Gabay

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    <title>Gabay</title>
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      <text bytes="20217" sha1="hpdjspt4sd0hp4d7g6y48oaj8yo0stl" xml:space="preserve">{{nutshell|Maqaalkan wuxuu u baahan yahay in la soo koobo, laga dhex saaro qoraalka macno darada ah; isla markaana loo habeeyo si cilmiyaysan.}}
{{Digniin|''Xasuusnow meeshaan waxaa looga hadlayaa [[Gabay]] oo kali ah, loogama hadlayo Abwaan ama [[Gabyaa]] caan ahaa''}}

'''Gabay''' ({{lang-en|Poetry}}, {{lang-ar|شعر }}) wadar (Gabayyo) waa hiddo ee Nooc maansada ka mid ah oo leh qaafiyad iyo luuq oo aan muusig loo tumin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://qaamuus.net/jawaabta.php |access-date=2016-03-12 |archive-date=2016-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326054139/http://qaamuus.net/jawaabta.php |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.  Gabayga ayaa ah waxa ugu sarreeya ee hadal lagu cabiro, ka yaqaana waxaa loogu yeeraa ''Gabyaa'' ama ''Gabayyahan ,''

Buugga [[Sabuur|Sabuurradii]] waxaa ku kooban 150 gabay.

== Gabay waa maxay? ==
Gabay waa hadal murtiyeed taxan oo ka kooban beydad (tuducyo) mid waliba isugu xidhan yahay laba qaar oo leh qaafiyad iyo miisaan ka dhexeeya. 

== Abtirsiinta gabayga ==
inkastoo aan la isku waafaqsanayn abtiriska gabay, maanso, suugaan, oo nimba meel u qaaday hadana waxaan la isku diidanayn in gabay yahay jaad ka mida Suugaanta.
* Gabaygu qaran ahaan waa [[Hadal]], 
** Qabiil ahaan waa [[Suugaan]], 
*** Qoys ahaan waa [[Maanso]], 
**** Qof ahaanna waa [[Gabay]].&lt;ref&gt;http://calitiriig.tripod.com/kusoodhawaawqaybtasuugaantaeecalitiriigonline/waamaxaygabay.html{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tilmaan ==
Gabaygu waa murtida ugu weyn ee wax lagu cabiro, Haddii uu hadalku yahay dhawaaq la isku afgarto oo ka sarreeya dhawaaqa xayawaanku isku afgarto, gabaygu waa heerka dhawaaqaas oo kor loo sii qaaday laguna qurxiyey falsafad, khayaali iyo naaxiyad.

Gabaygu yahay boqorka Suugaanta Soomaaliyeed, isla markaana ah midka ugu adag xagga qaafiyadda, Gabaygu waxa uu uga duwanyahay maansada inteeda kale waxa uu leeyahay miisaan ku salaysan Hojis iyo hooris (Qayb hore iyo Qayb dambe), isla markaana waxa shardi ah in ugu yaraan laga helo laba xaraf oo isku mid ah oo midna hinjska ku jiro midna hooriska si loo deel qaaf tiro gabayga, laba xaraf oo isku mid ah hadii laga waayo gabaygaasi waa (deelqaaf) nuuqus  mana deel qaaf tirra, si kastoo gabaygaagu u miisaamo shaqalka iyo hadanaa haduusan deel qaaf tirrayn gabaygaasi waa jacbur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.barnaamij.com/vb/showthread.php?t=107 |access-date=2016-03-12 |archive-date=2015-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518231546/http://www.barnaamij.com/vb/showthread.php?t=107 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Booska uu ka joogo soomaalida ==
Gabaygu waa boqorka maansada soomaalida haddii la eego jacaylka weligii loo qabey iyo sida weyn ee uu u taabbo galay. Muddo dheer wuxuu ahaa dariiqa ugu habboon ee ay dadku warbixinta isugu gudbiyaan taariikhdana ku kaydiyaan, isla markaa isku ammaanaan, isku abaal mariyaan, iskula taliyaan, ku xafiiltamaan ku dagaallamaan kuna haasaawaan. Geeraarka, jiiftada, buraanburka iyo heesaha qudhoodu xoog iyo xiiso badan waa ay lahaan jireen, laakiin midkoodna ma yeelan awoodda iyo qiimaha gabayga.

Gabaygu waa hubka laba afle ah oo nimba dhinucuu rabo u adeegsado, wuxuuna qaban karaa wax seef iyo waran qaban karin, soomaalida ayaa gabayda markii dareen jiro sida Murugada, Gumaysiga, Dhiidhada, Colaada, Farxada, Guusha, Guubaabada, jacaylka,

Gabayga ayaa ka dheerayn jiray haada iyo gaadiidka, isagoo la isu marin jiray meelo fog fog. nin aan waligiis la arag baa lagu aqoonsan jiray gabayadiisa dartood, maadaama meelo aad u fog laga maqlay.

Gabaygu ha u badnaado loollanka iyo fadqalallada cidaha ka dhex aloosan, wuxuuse ka tegey dhaxal culus oo dhinac walbaba leh, baroordiiq, kaftan, diin iyo sifaynta waayaha iyo dabeecadda intaba leh. Ma aha wax iska abuurma ama la iska tiriyo oo dabadeed iska macno beela, ee mar walba wuxuu ahaa warbixin ku saabsan waqtiga la marayo iyo xaaladda nololeed ee qof iyo bulsho lagu jiro. Haddii aynu waddadii dheerayd ee uu gabayga soomaalidu ku soo hayaamay dib u milicsanno, waxaa aynu arkaynaa in uu soo maray maraxalado badan oo ay mid waliba sawir xoog leh inaga siinayso waqtigeedii iyo xaaladdeedii. Mar haddii aanay bulshadii hore wax qori jirin maansada uu gabaygu ugu horreeyaa waa dhabbada keliya ee looga aroori karo taariikhda iyo hiddaha soomaalida&lt;ref&gt;http://calitiriig.tripod.com/kusoodhawaawqaybtasuugaantaeecalitiriigonline/waamaxaygabay.html{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ninkii gabay loo tiriyo wuxuu dareemi jiray sidii in la dullaystay oo kale, markaasbuu isna tirin jiray mid aan kii ka dhicin, dad weynaha ayaa mar walba ahaan jiray xaakinnada gabayada, waxaa jira silsilado gabayo ah oo la isu tiriyay oo caan ka noqday gayiga soomaalida  oo dhan, waxaa ka mid ah: [[Silsiladii Guba]], Silsiladii Halacdheere, Silsiladii Siinleey, Silsiladdii Deelleey iyo kuwo kale oo badan,

== Dhismaha gabayga ==
In kasta oo uu gabaygu qiimahaa sare ee aynu ka hadalnay weligii lahaa haddana isaga ayaa maansada soomaalida ugu adag marka ay tahay curinta. Wuxuu ka kooban yahay beydad isku miisaan iyo isku qaafiyad ah. Miisaanku waa dhererka ereyada iyo shaqallada ku jira. Qaafiyadduna waa xaraf beydka labadiisa qaar meel xaddidan joogto uga gelaya. Haddii ay ereyada beydku intii loo baahnaa ka dheeraadaan ama ka gaabtaan, iyo haddii xarafka qaafiyadda laga tago ama meel qaldan la geliyo, beydku wuu jabaa, waxaana lagu magacaabaa ”deelqaaf”. Qaafiyaddu waxay noqon kartaa kow iyo labaatanka shibbane mid uun, ama shanta shaqal oo isku qaafiyad ah. Miisaanka beydku wuxuu ku sar go’an yahay hab-dhaca caanka ah ee ah:

''Hoyaalayeey hooyaalayey, hoyaalayeey hooye''

Si kasta oo sharciyadaas cilmi ahaan loo barto qof waliba gabay ma tirin karo haddii aanay xeerarkaasi si dabiici ah maskaxda ula falgelin. Sababta ay dadka qaar iyaga oo carruur ah sirta gabay curinta u helaan qaar kalena iyaga oo duqay ah beyd keliya u dhisi kari waayaan waa arrin kollay aniga yaab ila ah. Taa darteed shaki badan baan ka qabaa qof aan af soomaaliga u dhalani, si kasta oo uu xeerarka maansada u barto, in uu gabay curin karo.

Qofka gabay tirinaya waxaa wanaagsan in uu dareenkiisa ka soo go’o, isla markaa uu hibo u leh yahay ee aanu iska doondoonin. Waayo haddii uu qofku naftiisa ku jujuubo gabay aanu awood ama hibo u lahayn, aad ayuu uga qiimo hoosaynayaa ka uu isaga gabaygu khasbay ee ku abuuray xanuun iyo welwel uu ka seexan waayey. Maansoyahanka runta ah waxaa lagu tilmaansan karaa murtidan Hadraawi ee ah:

''Laabtu waa i hugmaysaa'' 

''Afku waa i hud’hudayaa''

''Hadal buu i leh yahay''

''Anna waan hor joogaa''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=http://calitiriig.tripod.com/kusoodhawaawqaybtasuugaantaeecalitiriigonline/waamaxaygabay.html |access-date=2016-03-12 |archive-date=2016-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927144739/http://calitiriig.tripod.com/kusoodhawaawqaybtasuugaantaeecalitiriigonline/waamaxaygabay.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Deelqaaf ==
Guud ahaan marka maansada laga hadlayo waxaa aynu had iyo jeer maqalnaa wax loo yaqaan “deelqaaf&quot;. Haddaba taasi waa maxay? Intii aan far soomaalida la qorin xuruufta carabiga ee Qur’aanka lagu baran jirey ayaa la yaqaanney laguna dhaqmi jirey. Sidaa darteed ereyga deelqaaf wuxuu sida muuqata ka yimid labada xaraf ee carabiga ah ee d (deel) iyo q (qaaf). Ujeeddaduna malaha waa: maansada jaban ee aan qaafiyad iyo miisaan ku soconi waxay la mid tahay iyada oo isla maanso keliya loo wada qaatay labada xaraf ee d iyo q. Waayo qaafiyaddu waa in ay ahaataa xaraf keliya. Haddaba waxaa laga yaabaa markii u horraysey ee uu ereyga deelqaaf baxay in ay ahayd mar uu qof soo bandhigay tix ku wada socota labada xaraf ee d iyo q, dabadeed lagu dhaliilay: tixdaadu waa deel-qaaf. Ka dibna ay sidaa ku hirgashay.

Waxaynu kale oo og nahay in xarafka d ee carabiga ah aan gadaal xaraf kale lagaga dari karin. Sidaa darteed waxaa laga yaabaa in loo jeedo: maanso aan ereyadeeda iyo qaafiyaddeedu isu dheelli tirnayni waxay la mid tahay d (deel) oo gadaal lagaga daray q (qaaf), taas oo aan bannaanayn.

Si kastaba deelqaafku ha ku baxo, laakiin waxaynu u qaybin karnaa afar nooc:

'''a) Deelqaaf qaafiyadeed.'''

Tixdu waa in ay bilaw ilaa dhammaad ku socotaa xaraf keliya, kaas oo labada qaar ee beydka midba meel xaddidan ka gelaya. Kaas ayaa ah qaafiyadda tixda. Haddiise beydka ama beydadka marba xaraf loo boodo waa deelqaaf aad u foolxun. Bal tusaalahan u fiirso halka uu xarafka qaafiyaddu ku jiro ee beydka isugu dheelli tirayo, iyo sida uu hakadku labada qaar ee beydka u kala qaybinayo. Raage Ugaas:
* ''Sida koorta yucub oo la sudhay, korammo buubaal ah''
* ''Ama geel karreeboo nirgaha, laga kaxaynaayo''
* ''Ama beelo kaynaan ah oo, kor u hayaamaaya''
* ''Xalay kololo’aygii ma ledin, kaammil reeruhuye''
Bal hoos u eeg marka qaafiyadda meesheeda laga dhaqaajiyo waxa dhaca:
* ''Sida koorta yucub oo korammo buubaal ah la sudhay''
* ''Ama geel karreeb ah oo laga kaxaynaayo nirgaha''
* ''Ama beelo kaynaan ah oo u hayaamaaya kor''
* ''Xalay ma ledin kolola’aygii kaammil reeruhuye''

Haddaba xarafka qaafiyadda ma aha uun in laba meelood beyd walba lagaga soo celceliyo, ee waa in uu dhab ahaan qaafiyad u taagan yahay. Waxaa dhici karta xaraf qaafiyadeedka in beyd walba shan jeer la geliyo laakiin marnaba aanu qaafiyad ahayn. Waxaa xusid mudan shanta xaraf ee shaqalku in ay u wada taagan yihiin xaraf qaafiyadeed keliya. U fiirso beydadkan Jaamac Kediye Cilmi:

abbaarta iyo taariikhdu waa lama illaawaane

eridhabanki kala goosmay baan ururinayaaye

aarankii dibjiray baan intaa ‘ooho’ leh yahaye

'''b) Deelqaaf miisaan.'''

Sidii aynu aragnay beydka tixdu wuxuu ka samaysan yahay ereyo isu dheelli tiran oo isku mar go’aya, oo bixiinaya dhadhan muusig ah, kaas oo ah waxa koowaad ee ka dhigaya tix. Bal arag kala duwanaanta tix iyo tiraab isku macne ah. Cilmi-Boodhari:

==== Tix ====
* ''Sidii aad go’aygii tihiyo macawistaan goostay''
* ''Ama aad godkii aakhiriyo geeri iga baajin''
* ''Ama aan geyiga lagu ogayn gabadh kaloo joogta''
* ''Gardarniyaa maxaan Hodan Cabdaay kaaga go’i waayey''

==== Tiraab ====
* ''Sidii aad go’aygii tahay iyo macawistii aan goostay'' 
* ''Ama aad godkii aakhiro iyo geerida iga baajin''
* ''Ama aan geyiga lagu ogayn gabadh kale oo joogta''
* ''Gardaraniyaa maxaan Hodan Cabdullaay kaaga go’i waayey''
Waa aynu aragnaa tuducu isaga oo aan macnihii iyo xarafkii qaafiyadda midna waayin haddana in uu dheelliyey sidaana ku burburay.

'''t) Deelqaaf anshax.'''

Waxaa habboon maansoyahanku in uu ilaaliyo anshaxa suubban iyo edebta guud. Haddiise uu dhex dabbaasho aflagaaddo iyo meelkadhac, si kasta oo ay maansadu fan ahaan u dhisan tahay waa deelqaaf. Waxaa jirey rag tiriyey tixo fan ahaan sarreeya laakiin asluub ahaan aad u hooseeya sidaana ku milge iyo maamuus waayey. U malayn maayo taariikhda in uu soo maray gabyaa Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan deelqaafka noocaas ah kala mid ahi, waayo ma jirin erey xun oo uu carrabkiisu ka dhawrsan jirey. Laakiin dhaliishaa isaga waxaa u asturay maansadiisa badan ee wanaagsan.

Anshax ilaalinta macnaheedu ma aha in aan lagu dhiirran in wax cusub laga gabyo ama si cusub loo gabyo. Mana aha in hab-fekerka iyo hab-dhaqanka guud ee bulshada addoon loo noqdo, kaas oo laga yaabo in uu dambeeyo ama qaldan yahay.

'''j) Deelqaaf garmaqaatenimo.'''

Iyada oo aan daliil iyo marag la hayn ama la heli karin haddii xaqiiqada laga been sheego, amaba doodda maansada ogaan muran loo geliyo, waa nooc deelqaafka ka mid ah. Dadkii hore aad ayey isaga ilaalin jireen in ay tixda ku darsadaan qodob ama erey lagaga gar heli karo. Afartanaadkii qarnigii tegey Maxamed-Yawle isaga oo taa ka duulaya wuxuu Maxamed Cumar-Dage ugu baanay:

''Dalka la isku haystaaba waa degelladiinniiye''

''Xaggeed durugsateen gabaygu waa idinku deelqaafe?''

Labadan nin doodda qabyaaladeed uga gar niqi mayno ee waxaa inooga dan ah deelqaafka halkan ku carrabbaaban.

Labada deelqaaf ee dambe labada hore waxay kaga duwan yihiin iyagu maanso ahaan ma qaldana ee mid anshax ahaan ayuu qarriban yahay, midna dood ahaan ayuu gurracan yahay. Xataa hadalka caadiga ah qofka labadaa arrimood ku kaca waxaa lagu tilmaamaa qof deelqaaf ku hadlay.&lt;ref&gt;http://calitiriig.tripod.com/kusoodhawaawqaybtasuugaantaeecalitiriigonline/waamaxaygabay.html{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Luuqda ==
Maanso waliba waxay leh dahay luuq u gaar ah oo lagu garto. Hees cayaareedda kala duwan mid waliba waxay leh dahay luuq iyo naaxiyad u gooni ah, oo ay inta badan weheliyaan jiib, jaan, sacab iyo mararka qaarkood durbaan ama muusig kale. Sidoo kale hees hawleeddu sida ay u kala duwan tahay ayey u kala luuq duwan tahay. Gabayguna waa la mid oo wuxuu leh yahay luuq u gaar ah oo marka dhawaaqa u horreeya la maqlo la garanayo waxa soo socdaa in uu yahay gabay. Waase ay dhacdaa, siiba waqtigan casriga ah, in gabayga luuq la’aan la mariyo.

Haddaba gabaygu isaga oo leh luuq ku dhisan miisaanka caanka ah ee (hoyaalayeey hooyaalayeey hoyaalayey hooye), haddana gabyaa waliba wuu samaysan karaa luuq isaga u gooni ah, isaga oo aan isla markaa jebin miisaanka kor ku xusan. Kicinta codka iyo dejintiisa, jiidista ereyada ama goyntooda, iyo inta beyd ee lagu hoorinayo, gabyaa waliba khayaaligiisa ayuu ka samaystaa. Bal tusaale ahaan isu eeg Timocadde iyo Dhoodaan. Waxaad arkaysaa in ay leh yihiin laba luuqood oo aad caan u ah aadna u kala duwan, taas oo aan codka oo keliya ahayn. Gabyaaga aan lahayn luuq isaga u gooni ahi wuxuu raacaa laba dariiqo mid uun: In uu adeegsado luuq guud oo aan cid ay u gaar tahay la aqoon, ama in uu qaato luuq gabyaa kale.

Haddaba maansada kale ee aan gabayga ahayn waa aynu fahmi karnaa sababta loogu luuqaynayo, ama jiibta, jaanta, sacabka iyo qalabka la tumo loola miciinsado. Waayo munaasabad hawleed iyo mid cayaareed labadaba ereyada maansada waxaa la muhimmad ah amaba ka sii muhiimsan xamaasadda iyo xiisaha la rabo in jawiga lagu abuuro. Arrimahaana waxaa lagama maarmaan u ah naaxiyad iyo jiib macaan oo dareenka kicin kara. Dareenka sidaa loo kiciyey ayaa hawsha la hayo culayskeeda lagu illaawaa, farxadda lagu jiro loogu furfurmaa, madaddaaladana loogu riyaaqaa. Hooyadu marka ay ilmaha hees cod macaan ugu luuqayso wuu ku raaxaystaa dabadeed oohinta joojiyaa. Marka uu barbaar cod furani si yaab leh cayaar ugu dhufto gabdhaha la jooga kama tagaan kuwa maqanina kama raagaan. Xoolaha marka hees shubaal ah loo saaro darka ayey ku soo qamaamaan biyahana habsami u cabbaan. Xataa neef biyodiid ah haddii cod macaan loogu heeso waxay u badan tahay in uu cabbo.

Laakiin gabayga hawl laguma fududaysto, dheel la tumayana hab-dhaceeda laguma ilaashado, ee waxaa laga mariyaa gole aamusan oo isdhegeysi iyo degganaan leh. Haddaba waa maxay ujeeddada loogu luuqeeyaa? Miyiga, oo ah dhulkii gabayga laga tirin jirey, habeen iyo maalin dadku wuu kala durdurugsanaa oo waxaa la ahaa debedjoog. Haddiiba aan la soconayn ee la shirayo ama si kale loo bulshaynayo badanaa aqal gudihii laguma kulmi jirin ee waxaa la isugu iman jirey gole bannaan, waxaana isu iman jirey dad badan. Xataa golayaasha ardaaga caweysku ka midka yahay dadku isku gogol ma ay ahayn ee qofba meesha uu jeclaysto ayuu dooyaysan jirey ama jeegada dhigan jirey. Xaaladahaas oo dhan ismaqalku wuu liitey oo dabayl, dhir, habeen iyo hugunka xoolaha ayaa dadka ku kala dhex jirey. Sidaa darteed waxaa daruuri noqotay in la helo wax carqaladahaa lagaga gudbo, taasina sida muuqata waxaa ay noqotay in gabayga kor loogu luuqeeyo.

Haddaba weydiinta ah “maxaa gabayga loogu luuqeeyaa?” jawaabteedu waxaa ay ku urursan tahay qodobbadan soo docda:

'''a) In maqalka dhegeystaha lagu soo jiito lana abuuro jawi gabay.'''

'''b) In codka kor loogu qaado si loo wada maqlo.'''

'''t) In ereyada lagu jiidjiido si loo fahmo.'''

Maanta qiimo weyn lama siiyo ku luuqaynta gabayga, sababta oo ah xaaladda nolosha ayaa tii hore ka duwan. Qol afar derbi leh lagama dhex qaylin karo oo jabaqda codka ayaa soo noqnoqonaysa. Isla markaa lama hayo waqti lagu dhegaysto qof gelin dhan tix jiidjiidaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://farshaxan.com/Gabayaa/hadraawi.html |access-date=2016-03-13 |archive-date=2016-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319003425/http://farshaxan.com/Gabayaa/hadraawi.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.barnaamij.com/vb/showthread.php?t=107 |access-date=2016-03-12 |archive-date=2015-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518231546/http://www.barnaamij.com/vb/showthread.php?t=107 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://farshaxan.com/Gabayaa/hadraawi.html |access-date=2016-03-13 |archive-date=2016-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319003425/http://farshaxan.com/Gabayaa/hadraawi.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://dhaqanbile.com/?p=3449 |access-date=2016-03-13 |archive-date=2016-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322125351/http://dhaqanbile.com/?p=3449 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.maanhadal.com/maanhada/miisaanka_maansada_barwaaqo.html |access-date=2016-03-13 |archive-date=2016-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314112612/http://www.maanhadal.com/maanhada/miisaanka_maansada_barwaaqo.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://iidoole.blogspot.co.ke/2015/11/waa-maxay-gabay.html{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gabayahannada Caanka ah&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.golkhatumo.com/abwaan.htm |access-date=2016-03-12 |archive-date=2017-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525145855/http://www.golkhatumo.com/abwaan.htm |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ==
# Sayid M.C.Xasan 
# Cali Jaamac Haabiil
# Raage Ugaas 
#Aadan Tarabi Jamac
# M.C.Sangub 
# Cabdilahi Suldan Timacadde
# Ismaaciil. X. Xisri 
# Xasan Tarabbi
# Cabdullahi M. Dhoodaan 
# Xaaji. A. Afqaloc 
# M.I.I. &quot;Hadrawi&quot; 
# Max'd Xaashi &quot;Gaarriye&quot;
# Cali-Dhuux Adan 
# Ismaacil mire 
# Abshir Bacadle
# Dhunkaal F. Barre
# Cali cilmi AfYare 
# Cabdulaqadir xirsi Yam-Yam
# Cabdi galayax 
# Farax Afcad 
# Gulled Jucufo 
# Idaa jaaa
# Cilmi Barrow Waceer
# Faarax gololey
# Barre Maxamed Fiidow

== Xigasho ==
* [https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/farriinta-kitaabka/sabuurradii-gabaygii-sulaymaan-qalbi-qaboojis-baro/ Gabayo Quduus ah oo Qalbi Qaboojis iyo Waxbarid Keena]
* [http://www.aftahan.com/ www.aftahan.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aftahan.com/ |date=20160818085127 }}
* [http://calitiriig.tripod.com/kusoodhawaawqaybtasuugaantaeecalitiriigonline/waamaxaygabay.html Ibraahin Yuusuf Axmed HAwd]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.barnaamij.com/vb/showthread.php?t=107 Gabay waa maxay] {{Wayback|url=http://www.barnaamij.com/vb/showthread.php?t=107 |date=20150518231546 }}
* [[:ar:شعر_(أدب)|Gabay]] 
* http://www.longlivesomaliland.com/waa_maxay_maansada_soomaaliyeed.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.longlivesomaliland.com/waa_maxay_maansada_soomaaliyeed.htm |date=20210613112000 }}
* [http://afsoomaali.tripod.com/id14.html Hadal iyo gabay]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Gabay mise [http://www.longlivesomaliland.com/waa_maxay_maansada_soomaaliyeed.htm geeraar] {{Wayback|url=http://www.longlivesomaliland.com/waa_maxay_maansada_soomaaliyeed.htm |date=20210613112000 }}
* waa maxay [http://xaajo.com/i/maqaaldetails.php?subaction=showfull&amp;id=1274555245&amp;archive=&amp;start_from=&amp;ucat=3&amp; gabay] {{Wayback|url=http://xaajo.com/i/maqaaldetails.php?subaction=showfull&amp;id=1274555245&amp;archive=&amp;start_from=&amp;ucat=3&amp; |date=20110908193741 }}
* [http://doollo.com/mainpage/maogtahay/maogtahay.htm doollo.com/]
* [http://www.redsea-online.com/index.php www.redsea-online.com/index.php]
* [http://www.hoygasuugaanta.com/Maqal.htm www.hoygasuugaanta.com/Maqal.htm]

== Tixraac ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Gabayada]]
[[Category:Suugaanta]]</text>
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    <title>Jaamacada Carabta</title>
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|native_name                   = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta&lt;Br/&gt;'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' 
|conventional_long_name        = Arabic Language States’&lt;/&gt;.:
|common_name                   = Arabic Language States:.
Midowga Ummadda Carabta:
|qaaradda                      = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &amp;[[]] 
|sawir_calan                   = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg
|sawir_qaran                   = Emblem of the Arab League.svg
|image_map                     = 
|astaan_calan                  = Arab League States'&quot; (orthographic projection).svg
|image_map                     = League of Arab States.png
File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png
|caasimadda                    = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &amp;[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’
|luuqadaha                     = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &amp;[[Turki]]; &amp; [[Af-Urdu]]; &amp; [[Af-Faarisi]].::•
|-
|caasimada                     = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &amp; [[Dooxa]].:•!!
|-
|GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’
(€29,357’ trillions)
* ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]])
|GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.)
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’
|GDP_nominal = &quot;$23.957&quot;-$19.453’ Trillions’
|GDP_nominal_year = 2025
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’
|Gini_year = 
|Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
|Gini = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
|Gini_ref =          
|Dawladda                      = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]]
|-
|darajo_hogaamiye1             = 
[[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]]
|magac_hogaamiye1          =
|-
|darajo_hogaamiye2             = 
[[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]:
[[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: 
|magac_hogaamiye2            =
DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* 
|MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_*
|MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* 
|-  
|darajo_hogaamiye3         =  [[Gudoomiye]]:
[[Ciraaq]]:-)
|magac_hogaamiye3             =
(fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._*
MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._*
|-
|darajo_hogaamiye4             =  [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]:
[[Aljeeriya]]:-)
[[Marooko]]:-)

|magac_hogaamiye4             = 
MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* 
MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_*
|-
|sovereignty_type            = 
'''Ka xoroobey''':
|sovereignty_note            = 
|[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''':

 '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' &amp;
'''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~`
|-
|established_event1            = 
|established_date1             =
|area                          = 13,953,041`*
|areami²                       = 5,382,910`*
|biyo                          = 
|population_estimate           =455-425*Million&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|population_estimate_year      = 2022-2025*
|lacagta                       =  
|Magaca internetka             = &amp;nbsp;
|wakhti                        = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]]
|furaha_debedda		           = 
|furaha internetka             = Ir,Is,&amp; tr.!!'?
|furaha telefonka              = +
}}

&lt;ref&gt;https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

'''Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala [[Afrika]] iyo  [[Aasiya]]  xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan
Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya.

Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka.

Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, &amp; Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, &amp; Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn.

Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in &quot;Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.&quot;.
Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya).
Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. 
[[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages.

Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. 

Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan.
Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC).

Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!!

Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'?

Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953.

Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal .

[[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]]

[[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]]
[[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]]
[[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]]

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editing
Disambiguate RTL.svg The term &quot;Arab&quot; redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) .
Arab Muslims
Arabs &amp; Muslims
Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First
Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First
population
425 million
Main population concentrations
Arab countries
some of the African
countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]]
Languages:
Arabic:
religion:
Islam:
Christianity:
Druze religion:
related ethnic groups:
Celestial peoples:
[[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’

Distribution of the Arabic language :
  A single official language.!!
  official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!!
  Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons.
Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called &quot; Arab countries &quot;. Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ).

The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are:

Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries).
Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. 

This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language.
Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula .

Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others.

The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1]

etymology:
The word &quot;Arab&quot; in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the &quot; Arab rain &quot; that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, &quot;the kings of the evening&quot; are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word &quot;Arab&quot; also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe .

In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ]

In the Qur'an the word &quot;Arab&quot; does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as &quot;Arab and clear&quot; when the two attributes are related to each other.

history:
This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page .
BC

The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat &quot;Gindibu, King of Arabia&quot; riding a camel and his soldiers
The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named &quot; Gindibu , King of Arabia&quot; among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen .

There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there.

The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:•

After counting:
As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture .

Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’

The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: &quot;The Age of Ignorance&quot;, or the &quot;Jahiliyyah&quot; . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan .

When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs).

After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine &quot;doe&quot;) in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The &quot;religion of truth&quot; to control the other nations.

The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. 

The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction.

After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . 

Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as &quot;Arabs&quot; as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'!

see also
Islam:
Judaism-Islam relations;
Israeli Arabs:
for further reading:
Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995.
Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996.
Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive
Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia.
Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’…


&lt;Ref&gt;https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;
https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women&gt;/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&gt;.:

“… Le saviez-vous ?
Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..”

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women
&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

December 25, 2017
Special Dispatch No. 7246
     
Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them.
Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders.


Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017

 
Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights.

Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title &quot;It Is Not a Conspiracy&quot;: &quot;The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact?

&quot;Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests.

&quot;Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds.

&quot;The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum?

&quot;Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous.

&quot;In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking.&quot;[1]


Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds?

Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: &quot;The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology...

&quot;Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?!

&quot;The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?...

&quot;As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?...

&quot;Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause].

&quot;The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime...&quot;[3]

 
Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved

Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: &quot;The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect...

&quot;Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency.

&quot;While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream...

&quot;ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech...

&quot;The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state.&quot;[6]

 &lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

[1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017.
[2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps.

[3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017.

[4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini.

[5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s.

[6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017.


&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized&lt;/Ref&gt;.::•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/&lt;/Ref&gt;.::•

==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”==

{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|-
! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate
|-
|01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]&lt;s&gt;             ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]&lt;s&gt;||93.5&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.
|-
|03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]&lt;s&gt;                       ||93.4&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.192&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]]                      ||93.4&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|05&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]&lt;!'&gt;[[Jabaan]]&lt;'!&gt;                        ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-

|06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]&lt;!!&gt;[[Qatar]]&lt;s&gt;                         ||93.6&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.191&quot;&gt;[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]&lt;/Ref&gt;.
|-
|07&quot;'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]]                      ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|08'&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]&lt;s&gt;                       ||91.8&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|09&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]&lt;!'&gt;[[Urdun]]&lt;'!&gt;                        ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|10&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Ciraaq]]&lt;!&gt;                   ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|11&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]&lt;S&gt;[[SADR]]&lt;s's!&gt;||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;
|-
|12&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]]                          ||93.4&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|13&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Marooko]]&lt;!'&gt;                ||75.4&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.
|-
|14&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]&lt;s&gt;                ||78.98&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;
|-
|15&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]&lt;'!&gt;[[Libiya]]&lt;!'&gt;                  ||89.4&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|17.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|192px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Bangladesh]]&lt;s'!&gt;               ||93.4&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.192&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|16&quot;.=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]&lt;!&gt;                       ||89.95&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.192&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|18'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Suudaan]]&lt;!'&gt;             ||69.39&lt;REF name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|19'&quot;.||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Koonfur Suudaan]]&lt;s'?&gt;     ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;
|-
|20.&quot;`.||[[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|193px]]&lt;S'!&gt;[[Yemen]]&lt;s'!&gt;                   ||69.98&lt;REF name=p.189/&gt;.
|-
|21.'&quot;||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]&lt;S!&gt;[[Falastiin]]&lt;s'!&gt;
||69.3&lt;REF name=&quot;p.189&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|22&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]&lt;!!&gt;[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]&lt;!&gt;||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;
|-
|23&quot;_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Barunay]]&lt;s'&gt;                   ||75.39&lt;REF name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|24&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Komoros]]&lt;s!&gt;             ||67.23&lt;REF name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|25_.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Fiktoria]]&lt;s'!&gt;
||67.57&lt;REF name=p.192/&gt;.:
|-
|26&quot;_.||[[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|191px]]&lt;S'!&gt;[[MILITARY Of '&quot;United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'&amp; NZL; &amp; Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;&amp; Français; Mexico;&amp; Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! &amp; Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]&lt;S'!&gt;
||78.69&lt;REF name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|}
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.::.!'!
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&amp;filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&amp;filter-brand-country=&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
&lt;ReF&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa&lt;/ReF&gt;.:

===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”===
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|-
! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate
|-
|01.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]&lt;s&gt;             ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|02.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]&lt;s&gt;||93.5&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.
|-
|03.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]&lt;s&gt;                       ||93.4&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.192&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|04.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]]                      ||93.4&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
190/&gt;.
|-
|06.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]&lt;!!&gt;[[Qatar]]&lt;s&gt;                         ||93.6&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.191&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|07.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Kuuriya]]&lt;s!&gt;                        ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|08.&quot;'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]]                      ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|09'&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]&lt;s&gt;                       ||91.8&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|10.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]&lt;!'&gt;[[Urdun]]&lt;'!&gt;                        ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|11&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Ciraaq]]&lt;!&gt;                   ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|12&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]&lt;!?&gt;[[SADR]]&lt;!&gt;||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;
|-
|13&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]]                          ||93.4&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|14&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Marooko]]&lt;!'&gt;                ||75.4&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.
|-
|15&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]&lt;s&gt;                ||78.98&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;  
|-
|16&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]&lt;'!&gt;[[Libiya]]&lt;!'&gt;                  ||89.4&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|17.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|192px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Bangladesh]]&lt;s'!&gt;               ||93.4&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.192&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|18.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]&lt;!&gt;                       ||89.95&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.192&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|19.&quot;'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Suudaan]]&lt;!'&gt;             ||69.39&lt;REF name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|19.'&quot;.||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Koonfur Suudaan]]&lt;'!&gt;     ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;
|-
|20.&quot;`.||[[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|193px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Yemen]]&lt;!&gt;                   ||69.98&lt;REF name=p.189/&gt;.
|-
|21.'.&quot;'&quot;||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Falastiin]]&lt;!'&gt;
||69.3&lt;REF name=&quot;p.189&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|21.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|191px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Bakistaan]]&lt;s'&gt;||69.5&lt;Ref name=p.194/&gt;.:
|-
|22.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]&lt;!?&gt;[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]&lt;!&gt;||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;
|-
|23.&quot;_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Barunay]]&lt;s'!&gt;                   ||75.39&lt;REF name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|24.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Komoros]]&lt;s!&gt;             ||67.23&lt;REF name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|25.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Marseilles]]&lt;S'!&gt;             ||67.23&lt;REF name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|26.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Injamiina]]&lt;s'!&gt;||69.5&lt;Ref name=p.194/&gt;.:
|-
|27._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Fiktoria]]&lt;s!'&gt;
||67.57&lt;REF name=p.192/&gt;.:
|-
|28.&quot;_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Soviet. 3mpire.!'!']]&lt;s!'?&gt;
||78.69&lt;REF name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|29.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|191px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Somalie.!'?]]&lt;s'!&gt;||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|30.&quot;_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]&lt;S'&gt;[[Jabuuty.!'!]]&lt;s'&gt;
||78.69&lt;REF name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|}
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&amp;filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&amp;filter-brand-country=&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

[&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;].

&lt;Ref&gt;https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php &lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

[&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/&lt;/Ref&gt;].

&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/Ref&gt;.  [&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;].
|-
[&lt;Ref&gt;https://livingcost.org/cost&lt;/Ref&gt;]
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country &lt;/Ref&gt;.:•
&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}}
&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•&lt;!!'?&gt;.:•
|_
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|}

|-
[&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;].
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php &lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/Ref&gt;.  [&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;].
|-
[&lt;Ref&gt;https://livingcost.org/cost&lt;/Ref&gt;]
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}}
&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•&lt;!!'?&gt;.:•
|_
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
[&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/&lt;/Ref&gt;].
&lt;Ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F05%2F05%2F147980&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country &lt;/Ref&gt;.:•
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•
|-
|}

==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta==

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;traditional&quot; caption=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 

File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.
File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.`
File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.`
File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.`
File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}.
File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}.

File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.`
File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}.

File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}
File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}.
File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}.
File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}.
File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}.
File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`
File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`

File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`
File:Yemen Passport.svg|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`

File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`
File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`?

File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`?


File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}.
File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`?
&lt;Ref&gt;https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/&lt;/Ref&gt;.!!`?

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
!!`?`!!`?'?!'
&lt;/gallery&gt; 

[[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`?

[[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: &quot;as&quot; King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] 
[[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]]


&lt;Ref&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia&lt;/Ref&gt;.::.::.::
[[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.:

[[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR&quot;China.:

[[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’

[[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.&amp; P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&amp;_.Philistianian Police Guard]]

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854&lt;/Ref&gt;

[[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]]
[[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~`

&lt;Ref&gt;
{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }}
&lt;/Ref&gt;.::.

After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! …

https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.:

[[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.:

From Britannica  and Wikipedia and &quot;World&quot;  Libraries.!!`

[[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] .

According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino .


Content
1	The Arab world.
2	Religion.
2.1	Ancient times.
3	The Arabic language's.
4	History and civilization.
5	Arab events.
6	Ottoman decline:
7	The question of Palestine:
8	Arab relations with Arab Jews:

The [[Arab world]]:

The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? 


The Arab countries are:  [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't &quot;ALLOW&quot; to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]];  &quot;Economically&quot;; and &quot;Gegraphically&quot;; &amp; &quot;Politically&quot;..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In &quot;African Continent&quot; NOT &quot;ASIAN&quot;.• .!!`?'!.!

In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]].

Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'?

One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::.

==Religion and Science.!!'?== 
The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories .

Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]].

Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain .

==Ancient times.!!'== 
Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion.

==The Arabic languages.!!'==
Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic
Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 &amp; 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’?

“…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……”


There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and  3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’
Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’

“….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’

Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:•

==History and Civilization.!!'==
The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae .

Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?'

==Arabic performances.!!'==
Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s.

Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called &quot;Arabic numbers&quot; because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics &quot;algebra&quot; is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word &quot;Al-Dzabr&quot;.

==Ottoman &quot;Turks&quot; decline and &quot; “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise&quot;.!!'==
At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s,  and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!!

Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European  Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’

==The question of Palestin.!!'?== 

Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region.

==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'==

After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land.

Categories :

==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?==
At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them.

Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!`

&lt;Ref&gt;https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

==Warka==

December 25, 2017
Special Dispatch No. 7246
     
[[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them.
Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders.


Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017

 
Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights

Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title &quot;It Is Not a Conspiracy&quot;: &quot;The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact?

&quot;Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests.

&quot;Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds.

&quot;The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum?

&quot;Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous.

&quot;In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking.&quot;[1]

 
Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds?

Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: &quot;The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology...

&quot;Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?!

&quot;The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?...

&quot;As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?...

&quot;Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause].

&quot;The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime...&quot;[3]

 
Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved

Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: &quot;The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect...

&quot;Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency.

&quot;While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream...

&quot;ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech...

&quot;The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state.&quot;[6]

 
[1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017.

[2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps.

[3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017.

[4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini.

[5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s.

[6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017.
===BIODIVERSITY===
I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.

FACT No. [#01.]

Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'?

FACT No. [#02.]

Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'?

FACT No. [#03.]

Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?'

FACT No.[#04.]

Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?'

FACT No. [#05.]

Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?'

FACT No. 6.

Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?'

FACT No. 7.

Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'?

FACT No.[#08.]

Not all Jews are Israelis.!'?

FACT No.[#09.]

Not all Israelis are Jews.!'?

FACT No.[#10.]

Not all Jews are white.!'?

FACT No. [#11.]

Not all Israelis are white.!'?

FACT No. [#12.]

Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'?

FACT No. 13.

Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'?

FACT No. 14.

Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'?

FACT No. 15.

Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'?

FACT No. 16.

Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'?

FACT No. 17.

[[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'?

FACT No. 18.

Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'?

FACT No. 19.

Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'?

FACT No. 20.

[Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'?

FACT No. 21.

Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'?

FACT No. 22.

Your passport is not your political beliefs.

FACT No. 23.

Your government is not your morality.!'?

FACT No. 24.

Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'?

FACT No. 25.

Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'?

FACT No. 26.

Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government.

FACT No. 27.

Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people.

FACT No. 28.

Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'?

FACT No. 29.

US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020).

FACT No. 30.

Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with.

FACT No. 31.

Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with.

FACT No. 32.

What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them.

FACT No. 33.

What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'?

FACT No. 34.

You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'?

FACT No. 35.

You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'?

FACT No. 36.

People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '?

FACT No. 37.

No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley).

FACT No. [#38.]

Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?...

FACT No. 39.

Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking &quot;IMPERIAL SHIT&quot; There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'?

FACT No. 40.

Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies.

FACT No. 41.

Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial.

FACT No. 42.

Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'?

FACT No. 43.

You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'..

FACT No. 44.

You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones.

FACT No. 45.

The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'?

FACT No. 46.

If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews.

FACT No. 47.

If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs.

FACT No. 48.

If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?...

FACT No. 49.

Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″  56'&quot;-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'?

FACT No. 50.

Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?'

Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'?

The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:.

&lt;Ref&gt;https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/&lt;/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts&lt;/Ref&gt;.:


5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)!

Waleed Gohar
Waleed Gohar
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3 min read
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Jun 22, 2020

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Introduction:
Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location.
Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine.
Is 3G available in Palestine?
The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this?
Facts About Palestine (3G Network)
This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly.
There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain.
The Economy of Palestine:
Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true?
To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people.
Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan.
And what is textile is to Pakistan?
60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment!
The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries.
The National Animal of Palestine:
Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians.
Facts About Palestine (Gazelle)
Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash
These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle.
The National Flower of Palestine:
Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria.
The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy.
One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same?
Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing.
The Siege in Gaza:
In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing.
The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited.
Conclusion:
The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense.
Thank You very much for staying with me till the end!


&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&quot;Jabaan&quot; likely refers to the word for &quot;Japan&quot; in the language of the user, which in this case is probably &quot;Swahili&quot; or &quot;Somali&quot;, as it is a transliteration of the word &quot;Japan&quot; in these languages. 
Here's a breakdown: 
&quot;Jabaan&quot; is a transliteration of &quot;Japan&quot; in Swahili and Somali:
The word &quot;Jabaan&quot; is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali.
Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa:
Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!!

==Sido kale fiiri==

* [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]]

* [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]]

* [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]]

* https://livingcost.org/

==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa==

BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23
EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS
 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa
Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. 

—


===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!===

[#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’

Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. 

[#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?…

In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. 

Your Contribution Makes a Difference
Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions.
DONATE TODAY…!!’?’

 endangered species africa 
[#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’..

There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime.

[#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’…

This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. 

 endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R.

[#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’?

Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal.

You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing?

[#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’…

There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise.

&lt;Ref&gt;https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/&lt;/Ref&gt;.::

endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’
[#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ 

The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. 

[#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’

The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild.

[#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’

Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful.

[#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’

This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. 

Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!!

알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다(&quot;..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..&quot;) [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 &quot;..[[미국인]]..!!..&quot;과 &quot;...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'&quot; 가치관을...!!'?'...
aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida(&quot;..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..&quot;) [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae &quot;..[[migug-in]]..!!..&quot;gwa &quot;...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'&quot; gachigwan-eul...!!'?'...

==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== 

By H. Nimmo.
Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks.  Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them.

=10,441 &quot;African Safaris&quot;=


[#01.]Ethiopian’s..!..
Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’…

The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s  It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs.

Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia

 
 [#02.]Pangolin
Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’

The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are.

Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa

 
 [#03.] Black Rhino
Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’….

Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front.  Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts.

Best places to see black rhino:

Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania
Etosha National Park, Namibia
Damaraland, Namibia
Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe
 

 [#04.] White Rhino
White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…

It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing.

Best places to see white rhino:

Kruger National Park, South Africa
uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa
Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa
Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa
 

 [#05.]Mountain Gorilla
Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’…

Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!!
Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda

 
 [#06.]African Wild Dog?
African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’

Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. 

Best places to see African wild dog:

Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe
Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe
Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa
Linyanti Concession, Botswana
Selinda Concession, Botswana
 

 [#07.] African Penguin
African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’

For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call.

Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa

 
 [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe
Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!…

The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees.

Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes:

Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya
Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda
Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda
Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda
 

 [#09.] Hooded Vulture
Hooded vulture..!!’?’

Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill.

Best places to see hooded vultures:

Moremi National Park, Botswana
Kruger National Park, South Africa
Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe
 

 [#10.] Chimpanzee
Chimpanzee…!!’?’

When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’?

Best places to see chimpanzees:

Gombe National Park, Tanzania
Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania
Kibale National Park, Uganda
 

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*&lt;ref&gt;https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/&lt;/ref&gt;.

* &lt;ref&gt;https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/&lt;/ref&gt;.


* https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540

* https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ 
* https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8

* https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette

* https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries//

* https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php&lt;/Ref&gt;

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

* https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html

* https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world&lt;/Ref&gt;.


&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world&lt;/Ref&gt;.

* https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }}


* https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html


*https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world

&lt;Ref&gt;https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;.

* https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/

*&lt;ref&gt;https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/&lt;/ref&gt;

*&lt;ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/&lt;/ref&gt;.

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.xe.com/popularity.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

*&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.&lt;/ref&gt;.

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year&lt;/ref&gt;.:

 
* https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} 
* https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}


* https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized
{{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }}

* https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel

* https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.:

{{Wayback|url=
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }}

* https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ |date=20240614155515 }}

* https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/


* https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 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  <page>
    <title>Dhaqan</title>
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      <text bytes="9847" sha1="5k34k3o2zhbtmqxtaq7zj8dz3o81ael" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Canjeelo.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Somali [[lahoh]].]]
[[File:Henna for hair.jpg|thumb|right|200px|To apply it on the hair; Henna powder is mixed with [[water]] and then applied on the hair]]
[[File:Ethcofcerm.jpg|right|thumb|200px|waa dhaqankii hore ee somaalida]]
[[File:LaasGeel.jpg|thumb|laasgeel waa meel ku caana aasaartii hore ee qadiimiaga ahayd kuna taala bariga magaalada hargeisa]]
[[File:Gobustan ancient Azerbaycan full.jpg|thumb|Petroglyphs maalin casriya [[Gobustan State Reserve|Gobustan]], [[Azerbaijan]],dib u taariikhayn10 000 C.H taas oo tilmaamaysa dhaqanka suuban]]


[[File:Ägyptischer Maler um 1400 v. Chr. 001.jpg|thumb|[[faraaciin]]ian [[fanka]], 1 400 C.H]]
[[File:Mehmooni2.jpg|thumb|The [[faarisi]]n ''[[Hasht Behesht|Hasht-Behesht Palace]]'']]
'''Dhaqan''' ({{lang-en|''culture''}}; {{lang-ar|ثقافة}})&lt;ref&gt;Harper, Douglas (2001). [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=culture Online Etymology Dictionary]&lt;/ref&gt; waa nolosha, hadalka, [[luuqad]]a, [[aqoon]]ta, [[fan]]ka, [[suugaan]]ta, ciyaaraha, hido iyo dhaqanka iyo guud ahaan hab nololeedka [[dad|bulsho]] leedahay kaasi oo noqon kara wax sawir guud oo dadka kale ka heeystaan bulshadaasi.
Sidoo kale dhaqanku waa shay leh macne badan oo kala duwan oo isla xidhiidha . si kastaba ha ahaatee, kalmada &quot;beer&quot; waa ta badanaa la istticmaalo saddexda macnaha aasaasigaa:
* Dhadhanka fiican ee [[fanka fiican]]s iyo [[baniaadanimo]], sidoo kale waxa loo yaqaanaa [[dhaqan ka suuban]]
* aqoonta bani aadamka ee isla xidhiidha, aaminsanida, iyo dhaqanka kaas oo ku xidhan hawl karnimada uu qofku ku fikiro iyo barashada bulshada
* noocyada dabeecadaha la wadaago, qiimayaasha, hadafyada, iyo caadooyinka taas oo ay dhaqan u yihiin xeerarka, ururada, ama kooxuhu
marka fikradu marka hore la hagaajiyey qarnigii sideedaad- iyo qarnigii sagaalaad ee yurub, iyadu maaha hab loogu talo galay [[qodida dhirta|qodaalka]] ama horumar, as in [[beeraha]] or [[beer falid]]. qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad,waxa lagu tilmaamay xubnaha ama ama sinaanshaha ee qof walba ,gaaar ahaan dhinaca [[waxbarasho]], ka dibna buuxinta [[hantiwadaaga|qaranimodoonka]].badhtamihii qarnigii saagaal iyo tobnaad,saynisyahanada qaar baa isticmaala kalmada &quot;dhaqan&quot; tsi ay u tibaaxaan awooda baniaadamka ee caalamigaa.ee jarmalka [[nonpositivist]] [[sociologist]] [[Georg Simmel]], culture referred to &quot;the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been [[objectification|objectified]] in the course of history&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Levine, Donald (ed) 'Simmel: On individuality and social forms' Chicago University Press, 1971. p6.&lt;/ref&gt;


== References ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot; style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
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* &quot;Adolf Bastian&quot;, [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/55606/Adolf-Bastian Encyclopædia Britannica Online], 27 January 2009
* {{cite book|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization, vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |origyear= 2000 |series= INU societal research |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 2-88155-004-5 |pages=|year= 2000 }}
* Arnold, Matthew. 1869. [http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_titlepage.html ''Culture and Anarchy.''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_titlepage.html |date=20171118211142 }} New York: Macmillan. Third edition, 1882, available online. Retrieved: 2006-06-28.
* [[Bakhtin]], M. M. (1981) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=JKZztxqdIpgC The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays]''. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06445-6.
* Barzilai, Gad. 2003. ''Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities'' University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11315-1
* {{Cite journal|first=Ruth| last=Benedict| year=1934| title=Patterns of Culture| location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Miflin Company|ref=harv|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;}}
* Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. ''Outline of a Theory of Practice.'' Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29164-4
* Cohen, Anthony P. 1985. ''The Symbolic Construction of Community.'' Routledge: New York,
* Dawkins, R. 1982. ''[[The Extended Phenotype|The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene.]]'' Paperback ed., 1999. Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-19-288051-2
* Findley &amp; Rothney. ''Twentieth-Century World'' (Houghton Mifflin, 1986)
* Forsberg, A. [http://fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~aforsber/ccsf/culture_defined.html Definitions of culture] {{Wayback|url=http://fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~aforsber/ccsf/culture_defined.html |date=20070701005026 }} [[CCSF]] Cultural Geography course notes. Retrieved: 2006-06-29.
* Geertz, Clifford. 1973. ''The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays''. New York. ISBN 978-0-465-09719-7.
* — 1957. &quot;Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example&quot;, ''American Anthropologist'', Vol. 59, No. 1. [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122430901/abstract Geertz]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Goodall, J. 1986. ''The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior.'' Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-11649-8
* Hoult, T. F., ed. 1969. ''Dictionary of Modern Sociology''. Totowa, New Jersey, United States: Littlefield, Adams &amp; Co.
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* McClenon, James. &quot;Tylor, Edward B(urnett)&quot;. ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Society''. Ed. William Swatos and Peter Kivisto. Walnut Creek: AltaMira, 1998. 528-29.
* Middleton, R. 1990. ''Studying Popular Music''. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-335-15275-9.
* O'Neil, D. 2006. [http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cultural.htm Cultural Anthropology Tutorials] {{Wayback|url=http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cultural.htm |date=20041204152854 }}, Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marco, California. Retrieved: 2006-07-10.
* [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan, Ronald]]. [http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1989/011489a.htm &quot;Final Radio Address to the Nation&quot;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1989/011489a.htm |date=20160130224216 }}, January 14, 1989. Retrieved June 3, 2006.
* Reese, W.L. 1980. ''Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought.'' New Jersey U.S., Sussex, U.K: Humanities Press.
* Tylor, E.B. 1974. ''Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom.'' New York: Gordon Press. First published in 1871. ISBN 978-0-87968-091-6
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* White, L. 1949. ''The Science of Culture: A study of man and civilization.'' New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
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* Wolfram, Stephen. 2002 ''[http://www.wolframscience.com/nksonline A New Kind of Science].'' Wolfram Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57955-008-0
&lt;/div&gt;

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks}}
{{Wikinewsportal|Culture and entertainment}}
* [http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/cfsi-icse/cil-cai/home-en.asp Centre for Intercultural Learning] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/cfsi-icse/cil-cai/home-en.asp |date=20090202090600 }}
* [http://courses.ed.asu.edu/margolis/spf301/definitions_of_culture.html Detailed article on defining culture] {{Wayback|url=http://courses.ed.asu.edu/margolis/spf301/definitions_of_culture.html |date=20100626142906 }}
* [http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-73 Dictionary of the History of Ideas]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} &quot;culture&quot; and &quot;civilization&quot; in modern times
* [http://global-culture.org/ Global Culture] {{Wayback|url=http://global-culture.org/ |date=20090831124037 }} Essays on global issues and their impact on culture
* [http://www.fanafar.ir/ Centre for cultural technologies] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fanafar.ir/ |date=20140214191608 }}
* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/299pare.htm Reflections on the Politics of Culture] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monthlyreview.org/299pare.htm |date=20110317033756 }} by [[Michael Parenti]]
* [http://www.wsu.edu/gened/learn-modules/top_culture/culture-index.html What is Culture? – Washington State University]
* [http://defineculture.com Define Culture] {{Wayback|url=http://defineculture.com/ |date=20211201075935 }} Compilation of 100+ user submitted definitions of culture from around the globe
* [http://dialectmagazine.com Dialect Magazine] {{Wayback|url=http://dialectmagazine.com/ |date=20211206234454 }} A print and online magazine that focuses on culture via global entertainment, travel, international fashion, sociopolitics and more
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/21636305/Khaltourina-Korotayev-WorldCultures Concepts of Culture in Cross-National and Cross-Cultural Perspectives]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Category:Dhaqan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dhagaxtuur</title>
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      <text bytes="2255" sha1="33ipszyhivneiv2mley8ui5nyktf7pd" xml:space="preserve">TAARIIQDII HALGAMAA DHAGAX TUUR       

Taariikhda AHN Halgamaa Maxamed Kheyre  Dhagaxtuur
• Magiciisa iyo abtirsamihiisa:

 TAARIIQDII HALGAMAA DHAGAX TUUR
 
 Dhagaxtuur waxaa laga yaabaa in maanta dad badan oo soomaliyeed ayasan a qoon  ama aysan war uhayn taariikhda Dhagax tuur iyo mida somaliyeed oo dhan  hadaba waxaan maanta idiin soo gudbinaynaa Qayb kamid ah taariikhda halgamaagii soomaliyeed ee Dhagactuur .
 
