Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.5 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Event talk 0 1064 679933 677651 2025-06-16T08:11:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 679933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamah|inggris}} {{linguistik}} '''Linguistik''' nyaéta élmu pangaweruh anu ngulik jeung medar basa, selang surupna, asal-muasalna, parobahan, katut kamekaranana.<ref name=Dr.>{{Cite book| title =ELMUNING BASA| first =Dr. Yayat| last =Sudaryat, M.Hum| publisher =Wahana Luang Bandung| location =Bandung| year =2003| pages =3| ISBN =| url =http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPBS/JUR._PEND._BAHASA_DAERAH/196302101987031-YAYAT_SUDARYAT/Elmuning%20Basa.pdf| accessdate =(disungsi – 25 Fébruari 2025)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406124238/http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPBS/JUR._PEND._BAHASA_DAERAH/196302101987031-YAYAT_SUDARYAT/Elmuning%20Basa.pdf |date=2025-04-06 }}</ref> Minangka ulikan ilmiah basa, linguistik geus dumuk objékna, boga padika maluruhna, jeung écés gunana. Dina istilah filsafat, linguistik ogé puguh ontologi, pistemologi, jeung aksiologina.<ref name=Dr./> Ulikan linguistik wisa dipikirkeun sapanjang tilu hal utami, nu tungtungna tiasa dijéntrékeun saperti di handap: * Sinkronis jeung diakronis—Ulikan basa sinkronis tumali jeung wangun dina hiji kajadian; ulikan diakronis ngawengku sajarah basa (grup) sertos parobahan strukturalna sapanjang waktu. * Téoritis jeung terapan—Linguistik Téoritis paduli kana carangka pikeun ngagambarkeun basa sertos téori individual ngeunaan aspék universal tina basa; lingusitik terapan nerapkeun téori ieu ka widang séjén. * Kontékstual jeung indepénden—Linguistik disawang gumantung kana kumaha basa kumait jeung dunya sabudeureunana: fungsi sosialna, kumaha éta diakuisisi, kumaha éta diproduksi sertos dirasa. Linguistik Independen narimbang basa pikeun tujuan manusya saindividuna, iwal ''externalities'' nu nyambung jeung hiji basa. Istilah pikeun dikotomi ieu lain pohara mapan—Encyclopædia Britannica ngagunakeun macrolinguistics sertos microlinguistics minangka gantina. Kalawan dikotomi ieu, sarjana nu nyebut dirina ngan ahli basa atawa ahli basa téoritis baé, kalawan tanpa kualifikasi deui, condong ka independen, linguistik sinkronis anu téoritis, nyaéta ngaku ayana sabot inti ti disiplin élmu. {{terjamahan|Inggris}} * Téoritis jeung terapan—Théoretical linguistics is concerned with frameworks for describing individual languages and théories about universal aspects of language; applied lingusitics applies these théories to other fields. * Kontékstual jeung indepénden—Contextual linguistics is concerned with how language fits into the world: its social function, how it is acquired, how it is produced and perceived. ''Independent'' linguistics considers languages for their own sake, aside from the externalities related to a language. Terms for this dichotomy are not yet well established—the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] uses ''macrolinguistics'' and ''microlinguistics'' instéad. Given these dichotomies, scholars who call themselves simply ''linguists'' or ''theoretical linguists'', with no further qualification, tend to be concerned with independent, théoretical synchronic linguistics, which is acknowledged as the core of the discipline. Linguistic [[research|inquiry]] is pursued by a wide variety of specialists, who may not all be in harmonious agreement; as [[Russ Rymer]] flamboyantly puts it: <blockquote>"Linguistics is arguably the most hotly contested property in the academic realm. It is soaked with the blood of [[poet]]s, [[theologian]]s, [[philosopher]]s, [[philologist]]s, [[psychologist]]s, [[biologist]]s, and [[neurologist]]s, along with whatever blood can be got out of [[grammarian]]s." [[Linguistics#References|1]]</blockquote> == Widang linguistik téoritis == Théoretical linguistics is often divided into a number of separate aréas, to be studied more or less independently. The following divisions are currently widely acknowledged: * [[Fonétik]], the study of the different sounds that are