ali ******************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) *******************Ismail Nour *******************Hersi Nour *******************Gabal Nour *******************Mohamed Nour ******************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *******************Naleye Benin *******************Ahmed Benin *******************Hersi Benin *******************Warfa Benin *******************Samter Benin *******************Abdi Benin *******************Fatah Benin *******************Dirie Benin *******************Farah Benin *******************Osman Benin ******************Abdille Abdi *******************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) ********************Ismail Gallab ********************Asker Gallab ********************Dahir Gallab ********************Wais Gallab ********************Ali Gallab ********************Osman Gallab ********************Jama Gallab ********************Roble Gallab ********************Abdi Gallab ********************Yusuf Gallab ********************Farah Gallab *******************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ********************Gulled Eiye ********************Sharmake Eiye *******************Mohamed Abdille ********************Ahmed Mohamed *********************Samter Ahmed *********************Ziyad Ahmed *********************Mayle Ahmed *********************Geedi Ahmed *********************Amanle Ahmed *********************Food Ahmed *********************Dhible Ahmed **********************Ismail Dhible **********************Barre Dhible **********************Wa'eys Dhible **********************Samter Dhible **********************Egal Dhible *********************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********************Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **********************Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh) **************Mahamoud Muuse ****************Shirdon Mohamoud *****************Hamud Shirdon *****************Suldan Shirdon *****************Geele Shirdon *****************Osman Shirdon *****************Egal Shirdon *****************Mohamed Shirdon *****************Yusuf Shirdon ****************Hildiid Mohamoud *****************Ali Hildiid *****************Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi) *****************Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi) *************'''Ahmed Dhimbil''' ***************Musa Ahmed ***************Waisleh Ahmed ***************Osman Ahmed ***************Liban Ahmed ***************Abdi Liban ****************Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) ****************Mohammed Abdi (Addeh) *****************Sarar Mohamed *****************Ahmed(Beder)Mohamed ************'''Aden Abokor''' *************( Aden Mohamed) **************Issa Aden **************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) **************Hassan Aden ***************Ziyad Hassan ***************Odawa Hasaan ***************Ladon Hassan ***************Abdalle Hassan ****************Ali Abdalle ****************Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ****************Ahmed Abdalle *****************Halas Ahmed *****************Egal Ahmed *****************Geedi Ahmed (Rer Gheedi) {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Gaabuush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader, with strong tie to SAF. * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship. *Aden Mohamed Guhad (Aden Walli) – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Sh. Abdiraham Aden Eigeh * Suldan Aden S.Farah.S.Omar –Respected traditional holder. * Muuse Ismail Qalilnle – popular Somali singer *Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Suldan Osman Baane –traditional leader *Said Dhimbil Nour – peot and politician * Hussein Habane – Lieutenant Colonel of the Somaliland Coast Guard. * Omar Aidid – is a billionaire and Founder of Hargeisa Theatre Mall, the largest Market Mall Center .(in somaliland) * Hussein Ali Mahamado – is Activist And Founder of In Guuxa Foundation * Abdishakur Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Abdikarem Hikmawi – Is Author, literally scholar and Activist * Yasin Alasie *Abdirahman Eid Dhimbil – is a professor and Politician * Mohamed Badel – was a poet, politician, and university lecturer. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician *Nadir Yusuf – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Ethiopia *Abwan Harir Osman Guray – Well-known Somali peot *Rashed Khadar – is an author and poet who has authored many books, the most famous of which is Agab-Jire. * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} 4fhgq88d68hr0i9z0t59gp3ww7evkku 0 42274 296469 281489 2026-04-12T19:28:20Z ~2026-22524-39 45252 296469 wikitext text/x-wiki Kalabaydh waa magaalo ka tirsan gobolka laascaanood sool) ee ,waqooyi bari somalia waxayna fadhisaa isgoysyada wadooyinka waaweyn ee isku xidha , [[Saaxdheer|saxdheer]] [[Saaxdheer|buhoodle]] [[Saaxdheer|karin]] {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Laascaanood | native_name = | other_name = | settlement_type = Magaalo | imagesize = | image_skyline = Kalaybadh.jpg | image_flag = Waqooyi bari | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Kalabaydh sool | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Waqooyibari | pushpin_label_position = top | pushpin_mapsize = | coordinates = {{coord|9|40|52.8|N|43|28|40.2|E|type:city_region:SO|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag waqooyi bari}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kalabaydh sool]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Qaybaha maamulka waqooyi bari|Degmo]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada kalabaydh]] | established_title = | established_date = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = | population_note = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | website = | footnotes = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | blank_name = | blank_info = | name = }} ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== Guud ahaan dadka ku dhaqan magaalada Kalabaydh waa 50,000 oo qof waxaana ugu horrayn dega beesha Jibriil Abokor oo ka tirsan beesha Sacad Muuse ee Habar Awal Isaaq . ==Tixraac== 1:[https://books.google.com/books?id=pAeuDwAAQBAJ&q=kalabaydh+somalia.&pg=PA152 Buug-gacmeedka Horumarka Dhaqaale iyo Siyaasadeed ee Soomaaliya ee Dhowaan Buugga 1aad Xogta Istaraatiijiga ah] 2:Dimoqraadiyad Xoolo dhaqato: Daraasad lagu sameeyay Xoolo-dhaqatada iyo Siyaasadda oo ka mid ah Soomaalida Waqooyi ee Geeska Afrika, IM Lewis, b.109. a47yj205cuc5bs6tf9d0gcjmg9pdi54 0 43416 296473 296456 2026-04-12T20:59:53Z ~2026-22332-79 45238 296473 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shaxda beesha''' waxaan halkan ku soo bandhigaynaa (Clan Tree/Abtirsiinta), waxaana hoos ku faahfaahin doonaa sida ay Reeruhu u kala baxaan, Reeraha ay ka kobanyihiih, iyo Deegaannada ay deggan yihiin ama ay ku fidsan yihiin. *Saleiban Mohamed **Yousuf Saleiban **Arralleh Saleibn<br /> {{Tree list}} *Daoud (Eidagalle) **Muuse Daoud ***Abokor ****Saleiban Abokor *****Mohammad Salieban ******Saleiban Mohamed *******Yousuf Saleiban ********Osman Yusuf ********Said Yusuf ********Mohamed Yusuf *******Aralleh Saleiban ********Ali Arralle ********Saleiban Arralle *********Abokor Saleiban **********Abdalleh Abokor ***********Saleiban Abdalle ************Osman Saleiban *************Waisleh Osman **************Mahamoud Wais **************Arralleh Wais **************Hussein wais **************Saleiban Wais **********Saleiban Abokor ***********Warfa Saleiban ***********Arreh Saleiban ***********Farah Saleiban ***********Mahamoud Saleiban **********Hassan Abokor ***********Muuse Hassan ***********Laqshe Hassan ***********Basiralle Hassan ***********Hawrarsame ***********Dhimbil Hassan ************Mohammed Dhimbil *************Musa Mohamed **************Adawe Muuse ***************Absiye Adawe ***************Allamagn Adawe ***************Yusuf Adawe ***************Liban Adawe ***************Roble Adawe ***************Osman Adawe ***************Egal Adawe ***************Wais Adawe **************Aden Muuse ***************Had Adan ***************Roble Aden ***************Abane Aden ***************Ali Aden ***************Wais Aden ***************Burale Aden ***************Geedi Aden ***************Boqorre Aden ****************Sugulle Boqore ****************Liban Boqorre ****************Warfa Boqorre ****************Koshin Boqorre ****************Shiekhdon Boqorre *************Mucawiye Mohamed **************Samter Muawiye **************Ali Muawiye *************Fatah Mohamed **************Awarre Fatah **************Mohamed Fatah **************Said Fatah **************Hassan Fatah **************Cisman Fatah *************Gulled (Wardon) Mohamed **************Hussein Guled **************Egal Guled **************Yusuf Guled **************Roble Guled **************Abdi Guled **************Elmi Guled **************Samater Guled ************Muuse Dhimbil *************Abdalleh Muuse **************Jibirl Abdalle ***************Siad Jibril ****************Muse Siad ****************Farah Siad ***************Kalil Jibirl ****************Ali kalil *****************Siad Ali *****************Koshin Ali *****************Boqorreh Ali ******************Abar Boqorre *******************Deria Abar ********************Abdillahi Deria (Allanleh) ***************Saeed Jibril ****************Sade Said *****************Abdalle Sade *****************Musa Sade ***************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) ****************Wais Aden ****************Benin Aden ****************Nur Aden ****************Muse Aden ****************Samter Aden ****************Abdalle Aden ****************Jama Aden ****************Eileie Adan ****************Barre Aden ****************Ibrahim Aden ****************khalaf Aden ****************Ali Aden ****************Adan Aden *****************Ahmed Aden *****************Eiye Aden ***************Abdi Jibril ****************Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) *****************Abdalle Ali ******************Musa Abdalle *****************Hussein Ali ******************Jama Hussien ******************Nour Hussein ******************Farah Hussien ******************Wa'ays Hussein ******************Hersi Hussien *******************Muhumad Hersi *******************Abdi Hersi *******************Ali Hersi *******************Aidid Hersi *****************Mumin Ali ******************Egal Mumin ******************Said Mumin ******************Jama Mumin ******************Urmah Mumin *******************Dhible Urmah *******************Ismail Urmah *****************Naleye Ali ******************Jama Naleye ******************Dualeh Naleye ******************Warfa Naleye ******************Abdi Naleye ******************Egal Naleye ******************Arralleh Egal *******************Elmi Aralleh *******************Aw-Jama Arralleh ****************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) *****************Ismail Nour ******************Gabal Ismail ******************Abdi Ismail ******************Barre Ismail ******************Musa Ismail *****************Hersi Nour ******************Hugur Hersi ******************Osman Hersi ******************Bacalul Hersi ******************Ali Hersi ******************Aden Hersi ******************Farah Hersi *****************Gabal Nour ******************Samater Gabal ******************Dalal Gabal *****************Mohamed Nour ******************Mohamed Omar *******************Hussein Mohamed ********************Wais Husien ********************Hujale Husien ********************Dirie Husien *******************Sharmake Mohamed ********************Roble Sharmake ********************Nour Sharmake ********************Jama Sharmake *********************Hudale Jama *********************Yasin Jama *******************Allale Mohamed ********************Egal Allale *********************Hassan Egal **********************Omar Hassan **********************Ahmed Hassan ****************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *****************Naleye Benin *****************Ahmed Benin *****************Hersi Benin *****************Warfa Benin *****************Samter Benin *****************Abdi Benin *****************Fatah Benin *****************Dirie Benin *****************Farah Benin *****************Osman Benin ****************Abdille Abdi *****************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) ******************Ismail Gallab ******************Asker Gallab ******************Dahir Gallab ******************Wais Gallab ******************Ali Gallab ******************Osman Gallab ******************Jama Gallab ******************Roble Gallab ******************Abdi Gallab ******************Yusuf Gallab ******************Farah Gallab *****************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ******************Gulled Eiye *******************Deria Guled ********************Abokor Deria ********************Osman Derie ********************Khalaf Derie *******************Kalil Guled ********************Farah Kalil ********************Ali Kalil ********************Hassan Kalil ********************Osman Kalil ********************Aden Kalil ******************Sharmake Eiye *******************Barre Sharmake *******************Omar Sharmake *******************Hager Sharmake ********************Farah Hager ********************Geedi Hagar ********************Adan Hagar ********************Boqorre Hagar ********************Elmi Hagar *****************Mohamed Abdille ******************Ahmed Mohamed *******************Samter Ahmed *******************Ziyad Ahmed *******************Mayle Ahmed *******************Geedi Ahmed *******************Amanle Ahmed *******************Food Ahmed *******************Dhible Ahmed ********************Ismail Dhible ********************Barre Dhible ********************Wa'eys Dhible ********************Samter Dhible ********************Egal Dhible *******************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) ********************Cadad Ali ********************Deria Ali ********************Egal Ali ********************Wa'eys Ali ********************Jibril Ali ********************kalil Ali *********************Magan kalil *********************Deria Kalil *********************Abdi kalil *********************Aden kalil *********************Yusuf kalil *******************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) ********************Derie Gubadleh *********************Ismail Derie *********************Gubtame Derie *********************Nour Derie *********************Mohamoud Derie *********************Omar Derie *********************Dualeh Derie *********************Hussein Derie *********************Wa'ays Derie *********************Yusuf Derie ********************Boqorre Gubdleh *********************Hersi Boqorre *********************Ali Boqorre *********************Abdille Boqorre *********************Hirad Boqorre *********************Asker Boqorre *********************Mohamed Boqorre *********************Aw Hassan Boqorre *********************Ismail Boqorre *********************Shire Boqorre *********************Hashi Boqorre *********************Mohamoud (Bahnan) Boqorre *************Mahamoud Muuse **************Shirdon Mohamoud ***************Hamud Shirdon ***************Suldan Shirdon ***************Geele Shirdon ***************Osman Shirdon ***************Mohamed Shirdon ***************Yusuf Shirdon **************Hildiid Mohamoud ***************Ali Hildiid ***************Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi) ****************Odawa Geedi *****************Odawa Odawa *****************Mahamoud Odawa ****************Geele Geedi ****************Nour(Shire) Geedi ****************Haji Dirie Geedi ****************Samter Geedi ****************Ahmed Geedi ****************Ali Geedi ****************Roble Geedi ***************Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi) ****************Ali Hersi ****************Guled Hersi ****************Egal Hersi ****************Aden Hersi ****************Mahamoud Hersi ****************Fahiye Hersi *****************Roble Fahiye ******************Elmi Roble ******************Jama Elmi ******************Ali Elmi *****************Rage Roble *****************Elmi Rage ******************Wais Rage ******************Geedi Rage ******************Hersi Rage ************Ahmed Dhimbil *************Musa Ahmed *************Waisleh Ahmed *************Osman Ahmed *************Liban Ahmed *************Abdi Liban **************Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) ***************Aden Ismail ***************Iman Ismail ***************Bulale Ismail ***************Geedi Ismail ***************Idiris Ismail ***************Yusuf Ismail ***************Koshin Ismail ***************Hersi Ismail ***************Shirwac Ismail ***************Said Ismail **************Mohammed Abdi (Addeh) ***************Sarar Mohamed (Rer Sarar) ****************Nour Sarar ****************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ****************Farah Sarar ****************Yusuf Sarar ****************Dualeh Sarar ****************Elmi Sarar ***************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed ****************Koshin Ahmed ****************Samter Ahmed ****************Uballe Ahmed ****************Hurie (Egal) Ahmed ****************Waraf Ahmed ****************Karie Ahmed ****************Mohamed Ahmed **********Aden Abokor ***********( Aden Mohamed) ************Issa Aden ************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) *************Abdi Awal **************Had Abdi **************Nour Abdi **************Ahmed Abdi **************Liban Abdi **************Wa'eys Abdi **************Omar Abdi **************Aden Abdi **************Geedi Abdi **************Ibrahim Abdi **************Mohamoud Abdi *************Hassan Aden **************Ziyad Hassan **************Odawa Hasaan **************Ladon Hassan ***************Aden Ladon ****************Herar Ladon ****************Jama Ladon ****************Ali Ladon ****************Fahiye Ladon **************Abdalle Hassan ***************Ali Abdalle ***************Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***************Ahmed Abdalle ***************Halas Ahmed ****************Osman Halas ****************Samter Halas ****************Egal Ahmed *****************Wais Egal *****************Madar Egal ****************Geedi Ahmed *****************Samter Geedi *****************Mohamed Geedi *****************Dalal Geedi *****************Fatah Geedi *****************Waisleh Geedi *****************Allamagan Geedi ******************Guled Allamagan ******************Egal Allamagan *****************Hode Geedi ******************Farah Hode ******************Yusuf Hode ******************Geele Geedi *****************Ahmed Geele ******************Dahir Geele ******************Nour Geele *****************Ali Geedi ******************Osman Ali ******************Hassan Ali ******************Abdalle Ali ******************Yusuf Ali ******************Aden Ali {{tree list/end}} {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ Reeraha iyo Qabiilada Beesha Abokor Muuse !Magaca ! class="unsortable" |Tirada Qabiilada !Magacyada Qabiilada !Deegaanka !Sharaxaad Kooban |- | '''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil]]''' ||Afar Reer || *Musa Mohamed **Cadawe Muuse **Aden Muuse *Fatah Mohamed (Rer Fatax) *Mucawiye Mohamed *Guled (Wardon) Mohamed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]] ,[[Toon]],[[Salahlay]]. Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad,[[Kaamtuug]],[[kaam Abokor]], [[Iskoyska]] ,[[ Awaare]]. || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. * waana beesha ugu dhaqaalaha Badan * Sido kale wa beel aad logu yaqaano geesimada |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Ahmed Dhimbil|beesha Axmed dhimbil]] ||Rero dhawr ah|| *Musa Ahmed *Waisleh Ahmed *Osman Ahmed *Liban Ahmed **Abdi liban ***Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) ***Mohamed Abdi (Addeh) ****Sarar Mohamed (Rer Sarar) ***Ahmed(Bedar) Mohamed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Bisad]] ,[[kaam Abokor]], [[Qooryare]],[[Iskoyska]]. || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Aden Abokor | Beesha Aden Abokor ]] || Labo Reer|| *Cawal Aden (Reer Cawal) *Hassan Aden **Ziyad Hassan **Odawa Hassan **Ladon Hassan (Rer Ladon) **Abdalle Hassan ***Abdi Abdalle ***Ali Abdalle ***Ahmed Abdalle ****Halas Ahmed ****Egal Ahmed ****Geedi Ahmed (Rer Geedi) ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],,[[Salahlay]], [[Aden Abokor]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad ,[[kaam Abokor]] ,[[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || ''' [[Mohamoud Muuse | Beesha Mohamoud Muuse]] || Saddex Reer|| *Shirdon Mohamoud (Rer Shirdon) *Hildiid Mohamoud **Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi) **Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi) ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]] ,[[Salahlay]], [[ Aden warabe]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || ''' [[ Abdalleh Muuse | Beesha Abdalleh Muuse]] || 7 todoba Reer oo balaadhan|| *Siad Jibril **Musa Siad **Farah Siad *kalil jibril **Ali kalil ***Siad Ali ***Koshin Ali ***Boqorre Ali *Saeed jibril **Sade Said ***Abdalle Sade ***Musa Sade *Aden Jibril (Rer Aadan) *Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) **Abdalle Ali ***Musa Abdalle **Hussein Ali **Mumin Ali **Naleye Ali *Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) **Ismail Nour **Gabal Nour **Hersi Nour **Mohamed Nour *Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *Abdille Abdi **Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) **Eiye Abdille (Rer Ciye) ***Gulled Eiye ***Sharmake Eiye **Mohamed Abdille ***Ahmed Mohamed (Rer Ahmed Mohamed) ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]] ,[[Toon]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Daroor]] ,[[kaam Abokor]], [[Iskoyska]] ,[[Adan warabe ]],[[ Bisad]] ,[[Egal Adani]] , [[Iskoyska]] ,[[Dooxada-Galol fadhiidh]], [[Awaare]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. *Waa mida labaad ee ugu dhaqaalaha badan Beesha * waana beesha kowaad ee ugu balaadhan 55z98nnyeojy0s86u5cgzeughs22q1n 0 44477 296467 296438 2026-04-12T12:07:06Z ~2026-22332-79 45238 /* Abtirsiin */ 296467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Qabiilka Soomaalida}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Maxamed Dhimbil | native_name = | flag = [[File:Guyoobe.png|thumb]] |60px]] | regions = [[Hargeysa]] | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = [[Ciise Muuse]] , [[Abokor muuse]] iyo kuwo kale [[Isaaq]] }} Beesha '''Maxamed Dhimbil''' ({{lang-so|Maxamed Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Mohamed Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Maxamed Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo magalda Salahley.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Maxamed Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Maxamed Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada Soomaaliyeed, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa, bariga Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Deegaanka Soomaalida Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Mohamed Dhimbil **Muawiye Mohamed ***Samter Muawiye ***Ali Muawiye ***Essa Muawiye **Fatah Mohamed ***Aware Fatah ***Mohamed Fatah ***Said Fatah ***Hassan Fatah ***Cisman Fatah **Gulled(Wardon) Mohamed ***Hussein Guled ***Egal Guled ***Yusuf Guled ***Roble Guled ***Abdi Guled ***Elmi Guled ***Samater Guled **Muse Mohamed ***Adawe Muuse ****Absiye Adawe ****Allamagn Adawe ****Yusuf Adawe ****Liban Adawe ****Roble Adawe ****Osman Adawe ****Egal Adawe ****Wais Adawe ***Aden Muuse ****Had Adan ****Roble Aden ****Abane Aden ****Ali Aden ****Wais Aden ****Burale Aden ****Geedi Aden ****Boqorre Aden *****Sugulle Boqore *****Liban Boqorre *****Warfa Boqorre *****Koshin Boqorre *****Shiekhdon Boqorre {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures == *Suldan Aden Farax Omar *Mohamed Mooge Liibaan *Axmed Mooge Liban *Mohamoud Guure Hussein (Gaal-Eri) *Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge *Omar Aidid *Abdikarim Hikmawi *Prof Mohamed Bedel *Rashiid Khadar Jama *Abwan Harir Osman Guray *Cabdi Hashi Guled ==References=== q5r7ii6dvafytabh1m4e0xe90xht86u 10 47431 296470 2026-04-12T19:31:47Z ~2026-22524-39 45252 Waqooyi bari 296470 wikitext text/x-wiki Waqooyi bari kthxt8p5gcubr2ar9vco0qsv6ouhub4 296471 296470 2026-04-12T19:32:05Z Quinlan83 28506 Requesting deletion 296471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Test page}}Waqooyi bari 7irrts1w4axqgf6mqml4i3sjz4h13uc