 Halagme Dhagaxtuur magaciisa Cilmi Cali Maxamed oo ku caan baxay magaca ah {Dhagaxtuur} qabilkisa wuxuu ahaa Hawiye,Habar Gidir, Sacad, Farale dhashay 1913 kuna dhashay Hobyo wuxu weerar ku qaaday Asaga iyo Dad shacab ah oo kaso horjeeday gumees tahi Ingariis ka ee joogay guud ahaan dalka gaar ahaan kuwi joogay magaalada Muqdisho bishii Oktoobar 5 teeda 1949kii .Huud oo ah awoowgiis ahana nin caan ka ah gayiga somaliyeed ee Mudug
 
 Dhagax tuur  waxay ehayd dagaal ka dhacay magaalada Muqdisho bishii Oktoobar 5 teeda 1949kii. Dagaalkaas waxoo u dhaxeeyay ururkii xornimo doonka ahaa ee SYL iyo gumeestihii Ingiriiska oo markaas heestay dalka oo dhan.Aas aasihii S Y L cabduqaadir sakhaawudiin ayaa gacan wayn ka gaystey siduu ugu dhaadhicin lahaa gumaysiga in Soomaalidu ay joogto waqtigii ay xur noqon lahayd.
 
 Dagaalkii dhagaxtuur waxoo dhacay markii gumeestihii Talyaaniga oo codsanaayay in oo maamulkiisa oo ku maamulaayo soomaaliya oo sii wadanaayo.Talyaaniga waxoo shirar badan la galay Qaramada Midoobay, wadamo ka mid ah Carabta iyo dalka Yurub in oo si weyn ah u doonaayay maamulkiisa soomaaliya.
 
  Mudaaharaadyo balaaran ayaa ka dhacay caasimada muqdisho oo looga soo horjeeday gumeestihii talyaaniga, mudaaharaadyadaas waxaa soo dhaxgalay booliiskii gumeestihii Ingiriiska oo digniin u jeediyay dadkii banaanbaxaayay, isla markaas neh waxaa dhacday in dadkii mudaaharaadaayay ee dhagaxyo ku tuuraan askartii ingiriiska,
 
 Waxeena shacabka ugu jawaabeen rasaas oo qiyaas ahaan 50 qof ku dhaawac matay, waxaana ku geeriyooday Maxamed cali huud Dhagaxtuur oo ku jiray Dadka la dagaalamay Gumaytaha kana mid ahaa abaabulayashi Banaanbaxii dhagaxtuur . waxaana askartii ingiriiskana uga dhimatay 5 askari.
 
 Lasoco Taariiqdiisa oo dhamaystiran Dhagax tuur insha allah
 
 Qalinka: Nabad iyo Caafimaad ( Yahye Qaran)</text>
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      <text bytes="2254" sha1="tpfzcojjltosef9rx8zjxsa20b7ldim" xml:space="preserve">TAARIIQDII HALGAMAA DHAGAX TUUR       

Taariikhda AHN Halgamaa Maxamed Kheyre  Dhagaxtuur
• Magiciisa iyo abtirsamihiisa:

 TAARIIQDII HALGAMAA DHAGAX TUUR
 
 Dhagaxtuur waxaa laga yaabaa in maanta dad badan oo soomaliyeed ayasan a qoon  ama aysan war uhayn taariikhda Dhagax tuur iyo mida somaliyeed oo dhan  hadaba waxaan maanta idiin soo gudbinaynaa Qayb kamid ah taariikhda halgamaagii soomaliyeed ee Dhagactuur .
 
 Halagme Dhagaxtuur magaciisa Maxamed Cali Huud oo ku caan baxay magaca ah {Dhagaxtuur} qabilkisa wuxuu ahaa Hawiye,Habar Gidir, Sacad, Farale dhashay 1913 kuna dhashay Hobyo wuxu weerar ku qaaday Asaga iyo Dad shacab ah oo kaso horjeeday gumees tahi Ingariis ka ee joogay guud ahaan dalka gaar ahaan kuwi joogay magaalada Muqdisho bishii Oktoobar 5 teeda 1949kii .Huud oo ah awoowgiis ahana nin caan ka ah gayiga somaliyeed ee Mudug
 
 Dhagax tuur  waxay ehayd dagaal ka dhacay magaalada Muqdisho bishii Oktoobar 5 teeda 1949kii. Dagaalkaas waxoo u dhaxeeyay ururkii xornimo doonka ahaa ee SYL iyo gumeestihii Ingiriiska oo markaas heestay dalka oo dhan.Aas aasihii S Y L cabduqaadir sakhaawudiin ayaa gacan wayn ka gaystey siduu ugu dhaadhicin lahaa gumaysiga in Soomaalidu ay joogto waqtigii ay xur noqon lahayd.
 
 Dagaalkii dhagaxtuur waxoo dhacay markii gumeestihii Talyaaniga oo codsanaayay in oo maamulkiisa oo ku maamulaayo soomaaliya oo sii wadanaayo.Talyaaniga waxoo shirar badan la galay Qaramada Midoobay, wadamo ka mid ah Carabta iyo dalka Yurub in oo si weyn ah u doonaayay maamulkiisa soomaaliya.
 
  Mudaaharaadyo balaaran ayaa ka dhacay caasimada muqdisho oo looga soo horjeeday gumeestihii talyaaniga, mudaaharaadyadaas waxaa soo dhaxgalay booliiskii gumeestihii Ingiriiska oo digniin u jeediyay dadkii banaanbaxaayay, isla markaas neh waxaa dhacday in dadkii mudaaharaadaayay ee dhagaxyo ku tuuraan askartii ingiriiska,
 
 Waxeena shacabka ugu jawaabeen rasaas oo qiyaas ahaan 50 qof ku dhaawac matay, waxaana ku geeriyooday Maxamed cali huud Dhagaxtuur oo ku jiray Dadka la dagaalamay Gumaytaha kana mid ahaa abaabulayashi Banaanbaxii dhagaxtuur . waxaana askartii ingiriiskana uga dhimatay 5 askari.
 
 Lasoco Taariiqdiisa oo dhamaystiran Dhagax tuur insha allah
 
 Qalinka: Nabad iyo Caafimaad ( Yahye Qaran)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Afti Dastuurka Soomaaliya, 1961</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10078</id>
    <revision>
      <id>296957</id>
      <parentid>222219</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T23:43:13Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1008" sha1="srds9ez4oyrpcg9tpa65t6of7235lvd" xml:space="preserve">{{Siyaasadda Soomaaliya}}
'''Aftida Dastuurka''' Waxay ka dhacday [[Soomaaliya]] 20 Juun [[1961]] si loogu codeeyo dastuurka cusub ee dalka waxaa soo abuubulay [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Dhulka Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya]]. Waxayna ku ansixiyeen 90.56% ee codad.&lt;ref&gt;[http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html Doorashooyinka Soomaaliya] {{Wayback|url=http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html |date=20250211174838 }} Kaydka Doorashooyinka Afrika&lt;/ref&gt;

== Natiijada ==
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|-
!Xulasho
!Codad
!%
|-
|align=left|U codeeyey||1,756,216||90.58
|-
|align=left|Diiday||183,000||9.44
|-
|align=left|Halaabay/Codad eber ah||9,132||-
|-
|align=left|'''Wadarta'''||'''1,948,348'''||'''100'''
|-
|align=left colspan=4|Xigasho: [http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html Kaydka Doorashooyinka Afrika] {{Wayback|url=http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html |date=20250211174838 }}
|}

== Xigasho ==
{{reflist}}

{{Doorashooyinka Soomaaliya}}

[[Category:Siyaasadda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Afti Dastuurka Soomaaliya, 1979</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10080</id>
    <revision>
      <id>296958</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-04T23:43:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>28368</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1007" sha1="thehw636affxq7tnh8l9jrk5qgjtfhe" xml:space="preserve">{{Siyaasadda Soomaaliya}}
'''Aftida Dastuurka''' waxay ka dhacday [[Soomaaliya]] 25 Agoosto [[1979]]. Waxaa dastuurkaan cusub lagubadalay kii [[Afti Dastuurka Soomaaliya, 1961|1961]], wuxuuna ka dhigay [[Dawlad-hal xisbi ah]] madaxwenaha ayaa ahaanaya cidda kaliya ee saraysa. Waxaana lagu ansixiyey 99.78% ee codad.&lt;ref&gt;[http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html Doorashooyinka Soomaaliya] {{Wayback|url=http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html |date=20250211174838 }} Kaydka Doorashooyinka Afrika&lt;/ref&gt;

== Natiijooyinka ==
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|-
!Xulasho
!Codad
!%
|-
|align=left|U codeeyey||3,597,592||99.78
|-
|align=left|Diiday||7,898||0.22
|-
|align=left|'''Wadarta'''||'''3,605,490'''||'''100'''
|-
|align=left colspan=4|Xigasho: [http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html Kaydka Doorashooyinka Soomaaliya] {{Wayback|url=http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html |date=20250211174838 }}
|}

== Xigasho ==
{{reflist}}

{{Doorashooyinka Soomaaliya}}

[[Category:Siyaasadda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aragti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>296961</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>28368</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1127" sha1="8mzj423v403mqntz76vj4cl300hkony" xml:space="preserve">'''Aragti''' ({{lang-en|ideologies}}; {{lang-ar|إيديولوجيات}}) waa aragtida, fikrada, aaminka iyo sida ay wax ula muuqdaan qof, koox ama bulsho. Sida saxda ah aragtidu waa waxa uu qof aaminsan yahay inay tahay saxda. Intaasi waxaa dheer, dunida maanta waxaa jira tiro badan oo aragtiyo ah, kuwa ugu muhiimsan waa:
*Aragti siyaasadeed: oo ah fikradaha iyo odhaahda uu qof aaminsan yahay ineey tahay tan ugu haboon.
*Aragti urur: oo ah nidaamka iyo qaabka howsha urur ama koox wax u maamulaan.
*Aragti kooxeed: oo noqoneysa sida ay koox dad ah u taageersan yihiin mabda' iyo fikrad u gaar ah taasi oo dad badan oo kale kaga duwan yahay.

==Sidoo kale fiiri==
*[[Siyaasad]]
*[[Xisbi]]

==Maqaalo kale==

* [http://www.mudulood.com/PageMudSYL.html Aragtiyo urursan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mudulood.com/PageMudSYL.html |date=20110929003526 }}
* [http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html Elections in Somalia] {{Wayback|url=http://africanelections.tripod.com/so.html |date=20250211174838 }}
==Tixraac==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Siyaasadda Soomaaliya]]
[[Category:Siyaasadda]]
[[Category:Xisbiyada Siyaasadda Soomaaliya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Module:Navseasoncats</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>30468</id>
    <redirect title="Module:Category series navigation" />
    <revision>
      <id>296952</id>
      <parentid>201120</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T18:03:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Johnson524</username>
        <id>31164</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Waxaa loo jiheeyay module la cusboonaysiiyay oo uu sameeyay isticmaale kale</comment>
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      <model>Scribunto</model>
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      <text bytes="52" sha1="iox77bftzb26w2o40aegtue8j3stvit" xml:space="preserve">return require [[Module:Category series navigation]]</text>
      <sha1>iox77bftzb26w2o40aegtue8j3stvit</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Katrina Kaif</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>30721</id>
    <revision>
      <id>296973</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-05T05:27:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>28368</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>296973</origin>
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      <text bytes="83582" sha1="9n626smnu2bdp8rqsy7okeqzh07rov1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|name=Katrina Kaif
|image=Katrina Kaif promoting Bharat in 2019.jpg|alt=
|caption=2019|birth_name=Katrina Turquotte
|birth_place=[[Ingiriiska Hong Kong]]
|height=
|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|7|16}}
|residence=Mumbai, Hindiya
|citizenship=Ingiriiska
|occupation=jilaa
|works=[[Katrina Kaif filmography|Filmography]]
|awards=[[Liiska abaalmarinta iyo magacaabista ay heshay Katrina Kaif|Liis buuxa]]
|yearsactive=2003–xaadir|spouse=[[Vicky Kaushal]] (g. 2021)}}
'''Katrina Kaif''' (ku dhashay '''Katrina Turquotte''';  16 Luulyo 1983) waa jilaa Ingiriis ah oo ka shaqeysa [[Bollywood|filimada Hindi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;citizen&quot;&gt;Hafeez, Mateen (30 Agoosto 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160117202653/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Working-in-Bollywood-for-years-but-shy-of-citizenship/articleshow/6458769.cms?referral=PM Working in Bollywood for years, but shy of citizenship?]. Waxaa laga kaydiyay [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Working-in-Bollywood-for-years-but-shy-of-citizenship/articleshow/6458769.cms?referral=PM asalka ah] 17 Janaayo 2016. Soo qaatay 20 Juun 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;  Waxay sameysay Bollywoodka waana mid kamid ah atariishooyinka ugu mushaharka badan [[Hindiya]] &lt;ref&gt;Baksi, Dibyojyoti (25 Marsoo 2013). ''Hindustan Times''. [https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/katrina-kaif-pays-highest-advance-tax-among-bollywood-actressses/story-gNuTMpoOiHifrBEH4Nk1TL.html Katrina Kaif pays highest advance tax among Bollywood actresses]. Soo qaatay 20 Juun 2021. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile/katrina-kaif/1439/18 Katrina Kaif] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile/katrina-kaif/1439/18 |date=20200219194548 }}. Forbes India. Soo qaatay 20 Juun 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kaif wuxuu ku dhashay Hong Kong, Kaif iyo qoyskeeduba waxay ku noolaayeen dhowr waddan kahor inta aysan u dhaqaaqin London.  Waxay heshay meelayntoodii ugu horeeyey ee naqshadeynta markay ahayd da 'yarta kadibna waxay sii wadday shaqo sidii moodalka moodada.  Bandhig faneed ka socda London, filim sameeyaha [[Kaizad Gustad]] wuxuu arkay Kaif oo wuxuu go'aansaday inuu ku tuuro ''[[Boom]]'' (2003), guul darrooyin culus iyo ganacsi.  Intii filimka Hindiya laga keenay, Kaif wuxuu helay shaqooyin moodisnimo ah wuxuuna aasaasey mustaqbal wanaagsan oo Modeling ah.  Sikastaba, jilayaasha filimku waxay ka gaabsan jireen inay tuuraan iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay amarkeeda liita ee Hindi.  Kadib markii uu kasoo muuqday filimka [[Telugu]], ''[[Malliswari]]'' (2004), Kaif wuxuu guul ganacsi ah ka gaadhay Bollywoodka asxaabta majaajillada ah ee ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]''  (2005) iyo ''[[Namastey London]]'' (2007).  Waxay raacday taxane taxan oo ah filimada guuleys ah, laakiin waxaa lagu dhalleeceeyay ficilkeeda, doorarka soo noqnoqda iyo u janjeedha filimada ay raggu xukumaan.

Kaif wax qabadkeedii masraxa argagixisada ee ''[[New York (filim)|New York]]'' (2009) si wanaagsan ayaa loosiiyay, iyada oo heshay abaalmarinta filimka 'Filmfare Award for Best Actress'.  Ka dib doorka xiddigta ee ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'' (2009), ''[[Raajneeti]]'' (2010) iyo ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' (2011), waxay heshay abaalmarinkeedii labaad ee 'Filmfare' ee ay ku soo bandhigtay bandhigeedii ''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]'' (2011).  Filimka 'Kaif' ee ugu sareeya wuxuu la yimid filimka ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' (2012), ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' (2013) iyo ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' (2014), dhammaantoodna waxay ka mid yihiin kuwa ugu sareeya filimada Hindiga ee aadka loo xiiseeyo.


== Shaqo ==
[[File:Katrina_Kaif-_2006_IIFA_Awards.jpg|alt=A woman is smiling away from the camera.|thumb|Kaif, 2006 IIFA Awards]]
Isaga oo afar iyo toban jir ah, Kaif wuxuu ku guuleystay tartan qurux ah oo ka dhacay Hawaii, wuxuuna helay shaqadii ugu horreysay ee moodelinta ee ololaha dahabka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Reddy|first=T.K.|title=Cool Kat comes to Chennai|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/15/stories/2003071500180100.htm|access-date=21 September 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 July 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911060648/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/15/stories/2003071500180100.htm|archive-date=11 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay markii dambe si xirfad leh ugu qaabeeysay London, iyada oo u shaqeysa hay'ado madax bannaan oo si joogto ah uga soo muuqatay London Fashion Week.&lt;ref name=&quot;cream&quot; /&gt;  Bandhig faneed ka Kaif ayaa soo jiitay indhaha filim sameeyaha reer London ee Kaizad Gustad. Wuxuu u xushay doorka aflaanta-aflaanta-aflaanta neceb ee ''[[Boom]]'' iyadoo qeyb ka ah jilayaal wada jir ah oo ay ka mid yihiin Amitabh Bachchan, Gulshan Grover, Jackie Shroff, Madhu Sapre iyo Padma Lakshmi.&lt;ref name=&quot;london fashion week&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Renuka|first=Methil|title=She's got the look|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-kaif-to-be-one-of-three-leading-ladies-in-kaizad-gustads-heist-film-boom/1/219881.html|work=India Today|access-date=21 September 2013|date=6 May 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923085749/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-kaif-to-be-one-of-three-leading-ladies-in-kaizad-gustads-heist-film-boom/1/219881.html|archive-date=23 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;boom&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Mukherjee|first=Madhureeta|title=Katrina booms in Bollywood|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Katrina-booms-in-Bollywood/articleshow/22997.cms|access-date=3 March 2014|work=The Times of India|date=16 June 2003|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215032338/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Katrina-booms-in-Bollywood/articleshow/22997.cms|archive-date=15 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Intii uu duubayey Hindiya, Kaif wuxuu helay dalabyo kale wuxuuna go’aansaday inuu dalka sii joogo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Pathiyan|first=Priya|title='I'm not involved with Salman Khan'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/40363538.cms|access-date=16 March 2003|work=The Times of India|date=16 March 2003|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040905203940/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/40363538.cms|archive-date=5 September 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kaif wuxuu si dhakhso leh uga hirgaliyay India meherad guuleysi ah kadib markuu ansaxiyay magacyada sida [[Koka-Kola]], [[LG]], Fevicol iyo [[Samsung]].&lt;ref name=&quot;success&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Haute route to success|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/07/stories/2003080700090200.htm|access-date=21 September 2013|date=7 August 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108053228/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/07/stories/2003080700090200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=8 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Xirfadiisii ​​Kaif ee ku dayashada badneyd ayaa horseeday rajo weyn oo ku hareeraysay kulankeedii ugu horeeyay ee Bollywood.&lt;ref name=&quot;boom&quot; /&gt; ''Boom'' (2003) ayaa markii ugu horreysay lagu soo bandhigay Carwada Filimka ee Cannes, waxaana si aad ah loogu dallacsiiyay munaasabadda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Bamzai|first=Kaveree|title=Vava voom|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kaizad-gustad-seems-to-be-on-the-roll-with-boom/1/205880.html|access-date=3 March 2014|work=India Today|date=14 July 2003|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303050032/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kaizad-gustad-seems-to-be-on-the-roll-with-boom/1/205880.html|archive-date=3 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=It's Boom time for glamour|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030803/spectrum/spotlite.htm|access-date=20 April 2014|work=The Tribune|date=3 August 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203192620/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030803/spectrum/spotlite.htm|archive-date=3 December 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''Boom'' wuxuu ahaa fashil ganacsi iyo mid culus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Always knew Katrina Kaif would be superstar, says 'Boom' director|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Always-knew-Katrina-Kaif-would-be-superstar-says-Boom-director/articleshow/21778559.cms?referral=PM|access-date=22 October 2013|work=The Times of India|date=12 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215035405/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Always-knew-Katrina-Kaif-would-be-superstar-says-Boom-director/articleshow/21778559.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=15 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Bansal|first=Robin|title=Kat's Boom days are back to haunt her|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kat-s-boom-days-are-back-to-haunt-her/article1-671317.aspx|access-date=24 March 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324110934/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kat-s-boom-days-are-back-to-haunt-her/article1-671317.aspx|archive-date=24 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Meel marinta Kaif ee qaab moodka ah si wanaagsan looma aqbalin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Salam|first=Ziya U.|title=Situations vacant|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/01/stories/2004010100180100.htm|access-date=3 March 2014|date=1 January 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106105804/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/01/stories/2004010100180100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=6 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''Hindustan Times'' ayaa soo warisay Kaif kadib markii la siidaayay, Kaif aysan rabin agaasimayaasha sababo la xiriira iyada oo aan ku wanaagsaneyn luuqadaha Hindiga iyo lahjadda Ingiriiska ee cufan.&lt;ref name=&quot;sixhits&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Katrina on top with six hits in a row: critics|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/katrina-on-top-with-six-hits-in-a-row-critics/article1-335506.aspx|access-date=15 June 2013|work=Hindustan Times|date=3 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022163845/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/katrina-on-top-with-six-hits-in-a-row-critics/article1-335506.aspx|archive-date=22 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Markii dambe wey eriday filimka waxayna tiri &quot;Uma tiriyo ''Boom'' dhacdooyin muhiim u ah nolosheyda. Markii aan saxiixay filimkaan, wax badan kama aanan aqoonin Hindiya iyo dadka daawada filimka&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;that's kat&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=That's Kat!|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/05/stories/2004070500870100.htm|access-date=21 September 2013|date=5 July 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923074213/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/05/stories/2004070500870100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=23 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In kasta oo Kaif loo soo bandhigay dhawr meelood oo lagu daydo,&lt;ref name=&quot;that's kat&quot; /&gt;  filim sameeyayaashu way ka labalabeyeen inay keenaan iyada oo ay ugu wacantahay amarka Hindi darteed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=When John Abraham made Katrina Kaif cry|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/when-john-abraham-made-katrina-kaif-cry-254720|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=14 August 2012|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928224457/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/when-john-abraham-made-katrina-kaif-cry-254720|archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Hal tusaale, Mahesh Bhatt wuxuu ku beddelay Tara Sharma oo ku taal ''Saaya'' (2003) maaddaama uu ka helay &quot;waxqabad aan is-beddeli karin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lalwani|first1=Vickey|title=Will Saaya repeat Raaz's success?|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/03saaya.htm|work=Rediff.com|date=3 March 2003|access-date=4 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213002527/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/03saaya.htm|archive-date=13 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaif ka dib, Kaif wuxuu bilaabay inuu ka shaqeeyo qormooyinkeeda isagoo adeegsanaya fasalo Hindi ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;that's kat&quot; /&gt;

Kaif kadib markii uu fashilmay mashruucii ugu horeeyay ee Bollywood, Kaif wuxuu kasoo muuqday filimkii Telugu ee ''Malliswari'' (2004). Iyada oo ay la socoto Daggubati Venkatesh, waxay ku qaadatay doorka cinwaan ee amiirad lagu qasbay inay ka cararto daryeelkeeda dilaaga ah. Kaif wuxuu xilligaas helaa mushaarka ugu badan ee atariishada Filimada Koonfurta Hindiya. In kasta oo dib u eegis aan fiicnayn lagu sameeyay jilitaankeeda, ''Malliswari'' wuxuu ahaa ganacsi faa'iido leh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=South India's new faces|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/south-india-s-new-faces-imagegallery-0-events-jdwmCvijjggsi.html|publisher=Sify|access-date=1 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716022822/http://www.sify.com/movies/south-india-s-new-faces-imagegallery-0-events-jdwmCvijjggsi.html|archive-date=16 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Pillai|first=Shreedhar|title=&quot;Malliswari&quot; mania|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/19/stories/2004021900960300.htm|access-date=21 September 2013|date=19 February 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923013049/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/19/stories/2004021900960300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=23 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== (2005–2008) ===
Sanadkii 2005, Kaif wuxuu ka soo muuqday filimka xiisaha leh ee siyaasadeed ee ''Sarkar''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|title=Katrina's voice dubbed again|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/katrinas-voice-dubbed-again-news-bollywood-kkfv1Lbecbbsi.html|publisher=Sify|access-date=28 March 2014|date=25 July 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717013629/http://www.sify.com/movies/katrinas-voice-dubbed-again-news-bollywood-kkfv1Lbecbbsi.html|archive-date=17 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Waxay ku xigtay oo ay la jishay [[Salman Khan]], Sushmita Sen iyo Sohail Khan ee ''Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya ?'', Filim ay u aragtay inay tahay &quot;tallaabaddii ugu horreysay ee dhab ah ee ay ku gasho Bollywood&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|title=Adi is my kind of director: Katrina|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm14/adi-is-my-kind-of-director-katrina/article1-133690.aspx|access-date=10 December 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=3 August 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216143049/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm14/adi-is-my-kind-of-director-katrina/article1-133690.aspx|archive-date=16 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filimkan wuxuu ahaa mid guuleysi wacan kulahaa filimkii jaceylka ahaa ee ''Cactus Flower''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|title=We need laughter in our lives|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/29david.htm|date=29 July 2004|work=Rediff.com|access-date=23 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191922/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/29david.htm|archive-date=29 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Box office cold to Bipasha's sizzle|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/23box.htm|date=23 August 2005|work=Rediff.com|access-date=23 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190549/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/23box.htm|archive-date=29 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Doorkeeda, Kaif waxay ku heshay Abaalmarinta Stardust ee waxqabadka ku guuleysiga - Dheddig.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Bose|first=Derek|title=Director's choice|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090228/saturday/main1.htm|access-date=29 June 2014|work=The Tribune|date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830001547/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090228/saturday/main1.htm|archive-date=30 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kaif ayaa door yar ku raacday filimkeedii labaad ee Telugu, Allari Pidugu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Commercial potboiler|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/08/stories/2005100806350200.htm|access-date=21 September 2013|date=8 October 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925143908/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/08/stories/2005100806350200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=25 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanadkii 2006, waxay la soo muuqatay Akshay Kumar filimkii ugu horeeyay ee badan ee Raj Kanwar filimkiisii ​​Humko Deewana Kar Gaye ee aan guuleysan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&amp;catName=MjAwNg==|title=Box Office 2006|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132118/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&amp;catName=MjAwNg%3D%3D|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaif sidoo kale wuxuu la soo muuqday Mammootty filimka xiisaha badan ee Malayalam ee ''Balram vs. Tharadas'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Good cinema should excite the minds|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=14196231&amp;cid=2406|publisher=Sify|access-date=22 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024045841/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=14196231&amp;cid=2406|archive-date=24 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Rajadii mustaqbal ee Kaif ayaa isbadashay 2007, markii ay kasoo muuqatay afar filim oo guuleysi ah Bollywood.&lt;ref name=&quot;dhoom&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Ghosh|first=Debasmita|title=From Boom to Dhoom: Katrina Kaif's best movies|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/From-Boom-to-Dhoom-Katrina-Kaif-s-best-movies/Article1-1127029.aspx|access-date=22 February 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=25 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221125944/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/from-boom-to-dhoom-katrina-kaif-s-best-movies/article1-1127029.aspx|archive-date=21 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wareysi ay siisay The Indian Express, ayay ugu yeertay majaajillada jacaylka leh ee ''Namastey London'' mid muhiim ah, iyadoo sheegtay in &quot;markii ugu horreysay, [ay] yeelatay door hoggaamineed&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;hundred&quot; /&gt; Kaif nolosheeda London waxay u adeegsan jirtay tixraac ahaan doorkeeda gabadh British ah oo udhalatay dalka Ingiriiska oo damacsan inay guursato saaxiibkeeda British-ka ah ee is-jecel, inkasta oo waalidkeed aysan ogolayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The other Kaif|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/03/22/stories/2007032200830100.htm|access-date=22 September 2013|date=22 March 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927225418/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/03/22/stories/2007032200830100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=27 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kimistarka Kaif ee uu la wado Akshay Kumar ayaa si gaar ah loo soo dhoweeyay, iyadoo Nikhat Kazmi oo ka tirsan ''The Times of India'' ay ugu yeertay jilayaashooda inay tahay &quot;wax lagu raaxeysto&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kazmi|first=Nikhat|title=Namastey London|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Namastey-London/movie-review/1802925.cms|access-date=22 September 2013|work=The Times of India|date=24 March 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222013623/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Namastey-London/movie-review/1802925.cms|archive-date=22 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Akshay_&amp;_Katrina_on_the_sets_of_Welcome.jpg|alt=A man and a woman are looking away from the camera. The man is dressed in formal clothes, while the woman is wearing a light pink dress.|left|thumb|Kaif iyo Akshay Kumar oo filimka ''Welcome''; waxay ku midoobeen dhowr filim oo guuleystay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Tuteja|first=Joginder|title=I'll be there to guide any damsel in distress: Akshay|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/entertainment/i-ll-be-there-to-guide-any-damsel-in-distress-akshay/article1-479407.aspx|access-date=4 December 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=23 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205100659/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/entertainment/i-ll-be-there-to-guide-any-damsel-in-distress-akshay/article1-479407.aspx|archive-date=5 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
She had a supporting role as a doctor in the sports drama ''[[Apne]]''. Waxay ku lahayd kaalin kaalmeyn dhakhtar ahaan riwaayadaha isboortiga ee Apne.  Filimkan ayaa ahaa mid si weyn loo wada sugayay madaama uu calaamadeeyay muuqaalka koowaad ee Dharmendra oo ay wehliyaan wiilashiisa, Sunny Deol iyo Bobby Deol.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gajjar|first=Manish|title=Apne|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2007/05/apne_preview.shtml|publisher=BBC|access-date=8 October 2014|date=15 April 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226134026/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2007/05/apne_preview.shtml|archive-date=26 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Apne'' kadib, waxay dib ula midowday filim sameeye David Dhawan iyo Salman Khan filimkii ''Partner''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Krishna|first=Sonali|title=Partner may face $30 mn Hitch|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-08-08/news/27673674_1_hitch-indian-films-bollywood|access-date=3 March 2014|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=8 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221193833/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-08-08/news/27673674_1_hitch-indian-films-bollywood|archive-date=21 December 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  filimku wuxuu ahaa guul weyn.&lt;ref name=&quot;boxoffice2007&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&amp;catName=MjAwNw==|title=Box Office 2007|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=22 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132441/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&amp;catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;top&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=3997&amp;nCat=|title=Top All Time Worldwide Grossers Updated 11/5/2012|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=13 October 2013|date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105215110/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=4409&amp;nCat=|archive-date=5 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kaif filimkiisii ​​ugu dambeeyay sanadka wuxuu ahaa majaajillada ''Welcome'', oo ay wehliyaan Akshay Kumar, Nana Patekar, Mallika Sherawat iyo Anil Kapoor. In kasta oo filimku soo saaray dib u eegis badan oo taban, haddana wuxuu caddeeyay inuu yahay filimka labaad ee lacagaha ugu badan soo xareeya Bollywood-ka sanadkii 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;dhoom&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;boxoffice2007&quot; /&gt;

Sanadkii 2008, Kaif wuxuu soo saaray seddex filim, kan hore wuxuu ahaa filimka xiisaha badan ee ''Race'', sheeko ku saabsan labo nin oo walaalo ah oo walaalo ah oo isku haysta oo ku tartamaya lacagta aabahood caymiska.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kazmi|first=Nikhat|title=Race Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Race/movie-review/2888134.cms|access-date=22 September 2013|work=The Times of India|date=21 March 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010184938/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Race/movie-review/2888134.cms|archive-date=10 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka dib Race, Kaif wuxuu ku biiray Akshay Kumar filim jilista ''Singh Is Kinng''.  Filimkan wuxuu kasbaday adduunka oo dhan, taasoo ka dhigaysa Kaif filimkiisii ​​lixaad oo xiriir ah oo Boxoffice-ka guuleysto.&lt;ref name=&quot;sixhits&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;top&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;boxoffice2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&amp;catName=MjAwOA==|title=Box Office 2008|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=23 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132123/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&amp;catName=MjAwOA%3D%3D|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaif filimkiisii ​​ugu dambeeyay sanadka wuxuu ahaa ruwaayad ''Yuvvraaj'' kaaso ahaa guuldaro weyn dhanka Box-office-ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;boxoffice2008&quot; /&gt; Iyadoo loo diyaar garoobayo kaalinteedii seyliiste waxay ku tababbartay la ciyaaridda xubnaha orkestra.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=KBR|first=Upala|title=KAIFi tagda hai|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/nov/131108-Salman-Khan-Katrina-Kaif-Pranksters-Cello-Yuvvraaj-Bollywood.htm|access-date=23 October 2013|work=[[Mid Day]]|date=13 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013055443/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/nov/131108-Salman-Khan-Katrina-Kaif-Pranksters-Cello-Yuvvraaj-Bollywood.htm|archive-date=13 October 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Sawirkeeda gabadha aabaheed ka mamnuucay inuu guursado gacaliyaheeda miskiinka ah ayaa waxaa si wanaagsan u soo dhaweysay Sify's Sonia Chopra: &quot;Katrina waa cajiib, cello ayey ku ciyaartaa si qancin leh, waxayna u egtahay mid caadi ah&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Chopra|first=Sonia|title=Review: Yuvvraaj a yawn of a moral science lesson|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/review-yuvvraaj-a-yawn-of-a-moral-science-lesson-review-bollywood-14803151.html|publisher=[[Sify]]|access-date=22 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222174804/http://www.sify.com/movies/review-yuvvraaj-a-yawn-of-a-moral-science-lesson-review-bollywood-14803151.html|archive-date=22 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In kasta oo filimka soo dhaweyntiisa xasaasiga ah la isku daray, haddana shaashaddiisa waxaa lagu daray maktabadda Akadeemiyada Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sawirka Dhaqanka iyo Sayniska si ay u mudan tahay farshaxankeeda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Memon|first=Ayaz|title=When lines are crossed|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-when-lines-are-crossed-1208634|access-date=19 July 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=22 November 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727164342/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-when-lines-are-crossed-1208634|archive-date=27 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Subhash Ghai's Yuvvraaj goes to Oscar library|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Subhash-Ghai-s-Yuvvraaj-goes-to-Oscar-library/Article1-377914.aspx|access-date=22 September 2013|work=Hindustan Times|date=12 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929235306/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Subhash-Ghai-s-Yuvvraaj-goes-to-Oscar-library/Article1-377914.aspx|archive-date=29 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kahor ''New York'', Kaif codkiisa waxaa ku luuqeeyay fanaaniinta codka inta badan filimadeeda sababo laxiriira luuqada Hindiga iyo luuqadaha kale ee Hindiya. kasta oo ay ka soo muuqatay filim taxane ah oo guuleysi leh, haddana dadka naqdiya waxay xuseen inay wax yar ka qabatay iyaga maadaama ay guud ahaan ragga ku badnaayeen.&lt;ref name=&quot;sixhits&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Vijayakar|first=Rajiv|title=New queen bee?|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/274159/queen-bee.html|access-date=19 July 2014|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=26 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726082502/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/274159/queen-bee.html|archive-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Waxqabadkeeda sidoo kale si weyn ayaa loo dhaleeceeyay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kaul|first=Vivek|title=Deepika is the new Katrina|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-deepika-is-the-new-katrina-1581434|access-date=22 September 2013|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=31 July 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012222006/http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-deepika-is-the-new-katrina-1581434|archive-date=12 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=I look at acting more as motivation than inspiration: Katrina|url=http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/i-look-at-acting-more-as-motivation-than-inspiration-katrina_4092.html|publisher=Zee News|access-date=11 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014040601/http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/i-look-at-acting-more-as-motivation-than-inspiration-katrina_4092.html|archive-date=14 October 2013|date=22 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaif doorkeeda soo jiidashada leh, Kaif waxay sheegtay in &quot;Filimkeedii ugu horreeyay ee runti ay ahaayeen geedi socod barasho ... Ma jirin bartilmaameed&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;cream&quot; /&gt;

=== (2009–2014) ===
Kadib filimo isdaba joog ah oo iyada lagu jilay si ay u soo jiidato soo jiidasho, Kaif wuxuu ka soo muuqday riwaayada ''New York'' (2009).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Harshikaa|first=Udasi|title=Kat's crown|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/03/stories/2009070350010100.htm|access-date=23 September 2013|date=3 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928042938/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/03/stories/2009070350010100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  John Abraham iyo Neil Nitin Mukesh oo ku jira doorka hogaaminta, Kaif ayaa sheegtay inay u aqoonsatay Maya (doorkeeda filimka), tan iyo markii ay la kulantay go'doomin isku mid ah sababtoo ah midabkeeda maqaarka markii ay ku soo barbaartay London.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=I was conscious of my skin colour while growing up: Katrina|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-was-conscious-of-my-skin-colour-while-growing-up-katrina/480776/|access-date=23 September 2013|work=The Indian Express|date=24 June 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222152209/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-was-conscious-of-my-skin-colour-while-growing-up-katrina/480776/|archive-date=22 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kaif ayaa sidoo kale xusay inay ku daashay doorka &quot;isla&quot; isla markaana ay raadineysay doorarro wax ku ool ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;arm candy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Kat is only Akshay's arm candy|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-07/news-interviews/28190362_1_akshay-kumar-katrina-kaif-s-homepage-film|access-date=23 September 2013|date=7 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928093920/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-07/news-interviews/28190362_1_akshay-kumar-katrina-kaif-s-homepage-film|archive-date=28 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''New York'' waxay sifiican uga shaqeysay xafiiska sanduuqa waxayna heshay dib u eegis wanaagsan.&lt;ref name=&quot;boxoffice2009&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&amp;catName=MjAwOQ==|title=Box Office 2009|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131907/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&amp;catName=MjAwOQ%3D%3D|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=I am not glamorous in real life: Katrina Kaif|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/I-am-not-glamorous-in-real-life-Katrina-Kaif/Article1-472226.aspx|access-date=25 June 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=3 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122213/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/I-am-not-glamorous-in-real-life-Katrina-Kaif/Article1-472226.aspx|archive-date=14 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Falanqeeye ka tirsan ''The Times of India'' ayaa tixgeliyey inay tahay &quot;waxqabadka ugu wanaagsan ee xirfadeeda oo dhan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New York Movie Review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/new-york/movie-review/4707568.cms|work=The Times of India|date=26 June 2009|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716185345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/New-York/movie-review/4707568.cms|archive-date=16 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''New York'' ayaa Kaif u keentay magacaabiskeedii ugu horeysay ee Filmfare Award ee Aktarada ugu fiican.&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/3458|title=Katrina Kaif &amp;#124; Latest Celebrity Awards|access-date=12 November 2014|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112101550/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/3458|archive-date=12 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kadib waxay ka soo muuqatay door yar filimkii ugu horreeyay ee biyaha hoostooda maraya ee ''Blue''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|title=Katrina's guest performance in Blue lasts just 8 minutes|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/aug/190809-Bollywood-Katrina-Kaif-Blue-underwater-thriller-guest-performance.htm|access-date=23 September 2013|work=Mid Day|date=19 August 2009}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kaif wuxuu la jilay Ranbir Kapoor filimka majaajillada weyn ee guuleysta, ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'' (2009), isagoo agoon lagu qasbay inuu guursado nin taajir ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&amp;catName=MjAwOQ==|title=Box Office 2009|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=28 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131907/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&amp;catName=MjAwOQ%3D%3D|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Filimkeedii ugu dambeeyay ee sanadkaas wuxuu ahaa Priyadarshan filimkii ee ''De Dana Dan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;arm candy&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Katrina_Kaif.jpg|alt=A woman dressed in a white salwar kameez (traditional Indian dress) with her hair down is smiling and looking away from the camera.|thumb|Kaif xaflad xayaysiin ah oo loogu talagalay ''Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara'', 2011]]
Sanadkii 2010, Kaif wuxuu ka soo muuqday filimka xiisaha badan ee ''Raajneeti'' isagoo qeyb ka ah jilaayaasha kooxda oo ay ka mid yihiin Ranbir Kapoor, [[Ajay Devgan]], Arjun Rampal, Nana Patekar, Manoj Bajpai iyo Sarah Thompson. Filimku wuxuu dhiirrigelin ka qaatay ''The Mahabharata'' iyo Mario Puzo buuggii 1969-kii ee ''The Godfather''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Lahiri|first=Tripti|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/06/04/rajneeti-mahabharat-godfather-set-in-bhopal/|title='Rajneeti': 'Mahabharat,' 'Godfather,' in Bhopal|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=4 June 2010|access-date=11 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015075752/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/06/04/rajneeti-mahabharat-godfather-set-in-bhopal/|archive-date=15 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=I was shocked when approached for Raajneeti|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-was-shocked-when-approached-for-raajneeti/115962-8-66.html|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=20 April 2014|date=22 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421083323/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-was-shocked-when-approached-for-raajneeti/115962-8-66.html|archive-date=21 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=I watched Priyanka Gandhi's videos to get Rajneeti look: Katrina|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/I+watched+Priyanka+Gandhi's+videos+to+get+Rajneeti+look:+Katrina/1/94724.html|access-date=23 September 2013|work=India Today|date=26 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427030623/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/I%20watched%20Priyanka%20Gandhi%27s%20videos%20to%20get%20Rajneeti%20look%3A%20Katrina/1/94724.html|archive-date=27 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Bhirani|first=Radhika|title=Raajneeti has coffers ringing with political winner|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Raajneeti-has-coffers-ringing-with-political-winner/Article1-555238.aspx|access-date=22 October 2013|work=Hindustan Times|date=9 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025174724/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Raajneeti-has-coffers-ringing-with-political-winner/Article1-555238.aspx|archive-date=25 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kaif ayaa markii lixaad la shaqeeyay Akshay Kumar shactirada ee ''Tees Maar Khan'' (2010).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Akshay Kumar wants Katrina as his lady|url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-wants-katrina-as-his-lady-2012-04-02-1.451645|publisher=[[Emirates 24/7]]|date=2 April 2012|access-date=10 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214182711/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-wants-katrina-as-his-lady-2012-04-02-1.451645|archive-date=14 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Doorkeeda atariishada hamiga leh, Kaif waxay kasoo muuqatay hees caan ah oo cinwaankeedu yahay &quot;Sheila Ki Jawani&quot;. Heestan waxaa duubay agaasimaha filimka Farah Khan iyo qeybta qoob ka ciyaarka ee heesta, Kaif waxaa tababbartay khabiir Veronica D'Souza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Dabholkar|first=Reshma K.|title=Katrina: Bollywood's only belly dancer|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katrina-Bollywoods-only-belly-dancer/pmredirectshow/7058136.cms?|access-date=19 May 2015|work=The Times of India|date=7 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208112323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katrina-Bollywoods-only-belly-dancer/pmredirectshow/7058136.cms|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Sheila Ki Jawani&quot; ayaa inta badan lala barbardhigaa hees kale oo isla sanadkaas la soo saaray sida &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot; oo ka timid ''Dabangg''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Wangoo|first=Anupama|title=Sheila steals Munni's thunder|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Sheila-steals-Munnis-thunder/articleshow/7164852.cms?referral=PM|access-date=21 May 2015|work=The Times of India|date=26 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208112323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Sheila-steals-Munnis-thunder/articleshow/7164852.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Inkasto heesta caan baxday hadana ''Tees Maar Khan'' si wanaagsan uma aysan aqbalin dadka naqdiya mana sifiican Boxoffice-ka uga soo bandhigin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=TMK fails to impress critics|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/TMK-fails-to-impress-critics/Article1-642276.aspx|access-date=22 October 2013|work=Hindustan Times|date=24 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025174721/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/TMK-fails-to-impress-critics/Article1-642276.aspx|archive-date=25 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Fall and fall of akki|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110209/jsp/entertainment/story_13553921.jsp|access-date=10 December 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=9 February 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210050313/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110209/jsp/entertainment/story_13553921.jsp|archive-date=10 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Jilaaga Kaif sidoo kale si wanaagsan looma helin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Rao|first=Renuka|title=Review: Tees Maar Khan is not worth even a free ticket|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-tees-maar-khan-is-not-worth-even-a-free-ticket-1485367|access-date=23 September 2013|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=3 December 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012223534/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-tees-maar-khan-is-not-worth-even-a-free-ticket-1485367|archive-date=12 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sannadkii ku xigay, Kaif, oo uu weheliyo [[Hrithik Roshan]], ayaa ka soo muuqday filimka ''Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Lalwani|first=Vickey|title=No issues with the kiss: Hrithik Roshan, Katrina Kaif|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-24/news-interviews/29698522_1_katrina-kaif-kiss-locking-lips|access-date=24 September 2013|date=24 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034348/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-24/news-interviews/29698522_1_katrina-kaif-kiss-locking-lips|archive-date=28 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filimku wuxuu ahaa guul muhiim ah iyo ganacsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sahni|first=Diksha|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/07/15/review-round-up-zindagi-na-milegi-dobara/|title=Review Round-Up: 'Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara'|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=15 July 2011|access-date=26 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233533/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/07/15/review-round-up-zindagi-na-milegi-dobara/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings|title=Box Office Earnings 19/08/10 – 25/08/11 (Nett Collections in Ind Rs)|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=10 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903171326/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings|archive-date=3 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara'' wuxuu kamid ahaa aflaanta sanadka ugu abaal marinta badan wuxuuna helay abaal marino badan oo Filim ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/awards/id/535587|title=Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2011) &amp;#124; Latest Movie Awards|access-date=28 January 2014|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103035713/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/awards/id/535587|archive-date=3 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaif ayaa markaa ka soo muuqday filimka jaceylka ah ee ''Mere Brother Ki Dulhan'' (2011) oo ay la wadaan Imran Khan iyo Ali Zafar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Guharoy|first=Rounak|title=Imran Khan, Katrina Kaif set the stage on fire|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-11/news-interviews/29875873_1_ali-zafar-mere-brother-ki-dulhan-katrina-kaif|access-date=23 September 2013|date=11 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033847/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-11/news-interviews/29875873_1_ali-zafar-mere-brother-ki-dulhan-katrina-kaif|archive-date=28 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|title=Katrina gets headstrong!|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-04/news-interviews/28271258_1_ali-abbas-zafar-katrina-kaif-girl-after-much-preparation|access-date=24 September 2013|date=4 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033849/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-04/news-interviews/28271258_1_ali-abbas-zafar-katrina-kaif-girl-after-much-preparation|archive-date=28 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; kasta oo filimku kasbaday faallooyin isku dhafan, haddana Kaif guud ahaan ayaa lagu ammaanay muuqaalkeeda.&lt;ref name=&quot;dhoom&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Garia|first=Nikita|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/09/10/review-round-up-mere-brother-ki-dulhan/|title=Review Round-Up: 'Mere Brother Ki Dulhan'|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=10 September 2011|access-date=26 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201255/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/09/10/review-round-up-mere-brother-ki-dulhan/|archive-date=29 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Buugga ''Mother Maiden Mistress'' ayaa loogu magac daray Dimple (doorka Kaif ee filimka) mid ka mid ah jilayaasha dumarka xiisaha badan ee sanadka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Somaaya|first1=Bhawana|last2=Kothari|first2=Jigna|last3=Madangarli|first3=Supriya|title=Mother Maiden Mistress: Women in Hindi Cinema, 1950–2010|date=9 January 2013|publisher=HarperCollins India|isbn=978-81-7223-859-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dtec0Ykfo1sC&amp;pg=RA5-PA2011|page=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Waxqabadkaan, Kaif waxay heshay magacaabiskeedii labaad ee Filmfare qeybta qeybta atariishada ugu fiican.&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;

Sanadkii 2012, Kaif wuxuu ka soo muuqday &quot;Chikni Chameli&quot;, hees loogu talo galay filimka ''Agneepath.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Raje|first=Abhishek|title=Chikni Chameli gets 3.8&amp;nbsp;million views within a week!|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-28/news-interviews/30562001_1_chikni-chameli-agneepath-katrina-kaif|access-date=12 October 2013|date=28 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015114513/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-28/news-interviews/30562001_1_chikni-chameli-agneepath-katrina-kaif|archive-date=15 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaif ayaa ku soo baxay filimka xiisaha badan ee ''Ek Tha Tiger''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|title=Ek Tha Tiger|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ek-tha-tiger/989475/0|access-date=24 September 2013|work=The Indian Express|date=17 August 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140204100146/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ek-tha-tiger/989475/0|archive-date=4 February 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  filimku wuxuu ahaa filimka ugu dakhliga badnaa ee soo gala Bollywoodka sanadka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=5979&amp;nCat=|title=Chennai Express Crosses Ek Tha Tiger Worldwide in Ten Days|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=21 September 2013|date=19 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220137/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=5979&amp;nCat=|archive-date=5 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/415845/20121217/top-10-grossers-2012.htm|title=Top 10 Bollywood Box Office Grossers of 2012; &quot;Ek Tha Tiger&quot; Tops List|date=17 December 2012|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=14 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114080943/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/415845/20121217/top-10-grossers-2012.htm|archive-date=14 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Anushka_Sharma,_Shahrukh_Khan_and_Katrina_Kaif_at_the_premiere_of_JAB_TAK_HAI_JAAN.jpg|alt=A man in a suit is interlocking arms with two women. The woman on the left is wearing a blue one-shouldered gown with her hair up, while the woman on the right is wearing a gold sari (South Asian attire) with her hair down.|left|thumb|302x302px|Kaif (midig) oo ay weheliyaan Anushka Sharma iyo [[Shahrukh Khan|Shah Rukh Khan]] markii ugu horeysay filimka ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'', 2012]]
Sanadkaas Kaif wuxuu kaloo la soo muuqday Shah Rukh Khan iyo Anushka Sharma filimka Yash Chopra ee jaceylka ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Roy|first=Gitanjali|title=Big bang at the box office today: Jab Tak Hai Jaan, Son Of Sardaar|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/big-bang-at-the-box-office-today-jab-tak-hai-jaan-son-of-sardaar-291901|publisher=NDTV|access-date=28 March 2014|date=13 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527015235/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/big-bang-at-the-box-office-today-jab-tak-hai-jaan-son-of-sardaar-291901|archive-date=27 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Waxay ku jileysay doorka Meera, oo ah qof dumar ah oo Ilaah u ballan qaada inuu soo afjari doono arrimaheeda iyada iyo jaceylkeeda miyir-qabka ah haddii uu badbaado.  Inkasta oo filimku helay inta badan faallooyin wanaagsan, waxqabadka Kaif wuxuu lahaa soo dhaweyn isku dhafan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Rana|first=Preetika|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/11/13/review-round-up-jab-tak-hai-jaan-woos-critics/|title=Review Round Up: 'Jab Tak Hai Jaan' Woos Critics|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=13 November 2012|access-date=26 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212135/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/11/13/review-round-up-jab-tak-hai-jaan-woos-critics/|archive-date=29 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; CNN-IBN ayaa soo qortay: &quot;Meera doorkeedu wuxuu ahaa mid adag Katrinana waxay ku dhacdaa muuqaalo shucuur leh. Waxay umuuqataa Katrina inaysan wali dareemin wax aad ufudud leh kamarada horteeda ayna ku adagtahay hadalada qalafsan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Vats|first=Rohit|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan: How has Katrina Kaif fared in the film?|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jab-tak-hai-jaan-how-has-katrina-kaif-fared-in-the-film/305984-8.html|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=24 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009015036/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jab-tak-hai-jaan-how-has-katrina-kaif-fared-in-the-film/305984-8.html|archive-date=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganacsi ahaan, filimku wuxuu cadeeyay inuu guuleystay Box-office-ka adduunka oo dhan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Mehta|first=Ankita|title='Jab Tak Hai Jaan' Box Office Collection: Shahrukh Starrer is a Blockbuster Overseas|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/411072/20121204/jab-tak-hai-jaan-box-office-collection.htm|work=International Business Times|access-date=24 September 2013|date=4 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927081651/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/411072/20121204/jab-tak-hai-jaan-box-office-collection.htm|archive-date=27 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanadkii 2013, waxay la soo muuqatay Aamir Khan filimkii xiisaha badnaa ee ''Dhoom 3''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Aamir, Abhishek, Katrina and Uday promote 'Dhoom 3'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Aamir-Abhishek-Katrina-and-Uday-promote-Dhoom-3/articleshow/27215896.cms|access-date=10 July 2014|work=The Times of India|date=11 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215052736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Aamir-Abhishek-Katrina-and-Uday-promote-Dhoom-3/articleshow/27215896.cms|archive-date=15 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaif muuqaalkiisa xiga wuxuu ahaa Siddharth Anand ee ''Bang Bang!'' (2014), oo ah dib-u-habeyntii 2010 ee majaajillada jilitaanka ''Knight and Day''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Lalwani|first=Vickey|title=Hrithik prepping up for Knight and Day remake|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-prepping-up-for-Knight-and-Day-remake/articleshow/18441696.cms|access-date=26 September 2013|work=The Times of India|date=11 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905031120/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-prepping-up-for-Knight-and-Day-remake/articleshow/18441696.cms|archive-date=5 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  wuxuu ciyaaray soo dhaweyn bangi oo si kama 'ah ula qabsaday wakiil qarsoodi ah (Hrithik Roshan).