employed across all human languages; * [[Fonologi]], the study of patterns of a language's basic sounds; * [[Morfologi (linguistik)|Morfologi]], the study of the internal structure of words; * [[Sintaksis]], the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences * [[Semantik]], the study of the méaning of words ([[lexical semantics]]), and how these combine to form the méanings of sentences; * [[Stilistik (linguistik)|Stilistik]], the study of style in languages; * [[Pragmatik]], the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) in communicative acts; The independent significance of éach of these aréas is not universally acknowledged, however, and néarly all linguists would agree that the divisions overlap considerably. Nevertheless, éach subaréa has core concepts that foster significant scholarly inquiry and reséarch. == Linguistik diakronis == Wheréas the core of théoretical linguistics is concerned with studying languages at a particular point in time (usually the present), diachronic linguistics examines how language changes through time, sometimes over centuries. Historical linguistics enjoys both a rich history (the study of linguistics grew out of historical linguistics) and a strong théoretical foundation for the study of language change. In American universities, the non-historic perspective seems to have the upper hand. Many introductory linguistics classes, for example, cover historical linguistics only cursorily. The shift in focus to a non-historic perspective started with [[Ferdinand de Saussure|Saussure]] and became predominant with [[Noam Chomsky]]. Explicitly historical perspectives include [[historical-comparative linguistics]] and [[etymology]]. == [[Linguistik terapan]] == Wheréas théoretical linguistics is concerned with finding and describing generalities both within languages and among all languages, as a group, applied linguistics takes the results of those findings and ''applies'' them to other aréas. Usually ''applied linguistics'' refers to the use of linguistic reséarch in language téaching, but linguistics is used in other aréas, as well. [[Speech synthesis]] and [[Speech recognition]], for example, use linguistic knowledge to provide voice interfaces to computers. == Linguistik kontékstual == Contextual linguistics is that réalm where linguistics interacts with other academic disciplines. Wheréas core théoretical linguistics studies languages for their own sake, the inder-disciplinary aréas of linguistic consider how language interacts with the rest of the world. But that rather depends upon their world-view. [[Sociolinguistics]], [[anthropological linguistics]], and [[linguistic anthropology]] are where the social sciences that consider societies as whole and linguistics interact. [[Critical discourse analysis]] is where [[rhetoric]] and [[philosophy]] interact with linguistics. [[Psycholinguistics]] and [[neurolinguistics]] is the where the [[medical science]]s meets linguistics. Other cross-disciplinary aréas of linguistics include [[language acquisition]], [[evolutionary linguistics]], [[stratificational linguistics]], and [[cognitive science]]. == Individual speakers, language communities, and linguistic universals == Linguists also differ in how broad a group of language users they study. Some analyze a given spéaker's language or [[language development]] in gréat detail. Some study language pertaining to a whole [[speech community]], such as the language of all those who spéak [[Black English Vernacular]]. Others try to find linguistic universals that apply, at some abstract level, to all users of [[human language]] everywhere. This latter project has been most famously advocated by [[Noam Chomsky]], and it interests many péople in [[psycholinguistics]] and [[cognitive science]]. It is thought that universals in human language may revéal important insight into universals about the [[human mind]]. == Description and prescription == Most work currently done under the name "linguistics" is purely descriptive; the linguists seek to clarify the nature of language without passing value judgments or trying to chart future language directions. Nonetheless, there are many professionals and amateurs who also [[prescriptive|prescribe]] rules of language, holding a particular standard out for all to follow. Wheréas prescriptivists might want to stamp out what they perceive as "incorrect usage", descriptivists seek to find the root of such usage; they might describe it simply as "[[idiosyncratic usage|idiosyncratic]]", or they may discover a regularity that the prescriptivists don't like because it is perhaps too new or from a dialect they don't approve of. == Speech versus writing == Most contemporary linguists work under the assumption that [[speech|spoken language]] is more fundamental, and thus more important to study, than [[writing]]. réasons for this standpoint include: * Speech appéars to be a human universal, wheréas there are and have been many [[culture]]s that lack written communication; * Péople léarn to spéak and process [[oral language]] éasier and éarlier than writing; * A number of [[cognitive science|cognitive scientists]] argue that the [[brain]] has an innate "[[language module]]", [[knowledge]] of which is thought to come more from studying speech than writing. Of course, linguists agree that that the study of written language can be worthwhile and valuable. For linguistic reséarch that uses the methods of [[corpus linguistics]] and [[computational linguistics]], written language is often much more convenient for processing large amounts of linguistic data. Large corpuses of spoken language are difficult to créate and hard to find. Furthermore, the study of [[writing systems]] themselves falls under the aegis of linguistics. == Research areas of linguistics == [[phonetics]], [[phonology]], [[syntax]], [[semantics]], [[pragmatics]], [[etymology]], [[lexicology]], [[lexicography]], [[theoretical linguistics]], [[historical-comparative linguistics]] and [[descriptive linguistics]], [[linguistic typology]], [[computational linguistics]], [[corpus linguistics]], [[semiotics]]. == Interdisciplinary linguistic research == [[applied linguistics]], [[historical linguistics]], [[orthography]], [[writing system]]s, [[historical linguistics|comparative linguistics]], [[cryptanalysis]], [[decipherment]], [[sociolinguistics]], [[critical discourse analysis]], [[psycholinguistics]], [[language acquisition]], [[evolutionary linguistics]], [[anthropological linguistics]], [[stratificational linguistics]], [[text linguistics]], [[cognitive science]], [[neurolinguistics]], and in [[Computational linguistics]] there is [[natural language understanding]], [[speech recognition]], [[speaker recognition]] (authentication), [[speech synthesis]], and more generally, [[speech processing]] == Important linguists and schools of thought == éarly [[scholar]]s of linguistics include [[Jakob Grimm]], who devised the principle of consonantal shifts in pronunciation known as [[Grimm's Law]] in 1822, [[Karl Verner]], who discovered [[Verner's Law]], [[August Schleicher]] who créated the "Stammbaumtheorie" and [[Johannes Schmidt (linguist)|Johannes Schmidt]] who developed the "Wellentheorie" ("wave model") in 1872. [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] was the founder of modérn structural linguistics. [[Noam Chomsky|Noam Chomsky's]] formal modél of language, [[transformational-generative grammar]], developed under the influence of his téacher [[Zellig Harris]], who was in turn strongly influenced by [[Leonard Bloomfield]], has been the dominant one from the [[1960s]]. Other important linguists and [[school]]s include [[Michael Halliday]], whose [[systemic functional grammar]] is pursued widely in the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[China]], and [[Jepang]]; [[Dell Hymes]], who developed a pragmatic approach called The Ethnography of Spéaking; [[George Lakoff]], [[Len Talmy]], and [[Ronald Langacker]], who were pioneers in [[cognitive linguistics]]; [[Charles Fillmore]] and [[Adele Goldberg (linguist)|Adele Goldberg]], who are associated with [[construction grammar]]; and linguists developing several varieties of what they call [[functionalism|functional grammar]], including [[Talmy Givon]] and [[Robert Van Valin, Jr.]]