=== (2015–hada) ===
Kaif sanadii 2015 wuxuu la soo muuqday Saif Ali Khan riwaayaddii Phantom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=After Phantom, Kabir Khan's Bajrangi Bhaijaan to kick start on November 3|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2692973/After-Phantom%2C-Kabir-Khan%27s-Bajrangi-Bhaijaan-to-kick-start-on-November-3|access-date=1 November 2014|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|date=1 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103145619/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2692973/After-Phantom%2C-Kabir-Khan%27s-Bajrangi-Bhaijaan-to-kick-start-on-November-3|archive-date=3 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Sanadkii 2016, Kaif wuxuu ka soo muuqday labo filim, ''Fitoor'', oo ah la qabsashada Charles Dickens 'sheeko ''Great Expectations'', Kaif wuxuu ciyaaray doorka ku saleysan Estella Havisham oo ay weheliyaan Aditya Roy Kapur iyo [[Tabu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Prashar|first=Chandni|title=Katrina Kaif, Aditya Roy Kapur Fight Kashmir Chill With Fitoor Kiss|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/katrina-kaif-aditya-roy-kapur-fight-kashmir-chill-with-fitoor-kiss-736871|publisher=NDTV|date=4 February 2015|access-date=9 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311032701/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/katrina-kaif-aditya-roy-kapur-fight-kashmir-chill-with-fitoor-kiss-736871|archive-date=11 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadkaas dabayaaqadiisii ​​waxay ku soo qaadatay sheeko jacayl ''Baar Baar Dekho'' oo ay la waday Sidharth Malhotra.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Not 'Kal Jisne Dekha', Katrina Kaif-Sidharth Malhotra's film gets a new title|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-not-kal-jisne-dekha-katrina-kaif-sidharth-malhotra-s-film-gets-a-new-title-2120899|access-date=27 September 2015|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=1 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928225206/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-not-kal-jisne-dekha-katrina-kaif-sidharth-malhotra-s-film-gets-a-new-title-2120899|archive-date=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labada filimba waxay ahaayeen kuwo dhaliil iyo ganacsiba ku fashilmay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Thakur|first=Charu|title=Baar Baar Dekho to Fitoor: 2016's glossy films which sank without a trace|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/baar-baar-dekho-sidharth-katrina-mohenjo-daro-fitoor-ki-and-ka-2016-flop-films/1/762438.html|access-date=11 October 2016|work=India Today|date=12 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011230640/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/baar-baar-dekho-sidharth-katrina-mohenjo-daro-fitoor-ki-and-ka-2016-flop-films/1/762438.html|archive-date=11 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Aditya,_Katrina_promot_film_‘Fitoor’.jpg|left|thumb|Kaif iyo [[Aditya Roy Kapur]], 2016]]
Kaif ayaa ku xigay Ranbir Kapoor oo ka soo muuqday filimka shactirada ah ee ''Jagga Jasoos'', kaasoo la sii daayay sanadkii 2017 dib u dhacyo badan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jagga Jasoos: Twists, turns and another release date|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jagga-jasoos-ranbir-kapoor-katrina-kaif-twists-turns-and-another-release-date/20170524.htm|access-date=3 August 2017|date=24 May 2017|work=Rediff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212234/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jagga-jasoos-ranbir-kapoor-katrina-kaif-twists-turns-and-another-release-date/20170524.htm|archive-date=3 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Filimku wuxuu u furmay jawaab celin isku dhafan wuxuuna ahaa niyad jab ganacsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-basu-on-jagga-jasoos-failure-4768232/|title=Anurag Basu on Jagga Jasoos failure: Rejection paves path for my next, promise won't disappoint you|last=Kamleshwari|first=A.|work=The Indian Express|date=26 July 2017|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103232729/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-basu-on-jagga-jasoos-failure-4768232/|archive-date=3 November 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isla sanadkaas Kaif wuxuu dib ula midoobay Salman Khan wuxuuna dib uhelay doorka Zoya ee filmka xiisaha leh ee ''Tiger Zinda Hai'', qeybta labaad ee filmkii ''Ek Tha Tiger'' ee 2012. Filimkan waxaa la sii daayay usbuuca ciida masiixiga wuxuuna u furmay xoog badan uruurintiisa, wuxuu aruurinayaa in kabadan 1 1.1 billion sedex maalmood gudahood markii la soo saaray.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tiger-zinda-hai-first-look-salman-khan-katrina-kaif/1/1070890.html|title=Tiger Zinda Hai first look: Salman Khan's brooding appearance makes for the perfect Diwali gift|last=Palat|first=Lakshana L|work=India Today|date=18 October 2017|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024214517/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tiger-zinda-hai-first-look-salman-khan-katrina-kaif/1/1070890.html|archive-date=24 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018 Kaif waxay door caawiye ah kuleeshay filmka ''Thugs of Hindostan'' waxeeyna calaamadeeysay wada shaqeynteedii labaad ee Aamir Khan, Amitabh Bachchan iyo Director Vijay Krishna Acharya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2017/05/11/katrina-kaif-joins-yrf-star-studded-mega-project-thugs-of-hindostan|title=Katrina Kaif Joins YRF's Star Studded Mega Project Thugs of Hindostan|website=www.yashrajfilms.com|access-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821003004/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2017/05/11/katrina-kaif-joins-yrf-star-studded-mega-project-thugs-of-hindostan|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kaif sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa hogaamiye dumar ah, oo ay weheliso Anushka Sharma, filimka ''Zero'', wuxuu la ciyaarayaa atariisho khamri cabba wuxuuna calaamadeynayaa wadashaqeyntiisii ​​labaad ee ay la yeelatay Shah Rukh Khan iyo Sharma (wixii ka dambeeyay 2012 kii ee ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/confirmed-shah-rukh-khan-romance-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-not-deepika-padukone-aanand-l-rais-725915|title=Confirmed: Shah Rukh Khan to romance Alia Bhatt and Katrina Kaif, not Deepika Padukone, in Aanand L Rai's film|last=Sen|first=Sushmita|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=14 May 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511162028/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/confirmed-shah-rukh-khan-romance-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-not-deepika-padukone-aanand-l-rais-725915|archive-date=11 May 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Zero'' waxay heshay dib u eegis isku dhaf ah oo ay ka heshay dadka naqdiya, laakiin Kaif sawirkiisa atirisho khamri cabeed ayaa ku kasbatay amaanteeda. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/katrina-kaif-is-the-surprise-element-of-aanand-l-rai-directorial-zero/articleshow/67191729.cms|title=Katrina Kaif is the surprise element of Aanand L. Rai directorial 'Zero' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222004246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/katrina-kaif-is-the-surprise-element-of-aanand-l-rai-directorial-zero/articleshow/67191729.cms|archive-date=22 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Waxay heshay magacaabista abaalmarinta Filmfare ee Aktarada Taageerada Ugu Fiican.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html|title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019|work=Filmfare|date=12 March 2019|access-date=13 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316052927/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html|archive-date=16 March 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Si kastaba ha noqotee, ''Thugs of Hindustan'' iyo ''Zero'' labadaba ganacsi ahaan kuma guuleysan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Can the Bollywood Khans stage a comeback?|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/can-the-bollywood-khans-stage-a-comeback/cid/1681755|date=14 January 2019|work=The Telegraph|author=Dua, Aarti|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116201052/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/can-the-bollywood-khans-stage-a-comeback/cid/1681755|archive-date=16 January 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanadkii 2019, Kaif waxay markale lashaqeeyay Salman Khan iyo Ali Abbas Zafar riwaayaddii ''Bharat'', oo ahayd laqabsigii filimkii [[Koonfur Kuuriya]] ee ''Ode to My Father'' (2014). Waxay bedeshay [[Priyanka Chopra]], kadib markii Chopra ay dooratay maalmo kahor inta aysan duubin muuqaaladeeda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Katrina Kaif replaces Priyanka Chopra in Bharat|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/010818/katrina-kaif-replaces-priyanka-chopra-in-bharat.html|date=1 August 2018|work=Deccan Chronicle|author=Jha, Subhash K|access-date=29 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Filimkan ayaa noqday mid kamid ah filimada Hindiga ee lacagaha ugu badan soo xareeyay sanadkaan 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/bharat-box-office-collection-day-22-salman-khan-film-breaches-rs-325-crore-mark-worldwide/story/359320.html|title=Bharat Box Office Collection Day 22: Salman Khan's film breaches Rs 325-crore mark worldwide|website=www.businesstoday.in|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702162011/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/bharat-box-office-collection-day-22-salman-khan-film-breaches-rs-325-crore-mark-worldwide/story/359320.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaif ayaa marka xiga ka soo muuqan doona filimka ''Sooryavanshi'' ee uu la wado Akshay Kumar iyo filimka cabsida badan ee ''Phone Bhoot'' oo ay la jileynayaan Siddhant Chaturvedi iyo Ishaan Khatter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/should-work-in-spaces-we-are-comfortable-in-says-katrina-kaif-on-being-a-glamourous-heroine/story-kz4bjYMRspdncBepP8RrXJ.html|title=Should work in spaces we are comfortable in, says Katrina Kaif on being a 'glamourous heroine'|last=Singh|first=Prashant|date=25 April 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425160725/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/should-work-in-spaces-we-are-comfortable-in-says-katrina-kaif-on-being-a-glamourous-heroine/story-kz4bjYMRspdncBepP8RrXJ.html|archive-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/confirmed-akshay-kumar-will-romance-katrina-kaif-in-rohit-shetty-s-sooryavanshi-1507084-2019-04-22|title=Confirmed: Akshay Kumar will romance Katrina Kaif in Rohit Shetty's Sooryavanshi|website=India Today|access-date=22 April 2019|date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422040124/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/confirmed-akshay-kumar-will-romance-katrina-kaif-in-rohit-shetty-s-sooryavanshi-1507084-2019-04-22|archive-date=22 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Here's All You Need To Know About Katrina Kaif, Siddhant Chaturvedi And Ishaan Khatter-Starrer Phone Bhoot|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-katrina-kaif-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-ishaan-khatter-starrer-phone-bhoot/22896248|date=20 July 2020|access-date=29 July 2020|work=Mid Day|archive-date=29 Bisha Todobaad 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729092359/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-katrina-kaif-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-ishaan-khatter-starrer-phone-bhoot/22896248|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ee 2021, waxay ballan qaaday inay wax ka keento filimka Farhan Akhtar ee ''Jee Le Zaraa'' oo ay weheliyaan Priyanka Chopra iyo [[Alia Bhatt]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jee-le-zaraa-priyanka-chopra-katrina-kaif-alia-bhatt-to-star-farhan-akhtar-to-direct-7446786/lite/ Jee Le Zaraa: Priyanka Chopra, Katrina Kaif and Alia Bhatt go on a road trip, Farhan Akhtar to direct]. &lt;/ref&gt;

== Nolosha shaqsiga ==
Nolosha qaaska ah ee Kaif dhowr jeer ayaa looga hadlay warbaahinta. Way ka caga jiideysaa inay ka hadasho nolosheeda jaceylka: &quot;Waxaan waligey rumeysanahay inay jirto nolol guurka ka hor iyo guurka ka hor. Guurka ka hor ... waxaa lagugu magacaabaa haweeney keligood ah waxaanan doortaa inaan ku sameeyo qayb ka mid ah noloshayda sharaf iyo caqli buuxda &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203922/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-dont-want-my-kids-to-know-how-many-boyfriends-i-had-1138453 'I don't want my kids to know how many boyfriends I had']&lt;/ref&gt;  In kasta oo wararka xariirka ah ee xiriir la leh Salman Khan markii ugu horreysay soo ifbaxay 2003, Kaliya markii ay kala tageen 2010-kii ayuu Kaif ka hadlay, wuxuuna ugu yeeray xiriirkeedii ugu horreeyay ee culus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161220094600/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/salman-was-my-first-serious-relationship-katrina-kaif/story-AVsYMARO64Duw189Lbm98N.html Salman was my first serious relationship: Katrina Kaif]&lt;/ref&gt;  Waxay sii ahaadeen saaxiibo, Kaif waxay ku qaddartaa Khan inuu siiyay kalsooni iyo hanuun:&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122509/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/i-am-katrina-s-bodyguard-salman-khan/article1-734610.aspx I am Katrina's bodyguard: Salman Khan]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215118/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Salman%20believed%20in%20me%3A%20Katrina/1/94790.html Salman believed in me: Katrina]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140811013355/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/salmans-been-a-huge-influence-katrina-kaif-2787.html &quot;Salman's been a huge influence&quot; – Katrina Kaif]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sababta la sheegay in ay ku kala tageen ayaa ah Kaif oo aad ugu sii dhowaanaya Ranbir Kapoor intii ay duubeysay ''Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20141021034700/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-kaif-nudges-deepika-padukone-out-of-ranbir-kapoors-tour/1/122436.html Katrina Kaif nudges Deepika Padukone out of Ranbir Kapoor's tour]&lt;/ref&gt;  In kasta oo ay taas beeniyeen Kaif iyo kapoor, haddana nooca xiriirkooda ayay warbaahinta baartay maxaa yeelay waxaa loo haystay inay dadka kale lug ku leeyihiin waqtigaas.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160215052806/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/i-want-to-be-loved-katrina/articleshow/5997720.cms I want to be loved: Katrina]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174001/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101114/jsp/7days/story_13174492.jsp Single Sallu's a friendly ex]&lt;/ref&gt; Bishii Ogosto 2013, sawirada Kapoor iyo Kaif oo fasax ku jooga Ibiza ayaa waxaa kashifay ''Stardust'';  warbaahintu waxay tan ku fasirtay xaqiijinta arrin.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150527143053/http://www.ibtimes.com.au/bollywoods-hottest-couple-finally-kat-out-ranbir-kapoors-bag-1313842 Bollywood's Hottest Couple: Finally, Is 'Kat' Out of Ranbir Kapoor's Bag?]&lt;/ref&gt;  Kaif markii ay soo muuqdeen sawirradu, Kaif ayaa warbaahinta u soo daabacday warqad ay ku sheegayso inay &quot;ka xumaatay, murugaysantahay oo ay ku soo duushay&quot; xadgudubka arrimaha gaarka ah.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140423124426/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/An-open-letter-to-the-media-from-Katrina-Kaif/articleshow/21528241.cms An open letter to the media from Katrina Kaif]&lt;/ref&gt;  Kadib waxay qirtay Kapoor inay tahay &quot;qayb aad muhiim ugu ah nolosheeda&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20141013013227/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-ranbir-kapoor-is-an-important-part-of-my-life-katrina-kaif-1936375 Ranbir Kapoor is an important part of my life: Katrina Kaif]&lt;/ref&gt; Bishii Febraayo 2016, warbaahinta ayaa sheegtay in ay kala tageen.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161027165511/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-did-the-break-up-with-ranbir-kapoor-cost-katrina-kaif-an-endorsement-deal-2183398 Did the break-up with Ranbir Kapoor cost Katrina Kaif an endorsement deal?]&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaif waxay xiriir dhow la leedahay qoyskeeda, la'aanta aabbe ee nolosheeda ayaa siisay iyada dareen mas'uuliyad ah xagga iyaga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Jahagirdar-Saxena|first=Shraddha|url=http://www.verveonline.com/121/people/katrina.shtml|title=View From The Top|journal=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]|volume=21|issue=6|access-date=25 June 2014|date=6 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183415/http://www.verveonline.com/121/people/katrina.shtml|archive-date=14 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Iyadoo Kaif hooyadiis tahay kirishtaan aabbeheedna muslim yahay, haddana Kaif waxaa loo soo barbaariyay inuu ku dhaqmo dhammaan diimaha oo dhan wuxuuna sheegay inay tahay &quot;mid rumaysan illaahay&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150329202651/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katrina-Kaif-We-have-a-mandir-at-our-home/articleshow/46726227.cms Katrina Kaif: We have a mandir at our home]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121906/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/golden-girl-katrina-kaif/1/236145.html Golden girl Katrina Kaif]&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaif iyo jilaaga [[Vicky Kaushal]] waxay is guursadeen 9 Diseembar 2021 ka dhacay Six Sense Resort, Fort Barwara ee Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan ka dib markii ay wada socdeen ku dhawaad ​​laba sano.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/katrina-kaif-vicky-kaushal-wedding-live-updates-vicky-katrina-marriage-inside-photos-videos-guest-list-sawai-madhopur-rajasthan-news-1498654 Katrina Kaif Vicky Kaushal Wedding LIVE Updates: VicKat Get Married At Six Senses Fort Barwara]. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/katrina-kaif-and-vicky-kaushal-are-now-married-a-timeline-of-their-romance-2644454 &quot;Katrina Kaif And Vicky Kaushal Are Now Married: A Timeline Of Their Romance&quot;]. &lt;/ref&gt;

== Sawirka warbaahinta ==
[[File:Katrina_Kaif_at_an_event_for_Nakshatra.jpg|alt=A woman dressed in traditional Indian clothing is looking away from the camera. She has a red bindi between her eyebrows, a silver necklace and is wearing an embroidered red sari.|left|thumb|Kaif oo xaflad loogu qabtay dahabka Nakshatra, 2010]]
Sida laga soo xigtay maqaalkii ''India Today'', in kasta oo aysan u kala duwanayn halyeeyga caadiga ah ee Bollywood, Kaif &quot;wuxuu dhib kasta u rogay fursad wuxuuna fuulay cirifka dhaldhalaalka ah ee xiddigaha&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://indiatoday.intoday.in &quot;Kat who stole the cream&quot;]. India Today.&lt;/ref&gt; Inkastoo ay tahay mid ka mid ah atariishooyinka ugu guulaha badan xagga ganacsiga Bollywood -ka casriga ah, haddana waxay heshay dib -u -eegisyo kala duwan oo ku aaddan awoodeeda jilitaanka.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131205145526/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/is-katrina-bollywoods-lucky-mascot/183795-8-66.html &quot;Is Katrina Bollywood's lucky mascot?&quot;]. CNN-IBN.&lt;/ref&gt; Markii ay wax u qori jirtay ''Firstpost'', Anuya Jakatdar waxay qortay in Kaif looga baahan yahay &quot;inay qaadato door [dhab ahaantii] ka hor imaado&quot; halkii ay eegi lahayd rafcaanka guulaha jilaaga&quot; waxayna ku dhaleecaysay u janjeedhkeeda dhanka doorarka soo jiidashada leh.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013452/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/a-career-tip-for-birthday-barbie-katrina-kaif-learn-to-act-959053.html &quot;A career tip for birthday Barbie Katrina Kaif: Learn to act&quot;]. Firstpost.&lt;/ref&gt; Awoodda qoob -ka -ciyaarka ee Kaif ayaa si wanaagsan loo qiimeeyaa, iyadoo Meena Iyer oo ka tirsan The Times of India ay ugu yeertay &quot;mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu fiican qoob -ka -ciyaarka Bollywood&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160215052729/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Why-Katrina-Kaif-looks-forward-to-dancing-in-films-now/articleshow/16264607.cms &quot;Why Katrina Kaif looks forward to dancing in films now&quot;]. The Times of India.&lt;/ref&gt; Kaif guulaha uu ka gaaray Bollywoodka inkasta oo uu Ingiriis ahaa ayaa dhalisay in ay ku soo qulqulaan hibo shisheeye oo rajeynaya in ay ka dhex muuqdaan warshadaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kaif ayaa warbaahinta laga soo xigtaa in ay tahay mid ka mid ah dadka ugu quruxda badan India, waxaana uu ka galay darajooyinka ugu sarreeya codbixinta isagoo dooranaya dadka caanka ah ee Hindiya ugu soo jiidashada badan. Kaif waxaa ''FHM India'' u magacowday &quot;Haweeneyda ugu Galmada Badan Adduunka&quot; shan jeer laga soo bilaabo 2008 illaa 2013,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181217/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-katrina-kaif-voted-fhms-sexiest-woman-1552317 &quot;Katrina Kaif voted 'FHM's' sexiest woman&quot;]. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=KBR|first=Upala|title=Deepika Padukone displaces Katrina Kaif in FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World 2014|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-deepika-padukone-displaces-katrina-kaif-in-fhm-100-sexiest-women-in-the-world-2014-1999264|access-date=10 July 2014|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=3 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707022951/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-deepika-padukone-displaces-katrina-kaif-in-fhm-100-sexiest-women-in-the-world-2014-1999264|archive-date=7 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; wuxuuna ka soo muuqday liiska ''Verve'' ee haweenka ugu awoodda badan 2009 iyo 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Pandey|first=Piyush|url=http://www.verveonline.com/86/people/powerwomen03.shtml|title=Verve's 50 Power Women 2010|journal=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]|volume=18|issue=6|access-date=27 October 2013|date=June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219054922/http://www.verveonline.com/86/people/powerwomen03.shtml|archive-date=19 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.verveonline.com/74/people/powerlist.shtml|title=Verve's 50 Power Women 2009|journal=Verve|volume=17|issue=6|access-date=27 October 2013|date=June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404092809/http://verveonline.com/74/people/powerlist.shtml|archive-date=4 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majaladda ''Eastern Eye'' ayaa ugu magac dartay &quot;Haweeneyda Aasiya ugu Galmada Badan&quot; laga soo bilaabo 2008 illaa 2010, iyo mar kale 2013kii.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Katrina is world's sexiest Asian... again|url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/2.526/katrina-is-world-s-sexiest-asian-again-2010-12-12-1.328304|publisher=Emirates 24/7|date=12 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195005/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/2.526/katrina-is-world-s-sexiest-asian-again-2010-12-12-1.328304|archive-date=29 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Sounak|title=Katrina Kaif Declared as Sexiest Asian Woman in the World, Fourth Time for the British-Indian Actress|url=http://www.ibtimes.com.au/katrina-kaif-declared-sexiest-asian-woman-world-fourth-time-british-indian-actress-1325878|work=International Business Times|access-date=2 August 2015|date=5 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032435/http://www.ibtimes.com.au/katrina-kaif-declared-sexiest-asian-woman-world-fourth-time-british-indian-actress-1325878|archive-date=24 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaif waxaa loo magacaabay ''The Times of India'' &quot;Haweeneyda Ugu Jecel&quot; 2010, markii dambena wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad laga soo bilaabo 2011 illaa 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-29/news-interviews/38903243_1_entrant-desirable-women-desirable-men|title=Times top 50 Most Desirable Women of 2012|access-date=27 October 2013|date=29 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019103638/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-29/news-interviews/38903243_1_entrant-desirable-women-desirable-men|archive-date=19 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Deepika Padukone: 2013's Most desirable woman|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Deepika-Padukone-2013s-Most-desirable-woman/articleshow/35726757.cms?|access-date=5 June 2014|work=The Times of India|date=30 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531081711/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Deepika-Padukone-2013s-Most-desirable-woman/articleshow/35726757.cms|archive-date=31 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daabacaadda ''People'' ee Hindiya ayaa ku tilmaantay inay tahay &quot;Haweeneyda ugu Quruxda badan Hindiya&quot; sannadkii 2011 saddex sano kaddibna waxay kaalinta koowaad ka gashay Maxim India &quot;Hot 100&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Katrina Kaif voted India's Most Beautiful Woman by People Magazine|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/4037.html|date=27 May 2011|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=20 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202201827/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/4037.html|archive-date=2 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Katrina Kaif edges past her contemporaries!|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-katrina-kaif-edges-past-her-contemporaries-2062648|access-date=8 March 2015|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=20 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223034247/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-katrina-kaif-edges-past-her-contemporaries-2062648|archive-date=23 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaif waa af-hayeen caan ku ah dhowr nooc oo ay ka mid yihiin [[Slice]], [[Nakshatra Jewellery|Nakshatra]], [[Lux]], [[Panasonic]], [[Lakmé Cosmetics|Lakmé]] iyo [[L'Oréal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;success&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Neha|title=OVER THE YEARS: Decoding Kat's nine lives!|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/OVER-THE-YEARS-Decoding-Kat-s-nine-lives/Article1-933113.aspx|access-date=22 September 2013|work=Hindustan Times|date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929235300/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/OVER-THE-YEARS-Decoding-Kat-s-nine-lives/Article1-933113.aspx|archive-date=29 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Katrina Kaif is the new face of L'Oréal Paris|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-katrina-kaif-is-the-new-face-of-l-or-al-paris-1954611|access-date=21 January 2014|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=21 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220154151/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-katrina-kaif-is-the-new-face-of-l-or-al-paris-1954611|archive-date=20 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Economic Times'' ayaa ku qiimeeyay Kaif Hindiya qofka labaad ee ugu taageerada badan 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A snapshot of the top 10 small screen endorsers|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/advertising-marketing/a-snapshot-of-the-top-10-small-screen-endorsers/2-katrina-kaif/slideshow/12078572.cms|access-date=4 March 2014|work=The Economic Times|date=29 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911062317/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/advertising-marketing/a-snapshot-of-the-top-10-small-screen-endorsers/2-katrina-kaif/slideshow/12078572.cms|archive-date=11 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hindustan Times ayaa soo werisay 2014-kii inay heshay million 50 milyan (US $ 700,000) ilaa million 60 milyan (US $ 840,000) oo lagu ansixiyay mid kasta, taasoo ka dhigtay mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan Hindiya ee ugu mushaharka badan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/bwoods-highest-paid-actresses/articleshow/11005681.cms|title=B'wood's highest paid actresses|access-date=23 October 2013|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024035458/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/bwoods-highest-paid-actresses/articleshow/11005681.cms|archive-date=24 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Shalvi|first=Mangaokar|title=Deepika Padukone pockets Rs. 6 crore for endorsement deal?|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/deepika-gets-rs-6-crore-for-endorsing-a-cola/article1-1190666.aspx|access-date=4 March 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=4 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304190528/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/deepika-gets-rs-6-crore-for-endorsing-a-cola/article1-1190666.aspx|archive-date=4 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadihii 2010 iyo 2011, [[Mattel]] wuxuu sii daayay laba qaybood oo ah caruusadaha [[Barbie]] oo uu dhiirrigeliyay Kaif.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Check Out: Katrina Kaif unveils special Barbie doll created in her likeness|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/1608/|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=28 March 2015|date=23 November 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104845/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/1608/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Katrina Kaif unveils 'I Can Be a Movie Star' Barbie doll|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2156/|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=28 March 2015|date=5 May 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091202/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2156/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Sanadkii 2015 -kii, Kaif wuxuu noqday jilaagii sideedaad ee Bollywood-ka ah oo lagu rakibo tiirka wax-dhiska ee Madame Tussauds ee London.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Madame Tussauds to celebrate 15 years of Bollywood by unveiling Katrina Kaif wax statue|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/madame-tussauds-to-celebrate-15-years-of-bollywood-by-unveiling-katrina-kaif-wax-statue/16094151|access-date=18 November 2016|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=26 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118165423/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/madame-tussauds-to-celebrate-15-years-of-bollywood-by-unveiling-katrina-kaif-wax-statue/16094151|archive-date=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaif wuxuu ku hawlan yahay mashruucyada Project Relief India, oo ah hay'ad samafal oo hooyadeed maamusho taas oo badbaadisa gabdhaha dhallaanka ah ee laga tagay waxayna ka shaqaysaa sidii looga hortagi lahaa dilka dhallaanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Seema|date=23 January 2011|title=Touching lives|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Touching-lives/articleshow/7127277.cms|url-status=live|access-date=8 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215052740/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Touching-lives/articleshow/7127277.cms|archive-date=15 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guulaha uu Kaif ka gaaray ciyaarta ayaa muujinaya ''10 Ka Dum'' iyo ''Kaun Banega Crorepati'' ayaa loogu deeqay hooyadeed Mercy Home agoonta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|date=26 October 2009|title=Katrina to appear on TV shows to fund mom's charity|work=[[Mid-Day]]|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/katrina-to-appear-on-tv-shows-to-fund-moms-charity/61427|url-status=live|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714135115/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/katrina-to-appear-on-tv-shows-to-fund-moms-charity/61427|archive-date=14 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si ay dhaqaale ugu hesho dugsi cusub oo ku yaal Madurai waxay duubtay ''Rhyme Skool'' (2010), oo ah album heesaha xanaanada oo uu sameeyay A. R. Rahman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Astbury|first=Will|date=27 April 2010|title=Katrina Kaif records charity album|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/news/a216739/katrina-kaif-records-charity-album.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226111615/http://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/news/a216739/katrina-kaif-records-charity-album.html|archive-date=26 December 2014|access-date=8 June 2014|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=2 August 2012|title=Katrina Kaif to sing for AR Rahman?|work=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-to-sing-for-ar-rahman/article1-907000.aspx|url-status=dead|access-date=8 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172448/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-to-sing-for-ar-rahman/article1-907000.aspx|archive-date=14 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaif ayaa sidoo kale booqday Ururka Gargaarka Bukaanka Kansarka si uu hadiyad uga badbaado kansarka una kordhiyo wacyiga dadweynaha ee kansarka naasaha iyo makaanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=11 December 2012|title=Katrina lends a hand to cancer cause|work=India Today|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-lends-a-pink-hand-to-cancer-cause/1/237197.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172702/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-lends-a-pink-hand-to-cancer-cause/1/237197.html|archive-date=14 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== filimada ==
{{Main|Katrina Kaif filmography}}

== abaalmarinta iyo magacaabista ==
{{Main|Liiska abaalmarinta iyo magacaabista ay heshay Katrina Kaif}}

== Tixraacyada ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
[[Category:Atariisho Ingriiska ee asalkoodu Hindida yahay]]
[[Category:Dad nool]]
[[Category:Atariis[https://halfmindpost.com/katrina-kaif-latest-look-goes-viral/ Katrina Kaif latest look 2023]hayasha filimada Hindiga]]
[[Category:Dhalashada 1983]]
[[Category:Atariishayasha shineemada Hindiga]]
[[Category:Moodelyasha dhedig Hindida]]
[[Category:Atariishayasha Hindiya ee qarnigi 21-aad]]</text>
      <sha1>9n626smnu2bdp8rqsy7okeqzh07rov1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2001 Afti u qaadista dastuurka Somaliland</title>
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      <text bytes="6682" sha1="8iqq8q4c5gvuybax86se09i5107w67w" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox referendum|name=2001 Afti dastuurka Somaliland|yes=1148940|no=34302|total=1187833|electorate=1188746|map=|mapdivision=|notes=}}

'''Afti dastuurka''' ayaa laga qaaday [[Somaliland|shacabka Somaliland]] 31 May 2001. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2017-12-14|title=Somaliland profile|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14115069|access-date=2020-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aftida ayaa loo qaaday [[Dastuurka Somaliland|dastuurka]] qabyada [[Dastuurka Somaliland|ah]] ee xaqiijinaya madaxbanaanida [[Somaliland]] . 99.9% ee codbixiyaasha xaqa u leh ayaa kaqaybqaatay aftida oo 97.1% kamid ah ay ucodeeyeen dastuurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elections in Somaliland|url=http://africanelections.tripod.com/somaliland.html#2001_Constitutional_Referendum|access-date=2020-06-20|website=africanelections.tripod.com|archive-date=2011-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717190717/http://africanelections.tripod.com/somaliland.html#2001_Constitutional_Referendum|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ansixinta dastuurka waxay xaqiijisay madaxbanaanida [[Somaliland]], waxay xoojisay [[Golaha Wasiirada Somaliland|Laanta Fulinta]] waxayna xaqiijisay [[Islaam|diinta islaamka]] inay tahay &quot;iimaanka qaranka&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Muller|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d33MfEFXvW8C&amp;pg=PA1309&amp;lpg=PA1309&amp;dq=kulmiye+party+2002#q=kulmiye%20party%202002|title=Political Handbook of the World 2012|date=2012-04-02|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-60871-995-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tan ugu muhiimsani, waxay ansaxisay [[Doorashooyinka Somaliland|doorashooyinka xisbiyada badan]] ee heerarka kala duwan ee dawladda iyada oo loo marayo waddo guud oo loo maro [[Dimoqraadi|nidaamka dimuqraadiyadda]].


Sikastaba aftida waxaa ka horyimaaday [[Dawladda federaalka Soomaaliya|Dowlada Soomaaliya]] umana horseedin wax aqoonsi caalami ah.

== Gundhig ==
Bishii May 1991kii markii uu dhacay kalidii taliyihii milateriga ee Soomaaliya, [[Siyaad Barre]], [[SNM|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed wuxuu]] ku dhawaaqay gooni isu taagga Somaliland. Sannadkii 1993 ayaa la aasaasay [[Madaxweynaha fulinta|guddoomiye fulineed]] oo leh [[Labada Aqal|laba gole]] [[Sharcidajin|sharci dejin]] iyadoo [[Maxamed Cigaal|Muxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaalna]] ay u doorteen madaxweyne golaha guurtida. Sannadkii 1997, Shirweynihii Beelaha Somaliland ee ka dhacay magaalada [[Hargeysa]], waxaa la qaatay dastuur soconaya muddo 3 sano ah ilaa afti laga qaado si uu si buuxda u dhaqan galo. &lt;ref name=little&gt;{{cite web | url = http://somaliuk.com/Indepth1/country_that_could.pdf | archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090225023746/http://somaliuk.com/Indepth1/country_that_could.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2009-02-25 | title = Somaliland: The Little Country that Could | accessdate = 2009-02-17 | publisher = [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dastuurka waxaa wax laga badalay 2000 aftidiina waa dib udhacday ilaa 2001. Dhanka kale, isku daygii lagu dhisi lahaa dowlad qaran oo Soomaaliya ah iyo dhismihii [[Dawladda Qaranka Ku Meel Gaarka ah|Dowladdii Ku Meel Gaarka ahayd]] ee Soomaaliya bishii May 2000 waxay ku dhiirrigelisay Somaliland inay qabato afti si loo muujiyo rabitaanka madaxbannaanida Somaliland. &lt;ref name=&quot;democracy&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title= Further Steps to Democracy |year= 2006 |publisher= CIIR |isbn= 1-85287-318-3 |page= 173 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mYvILshSS1oC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afti dadweyne ==
Aftida oo dhaqan gashay waxay noqotay cod u qaadida [[madaxbanaanida]] [[Somaliland]] sababo la xiriira in lagu daro dastuurka qodob ka mid ah madaxbanaanida Somaliland.   [[Baarlamaanka Somaliland|Baarlamaanka]] Somaliland [[Baarlamaanka Somaliland|wuxuu u]] qoondeeyey in ka badan $ 650,000 in lagu maalgeliyo aftida, ku dhowaad 5% ee wadarta miisaaniyadda [[qaran]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ka.  Maaddaama aysan jirin [[tirakoob]] ama liistada cod-bixiyeyaasha, odayaasha beeshu waxay go'aansadeen cidda u-qalanta inuu codeeyo. 

Bishii Ogos 2002, dawladdii [[Madaxweyne]] [[Maxamed Cigaal|Cigaal]] waxay kumanaan nuqul oo ka mid ah dastuurka la soo bandhigay ka qaybisay guud ahaan Shacabka Somaliland. 

Dawladda ku [[Dowladda Federaalka Kumeelgaarka|-meel-gaadhka ah]] ee Soomaaliya ayaa ka hor timid aftida, kuna tilmaamtay mid sharci darro ah oo ay sheegtay in [[dawladda Somaliland]] aysan awood u lahayn inay keligeed gooni uga noqoto Soomaaliya.  Aftida waxaa sidoo kale ka horyimid hogaanka gobolka dariska la ah [[Puntland]] ee Soomaaliya .  Ma jiro [[Urur caalami ah|urur]] ama wadan [[Urur caalami ah|caalami ah oo]] taageeray aftida. 

Koox ka kooban toban [[Kormeerka doorashada|kormeerayaal oo]] ka socda [[Machadka Initiative iyo Aftida|Machadka Initiative iyo Referendum ayaa]] kormeeray aftida.  Waxay awood u yeesheen oo keliya inay booqdaan 57 ka mid ah 600 oo [[Goobta codbixinta|goobood]] oo laga [[Goobta codbixinta|codeeyo]] waxayna ka fogaadeen gobolka [[Sool]] gebi ahaanba sababo nabadgelyo awgood.  Tan waxaa u sabab ah gobolka oo loo tixgeliyo inuu yahay &quot;gobolka ugu xasilloonida badan&quot; ee [[Somaliland]] oo uu ka soo horjeedo aftida dhaceysa. 

Si kastaba ha noqotee, idaacadashaas la duubay waxay ku soo warrameen in aftida loo qaaday ay ahayd mid furan, cadaalad ah, nabdoon, khiyaamo kasta oo dhacdayna ay ahayd mid dhif iyo naadir ah. 

== Natiijooyinka ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;
!Xulasho
! Codadka
! %
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Wixii
| 1,148,940
| 97.10
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ka soo horjeedka
| 34,302
| 2.90
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Codad aan sax ahayn / madhan
| 4,591
| -
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | '''Wadarta'''
| '''1,187,833'''
| '''100'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Codbixiyeyaasha diiwaangashan / ka qaybgalka doorashada
| 1,188,746
| 99.92
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | Xigasho: [http://africanelections.tripod.com/somaliland.html#2001_Constitutional_Referendum Macluumaadka Doorashooyinka Afrika] {{Wayback|url=http://africanelections.tripod.com/somaliland.html#2001_Constitutional_Referendum |date=20110717190717 }}
|}

== Natiijada ==
[[Madaxwaynaha Somaliland|Madaxweynaha Somaliland]], [[Maxamed Cigaal]], wuxuu aftida ku tilmaamay mid ka dhigtay Somaliland qaran isla markaana joojisay su’aal kasta oo ahayd inay la midowdo Soomaaliya.  Si kastaba ha noqotee, in kasta oo taageerida madaxbannaanida lagu muujiyey aftida, haddana ma jirin waddan aqoonsaday qaddiyadda madaxbannaanida Somaliland,  taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay cabsida laga qabo tirada sii kordheysa ee dawladaha yaryar ee aan la sii wadi karin iyo diidmada [[Midowga Afrika]] ee ku aaddan kala-goynta gobollada jira.  

== Tixraacyo ==

[[Category:Somaliland]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Somaliland</title>
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'''''Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland'''''  waa [[Wasaaradda (waaxda dawladda)|wasaarada]] [[Golaha Wasiirada Somaliland|dawlada Somaliland]] oo kormeerta [[Xidhiidhka Dibada ee Somaliland|xidhiidhka dibada ee Somaliland]] . Wasiirka hada jooga waa Abdirahman Dahir Adam  

== Liiska Wasiirada Arimaha Dibada ==

* Yuusuf Sheekh Cali Madar
* Cismaan Cabdilaahi Jaamac
* Maxamed Cabdi Dhinbil “Galbeedi”
* Saleban Mohamoud Adan
* Mohamoud Saed Fagadhe
* Cabdixakiim Garaad Jaamac
* Maxamed Saed Gees
* 2003-2006 [[Adna Adan|Edna Aadan Ismaaciil]]
* 2006-2010 Cabdilaahi Maxamed Ducaale
* 2010-2013 Mohammad Abdullahi Omar
* 2013-2015 Mahamed Biixi Yoonis
* 2015-2018 [[Sacad Cali Shire|Dr. Sacad Cali Shire]]
* 2018-present Yasin Xaaji Mohamoud “Faratoon”

== Sidoo kale eeg ==

* [[Safaaradaha Soomaaliya|Ergooyinka diblomaasiyadeed ee Somaliland]]
* [[Xidhiidhka Dibada ee Somaliland|Xidhiidhka dibada ee Somaliland]]
* Liiska xafiisyada diblomaasiyadeed ee Somaliland

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Siyaasadda Somaliland]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cabdulqaadir Maxamed cabdullaahi</title>
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      <text bytes="6541" sha1="50rhhl3h1aoo5n5j9c0eewagnh8gyj4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|style=Sheekh|image=File:الدكتور عبدالقادر محمد عبدالله 2007.jpg|name=cabdulqaadir Maxamed cabdullaahi Samantar|birth_date=1949|birth_place=Gaalkacyo, Soomaaliya|death_date=2009|death_place=jabuuti|death cause=Beer Qolofoow|nationality=Soomaali|other names=Garre|education=Phd. jaamacada umul quraa|occupation=Maamulaha jaamacada Bariga Afrika|years active=1999 - 2008|religion=Islam|othername=عبدالقادر محمد عبدالله}}

'''C/qaadir Maxamed C/llaahi Samatar''' oo ah Sheekh [[Soomaaliya|Soomaaliyeed]], waa aas-aasaha [[Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika]] ee magaalada [[Boosaaso]] ee dalka [[Soomaaliya]], waxa uu shahaado phd ku saanbsan [[Ictiqaad|ictiqaadka]] ka qaatay Jaamacadda Umm Al-Qura oo ku taalla [[Makkah]] al mukarramah , ee dalka [[Sacuudi Carabiya|sucuudi carabiya]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.quranicthought.com/ar/books/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%82%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |archive-date=2023-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220104826/https://www.quranicthought.com/ar/books/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%82%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;   .

== Dhalashadiisii iyo Yaraantiisii ==
Wuxuu ku dhashay magaalada Gaalkacyo ee bartamaha Soomaaliya sanadkii [[1949|1949-kii]], wuxuuna ku noolaa Dagmada [[Eyl]] ee gobolka Nugaal, kadib wuxuu u guuray caasimadda Soomaaliya ee [[Muqdisho]], isagoo lix iyo toban jir ah dugsiga hoose dhexe wuxuu ku qaatay, dugsiga hoose dhexe ee xamar, ka dibna wuxuu ka baxay mahadka kalkaalinta caafimaadka, wakhti koobanna wuxuu ku shaqeeyay kalkaaliyanimo, Dugsiga sare ee 15may ayuu 1974kii ka qalanjabiyay, wuxuuna ka mid ahaa dhallinyaradii xilli hore la jaanqaadday saxwada islaamiga ah, wuxuuna 1976kii u baxdsaday dhinaca Kenya ka dib markii kacaanku olole xirxirid ah ku qaaday dhallinyaradii dacwada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://somalitalk.com/2009/10/18/dr-cqaadir-garre-oo-saaka-ku-geeriyooday-jabuuti/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |archive-date=2023-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219120735/http://somalitalk.com/2009/10/18/dr-cqaadir-garre-oo-saaka-ku-geeriyooday-jabuuti/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== noloshiisa waxbarasho ==

* wuxuu arday ka noqday 1977kii jaamacadda umulquraa , gaar ahaan kulliyadda shreecada qeybteeda dacwada, diraasaadkiisii sare  wuxuu ku dhammeystay isla jaamacadda ummulquraa ilaa uu ka qaatay shahaadaha diktooraada(PHD) wuxuuna ku takahasusay cilmiga caqiidada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.somaliaonline.com/community/topic/45037-on-sheekh-cqaadir-maxamed-cllaahi-garre/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305075844/https://www.somaliaonline.com/community/topic/45037-on-sheekh-cqaadir-maxamed-cllaahi-garre/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* wuxuu Master ka qaatay jaamacadda umulquraa sanadkii 1989
* wuxuu phd ka qaatay isla jaamacadda sanadkii 1998

== Qoraaladiisa ==

* موقف شيخ الإسلام ابن تيمية من الكرامية في الإلهيات&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://ketabpedia.com/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |archive-date=2023-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219121058/https://ketabpedia.com/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; - رسالة ماجستير بإشراف الدكتور علي بن نفيع العلياني 
* الانحرافات العقدية في المجتمع الصومالي&lt;ref&gt;https://dorar.uqu.edu.sa//uquui/handle/20.500.12248/121554{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; - رسالة الدكتوراة بإشراف الدكتور علي بن نفيع العلياني

[[File:موقف_شيخ_الإسلام_ابن_تيمية_من_الكرامية_في_الإلهيات.jpg|thumb| Mawqifka uu Sheekh Al-Islaam Ibnu Taymiyah ka taagan yahay Karaamiyaha Dhanka sifaatka eebe]]

== [[Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika]] ==
[[1999]] -kii Dr.Cabdulqaadir Muxamed Cabdullaahi waxa uu u wareegay magaalada [[Boosaaso]] ee [[Soomaaliya|dalka Soomaaliya]]  halkaas oo uu ka aas aasay [[Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika]] oo ay culimo  badan oo uu ka midyayhay ay qeyb ka ahaayeen aasaaska jaamacada, waxaana uu xilka guddoomiyaha Jaamacadda ka hayay ilaa [[2008|2008-dii]]  sidoo kalena wuxuu ka ahaa jaamacada macallin . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://omardrabdulkadir.so/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%83%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |archive-date=2023-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220104809/https://omardrabdulkadir.so/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== xanuunkiisa iyo dhimashadiisa ==
Waxa uu xanuunkan la ildarnaa sanadihii ugu dambeeyay noloshiisa, waxaana lagu sameeyay qaliino badan, waxaana xanuunkan uu aad ugu xumaaday sanadkii [[2009|2009-kii]], arrinkaasoo keenay in loo qaado Boqortooyada Sacuudiga, balse dhakhaariirtu dheheen waxba lagama qaban karo kadib markii laga helay beer qolofoow . waxayna Dhakhaatiirtu codsadeen in loo qaado dalka Jarmalka, hase ahaatee asagoo ku hakkaday dalka [[jabuuti]] ayuu ku geeryooday  18/10/2009 . &lt;ref&gt;https://arabicpost.net/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9/2015/12/28/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%81/&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Shaqsiyadaad]]
[[Category:Aqoon]]
[[Category:Soomaalida]]
[[Category:Jaamacadaha Soomaaliya]]
[[Category:Waxbarashada Soomaaliya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Daasweyne</title>
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      <text bytes="793" sha1="8zgsr1vw4davqm8t4l9j43n8ww8piib" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Jasin Supermarket.jpg|thumb|Daasweyne]]
'''Daasweyne''' ([[ingiriis]]: supermarket)  waa dukaamada weyn oo alaab kalamid ah, kaasoo iibinaya noocyo kala duwan oo cunto iyo alaabooyin guri, oo loo habeeyay qaybo ama saf. Alaabooyinku waxay inta badan ka mid yihiin khudaarta cusub, caanaha, hilibka, cuntooyinka la shubay, agabka nadiifinta, alaabta daryeelka shakhsiyaadka, iyo mararka qaarkood alaabooyinka aan cunto ahayn sida dhar ama elektiroonigga. Suuqyada weyn waxaa loo sameeyay si sahlan oo macaamiisha ay u xulan karaan alaabada oo ay ku bixin karaan lacagta kaarka lacag bixinta. Waxay badanaa qayb ka yihiin silsilad ama koox dukaameed weyn waxaana si caadi ah looga helaa magaalooyinka iyo agagaarka magaalooyinka.

==tixraac==
{{reflist}}


{{Gumud}}

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  <page>
    <title>Dhaqaalaha Midowga Soofiyeeti</title>
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      <text bytes="107780" sha1="89kwpx2scwg2e383g6hlyhvj72i0uu1" xml:space="preserve">Dhaqaalaha Midowgii Soofiyeeti waxa uu ahaa hanti-wadaag loo qorsheeyay dhaqaale dhexe oo leh qorshe shan sano ah gaar ahaan 1928 ilaa 1985, waxa uu u qaybsamaa 3 xilli: War Communism (1918-1921), NEP (1921-28) iyo Socialism (1928-dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii). 
Si loo bixiyo sharraxaad dhammaystiran:

== Horumarka aadanaha ==
Si aad fikrad uga hesho sida heerka nololeed uu u fiicnaaday Midowgii Soofiyeeti, meel fiican oo laga bilaabo waa Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha (HDI). 

Tusmada Horumarka Aadanaha ee Taariikhiga ah (HIHD) waxay cabbirtaa hagaajinta heerka nolosha iyadoo la adeegsanayo afar tilmaame: rajada nolosha ee dhalashada, akhris-qoraalka 15-jirka iyo ka weyn, diiwaangelinta dugsiga, iyo GDP qofkiiba. Tusmadu waxay dabooshaa tirooyinka u dhexeeya 0 iyo 1. Marka ay u dhowdahay 1, ayaa kor u kaca horumarka. 

Dalka kaliya ee hore ee USSR ee aan u hayno xogta HDI laga soo bilaabo 1870 wixii ka dambeeyay waa Ruushka, oo ah kan ugu weyn jamhuuriyada uu ka kooban yahay. 

Xogta uu bixiyay Max Roser (2018) waxay muujinaysaa in 1913 (sanadkii ugu dambeeyay ee aan xogta ku hayno Ruushka inta lagu jiro Tsarism), HDI ee Ruushka wuxuu ahaa 0.12. Tiradani waxay ka yaraatay saddex meelood meel heerka New Zealand, oo ah waddan leh horumar taariikhi ah, kaas oo 1913-kii lahaa heerka kobaca 0.38. Boqortooyada Midowday (UK) waxay lahayd hal 0.33, halka Maraykanku uu istaagay 0.31. Sida cad, Ruushka ka hor hanti-wadaaga ayaa aad uga dambeeyay adduunka intiisa kale ee horumaray. 

Sannadkii 1970-kii, HDI ee RSFSR (Jamhuuriyadda Hantiwadaaga Soofiyeedka ee Ruushka) waxay ahayd 0.5. Tani waxay 4.2 jeer ka sarraysaa tii 1913 iyo 92.59% ee heerka New Zealand iyo Maraykanka, labadaba HDI ee 0.54. 

Halbeeggani wuxuu bilaabay inuu hoos u dhigo Brezhnev, laakiin 1990kii wuxuu weli ku guuleystey inuu gaaro 0.52, 88.14% New Zealand. 

Halbeegga kale ee guushu waa dadweynaha faraxsan, waxaana sidoo kale jira tusmaynta tan. Tusmada qanacsanaanta nolosha, oo lagu qiyaasay 1 ilaa 10, waxay ahayd 7.26 magaalada Soofiyeedka ee Tambov 1981, 7.2 Belarus 1984, iyo 6.46 ee RSFSR ee 1988 (Clark iyo Senik, 2014, p. 28). Ka dib qaadashada hanti-wadaaga, qanacsanaanta nolosha ayaa hoos u dhacday. Tixdu waxay hoos ugu dhacday 4.23 Tambov 1995, ilaa 4.81 ee 1999 ee Belarus, iyo 6.09 ee 2005 ee Russia (Clark iyo Senik, 2014, p. 28). Wasakhaynta qofkasta ee USSR, marka laga reebo qiiqa baabuurta, way ka hoosaysay Maraykanka 1987 (Kolstad iyo Golub, 1993, p. 4). 

Ka dib markii Ruushku qaatay hanti-wadaaga, HDI wuxuu hoos ugu dhacay 0.48 sannadkii 1995. Sannadkii 2010, HDI-ga Ruushka wuxuu la mid ahaa 1990. Sannadkii 2015, HDI-ga Ruushku wuxuu ahaa 66.28% oo keliya heerka New Zealand. Marka la eego cabbirkan, hantiwadaaga ayaa Ruushka ka dhigay mid ka daciifsan Galbeedka, oo aan ka xoog badnayn.

==Wax soo saarka guud ee gudaha==
Calaamad kale oo fure u ah guusha dhaqaalaha waa wax soo saarka guud ee gudaha. Nasiib darro, tani aad bay u adag tahay in la xukumo USSR. 

Si aan ku siiyo fikrad ah sida ay u niyad jabsan tahay in la helo tirakoobka saxda ah ee Midowga Soofiyeeti, waxaan la kulmay in ka badan 5 tirooyin kala duwan oo ah waxa GDP-ga uu ahaa heerkii ugu sarreeyay. Sannad kasta Mashruuca Maddison wuxuu soo saaray tiro-koobyo cusub, waxay soo saareen tirooyin kala duwan oo dalal badan oo hantiwadaag ah. Garashada midda lala shaqaynayo aad bay u adkeyd, si aan u fududeeyo waxyaabaha waxaan ku dari doonaa labadaba lambarada daabacaadda 2018 iyo 2020 si aad adigu go'aansato naftaada midda aad raacayso. 

Mashruuca Maddison wuxuu bixiyaa xogta GDP taariikhiga ah qofkiiba dollar joogto ah 2011 dalal kala duwan. Qiyaasihii hore waxay isticmaaleen habka Geary-Khamis, iyadoo 1990 uu yahay sanadka aasaasiga ah. Isticmaalka hal sano oo aasaasi ah muddo dheer oo taxane ah waxay dhalin kartaa qallooc markaan ka guureyno hadda, maadaama aysan ku jirin isbeddelka isticmaalka ama qiimaha qaraabada. 

Intaa waxaa dheer, habka Geary-Khamis waxaa laga yaabaa inuu ku dhaco saameynta Gerschenkron: taas oo ah, waxaa laga yaabaa inay soo saarto qiyaaso eex ah wadamadaas kharashkooda iyo qaab dhismeedka qiimahooda uu aad uga duwan yahay celceliska caalamiga ah, kaas oo u muuqda inay xukumaan wadamada dakhligoodu sarreeyo ( Rangelova, 2007). 

Xogta Mashruuca Maddison ee 2018 waxa ay taxday GDP ee Boqortooyada Ruushka qofkiiba 1913 $2,825 iyo GDP Midowgii Soofiyeeti qofkiiba 1990kii $20,389. Xogta Mashruuca Maddison ee 2020 waxa ay taxday GDP-ga Boqortooyada Ruushka qofkiiba 1913 $2,255 iyo GDP-ga Midowgii Soofiyeeti qofkiiba 1989kii oo ahaa $11,336. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay isbeddel cad oo ku yimid hab-nololeedka oo si weyn u beddelay natiijooyinka. Halkii aan ka dhex bixin lahaa kuwan midkee saxan, waxaan ku dhejin doonaa lambarada labadaba si aad u gaarto gabagabadaada. 