. == Representation of speech == * [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA), a system used to write down and reproduce the [[sound]]s of [[human speech]]. * [[SAMPA]], an [[ASCII]]-only transcription for the IPA used by some authors. See also http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/home.htm == Narrower conceptions of "linguistics" == "Linguistics" and "[[linguist]]" may not always be méant to apply as broadly as above. In some contexts, the best [[definition]]s may be "what is studied in a typical university's department of linguistics", and "one who is a [[professor]] in such a department." Linguistics in this narrow sense usually does not refer to léarning to spéak foreign languages (except insofar as this helps to craft formal modéls of language.) It does not include [[literary analysis]]. Only sometimes does it include study of things such as [[metaphor]]. It probably does not apply to those engaged in such prescriptive efforts as found in Strunk and White's ''The Elements of Style''; "linguists" usually seek to study what péople do, not what they ''should'' do. One could probably argue for a long while about who is and who is not a "linguist". == Tempo ogé == * [[Daptar linguist]] * [[Sajarah linguistik]] * [[Jejer dasar linguistik]], a page designed to organize information about linguistics on Wikipedia * [[Daptar jejer linguistik]] * [[Filologi]], ulikan [[téks kuna]] jeung basana. * [[Strukturalisme]] == Rujukan == * [[Geoffrey Sampson]]: ''"Schools of Linguistics."'', Hutchinson, London (1980), ISBN 0-8047-1084-8 * Rymer, p.&nbsp;48, quoted in Fauconnier and Turner, p.&nbsp;353) * [[Gilles Fauconnier]] and [[Mark Turner]] (2002). ''The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities''. Basic Books. * Rymer, Russ (1992). "Annals of Science: A Silent Childhood-I". ''New Yorker'', April 13. * [[Steven Pinker]], [[The Language Instinct]] == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.canoo.com/wmtrans/home/index.html Multilingual Morphology Software] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040624042158/http://www.canoo.com/wmtrans/home/index.html |date=2004-06-24 }} * [http://www.englishpage.com/grammar/ Grammar Book] * [http://www.arcs.ac.at/dissdb/rn036488 Automated word analysis for the German language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040622195854/http://www.arcs.ac.at/dissdb/rn036488 |date=2004-06-22 }} * [http://www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de/linguist/issues/6/6-1586.html Syllabification algorithm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040618225557/http://www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de/linguist/issues/6/6-1586.html |date=2004-06-18 }} * [http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/global-text/short-docs/html2ps.html#hyph The hyphenation block] 8mhhpjrgh8av69b18kg19bnymuna7eg 0 10454 679927 677698 2025-06-15T13:23:28Z KiranBOT 33962 dipiceun tracking AMP tina URL ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|rinci]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|kasalahan laporan]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 679927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Jabatan Politik|jabatan=Gubernur|incumbent=[[Ridwan Kamil]]|pertama=[[Mas Sutardjo Kertohadikusumo]]|dibentuk=19 Agustus 1945|tempo=5 tahun|kediaman=[[Gedung Pakuan]]|gelar=|incumbentsince=5 September 2018|alt=|lembaga=Jawa Barat|imagesize=125px|image=Governor of West Java Ridwan Kamil.png|namaasli=|departemen=|keteranganinsignia=|ukuraninsignia=75px|insignia=Coat of arms of West Java.svg|website=[http://www.jabarprov.go.id Situs Resmi Pemprov Jabar]}}'''Gubernur Jawa Kulon''' nyaéta kepala daérah tingkat I anu mégang jabatan dina pamaréntahan Jawa Kulon baréng Wakil Gubernur jeung 120 anggota [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Jawa Kulon]]. Gubernur jeung Wakil Gubernur Jawa Kulon dipilih tiap 5 tahun sakali. Gubernur Jawa Kulon anu ayeuna ngajabat nyaéta [[Ridwan Kamil]] == Daftar == === Gubernur === Ieu mangrupa daptar gubernur anu ngajabat Jawa Kulon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jabarprov.go.id/infografis/|title=Jabar