Habka ugu wanaagsan ee lagu qiyaasi karo tani waa iyada oo loo marayo heerarka kobaca qaraabada ah: marka loo eego xogta ugu dambeysay (iyo muxaafidka) ee laga soo xigtay mashaariicda Maddison, USSR waxay kordhisay GDP 1,139% laga bilaabo 1921 ilaa 1990. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in USSR GDP / c ay 10 jeer ka weyn tahay heerka ugu sarreeya marka loo eego heerka ugu hooseeya ka dib dagaalkii sokeeye. Taas bedelkeeda, dhaqaalaha Ameerika iyo Boqortooyada Midowdayba mid kastaa wuu koray kaliya 280% isla muddadaas. 

Haddii aad dib ugu noqoto 1913, kacaanka ka hor, farqigu weli wuu cad yahay. Midowgii Soofiyeeti waxa uu koray dhaqaalihiisa 400% (iyadoo la adeegsanayo Maddison 2020 Edition) ama 722% (iyaga oo isticmaalaya 2018 metrik) intii uu jiray.
Iyada oo aan loo eegin halbeegyada uu qofku doorto in uu isticmaalo, xaqiiqadu waxa ay ahaanaysaa in Midowga Soofiyeeti uu la kulmay koboc dhab ah oo joogto ah intii uu jiray, gaar ahaan 1920 ilaa 1970, markaas oo uu ahaa dhaqaalaha labaad ee ugu kobaca badan adduunka kadib Japan. ( Allen , 2003.) 

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Xigasho: Allen, 2003 

Waxa taas ka sii yaab badan waxa dhici lahaa haddii ay ku dhegganaan lahaayeen hantiwadaaga. Buuggiisa Farm to Factory, borofisar iyo dhaqaale yahan Robert Allen waxa uu sameeyay jilid dhammaystiran oo faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan kobaca Soofiyeedka ee suurtogalka ah ee hoos yimaada nidaamyada dhaqaale ee kala duwan. Natiijooyinkiisu waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan caadi ahayn: waxay arkeen korriin degdeg ah oo ku hoos jira hantiwadaagga marka loo eego waxay ku heli lahaayeen Tsar ama NEP. 

Isticmaalka qofkasta ayaa sidoo kale ku kordhay si ka dhakhso badan USSR marka loo eego Galbeedka. Wadarta isticmaalka Soofiyeedka waxa uu ka dhigan yahay 37 boqolkiiba ta Maraykanka bartamihii 1960-meeyadii ilaa 42 boqolkiiba 1981 (CIA, 1984, pp. 7). 

Ugu dambeyntii, waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado in qaar ka mid ah khubarada Ruushku ay aaminsan yihiin in xogta laga helay ilo shisheeye iyo Ruush ee GDP Soviet ay tahay mid khaldan oo la dhayalsaday. Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah sababaha:
1. Qiimaha lagu kordhiyey qaybaha dhaqaalaha waxa lagu xisaabiyaa qiimaha suuqa ee badeecadaha iyo adeegyada la soo saaro. Gudaha USSR, qiimaha suuqa ayaa inta badan laga helay suuqyada cuntada iyo dharka, iyo is-beddelka suuqyada ee wadarta mugga ganacsiga tafaariiqda ee gobolka ayaa ahaa mid aan macno lahayn. Dukaamada ay dowladdu leedahay, qiimaha tafaariiqda ma ahayn qiimaha suuqa, waxay wax yar dhaafeen qiimaha kuwa wax soo saara. Taasi waa sababta, gaar ahaan, badeecooyin badan oo qaali ah ay adkeyd in la helo oo horraantii 1990-meeyadii waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan suurtagal ahayn in la helo. 

2. Ma jirin suuq hanti ma guurto ah oo ku yaal USSR. Guryaha guud ahaan waxaa si lacag la'aan ah u bixiyay gobolka mana lagu iibin karo suuqa (marka laga reebo guryaha iskaashatooyinka guryaha). Kirada iyo biilasha waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan macno lahayn taasina waxay ka muuqatay GDP-gooda. 

Dhanka kale, gudaha Mareykanka, xitaa &quot;kiro la xisaabiyay&quot; ayaa lagu daraa GDP (ie, kirada mala-awaalka ah ee milkiilaha ku nool guriga mana kireynayo), taas oo muujinaysa inaysan ahayn qiyaasta ugu wanaagsan ee barwaaqada dhaqaalaha. 

3. Ma jirin wax qiimo ah oo suuq ah oo xagga waxbarashada iyo caafimaadka ah, runtii ma jirin wax qiimo ah oo dhan. Waxbarashada aasaasiga ah, sare, sare, postgraduate iyo doctoral waxay ahaayeen gabi ahaanba bilaash, si la mid ah booqashooyinka rugaha caafimaadka, baaritaannada, qalliinka, daawaynta iyo cuntada isbitaallada. 

4. Waddamada hantigoosadka ah, qaybta adeegga ee GDP ayaa dhaaftay saamiga warshadaha wax soo saarka. In USSR ah, qaybta adeegyada ee GDP la dhayalsan by khubarada, ma aha oo kaliya daryeelka caafimaadka iyo waxbarashada, laakiin sidoo kale gaadiidka (tusaale ahaan, safarka on gaadiidka ee qaybaha qaar ka mid ah muwaadiniinta ahaa lacag la'aan ah, iyo kharashka gaadiidka dadka kale ahaa mid aad u hooseeya), adeegyada xirfadeed iyo ganacsiga (tusaale ahaan, sharciga, garsoorka, cilmi baarista), hantida maguurtada ah, hawlaha maaliyadeed, ganacsiga iyo adeegyada dalxiiska. Si loo qiyaaso qiyaasta GDP ee USSR, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la qiyaaso qiimaha adeegyada kor ku xusan iyo adeegyada kale ee qiimaha suuqa ee wadamada kale. 

5. GDP-ga USSR waxa loo beddelaa doollarka Maraykanka celceliska sarifka sannadlaha ah. Tusaale ahaan, 1980 waxay la mid tahay 0.66 rubles halkii dollar. 

Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah qiimaha lagu daray qayb kasta oo ka mid ah dhaqaalaha qaranka (iyo, sidaas awgeed, GDP) waxaa matalaya mushaharka shaqaalaha. Sannadkii 1980kii, celceliska mushaharka shaqaalaha iyo shaqaalaha ee dhaqaalaha qaranka ee USSR wuxuu ahaa 169 rubles ($ 256). Dalka Maraykanka, waxa uu ahaa $1,300 bishii. Dabcan, wax soo saarka shaqada ee Maraykanka ayaa ka sarreeyay, laakiin maaha 5 jeer in ka badan. Waxay ku shaqaynayeen habab aad u kala duwan oo aan si sahal ah loo isku xidhi karin. Isbarbardhig la'aanta mushaharka shaqaalaha ee USSR iyo wadamada reer galbeedka waxay keenaysaa isbarbardhig la'aanta qiimaha lagu daro warshadaha wadamadaas iyo, sidaas darteed, aan la barbar dhigi karin GDP. 

6. Sicirka shirkadaha tamarta iyo adeegyada guud ee dalka ma ahayn sicirka suuqa. Tusaale ahaan, gaasta dabiiciga ah, biyaha iyo tamarta kulaylka ayaa lagu keenay dadweynaha qiimo aad u jaban. Korontada magaalooyinka waxay ku kacaysaa ilaa 4 kopecks. halkii kW * saac. Marka la barbardhigo: 2016 qiimaha Moscow wuxuu ahaa 4.54 rubles saacaddii kW. 

Nasiib darro, fadhiidnimada Brezhnev waxay qaadan doontaa khariidadeeda, Perestroika waxay noqon doontaa ciddiyaha ugu dambeeya ee naxashka nidaamka Soofiyeedka. Ku soo noqoshada hantiwadaaga waxay ahayd mid ba'an: 1996 GDP/c wuxuu ku burburay 40% kaliya $ 6,787. Ruushka oo kaliya, saboolnimada ayaa kor u kacday ilaa 43 boqolkiiba, mushaharka dhabta ah ayaa burburay, shaqaaluhuna waxay arkeen badbaadintooda noloshooda oo baabi'iyay sicir barar baahsan. Maanta, Ruushku wuxuu wali la halgamayaa hoos u dhaca heerka nololeed ee uu ka sii daray masiibada, iyo dhaqaalaha dalka deriska ah ee Ukraine ayaa si xun loo maamulay taas oo hawlgabku ay dhowaan noqon karaan wax la soo dhaafay.

== Caafimaadka ==
Mid ka mid ah halbeegyada ugu muhiimsan ee heerarka nolosha waa caafimaadka. Si ka duwan sida Maraykanka, daryeelka caafimaadku gabi ahaanba waa bilaash Midowga Soofiyeeti (Crouzet, 1961, bogga 275), taas oo macnaheedu yahay in dadku waligood la macaamileen $ 10,000 biilasha caafimaadka sida anaga oo kale. 

Xaaladaha nadaafadda ee Tsarist Russia waxaa loo tixgeliyey &quot;wax laga naxo&quot;. 1912-kii, guddi dhexdhexaadin ah ayaa soo gabagabeeyey in &quot;qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Ruushka weli aysan haysan wax bixinta daryeelka caafimaadka&quot; (Howard, 1980). Nidaamkooda daryeelka caafimaadku waxa uu ahaa mid aan jirin oo kaabayaasha yar ee ay ku haysteen waxa loo qoondeeyay dadka hodanka ah. Xaaladaha nadaafadda ayaa sidoo kale ka mid ahaa kuwii ugu xumaa Yurub xilligaas. Dalka waxa aafeeyay cudurrada faafa, gaar ahaan tiifowga faafa oo in ka badan milyan qof uu soo ritay 1907 ilaa 1917. Sannadkii 1915, ku dhawaad ​​800,000 oo xaaladood oo cudurro faafa ah ayaa laga diiwaangeliyay Boqortooyada Ruushka, oo ay ku jiraan 43,000 xaaladood oo daacuun ah iyo 178,000 oo kiis oo typhus ah. Furuqu waxa uu dilay 32,000 oo qof sannadkii 1909. Taas beddelkeeda, 150 qof oo keliya ayaa sannadkaas ku dhintay Maraykanka ( Trask , 1911) 

Ka dib markii la qabsaday awoodda Kacaankii Oktoobar, dib-u-habaynta nidaamka caafimaadka ee Ruushka ee qudhuntay ayaa ahayd mudnaanta koowaad ee Bolsheviks. Bishii Luulyo 1918, dawladdii Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soofiyeeti ee Ruushka waxay soo saartay go'aan lagu dhisayo Commissariat Nadaafadda Dadweynaha, oo ah hay'addii ugu horreysay ee dawladeed ee adduunka si ay u ilaaliso dhammaan caafimaadka bulshada ee dalka. Waxay dhiseen isbitaallo, waxay ballaariyeen helitaanka daawada, waxayna isku dayeen inay xaqiijiyaan xuquuqda daryeelka caafimaadka muwaadin kasta oo Soofiyeedka. 

Bolsheviks waxay sameeyeen horumar weyn bilawgii: laga bilaabo 1918 ilaa 1922, lix iyo toban kulliyadood oo caafimaadka ah ayaa la furay, tacliinta sare ee caafimaadka waxay noqotay bilaash oo ay heli karaan dhammaan muwaadiniinta RSFSR. Sannadkii 1946-kii, waddanku wuxuu lahaa 72 xarumo waxbarasho oo caafimaad (oo ka soo horjeeda 13 keliya 1913) oo ay ku jireen 116,000 arday (oo ka soo horjeeda 8,500 ee 1913). Machadka Cilmi-baarista Dhexe ee Hooyada iyo Carruurnimada waxaa la aasaasay 1922, halka xarumo la mid ah laga furay Kharkiv (1922), Baku (1927), Kiev (1929), Minsk (1931), Rostov-on-Don (1932), Almaty (1932) iyo magaalooyin kale. Jaamacadaha caafimaadku waxa ay soo saareen todoba jeer ka badan oo qalin jabiyay (900 sanadkii 1914 iyo 6,200 sanadkii 1928). Tirada booqashooyinka guriga ee xirfadlayaasha caafimaadka ee ka socda dhammaan hay'adaha iyo ururada magaalooyinka waxay ka korodhay 391,400 1913 ilaa 7,304,100 1930, koror 18-laab ah. ( VA Reshetnikov, NV Ekkert, L. Capasso, iyo al, 2019) 

Way caddahay in baaxadda ballaarinta daryeelkooda caafimaad ay ku dhowdahay mid aan horay loo arag: wax walba laga bilaabo daryeelka carruurta ilaa xarumaha caafimaadka waxay arkeen koboc iyo horumar la taaban karo. Aynu soo qaadano tusaale ahaan daryeelka qoyska. Sannadkii 1928-kii, waddanku wuxuu ku faanay in ka badan 2,000 oo xarumood oo la-talin ah oo loogu talagalay haweenka iyo carruurta, 27,000 oo sariirood oo isbitaalka hooyada ah, iyo nidaam xannaano oo si degdeg ah u koraya. Adeegyada daryeelka hooyada iyo dhallaanka ayaa sidoo kale ku soo badanayay gobollada miyiga iyada oo la aasaasay xarumaha la-talinta haweenka iyo carruurta, kolkhoz (Ruush: колхоз) cusbitaalada hooyada, xarumaha dhalmada, iyo xanaanada. Laba sano gudahood, in ka badan 600 cosbitaal oo hooyada uurka leh, 1,600 xanaanooyin (oo loogu talagalay 100,000 carruur ah) iyo ku dhawaad ​​200 oo xarumo naasnuujin ah ayaa la dhisay. Dabayaaqadii 1940-aadkii, adeegyada hooyada iyo dhallaanka waxay ahaayeen nidaam dawladeed oo si wanaagsan loo habeeyey kaasoo mudnaanta siinayay xeelado ka hortag ah. Sannadkii 1940kii, waddanku wuxuu lahaa in ka badan 8,000 oo xarumaha la-talinta haweenka iyo carruurta iyo rugaha caafimaadka, 90,000 sariiraha carruurta ah, in ka badan 147,000 sariirood oo loogu talagalay haweenka uurka leh iyo kuwa qaybsan, waxaana shaqaaleysiiyay 19,400 dhakhaatiir carruurta ah, 10,600 dhallaanka-haweenka iyo haweenka. Sannadkii 1980kii, waxa jiray in ka badan 12,000 oo rugaha caafimaadka carruurta ah, 10,000 xarumo la-talin dumarka ah, iyo xanaanooyin badan oo loogu talagalay 14 milyan oo carruur ah ( VA Reshetnikov, NV Ekkert, L. Capasso, et al , 2019, p. 20) 

Sannadkii 1913kii, Tajikistan waxay lahayd 0.4 sariirood oo isbitaal ah, 0.2 dhakhaatiir, iyo 0.3 shaqaale caafimaad oo heer dhexe ah 10,000 oo qofba, marka la barbar dhigo 13, 1.8, iyo 2.9 dalka intiisa kale? Iyo in dadaalka Bolsheviks ay uga mahadcelinayaan, tirooyinkani waxay xasiliyeen 1940 (inkasta oo kuwan chauvinists ay u tixgeliyeen &quot;dambi ka dhan ah dadka Ruushka&quot; ee isbitaallada loo dhisayo &quot;scum&quot; &quot;kharashka Ruushka&quot;). Waa maxay sababta hal sariir oo dhalmo ah looga waayay dhulka maanta Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, iyo Armenia 1913kii? Iyo dhulka Belarus ee 1913, waxaa jiray kaliya 215 sariirood oo dhalmo ah.
Heerka dhimashada qaaxada magaalooyinka ee 1913 wuxuu ahaa 124,189. Marka la eego dadka ku nool magaalooyinka oo ah 25 milyan, way fududahay in la xisaabiyo in heerka dhimashada tiibishada 100,000 qofba uu noqon doono 496.
Isla markaana, waxaa xusid mudan in xogtani ay tahay mid aan dhammaystirnayn. Tusaale ahaan, Brockhaus iyo Efron Encyclopedia, maqaalka qaaxada ( http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/ ), waxaynu akhrinay:
&quot;Sida laga soo xigtay xisaabinta Professor Leyden, tirada dadka nudaha ah wakhti kasta waa qiyaastii 2% dhammaan dadka la heli karo: 50 kasta oo qof oo nool, waxaa jira hal qof oo unug ah; marka loo eego xisaabinta, waxaa jira qiyaastii 2.5 milyan oo unugyo ah oo ku nool Ruushka, kuwaas oo loo maleynayo in heerka dhimashada 3-4‰, 360-500 qof ay u dhintaan sannad kasta 360-500 qof.
Tanina waxay ahayd dhammaadkii qarnigii 19-aad.&quot;
Isla mar ahaantaana, waxaa muhiim ah in la fahmo in dhacdooyinka (iyo sidaas darteed dhimashada) ee qaaxada ee Boqortooyada Ruushka ay kor u kacday!
Marka la eego dhayalsiga, cudurrada iyo dhimashada ee Boqortooyada Ruushka 1913 waxay ka badnaan karaan 1.5 ilaa 2 jeer.

Iyo in USSR? Xog la mid ah ayaa jirta (http://tibl-journal.com/wp-content…{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})
. Sannadkii 1926kii, Machadka Qaaxada Dawladdu waxa uu bilaabay xisaabinta guud ahaan heerka dhimashada qaaxada ee 17 magaalo oo ka tirsan USSR.
oo ay ku nool yihiin 100,000 ama ka badan: celceliska heerka wuxuu ahaa 192 100,000kiiba.
Sannadkii 1927kii, heerka dhimashada qaaxada ee Moscow waxay ahayd 157, Paris 242, Vienna 204, Oslo 166, Stockholm 169, London 105, New York 78kii 100,000 ee deggan [2, 3].
Sannadkii 1938 kii, heerka dhimashada tiibishada ee Moscow waxay ahayd 148 100,000kiiba, Novosibirsk 389, iyo Tomsk 440 100,000kiiba. 45 magaalo oo ka tirsan USSR, heerka dhimashada qaaxada ee 1938 wuxuu ahaa 257, 1940 287, iyo 1945 230 100,000kiiba.
Kahor Stalin, xogta ayaa lagu sheegay 17 magaalo oo USSR ah, ka dibna 45.
In kasta oo heerka dhimashada qaaxada ee Ruushka bilowgii dagaalkii koowaad ee adduunka uu gaadhay 400:100,000, waxaa jiray 43 rugaha caafimaadka ee ka hortagga qaaxada iyo 18 sanatorium oo ku yaal dhammaan Boqortooyada Ruushka; in ka yar 1,000 sariirood ayaa loo qoondeeyay bukaanada qaaxada. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, 1,700,000 oo askari oo Ruush ah ayaa u dhintay dhaawacyo iyo cudurro; Isla muddadaas, khasaaraha dadka rayidka ah ee ka dhashay qaaxada ayaa gaarey 2,000,000 oo qof [38]. Markii USSR ay gashay Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, waddanku wuxuu lahaa 1,687 rugaha caafimaadka ee ka hortagga qaaxada, 100,000 sariirood oo loogu talagalay bukaannada qaaxada, 18 xarumaha cilmi-baarista (Lapina); 3,800 khabiiro ah ayaa loo tababaray inay u adeegaan qaybtan bukaanada [46]. Marka la barbardhigo 1913, 1941, dhimashada tiibishada ee USSR waxay hoos u dhacday 60%, oo gaadhay 80:100,000 [47].
Ilaha: Haines AJ. Shaqada nadaafadda ee Ruushka Soofiyeedka. New York: Vanguard Press, 1928.
Newsholme A, Kinsbury J. Daaweynta Qaaxada - Sanatoriums iyo machadyada la xidhiidha. Gudaha: Daawada Cas: Caafimaadka Bulshada ee Ruushka Soofiyeedka. Garden City, NY: Laba-maalin, Doran, iyo Co., 1934
Sigerist H. E. Daawooyinka iyo Caafimaadka ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. New York: The Citadel Press, 1947.
Tirada sariiraha isbitaalku waxay kordheen min 49,000 sanadkii 1914 ilaa 178,900 sanadkii 1939kii.
Heerka dhimashada 1861 ilaa 1913 wuxuu hoos u dhacay 40.5% Talyaaniga, 41.1% Faransiiska, 43.27% Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, iyo 20.5% Jarmalka, halka Ruushka uu hoos u dhacay 0.8% kaliya.

1936kii, RSFSR, miyiga, waxaa jiray:

- 20,680 xarumo caafimaad iyo xarumaha feldsher marka la barbar dhigo 6,200 sanadkii 1913, tirada booqashooyinka oo kordhay 58.5 milyan sanadkii ilaa 186 milyan.

- 2.819 milyan oo boos oo dugsiyada xanaanada ah marka la barbar dhigo 0.009 milyan oo boosas ah 1914kii.

Siyaasadaha firfircoon ee kuwan oo kale ah, la yaab maaha in Soofiyeedku awood u yeesheen inay si degdeg ah u yareeyaan heerka dhimashada dhallaanka.

Haddaba, aynu u gudubno rajada nolosha. Sida laga soo xigtay xogta uu ururiyay Max Roser (2019), waxay ahayd 30.5 sano oo keliya 1910kii ee Tsarism, oo ka hooseeya celceliska adduunka ee 32 sano wakhtigaas oo aad uga hooseeya celceliska Yurub ee 42.7 sano. Wadarta dhimashada 1910kii waxay ahayd 25-30 1,000kiiba marka la barbar dhigo 13.5/1,000 gudaha Britain, 16.2/1,000 gudaha Germany iyo 15.9/1,000 gudaha Maraykanka. Bilowgii qarnigii 20aad, 25,000 oo muwaadinba 1 dhakhtar oo keliya iyo hal rug caafimaad 86,000 kasta. 84-ta gobol ee miyiga ah oo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 80 milyan ayaa lahaa in ka yar 3,000 oo xarumo caafimaad ah oo la heli jiray 1913. ( Sigerist , 1933) xilligii Midowgii Soofiyeeti, rajada noloshu waxay gaartay 59.4 sano 1953 iyo 68.4 sano 1965, 15.2 sano ayaa ka sareysa celceliska adduunka. Waqtigaas, rajada nolosha ee Ruushka waxay kor u kacday 37.9 sano tan iyo 1900 waxayna ka badan tahay labanlaab, halka celceliska adduunka uu kordhay 21.2 sano. 

Cimriga USSR ee 1975 wuxuu ahaa 70.4 sano, kaliya 8 bilood ayaa ka gaaban
rajada nolosha ee Maraykanka isla sanadkaas. Cimrigii Midowga Soofiyeeti wuxuu ka sarreeyay Finland, Yugoslavia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Albania iyo Portugal. Waxay ahayd mid aad uga sareysa inta badan wadamada Latin America (Mexico 64.7 sano,
Chile 62.6, Brazil 61.4, Argentina 68.2) iyo Asia (Afghanistan 40 sano, Iran 51, Turkey 56.9), in kasta oo ay wax yar uun ka hooseyso marka loo eego wadamada waaweyn ee hanti-goosiga sida Boqortooyada Ingiriiska (72.4 sano), Japan (72.9) iyo Jarmalka Galbeed (71.3). (Navarro, 1993.) 

Ka dib markii la ansixiyay dhaqaalaha suuqa, celceliska rajada nolosha ee Russia ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacday, isagoo taagan 2002 3.8 sano ka hooseeya heerka 1987. Farqiga ayaa la xiray kaliya 2010.

Sannadkii 1913kii, 1,000kii ilmood ee dhashay 269 ka mid ah ayaa ku dhintay yaraantii (Popov, 1972, bogga 9). Sannadkii 1985kii, tiradani waxay hoos ugu dhacday 22 1,000kiiba (  Gèze et al.,  1986, bogga 92). Taas macnaheedu waa, 72 sano gudahood, heerka dhimashada dhallaanka ayaa hoos u dhacay in ka badan 120% (eeg shaxda 3). 

Heerka dhimashada dhallaanka ee USSR sanadkii 1974 (27.9 1,000kiiba) marka la barbar dhigo 1975 heerarkii Austria (21kiiba 1,000), Jarmalka Galbeed (20), Talyaaniga (21), Boqortooyada Ingiriiska (16), iyo Australia (17) (Szymanski, 1982). Isbarbardhigga jamhuuriyadaha Aasiya ee USSR oo ay la barbardhigaan wadamada xuduudahooda ayaa muujinaya in tilmaamayaasha caafimaadku ay aad uga wanaagsan yihiin maanta wixii ay ahaayeen jamhuuriyadii hantiwadaaga ee USSR marka loo eego wadamada dariska ah ee hantiwadaaga, inkastoo tilmaamayaashani ay si siman u liitaan ka hor intaan hantiwadaaga la dhisin USSR. Qiyaasta heerka dhimashada dhallaanka ee Bartamaha Aasiya ee Soofiyeedka ee 46 1,000kii dhallaanka nool ee nool ee 1975 ayaa aad uga fiicnaa tan Turkiga (153kii 1,000), Afgaanistaan ​​(269), iyo Iran (120). (Navarro, 1993.) 

Waa in la ogaadaa in dhimashada dhallaanka ee 1985 ay waxoogaa ka yara sarraysay dalalka kale ee horumaray iyo Yurubta bari, sababtoo ah jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeedka ee badhtamaha Aasiya waxay taariikh ahaan lahayd dhimashada dhallaanka oo sare u kacday taas oo kordhisay celceliska waddanka. Tusaale ahaan, heerka dhimashada dhallaanka 1,000kii dhallaanka nool waxay ahayd 13.1 Jamhuuriyadda Hantiwadaagga Soofiyeedka ee Byelorussian (SSR) 1988 ama 11.5 ee Lithuania SSR, marka la barbardhigo 48.9 ee SSR. Ka Tajikistan (  Goskomstat,  1988). 

USSR waxay hoos u dhigtay dhimashada dhallaanka si ka dhakhso badan wadamada kale ee Yurub, iyadoo hoos u dhigtay 89.89% laga soo bilaabo 1913 ilaa 1965, marka la barbardhigo 84.06% Spain.

Arrin aan laga wada hadlin oo ah daryeelka caafimaadka Soofiyeedka waa tayada adeegyada degdegga ah. Si fudud looga helo dhammaan USSR adigoo garaacaya &quot;03&quot;, adeegga ambalaasku wuxuu bixiyaa gaadiidka degdega ah ee isbitaalka kuugu dhow. Intaa waxaa dheer, nidaamku wuxuu bixiyaa
adeegyada daryeelka aasaasiga ah ee guriga ee aan degdega ahayn. Cisbitaalka/qalabka bukaan-socodku waxa uu ku shaqeeyaa &quot;Neotlozhahnaya Pomosch&quot; aan degdeg ahayn kaas oo siiya adeegyada guriga bukaanada &quot;sida loogu baahdo&quot;, inta badan kuwa la ildaran cudurrada daba-dheeraada. Sannadkii 1983, goob loo dalxiis tago oo Badda Madow ah oo soo jiidata 4 milyan oo dalxiisayaal ah sannadkii, 215,000 oo wicitaan ayaa la helay oo laga jawaabay celcelis ahaan 4 daqiiqo, qiyaastii kala badh wakhtiga ay qaadanayso in ambalaas laga helo halkan Maraykanka. 

Isbarbar dhig taas Ameerika, halkaas oo safarka isbitaalku ku kici karo boqolaal doolar, waxaadna bilaabaysaa inaad fahamto sababta ay tani u tahay xoogga nidaamka Semashko. 

Intii u dhaxaysay 1913 iyo 1969, tirada sariiraha cusbitaalka ee USSR waxay ku dhufatay 8.15 jeer, laga bilaabo 1.3 sariirood 1,000 qof oo deggan 1913 ilaa 10.6 sariirood 1969 (Popov, 1972, p. 9-10). Sannadkii 1970kii, 1,000kii qof ee USSR waxay ahaayeen 10.6 sariirood, marka la barbar dhigo 8.2 gudaha Maraykanka (Smith, 1977, pp. 89). Tirada ardayda caafimaadka waxay kordheen min 19,785 1913 ilaa 63,162 1928 iyo 76,027 1932. ( Sigerist, 1944, pp. 53). 

Sannadkii 1970-kii, USSR waxay lahayd boqolkiiba ugu sarreeya ee dhakhaatiirta qofkiiba adduunka, oo leh 23.8 takhaatiir 10,000 qofba, marka la barbardhigo 15.8 ee Maraykanka (Smith, 1977, pp. 89). 

Isbarbardhigga tirakoobyadan iyo kuwa wadamada reer galbeedka, waxaan arki karnaa in Ruushka oo hoos yimaada Tsar uu aad uga dambeeyay, laakiin uu ku guuleystey inuu la qabsado iyaga oo hoos yimaada hantiwadaagga. Horumarka degdega ah ee noocaas ah waa mid cajiib ah oo muujinaya guusha nidaamkooda. 

￼ 

Qodob kale oo xooggan oo ka mid ah nidaamkooda caafimaad wuxuu ahaa goobaha dalxiiska. Halka adduunka intiisa kale ay u arkeen inay yihiin madadaalo, Soofiyeedku sidoo kale waxay u arkeen inay yihiin arrimo caafimaad. Bilowgii qarnigii 20aad, Ruushku wuxuu lahaa 36 goobood oo nasasho leh oo leh 60 sanatoriums (3,000 sariirood) iyo dhowr goobood oo caafimaad oo koumiss ah (Ruush: кумысолечебница). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Boqortooyada Ruushka, kaliya darajooyinka ugu sarreeya ee bulshada ayaa awoodi kara iyaga, taas oo ka dhigaysa gebi ahaanba dadka intooda badan. 

Waagii Soofiyeedka wuxuu arkay soo noolaynta iyo kobaca degdega ah ee goobaha dalxiiska iyo sanatoriumyada. Wareegtada ku saabsan kheyraadka daweynta iyo dhulalka muhiimka ah ee qaranka, oo la ansixiyay Abriil 4, 1919, ayaa ahaa tan ugu muhiimsan kuwan, maaddaama ay asal ahaan u wareejisay maamulka dhammaan goobaha dalxiiska ee Guddiga Dadka ee Arrimaha Fayadhowrka ee RSFSR iyada oo la raacayo mabda'a midnimada dhammaan daryeelka caafimaadka Soofiyeedka. RSFSR waxay ahayd dawladii ugu horaysay ee aduunka si ay uqaadato mas'uuliyadda bixinta daryeelka caafimaadka ee goobaha nasashada iyo goobaha caafimaadka ee dadweynaha sidi nooc gaar ah oo daryeel caafimaad ah. ( VA Reshetnikov, NV Ekkert, L. Capasso, iyo al, 2019) 

Markii ay soo baxeen qorshayaashii shanta sano ee ugu horreeyay (Ruushka: первый пятилетний план) ee dhaqaalaha qaranka dabayaaqadii 1920-meeyadii, waddanku wuxuu bilaabay inuu dhiso goobo cusub oo madadaalo ah. Horraantii 1940kii, USSR waxay lahayd wadar ahaan 3,600 sanatoriums iyo goobo fasaxyo oo loogu talagalay 470,000 oo qof. Sannadihii 1980-aadkii, waxaa jiray 14,000 oo sanatorium ah
2.5 milyan bukaan. Waagii Soofiyeedka wuxuu arkay soo noolaynta iyo kobaca degdega ah ee goobaha dalxiiska iyo sanatoriumyada. Wareegtada ku saabsan kheyraadka daweynta iyo dhulalka muhiimadda qaranka, ee la soo saaray Abriil 4, 1919, ayaa ahayd tan ugu muhiimsan kuwan, maadaama ay asal ahaan u wareejisay maamulka dhammaan goobaha dalxiiska ee Guddiga Dadweynaha ee Arrimaha Fayadhowrka ee RSFSR iyadoo la raacayo mabda'a midnimada dhammaan daryeelka caafimaadka Soofiyeedka. RSFSR waxay ahayd dawladii ugu horaysay ee aduunka si ay u qaadato masuuliyada bixinta daryeelka caafimaadka dadka ku nool goobaha nasashada iyo goobaha caafimaadka sida nooc gaar ah oo daryeel caafimaad ah. ( VA Reshetnikov, NV Ekkert, L. Capasso, et al , 2019) Shabakaddan goobaha loo tamashlaha tago ee caafimaadka ku jihaysan iyo goobaha caafimaadku waxa ay ahayd nooc gaar ah oo si sax ah loo qaddarin karo calanka daryeelka caafimaadka Soofiyeedka.

USSR waxay ku guulaysatay inay si buuxda u cirib tirto cudurrada sida furuqa, daacuunka, daacuunka iyo duumada waxayna si weyn u yareeyeen dhacdooyinka dabaysha, gawracatada iyo xiiqdheerta (Popov, 1972, p. 9). Waxay qabteen shaqo cajiib ah oo maaraynta cudurka: waxay ku qaadatay kaliya 19 maalmood inay cirib tiraan cudurka furuqa, oo ah waxqabad cajiib ah marka loo eego jawaabta Mareykanka ee Covid. Dhab ahaantii, wax ku biirinta USSR ee dagaalka ka dhanka ah ayaa ah sababta ugu weyn ee aynaan mar dambe ula tacaalin. WHO riixitaanka tan waxaa lagu sameeyay codsi ka yimid Wasiirka Caafimaadka V. M. Zhdanov (Henderson, 1998, p. 113), iyo Soofiyeeti ma aha oo kaliya inay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan bilawga barnaamijka ciribtirka laakiin sidoo kale waxay ahaayeen taageere weyn dhammaan heerarka fulinta. Sannadkii 1958, sannadkii la aasaasay, dawladda Soofiyeeti waxay WHO siisay 25 milyan oo qiyaas tallaalka furuqa qalalan, kuwaas oo la gaadhsiiyay dalal dhawr ah ( GA Shchelkunova iyo SN Shchelkunov , 2017). Isugeyn in ka badan 1.5 bilyan oo qiyaasood oo tallaalka Soofiyeedka soo saaray ayaa loo isticmaalay tallaal ballaaran 45 waddan intii lagu jiray barnaamijka ciribtirka caalamiga ah ee laba iyo toban sano socday ( GA Shchelkunova iyo SN Shchelkunov 2017), oo xambaarsan culayska ugu badan ee dagaalka lagula jiro cudurka furuqa ilaa laga dabar gooyo 1980kii. 

Waxtarka xeeladaha ka-hortagga Soofiyeedka iyo tallaabooyinka fayadhowrka ayaa horeyba loo aqoonsaday dibadda: Professor Oskar Vogt iyo Lipmann waxay booqdeen USSR 1924 waxayna goob joog u ahaayeen natiijooyinka aan caadiga ahayn ee lagu gaaray xaaladaha nadaafadda ee dadka Commissariat ee Caafimaadka. 

Dadku waxay u muuqdaan inay weynaadaan haddii ay ka nafaqo wanaagsan yihiin oo ay ka fiicnaadaan, waxaanan arki karnaa dhacdadan mid ka mid ah Midowga Soofiyeeti sidoo kale. Celceliska dhererka ragga Ruushka ee dhashay 1913 wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii 1.67 mitir, oo ka hooseeya 1.72 mitir ee ragga Mareykanka 1910 (Brainerd, 2006, p. 12). Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, ragga ku nool Ruushka Soofiyeedka iyo Mareykanka waxay gaareen isku celcelis dherer ah, qiyaastii 1.77 mitir, dumarka Soofiyeedka Ruushka waxay dhaafeen Ameerikaanka qiyaastii hal sentimitir (Brainerd, 2006, p. 15). In kasta oo ay xaqiiqdii ahayd geeddi-socod aad u adag, haddana USSR waxay ku guulaysatay inay kordhiso fayo-qabka muwaadiniinteeda intii lagu jiray warshadaynta, taas oo aan ka dhicin si la mid ah Maraykanka iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. (  Brainerd,  2006, bogga 17). 

Guusha kale ee nidaamka Soofiyeedka waxay ahayd inuu keeno daryeelka caafimaadka meelaha ugu daran ee aan markii hore ka faa'iidaysan karin adeeggan: 

❝Adeegyada caafimaad ee hadda ee USSR waa natiijada afartan sano oo horumar, khibrad iyo cilmi baaris. Qaab dhismeedka adag ee ka dhashay horumarkan waxaa ka mid ah tiro badan oo hay'ado xiriir dhow la leh iyo xubno shaqeynaya, kuwaas oo sameeya nidaam mideysan oo ku fidaya dhammaan qeybaha caafimaadka oo ay aafeeyeen dhammaan xarumaha dadweynaha ee ka kooban 15 jamhuuriyada Midowga, gaarey xitaa tuulooyinka ugu yar iyo kuwa ugu fog fog iyo meelaha beeraha.❞ (WHO, 1963, pp. 

Dhammaan horumarkan xagga nadaafadda ah waxaa arkay Smith (1977): 

❝ Socdaalkii Aasiyada Dhexe iyo meelo kale, waxaan helay aragti ah in guusha guud ee daryeelka caafimaadka Soofiyeedka ay ka mid tahay guulihii ugu yaabka badnaa ee nidaamku gaaray nus-qarnigii tan iyo markii Lenin uu ku dhawaaqay, &quot;Ama injirta waxay jabisaa hantiwadaagga, ama hantiwadaagga waxay jabisaa hantiwadaagga. injirta.&quot; Cudurada faafa si weyn ayaa loo xakameeyay. Dhimashada dhallaanka waxay hoos ugu dhacday heerar ku dhow kuwa shan iyo tobanka waddan ee ugu horumarsan. Cimrigu cimrigu waa todobaatan sannadood.❞ (bogga 89). 

Inkasta oo ay run tahay in intii lagu jiray 1970-yadii rajada noloshu ay si weyn hoos ugu dhacday qaar ka mid ah jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeedka iyo guud ahaan USSR, shanta jamhuuriyadood ee Soofiyeedka ee Bartamaha Aasiya, Asarbayjaan SSR ama Georgian SSR, waxay sii waday korriin joogto ah, oo ka sarreeya waddammada horumaray qaarkood (eeg Shaxda 2). 

Hoos-u-dhaca tilmaamayaasha caafimaadka ee USSR tan iyo 1970-yadii waxaa lagu sharxi karaa hoos-u-dhigga dhimashada dhallaanka ee marxaladaha hore, sida lagu muujiyay daraasaddan, hagaajinta diiwaannada dhalashada iyo dhimashada ee gobollada aan horumarsan (Brainerd, 2006, pp. 17-18), iyadoo la kordhinayo isticmaalka khamriga (Brainerd, 2.turedi), ama dhimista caafimaadka 5.3% wadarta guud ee miisaaniyada gobolka 1975 ilaa 4.6% 1985 (Urban, 1988, pp. 24). Xadgudubka khamriga gaar ahaan waa mid ka mid ah sababaha ugu waaweyn ee rajada nolosha hoose ee ragga ee RSFSR iyo farqiga weyn ee u dhexeeya rajada nolosha dumarka iyo ragga: taasina waa sababta ay si weyn u korodhay ka dib ololihii ka hortagga khamriga ee Gorbachev. 


Gabagabadii, Soofiyeedku waxay dhiseen nidaam daryeel caafimaad oo aad uga horumaray kuwii hore, haddana waxay ku bixiyeen lacag la'aan. In kasta oo ay bilawday in ay istaagto laga bilaabo 1970-meeyadii, guusheedii ugu horreysay ee dhimista dhimashada waa mid cajiib ah mana aha in si fudud loo eryo. Xitaa cilladihiisa, wuxuu ku guuleystey inuu ka fiicnaado kharibantii byzantine ee nidaamka Maraykanka dhinacyo badan, inkastoo uu ka yimid waddan sabool ah. Waxay lahayd dhibaatooyinkeeda, laakiin waxay qabteen shaqo aad uga wanaagsan intii ay ku heli lahaayeen ammaan.

== Dugsiga ==
Kacaankii ka hor, faqriga iyo fakhriga oo is biirsaday ayaa horseeday maamul la’aan. Bilowgii qarniga, 1,000kii qofba waxaa jiray afar shaqaale dawladeed, marka la barbar dhigo 12.6 Jarmalka iyo 17.6 Faransiiska. Xitaa hagaajinta dakhliga, hay'adaha Ruushku waxay ka dambeeyaan kuwa wadamada kale. Sannadkii 1897-kii, heerka wax-akhris ee Ruushka wuxuu ahaa 21 boqolkiiba, taasoo ka tarjumaysa xaaladda xun ee nidaamka waxbarashada Ruushka. Sannadkii 1904-tii, kaliya 27 boqolkiiba carruurta ayaa lagu qoray waxbarashada aasaasiga ah. Japan, oo ah waddan leh GDP qof kasta oo la mid ah Ruushka 1903, tiradaasi waxay ahayd 93 boqolkiiba.
Febraayo 1917, nidaamka tacliinta sare ee Ruushka, sida waddanka oo dhan, wuxuu ku jiray dhibaato qoto dheer. Jaamacadaha Ruushka iyo machadyada kale ee tacliinta sare waxaa ku hareeraysnaa caqabadaha ilaalinta hantida. In kasta oo sharciga jaamacaddu aanu soo rogin wax xannibaado hanti ah, nidaamka waxbarashada jaamacadeed wuxuu abuuray shuruudaha ugu wanaagsan ee helitaanka machadyada tacliinta sare ee dadka ka soo jeeda fasallada sharafta leh iyo kuwa xafiisyada.

Sida kor ku xusan, 1917, nidaamka tacliinta sare ee Boqortooyada Ruushka, iyo sidoo kale xaaladda siyaasadeed iyo bulsho ee dalka, waxay ku jireen dhibaatooyin qoto dheer. Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee nidaamka tacliinta sare ka hor Febraayo 1917:

Waxbarashada sare waxaa heli kara oo kaliya kooxaha bulshada ee mudnaanta leh, kuwaas oo ka kooban aqoonyahanka. Marka loo eego tirakoobkii 1880-kii, 80% ardayda jaamacaduhu waxay ahaayeen caruur ay dhaleen aristocrat, wadaado, iyo saraakiisha gobolka. Fasalka shaqadu ma lahayn wax waxbarasho sare ah. Sannadkii 1914, 3-4% carruurta shaqaalaha iyo beeralayda ayaa wax ku bartay jaamacadda (Biyushkina, Kapralova, 2010, 5-39).
Maamulka machadyada tacliinta sare waxay ahaayeen qaybo badan. Jaamacaduhu waxay hoos tagi jireen Wasaaradda Waxbarashada Qaranka, qaar ka mid ah xarumaha tacliinta sare waxay hoos imanayeen wasaarado kale.

Jaamacadaha badankoodu waxay ku yaaleen badhtamaha Ruushka, taas oo adkeynaysa helitaanka waxbarasho sare ee tirada badan ee dadweynaha. Maamulka tacliinta sare si ku filan ugamay hadlin hawsha si caqli gal ah u meelaynta machadyada tacliinta sare ee la xidhiidha baahiyaha horumarinta bulshada, dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka ee Ruushka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaladani waxay bilawday inay isbedesho dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka, markii jaamacado badan oo tacliinta sare laga saaray gobollada dhexe loona raray bariga Ruushka (Ivanov, 1991).
Marka loo eego tirakoobkii 1911, waxaa jiray 150,000 oo macallin, kuwaas oo 60,000 ka mid ah ay ahaayeen macallimiin sharciga rabbaaniga ah, ie, wadaaddada. Isku geynta tirada isdiiwaan galinta dugsiyadu waxay ahayd ku dhawaad 8 milyan.

Waqti dheer ka hor Kacaankii Oktoobar, dadka shaqeeya, oo uu hogaaminayey Xisbiga Shuuciga, waxay dalbadeen dib-u-habeyn waxbarasho oo xagjir ah: waxbarasho khasab ah oo bilaash ah, dugsiyo badan, fursado badan oo tababar xirfadeed, iyo wixii la mid ah. Laakiin dawladii sarsare way iska indho tirtay dalabaadkan sharciga ah. Carruurta ay dhaleen baayacmushtar yaryar, cunto kariyeyaal, iyo adeegayaal lama gelin dugsiyada naxwaha.

&quot;Alxamdulilah!&quot; Sarr ayaa ku dhawaaqay markii uu ogaaday in ku dhawaad dhammaan beeraleyda ciidanka loo diray aysan wax akhrin karin.

Maamulayaasha Tsarist waxay ku qiyaaseen, sida majaladda Vestnik Vospitaniya (Gazette Waxbarashada) ay qortay 1906, in ay qaadan doonto ugu yaraan 180 sano si loo ciribtiro wax qoris la'aanta dadka Ruushka, iyo 300 oo sano oo haween ah. Wakhtiga loo baahan yahay in la cirib tiro aqoon la’aanta ka jirta dhulka dacallada ah ee dalka waxa la qiyaasay kumanaan sano.

Laakiin kacaankii Oktoobar ee 1917 ka dib, waxaa bilaabmay xilli waxbarasho caan ah. Dhowr maalmood ka dib dhismihii dawladda Soofiyeedka, bishii Noofambar 1917, waxay dejisay mabaadi'da waxbarashada dadweynaha: waxay ahayd inay noqoto mid caalami ah, bilaash ah, oo ku khasban carruurta labada jinsi.
Tusaale ahaan, agabka agabka waa in loo sameeyaa qof walba, iwm.
December 26, 1919, hindisaha Lenin, Golaha Komisarrada Dadku waxay soo saareen go'aan ah in dhammaan dadka da'doodu u dhaxayso 8 iyo 50 ay bartaan akhrinta iyo qorista afkooda ama Ruushka. Tobanaan kun oo macalimiin ah, arday, arday iyo shaqaale ayaa ku biiray ololaha akhris-qoraalka. Ururka Shuuciga da'da yar ayaa si gaar ah u firfircoonaa. Meel walba, xubnaha Leegada waxay u dagaalameen sidii ay u cirib tiri lahaayeen wax qoris la’aanta, waxay gacan ka geysteen dhismihii dugsiyada, waxayna ka shaqaynayeen macallinimo.

Sida uu sheegay Kharashaadka guud ee gobolka iyo miisaaniyada maxalliga ah ee USSR: (Dyachenko VP Taariikhda Maaliyadda ee USSR (1917-1950) Moscow: Nauka, 1978. P. 146) Way fududahay in la xisaabiyo in 1922-23 sanad maaliyadeedka, 7.95% ee kharashka miisaaniyadda -199 dhan waxbarashada -2 -3 dhammaan kharashyada kharashka 19-2. 11.94%, 1924-25 - 11.70%, 1925-26 - 12.36%. Maxaase ahaa xaaladii kacaanka ka hor? Sanadkii 1903, Wasaaradda Waxbarashada waxaa loo qoondeeyay 39,353 kun oo rubles, iyada oo wadarta kharashka dawladda ee caadiga ah uu yahay 1,883,026 kun rubles. (Statistical Yearbook of Russia. 1913 (sanadkii tobnaad). SPb., 1914. bogga XII-16, CII-18). Ο 2.09% Sannadkii 1913, 143,074 kun oo rubi, iyada oo wadarta kharashka guud ee caadiga ah uu yahay 3,094,248 kun rubles. (Buugga Sannadka Istaatistikada ee Ruushka. 1915 (sanadkii laba iyo tobnaad). Pg., 1916. bogga XII-11, CII-13). Ο 4.62% Miisaaniyadda Federaalka ee Federaalka Ruushka ee 2016, 580.0 bilyan rubles ayaa loo qoondeeyay waxbarashada, ama 3.6%. In ka yar tii 1913, balse ka sarraysa tii 1903.

Fasalada akhris-qoraalka ayaa inta badan laqaban jiray galbihii waxaana lagu qaban jiray dugsiyada, naadiyada shaqaalaha, warshad kasta iyo tuulo kasta. Fasallada waxa loo baray kooxo ka kooban saddex ilaa soddon qof, inta badan waxa la bari jiray hal arday. Wuxuu ahaa saliibaan qaran oo dhab ah oo ka dhan ah akhris-qoris la'aanta.

Sannadkii 1930kii, waxbarashada qasabka ah ee caalamiga ah ee afarta sano ah ayaa loo soo bandhigay dhammaan carruurta da'doodu tahay siddeed iyo wixii ka weyn; iyo waxbarashada qasabka ah ee todobada sano ah ayaa loo bilaabay kuwa ku nool magaalooyinka, degmooyinka warshadaha, iyo degsiimooyinka shaqaalaha.

Dhismihii dugsiga oo aad u ballaaran ayaa la bilaabay, waxaa la furay koorasyo badan oo macallimiin ah, waxaana la xoojiyay daabacaadda buugaagta.

Sannadkii 1930kii, tirada carruurta dugsigga ku jirta waxay korodhay 3-3.5 milyan sannadkii. Sannadkii 1932-kii, 7.6 milyan oo qaan-gaar ah ayaa dhiganayay fasallada akhris-qoraalka iyo 6.5 milyan waxay dhiganayeen dugsiyo wax-akhris-qoraal ah. Wax-akhrisnimadu waxay kor u kacday 67% 1930 ilaa 90% 1939. Sannadihii xigay, tirada dadka wax akhriyi kara waxna akhriyi kartaa si joogto ah ilaa ay gebi ahaanba meesha ka baxday.

Markii uu qarxay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, Midowga Soofiyeeti waxa uu lahaa arday iyo arday ka badan wadamada kale. Diiwaangelinta dugsiyada guud ee Soofiyeedka ayaa 20% ka sarraysay marka la isku daro Great Britain, Germany, France, iyo Italy.
Tirada ardayda wax ka barata dhammaan dugsiyada hoose/dhexe waxay kor u kacday 7,896,000 1914/15 ilaa 35,552,000 1940/41, tirada macallimiinta oo ahayd 231,000 ilaa 1,238,000.
Nidaamyada Hantiwadaaga ayaa lagu amaanay barnaamijyadooda wax-akhris iyo wax-barasho, iyadoo xitaa NGO-yada xorta ah ay qireen guusha ay gaareen. Soofiyeedka Ruushka ayaa ka mid noqon lahaa kuwa ugu horreeya ee hirgeliya mid ka mid ah Libkez, laakiin qaar ayaa ku dooday in ay heli lahaayeen guul la mid ah xilligii Tsar haddii uusan jirin Kacaankii Oktoobar. Si aad u fahanto sida wanaagsan ee ay wax u qabteen, isla markaana aan u milicsano, waxaa haboon in la eego horumarkii hantiwadaaga ka hor la arkay iyo waxa ay ku hoos arkeen. Bal aynu eegno, miyaynu eegno? 

Sannadkii 1857, kaliya 18.8% Ruushkii da'doodu ka weyn tahay 9 sano ayaa wax akhrin kara waxna qori kara. Sannadkii 1917kii, tiradani waxay kor u kacday 42.3% oo keliya, taasoo kor u kacday 25.5% oo ah 0.43% sannadkii. ( Mironov , 1991, bogga 240). Faa'iidooyinkaas waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad ugu ururay fasallada sare, maadaama 90% dadka gobta ah iyo 95% wadaaddada ay wax akhriyi karaan waxna qori karaan, marka la barbardhigo in ka yar 40% dadka caadiga ah ( Mironov , 1991, p. 242). Intaa waxaa dheer, kuma xisaabtamaan heerka akhris-qoris ee Bariga Fog ee Boqortooyada, maadaama hay'adaha tirakoobka ee xilligaas ay ku koobnaayeen qaybtooda Yurub. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in heerka akhris-qoris ee Ruushka oo dhan ay u badan tahay inuu hooseeyo, taasoo ka dhigaysa wixii Soofiyeedku ku sameeyay xitaa mid aad u cajiib ah. 

Sannadkii 1939-kii, heerka akhris-qoraalka ee USSR wuxuu kordhay 87.4%, 1959-kii wuxuu gaadhay 98.5% (Mironov, 1991, p. 244). Korodhka laga soo bilaabo 1917 ilaa 1939 wuxuu ahaa 44.7% oo ah 2.03% sanadkii, taaso labanlaabtay dakhliga sadex meelood meel ahaan wakhtiga. Ma aysan arki lahayn horumarkan oo kale la'aanteed Libkez, oo muujinaya sida muhiimka ah ee Bolsheviks ay u ahaayeen casriyeynta Ruushka. 

Sannadkii 1970-kii, akhris-la'aanta dadka da'doodu u dhaxayso 9 ilaa 49 ayaa gebi ahaanba laga tirtiray USSR. Sannadkaas, heerka wax-akhrisku wuxuu ahaa 99.7%, wuxuu taagnaa 99.7% dumarka, 99.8% ragga, 99.8% magaalooyinka iyo 99.5% dhulka miyiga (Bhola, 1984, pp. 48). 

Midawgii Soofiyeeti kuma guulaysan oo kaliya hammigoodii ahaa in bulshada wax la baro, waxa kale oo ay ku guulaysteen in ay yareeyaan sinnaan la'aanta waxbarashada ee ku salaysan jinsiga iyo kala qaybsanaanta miyi iyo magaalo. CPSU waxay gaartay meelaha laga takooro ee hoos yimaada Tsarism, taasoo keentay iftiinka waxbarashada gees kasta oo dalkooda ah. Tajikistan, kaliya 2.3% muwaadiniinta da'doodu u dhaxayso 9 iyo 49 ayaa wax akhriyi kara 1897. Ilaa 1939, tiradaasi waxay kor u kacday 82.8%, iyo 1959, ilaa 96.2% (Bhola, 1984, p. 54). Uzbekistan, heerka wax-akhrisku wuxuu ahaa kaliya 3.6% bilawgii qarniga, laakiin 1939 wuxuu kor u kacay 78.7%, 1959 wuxuu horey u ahaa 98.1% (Bhola, 1984, p. 54). Jamhuuriyadihii kala duwanaa ee Soofiyeedka, ardaydu waxay xor u ahaayeen inay doortaan Ruushka ama afkooda hooyo sidii luqadda akhris-qoraalka (Bhola, 1984, bogga 48). Under Lenin, waxay raaceen siyaasadda Korenizatsiya (ama &quot;wadani ah&quot;), kor u qaadida luqadaha hooyo in ka badan Ruush iyo siinta kooxaha wadaniga ah madax-bannaanida si ay u isticmaalaan. 

Sida laga soo xigtay xogta ay ururiyeen Max Roser iyo Esteban Ortiz-Ospina (2018), heerka akhris-qoris ee Russia ee dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo ka weyn waxay ahayd 15% yar 1870, kala bar Spain iyo xitaa ka dambeeya kuwa reer galbeedka horumaray. Dhankooda, celceliska sanadaha waxbarashada, inta u dhaxaysa 15 iyo 64 sano, waxay ahaayeen 0.15 sano Russia marka la barbardhigo 1.58 sano ee Spain (in ka badan 10 jeer ka yar).

Sannadkii 1990kii, heerka wax-akhrisku wuxuu gaadhay 97.99% RSFSR, boqolkiiba ka sarreeya marka loo eego Spain. Celcelis ahaan sannadaha waxbarashadu waxay noqdeen 10.21 sano Soviet Russia, marka la barbardhigo 7.51 sano ee Spain. 

Intii u dhaxaysay 1870 iyo 1990, akhris-la'aanta ayaa hoos u dhacday in ka badan 650% Soviet Russia, marka la barbardhigo 320% Spain. Dhanka kale, celceliska sanadaha waxbarashadu waxay kordheen 68-laab ee hantiwadaaga Ruushka, marka la barbar dhigo 4.8-laab gudaha Spain (eeg Shaxda 3). Hantiwadaaga USSR waxay ku guulaysteen inay hoos u dhigaan akhris-la'aanta si ka dhakhso badan sidii ay sameeyeen: haddii Tsarism ay sii jiri lahayd, waxay qaadan lahayd inta u dhaxaysa 150 iyo 300 sano si ay u sameeyaan. (  Bhola,  1984, bogga 40). 

Guusha Soofiyeedku kuma koobnayn wax-akhris-qoraalka oo keliya: waxay bareen dad ka badan sidii hore. Sannadkii 1917kii, Ruushku da'doodu tahay 9 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay lahaayeen celcelis ahaan 1,112 sano oo dugsi ah. ( Mironov , 1991, bogga 242). Tani xitaa way ka yaraatay intii ay heleen qarni ka hor, halkaas oo celcelis ahaan ahaa 1,127 sano 1797. Waxbarashadu waxay ahayd mid aad u fadhiid ah qayb ahaan sababtoo ah waxay ahayd mid aad qaali u ah: inta badan dadka caadiga ah ma awoodaan inay helaan, iyo kuwa si toos ah u dhici kara fasalka sare. Ka dib markii ay xukunka la wareegeen Bolsheviks waxay u rogeen xaq, iyagoo siinaya dadka Ruushka fursado waxbarasho oo dhab ah markii ugu horeysay taariikhdooda. Faylasuuf faransiis ah Jean-Paul Sartre ayaa mar yiri &quot;Waxa kaliya ee Bolsheviks ay ku qaldanaayeen waxay ahayd in Ayn Rand waxbarasho siiyaan&quot; -ka yaabkii xanaaqeeda degdega ah ee ka dhanka ah hantiwadaagga ayaa ah in ay u badan tahay inaysan waligeed awoodin inay qoraan haddii aysan taasi ahayn, maadaama qoyskeeda ganacsatada yaryar aysan awoodin inay u diraan kulliyad. Marka loo eego hantiwadaagga, heerarka waxbarashadu waa cirka isku shareeray, iyadoo Ruushku ay da'doodu ahayd 3,376 sano 1930-meeyadii iyo in ka badan 6 sano 1957. ( Mironov , 1991 bogga 242). Waxay ku gaadheen 40 sano wixii ay Tsars ku fashilmeen qarni. 

Sanadkii 1910, kaliya 17.6 boqolkiiba dhalinyarada da'doodu u dhaxayso 5 ilaa 14 ee Boqortooyada Ruushka ayaa ku biiray dugsiga hoose, marka la barbardhigo 4.0 boqolkiiba 1870. (Benatov, 1988, p. 205). Markii Bolsheviks ay xukunka la wareegeen, tiradani waxay kor u kacday boqolkiiba 84.5 (isku darka iyo miisaanka isqorista dugsiyada hoose iyo sare labadaba si loo helo da'da u dhiganta tii Benavot iyo Riddle 1988) ee 1939 iyo ilaa 99 boqolkiiba 1958. (De Witt, 1961, pp. 138) 

Sannadkii 1897-kii, ninku wuxuu saddex jeer uga dhowaa naagta inay wax akhrido. Sannadkii 1939kii, kala duwanaanshuhu wuxuu ku dhawaaday inuu meesha ka baxo (Akadamiyadda Sayniska ee Ruushka, 1992, miiska 8). Waxbarashadu kuma koobnayn akhris-qoraalka oo keliya, balse waxa ku jiray waxbarashada dugsiga sare, farsamada iyo jaamacadda. 

Horumarradan ayaa faa'iido weyn u keenay dadka caadiga ah, gaar ahaan xubnaha xoogga shaqada. Tirada shaqaalaha iyo shaqaalaha USSR ee leh waxbarashada sare iyo sare ee 1,000 qof ee xoogga shaqada ayaa ka kacay 123 1939 ilaa 846 ee 1982, i.e., ku dhawaad ​​toddoba laabmay koror; Uzbekistan, kororku wuxuu ahaa 61 ilaa 888; Tajikistan, laga bilaabo 45 ilaa 817; iyo gudaha Kyrgyzstan, laga bilaabo 56 ilaa 846  qof. ( Babkina, 1984, bogga 76.) 

Waxaa cad in ay ku guulaysteen in ay meesha ka saaraan aqoon la’aanta, balse ka waran tacliin sare? Sannadkii 1918-kii, Boqortooyada Ruushka waxaa ka jiray shan jaamacadood oo keliya, halka Maraykanku uu 200 jeer ka badan dadka khibradda tacliinta sare leh iyo boqollaal dugsiyo ka badan kuwii Midowga Soofiyeeti. Sida kor ku xusan, dadka intooda badan ma awoodin, taasoo ka dhigaysa kulliyadda riyo aan la gaari karin dad badan. Thanks to fikradda sinnaanta ee Soofiyeedka, waxbarashadu waxay ahayd mid caalami ah, bilaash ah, oo la siiyay shaqo dammaanad ah ka dib qalin-jabinta. Markay ugu sarraysay guusheeda, qalabka waxbarashada sare ee Soofiyeedka wuxuu soo dhaweeyay ilaa shan milyan oo arday sannadkii intii u dhaxaysay 1936 iyo 1986. Ardayda Soofiyeedka weligood lama kulmin ku dhawaad ​​$30,000 oo deyn ah si ay u helaan shahaado la mid ah kuwa Ameerika. 

Ilaa 1914, waxaa jiray 105 jaamacadood oo ku yaal Ruushka oo dhan. Sannadkii 1990, waxaa jiray in ka badan 900. 1914, waxaa jiray qiyaastii 125,000 oo arday jaamacadeed oo ku yaal Boqortooyada Ruushka, laakiin 1990kii USSR waxay lahayd in ka badan 5 milyan.

== Shaqada ==
Midowgii Soofiyeeti, gacan ku haynta shaqaalaha ee habka wax-soo-saarka waxa ay yeelatay qaab dawlad sheegtay in ay ku shaqeyso magacooda. Inkasta oo ay mararka qaarkood ku guuldareysatey in ay ku noolaato magaca xisbi shaqaale ahaan, CPSU waxay siisay madax-bannaani la taaban karo iyo saameyn ay ku leeyihiin kormeerayaashooda. Bishii Ogosto 1935, dacwad oogaha magaalada Saratov ayaa sheegay in 118 ka mid ah
Kiisaskii mushaharka ee uu dhawaan xafiiskiisu gacanta ku hayey, 90 ka mid ah ayaa la xalliyey oo lagu qanciyey shaqaalaha. Waxay marar badan ka hadleen maamulayaashooda: magaalada bari ee Vladivostok oo keliya, shaqaaluhu waxay u direen 2,000 warqadood (badanaa iyaga ka mid ah) wargeyska warshadda ee Voroshilov qeybtii hore ee 1935. ( Thurston , 1996, p. 5) 

Richard Oehring waxa uu baadhay dhibaatooyin dhaqaale oo kala duwan iyo isbeddellada ka jira waddamada Yurub, gaar ahaan USSR. Waxa uu ku nuuxnuuxsaday awoodda macaamiisha sii kordheysa ee shaqaalaha Soofiyeedka iyo shaqaalaha sababtoo ah kor u kaca joogtada ah ee mushaharka (dhammaadka 1930, dakhliga dhabta ah ee USSR proletariat wuxuu ahaa 145% dakhliga dagaalka ka hor, iyo 170% ka dib marka la tixgeliyo faa'iidooyinka bulshada).
Tusaale ahaan kabaha baastada: halka dagaalka ka hor, Ruushku wuxuu isticmaalay kaliya 55 milyan oo kabo maqaarka ah sannadkii, warshadaha kabaha ballaaran ayaa horeyba u qorsheynayay inay soo saaraan 120 million by 1931. Baahiyo cusub ayaa soo baxay oo ay weheliyaan fursado cusub. Halkii laga heli lahaa kabaha baastada ee beeralayda, oo laga yaqaan sheekooyinka tuulada idyllic ee sheekooyinkii hore, kabaha maqaarku waxay noqdeen shay maalinle ah oo caalami ah.
Sannadkii 1988-kii, USSR waxay soo saartay ku dhawaad saddex jeer kabo badan oo maqaarka ah qofkiiba sida FRG. In ka badan 3.5 jeer in ka badan Japan. Ku dhawaad 1.4 jeer in ka badan Great Britain. In ka badan 3 jeer in ka badan Maraykanka.

Shaqaalaha Soofiyeedka waxay ka qaybqaateen boqollaal kun oo kormeerayaal ah, guddiyo, iyo guutooyin kuwaas oo kormeerayay shaqada maamulayaasha iyo hay'adaha. Wakaaladahani mararka qaarkood waxay lahaayeen awood la taaban karo. Tusaale ahaan, shaqaalihii hore wuxuu isu rogay kormeere V. R. Balkan, oo ay weheliyaan sarkaal ka tirsan ururka, waxay baareen shil ka dhacay warshad Moscow 1937. Helitaanka sababta keentay in si khaldan loo tijaabiyo agabka, labadoodu waxay ku ganaaxeen madaxa waaxda wax soo saarka 100 rubles (qiyaastii mushaharka toddobaadka wakhtigaas) waxayna ku dhejiyeen canaan log ah madaxa hore. ( Thurston , 1996, bogga 167). Xataa inta lagu jiro dhererka Nadiifinta Weyn, shaqaaluhu waxay sii wadeen inay ka hadlaan walaacooda iyada oo aan la caburin. Mid ka mid ah tahriibayaasha ayaa dib u xusuustay sida ay hooyaday aabbaheed oo ka mid ah shaqaalaha warshadda ay “inta badan u canaanan jirtay madaxa” oo ay uga caban jirtay xaalad nololeed oo aan la xidhin. John Scott, oo Maraykan ah oo ka shaqaynayey alxanka Magnitogorsk dabayaaqadii 1930-meeyadii, ayaa ka qayb galay shir ka dhacay warshad ku taal Moscow 1940-kii halkaas oo shaqaaluhu ay &quot;dhaleeceyn karaan maamulaha warshadda, soo jeedinta talooyin ku saabsan sida loo kordhiyo wax soo saarka, hagaajinta tayada, iyo kharashyada hoose.&quot; ( Thurston , 1996, bogga 178) 

Waxaas oo dhami waxay dhaceen wakhti gaar ahaan shaqaalaha Maraykanku ay u halgamayeen aqoonsiga aasaasiga ah ee ururka, taas oo ah wax ay dhab ahaantii ku qasbanaadeen inay u dagaallamaan oo inta badan aan saameyn rasmi ah ku yeelan goobta shaqada. Xataa maanta, waa lagu eryi karaa wax kasta laga bilaabo cabashada iyo qaadashada nasashada musqusha ilaa sigaarka guryahooda. Waxa lagula kacaa jujuub, cagajugleyn iyo faraxumayn, iyada oo madaxdoodu xataa u soo diraan hanjabaad dil ah iyaga oo xaaqin wax kasta oo rooga hoostiisa ah. Xitaa wadamada u muuqda inay xor yihiin oo dimuqraadi ah, shaqaaluhu ma laha awood ay ku maamulaan goobahooda shaqo oo xitaa ma isticmaali karaan xoriyadooda hadalka goobta shaqada. Loo-shaqeeyayaashu xitaa waxay aadayaan ilaa ay ku qasbaan shaqaalahooda inay taageeraan musharrixiinta siyaasadeed haddii kale aysan doonayn. Oo marka ay isticmaalaan algorithms si ay u baaraan qof kasta oo xitaa farqi bil ah ku leh resumeygiisa, in la eryo waxay dareemi kartaa sida xukun dil ah oo dhab ah.

Shaqaalihi kacaankii ka horeeyay ee Ruushka waxa ay shaqaynayeen 10 ilaa 12 saacadood maalintii, 6 maalmood todobaadkii, ama inta u dhaxaysa 60 iyo 72 saacadood todobaadkii (Bosch, Dawkings, and Michon, 1994, p. 313). Mid ka mid ah amarradii ugu horreeyay ee la ansixiyay Kacaankii Oktoobar 1917 ka dib wuxuu ahaa abuurista maalin shaqo oo 8 saacadood ah (Bosch, Dawkings iyo Michon, 1994, bogga 313). Midowgii Soofiyeeti, maalinta ugu badan ee shaqadu waxay ahayd ilaa 40 saacadood todobaadkii (Heffer and Launay, 1992, bogga 118). Warshadaha dhuxusha Soofiyeedka ee 1986, dadku waxay shaqaynayeen celcelis ahaan 33.8 saacadood todobaadkii, marka la barbar dhigo celceliska saacadaha 39.4 ee dhaqaalaha guud ahaan (Bosch, Dawkings, and Michon, 1994, p. 315). Tani waxay si weyn uga duwan tahay sida Colliers loola dhaqmay meelo kale, halkaas oo saacadaha dheer iyo foosha carruurta ay weli yihiin caadada. Sannadkii 1973-kii, saacadihii sannadlaha ahaa ee ka shaqaynayey USSR qof kasta oo shaqeeya waxay ahaayeen 1,791 saacadood, marka la barbar dhigo 2,150 saacadood Spain, 1,804 saacadood ee Jarmalka, 1,930 saacadood Switzerland ama 2,042 saacadood Japan. (  Maddison,  1997, bogga 340). 

Fasaxyada la dammaanad qaaday ee USSR waxay ahaayeen inta u dhaxaysa 12 iyo 48 maalmood, inta u dhaxaysa 24 iyo 48 ee shaqooyinka ugu adag iyo 48 maalmood ee macallimiinta (Crouzet, 1961, bogga 275-276). Waxay celcelis ahaan ku dhawaad ​​​​22 maalmood oo fasax lacag ah ku bixiyeen 1977: taa beddelkeeda, shaqaalaha Maraykanku waxay celcelis ahaan celcelis ahaan toddobo ka heleen 1996. 

Hawlgabka ragga ee USSR waxay ahaayeen da'da 60 ama 25 sano oo adeeg ah, halka hawlgabka dumarku ay ahaayeen 55 ama 20, siday u kala horreeyaan. (Magaalo, 1988, bogga 24). Marka la barbardhigo, da'da hawlgabka ee Maraykanka, Isbaanishka, Kanada, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Finland ama Nederland waxay ahayd 65 sano, Danmarkna 67 sano (Urban, 1988, bogga 24). Lacagta hawlgabka ugu yar ee shaqaalaha cad-cad iyo kuwa buluugga ah waxay ahayd 50 rubles, lacagta hawlgabka ugu badana waxay ahayd 120 rubles (Urban, 1988, bogga 25). Tani waxay u ekaan kartaa in yar oo hoose, laakiin dadka hawlgabka ah waa laga dhaafay bixinta cashuurta (Urban, 1988, bogga 25) oo waxay heleen qiyaastii kala badh mushaharkoodii ugu dambeeyay. (  Crouzet, 1961, bogga 275). Sannadkii 1985 celceliska hawlgabka USSR wuxuu ahaa 67 rubles bishii; Sababtan awgeed iyo da'da hawlgabka hore, 1986 10 milyan oo qof oo waayeel ah ayaa go'aansaday inay sii wadaan shaqada si ay u doortaan mushahar sare (Urban, 1988, p. 25). 

Ka waran shaqo la'aanta? Waddan kasta oo hanti-wadaag ah oo adduunka ah, waxaa had iyo jeer jiray koox dad ah oo shaqo raadis ah laakiin mid aan helin, iyagoo ku qasbanaaday inay dhex maraan suuqa shaqada halkaas oo shaqooyinka heerka gelitaanka ay u baahan yihiin khibrad hore oo inta badan loo-shaqeeyayaasha waxay ku shaandheeyaan codsiyadooda algorithms. Tani weligeed dhibaato kuma ahayn Midowgii Soofiyeeti: Dawladdu waxay aad ugu dheeraatay inay qof walba siiso shaqo, iyadoo inta badan meesha ka saartay shaqo la'aantii oo dhan taariikhdeeda.  Waxay gaadheen waxa reer galbeedka sida caadiga ah loogu yeedho shaqo buuxda, oo qiimahoodu aad uga hooseeyo 5%. Tani waxay si fiican u barbar dhigaysaa dhaqaalaha hanti-wadaaga sida ugu wanaagsan, oo aad uga wanaagsan iyaga marka lagu jiro hoos u dhac dhaqaale. 

Iyadoo shaqo la'aanta dabadheeraatay ay ahayd astaan ​​hanti-wadaaga tan iyo maalintii koowaad, shaqo la'aanta USSR waxay ahayd mid aan jirin inta ay jirtay. Inkastoo dib u habayn lagu sameeyay dhaqaalaha suuqa, shaqo la'aanta RSFSR waxay ahayd 0.1% 1991, kaliya waxay kor u kacday in ka badan 8% 2009 ka dib soo celinta hantiwadaaga. ( Crouzet , 1961; Clark &amp; Senik , 2014; Kolstad &amp; Golub , 1993) 

Waa run in waxa loogu yeero &quot;sharciga ka-hortagga dulinka&quot; ay ka dhigeen NEET ka baxsan su'aasha, laakiin iyada oo Soviets laga yaabo in ay sii wadaan kala-duwanaanta u dhexeeya shaqada iyo gaajada, waxay ugu yaraan hubiyeen in dadku ay ikhtiyaar u leeyihiin inay sidaas sameeyaan. Mid ka mid ah ballanqaadyada dhaqdhaqaaqa hantiwadaagga waa dhammaadka shaqo la'aanta, inkastoo ay si fiican u maareyn kareen, Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa weli soo dhiibay. 

Hadii loo fiirsado waxa muuqata in ay ku guulaysteen in ay shaqooyin badan ka helaan dadkoodana ay helaan mushahar fiican. Shaqaalaynta dhaqaalaha qaranka Soofiyeedka intii u dhaxaysay 1940 iyo 1981, tusaale ahaan, waxay ka korodhay 33,926,000 ilaa 113,961,000.


dadka, taas oo ah, 3.36 jeer. Mushaharka lacagta qofkiiba shaqaalaha ayaa kordhay in ka badan shan laab isla muddadaas, laga bilaabo 33.1 Rubles ilaa 172.5 rubles, halka dakhliga dhabta ah ee qofkasta uu kordhay lix laab oo ku dhawaad ​​labanlaabmay 15kii sano ee la soo dhaafay. ( Babkina , 1984). 

Muddadii u dhaxaysay 1987 iyo 1988, faqriga ba'an wuxuu taagnaa ku dhawaad ​​1%, waana qiyaas la mid ah wadamada horumaray hantiwadaaga sida Great Britain (Milanović, 1998, bogga 68-69). Jamhuuriyadihii Soofiyeedka ee Bartamaha Aasiya (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan iyo Uzbekistan) faqrigu waxa uu ka yaraa kala bar ka Brazil ama dalalka kale ee Yuurasia sida Turkiga ( Milanović,   1998, bogga 68-69). 

Muddadii u dhaxaysay 1993 iyo 1995, faqrigu cirka isku shareeray ka dib dib u soo celinta hantiwadaaga 23 jeer jamhuuriyada Baltic, 32 jeer jamhuuriyada Slavic (Belarus, Moldova, Russia iyo Ukraine) iyo 33.73 jeer Federaalka Ruushka. Tani waxay runtii muujinaysaa inta ay le'egtahay horumarka ay ku talaabsadeen hantiwadaaga.

Dhammaadkii sideetamaadkii, ilaa 97% qoysaska Ruushka iyo Soofiyeedka waxay haysteen kayd kayd ah, 2022 saamigani wuxuu hoos ugu dhacay 42%, ilaa 55% qoysaskuna way waayeen kaydkoodii.

== Sinnaan la'aan ==

Bulshada loo siman yahay waa bulsho xooggan. Heerarka sare ee sinnaan la'aanta dakhliga ayaa la muujiyay inay wiiqaan kobaca, sii xumeeyaan dhibaatooyinka caafimaadka, daciifiyaan wada jirka bulshada, iyo ballaarinta farqiga u dhexeeya kuwa hodanka ah iyo kuwa kale ilaa heerar khatar ah. Sinaanta dakhliga sare, dhinaca kale, waxay bixisaa dhaqdhaqaaq bulsho oo weyn iyo sinnaanta fursadaha, oo simaysa goobta ciyaarta si dad badan ay u guuleystaan. 

Adduunka oo dhan, sinnaan la'aanta hantida ayaa gebi ahaanba ka baxday xakamaynta, taasoo gaadhay heerarkii ugu sarreeyay ee aan aragno qarniyo. Waxay ku kacday dhaqaalaha Mareykanka in ka badan $23 tiriliyan tan iyo 1990-kii, Faafida COVID-ka ayaa ka sii dartay, iyadoo shaqaaluhu ay lumiyeen $3.7 tiriliyan halka kuwa aadka u taajirsan ay heleen lacag la mid ah. Danaha ganacsigu waxay ka faa'iidaysteen dhibaatada caafimaad ee caalamiga ah si ay u abaabulaan wareejin kale oo kor u kac ah oo hantida ma aha inay noqoto wax la yaab leh: maal-qabeenadu waxay tan ku samaynayaan qarniyo badan iyada oo loo marayo kobcinta faa'iidada, ururinta frenetic, iyo kaydinta hantida halka kuwa kale ay u dhintaan la'aantiisa. Tani waa sida nidaamku u shaqeeyo, meesha hungurigu wanaagsan yahay, lacagtuna waa dhammaan arrimaha muhiimka ah. Marka loo daayo qalabkeeda, waxay keenaysaa sinnaan la'aan aad u xun sida kuwa sababay Kacaankii Faransiiska. Anagoo og halka ay martay, waa inaan bilownaa inaan u aragno kala duwanaanshiyahan inay yihiin walaac halis ah. 

Markaa way iska caddahay in sinnaan la'aantu tahay dhibaato iyo in nidaamyada lagu qiimeeyo sida wanaagsan ee ay u maamulaan. Sidee haddaba, Midowgii Soofiyeeti u maareeyey? Konserfatifyadu waxay jecel yihiin inay ku kaftamaan sida ay u ahayd sinnaanta sababtoo ah qof kastaa wuxuu ahaa sabool, laakiin gadaashiisa xusuusta waa xaqiiqda ah inay dhiseen ruux dhab ah oo sinnaanta, taas oo keentay faa'iidooyin maadi ah oo dhab ah oo mudan in la aqoonsado.


Faa'iidada dakhliga ee hantiwadaaga marxaladda dambe waxay u egtahay in loo gudbiyo 10% ugu sarreeya, oo laga tago inta soo hartay. Taas beddelkeeda, USSR waxay u qaybisay si ka badan si siman. Intii u dhaxaysay 1956 iyo 1989, dhammaan boqolleyda waxay kordhiyeen dakhligoodu in ka badan ama ka yar si isku mid ah, iyada oo boqolley kastaa arkay ugu yaraan 2% kobac iyo kuwa ugu saboolsan ay helaan wax ka badan 3% sannadkii. Tan iyo dib u soo celinta hanti-wadaaga intii u dhaxaysay 1989 iyo 2016, kobaca dakhliga dhabta ah ayaa hoos ugu dhacay kuwa ugu qanisan, iyadoo boqolkiiba 99 ay arkeen in ka badan 6 boqolkiiba hantidooda halka 90 boqolkiiba hoose ay arkeen hantidoodii oo hoos u dhacday. Taas oo gacanta lagu hayo, waxa muuqata in danyartu ay hantiwadaaga ka korodhsadeen, maalqabeenna ay hanti wadaag ka heleen.

Haddaba, bal aynu eegno sida loo qaybiyey dakhligoodii qaranka. Sannadkii 1905-tii, boqolkiiba 10-kii ugu qanisan Ruushka waxay lahaayeen boqolkiiba 46.88 hantida qaranka, halka 50 boqolkiiba ugu saboolsan ay leeyihiin kaliya 16.74 boqolkiiba, boqolkiiba 40 ee dhexena waxay leeyihiin 36.38 boqolkiiba. Sannadkii 1980 kii, boqolkiiba 10-kii ugu qanisan waxay lahaayeen wax ka yar 21.0 boqolkiiba wadarta dakhliga guud ee hantiwadaagga, halka 50 boqolkiiba ugu saboolsan ay leeyihiin in ka badan 31 boqolkiiba halka 40 boqolkiiba ay leeyihiin ku dhawaad ​​boqolkiiba 50. Sannadkii 2015, saamiga ay haystaan ​​10% ee ugu qanisan ayaa bilaabay inuu kordho mar kale, isagoo gaadhay 45.52% wadarta dakhliga, halka 50% ugu saboolsan iyo 40% ay arkeen saamigoodu hoos u dhacay 16.99% iyo 37.49%, siday u kala horreeyaan. Shaxda hoose waxay muujinaysaa sida sinnaan la'aantu u dhacday oo ay mar kale kor ugu kacday kor u kaca iyo dhicistii Midowgii Soofiyeeti.

Laakiin ka waran 1%, kuwa ugu taajirsan ee jecel inay naftooda urursadaan? Tsarism waxay aragtay fasalka aristocratic oo leh ku dhawaad ​​​​19% wadarta dakhliga qaranka, qayb aan la aqbali karin oo lagu dhisay meydka serfs kuwaas oo naftooda u shaqeeyay ilaa dhimasho. Boqolkiiba boqolkiiba 1980 kii wuxuu gaadhay hoos u dhac taariikhi ah oo ah 3.45% intii lagu jiray hantiwadaaga waxayna sare u kacday 20.24% 2015 kadib qaadashada hantiwadaaga.

Hantiwadaaga ayaa hoos u dhigtay sinnaan la'aanta guud ahaan. Xidhiidhka Gini ee Ruushku wuxuu ka kacay 0.55 1905 oo hoos timaad nidaamsm ilaa 0.28 1988 ee hantiwadaaga, ka hor inta uusan mar kale kor u kacay 0.55 ee 2015 ee hantiwadaaga. ( Novokmet, Piketty iyo Zucman,  2017, fig. 10c). 

Nooc kale oo ka mid ah sinnaan la'aanta mudan in la cabbiro waa sinnaan la'aanta jinsiga, wax Soofiyeedku ay tixgeliyeen mudnaanta muhiimka ah ee dagaalka. Marka la eego xukunka hantiwadaaga ee Ruushka iyo Bariga Yurub, gobolku wuxuu dhalin lahaa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu fiican adduunka marka loo eego tusmada sinnaanta jinsiga ee taariikhiga ah ilaa 1990-meeyadii, markii uu burburay ka dib dib u soo celinta hantiwadaaga.
Inkasta oo siyaasaduhu ay kala duwan yihiin waqti ka waqti, haweenku waxay bilaabeen inay door firfircoon ka qaataan bulshada Soofiyeedka, iyagoo gaadhay guulo la taaban karo oo lagu dhimayo sinnaan la'aanta jinsiga. Ku dhawaad ​​​​saddex meelood meel garsoorayaasha caadiga ah ee Soofiyeedka waxay ahaayeen haween, seddex meelood meel baarlamaanka waxay ahaayeen haween, 70 boqolkiiba dhakhaatiirtu waxay ahaayeen dumar, iyo 85 boqolkiiba haweenka da'da shaqada waxay shaqeynayeen 1974, ilaa qiyaastii 1974. 50% gudaha Mareykanka (Smith, 1977, p. 152). 

Maadaama hantida iyo sinnaan la'aanta jinsiga ay walaac weyn u yihiin dad badan, waa inaan aqoonsannaa in Midowga Soofiyeeti uu qabtay shaqo weyn oo yareynta labadaba.

== Alaabta iyo adeegyada ==
Marka ay timaado alaabooyinka macaamiisha, waayo-aragnimada Soofiyeedka waxaa loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah cilladaha ugu weyn. yaraantu waxay ahayd dhibaato, iyadoo safaf dhaadheer iyo liiska sugitaanka ay ka hortagayaan dadka Ruushka ah inay helaan alaab ay kuwa kale u qaataan si fudud. Dadka intooda badan ma aysan lahayn baabuur sababtoo ah xafiiska byzantine waxay ahayd inay maraan si ay u helaan, qoysaskuna waxay ku qasbanaadeen inay hagaajiyaan marka waxyaabaha ay rabaan la heli karo. 

Sannadkii 1913, in ka badan 80% guryaha magaalada ee Imperial Russia waxay ka koobnaayeen hal ama laba dabaq oo alwaax ah, biyo la'aan ama helitaanka nidaamka bullaacadaha (Zhukov iyo Fyodorov, 1974; 11). Kaydka guryaha ee Soofiyeedka ayaa si weyn loo casriyeeyay qarnigii 20-aad oo dhan, taas oo caddaynaysa bixinta adeegyada aasaasiga ah sida kuleylka dhexe, bulaacada, iyo tuubooyinka. RSFSR ee 1940, saamiga guryaha magaalooyinka ee leh adeegyadan waxay ahaayeen kaliya 20%, 43%, iyo 50%, siday u kala horreeyaan. Sannadkii 1990-kii, tirooyinkani waxay kordheen 92%, 92%, iyo 94%, siday u kala horreeyaan, iyadoo guryaha gaarka loo leeyahay iyo dhulka miyiga ah ay aad dib u dhaceen. Laga bilaabo 2015, tirooyinkani waa kuwo aan waxba iska beddelin 92%, 89%, iyo 91%, siday u kala horreeyaan. 143-kii magaalo ee ugu waaweynaa 1910kii, 72% dhismayaal ayaa wali ka samaysan alwaax, St. Petersburg (40%) iyo Moscow (50%) ee cidhifka hoose ee spectrum, iyo magaalooyin badan oo ku yaal Siberiya iyo meelo kale oo ka tirsan qaybta waqooyiga Yurub ee Ruushka oo leh in ka badan 90%.
Iyadoo dhismayaasha dhagxaanta lagu garto dhismaha casriga ah ee qarnigii 19-aad, shubka la xoojiyay ayaa noqday qalab dhisme oo qeexaya qarnigii 20-aad.
Magaalada Leningrad, 1900, markii la tiriyey 1,418,000 oo qof, waxaa la ogaaday in 38,000 oo muwaadiniin ah, oo ka tirsan beelaha laga tirada badan yahay, mid kastaa uu haysto 30 ilaa 70 mitir oo wareeg ah oo ay ku nool yihiin.

Marka la barbardhigo tan, 82,000 oo muwaadiniin ah, oo ka mid ah kuwa ugu liita, ayaa ku qasbanaaday inay ku tuujiyaan meelo cidhiidhi ah, oo leh wax ka yar 2 mitir oo laba jibbaaran. Panorama-kan, wadar dhan 11,376 guri ayaa bannaan, madhan, taallooyin fool-xun oo ku saabsan qashinka ugu akhlaaqda xun, caddaalad-darrada ugu daran. Dabadeed waxaa jiray shaqaale tiro badan oo ku noolaa qolalka jiifka, dugsiyada hoyga ah, iwm.

Dhawaan 1910kii, 63,089 qof ayaa ku noolaa 8,292 qolal hoose ah, oo ay ku dhex jireen qoyaan, jiir, iyo waxyaabo kale oo farxad leh oo u qalma sheeko naxdin leh oo nool.
Ha ku kadsoomin kuwa soo bandhigay hoos u dhac ku yimid tirooyinka mitirka laba jibbaaran ee qofkiiba: halka qaar ka mid ah buugaagta sanadka ay muujinayaan in qofkasta uu ku noolaan karo (&quot;zhilaja ploschad,&quot; oo ka kooban dhammaan qolalka laga jaray jikada, musqulaha, marinnada, iyo armaajooyinka) ayaa ka dhacay 8.5 mitir oo laba jibbaaran 1927 ilaa 5.8 mitir oo laba jibbaaran 1935 ayaa weli go'an.

Isla muddadaas, dadka Leningrad, oo ka dhashay horumarka degdegga ah ee warshadaha, waxay si degdeg ah u kordheen min 1,700,000 ilaa in ka badan 2,700,000, ka hor inta aysan kor u kicin ku dhawaad ​​3,000,000 habeenkii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka.
Xogtu waxay noo sheegaysaa, intii lagu jiray 1930-meeyadii, 23,200 guri ayaa mar horeba lagu xidhay shabakadda gaaska. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay, iyada oo la tixgelinayo guryaha la wadaago ee leh musqulaha iyo madbakhyada la wadaago (70-80%), in, wakhtigaas, ku dhawaad 200,000 oo qof, oo ka mid ah in ka badan 2,000,000, ayaa horey ugu riyaaqay raaxadan aadka u casriga ah.
Muddadii shanta sano ahayd ee 1923 ilaa 1927, in ka badan 12.5 milyan oo mitir oo laba jibbaaran oo bannaan ayaa lagu dhisay USSR, iyo muddada shanta sano ah ee soo socota, laga bilaabo 1927 ilaa 1931, 28.85 milyan oo mitir oo laba jibbaaran. Waa in la ogaadaa in dhismahani aanu ku koobnayn magaalooyinka jira. Muddadii saddexda sano ahayd ee u dhaxaysay 1926 ilaa 1939, waxa soo baxay 213 magaalo oo cusub iyo 1,323 bulshooyin magaalo oo cusub (eeg Yuri Yaralov, op. cit.).

Wadar ahaan, tirada magaalooyinka ee USSR waxay kordheen min 675 ilaa 1,451 intii u dhaxaysay 1917 iyo 1951. Magaalooyinkan cusub iyo degsiimooyinka ayaa ku koray meel kasta: ee Kazakhstan, meelaha warshadaha ee Ukraine iyo Ural, iyo meelo ka baxsan Arctic Circle.
Isbarbardhigga celceliska goobta uu ku nool yahay qofkiiba ee guryaha shaqaalaha ka hor 1917 iyo horraantii 1938 waxay muujinaysaa isbeddel muuqda. Tusaale ahaan, Leningrad, celceliska goobta uu ku nool yahay qofkiiba labanlaabmay, Moscow waxay kordheen 94%, magaalooyinka Donbass 176%, Ural 195% (xogta ku salaysan tirakoobka 1938).

La alifay dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, waxaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu beddelay dhismo bulukeeti iyo dhagxaan ah intii lagu jiray xilligii dagaalka. Muddadani waxay sidoo kale aragtay bilawga warshadaynta dhismaha guryaha, oo ay ku jiraan prefabrication, kaas oo qaabeeyey qaab-dhismeedka tijaabada ah ee avant-garde ee 1920-meeyadii (Bliznakov, 1993). Marka loo eego tirakoobkii 1926-kii, guryaha alwaaxdu waxay weli yihiin 72% dhammaan saamiyada guryaha ee RSFSR; Saamigani wuxuu hoos ugu dhacay 47% 1940kii (Sosnovy, 1954: 93). Shuruudaha kala-soocidda ugu muhiimsan waa heerarka dhismaha loo dhisay. Kuwa ugu cadcad waa: dhererka qolalka, ballaadhka qolalka, boqolkiiba sare ee meelaha aan la degganayn (waddada, musqusha, jikada, iwm.), iyo walxaha qurxinta ee wejiga.

Mashruucyadii ugu dambeeyay ee dhismayaasha Stalin-ta waxaa ansixiyay Golaha Wasiirrada ee RSFSR Sebtembar 16, 1954.

1987kii, 80 guri ayaa laga dhisay USSR 10,000 oo qofba. Ku dhawaad 88% ka mid ah waxaa lagu siyay lacag la'aan dadka deegaanka.

Isla sanadkaas, tilmaame la mid ah wadamada waaweyn ee reer galbeedka ayaa ahaa:

Awstariya - 51.

Great Britain - 40.

Isbaanish - 52.

Talyaaniga - 30.

Kanada - 88.

USA - 68.

Jarmalka - 37.

Faransiiska - 45.

Heerka Soofiyeedka ee rubuci-qarnigii u dambeeyay ee horumarinta hanti-wadaaga Ruushka waxa lagu gaadhay laba sano oo keliya: 2014-2015. Sannadkii 2015, 1,195,000 guri ayaa laga dhisay Ruushka. Tani waa qiyaastii 82.4 10,000kii qofba. Waxaan aaminsanahay in tiradani ay mar kale hoos u dhacday 2016; xogta weli lama hayo.
-Kacaanka ka hor, xataa magaalooyin badan oo waaweyn, sida Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Yekaterinburg, iyo Tashkent, ma lahayn biyo socda. Xaaladda bullaacadaha ayaa xitaa ka sii darneyd: magaalooyinka waaweyn sida Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Kazan, Taganrog, Novorossiysk, Kostroma, Arkhangelsk, Tomsk, Astrakhan, iyo kuwa kale ma lahayn nidaamka bullaacadaha. 51% magaalooyinka ma lahayn koronto. Marka la barbardhigo: Jarmalka, ilaa 800 oo magaalo ayaa lahaa nidaamka bullaacadaha, iyo England iyo Maraykanka, ma jiraan ku dhawaad ​​degsiimo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 5,000 oo aan midna lahayn.

Isla mar ahaantaana, saamiga biyaha wasakhda ah ee lagu sii daayo nidaamka bullaacadaha magaalada marka loo eego dhammaan biyaha qasabadda ee lagu soo rogay nidaamka waxay gaareen 65% 1940, halka ay ahayd 24% 1917. Waqtigaas, daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah waxay gaartay 43.5% wadarta guud ee biyaha wasakhda ah. Magaalooyinkii Ruushka ee kacaankii ka horreeyay, wax-ka-qabashada biyaha wasakhda ah waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad u yar.

Guud ahaan, qofku wuxuu si dheer uga hadli karaa sida adeegyada dadweynuhu u horumareen shuuciyadii.

Tusaale ahaan, isticmaalka biyaha qofkiiba ee Moscow wuxuu kordhay 3.7-laab sannadkii 1939 marka loo eego 1913: 226 litir oo biyo ah qofkiiba maalintii halkii ay ka ahayd 61.5. Si la mid ah shidaalka. Halka sannadkii 1913kii 6,000 oo guri oo Moscow ku yaallay gaasta lagu shiday, marka la barbar dhigo 56,000 sannadihii dagaalka ka hor, 1953kii 418,000 ayaa gaas lagu shubay. Sannadkii 1913kii, isticmaalka gaaska ee Moscow wuxuu gaaray 14.2 milyan mitir kuyuubik, kaas oo 43.6% ka mid ah uu ahaa baahida qoyska, 27.9% baahida farsamada, iyo 28.5% nalalka waddooyinka. Bartamihii 1941kii, wax soo saarka gaaska ee Moscow wuxuu gaadhay 176 milyan oo mitir kuyuubik ah, tirada guryaha gaaska lagu sameeyayna waxay ahayd 62,300. Sannadkii 1959kii, Moscow waxay hore u cuni jirtay 4.5 bilyan cubic mitir sannadkii. Sannadkii 1913kii, Moscow waxay lahayd 20,842 nalalka waddooyinka, kuwaas oo 4,007 ka mid ahi ay ahaayeen koronto, 7,806 gaas, iyo 9,026 kerosene ah. Sannadkii 1938kii, Moscow waxay lahayd 39,013 nalalka waddooyinka (nalalka korontada), 1950-kii, 60,000.

Nidaamka bullaacadaha dhexe ee ugu horreeyay ee Boqortooyada Ruushka ayaa lagu rakibay Odessa (1877). Ka hor 1917, kaliya 18 magaalo oo ku yaal Ruushka ayaa lahaa nidaamyo isku mid ah, caadi ahaanna kaliya qaybta dhexe ee magaalada, iyo biyaha wasakhda ah ayaa lagu sii daayay iyada oo aan la daaweynin biyaha (wabiyada, balliyada, harooyinka) ee xuduudaha magaalada.
Waxaa jirtay dhacdo naxdin leh markii, mid ka mid ah cudurrada faafa ee daacuunka ee ka dhacay St. Petersburg, halkaas oo biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ay si fiican isugu qasan yihiin bulaacada, mas'uuliyiinta ayaa si lama filaan ah uga welwelay baaxadda cudurka waxayna ku amreen dhammaan tabaha biyaha la kariyey in ay dhigaan taangiyada biyaha la kariyey ee waddooyinka si aysan dadku u cabbin biyo wasakh iyo wasakh ah.

Sannadkii 1932-kii (15 sano gudaheed), nidaamyada bullaacadaha ayaa horay looga dhisay 55 magaalo oo ku yaalla Ruushka, oo leh awood dhan ilaa 575,000 m³ maalintii. Sannadkii 1987kii (4 sano ka hor burburkii), Midowgii Soofiyeeti, nidaamyada bullaacadaha ayaa lagu rakibay 1,851 magaalo (85.1%) iyo 2,132 tuulo (53.4%).

Tirada dadka ku jira liiska sugitaanka ayaa dhowr jeer la dhimay iyadoo loo marayo hab been abuur ah, waxaana sidoo kale la dhimay tirada guryaha qaybinta. Natiijo ahaan, tirada muwaadiniinta helaya guriyeynta bilaashka ah ee gobolka ay jecel yihiin ayaa hoos u dhacay lix ilaa todoba laab, waxayna ku qasbanaan doonaan inay sugaan 20 ilaa 25 sano guriyeynta, marka la barbardhigo lix ilaa todoba sano oo USSR ah.
Halkan waxaa ah tusaale kale oo ku saabsan sida ay mas'uuliyiintu &quot;u habeeyaan&quot; tirada dadka ku jira liiska sugitaanka.
Gobolka, oo ay matalaan adeegyada bulshada, ayaa si taxadar leh ula socda xaaladda qof kasta oo ku jira liiska sugitaanka. Illahay ha ka fogeeyo in wax yar isku bedelaan qof liiska sugitaanka ku jira. Haddii booskooda gurigu hoos u dhacay, tusaale ahaan, sababtoo ah beddelaad qasab ah, markaa waa laga saari doonaa safka, iyaga oo xaq u leh inay soo gudbiyaan dukumentiyo kaliya shan sano ka dib. Ama ilmo, oo ku soo koray safka toban sano, ayaa bilaabay inuu helo labaatan kun oo doolar: &quot;soo noqo&quot; si uu uga tago liiska sugitaanka sidoo kale.
Khubarada dugsiga sare ee dhaqaalaha ayaa ogaaday in celceliska qoyska Ruushku ku noolaayeen guri la dhisay 1978; Si kale haddii loo dhigo, kala badh qoysaska Ruushku waxay ku noolaayeen guryo la dhisay ka hor 1978, inta kale waxay ku noolaayeen guryo la dhisay ka dib. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo in dhismaha guryeynta ee USSR uu gaaray heerkii ugu sarreeyay 1980-yadii, waxaa muuqata in inta badan Ruushka, sida ay ugu noolaayeen guryaha &quot;Soviet&quot;, ay sii wadaan inay ku noolaadaan. Dhacdo ahaan, saddex meelood meel dadweynaha waxay ku nool yihiin guryo ka weyn 45 sano. Waxyaabaha ugu qosolka badan ayaa ah in xitaa kuwa awoodi kara guryaha aysan iibsan guryaha halyeeyada ah ee Putin, laakiin kuwa Soofiyeedka. Sida lagu sheegay warbixinta HSE.
Ma jirin wax isbeddel ah oo tayo leh oo ku yimid sahayda guryaha: inta badan wax kala iibsigu waxa ay ahaayeen guryihii xilligii Soofiyeedka, guryo cusubna waxa la dhisay ugu horrayn iyadoo la adeegsanayo tignoolajiyada iyo naqshadaynta dabayaaqadii 1980-yadii.
Haddaba, guri noocee ah ayay dadka Ruushku ku nool yihiin? Sida cad ma aha Putin.
Sida laga soo xigtay ururinta Rosstat &quot;HOUSING IN RUSSIA 2016,&quot;
20.3 milyan oo guri, kaliya 3.3 milyan, ama kaliya 16%, ayaa la dhisay 1995 ka dib.
In ka badan 80% dhismayaasha la deggan yahay ee Ruushka maanta waxay dib ugu soo noqdaan wakhtiyadii Soviet.

1937, wax soo saarka shaqada ee warshadaha Soofiyeedka wuxuu ahaa 257% ka sarreeya 1928, Poland 129%, iyo Maraykanka 108%. Laakiin garaafyada been abuurka ah, wax soo saarka shaqada ee USSR ayaa dhab ahaantii hoos u dhacay. Heerka wax-soo-saarka shaqada ee USSR marka loo eego Maraykanka wuxuu ahaa 16.2% 1928, 26.2% 1932, iyo 40.5% 1937. Natiijooyinkani waxay guud ahaan la socdaan kuwa ay heleen dhaqaaleyahannada kale ee Soofiyeedka ee muddada, iyo sidoo kale kuwa dhaqaaleyahan Maraykan ah Walter Galenson, kaas oo go'aamiyay in warshadaha -3 USSR-9 ee wax soo saarka USSR. 45-50% ee heerka US 1954kii.
Wax-soo-saarka korontadu wuxuu kordhay 18.75-laab intii u dhaxaysay 1916 iyo 1940-kii, Maraykankana 5.2-laab oo keliya, halka (laga billaabay 1913-kii) Faransiiska uu kordhay 10.55-laab, Ingiriiska 15.96-laab, Jarmalkana 12.35-laab.
Sannadkii 1913kii, 114,000 kWh ayaa la soo saaray saacaddii shaqaale kasta, halka 1951kii uu gaadhay 694,000, iyo in ka badan 2,000 celcelis ahaan sannadihii 1980-aadkii.
Isticmaalka korontada ee baahida qoyska dadweynaha ayaa ka korodhay 352 milyan kWh 1913kii ilaa 20,366.8 milyan 1955kii.
Laga soo bilaabo 1937 ilaa 1952, korantada beeraha wadajirka ah waxay kordheen min 10% ilaa 87% beeraha dawladda, iyo 1952 ilaa 1965, waxay ka korodhay 20% ilaa 95% beeraha wadajirka ah.
Sannadkii 1917-kii, waxa jiray 53.8 jeer telefoono ka yar kuwa Maraykanka.
Sannadkii 1909kii, Boqortooyada Ruushku waxay lahayd 54.3 jeer telefoon ka yar kan Maraykanka, 22.1 jeer in ka yar Sweden, 11.5 jeer in ka yar Jarmalka, iyo 9.3 jeer in ka yar kan England. Sannadkii 1985kii, farqigu wuxuu ku soo koobmay 6.7, 7.88, 5.49, iyo 4.64 jeer, siday u kala horreeyaan.

Laga bilaabo Luulyo 1, 1917, sida laga soo xigtay Boqortooyada Ruushku waxay lahayd 12,378 baabuur, iyada oo shirkadaha Ruushku ay ku xisaabtameen 1.5% kaliya ee suuqa gudaha.

Sannadkii 1917-kii, kaliya Russo-Baltics waxay awoodeen inay iyagu iska haystaan suuqa gudaha. Waxa laga yaabaa inay u ekaato mid is-khilaafsan, laakiin sababta ugu weyn ee badbaadada qaraabada ee waaxda baabuurta ee Riga Works Carriage Works waxay ahayd soo saarista baabuurta... amaahday iyo halkii baabuurta caadiga ah. Inkasta oo ay ku qalabaysan yihiin wadista gawaarida, sanduuqa gearbox, iyo aluminium mashiinka aluminiumka ah, Russo-Balts ma ahayn kuwo u dhigma baabuurta sida Rolls-Royce ama Crossley, oo ay ku qiimeeyeen sharafta Ruushka. Sidaa darteed, iyaga oo leh qiime aad u sarreeya oo loogu talagalay baabuur noocaas ah, Russo-Balts waa inay ka lumaan suuqa Ruushka wakhti dheer ka hor. Laakiin taageerada qoyska Imperial iyo amarada milatari ee yar yar ayaa ka dhigay inay sabeeyaan.

Sannadkii 1913kii, dhammaan raxantii baabuurta ee Tsarist Russia waxay tiradoodu ahayd 8,800 baabuur, oo ay si gaar ah u leeyihiin dabaqadda dhexe iyo kuwa sharafta leh, ugu horrayn St. Petersburg iyo Moscow.

Kooxda oo dhan waxay ka koobnayd baabuur la soo dejiyay. Waad ku mahadsan tahay hirgelinta guusha leh ee Qorshayaasha Shanta Sano ee Koowaad iyo Labaad, warshad baabuur oo awood leh ayaa laga abuuray USSR; 57 tan oo baabuur ah ayaa la soo saaray Qorshaha Shanta Sano ee Koowaad, 555 tan labaad, ama ku dhawaad 10 jeer ka badan. Gaadiidka USSR (kumanaan) waxay ahaayeen 18.7 1928, 117.8 1933, iyo 760 ee 1938, ama 85 jeer in ka badan 1913 iyo 6.5 jeer in ka badan 1933 [MSE. Vol. 10. Moscow, 1940. P. 219].

Haddaba, maxaan naqaan? Ma aragtaa? Warshadaha baabuurta ee Ruushku waxay ahaayeen curdin ka hor kacaankii. Kaliya Riga Ruush-Baltic Plant waxay soo ururiyeen baabuurta qaybo laga keeno, iyo xitaa tiro yar: kaliya 450 ayaa la soo saaray sagaal sano.

Sannadkii 1913, Maraykanku wuxuu soo saaray 485,000 oo baabuur! England - 34,000, Kanada - 18,000, France - 45,000. Sannadkii 1914kii, Maraykanku waxa uu soo saari jiray 569,000 baabuur sannadkii, Jarmalka - 20,000, Faransiiska - 45,000. Wax-soo-saarka adduunku 1928kii wuxuu ahaa 5,239,000 unug, 1932-kiina wuxuu hoos ugu dhacay 1,979,000. Wax soo saarka baabuurta ee USSR wuxuu ka kordhay 1,000 1928 ilaa 200,000 1937, oo la siman Kanada iyo Faransiiska! Isla markaana wadamadii si weyn uga horeeyay USSR sanadkii 1928 ayaa wax soo saarkoodu yara kordhiyey, qaarkoodna way yaraayeen (Austria). 

Waxa kale oo jira macluumaad yar oo ku saabsan cagafyada. Waxaa la og yahay in Boqortooyada Ruushka bishii Janaayo 1, 1913, ay jireen 165 cagaf-cagaf oo keliya [Arimaha Dhaqaalaha. 1949. Vol. 2. P. 56]. Kuwan, 93 ka mid ah waxay haysteen matoorada saliidda lagu shido, inta soo hartayna waxay ahaayeen kuwo ku shaqeeya uumi. Dabcan, dhamaantood waa la soo dhoofiyay. Oktoobar 1, 1916, ciidamada Ruushku waxay lahaayeen 408 cagaf oo nooc kasta ah, midkoodna lama soo saarin gudaha.
Intaa waxaa dheer, wax soo saarka semi-mythological ee Mamin ee &quot;Cagafyada Ruush&quot;, kuwaas oo tirooyinka aad u kala duwan yihiin 4 (u dhow in xaqiiqada) in 100 mishiinada, ayaa la dhimay bilowgii dagaalka. Ka hadli maayo
wax soo saarka cagaf ee USSR; qofka wax garadka ah waa inuu taas ogaadaa. Kaliya waxaan ogaan doonaa in dhamaadka 1930-meeyadii, hal MTS laga yaabo inuu lahaa wax ka badan dhammaan Tsarist Great Russia ka hor kacaanka. Sanadkii 1913, Boqortooyada Ruushku waxay lahayd 165 cagaf, 1937-kii, USSR waxay lahayd 165,000 oo kaliya oo gooseyaal ah.

Taasi waxay tidhi, ku noolaanshaha si fiican kuma filna inaad si fudud u isticmaasho alaabta. In kasta oo ay run tahay in USSR ay awoodi wayday inay siiso wax kasta oo ay ahayd inay lahaato, xaaladdooda badeecada macaamiishu maaha mid u xun sida loo sawiray marka la eego. Dhab ahaantii, waxaa laga yaabaa inay sameeyeen waxyaabo ka wanaagsan dalalka kale, gaar ahaan marka ay timaado qiimaha. Ugu dambayntii, waxa mudan in la eego noocyada badeecadaha iyo adeegyada ay heli jireen, haddaba aynu si sax ah u quusno, miyaannu ku quusannaa? 

Ugu horreyntii, waxaa habboon in la sheego in Midowga Soofiyeeti uu hirgeliyay siyaasadda xasilloonida qiimaha. Natiijo ahaan, intii u dhaxaysay 1960 iyo 1981, tusaha qiimaha macaamiisha (CPI) wuxuu kordhay celcelis ahaan 1.52% sannadkiiba USSR, marka la barbardhigo 7.52% sannadkiiba Maraykanka (CIA, 1984, p. 14). In kasta oo mushaharka Soofiyeedka laga yaabo inuu hoos u dhaco, qiimaha rubalkoodu hoos uma dhicin sida doolarkayaga.