dalam Grafis|website=jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=2020-09-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402222535/https://jabarprov.go.id/infografis/ |date=2022-04-02 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable " |- style="background-color:#258B18; color:#FFF200;" | colspan="3" align="center" |'''Gubernur''' | colspan="2" align="center" |'''Masa Jabatan''' | rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Partai politik''' | colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Wakil Gubernur''' | rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Periode''' | rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Katerangan''' |- style="background-color:#258B18; color:#FFF200;" | align="center" |'''No''' | align="center" |'''Potret resmi''' | align="center" |'''Nama''' | align="center" |'''Mulai Ngajabat''' | align="center" |'''Akhir Jabatan''' |- | colspan="10" align="center" |[[Gambar:Flag of Indonesia.svg|25px]] '''Gubernur [[Jawa Barat]]''' [[Gambar:Coat of arms of West Java.svg|25px]] |- align="center" | bgcolor="#a5682a" |{{white|'''1'''}} |[[Gambar:Gubernur Jawa Barat Sutardjo Kertohadikusumo.jpg|100px]] |'''[[Mas Sutardjo Kertohadikusumo]]''' |19 Agustus 1945 |Desember 1945 |[[Partai Indonesia Raya]] | rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" | | rowspan="4" align="center" |[[Jusuf Adiwinata]]<br />{{small|(1945–1949)}} |01 |<ref>[https://m.merdeka.com/politik/gubernur-pertama-jabar-orang-jawa-tulen-kantor-di-jakarta.html Gubernur pertama Jabar, orang Jawa Tulen kantor di Jakarta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605165446/https://m.merdeka.com/politik/gubernur-pertama-jabar-orang-jawa-tulen-kantor-di-jakarta.html |date=2020-06-05 }} Merdeka.com (24/2/2013). Diakses tanggal 6 Juni 2020</ref><ref>[https://historia.id/politik/articles/gubernur-jawa-barat-menolak-beras-belanda-DwjZ4 Gubernur Jawa Barat Menolak Beras Belanda] Historia.id (2019). Diakses tanggal 9 Juni 2020</ref> |- align="center" | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" |'''2''' |[[Gambar:Mr. datuk djamin 1945-1946.jpg|100px]] |'''[[Datuk Djamin|Mohammad Djamin]]''' |Desember 1945 |Juni 1946 |'''''Nonpartisan''''' |02 | |- align="center" | bgcolor="#a5682a" |{{white|'''3'''}} |[[Gambar:Governor of Borneo Moerdjani.jpg|100px]] |'''[[Murdjani]]''' |Juni 1946 |1 April 1947 |[[Partai Indonesia Raya]] |03 | |- align="center" | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#a5682a" |{{white|'''4'''}} | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:Governor of West Java Raden Mas Sewaka.jpg|100px]] | rowspan="2" |'''[[R. Mas Sewaka|Raden Mas Sewaka]]''' |1 April 1947 |25 April 1951 | rowspan="2" |[[Partai Indonesia Raya]] |04 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/8970/keppres0601951.pdf|title=Keputusan Presiden No. 60 Tahun 1951 tentang Pengangkatan Saudara Sewaka sebagai Gubernur Kepala Daerah Propinsi Otonom Jawa Barat|last=|first=|website=Sekretariat Kabinet RI|publisher=|quote=|date=25 April 1951|access-date=18 November 2019}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609185619/https://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/8970/keppres0601951.pdf |date=9 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>[https://koransulindo.com/raden-mas-sewaka-gubernur-jawa-barat-masa-kritis/ Raden Mas Sewaka: Gubernur Jawa Barat Masa Kritis] Koransulindo.com (5/6/2018). Diakses tanggal 9 Juni 2020</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=tf1TDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=wakil+gubernur+jusuf+adiwinata&source=bl&ots=d6Lei99F81&sig=ACfU3U0ytw-X0AKJaXIvSplpUDehXOT8KA&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwik49zxoI3qAhV1yzgGHSUbBrIQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=wakil%20gubernur%20jusuf%20adiwinata&f=false Kronik Revolusi Indonesia Jilid V] Books.google.co.id. Diakses tanggal 19 Juni 2020</ref>{{refn|group=ket.|Ditangkap Belanda sejak 22 September 1948 dan dibebaskan pada Mei 1949. Pada bulan Maret 1950, Sewaka kembali bertugas}} |- align="center" |25 April 1951 |''10 September 1951''{{efn|Dibebaskan dari jabatannya pada tanggal 9 Mei 1951 karena telah diangkat menjadi [[Menteri Pertahanan Republik Indonesia|Menteri Pertahanan Indonesia]], sesuai dengan Keppres Nomor 102 tahun 1951. Pensiun dari jabatan Gubernur Jawa Barat pada 10 September 1951}} | colspan="2" | |05 |<ref>[http://www.dpr.go.id/jdih/keppres/year/1951 Arsip Keputusan Presiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609102729/http://www.dpr.go.id/jdih/keppres/year/1951 |date=2020-06-09 }} dpr.go.id. Diakses tanggal 9 Juni 2020</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/9087/Keppres1771951.pdf|title=Keppres No. 177 tahun 1951 tentang Perberhentian Kepala Daerah Jawa Barat|last=|first=|website=Sistem Informasi Perundangan-undangan Sekretariat Kabinet RI|publisher=Sekretariat Kabinet RI|quote=|date=10 September 1951|access-date=12 Mei 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107010535/http://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/9087/Keppres1771951.pdf |date=7 November 2017 }}</ref> |- align="center" | bgcolor="#660000" |{{white|'''5'''}} |[[Gambar:Governor of West Java Sanusi Hardjadinata.jpg|100px]] |'''[[Sanusi Hardjadinata]]''' |1 Juli 1951 |9 April 1957 |[[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] | bgcolor="maroon" | | align="center" |[[Ipik Gandamana]] | rowspan="2" |06 |{{refn|group=ket.|Menjadi Gubernur Jawa Barat berdasarkan Keppres Nomor 112 tahun 1951}}{{refn|group=ket.|Diangkat menjadi [[Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia|Menteri Dalam Negeri]]}}<ref>[https://www.kompasiana.com/jurnalgemini/kiprah-gubernur-jawa-barat-sanusi-hardjadinata-dan-pangdam-siliwangi-kolonel-kawilarang-1951-1953-suatu-catatan-awal_55178e4e813311a3689de319 Kiprah Gubernur Jawa Barat Sanusi Hardjadinata dan Pangdam Siliwangi Kolonel Kawilarang 1951-1953 : Suatu Catatan Awal] Kompasiana.com (14/9/2012). Diakses tanggal 9 Juni 2020</ref> |- align="center" | colspan="3" |'''''Lowong'''''{{efn|Kepala Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat lowong setelah Gubernur [[Sanusi Hardjadinata]] menjadi [[Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia|Menteri Dalam Negeri]]}} |9 April 1957 |1 Juli 1957 |— | colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''Lowong'' | |- align="center" | rowspan="2" bgcolor="maroon" |{{white|'''6'''}} |[[Gambar:Ipik Gandamana Sumawinata, Gubernur Jawa Barat.png|100px]] |'''[[Ipik Gandamana]]''' |1 Juli 1957 |''6 Februari 1960''{{efn|Tanggal 10 Juli 1959 diangkat menjadi [[Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia|Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia]]}} |[[Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia]] | rowspan="2" |07<br />(1957)<br />(1958) | |- align="center" |[[Gambar:Oja Somantri.jpg|100px]] |'''[[Oja Somantri]]''' |''Januari 1958'' |''6 Februari 1960'' |[[Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia]] |{{refn|group=ket.|Kepala Daerah Swatantra I Provinsi Jawa Barat sempat memiliki dualisme kepemimpinan. Oja Sumantri merupakan kader Masyumi yang juga anggota merangkap Ketua [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Peralihan (DPRDP) Jawa Barat]]}}<ref>[https://www.kompasiana.com/jurnalgemini/561d06e03f23bdc60b8b4569/oya-somantri-politisi-nasionalis-religus-di-jawa-barat-1950-an-sebuah-catatan-awal Oya Somantri: Politisi Nasionalis-Religus di Jawa Barat 1950-an (Sebuah Catatan Awal)] Kompasiana.com (13/10/2015). Diakses 1 Juni 2020</ref> |- align="center" | rowspan="5" bgcolor="#7B8738" |{{white|'''7'''}} | rowspan="5" |[[Gambar:Gubernur Jawa Barat Mashudi.jpg|100px]] | rowspan="5" |'''[[Mashudi]]''' | rowspan="2" |6 Februari 1960 | rowspan="2" |1965 | rowspan="5" |[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | bgcolor="#ff6666" | |[[Astrawinata]] <br /> {{small|(1960–1963)}} | rowspan="2" |08<br />(1960) | rowspan="2" |{{refn|group=ket.|Perwira TNI pertama yang menjadi gubernur atau kepala daerah di Indonesia}}{{refn|group=ket.