Iyadoo USSR ay arki lahayd hoos u dhac dhaqaale oo hoos yimaada Brezhnev, tani waxay la timid dahaarka qalinka ee dhaqanka macaamiisha sii kordhaya. Sannadkii 1965kii, 100kii qoysba, 32 waxay lahaayeen telefishin, taasoo gaadhay 95 qoys sannadihii 1980-aadkii (Chernyshova, 2013, bogga 186). Sannadkii 1985, 99 ka mid ah 100kii qoys ee USSR waxay lahaayeen telefishan iyo raadiyo, miyi iyo magaalaba, iyo tobankii qoysba mid ka mid ah reer magaalka wuxuu lahaa laba telefishan (Chernyshova, 2013, pp. 186). Sanadkii 1965, 17 ka mid ah 100 qoys ayaa haystay qaboojiyaha, 1985, 92 ka mid ah waxay lahaayeen hal (Chernyshova, 2013, bogga 186). Sannadkii 1981-kii, 78 boqolkiiba qoysaska magaaladu waxay haysteen mashiinka dharka lagu dhaqdo, marka loo eego saddex meelood meel sannadihii 1960-yadii. Sannadkii 1985, tiradani waxay mar kale kor u kacday 82% (Chernyshova, 2013, bogga 186). Sannadkii 1965-kii, 11% qoysaska Soofiyeedka waxay lahaayeen vacuum cleaner iyo 4% waxay lahaayeen cajalad duube, 1981-kii, tiradani waxay korodhay 39% iyo 33%, siday u kala horreeyaan (Chernyshova, 2013, pp. 186). 

Isku soo wada duuboo, isticmaalka cuntadii qofkasta wuu labanlaabmay, dakhliga la tuuri karo ayaa afar jibaarmay, isticmaalka badeecooyinka burburay ayaa saddex jibaarmay, iibsiga badeecooyinka waara waxa uu kordhay laba iyo toban laabmka Midowgii Soofiyeeti intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 1970 (Smith, 1977, pp. 74). Isticmaalka qofkasta sidoo kale wuxuu ku kordhay si ka dhakhso badan USSR marka loo eego Galbeedka (eeg shaxda 11). Wadarta isticmaalka Soofiyeedka wuxuu ka dhigan yahay boqolkiiba 37 ee Maraykanka 1960-meeyadii ilaa 42 boqolkiiba 1980-yadii (CIA, 1984, bogga 7). 

Horraantii sagaashamaadkii dalka Ruushka waxa 100kii qofba lahaa 16 telefoon. Tiradani waxa ay ka hoosaysay Yurubta Galbeed ama Jabaan, oo saamiyadu ku kala duwanaayeen 50 ilaa 70, balse aad uga badan saamiga wadamada kale ee hanti-goosiga sida Argentina (8), Brazil (1), Iraq (3) ama Turkey (6) (Dogan 1995, pp. 367-69). 

Waxaas oo dhami waxay sidoo kale mahad naq u ahayd kororka wax soo saarka badeecadaha. Wax-soo-saarka telefishinadu waxa uu kordhay in ka badan 3.5 milyan sannadkii 1965 ilaa in ka badan 8 milyan sannadkii 1981. Isla muddadaas, wax-soo-saarka talaajadu waxa uu kordhay min 1,675,000 ilaa 6 milyan, wax-soo-saarka vacuum Cleaners wuxuu kordhay min 800,000 ilaa 3,359,000, iyo wax-soo-saar casri ah sida wax-soo-saarka cajalad-0005 ayaa kordhay. 3,216,000 (Chernyshova, 2013, p. 187). 

Hadda, mowduuca guud ee doodda ee aad maqli doonto oo ku saabsan heerarka nolosha ee Soofiyeedka ayaa ahaa sida ay u adkeyd in la helo baabuur marka loo eego Galbeedka. Ururku waxa uu lahaanshiyo hoose oo baabuur ah 45kiiba 1,000kii qofba 1985 (Siegelbaum, 2006, p. 90) sababtoo ah aad bay qaali u ahaayeen halka darawaliinta iman kara ay marayeen hab dheer oo adag si ay xataa fursad u helaan mid ay ku iibsadaan. Tani waxay muujinaysaa sida nidaamkoodu u awoodi waayay inuu daboolo baahiyaha maadiga ah ee dadkooda, isagoo aad uga dambeeya Maraykanka ee hadafkiisa ah inuu siiyo shaqaalaha waxay rabaan.

Ugu yaraan, taasi waa waxa ay kuu sheegaan inaad rumayso. Xaqiiqda, heerka lahaanshaha baabuurka hoose ma ahayn dhibaato sidaas u weyn: dhab ahaantii, waxaad ku doodi kartaa inay ahayd shay wanaagsan. Ma aha oo kaliya shilalka baabuurta gaarka ah soo jiidasho sharaf leh oo ka dhigaysa magaalooyinka aan lagu noolaan karin, laakiin dadka ku nool Midowga Soofiyeeti waxay heleen gaadiid dadweyne oo heer caalami ah oo qarxiyay wax kasta oo Ameerika ah. Qaado tareeno, tusaale ahaan. Ka dib dagaalkii weynaa ee waddaniyadda, isku-xidhka gaadiidka tareenada ee Soofiyeeti wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu horumarsan adduunka, oo ka sarreeya inta badan dhiggiisa adduunka koowaad. Waxa uu koray xajmigiisa, waxa uu ku socday 639 km sannadkii 1965 ilaa 1980, halka kobaca gaadiidka tareenada ee wadamada aduunka kowaad uu hoos u dhacay ama hakad galay. ( Wilson , 1983, b. 201) Hufnaanta waddooyinka tareenada ayaa soo hagaagay muddo ka dib: 1980-meeyadii waxa ay lahayd tilmaameyaal waxqabad oo badan oo ka sarreeya kuwa Maraykanka, in kasta oo ay qaadeen rakaab badan oo iyaga ka badan.

Baabuur la'aantaas baahsan awgeed, muwaadiniinta Soofiyeedka intooda badan waxay ku safri jireen gaadiidka dadweynaha. Waxay ku safreen labanlaab baska, tareenada iyo gaadiidka dadwaynaha marka loo eego dadka ku nool aduunka kowaad (Funduation International Monetary Fund and OECD 1991, p. 56). Tagaasida ayaa sidoo kale aad loo isticmaali jiray: qiimihiisu 1970-meeyadii-1980-meeyadii waxa uu ahaa 10-20 kopeck (0.1 ilaa 0.2 rubles) halkii kiiloomitir, waa qayb yar oo ka mid ah mushaharka dadka intooda badan. 

Waad ku mahadsan tahay tan iyo siyaasadaha kale, wasakheynta qofkasta ee USSR waxay ka hoosaysay Maraykanka 1987 (Kolstad iyo Golub, 1993, p. 4). 

Dhagaxa taajka ee gaadiidkooda dadweynaha wuxuu ahaa Metro Moscow. Waxaa la dhisay 1930-meeyadii oo hoos yimaada Joseph Stalin, waxay leedahay in ka badan 250 saldhig waxayna weli tahay khadka shanaad ee ugu dheer adduunka. Iyo safarrada qiimihiisu yahay 5 kopecks, dadka deegaanka waxay heli karaan ku dhawaad ​​meel kasta oo ay rabaan qayb yar oo ka mid ah kharashka.

Kadib markii uu xukunka qabsaday 1950-meeyadii, Khrushchev waxa uu damcay in uu xaliyo dhibaatada guryeynta ee dalka ka jirtay dagaaladii ka dambeeyay isaga oo dhisay guryo dabaqyo ah oo aad u weyn oo lagu magacaabo Khruschovkas, oo reer galbeedku u yaqaaniin Commieblocks. Intii u dhaxaysay 1956 iyo 1976, 44 milyan oo guri oo cusub ayaa laga dhisay Midowga Soofiyeeti, in ka badan waddan kasta oo adduunka ah muddadaas (Smith, 1977, pp. 92). Intii u dhaxaysay 1981 iyo 1985, waxa la dhisay 10,028,000 guri (Magaalo, 1988, bogga 29) oo cabbirkoodu wuxuu kordhay 42.3 mitir oo laba jibbaaran 1960kii ilaa 56.4 mitir laba jibbaaran 1985 (Urban, 1988, pp. 28). 

Guryahaas dabaqyada ah waxaa laga yaabaa in loo ekeysiiyay sidii fool-xumo iyo caajisnimo, laakiin waxay ahaayeen horumar weyn oo laga soo hormariyay wixii horay u yimid. Markii ugu horeysay taariikhda, reer Yurubta bari ayaa la siiyay guryo ay ku wacaan iyaga oo aan lahayn xaalad xun oo ay yaqaaneen qarniyo. Dhismayaasha laftooda ayaa si cajiib ah loo nashqadeeyay: iyada oo la adeegsanayo ismaamulada yar yar (ama microraions), wax kasta oo dadku u baahan yihiin maalin kasta waxa la dhigay meel u jirta masaafo u jirta gurigooda. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah dugsiyada sare, xannaanooyinka, dukaamada waaweyn, dukaamada adeegga gaarka ah, kanteenada, naadiyada, garoommada ciyaaraha iyo xafiisyada dayactirka, iyo sidoo kale dukaamo badan oo khaas ah. Sida qof ku xayiran Los Angeles, waa inaan la tacaalaa taraafikada caajiska ah si aan u helo meel aad u qurux badan, sidaa darteed qorsheynta magaalada Soofiyeedka ayaa durba aad u wanaagsan. 

Ma aha oo kaliya in Khrushchevkas si fiican loo dhisay, sidoo kale waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan qaali ahayn. Sicirrada waa la xaddiday oo waa la kabay, taasoo la micno ah in qof kastaa awoodi karo iyaga oo aan saameyn ku yeelan dakhligooda la iska tuuri karo. Qiimaha guri dabaq ah oo 45-square-mitir ah oo Soofiyeedka ah oo loogu talagalay qoys magaalo oo afar ah, oo leh musqul iyo jikada, wuxuu ahaa 15.58 rubles bishii 1977 (Schroeder iyo Edwards, 1981, p. 77).  

Tani waa qayb yar oo ka mid ah celceliska mushaharka shaqaalaha, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay wax badan ku kharash gareeyeen wax kasta oo kale oo ay rabaan. Siciradan ayaa ah kuwo aan isbeddelin wixii ka dambeeyay 1928 (Urban, 1988, p. 28-29), markaa kororka kirada degdega ah gabi ahaanba su'aashu kama saarna. Dalka Maraykanka, dhanka kale, xogta Xafiiska Tirakoobka ayaa muujinaysa in ku dhawaad ​​kala badh dadka Maraykanku ay ku bixiyaan ugu yaraan 30% dakhligooda kirada. Ma qiyaasi kartaa intee in le'eg ayaan ka fiicnaan lahayn haddii ay ku kacayso waxa ku kacaya Soviets? 

Dabcan, helitaanka weli waxay ahayd arrin: USSR waxay la kulantay dhibaato guriyeed weyn oo dhan inta lagu jiro jiritaankeeda oo dhan sababtoo ah waqti adag oo lagu daboolayo baahida sii kordheysa, sidaas darteed kuwa doonaya guri dabaq ah oo iyaga u gaar ah waa inay la macaamilaan liiska sugitaanka iyo nidaamka baasaboorka gudaha ee laga dhaxlo Tsar. Iyaga, arintu waxay ahayd helitaan laakiin maaha kharash, halka anaga ay tahay helitaan iyo kharash.
Laga soo bilaabo 1814 ilaa 1917, in ka badan boqol sano, 36,000 oo hal-abuur ah ayaa laga soo qaatay Rushka. Kahor 1896, 6,332 shati ayaa la siiyay Ruushka, laakiin 70% ka mid ah waxay ku jireen gacmo shisheeye. Laga soo bilaabo 1812 ilaa 1917, kaliya qiyaastii 36,000 oo ikhtiraac ah ayaa la ansixiyay, kuwaas oo 6,000 oo kaliya ay ka tirsan yihiin hal-abuurayaal gudaha ah. Midowgii Soofiyeeti, 580,000 halabuur ayaa la diiwaan geliyay 60 sano (ilaa 1980). Sannadkii 1962-kii oo keliya, 12,000 oo hindisayaal Soofiyeedka ayaa la galiyay Diiwaanka Dawladda. Mugga gaadiidka xamuulka ee balaayiin tan-kiiloomitir ee USSR wuxuu ahaa kaliya 17.36% ka sarreeya 1913 marka loo eego USA ee tareenada, halka 1955 ay ahayd 105.3%. Laga soo bilaabo 1913 ilaa 1955, waxay kor u kacday 133% webiyada iyo harooyinka, iyo 425 buuxa ee baabuurta xamuulka ah.
Shabakadaha tareenada [kumanaan kiiloomitir oo waddo ah] ayaa kordhay 68.3% laga bilaabo 1913 ilaa 1955 gudaha USSR waxayna hoos u dhaceen 11.52% gudaha USA.
Taraafikada rakaabka [ balaayiin kiiloomitir oo rakaab ah] ayaa kordhay 366.7% gudaha USSR laga bilaabo 1913 ilaa 1955, laakiin gudaha Mareykanka wuxuu hoos u dhacay 17.86%.

== Nafaqada ==
Hadal kasta oo ku saabsan sugnaanta cuntada ee Midowga Soofiyeeti waxay u egtahay inay soo bandhigto sawirada khadadka rootiga iyo beeralayda gaajada, gaar ahaan dadka u maleeya inay ku guuldareysatay. Waa run in waddanku uu horraantii taariikhdiisa soo maray abaaro xunxun, cunto-yaraantuna waxay noqotay mid aad u daran dabayaaqadii 1980-aadkii, laakiin sheekooyinkan murugada leh iyo qisooyinkan wax yar ayay nooga sheegaan cuntadii Soviet-ka guud ahaan. Dadka ma waxaa lagu quudin jiray hanti-wadaaga mise nafaqo-xumada ayaa caadi ahayd? 


Jiritaanka cunto yarida ee Tsarist Russia dabayaaqadii qarniyadii 19-aad iyo horraantii 20aad waa shaki kuma jiro. Gaajada soo noqnoqda (&quot;Gaajo-joojin&quot;) ayaa si weyn looga hadlay saxaafadda sannadahaas, iyada oo inta badan qorayaashu ay xoogga saareen dabeecadda habaysan ee dhibaatada cuntada ee dalka. Sidaa darteed, intii lagu jiray abaartii 1890-kii, Leo Tolstoy wuxuu qoray in cunto yaraantu ay ahayd dhacdo nidaamsan oo ka jirta tuulooyinka Ruushka, iyo &quot;kaliya sanadkan ayaa waxaas oo dhan waxay u muuqdaan kuwo naga sii ifaya, sida rinjiyeyn hore oo lagu daboolay varnish.&quot;

G. Korolenko waxa kale oo uu xusay in macluushani ay siyaabo badan uga sii dartay cunno yaridii jirtay sannadihii la soo dhaafay, taasoo soo jiitamaysay qarnigii 19-aad iyo xataa ka hor. (2) Nafaqo-xumada joogtada ah ee beeralayda Ruushka waxaa sidoo kale xusay A. N. Engelhardt (3). Qormooyinkan ka sokow, waxaa sidoo kale jiray shaqooyin tiro-koob oo ay sameeyeen Chayanov (4) iyo S. A. Klepikov (5). Laga soo bilaabo shaqooyinka casriga ah, mid ayaa ogaan kara shaqada Nikita Mendkovich (6).

Sida laga soo xigtay xogta lagu soo bandhigay 1st All-Ruushka Congress on Waxbarashada Qoyska, &quot;32% carruurta Ruush si dirqi ah wax cunaan, iyo 52.7% ma haystaan ku filan cunto.&quot;
(Tallaabooyinka Shirweynihii Koowaad ee Ruushka oo dhan ee Waxbarashada Qoyska ee St. Petersburg.
-30.12.1912-6.01.1913, vol. 1. St. Petersburg, 1914. P. 413. Waxaa laga soo xigtay: Sinova I.V. Nolol maalmeedka carruurta ee dadka shaqeeya ee St. St. Petersburg: Asterion, 2013. P. 36)

Iyada oo ku saleysan shaqooyinka kor ku xusan, laba gunaanad oo waaweyn ayaa la soo saari karaa. Marka hore, dadka Tsarist Russia waxay ahaayeen kuwo si joogto ah oo joogto ah nafaqo darro. Midda labaad, waxaa jiray kala-saarid halis ah oo ka dhex jirta dadweynaha xagga dakhliga, iyo sidaas darteed nafaqeynta.

Kacaankii ka horeeyay Ruushku waxa uu soo saaray alaabo qasacadaysan; 1913kii, 95 milyan oo gasacadaha caadiga ah ayaa la soo saaray, qiyaastii 0.6 qasac qofkiiba. Laakiin warshadaynta Stalin ayaa si weyn u beddeshay xaaladda: 1.113 milyan gasacadaha caadiga ah ayaa la soo saaray 1940-kii, 5.9 qasac qofkiiba.

Marka la barbar dhigo nafaqaynta dadweynaha ee kacaankii ka hor ee Ruushka, nafaqaynta dadka ee 1954 aad ayay u soo hagaagtay wayna sii socotay.

Isticmaalka qof kasta ee dadweynaha USSR 1954, marka loo eego xilligii kacaanka ka hor, wuxuu ahaa:

Alaabada rootiga - 90%

Baradhada - 204%

Khudaarta iyo bocorka - 165%

Hilibka iyo subagga - 119%

Kalluunka iyo wax soo saarka kalluunka - 133%

Caanaha iyo caanaha - 114%

Ukun - 175%

Sonkor - 258%

Marka la barbardhigo wakhtiyadii kacaanka ka hor, nafaqaynta dadweynaha USSR tiro ahaan iyo tayo ahaanba way fiicnaatay: isticmaalka khudaarta iyo qaraha, ukunta, kalluunka, iyo sonkorta ayaa si aad ah u kordhay, halka isticmaalka caanaha iyo caanaha, hilibka iyo hilibka uu kordhay boqolkiiba 14-19. Isla mar ahaantaana, waa in la tixgeliyo in shaqada shaqaalaha iyo beeralayda hadda si weyn loo farsameeyay loona baahan yahay tamar yar. Kacaanka ka hor, shaqada beeralayda, oo ka kooban inta badan dadweynaha Tsarist Russia, ayaa lala xiriiriyay kharashaad tamareed oo muhiim ah: kharashka tamarta ee goosashada ayaa gaadhay 7,300 kalori, oo loogu talagalay xashiishka -5,242 kalori, iyo xirmooyinka tolida-4,957 kalori.

Sannadkii 1956, in ka badan 80% dhammaan shaqada beeraha waxaa fuliyay MTS. Wadayaasha cagaf-cagafyada iyo kuwa isku daraya kuwa goosta, kharashka tamarta waxaa lagu qiyaasaa ku dhawaad 3,200-3,500 kalori maalintii.

Shaqada shaqaalaha warshadaha ayaa xitaa ka sii badan makaanized, sidaas darteed shaqaalaha Midowga Soofiyeeti waxay isticmaalaan tamar aad uga yar intii kacaankii ka hor. Tani waxay ka hadlaysaa guusha USSR ee bixinta cuntada dadweynaha.


Jawaabta oo kooban waxay tahay qofna uma eka inuu ku raacsan yahay. Qiyaasta qaadashada kalooriga Soofiyeedka ayaa aad ugu kala duwan inta u dhaxaysa ilo kala duwan (hoos eeg), iyadoo qaar ka mid ah ay soo jeedinayaan cunto ka badan kuwa reer galbeedka, halka qaar kalena ay ku doodayaan inay ka yar tahay. Halkii aan isku dayi lahaa in aan macno u samayno waxaas oo dhan, waxaan soo bandhigi doonaa waxa aan ka ognahay nafaqada Soofiyeedka oo aan kuu ogolaado inaad go'aamiso adiga kuu gaar ah. Inta badan tan waxaa laga soo qaatay maqaalkan aan hore u turjumay waxaanan ku dari doonaa qiyaaso kala duwan oo kcal ah maalintii si aad adigu naftaada u garan karto. 

Inkastoo qaar ka mid ah dib-u-dhacyo waaweyn ay soo gaareen, ammaanka cunnada ayaa si aad ah u soo fiicnaaday sannadihii ka dambeeyay Kacaankii Oktoobar, isagoo noqday kan toddobaad ee ugu wanaagsan adduunka bartamihii 1980-aadkii sida ay sheegtay Hay'adda Cuntada iyo Beeraha ee Qaramada Midoobay (FAO). ( Batchikov, Glasev iyo Kara-Murza,  2007, bogga 42). Warbixin kale oo caan ah laakiin muran dhalisay oo CIA ah (1983) ayaa muujisay in Soofiyeedka iyo Maraykanku ay cuneen cuntooyin isku mid ah, laakiin cuntada Soofiyeedku waxay ahayd mid ka tayo wanaagsan. 

Waxaa xusid mudan in tira-koobkan uu muran ka taagan yahay, maadaama ay cabbireen sahayda cuntada, halkii ay ahayd in la qaato cunto waddan 30% ah lagu khasaaray. Dabcan, qiyaastii 40% cuntada ayaa lagu tuuraa gudaha Mareykanka, sidaa darteed tani ma ahayn mid gaar u ah USSR waxaana laga yaabaa inaysan ku filneyn in la sumcad-dilo xogta. 

Qiimaha cuntada ayaa si aad ah loo kabay si ay u noqoto mid raqiis ah intii suurtagal ah.  

Isbeddelka halabuurka celceliska cuntada ayaa had iyo jeer mudan in la xuso. Sanadkii 1913, rootiga wuxuu ka kooban yahay 58% cuntada Ruushka, halka hilibku uu ahaa 7% (Golubev iyo Dronin, 2004, bogga 24). Sannadkii 1990-kii, boqolleydani waxay hoos ugu dhacday 23% roodhida waxayna sare u kacday 13% hilibka, ka hor inta aysan hoos ugu dhicin 29% iyo 10.5%, siday u kala horreeyaan, 1998 ka dib dib u soo celinta dhaqaalaha suuqa (Golubev iyo Dronin, 2004, p. 24). Soofiyeedku waxay kordhiyeen qaybtooda cunista hilibka in ka badan 200% intii u dhaxaysay 1913 iyo 1990, kaliya waxay hoos ugu dhacday 36% intii u dhaxaysay 1990 iyo 1998 (Golubev iyo Dronin, 2004, p. 24). Qaybtooda cunista kalluunka ayaa kor u kacday in ka badan 300% intii u dhaxaysay 1913 iyo 1980 (Golubev iyo Dronin, 2004, p. 24), taas oo muujinaysa sida ay cuntadoodu ugu kala duwan tahay hantiwadaagga. Marka loo eego Tsarism-ka, isticmaalka kalooriga qofkiiba ee Ruushku wuxuu ahaa 2,109 kcal maalintii 1913. Tani waxay aad ugu yarayd waddan leh cimilo qabow iyo toddobaadyo shaqo oo dheer, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in dadka intooda badan aysan cunin cunto ku filan. Marka la eego USSR, tani waxay kor u kacday 3,182 kilocalories maalintii 1990, 150.88% dheeraad ah (Golubev iyo Dronin, 2004, p. 24). Ka dib markii Ruushku qaatay dhaqaalaha suuqa, isticmaalka kalooriga qofkiiba wuxuu kor u kacay 2,471 kilocalories 1998, 77.66% heerkii 1990 (Golubev iyo Dronin, 2004, p. 24).

Gudaha USSR, cuntooyinka dhirta ku salaysan waxay ka ahaayeen in ka badan 70% cuntada, halka dalalka reer galbeedka ay wax yar dhaaftay 60%. La'aantan si tartiib tartiib ah ayaa loo saxay, laakiin si tartiib tartiib ah. Isku dheelitir la'aanta cuntada ee dadweynaha USSR waxaa sabab u ah isticmaalka hilibka iyo caanaha oo hooseeya, iyo sidoo kale la'aanta miro. Iyadoo taas maskaxda lagu hayo, hadafka ugu weyn ee barnaamijka cuntada ee USSR ma ahayn oo kaliya in si la isku halleyn karo loo bixiyo cuntada dadka dalka, laakiin sidoo kale in la hagaajiyo dheelitirka cuntada. Gaar ahaan 1990kii waxa la hiigsaday in qof walba cunista hilibka iyo hilibka laga dhigo 70 kg, caanaha iyo caanaha laga dhigo 330 kg, ukunta oo la gaarsiiyo 265 xabo, khudaar iyo qaraha oo la gaarsiiyo 127 kg, miraha iyo mirahana laga dhigo 68 kg.

Inta badan horumarkan waxaa la sameeyay xilligii Brezhnev, taas oo haddii kale lala xiriiriyo dib-u-dhac dhaqaale. Laga soo bilaabo 1961 ilaa 1970, USSR waxay aragtay koror joogto ah (aan ka badnayn 2% sannadkii) isticmaalka, iyo ka dib 1972, xasilinta heer ku dhow 3300 kcal maalintii.  Guud ahaan, inta lagu jiro muddada, kaloriinta cuntada celceliska ah ayaa kordhay 9.1%.  Isla mar ahaantaana, waxaa jiray qaar ka mid ah horumarinta tayada cuntada ee dadka deggan USSR: saamiga cuntada ee asalka xayawaanka ayaa kordhay 21% ilaa 25.7%.  Xilliyada koritaanka firfircoon ee saamiga cuntada ee asalka xoolaha ee cuntada ayaa dhacay 1965-1968 iyo 1973-1975.  Sidaa darteed, inta lagu jiro muddada dib-u-eegista, celceliska cuntada Soofiyeedka ayaa soo dhawaaday heerka ugu sarreeya ee lagu taliyey isticmaalka iftiinka shaqada ee aan farsamada ahayn. 

Marka lagu daro horumarkan tirada badan ee nafaqada, USSR waxay aragtay isbeddelo badan oo ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka shaqada, taasoo keentay hoos u dhaca isticmaalka tamarta ee ay u baahan yihiin dadweynaha. Laga soo bilaabo 1960 ilaa 1980, saamiga waxa loogu yeero &quot;karraaniga iyo khabiirada&quot; - shaqaalaha shaqooyinka u baahan dalxiisyo jireed oo yar - waxay ka korodhay boqolkiiba 18.9 ilaa 26.9 boqolkiiba dadka shaqeeya, iyo saamiga beeralayda ayaa hoos uga dhacay 26 boqolkiiba ilaa 10.4 boqolkiiba. Isla mar ahaantaana, kharashka shaqada waxaa la dhimay makaanaynta shaqada: 1975, 45.7% shaqaalaha ayaa si buuxda loo farsameeyay, qaybta makaanaynta shaqada ee qaybaha kala duwan ee warshadaha beeraha ee bartamihii 1980-meeyadii waxay ahayd 25-31% [10].  Marka la barbardhigo xilligii kacaanka ka hor, usbuuca shaqada ayaa sidoo kale noqday mid gaaban oo kaabayaasha gaadiidka ayaa horumaray, taas oo keentay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimaada kharashka shaqada iyo isticmaalka tamarta ee loo baahan yahay. 

Sida ku cad shaxda 10, 1981 USSR waxay lahayd cunista hilibka ka sareysa wadamada sida Norway, inkastoo ay ka hooseyso wadamada kale sida Czechoslovakia. Isla sanadkaas, USSR waxay cuntay 2.25 kalluun ka badan kan Maraykanka iyo 1.22 jeer ka badan oo sonkor ah.

Intii u dhaxaysay 1950kii iyo 1970kii, Cunista Qofkiiba Cunitaankiisu wuu labanlaabmay Midowgii Soofiyeeti, Dakhliga la tuuri karo ayaa afar jibaarmay, Cunista Badeecooyinka halaagaya ayaa sadex jibaarmay, Iibsiga Alaabaha waara waxa uu kordhay laba iyo toban laab (Smith, 1977, p. 74). 

Taasi waxay tidhi, maxaan ka odhan karnaa haqab-beelka cuntada ee USSR? 

• Midowgii Soofiyeeti ma gaajoon: ma aha macnaha adag ee ereyga, ama marka la barbardhigo dawladaha shisheeye.  Qaadashada cuntada maalinlaha ah waxay dabooshay qiyaasta kharashka shaqada ee dadka deggan USSR waxayna ahayd heerka inta badan wadamada warshadaha leh oo xitaa ka sarreeya iyaga. 

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tayada nafaqada ayaa ka tagtay wax badan oo la rabo.  Cuntada muwaadiniinta Soofiyeedka waxaa lagu gartaa boqolkiiba sare ee cuntooyinka dhirta marka loo eego inta badan wadamada reer galbeedka, oo ay ku jiraan hantiwadaaga Poland. Isticmaalka hilibka iyo waxyaabaha caanaha laga sameeyo, khudaarta, ukunta iyo sonkorta aad bay u yarayd.  Dhibaatooyinka isticmaalka labadan badeeco ee dambe ayaa la tirtiray 1980-yadii. Isla mar ahaantaana, cunista hilibka ayaa gaadhay heerka Ingiriiska, laakiin isticmaalka miraha iyo caanaha ayaa weli ahaa mid aad u hooseeya. 

Dhaqdhaqaaqa cunista cuntadu wax saamayn ah kuma yeelan dhimashada iyo hababka siyaasadeed ee bulshada.  Waxaa la qiyaasi karaa in ka dib bilowga kala-guurka dadwaynaha, saamaynta nafaqeynta marka loo eego arrimaha tirakoobka iyo siyaasadda ay meesha ka baxdo.  Isla marka baahida nafaqada aasaasiga ah ee dadweynaha la buuxiyo, nafaqadu waxay u gudubtaa dhinaca wacyiga dadweynaha iyo siyaasadda, xitaa haddii noocyada kala duwan ee cuntooyinka gaarka ah ay weli ka fog yihiin kuwa lagu qanco.  Qorayaal badan ayaa aaminsan in yaraanta cuntada ay keentay bulshada Soofiyeedka fikradda ah &quot;aan suurtagal ahayn in sidan oo kale loo noolaado&quot; [37], laakiin aragtidan laguma taageerayo xogta. 

• Guud ahaan, hoggaanka Soofiyeedka wuxuu ku guuleystey inuu ilaaliyo isbeddelka kordhinta isticmaalka alaabta cuntada, oo ay ku jiraan &quot;kuwa yar&quot;, inta lagu jiro &quot;sanadaha fadhiidka ah&quot;, xitaa kharashka joogtada ah ee kordhinta maalgashiga warshadaha beeraha iyo soo dejinta cuntada.  Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dib u dhaca ka dambeeya wadamada reer galbeedka ee isticmaalka caanaha iyo miraha ayaa noqday &quot;daba joog&quot; sanadaha fadhiidnimada ah, iyo baabi'inteeda sanadaha soo socda ayaa u muuqday mid aan macquul ahayn. Waxa kale oo dhibaatada sii kordhiyey nidaamka wax-iibsiga iyo qaybinta oo aan dheeli tirnayn, taasoo xilliyada qaar keeni jirtay carqalad weyn, gaar ahaan magaalooyinka yaryar.

== Buugaagta ==
Brainerd, E. (2006). Reassessing the Standard of Living in the Soviet Union: An Anthropometric and Archival Analysis. Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics. Discussion Paper No. 1958. 

Novokmet, Filip; Piketty, Thomas; and Zucman, Gabriel (2017). From Soviets to Oligarchs: Inequality and Property in Russia 1905–2016. World Inequality Database. 

Urban, George (1988). Social and Economic Rights in the Soviet Bloc: A Documentary Survey Seventy Years after the Bolshevik Revolution. New Brunswick, NJ: Transition Books. ISBN 0-88738-186-3. 

Golubev, Genady; and Dronin, Nikolai (2004).  Geography of Droughts and Food Problems in Russia (1900-2000). Kassel: Center for Environmental Systems Research. Report A 0401. 

Jones, Anthony, and Moskoff, William (1989). Perestroika and the Economy: New Thinking in Soviet Economics. Armonk, New York: ME Sharpe. ISBN 0-87332-569-9. 

Milanović, Branko (1998). Income, Inequality, and Poverty During the Transition from a Planned to a Market Economy. Washington, DC: World Bank. ISBN 0-8213-3994-X. 

Heffer, Jean, and Launay, Michel (1992). The Cold War. Madrid: Akal Editions. ISBN 84-460-0133-0. 

Thurston, Robert.  “Reassessing Soviet Workers’ History: Opportunities for Criticism and Participation in Decision-Making 1935–1941” 

Siegelbaum, Lewis H. Boundaries of Socialism: Private Spheres of Soviet Russia. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 

Shchelkunova, G. A., and S. N. Shchelkunov. “40 Years Without Smallpox.” Acta Naturae, vol. 9, no. 4, 2017, pp. 4–12., https://doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2017-9-4-4-12.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ciidagale</title>
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| group = Eidagale &lt;br&gt; عيدَ جلي 
| image= 

 |region1={{flagcountry|Kenya}} 
 |region2={{flagcountry|United States}}
 |region3={{flagcountry|Eritrea}}
 |region4={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
 |region5={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}

| langs = [[Somali]]
| rels = [[Islam]]
| related-c = Other,clan. }}
'''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud-Eidagalle) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxay degaan rasimaya gobolka Maroodi jeex Ee Somaliland iyo Dalka Ethiopia.

==Baahsanaanta==
[[File:Eidegalla map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Eidagalle tribe in western and southwestern Somaliland]]
Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin dalka ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor, Awaare, iyo Misraq Gashamo.

Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo si wayn looyaqaano loona ixtiraamo, laguna magaacabo Isahakia.&lt;ref&gt;Waal, Alexander De (1993). &quot;Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781315308173&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tariikhda (History)==
===Xiliyadii Dhexe (Medieval period) ===
Taariikh ahaan, beesha Ciidagale waxay ka mid ahayd beelihii ka qayb galay dagaalladii lagu qaaday boqortooyadii Xabashida waxayna hoos tagi jireen [https://so.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldanadii_Cadal Saldanaddii Adal]. Waxay si gaar ah ugu xusan yihiin buugga ''Futuh al-Habash'' (Futuxul Xabash) oo lagu tilmaamay in beelahaasi yihiin ''Habar Magaadle''. Habar Magaadle waxaa laga soo saaray halyeeygii taariikhiga ahaa ee Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen, oo ahaa gacanta midig ee Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;مخطوطات-24 &gt; بهجة الزمان &gt; الصفحة رقم 16&quot;. makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;Beesha Ciidagale—gaar ahaan beesha [[Abokor muuse|Abokor Muse]]—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo, taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha , gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada Herar. Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen Magalada zelia.&lt;/blockquote&gt;jifo kale oo muhiim ah oo ka tirsana laanta Cabdiraxmaan Muuse, kaasoo ka qayb qaatay dagaladii Axmed Gurey , waxaa lagu nanaysaa Gashaanbuur oo ah Hussein Abokor Matan, oo ah geesiyadii ka qaybqaatay dagalkii iyo difaciiba Axmarada ee Axmed Gurey .

Cilmibaare I. M. Lewis wuxuu xusay in jiray laba Axmed Gurey oo la isku khalday:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Buuggu wuxuu tilmaamayaa laba Axmed oo loogu yeero ‘midig-la’. Mid waxaa lagu magacaabaa &quot;Axmed Gurey Soomaali&quot;, oo loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay Axmed Gurey Xuseen, hogaamiye ka tirsanaa Habar Magaadle. Midka kalena waxaa loogu yeeraa “Iimaam Axmed”. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in labadaas Axmed la isku khalday oo laga dhigay hal halyeey oo kali ah.&lt;ref&gt;Morin, Didier (2004). *Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982*. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 9782845864924.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:ShrineAwBarkhadle2007.png|thumb|right|315px|The shrine of Aw Barkhadle is a revered sacred site where generations of ''Isaaq clans'' — and including Eidagalle, who traditionally served as the custodians and leading authorities overseeing the shrine — have gathered to take solemn oaths, resolve disputes, and seek spiritual blessing beneath a holy relic believed to be connected to the Prophet of Allah.]]

Qabriga Sheekh Aw Barkhadle oo u dhexeeya [[Berbera]] iyo [[Hargeysa]] wuxuu ahaa goob barakeysan oo beelaha ''Isaaq'' iyo Eidagalleh ay u adeegsadeen dhaarista, heshiisiinta iyo xallinta khilaafaadka. Beesha Ciidagale, oo ka mid ah hogaamiyeyaasha dhaqanka, ayaa door muhiim ah ka qaadatay maamulka goobtan barakeysan.Gaar ahaan, goobtan waxaa miisaan weyn ku lahaa Salaadiinta iyo Ugaasyada dhaqanka.

Beelaha si gaar ah uga qayb qaatay ilaalinta sharafta iyo shaqada goobta barakeysan ee Aw Barkhadle waxaa ka mid ahayd beesha Ciidagale. Ciidagale waxay caan ku ahaayeen geesinimadooda dagaal iyo hibadooda suugaaneed, waxayna sidoo kale hayeen xilka qiimaha badan ee ah dhexdhexaadiyeyaal iyo ilaalinayaal dhaqanka xeerka Soomaalida. Odayaasha la qadariyo ee beesha ayaa inta badan guddoomin jiray dhaarista heshiisyada iyo xallinta muranada lagu qabto Aw Barkhadle, si loo ilaaliyo heshiisyada loona sugo nabadda iyo wada noolaanshaha bulshada

&lt;blockquote&gt;Marka la kulmo arrin adag oo saameynaysa beelaha Isaaq iyo Eidagaleh, waxaa la keenaa waraaq si gaar ah loo ilaaliyo oo yaalla qabriga, kuna saxiixan yahay Bilaal, addoonkii Khaliifadii hore. Dhaaro cusub ayaa lagu kala qaadayaa. Sannadkii 1846, waxa la keenay Berbera oo ay wateen beesha Ciidagale, halkaas oo beelaha Aala Axmed iyo Aala Yuusuf ku dhaarteen inay nabad ku noolaadaan.&lt;ref&gt;The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62&quot;. 1849&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Eidagale waxay si dhaqameed u lahaayeen doorka hoggaaminta gudaha iyo nabadeynta khilaafaadka, iyagoo lagu yaqaan xigmadda iyo kartida suugaanta. Xeer-beegti iyo gabyaa caan ah ayaa kasoo jeeda, waxaana ay adeegsadaan xeer-Soomaaliyeed, dood furan iyo gabayo si ay u xalliyaan ismaandhaafka. Duqeyda beesha waxay inta badan ahaayeen garsoorayaal dhexdhexaad ah marka ay colaado ka dhex qarxaan beelaha walaalaha ah. Aw Barkhadle ayaa mar walba ahayd goobta ugu sarreysa ee dhaar iyo heshiis lagu sameeyo.

Hoggaamiyeyaasha Eidagale ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaari jiray dhexdhexaadinta khilaafaadka u dhexeeya beelaha—iyagoo noqday kuwa isku xira kooxaha is haya oo nabad ka dhex abuura. Mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu barakeysan ee heshiisyada nabadeed lagu gaari jiray wuxuu ahaa quduuska Aw Barkhadle, oo ku yaalla inta u dhexeysa Berbera iyo Hargeysa. Halkaas ayaa lagu dhaaran jiray, iyadoo la isticmaalayo agab quduus ah, waxaana lagu xoojin jiray heshiisyo nabadeed oo waara—taasoo muujinaysa kaalinta ay Eidagale ku lahaayeen ilaalinta dhaqanka iyo sharciga.&lt;blockquote&gt;Xilliyada khatarta dibadda ah, sida soo galootiga gumaysiga ama dagaallada beelaha, Eidagale waxay si degdeg ah isu abaabuli jireen una midoobi jireen difaaca dhulkooda, iyagoo noqda ilaalayaasha deegaankooda. Dhaqankaas qotoda dheer ee hoggaaminta iyo dhexdhexaadinta waxaa si muuqata u matalayey halyeyaal sida Suldaan Cabdillaahi Dheria, kaasoo saameyn weyn ku lahaa dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad iyo billowgii qarnigii 20aad—wuxuuna astaan u ahaa sii socoshada awoodda Eidagale ee xagga maamulka dhaqanka iyo dhexdhexaadinta beelaha.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad iyo billowgii qarnigii 20aad, Suldaan Cabdillaahi Dheria wuxuu ka soo dhex baxay isagoo noqday mid ka mid ah madax-dhaqameedyadii ugu magaca dheeraa beesha Isaaq, gaar ahaan beesha Eidagale. Waxaa si weyn loogu xusuustaa xikmaddiisa iyo kartidiisa dhexdhexaadin, wuxuuna door muhiim ah ka qaatay xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta xeerka Soomaalida, iyo maareynta xiriirka lala lahaa gumaystihii Ingiriiska. Hoggaamintiisu waxay xoojisay nidaamka dhaqameed xilli ay jireen isbeddello siyaasadeed oo waaweyn. Maanta, dhaxalkiisii hoggaamineed si weyn ayaa looga xurmeynayaa guud ahaan Somaliland.
[[File:Sultan Deria's Domain.jpg|thumb|An 1894 Italian map showing the domain of Sultan Deria in the Horn of Africa, illustrating the geographic extent of his influence during the colonial period.]]

Eidagale waxay caan ku ahaayeen xirfaddooda fardo-fuulka, waxaana weeraradoodii xoogga badnaa ay gaadhi jireen laga bilaabo xeebta ilaa gudaha dalka. Sida uu sheegay Carlos Swayne, oo dhex maray Somaliland dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad, Eidagale waxay ka mid ahaayeen beelaha ugu jecel weerarada:

&lt;blockquote&gt;“Beelaha ku dhow xeebta waqooyi ee ugu jecel weerarada waxay u muuqdaan inay yihiin Habr Awal, Eidagale, iyo Habr Gerhajis.”&lt;ref&gt;Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ciidagale waxay dhaqanka hore iyo kan weli jira u leeyihiin xidhashada toorayda wan, oo ah astaamo muujisa geesinimo, madaxnimo iyo qurux dhaqameed. Tooraydaasi oo qaab ahaan u eg golxadka cajiibka ah, ayaa lagu xidhnaa si sharaf leh, gaar ahaan xilliyada bandhigyada dhaqanka, shirarka dhaqameed iyo munaasibadaha lagu maamuuso hidaha iyo hal-adayga. Xidhashada tooraydu waxay ahayd astaan tilmaamaysa in qofku yahay nin masuul ah, lehna anshaxa iyo edebta dhaqanka Soomaalida.Intaa waxaa dheer, tooraydu ma ahayn oo keliya qurux iyo sharaf lagu muujiyo, balse waxay ahayd hub lagu difaaco nafta iyo bulshada, gaar ahaan marka la joogo duruufo ad-adag oo u baahan feejignaan iyo geesinimo. 

Marka laga soo tago xirfaddooda fardo-fuulka, Eidagale sidoo kale waxay caan ku yihiin fasahaaddooda suugaanta dhaqanka Soomaalida, gaar ahaan gabayga. Waxay soo saareen gabayaaal caan ah sida Xasan Tarabi iyo Elmi Boodhari. Taariikh ahaan, Eidagale waxaa beelaha kale ee Soomaaliyeed u aqoonsanaayeen khubaro suugaanta gabayga:&lt;ref&gt;Diriye, p. 75.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt; “Beelaha Soomaaliyeed dhexdeeda, Eidagale waxaa lagu yaqaan khubarnimada tirinta gabayada. Hal gabyaa oo ka tirsan Eidagale laga yaabee inuusan ka heer sarreyn gabyaa wanaagsan oo beel kale ah, laakiin Eidagale waxay u muuqdaan inay gabyaaal badan ka jiraan marka loo eego beelaha kale. ‘Haddii aad halkaan keento boqol nin oo Eidagale ah,’ ayuu ii sheegay Hersi Jaamac, ‘oo aad waydiiso kee gabaygiisa tirin kara, sagaashan iyo shan baa tirin kara. Inta kale weli way baranayaan.’”&lt;ref&gt;Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|250px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.&lt;ref&gt;Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Qarnigyo badan, beesha Eidagale waxay door muhiim ah ku lahayd ganacsigii geela ee fog ee Soomaaliyeed. Ganacsatada Eidagale waxay ka soo heli jireen agabyo kala duwan gobolka Soomaalida ee dhulka hadda loo yaqaan Itoobiya, sida xoolaha, malmalka (acacia gum), muxurta (myrrh), iyo subagga, kuwaas oo markii dambe loo dhoofin jiray Koonfurta Carabta.

Ganacsatada karavaanka ee Eidagale waxay aasaaseen xarumo ganacsi oo muhiim ah gudaha dalka, kuwaas oo ay ka mid tahay magaalada casriga ah ee Hargeysa, taasoo la aasaasay qarnigii 19aad, kana ahayd meel isgoys ah oo u dhexeysa Berbera iyo gudaha Soomaalida.Hargeysa waxaa asal ahaan loo aasaasay bartamaha qarnigii 19aad si ay u noqoto xarun karavaan oo xiriirisa Berbera iyo gudaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.&lt;/ref&gt;

Qayb dhownaata oo laga qaaday khariidaddii 1885 ee ay daabacday Royal Geographical Society ayaa si cad u muujinaysa joogitaanka dhuleed ee beesha Eidagale. Khariidaddu waxay calaamadaynaysaa magaalada Hargeysa (oo ku qoran ''Harrer-es-Sagheer''), iyadoo beesha Eidagale loogu yeedhay ''Eed-a-galleh'' kuna muujisan inay deggan yihiin gudaha iyo nawaaxiga deegaankaas. Buuraleyda Naasa Hablood, oo khariidadda lagu qoray ''Nas Hubla'', sidoo kale waa lagu sawiray, taasoo xoojinaysa isku xirka juqraafiyeed iyo dhaqan ee beesha Eidagale ee gobolkaasi.&lt;ref&gt;Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;Beesha Eidagale waxaa si weyn loogu yaqaannaa xirfaddooda suugaanta, gaar ahaan gabayga, kaas oo kaalin weyn ku leh aqoonsigooda iyo dhaqankooda. Waxaa lagu tiriyaa dad xigmadda iyo hadal-fasahaadda ku caan baxay, iyagoo gabayga u adeegsada sidii ay u xafidi lahaayeen taariikhda, u gudbin lahaayeen qiimaha bulsheed, una xallin lahaayeen khilaafaadka. Waxaa hadal caan ah oo laga dhex maqlo odhanaya: &quot;Nin aan gabayn karin weli ma dhalan.&quot; Tani waxay muujinaysaa sida gabaygu uga yahay laf-dhabar aqoonta iyo wada-noolaanshaha bulshada Eidagale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Eidagale waxay dhaqanka hore iyo kan weli jira u leeyihiin xidhashada toorayda wan, oo ah astaamo muujisa geesinimo, madaxnimo iyo qurux dhaqameed. Tooraydaasi oo qaab ahaan u eg golxadka cajiibka ah, ayaa lagu xidhnaa si sharaf leh, gaar ahaan xilliyada bandhigyada dhaqanka, shirarka dhaqameed iyo munaasibadaha lagu maamuuso hidaha iyo hal-adayga. Xidhashada tooraydu waxay ahayd astaan tilmaamaysa in qofku yahay nin masuul ah, lehna anshaxa iyo edebta dhaqanka Soomaalida.Intaa waxaa dheer, tooraydu ma ahayn oo keliya qurux iyo sharaf lagu muujiyo, balse waxay ahayd hub lagu difaaco nafta iyo bulshada, gaar ahaan marka la joogo duruufo ad-adag oo u baahan feejignaan iyo geesinimo.

Marka laga soo tago hidda-sugaaneedkooda, beesha Eidagale waxay sidoo kale caan ku yihiin xirfadda xoolo-dhaqatada, gaar ahaan dhaqashada geela, oo ah tiirka ugu weyn ee dhaqaalahooda iyo noloshooda reer guuraanimada. Geelu wuxuu leeyahay qiimo weyn, wuxuuna astaan u yahay hanti, sharaf, iyo adkaysi. Khibraddooda dheer ee ku saabsan dhaqashada iyo daryeelka geela waxay ka tarjumaysaa aqoon jiilal badan soo jirtay, taasoo ka dhigaysa dad si heer sare ah u yaqaan sida loo ilaaliyo loona kobciyo xoolaha.

Isku dhafka suugaantooda afka ah iyo xirfaddooda xoolo-dhaqatada ayaa ah labada tiir ee ugu waaweyn ee dhaxalka dhaqameed ee beesha Eidagale—waa hiddo soo jireen ah oo qoto dheer leh, taasoo weli si xooggan u qeexaysa aqoonsigooda jiilba jiil.
An image illustrating 19th-century trade:


Beesha Eidagale waxay si weyn ugaga qayb qaadatay ganacsiga guud ee geela iyo agabka dabiiciga ah ee gobolka. Karavaannadii ka yimid gudaha gudaha ayaa halkan ku degi jiray, iyagoo ka ganacsan jiray muxur, malmal, subag iyo xoolo, taasoo Berbera ka dhigtay xarun ganacsi oo istiraatiiji ah oo u xiriiriya gudaha iyo suuqyada caalamiga ah.

&lt;blockquote&gt;Soomaalida beesha Eidagale ayaa ka yimaada Ogaadeen iyagoo wata baallo, muxur, malmal, ari, lo’, iyo subag; beddelkeedna waxay ka qaataan dhar jumlo ah. Xilligiiba afar jeer ayay safarradan samaynayaan. Ma joogaan wax ka badan hal bil, intay joogaanna waxay la deggan yihiin reerahooda, cunadoodana waxay ku cunaan makhbaza, ama goobaha cuntada lagu wada cuno.&lt;ref&gt;Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia*. Cengage Gale. p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Saltanate ==
Saldanadda Ciidagale waxay ka mid ahayd nidaamyadii ugu faca weynaa ee dhaqanka iyo hoggaanka bulshada ee ka jiray beesha Eidagele. Ciidagale, oo ka mid ah jilibyada waaweyn ee beesha, waxay lahayd hoggaan u gaar ah oo ku dhisnaa xeer, garsoor, iyo midnimo bulsho, kuwaas oo muddo qarniyo ah hagayay bulshada.Nidaamka Saldanaddu wuxuu ku shaqayn jiray hab-dhaqan Soomaaliyeed oo salka ku haya odaynimo, garaad, iyo wada-tashi. Suldaanada iyo ugaasyadu waxay ahaayeen dad lagu yaqaan caqli, hal-adayg, iyo karti hoggaamineed, kana shaqeeya ilaalinta nabadda, xallinta khilaafaadka, iyo u doodista xuquuqda beesha.

Saldanadda fawaynta ahayd ee qarniyo badan talinta soo haysay, ayaa asalkeedu dib ugu laabtaa qarnigii 17-aad, xilligii uu aasaasay ''Suldaan Guleed Cabdi Ciise'' — oo ahaa suldaanka guud ee beesha. Muddo dheer ayay saldanaddani ahayd tiir dhexe oo hoggaan, xeer iyo xasillooni u horseeda bulshada, waxaana magaceedu ku dhex lahaa sharaf, maamuus iyo miisaan dhaqan oo aan weli libdhin.

Sidoo kale, hogaanka Abokor Muuse—oo ka tirsan faracyada waaweyn ee beesha Ciidagale—waxay leeyihiin taariikh dheer oo ku ladhan hoggaamin, halgan bulsho iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Qarnigii 15-aad iyo 16-aad, qaybo badan oo ka mid ah geedka qabiilka ayaa loo xusaa boqorro iyo ''ugaasyo'' ka soo jeeda Reerah iyo Qabiilada beesha Abokor Muuse, ku waas oo door muuqda ku lahaa difaaca bulshada, hagidda dhaqanka iyo ilaalinta nidaamka beesha.

==Clan tree==

A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.&lt;ref name=&quot;survey 147&quot;&gt;Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Daoud(Eidagalle)
**[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] 
***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal)
***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) 
***Urkurag Mohamed
****Ali Urkurag
*****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali
*****Mahamoud Ali
*****Ahmed Ali
*****Ismail Ali 
******Ali Ismail
*******Osman Ali
*******Jama Ali
*******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw)
*******Yonis Ali
*******Ileiye Ali
*******Hagga Ali
*******Nuh Ali
********Ali Nuh
*******Aden Ali
********Guled Aden
********Ali Aden
*******Roble Ali
********Hassan Roble
*********Jibril Hassan 
**********Aden Jibril 
**********Mohamed Jibril 
*********Deria Hassan 
**********Mohamed Deria
**********Hussein Deria
********Ali Roble
*********Warfa Ali
*********Farah Ali
**********Hassan Farah
*********Abdalle Ali
*******Abdalle Ali
********Geedi Abdalle (Rer Geedi)
********Mohamed Abdalle (Rer Mohamed)
**Abokor Daoud 
***Bilaal Abokor
****Mohamed Bilal
*****Egal Mohamed
*****Hassan Mohamed
*****Farah Mohamed
*****Yusuf Mohamed 
*****Abdi Mohamed
******Geedi Abdi
******Aden Abdi
******Hassan Abdi
*****Abdalle Mohamed
******Samter Abdalle
******Abane Abdalle
******Hasan Abdalle
***Isse Abokor
****Dualeh Isse 
*****Musa Dualeh 
*****Mohamed Dualeh 
*****Deria Duleh
*****Samter Duleh
****Hassan Isse
*****Afi Hassan
*****Hujale Hassan
*****Abar Hassan
*****Yusuf Hassan
*****Shire Hassan 
*****Barre Hassan
**Muuse Daoud 
***Abokor Muuse
****Saleiban Abokor
*****Mohammad Salieban 
******Saleiban Mohamed
*******Yousuf Saleiban
********Osman Yusuf
********Said Yusuf
********Mohamed Yusuf
*******Aralleh Saleiban
********Ali Arralle 
********Saleiban Arralle 
*********Abokor Saleiban
**********Abdalleh Abokor
***********Saleiban Abdalle
************Osman Saleiban 
*************Waisleh Osman
**************Mahamoud Wais
**************Arralleh Wais
**************Hussein wais
**************Saleiban Wais
**********Saleiban Abokor
***********Warfa Saleiban
***********Arreh Saleiban
***********Farah Saleiban
***********Mahamoud Saleiban
**********Hassan Abokor
***********Muuse Hassan
***********Laqshe Hassan
***********Basiralle Hassan
***********Dhimbil Hassan
************Mohammed Dhimbil
*************Musa Mohamed
**************Adawe Muuse
***************Absiye Adawe
***************Allamagn Adawe
***************Yusuf Adawe
***************Liban Adawe
***************Roble Adawe
***************Osman Adawe
***************Egal Adawe
***************Wais Adawe
**************Aden Muuse
***************Had Adan
***************Roble Aden
***************Abane Aden
***************Ali Aden
***************Wais Aden
***************Burale Aden
***************Geedi Aden
***************Boqorre Aden
****************Sugulle Boqore
****************Liban Boqorre
****************Warfa Boqorre
****************Koshin Boqorre 
****************Shiekhdon Boqorre
*************Mucawiye Mohamed
**************Samter Muawiye 
**************Ali Muawiye 
*************Fatah Mohamed
**************Awarre Fatah 
**************Mohamed Fatah
**************Hassan Fatah 
**************Cisman fatah
*************Gled (Wardon) Mohamed
**************Hussein Guled
**************Egal Guled
**************Yusuf Guled
**************Roble Guled
**************Abdi Guled
**************Elmi Guled
**************Samter Guled 
************Muuse Dhimbil
*************Abdalleh Muuse 
**************Jibirl Abdalle
***************Siad Jibril 
****************Muse Siad
****************Farah Siad
***************Kalil Jibirl
***************Ali kalil
****************Said Ali
****************Koshin Ali
****************Boqorreh Ali
*****************Abar Boqorre 
******************Deria Abar
*******************Abdillahi Deria (Allanleh)
***************Saeed Jibril
****************Sahal Said
*****************Abdalle Sahal
*****************Musa Sahal
***************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) 
****************Wais Aden
****************Benin Aden
****************Nur Aden
****************Muse Aden
****************Samter Aden
****************Abdalle Aden
****************Jama Aden
****************Eileie Adan
****************Barre Aden
****************Ibrahim Aden
****************Khalaf Aden
****************Ali Aden
****************Adan Aden
*****************Ahmed Aden
*****************Eiye Aden
***************Abdi Jibril 
****************Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi)
*****************Abdalle Ali
******************Musa Abdalle
*****************Hussein Ali
*****************Jama Hussien 
*****************Nour Hussein 
*****************Farah Hussien
*****************Wa'ays Hussein 
*****************Hersi Hussien 
******************Muhumad Hersi
******************Abdi Hersi
******************Ali Hersi
******************Aidid Hersi
*****************Mumin Ali
******************Egal Mumin
******************Jama Mumin
******************Urmah Mumin
*******************Dhible Urmah
*******************Ismail Urmah
*****************Naleye Ali
******************Jama Naleye
******************Dualeh Naleye
******************Warfa Naleye
******************Abdi Naleye
******************Egal Naleye 
******************Arralleh Egal
*******************Elmi Aralleh
*******************Aw-Jama Arralleh 
****************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur)
*****************Ismail Nour
******************Gabal Ismail
******************Abdi Ismail
******************Barre Ismail
*****************Hersi Nour
******************Hugur Hersi
******************Osman Hersi
******************Bacalul Hersi
******************Ali Hersi
******************Aden Hersi
*****************Gabal Nour
*****************Mohamed Nour
******************Mohamed Omar 
*******************Hussein Mohamed 
********************Wais Husien 
********************Hujale Husien
********************Dirie Husien
*******************Sharmake Mohamed 
********************Roble Sharmake
********************Nour Sharmake 
********************Jama Sharmake
*********************Hudale Jama
*********************Yasin Jama
*******************Allale Mohamed
********************Egal Allale
*********************Hassan Egal
**********************Omar Hassan
**********************Ahmed Hassan
****************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) 
*****************Naleye Benin
*****************Ahmed Benin
*****************Hersi Benin
*****************Warfa Benin
*****************Samter Benin
*****************Abdi Benin
*****************Fatah Benin
*****************Dirie Benin
*****************Osman Benin
****************Abdille Abdi
*****************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab)
******************Ismail Gallab
******************Asker Gallab
******************Dahir Gallab
******************Wais Gallab
******************Ali Gallab
******************Jama Gallab
******************Roble Gallab
******************Abdi Gallab
******************Yusuf Gallab
******************Farah Gallab
*****************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye)
******************Gulled Eiye
*******************Deria Guled
********************Abokor Deria 
********************Osman Derie
********************Khalaf Derie
*******************Kalil Guled
********************Farah kalil
********************Ali Kalil
********************Hassan Kalil
********************Osman Kalil
********************Aden Kalil
******************Sharmake Eiye
*******************Barre Sharmake 
*******************Omar Sharmake 
*******************Hager Sharmake 
********************Farah Hager
********************Geedi Hagar
********************Adan Hagar
********************Boqorre Hagar
********************Elmi Hagar
*****************Mohamed Abdille
******************Ahmed Mohamed
*******************Samter Ahmed 
*******************Ziyad Ahmed
*******************Mayle Ahmed
*******************Geedi Ahmed
*******************Amanle Ahmed
*******************Food Ahmed
*******************Dhible Ahmed
********************Ismail Dhible
********************Egal Dhible
*******************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali)
********************Cadad Ali
********************Deria Ali
********************Egal  Ali
********************Jibril Ali
********************kalil Ali
*********************Magan kalil
*********************Deria Kalil
*********************Abdi kalil 
*********************Aden kalil
*********************Yusuf kalil
*******************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) 
********************Derie Gubadleh 
*********************Ismail Derie
*********************Gubtame Derie 
*********************Nour Derie 
*********************Mohamoud Derie 
*********************Omar Derie
*********************Dualeh Derie
*********************Hussein Derie 
*********************Wa'ays Derie
*********************Yusuf Derie 
********************Boqorre Gubdleh 
*********************Hersi Boqorre 
*********************Ali Boqorre 
*********************Abdille Boqorre 
*********************Hirad Boqorre
*********************Asker Boqorre 
*********************Mohamed Boqorre 
*********************Aw Hassan Boqorre
*********************Ismail Boqorre
*********************Shire Boqorre 
*********************Hashi Boqorre
*********************Mohamoud (Bahnan) Boqorre
*************Mahamoud Muuse 
**************Shirdon Mohamoud
***************Hamud Shirdon
***************Suldan Shirdon
***************Geele Shirdon
***************Osman Shirdon 
***************Egal Shirdon 
***************Mohamed Shirdon 
***************Yusuf Shirdon 
**************Hildiid Mohamoud 
***************Ali Hildiid 
***************Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi)
****************Odawa Geedi
*****************Odawa Odawa
*****************Mahamoud Odawa
****************Geele Geedi
****************Nour(Shire) Geedi
****************Haji Dirie Geedi
****************Samter Geedi
****************Ahmed Geedi
****************Ali Geedi
****************Roble Geedi
***************Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi)
****************Ali Hersi 
****************Guled Hersi
****************Egal Hersi
****************Aden Hersi
****************Mahamoud Hersi
****************Fahiye Hersi
*****************Roble Fahiye 
******************Elmi Roble
******************Jama Elmi
******************Ali Elmi
*****************Rage Roble 
*****************Elmi Rage
******************Wais Rage
******************Geedi Rage
******************Hersi Rage
************Ahmed Dhimbil
*************Musa Ahmed
*************Waisleh Ahmed
*************Osman Ahmed
*************Liban Ahmed
*************Abdi Liban 
**************Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) 
***************Aden Ismail
***************Iman Ismail
***************Bulale Ismail
***************Geedi Ismail
***************Idiris Ismail
***************Yusuf Ismail
***************Koshin Ismail
***************Hersi Ismail
***************Shirwac Ismail
***************Said Ismail
**************Mohammed Abdi (Addeh)
***************Sarar Mohamed (Rer Sarer)
****************Nour Sarar
****************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar
****************Farah Sarar
****************Yusuf Sarar
****************Dualeh Sarar
****************Elmi Sarar
***************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed
****************Koshin Ahmed
****************Samter Ahmed
****************Uballe Ahmed
****************Hurie (Egal) Ahmed
****************Waraf Ahmed
****************Karie Ahmed
****************Mohamed Ahmed
**********Aden Abokor
***********( Aden Mohamed)
************Issa Aden
************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl)
*************Abdi Awal
**************Had Abdi
**************Nour Abdi
**************Ahmed Abdi
**************Liban Abdi
**************Omar Abdi
**************Aden Abdi
**************Geedi Abdi
**************Ibrahim Abdi
**************Mohamoud Abdi
*************Hassan Aden
**************Ziyad Hassan
**************Odawa Hasaan
**************Ladon Hassan
***************Aden Ladon
****************Herar Ladon
****************Jama Ladon
****************Ali Ladon
****************Fahiye Ladon
**************Abdalle Hassan
***************Ali Abdalle
***************Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago)
***************Ahmed Abdalle
***************Halas Ahmed
****************Osman Halas
****************Samter Halas
****************Egal Ahmed
*****************Wais Egal
*****************Madar Egal
****************Geedi Ahmed
*****************Samter Geedi
*****************Mohamed Geedi
*****************Dalal Geedi
*****************Fatah Geedi
*****************Waisleh Geedi
*****************Allamagan Geedi
******************Guled Allamagan
******************Egal Allamagan
*****************Hode Geedi
******************Farah Hode
******************Yusuf Hode
******************Geele Geedi
*****************Ahmed Geele
******************Dahir Geele
******************Nour Geele
*****************Ali Geedi
******************Osman Ali
******************Hassan Ali
******************Abdalle Ali
******************Yusuf Ali
******************Aden Ali
***Abdirahman Muuse
****Yonis Abdiraham 
*****Aden Yonis
*****Ismail Yonis 
*****Ugadh Yonis
*****Mohamed Yonis
****Abdalle Abdirahman
*****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) 
******Gadid Mohamed 
******Abdalle Mohamed
******Loge Mohamed
****Ibrahim Abdalle
*****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer kul)
*****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri)
******Burale Abdi
******Qabile Abdi
******Hildiid Abdi
******Aden Abdi
******Robe Abdi
******Hersi Abdi
******Geedi Abdi
*****Abokor Ibrahim 
******Idileh Abokor (Rer Iidleh)
*******Farah Iidle
*******Ismail Iidle
*******Bare Iidle 
******Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur)
*******Roble Matan
*******Yonis Matan
*******Hamud Matan 
*******Aden Matan
*******Damal Aden
********Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon)
********Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar)
********Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar)
********Boon Dhamal (Dhamal yaryar)
********Barre Dhamal ( Dhamal yar yar)
********Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar)
********Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar)
********Essa Dhamal
*********Aden Isse
*********Warfa Isse 
*********Guled Isse 
*********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan)
*********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse)
*********Abdi Isse 
**********Mohamed Abdi
**********Farah Abdi
**********Eiye Abdi
**********Warsame Abdi
**********Sugulle Abdi
**********Aninanshe Abdi
**********Amare Abdi
**********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi 
**********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi
**********Habarwa Abdi
**********Yusuf Abdi
**********Warafa Abdi
**********Hussein Abdi
**********Wais Abdi
**********Rage Abdi
**********Abdalle Abdi
**********Aden Abdi ( Rer Aden)
**********Abdi Bari (Abdi Bari)
**********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed)

==Notable figures==
* Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter 
* Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University.
* Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – was a prominent Somali Scholar, vocalist, poet, and military leader.
* Gaabuush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader, with strong tie to SAF.
* Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship.
*Idiris Haji Cisman Gurey 
* Hassan Guure Jamac
* Abwaan Dheeg
* Siyasi Ali Mohamed Ibrahim (Ali Sanyare)
* Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA)
* Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh
* Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer
* Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership.
* Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer
* Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal)
*Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed , a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure.
* Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist 
* Ahmed Ismail Dirie &quot;Qaasim&quot; – Well-known Somali Legendary poet.
* Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War.
* Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning 
* Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border
* Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health 
* Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964
* Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq
* Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007
* Hussein Ali Mahamado – Activist And Founder Ina-Guuxa Foundation
* Jama Asker –Activist And Politician 
* Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal 
* Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist
* Sucad Ibrahim Abdi – Politician and Activist 
* Fadumo faysal Ali – The founder and CEO of Hoiwa Oy
* Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate.
* Abdi Bidhaan Dahir – Journalist
* Abwan Muse Ali Farur
* Bihi Egeh –Minister of Finance of Somalia
* Abdishakur Hussein Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland.
* Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia
* Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia
* Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012
* Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city
* Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader 
* Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia 
* Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist

==Sidoo kale fiiri==
* [[Dir]]

==References==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bangiga Caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya</title>
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      <text bytes="5740" sha1="pa3sc6ltkqo6mjmip5ifln9imdc3jjo" xml:space="preserve">Kan ( '''IBS''' ) ( [[Af Soomaali|Af-Soomaali]] : waraaqaha aqoonsiga ee IBS Bank ) waa bankiga IBS ee xaruntiisu tahay [[Muqdisho]] , [[Soomaaliya]] .

{{Infobox company
| name = IBS Bank
| logo = IBS_bank_logo_2019.png
| type = Shirkad gaar loo leeyahay
| traded_as = 
| foundation = 2014
| hq_location = Jidka 1aad, Degmada 26 June, Hargeysa &amp; Dhismaha Tebiyaano, P.O.Box : 777, Waaberi,
| hq_location_city = 
| hq_location_country = 
| key_people = [[Maxamed Cali (Bankiye)|Maxamed Cali]] ([[Gudoomiye]])
| industry = [[Bangiyada]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Adeegyada maaliyadeed]]
| products = [[Bangiyada maalgashiga]], [[Bangiyada tafaariiqda]], [[SME bangiyada]], [[Bangiyada shirkadaha]], [[Bangiyada dijitaalka ah]], [[Maalgelinta yar yar]], [[Mastercard]], [[Visa Inc.|Visa]]
| revenue = 
| assets = 
| num_employees = 
| homepage = {{URL|www.ibosbank.com}}
}}
==Dulmar==
Bankiga IBS ayaa 11kii Oktoobar 2014 ka shaqo bilaabay Muqdisho . Furitaankiisa waxaa ka soo qeyb galay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud , oo ay ku wehliyaan xubno ka tirsan golaha wasiirada, ganacsato, iyo marti sharaf kale oo lagu casuumay. 
IBS waxaa la aasaasay bishii Luulyo 2013.    Laga bilaabo Maarso 2015, waa mid ka mid ah lix bangi oo maxalli ah oo leh shati ganacsi oo uu bixiyay Bankiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya . Shirkaddu waa bangigii ugu horreeyay ee caalami ah ee dalka laga furo muddo labaatan sano ka badan. 
Bangigu wuxuu u hoggaansamaa u hoggaansanaanta caalamiga ah, xisaabinta iyo heerarka maareynta khatarta. Waxa kale oo ay qorshaynaysaa in ay sii hayso adeegyada hanti dhawrka shirkadda xisaabaadka ee Deloitte ee fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka .  Intaa waxaa dheer, Bangiga IBS bishii Maarso 2015 wuxuu bilaabay $10 milyan oo bixinta saami qaybsiga dadweynaha. Qaybaha saamiyada maalgashiga waxa lagu qiimeeyay inta u dhaxaysa $500 iyo $500,000. Bixinta saamiga dadweynuhu waxay ahayd 10% raasumaalka saamiga, iyadoo boqolkiiba 31 dheeraad ah ay leeyihiin aasaasayaasha IBS. Bangiyada fadhigoodu yahay Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa ka mid ahaa kuwa danaynaya. Sinnaan dheeraad ah ayaa la filayaa in la helo marka bangigu kordho cabbirkiisa. 
Bangiga IBS waxaa aasaasay ganacsato Soomaaliyeed , kuwaas oo asalkoodu yahay Dubai . Mahat Mohammed Ahmed waa madaxa fulinta ee bangiga. 
IBS Bank waxa uu iskaashi la leeyahay MasterCard ,  Visa , USAID GEEL barnaamijka  iyo ILO . Bishii Luulyo 2019, bangiga IBS wuxuu bilaabay iskaashigiisa kaararka deynta ee World Elite MasterCard. 
==Adeegyada==
IBS waxay siisaa bangiyada gaarka ah, bangiyada ganacsiga, bangiyada jumlada, bangiyada maalgashiga iyo Takaful macaamiisha. 
Adeegyadeeda waxa ka mid ah maaliyadda ganacsiga , amaahda guryaha , dhigaalka , daadadka dheeraadka ah , maalgelinta mashruuca .
Bangiga ayaa sidoo kale loo qorsheeyay inuu bixiyo bangiyada internetka iyo codsiga bangiyada moobiilka.
==Laamaha==
Bangiga IBS waxa uu todoba laamood ku leeyahay degmooyinka waaweyn ee Muqdisho iyo afar laamood oo uu ku leeyahay magaalooyinka Garoowe , Kismaayo , Boosaaso iyo Baydhabo . Waxa kale oo ay heshay shati ay kaga hawlgeli karto Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland.
[[File:IBS bank logo 2019.png|thumb|Logo laga bilaabo 2019]]
==Abaalmarinada==
IBS Bank waxa uu 2016 iyo 2017 la gudoonsiiyay abaal marinta Bangiga sanadka oo ay bixiso Abaalmarinnada Ganacsiga Sanadlaha ah ee Soomaaliyeed (SABA Awards)
==Sidoo kale eeg==
[[Salaam Soomaali Bank]]

[[Bangiga Premier]]
==Tixraac==
[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-13/somali-bank-becomes-first-lender-to-handle-foreign-transactions.html &quot;Bangiga Soomaaliyeed Oo Noqday Dayn Bixiyihii Ugu Horreeyay Ee Wax Ka Qabta Ganacsiga Shisheeye&quot;]//13 Oktoobar 2014 .

[http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=4804 &quot;Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya Oo Ganacsatada Ugu Baaqay In Ay Maal-Gashadaan Dalka&quot;]//13 Oktoobar 2014

[http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=11662 &quot;Bangiga waxa uu raadinayaa in uu ururiyo $10 milyan isaga oo sii maraya iibka saamiyada ee Soomaaliya]// 11 March 2015

[https://web.archive.org/web/20141014085901/http://qz.com/note/280219/ &quot;Soomaaliya hadda waxay leedahay bangi si caalami ah lacagaha u xawili kara&quot;]//13 Oktoobar 2014

[https://somaliainvestor.so/mahat-mohammed-ahmed-the-fresh-pair-of-hands-at-the-helm-of-international-bank-of-somalia-ibs/ &quot;Mahat Mohammed Ahmed: Labada gacmood ee cusub ee hoggaanka u haya Bangiga Caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya (IBS)&quot;]//2019-01-30

[https://web.archive.org/web/20200801194212/https://africabusinesscommunities.com/tech/tech-news/visa-collaborates-with-ibs-bank-somalia-to-drive-payments-inclusion/ &quot;Visa waxay la kaashanaysaa IBS Bank Somalia si ay lacag bixinta ugu darto&quot;]//2020-05-19

[https://web.archive.org/web/20200801215940/https://www.cnbcafrica.com/africa-press-office/2020/01/27/the-u-s-government-and-federal-government-of-somalia-announce-a-new-effort-to-promote-youth-workforce-development/ &quot;Dowladda Mareykanka iyo Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya waxay ku dhawaaqeen Dadaal Cusub oo lagu horumarinayo Horumarinta Shaqada Dhallinyarada&quot;]//2020-08-01

[http://www.ilo.org/africa/countries-covered/somalia/WCMS_438669/lang--en/index.htm &quot;ILO iyo Bankiga Caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya waxay u fidiyaan adeegyo maaliyadeed oo loogu talagalay haweenka ganacsiga leh&quot;]//2015-12-16

[http://asokoinsight.com/news/international-bank-somalia-opens-mogadishu/ &quot;Bangiga Soomaaliya Oo Laga Furay Muqdisho&quot;]//19 March 2015

[https://somaliainvestor.so/international-bank-of-somalia-ibs-clinches-company-of-the-year-crown/ &quot;Bangiga Caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya (IBS) oo ku guuleystay abaal-marinta shirkadda sanadka ee sanadka]//2020-05-19

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
[http://www.ibosbank.com/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Mareegta rasmiga ah]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Boos bannaan oo ku-meel-gaar ah</title>
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      <text bytes="10575" sha1="0femfzb1v1f7qoyrwhn1d2q13wkocza" xml:space="preserve">Siyaasadda dhexdeeda, boos bannaan oo ku-meel-gaar ah (casual vacancy, casual macnaheedu waa “si kedis ah”) waa xaalad uu kursi ku banaanaado gole sharci-dejin ah inta lagu guda jiro muddada xilligaas. Boosaska noocan ah waxay ka dhalan karaan geerida, iscasilaadda, ama ka-reebista xubin fadhida, ama sababo kale.

Boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah waxay saameeyaan wakiilnimada bulshada uu xubinku matalo, taasoo keenta in matalaadda degaanka xubinka ay yaraato ama gebi ahaanba baaba’do. Sidaa darteed, shuruucda badan waxay dhigaan in si dhaqso ah loo buuxiyo kursiyada bannaan.

Boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah sidoo kale waxay ka dhici karaan goleyaal aan dowladeed ahayn, sida guddiyada agaasimayaasha iyo gudiyada ururada iskaa wax u qabso.

Hababka lagu buuxiyo boos bannaan oo ku-meel-gaar ah ee hay’ad la doortay waxaa ka mid ah:

Doorasho gaar ah (by-election ama special election): doorashadii isla deegaanka uu xubinku ka baxay u codeeyay.

Co-option: xubnaha kale ee hay’adda ay ku magacaabaan.

Magacaabin ama u-qorid: hay’ad ama xil-hayaha kale oo magacaaba.

Dhulmar toos ah (automatic succession): beddelka ama xubinta ku xigta liiska beddelka ee la diyaariyey waqtigii doorashadii asalka ahayd.

Countback: hab loo isticmaalo doorashooyinka codka la kala wareejiyo (single transferable vote), iyadoo la tirinayo codadkii doorashadii asalka ahayd iyo dib-u-qaybin lagu sameeyo codadkii xubinka ka baxay.
==Ustareeliya==
Hababka lagu buuxiyo boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah way kala duwan yihiin iyadoo ku xiran shuruucda deegaan kasta.

Xagga federaalka, boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Guriga Wakiilada ee Australia waxaa lagu buuxiyaa doorasho gaar ah. Boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Senetka Australia waa in lagu buuxiyaa qof ka tirsan isla xisbigii uu ka baxay senator-ka, waxaana go’aamiya fadhi wadajir ah oo ka dhaca baarlamaanka gobolka/maamulka uu senator-ku ka baxay qofka buuxinaya booska.

Boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Guriga Wakiilada Tasmania, Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Gobolka Caasimadda Australia, iyo Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Galbeedka Australia waxaa lagu buuxiyaa countbacks.

Boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Tasmania, Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Queensland, Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Galbeedka Australia, Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Victoria, Guriga Wakiilada Koonfur Australia, iyo Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee New South Wales waxaa lagu buuxiyaa doorasho gaar ah.

Boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee New South Wales, Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Koonfur Australia, iyo Guddiga Sharcidejinta ee Victoria waxaa lagu buuxiyaa doorasho ka dhacda fadhi wadajir ah oo labada aqal ee baarlamaanka gobolka; xubinta la doorto waa in ay ka tirsan tahay isla xisbigii xubintii hore waqtigii la doortay (ama xor haddii xubintii hore ahayd xubin xor ah).
==Kanada==
Boosaska bannaan ee Guriga Wakiilada ee Canada waxaa lagu buuxiyaa iyadoo la qorsheeyo doorasho gaar ah degmada uu boosku ka banaanyahay. Writ-ka doorashada (ogolaanshaha doorashada) waa in la soo saaraa ugu yaraan 11 maalmood kadib iyo ugu badnaan 180 maalmood kadib markii Sarkaalka Sare ee Doorashooyinka si rasmi ah loo ogeysiiyo booska bannaan iyadoo loo marayo amar uu bixiyay Afhayeenka. Sida ku cad Xeerka Doorashooyinka Canada, muddada ugu yar ee ololaha doorashada waa 36 maalmood laga bilaabo waqtiga la soo saaray writ-ka ilaa maalinta doorashada.

Mararka qaar kursi wuu sii ahaan karaa bannaan muddo dheer; tusaale ahaan, ka hor doorashadii federaalka ee 2015, Stephen Harper wuxuu ku qasbanaaday inuu qorsheeyo saddex doorasho gaar ah sanadkii 2015. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maadaama waqtiga boosasku ku banaanaayeen uu ku qasbay in la qorsheeyo doorasho gaar ah, balse waqtigii ka harsanaa ka hor ololaha doorashada guud uu aad u gaaban yahay, wuxuu jadwalka doorashooyinka u dhigay maalinta doorashada guud — taasi waa arrin farsamo oo micnaheedu yahay in doorasho gaar ah la qorsheeyay balse aan la qaban doonin. Doorashooyinkaas gaar ah waxaa lagu beddelay doorashada guud markii baarlamaanku la kala diray 2-dii Agoosto, 2015 iyo markii la soo saaray writ-ka doorashada federaalka.

Maadaama Senetka Canada uu yahay hay’ad la magacaabo oo aan doorasho ku salaysnayn, boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah waxaa si fudud loogu buuxiyaa magacaabis cusub.

Doorashooyinka gaar ah sidoo kale waxaa lagu qabtaa si loo buuxiyo boosaska bannaan ee gudiyada sharci-dejinta ee gobollada ama maamulada Canada.
==Hindiya==
Qodobka 151A ee Xeerka Wakiilada Dadweynaha, 1951 wuxuu waajibinayaa Guddiga Doorashooyinka in uu buuxiyo boosaska ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Baarlamaanka India iyo Golaha Sharcidejinta ee Gobollada iyada oo la marayo doorashooyin gaar ah muddo lix bilood gudahood laga bilaabo taariikhda uu boosku banaanaaday, iyadoo shuruudtu tahay in muddada harsan ee xubinka booska ka baxay ay tahay hal sano ama ka badan
==Singabuur==
Doorasho gaar ah badanaa waxaa la qabtaa marka xubin hadda ka tirsan Baarlamaanka Singapore uu ka baxo kursigiisa ee Single Member Constituency (SMC), ama marka dhammaan xubnaha GRC (Group Representation Constituency) ay wada ka baxaan kursigooda.

Kiis dhawaan ah, sida uu sheegay Wasiirkii xilligaas ee Xafiiska Ra’iisul Wasaaraha Chan Chun Sing, ma aha lagama maarmaan in la qabto doorasho gaar ah haddii xubin GRC ah ay iscasisho ama ay ku dhacdo xaalad caafimaad oo aan awood u siinayn qabashada xilka. Sababta ayaa ah in nidaamka GRC loo sameeyay laba ujeedo:

1. In la hubiyo in xubno ka tirsan bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay ay joogaan Baarlamaanka.


2. In aan ololaha siyaasadeed lagu qaban arrimaha diinta iyo jinsiyadda.

Mr. Chan wuxuu sheegay in ujeeddooyinkaas aysan saameyn doonin haddii hal xubin oo GRC ah uu ka baxo.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nidaamku ma xalin xaaladaha ay xubin ka tirsan bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay ka baxdo kursigeeda, taasoo keentay in SDP ay dacwad ka gudbiso si arrinta loo caddeeyo. Garsooraha Maxkamadda Sare ayaa diiday codsiga lagu qabanayo doorasho gaar ah, waxaana SDP ka laabatay dacwadda ka dib markii Kuxigeenka Xeer-ilaaliyaha Guud si faahfaahsan u sharaxay arrinta.
==New Zealand==
Tan iyo 2020, Gollaha Wakiillada ee New Zealand wuxuu ka kooban yahay 72 kursi oo ay ku fadhiyaan xubno metela deegaan doorashooyin juqraafi ah, iyo ugu yaraan 48 kursi oo kale oo laga soo xulo liisaska xisbiyada.

Haddii uu bannaanaado mid ka mid ah 72-ka kursi ee deegaannada doorashada, waxaa lagu buuxiyaa doorasho gaar ah (by-election). Waraaqda (writ) lagu qabanayo doorashadaas waa in la soo saaraa, xaaladaha badankood, 21 maalmood gudahood laga bilaabo wargelinta bannaanida kursiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, doorasho gaar ah looma baahna haddii muddo-xileedka saddexda sano ah ee Baarlamaanka uu ku eg yahay lix bilood gudahood.

Dhanka kale, &quot;kursiyada liiska&quot; waa kuwo lagu daro kursiyada deegaanka si loo helo wakiilnimo ku saleysan saamiga xisbiyada (proportional representation) ka dib doorashada guud. Hase yeeshee, haddii kursi deegaan uu xisbi kale guuleysto kadib doorasho gaar ah, waxaa dhaawacma isku dheellitirnaanta saamiga baarlamaanka.

Si ka duwan, haddii uu bannaanaado kursi liiska ah, waxaa si toos ah loogu buuxiyaa musharaxa ku xiga ee ku jira liiska xisbiga xaqa u leh kursigaas, taas oo aan wax saameyn ah ku yeelan dheellitirnaanta Baarlamaanka.
==Mareykanka==
Ereyga “casual vacancy” si caadi ah looma isticmaalo gudaha Mareykanka. Haddii uu kursi ka bannaanaado Gollaha Wakiillada ee Mareykanka, waxaa lagu buuxiyaa doorasho gaar ah (special election). Dastuurku wuxuu farayaa in madaxda fulinta ee gobolka (tusaale, guddoomiyaha gobolka) ay soo saaraan waraaqaha doorashada.

Wax-ka-beddelka toddoba iyo tobnaad (Seventeenth Amendment) wuxuu dhigaya in haddii uu kursi ka bannaanaado Senate-ka Mareykanka, guddoomiyaha gobolka uu magacaabi karo qof buuxiya kursiga, haddii aan sharci gaar ah oo uu dejiyey baarlamaanka gobolkaasi uusan sheegin hab kale, sida in loo qabto doorasho toos ah oo shacabka lagu codeeyo.
==Tixraac==
[http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s33.html &quot;Sharciga Guud ee Dastuurka Australia - Qaybta 33 Waxay u qortaa boosaska banaan&quot;]

[http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s15.html &lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;Sharciga Guud ee Dastuurka Australia - Qaybta 15 Jagooyin Casual ah oo banaan [eeg qoraalka 8]&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;]

[https://www.legislation.tas.gov.au/view/whole/html/inforce/current/act-2004-051 &quot;Xeerka Doorashada 2004&quot;]

[http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/1992-71/current/pdf/1992-71.pdf &quot;Xeerka Doorashada 1992&quot;]

[https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_29498.htm/$FILE/Electoral%20Act%201907%20-%20%5B17-a0-06%5D.html?OpenElement &quot;Xeerka Doorashada 1907]

[https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/documents/explore/education/factsheets/Factsheet_6.1_ByElections.pdf &quot;Doorashooyinka By-Queensland&quot;]

[https://content.legislation.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-04/02-23aa062%20authorised.pdf &quot;Xeerka Doorashada 2002&quot;]

[https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/ELECTORAL%20ACT%201985/CURRENT/1985.77.AUTH.PDF &quot;Xeerka Doorashada 1985&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/ELECTORAL%20ACT%201985/CURRENT/1985.77.AUTH.PDF |date=20210125041455 }}

[https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/pdf/asmade/act-2017-66 &quot;Xeerka Doorashada 2017 No 66&quot;]

[http://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ca1902188/s22d.html &quot;Xeerka Dastuurka 1902&quot;]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[https://web.archive.org/web/20141216221451/http://www.hilltimes.com/news/news/2013/08/12/journalists-vying-for-seat-in-commons-shows-politics-changing-spector/35576 &quot;Suxufiyiintii ku loolamayay kursi ka mid ah Golaha Shacabka waxay muujinayaan in siyaasaddu is beddeshay: Spector&quot;]

[https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=ele&amp;dir=2015&amp;document=faqby2015&amp;lang=e &quot;Doorasho-daba-marin ayaa la qabtay Oktoobar 19, 2015 - Waxa aad u baahan tahay inaad ogaato&quot;]

[https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1549006 &quot;Qaybta 151A ee Sharciga Matalaada Dadka ee 1951 ayaa faraya ECI inay buuxiso boosaska aan caadiga ahayn&quot;]

[https://sg.news.yahoo.com/bid-hold-election-marsiling-yew-tee-rejected-high-court-090607976.html &quot;Dalab lagu qabanayo doorashada ku celiska ah ee Marsiling-Yew Tee waxaa diiday maxkamadda sare&quot;]

[https://www.elections.nz/democracy-in-nz/about-elections/what-is-a-by-election/ &quot;Waa maxay doorasho ku celis ah?&quot;]

[https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/in-force/acts/constitution-act-1975 Xeerka Dastuurka 1975 (Vic, No. 8750 ee 1975)]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Degmada Caynaba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4466" sha1="eiilr0gr5krhps3yq7gtzdsoojzhdmt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = Caynaba
| other_name         = Saraar
| native_name        = 
| nickname           = 
| settlement_type    = [[Qaybaha maamulka Somaliland|Degmo]]
| motto              = 
| image_skyline      = 
| imagesize          = 
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = 
| flag_size          = 
| image_seal         = 
| seal_size          = 
| image_map          = Aynabo in Sool (Somaliland).svg
| mapsize            = 
| map_caption        = Goobta Degmadda Caynabo oo ka tirsan Sool, Somaliland
| pushpin_map        = Somaliland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| subdivision_type   = Wadanka
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Somaliland}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Sool|Sool]]
| subdivision_type2  = Caasimada
| subdivision_name2  = [[Caynaba]]
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = 
| leader_title       = 
| leader_name        = 
| established_title  = 
| established_date   = 
| area_magnitude     = 
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 
| area_land_km2      = 
| population_as_of   = 2016
| population_footnotes = 
| population_note    = 
| population_total   = 75,702&lt;ref name=&quot;Rdatp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Regions, districts, and their populations: Somalia 2005 (draft)|url=https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf|publisher=UNDP|access-date=21 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2 = 
| timezone           = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset         = +3
| timezone_DST       = 
| utc_offset_DST     = 
| coordinates        ={{!}} coordinates = {{coord|8|57|24|N|46|24|43|E|display=inline,title}} 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 
| elevation_ft       = 
| postal_code_type   = 
| postal_code        = 
| area_code          = 
| blank_name         = 
| blank_info         = 
| website            = 
| footnotes          = 
}}
'''Aynabo District''' ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Degmada Caynaba), oo si caadi ah loogu yaqaan Sarar waa degmo ku taalla gobolka woqooyi ee [[Sool]] [[Somaliland]] Caasimadda degmada waa [[Caynaba]] Degmooyinka kale ee ku yaalla degmada waxaa ka mid ah Wadaamagoo, War Idaad, [[Barkada cali xirsi]], Godheeli, Habariheshay, Ceeldhaab, Fadhiyar, Oog, Badweyn, Gowsaweyne, iyo Qoridheere.
==Shidaal baadhista==
Qaybta waqooyi ee degmadu waxay hoy u tahay Block SL10B/13. Bishii Noofambar 2019, Genel Energy waxay soo bandhigtay qiyaasta awooda block Waxa ay soo gabagabaysay jiritaanka nidaamka batroolka firfircoon iyo kayd shidaal oo dhawr ah oo ku dhex jira baloogga oo lagu daray ilaa 1.3 bilyan fuusto oo saliid ah. Horumarka buuxa ee beertu waxay heli doontaa wax soo saar maalinle ah oo ah 50,000 oo foosto oo saliid ah. Bishii Disembar 2021, Genel Energy waxay heshiis beer-out ah la saxeexatay OPIC Somaliland Corporation, oo ay taageerto Taiwan 's CPC Corporation , SL10B/13 block. Sida laga soo xigtay Genel, xannibaadda waxay ka koobnaan kartaa in ka badan 5 bilyan oo foosto oo kheyraad ah. 
==Tirakoobka dadweynaha==
Wadarta dadweynaha degmada waa 75,702 qof.

Degmada inteeda badan waxa dega dad ka soo jeeda beesha Isaaq oo ay beesha Muuse Abokor reeryoonis cali bare, idarays muuse biciide iyo Cumar Jibriil ee Habarjeclo ee beesha Isaaq si fiican u metelaan
==Sidoo kale eeg==
[[Qaybaha maamulka Somaliland]]

[[Gobolada Somaliland]]

[[Degmooyinka Somaliland]]

[[Xuduuda Puntland iyo Waqooyibari]]
==Tixraac==
[https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf &quot;Gobollada, degmooyinka, iyo dadkooda: Soomaaliya 2005 (qabyo)&quot;]

[http://www.statoids.com/yso.html Degmooyinka Soomaaliya&quot;]

[https://web.archive.org/web/20230827224858/https://www.genelenergy.com/media/2333/genel-somaliland-aow-presentation.pdf &quot;Somaliland Block SL10B/13&quot;]

[https://www.energyvoice.com/oilandgas/africa/ep-africa/373989/genel-somaliland-cpc-exploration/ &quot;Shirkadda Genel waxay Bariga Afrika la gaadhay beeralayda Taiwan CPC&quot;]

[https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1158113/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf &quot;EASO Dalka Asal ahaan Xogta Ka Warbixi Xaalada Amaanka Soomaaliya&quot;]

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
[http://www.statoids.com/yso.html Degmooyinka Soomaaliya]

[https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/120222_OCHASom_Administrative_Map_Sool_Caynabo_A3.pdf Maabka Maamulka Degmada Caynabo]
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Somaliland-gumud}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mona Tougaard</title>
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      <text bytes="5612" sha1="sflufhcfu5ezkslxvfouxr3pokjh9qd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox model
| name             = Mona Tougaard
| image            = Mona Tougaard at Paco Rabanne Fall-Winter 2020-2021, half length.jpg
| image_size       = 
| caption          = Tougaard in 2020
| birth_date       = {{Birth date and age|2002|4|3|df=yes}}
| birth_name       = Mona Tougaard 
| birth_place      = [[Aarhus]], Denmark
| years_active     = 2019 Hada 
| occupation       = Model
| nationality      = [[Danes|Danish]]
| death_date       = 
| spouse           = 
| partner          =
| height           = {{height|ft=5|in=10+1/2}}&lt;ref&gt;https://elitemodelmanagement.com/paris/mainboard/2625-mona-tougaard.web&lt;/ref&gt;
| hair_color       = Brown&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thesocietymanagement.com/society-women/2625-mona-tougaard.web&lt;/ref&gt;
| eye_color        = Brown&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thesocietymanagement.com/society-women/2625-mona-tougaard.web&lt;/ref&gt;
| agency       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Maamulka Bulshada]] (New York)
* [[Maamulka Xiga]] (London)
* [[Maamulka Model Heerka Sare]] (worldwide) (mother agency)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://models.com/models/mona-tougaard |title=Mona Tougaard - Model |website=models.com |access-date=12 November 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; }}
}}
'''Mona Tougaard''' (waxay dhalatay 3 Abriil 2002) waa moodeyska deenishka Waxay samaysay ciyaarteedii ugu horaysay ee runway sanadka 2019 bandhiga moodada ee Prada 
Waxaa loo magacaabay Abaalmarinta Fashion Awards ee Model of the Year 2024 Bishii Maajo 2025, Models.com waxay Tougaard ku dartay liiska Supers-ka Cusub.
==Nolosha hore==
Tougaard waxa uu ku dhashay Aarhus , Danmark, waxa uu u dhashay nus Turkish ah, badh aabbe Danish ah iyo hooyo Soomaali-Itoobiya ah Waxay leedahay laba walaalo ah oo ka waaweyn guurkii hore ee hooyadeed. Hooyadeed waxa ay dhimatay markii ay jirtay 9 Waxa la eegay iyada oo 12 jir ah, waxana ay ku guulaysatay Elite Model Look Danmark markii ay 15 jir ahaydnWaxay ahayd finalka tartanka caalamiga ah. 
==Xirfad==
Tougaard ayaa markii ay 12 jir ahayd laga helay magaalada Aarhus ee dalka Denmark 3 sano ka dibna waxay ku guulaysatay qaabka Elite Model Look ee Denmark
Tougaard ayaa ka soo muuqday sida Prada gaar ah 2019. Inta u dhaxaysa laba xilli waxay u furtay Loewe iyo Fendi , sidoo kale waxay u socotaa Chanel , Louis Vuitton , Stella McCartney , Valentino , Miu Miu , Versace , Burberry , Dior , Victoria Beckham , Max Mara , Lanvin , Alberta Ferra Givenchy , Dries Van Noten , Paco Rabanne , Chloé , iyo Saint Laurent oo ka mid ah bandhigyada 40 Ka dib waxay ka soo muuqatay ololaha Prada iyo Miu Miu F/W 19.
Waxay ka soo muuqatay xayaysiisyada Prada, Louis Vuitton, Loewe, Chanel, Max Mara, Chloé iyo Ports 1961 Waxay ka soo muuqatay daboolka iD 's Post Truth Truth oo ay ku darsatay model American Adesuwa Aighewi .
Xilligii F/W 2019, model.com waxay u aragtay inay tahay &quot;soogalootiga ugu sarreeya iyadoo Vogue ogaanaysa, waxay &quot;xaaqday Toddobaadka Dharka ee Paris, iyadoo soo degtay ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan bandhigyada muhiimka ah ee magaalada Waxay sidoo kale kaalinta &quot;Breakout Star&quot; ka gashay moodooyinka.com ee &quot;Model of the Year&quot; Awards  Hadda, iyadu waa mid ka mid ah moodooyinka &quot;Top 50&quot; ee model.com.
Waxay ka soo muuqatay daboolka British Vogue cadadkiisii ​​Abriil 2021 iyo Talyaanigii Vogue Agoosto 2021 Labaduba iyada iyo moodelka Somali-Maraykanka Ugbad Cabdi waxay ka soo muuqdeen jaldiga Vogue France ee Agoosto 2022 
2023 Tougaard wuxuu ka soo muuqday jaldiga Ingiriiska iyo Faransiiska Vogue.Xiligii F/W 2023 Tougaard waxa uu socday 39 bandhig iyo olole xayaysiis ah iyo xilli ciyaareedkii S/S 24 Tougaard waxa uu socday 22 bandhig. 
==Filmography==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+muuqaal muusik 
!Sanadka 
!Ciwaanka 
!Fanaanka
!Doorka
!Xusuusin 
|-
|2024
|[[Perfect Stranger (FKA Twigs song)|''Perfect Stranger'']]
|[[FKA Twigs]]
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Gorgeous (Doja Cat song)|Gorgeous]]''
|[[Doja Cat]]
|Herself
|
|}
==Tixraac==
&lt;references /&gt;
[https://models.com/models/mona-tougaard &quot;Mona Tougaard - Model&quot;]

[https://models.com/models/mona-tougaard &quot;Mona Tougaard - Muuqaalka Model - Sawirro &amp; wararkii ugu dambeeyay&quot;]

[https://www.tributetomagazine.com/danish-fashion-model-mona-tougaard-model-of-the-month/ &quot;Mona Tougaard - sheekada moodada dharka deenishka ee xiisaha leh]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[https://fashionawards.com/2024-nominees &quot;Abaalmarinta Fashion-ka - 2024 Musharaxiinta&quot;]

[https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/44209/1/mona-tougaard-model-biography-dazed-100-2019-profile &quot;Kadib dilaaga xilli ciyaareedkii ugu horeeyay, moodalka dhalinyarada ayaa hadda bilaabay&quot;]

[https://www.wsj.com/articles/model-mona-tougaard-fashion-photos-11607622642 &quot;Model Mona Tougaard oo ku saabsan caqabadaha ah in jinsiyado badan lagu noqdo wadada Runway&quot;]

[https://www.harpersbazaar.com.sg/fashion/five-up-and-coming-models-youll-want-to-keep-your-eyes-on/ &quot;Shan Cusub Iyo Moodooyinka Soo Socda Oo Aad Doonayso Inaad Indhahaaga Ku Hayso&quot;]

[https://www.vogue.fr/fashion/article/mona-tougaard-ugbad-abdi-vogue-france-august-2022-cover &quot;Mona Tougaard iyo Ugbad Abdi: Kacaanka moodeelka ee jaldiga August 2022 ee Vogue France&quot;]

[https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/british-vogue-april-2021-joy &quot;U ogolow British Vogue's Exuberant Abriil Sheekada Daboolka si ay kaaga caawiso inaad hesho farxaddaada&quot;]

[https://www.vogue.fr/article/mona-tougaard-cover-star-may-2023-edition-vogue-france &quot;Mona Tougaard waa xidigta daboolka ka ah daabacaadda Vogue France ee May 2023&quot;]

[https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/gallery/mona-tougaard-street-style &quot;18 Siyadood Oo Looga Sarreeyo Habka Model-ka-baxsan, Marka loo eego Mona Tougaard&quot;]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Andrea Verešová</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2937" sha1="dff5hfdrbo1qljlqcu0v0xhcwb97c5t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox model
| name          = Andrea Verešová
| image         = Andrea Veresova 2014.jpg
| caption       = 
| birth_date    = {{birth date and age|df=y|1980|06|28}}
| birth_place   = [[Žilina]], Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia)
| residence     = 
| nationality   = 
| occupation    = Model
| children = 2
| years_active  = 
| known_for     = 
| height        = {{height|m=1.74}}
| hair_color    = Bunni khafiif ah
| eye_color     = Cagaar
| agency        = Czechoslovak Models
| website       = [http://www.andreaveresova.cz/ andreaveresova.cz]
| spouse= {{ubl|{{marriage|Daniel Volopich|2007}}|}}
}}
'''Andrea Verešová''' (wuxuu dhashay 28 Juun 1980) waa moodel Slovak ah iyo cinwaan-haye qurux badan kaasoo ku guuleystay Miss Slovakia 1999
==Taariikh nololeedka==
Andrea Verešová waxa uu ku dhashay Žilina 28 June 1980 . Waxay wax ku baratay lycée Belgian maxalliga ah . Wax yar ka hor qalin-jabinta, waxaa loo caleemo saaray Miss Slovakia. Ka dib markay qalin jabisay, waxay iska diiwaan galisay inay barato sharciga Jaamacadda Charles Waxay ku qalin jabisay shahaadada sharciga 2007 ka dib markii ay u gudubtay Jaamacadda West Bohemia 
Sannadkii 2008-dii, waxay ku tartamaysay bandhigga Slovakia ee Let's Dance TV show, iyadoo ku dhamaysatay kaalinta saddexaad.
Bishii Maajo 2010 Verešová wuxuu ka soo muuqday cadadka daboolka ee daabacaadda luqadda Czech ee Playboy
.
==Nolosha gaarka ah==
Laga soo bilaabo 1999 ilaa 2003, Verešová wuxuu xiriir la lahaa ciyaaryahankii xeegada barafka ee Jaroslav Jágr  Sannadkii 2007, waxay guursatay qareen Daniel Volopich. Lamaanuhu waxay leeyihiin laba carruur ah.
==Tixraac==
[http://revue.idnes.cz/jagr-obdivuje-jeji-utle-nohy-ona-zase-jeho-pevne-pozadi-p1x-/lidicky.aspx?c=A000801133542lidicky_jup &quot;Jágr obdivuje její útlé nohy, ona zase jeho pevné pozadí&quot;]

[https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/revue/spolecnost/veresova-na-slovensku-dotancila-zrejme-kvuli-sympatiim.A080623_130735_lidicky_luf &quot;Verešová iyo Slovensku dotančila, zřejmě kvůli sympatiim&quot;]

[http://revue.idnes.cz/dvojnasobna-matka-andrea-veresova-se-svlekla-pro-playboy-pzz-/lidicky.aspx?c=A100325_153940_lidicky_nh &quot;Dvojnásobná matka Andrea Verešová se svlékla pro Playboy&quot;]

[https://www1.pluska.sk/soubiznis/domaci-soubiznis/foto-andrea-veresova-spomina-vztah-jagrom-toto-je-dovod-preco-sme-nikdy-nevzali &quot;FOTO Andrea Verešová spomína na VZŤAH s JÁGROM: ​​TOTO je dôvod, prečo sme sa nikdy NEVZALI&quot;]

[https://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/74978/andrea-veresova-uz-porodila/ &quot;Andrea Verešová wuxuu uj porodila!&quot;]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Reflist}}
==Xiriirinta dibadda==
[https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/andrea_veresova/ Andrea Verešová] oo ka tirsan Tusaha Moodelka Dharka

[https://instagram.com/andreaveresovaofficial/ Instagram]

[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Andrea-Vere%C5%A1ov%C3%A1/306030739448048 Facebook-ga]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lenka Mrzílková</title>
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      <text bytes="3340" sha1="9dfyc4qwgv58kt8d60ct87ioviqku01" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox sailor
| name = Lenka Mrzílková
| image = 
| caption = 
| full_name = &lt;!-- if different --&gt;
| nickname = 
| nationality = Czech
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|1|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Brandýs nad Labem-Stará Boleslav]], Czechoslovakia
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| height = 170 cm
| weight = 58 kg
| classes = [[Dinghy]]
| club = YC Neratovice
| coach = Antonín Mrzílek
| medaltemplates= 
| show-medals = haa
}}
'''Lenka Mrzílková''' (wuxuu dhashay 17 Janaayo 1988) waa badmaax hore oo Czech ah, kaasoo ku takhasusay fasalka laba-qof ee dinghy ( 470 ). Si wada jir ah iyada iyo lammaaneheeda iyo Athens 2004 bilad qalin ah oo ku jirta fasalka Yurub Lenka Šmídová , waxaa loo magacaabay mid ka mid ah badmaaxiinta ugu sareysa dalka ee doomaha laba-gacanta leh ee Olombikada Xagaaga 2008 , ku dhameysatay kaalinta toddobaad Xubin ka tirsan naadiga doonyaha ee Neratovice , Mrzílková waxa ay tababartay inta badan xirfadeeda tartanka iyada oo ay hoos imanayso macalinkeeda gaarka ah iyo aabaheed Antonín Mrzílek.

Mrzílková waxa uu u tartamay kooxda badmareenada Czech, isaga oo xubin ka ah kooxda 470 ee haweenka , ciyaarihii Olombikada xagaaga ee 2008 ee Beijing Iyadoo la raacayo doorashadooda Olombikada, iyada iyo kabtanka Šmídová waxay dhammeeyeen labaatan iyo labaad si ay u xidhaan shanta qol ee ugu dambeeya ee laga heli karo Adduunka-xidhiidhka ah ku dhawaad ​​siddeed bilood ka hor Melbourne , Australia Labada ciyaaryahan ee Czech ayaa si cajiib ah hogaanka ugu qabtay lugtii ugu danbeysay ee taxanaha si ay u xaqiijiyaan booskooda tartanka bilada laba dhibcood, ka hor inta aysan ka dhicin tartanka kaalinta todobaad iyagoo leh 83 dhibcood.
==Tixraac==
[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418082143/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mr/lenka-mrzilkova-1.html &quot;Lenka Mrzílková&quot;] 

[https://www.radio.cz/en/section/news/athens-silver-medallist-in-yachting-smidova-reaches-beijing-olympics &quot;Bilada qalinka ah ee Athens ee ku guuleysatey doon Šmídová ayaa gaarey Olombikada Beijing&quot;]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[https://www.sailing.org/news/4286.php#.Xo3Q_dMza8q &quot;Australia Oo Hoggaanka Hoggaamineed Ka Qaadatay Tartanka Billadaha 470 Ee Haweenka&quot;]

[https://sport.aktualne.cz/smidova-stribro-neobhajila-jachtarky-dojely-sedme/r~i:article:613998/ &quot;Šmídová stříbro neobhájila, jachtařky dojely sedmé] 

[https://web.archive.org/web/20140105145909/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/sailing/resultsandschedules/rsc%3DSAW005000/standings.html &quot;Beijing 2008: Haweenka 470 Fasalka&quot;]

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
[https://www.sailing.org/sailor/lenka-mrzilkova?ref=CZELM3 Lenka Mrzílková] oo ku sugan badmaaxinta Adduunka [https://web.archive.org/web/20241130/https://www.sailing.org/sailor/lenka-mrzilkova?ref=CZELM3 kaydka]

[https://olympics.com/en/athletes/lenka-mrzilkova Lenka Mrzílková] ee Olympics.com

[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/117734 Lenka Mrzílková] ee Olympijskytym.cz 

[https://web.archive.org/web/1/https://www.olympic.cz/sportovec/2105--lenka-mrzilkova Lenka Mrzílková] Olympic.cz (Czech) (la kaydiyay)

[https://web.archive.org/web/20120720152115/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=62316/bio/index.html Lenka Mrzílková oo jooga NBC 2008 shabakada Olombikada]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tooba Syed</title>
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      <text bytes="6127" sha1="3kyc6qaynhgnqd6r8d4a3g9glym0ssw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Tooba Syed
| image              = 
| birth_name         = Tooba Syed
| native_name        = طوبیٰ سید
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|1991|5|29}}
| birth_place        = [[Islamabad]], [[Bakistaan]]
| occupation         = [[Dumarku u dooda xuquuqda]], Cilmi baare
| known_for          = Xoghayaha [[Jabhadda Dimuqraadiga Haweenka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;infor secrat&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=WDF pays tribute to women who stood up against dictatorship |url=https://nation.com.pk/16-Feb-2020/wdf-pays-tribute-to-women-who-stood-up-against-dictatorship |work=The Nation |date=16 February 2020 |language=en |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125203321/https://nation.com.pk/16-Feb-2020/wdf-pays-tribute-to-women-who-stood-up-against-dictatorship |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''Tooba Syed''' ( Urdu : طوبیٰ سید, dhashay May 29, 1991) waa abaabule dhedig Pakistani ah , qoraa, iyo cilmi-baadhaha jinsiga. Iyadu waa xoghayaha warfaafinta iyo daabacaadda ururka dumarka ee Jabhadda Dimuqraadiga Haweenka 
==Dhaqdhaqaaqa==
Syed waxay ku xidhan tahay siyaasadda garabka bidix ilaa 2012 markii ay ka qaybqaadatay qabanqaabada wareegyada waxbarasho ee jaamacadda Islamabad Waxay ka shaqeysay dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda guriyeynta ee ka soo horjeeda raritaan ee Islamabad's Katchi abadis ( degsiimooyinka aan rasmiga ahayn ) oo ay la socdaan Isbahaysiga Pakistan oo dhan ee Katchi Abadis, iyagoo ka mudaaharaadaya markii Maamulka Horumarinta Caasimaddu uu go'aansaday inuu burburiyo laba iyo toban degsiimo oo noocaas ah oo ku yaal caasimadda
Syed waxa kale oo uu abaabulay dhaqdhaqaaqa beeralayda ee aan dhulka lahayn iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa iska caabinta haweenka ee Okara Syed wuxuu diyaariyey dugsiyo siyaasadeed si uu u qoto dheereeyo fahamka hababka abaabulka iska caabinta siyaasadeed ee horumarka leh ee Pakistan oo ay weheliso qaabdhismeedka bulsho, dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed ee sinnaan la'aanta iyo cadaadiska Syed wuxuu kaloo la soo shaqeeyay Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Awami.
===Dumarnimo===
Dumar ahaan, Syed waxa uu xiisaynayaa aragtida dumarka, ku dhaqankeeda, arrimaha haweenka, jinsiga iyo siyaasadda Koonfurta Aasiya Syed, wuxuu taageeray dhaqdhaqaaqa Me Too ee Pakistan isagoo ka hadlayay dhacdadii Khaisore Waxay taageertay Sheema Kermani 's Dhamal ee Sehwan , ka dib weerarkii (Feb, 2017) ee macbadka Lal Shahbaz Qalandar Syed waxa uu soo qabanqaabiyay munaasabad Maalinta Haweenka Adduunka 2017 waxa uuna ku casuumay haweeneyda Koonfur Aasiya Kamla Bhasin .
===Jabhadda Dimuqraadiga Haweenka===
Syed waa xoghayaha xisbiga hantiwadaaga - haweenka wadajirka ah iyo ururka Women Democratic Front (WDF) Kooxda waxaa la aasaasay iyada oo ay weheliyaan shaqaale kale oo garabka bidix ah oo ka kala yimid dalka oo dhan iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in laga qaybgeliyo haweenka fasalka shaqeeya halganka siyaasadeed iyo in la hubiyo in ay matalaan heer federaal ilaa heer unug aasaasi ah Sannadkii 2018, oo hoos tagta calanka WDF, Syed waxa uu cambaareeyay amarka dawladda Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) ee mamnuucaya tabinta warbaahinta ee dhammaan dhacdooyinka dugsiyada haweenka ee gobolka KP. Isagoo xubin ka ah WDF Syed wuxuu ka qaybqaatay xoraynta haweenka Maarso 2018 ,2019 iyo 2020.
==Tixraac==
[https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/10/30/wdf-demands-to-repeal-ban-on-media-coverage-of-kps-girls-schools/ &quot;WDF waxay dalbanaysaa in la baabi'iyo mamnuucida baahinta warbaahinta ee dugsiyada gabdhaha ee KP | Pakistan Today&quot;]

[https://web.archive.org/web/20180915075812/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/a-questionable-existence-of-katchi-abadi-in-islamabad/#.XaqLznRrzIU &quot;A jiritaan su'aal leh: 52 katchi abadis of Islamabad&quot;]

[http://sister-hood.com/tooba-syed/courageous-resistance-okaras-women/ &quot;iska caabinta geesinimada leh ee haweenka Okara&quot;]

[https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailImage.php?StoryImage=03_09_2018_152_004 &quot;dugsiga siyaasadeed ee AWP ee usbuuca dhamaadkiisa&quot;]

[https://cutacut.com/2018/03/07/heres-why-you-should-be-following-these-pakistani-women/ &quot;#WomanCrush Wednesday: Dhammaan haweenka aad ugu baahan tahay noloshaada&quot;]

[https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/418645-call-to-reform-political-system &quot;Ku baaqaya in dib u habayn lagu sameeyo nidaamka siyaasadda&quot;]

[https://newrepublic.com/article/153355/making-metoo-work-pakistan &quot;Ka Samaynta #MeToo Ka Shaqaynta Pakistan&quot;]

[https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/10/30/wdf-demands-to-repeal-ban-on-media-coverage-of-kps-girls-schools/ &quot;WDF waxay dalbanaysaa in la baabi'iyo mamnuucida baahinta warbaahinta ee dugsiyada gabdhaha ee KP | Pakistan Today&quot;]

[https://morning.pk/story/10953 &quot;Aurat Azadi March: WDF waxay bilawday balan qaad ay kula dagaalamayso aabbanimada, cadaalad darada bulshada iyo rabshadaha] {{Wayback|url=https://morning.pk/story/10953 |date=20191019154945 }}

[https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/03/08/aurat-azadi-march-takes-back-the-streets-on-womens-day/ &quot;Aurat Azadi March wuxuu dib ugu soo celiyay waddooyinka maalinta haweenka | Pakistan Maanta&quot;]

[https://theprint.in/go-to-pakistan/pakistan-prepares-for-aurat-azadi-march-but-lal-masjid-clerics-call-it-obscene/376073/ &quot;Pakistan waxay isu diyaarinaysaa Aurat Azadi March laakiin culimada Lal Masjid waxay ku tilmaameen mid foolxun&quot;]

[https://www.brecorder.com/2020/03/04/576922/lal-masjid-clerics-vandalise-mural-of-two-women-painted-by-aurat-march-organizers/ &quot;Kooxaha xagjirka ah ayaa burburiyay sawir gacmeedka laba haween ah oo ay rinjiyeen qabanqaabiyeyaasha Aurat March&quot;]

[https://www.dawn.com/news/1539954 &quot; Qabanqaabiyeyaasha Aurat March waxay dalbanayaan in maxkamad la soo taago dhacdada dhagxaanta ee Islamabad&quot;]

[https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/628593-marching-amidst-violence &quot;Dareenka gaabiska ah ee mas'uuliyiinta ee ku aaddan weerarkii Aurat March ee Islamabad by JUI-F | Wadahadal | thenews.com.pk&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/628593-marching-amidst-violence |date=20201126095743 }}

[https://images.dawn.com/news/1184784 &quot;Muraalkii quruxda badnaa ee Aurat March waxaa lagu burburiyey Islamabad. Runtii nimanku ma sidaas bay u baqayaan?&quot;]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Issoufou Assoumane</title>
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      <text bytes="5403" sha1="peaiy7uqcln241ki7ht7tj6nrt1ilyw" xml:space="preserve">'''Issoufou Assoumane''' waa siyaasi reer Niger ah oo madax ka ahaa Midowga Dimuqraadiyiinta Niger iyo Socialists ( Union des démocrates et socialistes nigériens , UDSN-Talaka) tan iyo 2001. Wuxuu ka soo shaqeeyay dawladda Niger oo ah Wasiirka Macdanta iyo Tamarta 1995 ilaa 1996 iyo Wasiirka Environ 2000.
==Xirfad siyaasadeed==
Assoumane waxa uu ahaa Xoghayaha Guud ee Ururka Dimuqraadiga ee Ciidamada Horumarka (UDFP-Sawaba) intii lagu jiray 1990-meeyadii. Iyaga oo la socda Mamadou Tandja , Madaxweynaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka ee Horumarinta Bulshada (MNSD-Nassara), iyo André Salifou , Madaxweynaha Midowga Dimuqraadiga iyo Horumarka Patriots (UPDP-Chamoua), Assoumane ayaa la xiray 17 April 1994 ka dib mudaaharaad ka dhan ah dawladda. Doorashadii baarlamaanka ee Janaayo 1995 , isbahaysiga mucaaradka ayaa ku guuleystay aqlabiyadda kuraas, Assoumane wuxuu xukuumadda ka ahaa wasiirka macdanta iyo tamarta laga bilaabo 25 Febraayo 1995
Kadib afgambigii 1996-kii, Assoumane waxa uu ahaa hogaamiye mucaarad ah oo uu hogaaminayey Madaxweyne Ibrahim Bare Mainassara . Markii Mainassara uu shaqada ka ceyriyay dawladda bishii Noofambar 1997, isagoo rajo ka muujiyay iskaashi siyaasadeed oo weyn, Assoumane wuu diiday tilmaanta. Waxa uu sheegay in wax aan ka yareyn in Golaha Shacabka la kala diro oo doorasho cusub la qabto ay ku filnaan doonaan, waxa uuna sheegay in mucaaradku aysan ka qeyb qaadan doonin dowladda soo socota. Sida laga soo xigtay Assoumane, go'aanka Mainassara wuxuu ujeedkiisu ahaa &quot;inuu dhogorta ka saaro indhaha beesha caalamka&quot; wuxuuna ujeedkiisu ahaa &quot;in uu mucaaradka u muujiyo inay diidan yihiin inay ka qaybgalaan dawladiisa&quot;. Waxa uu xusay in xitaa haddii Mucaaridku ay Xukuumadda ka qeyb galaan in Wasiiradeeda shaqada laga eryi karo iyadoo marmarsiiyo laga rabo
Assoumane ayaa la xiray horraantii Janaayo 1998, isaga iyo Hama Amadou iyo Mohamed Bazoum , oo lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug lahaayeen shirqool lagu dilay Mainassara. Waligiis wax dacwad ah laguma soo oogin waxaana la sii daayay toddobaad ka dib markii la xiray
Ka dib, ka dib dilkii Bare ee 1999, Assoumane wuxuu taageeray musharaxnimada Mamadou Tandja wareegii labaad ee doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1999 . Tandja ayaa ku guuleystay doorashada, Assoumanena waxaa loo magacaabay dowladda inuu noqdo Wasiirka Deegaanka iyo La-dagaalanka Saxaraha 5tii Janaayo 2000nWaxa uu xilkaas hayay ilaa 17 Sebtembar 2001, markii uu ka tagay dowladda Wuxuu aasaasay UDSN-Talaka, xisbi siyaasadeed, Oktoobar 2001
In kasta oo xisbiga UDSN-Talaka uu ka mid ahaa isbahaysiga aqlabiyadda madaxweynaha ee taageeraya madaxweyne Tandja, Assoumane waxa uu muujiyay sida uu uga soo horjeedo dadaalka Tandja ee ku aaddan aftida dastuurka cusub ee u oggolaanaya inuu mar kale isu soo taago doorashada 2009 . ee dadka uu Tandja ka tagay xafiiska 22-kii Disembar, taariikhda markii hore loo qorsheeyay inuu dhammaado. 
===Ilaa 2010kii===
Assoumane waxa uu taageeray musharaxnimada Mahamadou Issoufou ee doorashada madaxtinimo ee Janaayo–Maarso 2011 ; wuxuu ka garab ololeeyay Issoufou wareegii koowaad iyo sidoo kale kan labaad Ka dib markii Issoufou uu ku guuleystey doorashadii oo uu qabtay xafiiska madaxweynaha, wuxuu u magacaabay Assoumane lataliyaha gaarka ah ee madaxweynaha, oo leh darajada wasiir, 20 April 2011.
==Tixraac==
[https://books.google.com/books?id=dJUPAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=issoufou+assoumane Bulletin Cilmi-baarista Afrika: Taxanaha Siyaasadda, Bulshada, iyo Dhaqanka , cadadka 32-33]

[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,USDOS,,NER,456d621e2,3ae6aa5514,0.html &quot;Warbixinta Dalka ee ku saabsan Dhaqanka Xuquuqul Insaanka 1998 - Niger&quot;]

[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/34553.stm &quot;Radio ayaa ka warramaya faallooyinka mucaaradka ee ku aaddan xil ka qaadista xukuumadda Niger&quot;]

[http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/niger/gvts/nigergvt05012000.htm &quot;Dawladda Niger ayaa la dhisay Janaayo 5, 2000&quot;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/niger/gvts/nigergvt05012000.htm |date=20041028015111 }}

[https://books.google.com/books?id=7dgsAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Issoufou+Assoumane Warbixinta Cilmi-baarista Afrika: Taxanaha Siyaasadda, Bulshada, iyo Dhaqanka , mugga 38]

[http://lesahel.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;catid=34:actualites&amp;id=6516:elections-legislatives-et-presidentielles-1er-tour--le-candidat-du-pnds-tarayya-m-mahamadou-issoufou-accueilli-par-une-maree-humaine-a-tahoua &quot;Doorashooyinka sharci-dejinta iyo madaxweynaha wareega 1aad: musharaxa PNDS-Trayya, Mr. Mahamadou Issoufou soo dhoweeyey by tide bini'aadamka ee Tahoua&quot;]

[http://www.lesahel.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6794:meeting-du-candidat-du-pnds-tarayya-a-maradi--forte-mobilisation-des-militants-des-partis-de-la-coalition-qui-soutiennent-la-candidature-de-mahamadou-issoufou&amp;catid=34:actualites&amp;Itemid=53 &quot;Kulanka musharaxa PNDS-Tarayya ee Maradi: abaabul xoog leh oo ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha xisbiyada isbahaysiga kuwaas oo taageeraya musharaxnimada Mahamadou Issoufou&quot;]

[https://web.archive.org/web/20111007111250/http://www.lesahel.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=7123%3Ale-chef-de-letat-signe-plusieurs-decrets-de-nomination&amp;catid=34%3Aactualites&amp;Itemid=53 &quot;Madaxa Dawladdu waxa uu saxeexay dhawr go'aanno ballan ah&quot;]

[https://books.google.com/books?id=BbviAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Assoumane+ Diiwaanka Casriga ah ee Afrika: Sahan Sannadeedka iyo Dukumentiyada , mugga 27]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Matthew Nwogu</title>
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      <text bytes="2749" sha1="l5q3p41p0yj5b80rrfjhb7vxynqh75m" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder 
| office              = Xildhibaan ka tirsan Aqalka Wakiillada Nigeria oo ka soo jeeda Imo
| assembly            = Shirka 10aad
| country             = Nigeria
| title               = Right Honorable
| birth_date          = 24 December 1960
| occupation          = Siyaasi, qareen
| termstart1          = June 2023
| constituency        = Aboh Mbaise/Ngor Okpala Federal Constituency
| state1              = Imo state
}}
'''Matthew Nwogu''' waa siyaasi reer Nayjeeriya ah kaas oo hadda u adeegaya xubin ka wakiil ah Aboh Mbaise/Ngor okpala Federal Constituency ee Golaha Wakiilada ee Gobolka Imo .
==Nolosha hore==
Matthew Nwogu waxa uu dhashay 24 December 1960.
==Xirfad siyaasadeed==
2023, waxaa loo doortay xisbiga shaqaalaha si uu u matalo Aboh Mbaise/Ngor Okpala Constituency Federal Constituency ee Golaha Wakiilada, halka uu ka adkaaday musharaxiintii ay aadka isugu dhawaayeen, Mr. Akwitti Ifeanyi Godwin oo ka tirsan All Progressives Congress (APC) iyo Mr. Agulanna Albert Chibuzor oo ka tirsan Xisbiga Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).
==Loolan sharci iyo guul==
Maxkamadda Codsiyada Codsiyada Doorashada Baarlamaanka Qaranka iyo Gobolka Imo, musharraxa APC , Mr. Akwitti Chibuzor kuma uusan qancin guusha xildhibaanka xisbiga shaqaalaha, wuxuuna kiiska u gudbiyay maxkamadda racfaanka iyo racfaanka. Bishii Nofeembar, 2023 Mudane. Garsoore Gumel ayaa meesha ka saaray dacwadda, wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay in Mathew Nwogu uu ku guuleystay.
==Tixraac==
[https://savinewsafrica.ng/2025/02/04/national-assembly-x-raying-the-performance-of-rt-hon-matthew-nwogu-by-echereozo-austin/ &quot;Golaha Qaranka: X-raying The Performance of Rt. Hon. Matthew Nwogu, by Echereozo Austin - Savinews Africa&quot;]

[https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/mathew-nwogu &quot;Citizen Science Nigeria&quot;]

[https://currentaffairs.ng/representative/nwogu-matthew/ &quot;Nwogu Matthew&quot;]

[https://web.archive.org/web/20241213054454/https://independent.ng/imo-reps-seat-acourt-upholds-lps-nwogu/ &quot;Kursiga Imo Reps: A'Maxkamad Waxay Taageertay LP's Nwogu - Wargayska Madaxbanaan ee Nigeria&quot;]

[https://orderpaper.ng/voter/10th-national-assembly-member?id=Nwogu-Matthew-2159 &quot;Xubnaha Golaha Shacbiga 10-aad - Cod-bixiye - Ansixinta Xafiiska Cod-bixiyayaasha ee matalaadda&quot;]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[https://newstap.com.ng/mathew-nwogu-wins-ngor-okpala-aboh-mbaise-federal-constituency/ &quot;Mathew Nwogu wuxuu ku guuleystey deegaanka Ngor/Okpala-Aboh Mbaise]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[https://independent.ng/imo-reps-seat-acourt-upholds-lps-nwogu/ &quot;Kursiga Imo Reps: A'Maxkamad Waxay Taageertay LP's Nwogu - Wargayska Madaxbanaan ee Nigeria&quot;]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Toyin Abraham</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3605" sha1="a3l1x7xnndyq3dfatkg24yyy7hzdt8r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Toyin Abraham
| image              = Toyin Abraham at AMVCA 2020.jpg
| alt                = 
| caption            = Abraham oo ka qaybgalay [[2020 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|AMVCAs 2020]]
| birth_name         = Oluwatoyin Aimakhu
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|9|5}}
| birth_place        = [[Auchi]], [[Bendel State]], Nigeria (now in [[Edo State]], Nigeria)
| othername          = 
| citizenship        = Nigerian
| alma_mater         = Osun State Polytechnic, Ibadan Polytechnic
| occupation         = {{flatlist|
*Actress
*filmmaker 
*director
}}
| spouse             = {{unbulleted list
| {{marriage|Adeniyi Johnson|2013|2015|end=divorced}}
| {{marriage|Kola Ajeyemi|2019}}
}}
| parents            = 
| yearsactive        = 2003–hadda
| known for          = ''Ebi Mi ni, Okafor's Law, Love is in the Hair, Mentally, Alakada, Alakada Reloaded, Elevator Baby, The Prophetess, Ijakumo''
| awards             = AMVCA Best Actress in a Drama
| website            = 
}}
'''Toyin Abraham Ajeyemi''' {{Pronunciation|Yo-Toyin Abraham Aajeyemi.ogg|Dhageyso|(|help=no}} (wuxuu dhashayOlutoyin Aimakhu; 5 Sebtembar 1980) waaNigeria ahiyofilim sameeye.

==Xirfad==
Abraham waxa uu jilida bilaabay 2003 markii atariishada reer Nigeria ee Bukky Wright ay timid Ibadan si ay u duubto filim Abraham wuxuu sameeyay, agaasimay, oo jilay dhowr filim oo Nigeria ah oo ay ku jiraan Alani Baba Labake, Ijakumo: The Born Again Stripper iyo Ebimi ni Intii lagu guda jiray 2013 Best of Nollywood Awards , Abraham waxa loo doortay jilaaga taageerada ugu fican ee filim Yoruba ah oo cinwaankiisu ahaa Ebimi ni , oo uu weheliyo Joke Muyiwa , oo loo doortay atariishada ugu wanagsan filimka Yoruba ee lagu magacaabo Ayitale Abraham sidoo kale wuxuu jilay filimka, Black Val Martini Animashaun, maamulaha guud ee Tinimash Entertainment, ayaa abuurtay oo maamulay bandhigeeda dhabta ah ee cinwaankeedu yahay, La socoshada Toyin Aimakhu
Sannadkii 2020, Abraham waxa laga dhigay danjiraha Revolution Plus Properties, oo ah dharka guryaha ee fadhigiisu yahay Lagos
Abraham waxa kale oo uu leeyahay Toyin Abraham Productions.
==Tixraac==
[https://www.channelstv.com/2016/12/29/nollywood-star-aimakhu-now-to-be-called-toyin-abraham/ &quot;Xiddiga Nollywood, Aimakhu Hadda Waxaa Loogu Yeedhay Toyin Abraham&quot;]

 [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/nollywood-actress-toyin-abraham-celebrates-her-43rd-birthday/d9e67xd &quot;Atariishada Nollywood Toyin Abraham waxay u dabaaldageysaa dhalashadeeda 43aad&quot;]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/11/07/toyin-aimakhu-we-havent-done-our-traditional-and-white-wedding-because-there-is-no-money/ &quot;Toyin Aimakhu: Ma aanan sameynin arooskeena dhaqan iyo midka cad sababtoo ah lacag ma jirto&quot;]

[https://web.archive.org/web/20130930233140/http://thenet.ng/2013/09/dayo-amusa-tops-bon-awards-nominees-list-with-11-nods &quot;Dayo Amusa ayaa kaalinta koowaad kaga jirta liiska musharraxiinta abaalmarinta BON - Madadaalada Nigeria Maanta&quot;]

[https://punchng.com/toyin-refused-to-sign-our-divorce-papers-estranged-husband-adeniyi-johnson-laments/ &quot;Toyin waxa ay diiday in uu saxeexo warqadahayagii furiinka, sayga aan kala guurnay, Adeniyi Johnson ayaa ku calaacalay&quot;]

[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/429108-2020-bon-here-are-5-nominees-for-best-kiss-category.html &quot;2020 BON: Halkan waxaa ah 5 musharrax ee qaybta &quot;Dhunkashada ugu Wanaagsan&quot;]
==Xiriirinta dibadda==
[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2791239/ Toyin Abraham] ee IMDb</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ladipoe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2293" sha1="h7snams6dr0kvd1y48h9gu4o5ieb7ng" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| name             = Ladipoe
| image            = Nigerian Musician Ladipoe 01.jpg
| alt              = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Ladipo Eso
| alias            = {{hlist|Poe|Leader of the Revival}}
| origin           = [[Ilesa]], [[Osun State]], Nigeria
| genre            = {{hlist|[[African popular music|Afro pop]]|[[Afrobeats]]}}
| occupation       = {{hlist|Fanaan|qoraa heesaha|rapper|biyaano}}
| instrument       = Codad, Biyaano
| years_active     = 2014{{ndash}}hadda
| label            = [[Diiwaanada Mavin]]
| website          = {{URL|ladipoe.com}}
}}
'''Ladipo Eso''', oo loo yaqaan Ladipoe , oo hore u ahaan jirtay Poe , waa heesaa iyo heesaa reer Nigeria ah. 28kii Febraayo 2017, Ladipoe waxa uu heshiis rikoor ah la saxeexday Mavin Records Waxa uu ku soo caan baxay heesta &quot;Dareema Alright&quot; halkaas oo uu ku soo bandhigay Show Dem Camp Waxa kale oo uu sii daayay hal &quot;Jaiye&quot; bishii Maarso 2019 ka hor inta uusan tuurin heesta caanka ah, &quot;Know You&quot; oo ay ku jirto heesta Nigerian, Simi . Isagu sidoo kale waa xubin ka mid ah kooxda Nigeria Supergroup Collectiv3 oo uu ku naaneeso, &quot;Hogaamiyaha Soo nooleynta Cusub&quot;.
==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada==
Ladipoe waxa uu ku dhashay kuna barbaaray Lagos April 25, 1985. Waxa uu ka baxay Jaamacadda North Carolina ee ku taal Pembroke isaga oo ku takhasusay Biology &amp; Chemistry labadaba Waxay ahayd halkaas uu ku galay muusig wuxuuna la aasaasay kooxda Lyrically Equipped asxaabtiisa Jeffrey iyo Kurt Kadib waxaa u saxiixay Mavin Records Don Jazzy sanadka 2017
==Tixraac==
[https://guardian.ng/life/ladipoe-private-life-outspoken-music/ &quot;LadiPoe: Nolosha Gaarka ah, Muusigga Hadalka]

[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/top-10-nigerian-songs-of-the-week-ladipoe-and-bujus-feeling-returns-to-no-1-mohbads/4844m68 &quot;10-ka heesood ee ugu sarreeya Nigeria ee toddobaadka: Ladipoe &amp; Buju's &quot;dareenka&quot; wuxuu ku soo noqdaa lambarka 1, Mohbad's &quot;Feel Good&quot; ayaa ugu horreeya ee No. 7 Turntable Top 50]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/music-charts/466286-ptmusic-ladipoes-feeling-is-no1-most-streamed-song-in-nigeria.html &quot;PTMusic: Ladipoe's &quot;Feeling&quot; waa No1 heesta ugu qulqulka badan Nigeria&quot;]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Andre Vibez</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2596" sha1="bpvqengek4kz11cd43n86a8ohatk77u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| name              = Andre Vibez
| image             = 
| caption           = 
| birth_name        = Alexander Uwaifo
| birth_date        = {{birth date and age|df=y|1988|9|25}}
| birth_place       = 
| origin            = Nigerian
| genre             = [[Afrobeats]], [[Afropop]]
| associated_acts   = [[Rema (Muusikiiste)|Rema]] [[Ayra Starr]]
| occupation        = [[Soo saaraha rikoodhka]]
| years_active      = 2012–hadda
| instruments       = 
| label             = [[Diiwaanada Mavin]]
}}
'''Alexander Uwaifo''' (wuxuu dhashay 25 Sebtembar 1988) oo si xirfadle ah loo yaqaan Andre Vibez , waa soo saare muusig Nigerian ah iyo heesaa. Waxa uu caan ku yahay soo saarista &quot; Rush &quot; ee albumka Ayra Starr ee 19 &amp; Dangerous iyo Rema international hit single &quot; Calm Down &quot; kaas oo kaalinta kowaad ka galay shaxda caalamiga ah ee India IMI sidoo kale nambarka 3aad ee Billboard Hot 100 ka dib markii ay dib ula soo noqotay Selena Gomez . Bishii Sebtembar 2022, waxaa lagu dhawaaqay inuu yahay mid ka mid ah soo saarayaasha rikoorka cusub ee la saxiixay ee summada rikoorka Nigeria, Mavin Records
==Nolosha hore==
Vibez waxa uu dhashay 25 Sebtembar 1988 waxana uu ku koray gobolka koonfurta-koonfur ee Nigeria, Benin City , Edo State. Waxa uu galay Kings College , Lagos halkaas oo uu ku dhamaystay waxbarashadiisii ​​sare , ka dibna waxa uu shahaadada koowaad ee jaamacadda ee Fine and Applied Arts ka qaatay Jaamacadda Benin , Nigeria Xirfadda muusiga ee Vibez waxa ay bilaabatay markii uu da'yar ahaa sanadka 2005. Waxa uu ku koray qayb ka mid ah aabihiis, kooxda muusiga ee Victor Uwaifo &quot;Titibiti
==Tixraac==
[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/spotted-wande-coal-working-with-don-jazzy-and-andre-vibez/fm4ljhw &quot;XAQA: Wande Coal oo la shaqaynaysa Don Jazzy iyo Andre Vibez sidii albamka cusub ee soo socda&quot;]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[https://mpmania.com/entertainment/101-entertainment-unveils-new-signed-artistes-leroy-g-bhoy-xcellent-andre-vibez/ &quot;101 maaweelada ayaa daaha ka qaadeysa fanaanadeeda cusub ee Saxiixa Leroy, Andre Vibez, G Bhoy, Xcellent, » MPmania&quot;]

[https://ynaija.com/mavin-records-releases-the-first-single-from-their-upcoming-compilation-album-won-da-mo/ &quot;Mavin Records ayaa siidaaya halki ugu horeeyey ee albamka isku dubaridka soo socda, &quot;Won Da Mo&quot;]

[https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/london-producer-rema-selena-gomez-calm-down-interview-1235297663/ &quot;La kulan Soosaarayaasha Nayjeeriya ee ka dambeeya Rema iyo Selena Gomez's Hit aan la baxsan karin, 'Is deji']</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marita van der Vyver</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2752" sha1="og775vc7d5j0np5jqvoqrt0zlqeb19d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name        = Marita van der Vyver
| image       = 
| caption     = 
| birth_name  = 
| birth_date  = {{Birth year and age|1958}}
| birth_place = [[Cape Town]], [[Western Cape]]
| death_ = 
| death_place = 
| death_cause = 
| resting_place = 
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| nationality = Koonfur Afrika
| other_names = 
| known_for   = 
| education   = [[Jaamacadda Stellenbosch ]]
| employer    = 
| occupation  = Qoraa iyo Qoraa
| title       = 
| term        = 
| predecessor = 
| successor   = 
| party       = 
| boards      = 
| spouse      = Alain Claisse
| children    = 3 sons, 1 daughter
| parents     = 
| relatives   = 
| signature   = 
| website     ={{URL|http://www.maritavandervyver.info/html/biography/biography.html|maritavandervyver.info}}
| footnotes   = 
}}
'''Marita van der Vyver''' (waxay dhalatay 6 Maajo 1958) waa qoraa Afrikaan ah oo qortay buugaag dhowr ah oo loogu talagalay dhagaystayaasha dadka waaweyn iyo kuwa dhalinyarada labadaba. Tan iyo 1999, waxay ku noolayd Faransiiska iyada iyo ninkeeda iyo afar carruur ah Van der Vyver waxay qortay ururin qoraallo qosol leh oo faahfaahinaya nolosha miyiga Faransiiska, oo cinwaan looga dhigay Die hart van ons huis sanadkii 2004, ka dibna waxaa la sii daayay muggeedii ugu horreeyay ee sheekooyinka gaagaaban, Bestemmings , oo ay weheliso dhiggeeda Ingiriiska.
==Taariikh Nololeed==
Waxay ku dhalatay Cape Town sanadkii 1958 waxayna ku kortay Bellville , Menlo Park , halkaas oo ay waxbarashadeeda hore ka qaadatay Hoërskool Nelspruit. Sannadkii 1975, tartan qaran oo gabayo Afrikaans ah oo loogu talagalay ardayda dhigata dugsiga sare, waxay ku guuleysatay deeq waxbarasho muddo afar sano ah oo ay ka qaadatay jaamacadda ay dooratay. Waxay dooratay Jaamacadda Stellenbosch , halkaas oo ay ka qaybgashay aqoon-is-weydaarsiyada gabayada ee DJ Opperman waxaana la guddoonsiiyay shahaadada BA, iyadoo ku takhasustay Afrikaans iyo French sanadkii 1978. Sannadkii xigay, waxay heshay shahaado sharaf saxaafadda. Waxay dhammaysatay shahaadada master-ka saxaafadda dhowr sano ka dib. Ka dib markii ay ku soo laabatay Koonfur Afrika ka dib sannad ay ku safartay Yurub , van der Vyver wuxuu u shaqeeyay wariye Die Burger , isagoo ah qoraa nuqul ka ah Leserskring (koox buug), iyo sidoo kale qoraa muuqaal ah oo Sarie ah .
==Tixraac==
[http://www.maritavandervyver.info/html/biography/biography.html &quot;Taariikh nololeed&quot;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.maritavandervyver.info/html/biography/biography.html |date=20140223195344 }}

[http://www.stellenboschwriters.com/maritavdv.html &quot;Marita van der Vyver&quot;]

[http://www.maritavandervyver.info/html/books/books.html &quot;Buugaagta&quot;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.maritavandervyver.info/html/books/books.html |date=20140927215433 }}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hilton Pelser</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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| name               = Hilton Pelser
| image              = 
| caption            = 
| birth_name         = 
| birth_date         =
| birth_place        = [[Cape Town]], Koonfur Afrika 
| education          = 
| othername          = 
| alma_mater         = 
| occupation         = Jilaa
| yearsactive        = 2018–hadda
}}
'''Hilton Pelser''' waa jilaa Koonfur Afrikaan ah. Waxaa loo yaqaanaa doorarkiisa taxanaha Starz ee Dangerous Liaisons (2022) iyo taxanaha Kissing Booth , iyo sidoo kale filimada Moffie (2019) iyo Glasshouse (2021).
==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada==
Hilton Pelser wuxuu ku dhashay kuna soo barbaaray Cape Town 
Wuxuu dhiganayay Kulliyadda Bishops Diocesan . Wuxuu xiiseeyay inuu jilo isagoo da' yar iyada oo u mareysa walaashiis ka weyn, oo ahayd borofisar riwaayadaha ka dhiga AFDA .
==Tixraac==
[https://www.jacarandafm.com/shows/moremusicyoulove-love-too/hilton-pelser-joins-danny-talk-moffie/ &quot;Hilton Pelser ayaa ku biiray Danny si uu u hadlo 'Moffie'!&quot;]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[https://culturemixonline.com/review-moffie-starring-kai-luke-brummer-ryan-de-villiers-matthew-vey-stefan-vermaak-and-hilton-pelser/ &quot;Dib u eegis: 'Moffie,' waxaa jilaya Kai Luke Brummer, Ryan de Villiers, Matthew Vey, Stefan Vermaak, iyo Hilton Pelser&quot;]

[https://deadline.com/2021/06/dangerous-liaisons-lesley-manville-carice-van-houten-paloma-faith-michael-mcelhatton-kosar-ali-cast-starz-prequel-series-1234776226/ 'Xidhiidhiyayaasha Khatarta ah': Lesley Manville, Carice Van Houten, Paloma Faith, Michael McElhatton, Kosar Ali, 9 Jilayaal Kale oo Ka Mid Ah Starz Prequel Series&quot;]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Matxaf la dhisayo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="9469" sha1="q2osmx6zm9b1p6bwgsno3yg89w7ozwf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox museum
| name               = Matxaf la dhisayo
'Budding Museum'
| native_name        = Le Musée en Herbe
| native_name_lang   = fr
| logo               = File:Musée en Herbe (Museum in the Making) logo.png
| logo_upright       =
| logo_alt           = Xumbada hadalka oo casaan ah oo ay ku qoran tahay &quot;Le Musée en Herbe&quot;
| logo_caption       =
| logo_size          = 140px
| image              = Image:Musee en Herbe jardin dacclimatation exterieur.jpg
| image_upright      =
| alt                = Carruur ku dhex lugeynaya dhisme alwaax ah oo casri ah
| caption            = Dhismaha dibadda
| map_type           =
| map_relief         =
| map_size           =
| map_caption        =
| map_dot_label      =
| coordinates        = {{coord|48.8601518|2.3419528|type:landmark_scale:2500|display=inline,title}}
| former_name        = | established        = {{start date|1975|04|01|df=y}}
| dissolved          = | location           = 23 rue de l'Arbre-Sec
75001 [[Paris]], [[Faransiiska]]
| type               = [[Madxafka carruurta]], [[madxafka farshaxanka]]
| accreditation      =
| key_holdings       =
| collections        =
| collection_size    =
| visitors           = 130,000
| founder            = Sylvie Girardet, Claire Merleau-Ponty, &amp; Anne Tardy
| executive_director =
| deputy_director    =
| leader_type        =
| leader             =
| director           =
| president          =
| ceo                =
| chairperson        =
| curator            =
| architect          =
| historian          =
| owner              =
| employees          =
| publictransit      =
| parking            = | website            = {{URL|musee-en-herbe.com}}
| network            =
| embedded           = }}
'''Musée en Herbe''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriis]]: {{Lang|en|Museum in the Making}}, {{literal translation|Madxafka soo koraya}}) waa [[madxafka carruurta]] oo ku yaalla [[Paris]], Faransiiska. Waxay bixisaa [[madxafka farshaxanka|waxbarashada farshaxanka]] iyadoo fadhigeedu yahay [[Degmada 1-aad ee Paris]] oo u dhow [[Louvre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sim&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/17/arts/a-paris-auction-helps-bring-art-to-children.html |title=A Paris Auction Helps Bring Art to Children |last=Bérengère |first=Leah |author-link= |date=17 April 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |page= |edition=International |publication-place= |language=en |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
​Madxafkan waxaa aasaasay Sylvie Girardet, Claire Merleau-Ponty, iyo Anne Tardy sannadkii 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sabatier-Morel&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.telerama.fr/enfants/au-musee-en-herbe-lart-se-met-a-hauteur-denfant-6902865.php |title=Au Musée en herbe, l’art se met à height d’enfant |language=fr |trans-title=At the Musée en Herbe, art is at the level of a child |last=Sabatier-Morel |first=Françoise |date=22 July 2021 |website=[[Télérama|Télérama Magazine]] |location=Paris |publisher=[[Groupe Le Monde]] |url-access=limited |access-date=1 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Markii hore wuxuu ku yaallay beerta madadaalada ee [[Jardin d'Acclimatation]], ururkani wuxuu ku dadaalaa inuu farshaxanka u keeno carruurta aan fursad u heli lahayn inay tagaan madxaf.&lt;ref name=Sim/&gt; Intii lagu jiray [[Safmarka COVID-19 ee Faransiiska|safmarka COVID-19]], madxafku wuxuu ku tiirsanaa codsiyo dadweyne si loogu daboolo khasaaraha ka dhashay iibka tigidhada ee yaraaday si uu u sii wado hawlihiisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jannière&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnews.fr/culture/2020-12-08/le-musee-en-herbe-lance-un-appel-aux-dons-pour-survivre-1025611 |title=Le Musée en Herbe lance un appel aux dons pour survivre |language=fr |trans-title=The Musée en Herbe launches an appeal for donations to survive |last=Jannière |first=Virginie |date=8 December 2020 |website=[[CNews (newspaper)|CNews]] |location=Paris |publisher=[[Canal+ S.A.|Canal+]] |access-date=1 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
​Carruurtu waxay ka qaybqaadan karaan aqoon-is-weydaarsiyo gacanta ah ama waxay daawan karaan bandhigyo wareegaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Houpert&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.elle.fr/Loisirs/Sorties/Dossiers/sortie-avec-enfants/Paris-une-expo-ludique-au-Musee-en-herbe |title=12 sorties cool à faire avec ses enfants |language=fr |trans-title=12 cool outings to do with your kids |last1=Houpert
|first1=Vanessa |last2=Garcia |first2=Amandine |date=April 2015 |website=[[Elle_(magazine)|Elle Magazine]] |location=Paris |publisher=[[Lagardère Group]] |access-date=1 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bandhigyadan waxaa ka mid ahaa sawir-gacmeedyada [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]] oo uu sameeyay [[Hergé]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Moroz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/26/at-a-paris-museum-a-portrait-of-tintin/ |title=At a Paris Museum, a Portrait of Tintin |last=Moroz |first=Sarah |author-link= |date=26 March 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |page= |department=In Transit |publication-place= |language=en |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[farshaxanka darbiga]] oo uu sameeyay [[Invader (artist)|Invader]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahaud&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/people/spectacles/le-street-artiste-invader-s-expose-au-musee-en-herbe_AN-201701310027.html |title=Le street-artiste Invader s’expose au Musée en Herbe |language=fr |trans-title=The street-artist Invader exhibits at the Musée en Herbe |last=Mahaud |first=Hervine |date=31 January 2017 |website=[[BFM TV]] |location=Paris |publisher=[[CMA CGM]] |access-date=1 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; sawirada buugaagta ee [[Roger Hargreaves]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Clemens&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/emissions/la-balade-du-weekend-pia-clemens/107-1/au-musee-en-herbe-with-les-monsieur-madame |title=''Au Musée en Herbe avec les Monsieur Madame Écouter'' |language=fr |trans-title=''At the Musée en Herbe with the Monsieur Madame'' |last=Clemens |first=Pia |author-link= |date=11 November 2018 |work=[[Ici (radio network)|France Bleu]] |type=Audio |publication-place=Paris |publisher=[[Radio France]] |access-date=1 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; farshaxanka caarada oo lala kaashaday [[Madxafka Qaranka ee Taariikhda dabiiciga ah, Faransiiska|Madxafka Taariikhda dabiiciga ah]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Rousseau&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/sortir-region-parisienne/sortir-a-paris-avec-les-enfants-qui-a-peur-des-araignees-16-09-2020-8385507.php |title=Sortir à Paris avec les enfants : qui a peur des araignées? |language=fr |trans-title=Going out in Paris with the kids: who's afraid of spiders? |last=Rousseau |first=Valentine |date=16 September 2020 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |location= |publisher=[[LVMH]] |access-date=1 December 2025 }},&lt;/ref&gt; sawirada [[khuraafaadka Shiinaha]] ee Wenna,&lt;ref name=&quot;Blanchette&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2024/10/19/oh-my-gods-de-wenna-a-voir-au-musee-en-herbe |title=Oh My Gods!, de Wenna, à voir au Musée en Herbe |language=fr |trans-title=Oh My Gods!, by Wenna, to be seen at the Musée en Herbe |last=Blanchette |first=Manon |date=19 October 2024 |website=[[Le Journal de Montréal]] |location= |publisher=[[Quebecor Media]] |access-date=1 December 2025 }},&lt;/ref&gt; iyo farshaxanno iftiimaya oo uu sameeyay [[Miguel Chevalier]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Humphries&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/digital-abysses-la-nouvelle-exposition-du-musee-en-herbe-consacree-a-miguel-chevalier-et-les-oceans.html |title='Digital Abysses': la nouvelle exposition du Musée en Herbe consacrée à Miguel Chevalier et les océans |language=fr |trans-title='Digital Abysses': the new exhibition of the Musée en Herbe dedicated to Miguel Chevalier and the oceans |last=Humphries |first=Vanessa |date=6 March 2025 |website=Artistik Rezo |trans-website=Artistic Essays |location=Paris |publisher= |access-date=1 December 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Madxafku wuxuu soo bandhigaa farshaxanka heerka dhererka carruurta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicent&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://parissecret.com/en/best-childrens-museums-in-paris/ |title=Here are the best museums to take your children to in Paris |last=Vicent |first=Bénédicte |author-link= |date=14 March 2025 |work=Paris Secret |publisher=Secret Media Network |publication-place= |language=en |access-date=1 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
​
== Sawirro ==

{{Gallery
| File:Groupe-baby-maquette.jpg
| Diorama ku dhex jira khaanad quraarad ah
| class1=
| alt1=Carruur yar yar oo koofiyado wata oo eegaya khaanad quraarad ah oo ay ku jirto moodal dhisme
| File:Exposition Bruegel Rue Herold.jpg
| Bandhigga [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder|Pieter Bruegel]]
| class2=
| alt2=Laba carruur ah oo gashan dhar shaqo oo taagan meel meel u dhow rampa
| File:VanLuc - expo Le Musée en Herbe oct 2009-jan2010.JPG
| Bandhigga lo'da ee VanLuc
| class3=
| alt3=Sawirro casri ah oo badan oo lo' ah
| File:Le Musée en Herbe, Paris, France.jpg
| Bandhigga khuraafaadka ee Wenna
| class4=
| alt4=Sawirro weji oo dhalaalaya oo casri ah
}}
​
==Tixraac==
{{Reflist}}
​

== Xiriirinta dibadda ==
​[https://www.theparisianguide.com/s/le-musee-en-herbe/ The Parisian Guide]
​[https://parisjetaime.com/eng/culture/musee-en-herbe-p1061 Paris je T'Aime entry]
​[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821110502/http://www.paris.org./Musees/Herbe/info.html Paris.org entry]
​[https://web.archive.org/web/20110611201415/http://www.museums-of-paris.com/musee_en.php?code=360 Museums of Paris entry]
​{{authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sixawle karanle</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47432</id>
    <revision>
      <id>296953</id>
      <parentid>296945</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T20:06:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cabdi1991</username>
        <id>45021</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sixawle karanle waa qabiil somaliyeed</comment>
      <origin>296953</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="7692" sha1="k5n282q0dvw81mpqexo4zri4ip2goj8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sixawle Karanle &lt;br&gt;سيحولي كرانلي
| native_name = بنو كرانلي
| image = [[File:Calanka karanle.jpg|thumb|center|Calanka Karanle]]
| population = 
| region1 = {{flag|Somalia}}
| region2 = {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| region3 = {{flag|Kenya}}
| languages = 
* {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Somalia}}Af-soomaali}}
*{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Arab League}} Af-carabi}}
| religions = Sunni Islam
| related_groups = [[baad buraale]] [[murursade]] [[hawiye]]
}}

'''Sixawle''' ({{lang-ar|بنو سيحولي}}; {{lang-en|Sixawle}}) waa farac ka tirsan beesha '''[[Karanle]]''', oo iyaduna hoos timaada beel-weynta '''[[Hawiye]]''', mid ka mid ah lafaha ugu waaweyn ee bulshada [[Dadka Soomaaliyeed]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |title=A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa |year=2002 |publisher=Ohio University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dulmar ==
Sixawle waxaa lagu tiriyaa faracyada Karanle, iyadoo xogta ku saabsan qaab-dhismeedkooda badanaa ku saleysan tahay dhaqanka iyo afka (oral tradition), maadaama ilo qoran oo gaar ah ay kooban yihiin.

== Qaab-dhismeedka ==
Sida laga soo xigtay dhaqanka beesha, Sixawle waxay u kala baxaan:
* '''[[Baad]]'''
* '''Buraale (Sanbure)'''

Laanta Baad waxaa lagu tilmaamaa mid ballaaran oo leh jilibyo badan, oo ay ka mid yihiin:
* Ciye Baad
* Shurbul Baad

=== [[Ciye Baad ]]===
Waxaa ka mid ah faracyo sida:
=== [[Wargube]] ===
*Reer cabdi
**Reer cade boore
**Reer Qaadi
**Reer xasan
**faracyo kale

=== Reer Roon ===
**Reer Fiqi muuse
***Reer Hiraab Fiqi
***Reer Yaxye Fiqi
**Reer Garaad (Caamir)
**Reer Sharmaake
**Reer Dhuubane
***Reer Xaabow Fiqi
**Reer Aw Nuur
***Reer Xuseen Fiqi
* Reer Maxamuud Fiqi
***Reer Jibriil Fiqi
***Reer Dhore Fiqi
****Reer Xaaji Cabdiraxmaan (Luuje)
**Reer Faatax
**Reer Bulaale


=== [[Shurbul Baad]] ===
* Talays
** Reer Faarax
** Reer Geedi
** Reer Cali
** Reer Cabdile Rooble
* Iidfure
** Reer Cabdi
** Reer Xuseen
** Reer Alaale
** Reer Makaail 

=== Buraale (Sanbure) ===
Waxaa ka mid ah:
* Faarax Samatar
* Xasan Faarax
* Cabdille Faarax
* Xaaji Faarax
* Maxamuud Faarax

=== Asal iyo deegaan ===
Sixawle waxaa asal ahaan lagu xiraa dhulka Hawd iyo Ogaadeen somali abow bariga [[Itoobiya]], iyadoo sidoo kale laga helo qaybo ka mid ah koonfurta [[Soomaaliya]] gaar ahaan jubada dhexe oo ay ugu weyntahay tuulada guduuday iyo tuulooyin kale lkn lala dego.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |title=A Pastoral Democracy |year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Deegaannada lagu tilmaamo inay deegaan ku yihiin waxaa ka mid ah:
[[File:Magalada dhandhame 20260421 161316 karanle.jpg|thumb|waa D/dhandhame ee Deegaanka somalida kililka shanaad sawir hore]]

* Imi (Iimey)
* Babille Baabili
* Fafi Faafi
* Dhan Dhame (Dhan-dhame)
* Afder Zone|Afdheer
 Iyo waliba deegaano badan
 beeshu waa beel dhib badan madax adag 
Dagaal badan deegaanada ay degan yihiin dadka ladagan iskaba daaye 
Iyagaa mararka qaar birta iska asla
{{Location map Ethiopia
| width = 300
| float = right
| label = Deegaannada Sixawle
| lat = 5.0
| long = 42.5
| position = right
| caption = Meelaha ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan Sixawle ee Deegaanka Soomaalida Itoobiya
}}

==Dhaqan iyo dhaqaale==
Dhaqanka bulshada Sixawle wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay xoolo-dhaqasho iyo beerasho, iyadoo dhaqaalaha ay umada somali kutiirsan tahay lagu tilmaamo xoolaha nuucyadiisa sida geel, lo’, iyo ari/iwm oo ay kamid yihiin fardaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |title=Somalia Human Development Report |year=2001 |publisher=UNDP}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Nidaamka dhaqanka==
Sida beelaha kale ee Soomaaliyeed, Sixawle waxay leeyihiin nidaam dhaqameed ku dhisan waxa layiraah:
* Xeer Soomaali
* Hoggaan dhaqameed sida ugaasyo, garaadyo, iyo nabadoonno
Waxaa kamid Ahaa 
xasan oo maanta qabiil dhan ah oo layiraahdo
* reer xasan
Kana faracma curadka beesha Sixawle ee
WARGUBE
Sikooban xasan wuxuu Ahaa oday dhaqameed GAR uusan Asiga gooyin ama uu goob joog ka Ahayn eyan cidna ku heshiin jirin kadib xasan waxaa lawreegay
Aden kadibna
==Sheikh nuur macalin Aden==
Kumuu Ahaa jannadii firdowsa Alle hageeyee sheikh nuur(2007 ilaa 2013)
wuxuu ahaa gudoomiyihii hore ee maxakamada D/wardhiigley
Dowladii [[TFG]] ee [[Cabdullaahi Yuusuf]] iyo waliba [[shariif Axmed]]
Garsoore yaashii ugu waqtiga dheeraa kadib
burburkii dowladii dhexe ee [[somaliya]] (sanadii 1994tii kasoo shaqeeyay kana mid Ahaa Garsoore yaashii lagu Aasaasay 
Maxkamadii D/wardhigley ee la oranjiray [[Xararyaale]] [[Warta Nabada]]
(2013 ilaa 2019)kii Garsoore yaashii maxkamada gobolka [[Banaadir]] 
(2001dii) Garsoore yaashii maxkamadii racfaanka ee dowladii kumeel gaarka ahayd ee
Madaxweyne [[Cabdiqaasim Salaad]] iyo waliba
(2007dii) xiligii Maxaakiimta ee muqdisho oo uu katirsanaa maxkamadihii racfaanka Ee maxaakiimtii Islamiga 
Shakhsi siweyn ugu soo Adeegay [[Garsoorka Soomaaliya]]
Sheikh nuur macalin Aden wuxuu Ahaa sidokale
Nin dhaqameed codkar Ah qabweyn garta marka uu kujirana dadka deeqsiiya 
Hadalkiisa dhinaca kale 
tolkiisa Ukhidmeya garta uqaada oo garta uu ukala qaado tolkiisa
Eyan dib ugu soo noqon jirin 
Alle ha unaxariisto wuxuu Ahaa sheikh iyo oday dhaqameed
Aad ay ujeclaayeen intii ay isla soo shaqeeyeen 
Iyo somalidii uu garta usoo kala dhigay wuxuu ku dadaali jiray sulux iyo heshiis in lagu dhameeyo xaalka dadkuna ay laqaadan jireen 
== Taariikh ==
=== Xilligii hore ===
Ka hor gumeysiga, bulshada Soomaaliyeed waxay galeen dagaallo ku saabsan dhul, ceelal biyo, iyo xoolo, kuwaas oo badanaa lagu xallin jiray xeer dhaqameed aad u adag suutagalna kadhigi jiray meel lagu hoogay in ay ubadalaan nabad iyo caano.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |title=A Pastoral Democracy |year=1994}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Xilligii gumeysiga ===
[[Qarnigii 19aad]] iyo 20aad, isbeddelada gumeysiga ayaa saameeyay noloshii reer guuraaga ee Geeska Afrika.waxaa isbadalay dhaqankii guurkii dharkii laga soo bilaabo min herer ilaa raaska ugu dabeeya ee kugu shubeysa bad weynta hindiya ee muqdisho isla markiiba waxaa la arkay umad magaalowday meelkastaa oo ay somali degto waxaa fududaaday isu socodka dadka 
Iyo war maqalkoodu intuba

=== Dagaalkii Ogaadeen ee somali Abow ===
Dagaalkii u dhexeeyay Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya (1977–1978) ayaa saameeyay deegaanada gobolka, waxaana ka dhashay barakac iyo khasaare dhaqaale meelaha uu sida weyn uga dhacay dagaalkaasi waxaa kamid ah jinicsani oo ah halka ugu dabeesa ee Afsomali lagaga hadlo sidaas daraadeedna dagaalkaas ku naaneesmay somali Abow markii dambana kaba aasaasantay jabhadii ugu horeysay ee kililka shanad magaceeduna ahaa jabhadii somali Abow.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Tareke |first=Gebru |title=The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa |year=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dagaalladii sokeeye ===
Kadib burburkii dowladdii dhexe ee Soomaaliya 1991, waxaa dhacay isku dhacyo gudaha ah iyo loolan ku saabsan dhul iyo maamul bulshooyinkii ku abtirsanaayay reerkaanna dhankii koofureed uga baxeen itoobiya iyo kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Besteman |first1=Catherine |last2=Cassanelli |first2=Lee V. |title=The Struggle for Land in Southern Somalia |year=2000 |publisher=Westview Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Xaaladda casriga ah ==
Maanta, bulshadaan waxay ku nool yihiin magaalooyin iyo baadiyo, waxayna ka qayb qaataan ganacsi, waxbarasho, iyo arrimaha bulshada.

== Eeg sidoo kale ==
* [[Karanle]] — [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanle English]
* [[Hawiye]]
* [[Dadka Soomaaliyeed]]
* [[Hawiye]] — [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawiye English]
* [[Dadka Soomaaliyeed]] — [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis English]
== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Hawiye]]
[[Category:Dir]]
[[Category:Daarood]]
[[Category:Rahanweyn]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sheikh Nuur Macalin Aden</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>296962</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-05T00:35:43Z</timestamp>
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        <id>45512</id>
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      <comment>Sheikh nuur macalin Aden</comment>
      <origin>296962</origin>
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      <text bytes="465" sha1="5d8mtrce6qv1covk6zh06iprll7ov7y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person

| name        = Sheikh Nuur Macalin Aden 
| image       = [[File:Sheikh nuuur macalin Aden.jpg||thumb]]
| caption     = 
| office      = Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Degmada Warta Nabadda
| term_start  = 2007
| term_end    = 2013
| predecessor = 
| successor   = 
| birth_date  = 8 Agoosto 1954
| birth_place = Guduuday, Jubbada Dhexe, Soomaaliya
| nationality = Soomaali
| occupation  = Garsoore, sharci yaqaan
| known_for   = Guddoomiyaha maxkamad
}}</text>
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