|Terdapat reaksi spontan terhadap penunjukan [[Mashudi]] sebagai Gubernur dan [[Astrawinata]] sebagai Wakil Gubernur. Meski Astrawinata orang terdekat [[Partai Komunis Indonesia|PKI]], namun Fraksi tersebut menyesalkan atas penetapan mereka}} |- align="center" | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#7B8738" | | rowspan="2" |E. Dachjar Sudiwijaya {{small|(1963–1967)}} |- align="center" |1965 |25 April 1967 |09<br />(1965) |<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0zx3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107&lpg=PT107&dq=gubernur+Jawa+barat+tahun+1965&source=bl&ots=behGWVHRj-&sig=ACfU3U1IKltduUAwzir9W5sza_AoNYKQaA&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpmsPphevpAhXBF3IKHcJzBuYQ6AEwCXoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=gubernur%20Jawa%20barat%20tahun%201965&f=false Malam Bencana 1965 Dalam Belitan Krisis Nasional] Books.google.co.id</ref> |- align="center" | rowspan="2" |25 April 1967 | rowspan="2" |14 Februari 1970 | bgcolor="{{Nahdlatul Ulama/meta/color}}" | |Raden Sabri Gandanegara <br /> {{small|(1966–1974)}} | rowspan="2" |10 <br /> (1967) | rowspan="2" | |- align="center" | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#7B8738" | | rowspan="2" |Raden Ahmad Nashuhi <br /> {{small|(1967–1973)}} |- align="center" | bgcolor="#7B8738" |{{white|'''8'''}} |[[Gambar:Gubernur Jawa Barat Solihin GP.jpg|100px]] |'''[[Solihin G.P.|Solihin Gautama Purwanegara]]''' |14 Februari 1970 |14 Februari 1975 |[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] |11<br />(1970) |{{refn|group=ket.|Gubernur Solihin tidak menginginkan melanjutkan kembali menjadi Gubernur dikarenakan kebijakan tidak disetujui Menteri Dalam Negeri [[Amir Machmud]]}}<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=VODlHHq4FukC&pg=PA699&lpg=PA699&dq=gubernur+jabar+ke+9+tahun+1965&source=bl&ots=47rE9q9_6K&sig=ACfU3U2qS802aNmniNMI8kT3VBy4BJx9tg&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwie6YKij-vpAhXkjuYKHa1wD6cQ6AEwBHoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=gubernur%20jabar%20ke%209%20tahun%201965&f=false Riwajat hidup anggota-anggota Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat] Books.google.co.id</ref><ref>[https://m.merdeka.com/peristiwa/solihin-gp-gubernur-merakyat-ajak-soeharto-mandi-di-sungai.html Solihin GP, gubernur merakyat ajak Soeharto mandi di sungai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606152542/https://m.merdeka.com/peristiwa/solihin-gp-gubernur-merakyat-ajak-soeharto-mandi-di-sungai.html |date=2020-06-06 }} Merdeka.com (24/2/2013). Diakses tanggal 6 Juni 2020</ref> |- align="center" | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#7B8738" |{{white|'''9'''}} | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:Aang Kunaefi.jpg|100px]] | rowspan="2" |'''[[Aang Kunaefi|Aang Kunaefi Kartawiria]]''' |14 Februari 1975 |19 Mei 1980 | rowspan="2" |[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" | |[[Soehoed Warnaen]] <br /> {{small|(1978–1980)}} |12 <br /> (1975) | |- align="center" |19 Mei 1980 |22 Mei 1985 | colspan="2" |• [[Aboeng Koesman]]<br />• [[Soehoed Warnaen]] |13 <br /> (1980) |{{refn|group=ket.|Sesuai dengan Keputusan Nomor 67/M Tahun 1980 tertanggal 7 Mei 1980 menetapkan Aang Kunaefi sebagai Gubernur Jawa Barat untuk masa jabatan kedua. Dilantik oleh Menteri Dalam Negeri Amir Machmud pada 19 Mei 1980.}}<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=EsvVB-Z85GcC&pg=RA3-PA9&lpg=RA3-PA9&dq=gubernur+Jawa+barat+aang+kunaefi+1975&source=bl&ots=4S0C1IgnMu&sig=ACfU3U0ZcA4ZT8Us-w2cUypXXygCNruZPA&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5hpPvjevpAhU1huYKHUnqCaMQ6AEwDnoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=gubernur%20Jawa%20barat%20aang%20kunaefi%201975&f=false Mimbar Departemen Dalam Negeri] Books.google.co.id</ref> |- align="center" | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#7B8738" |{{white|'''10'''}} | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:Yogi Suardi Memet.jpg|100px]] | rowspan="2" |'''[[Yogie Suardi Memet]]''' |22 Mei 1985 |19 Mei 1990 | rowspan="2" |[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |• Karna Suwanda {{small|(–1994)}}<br /> • Suryatna Subrata <br /> {{small|(–1992)}} <br /> • Mas Achmad Sampurna <br /> {{small|(1992–1999)}} |14 <br /> (1985) |<ref>[https://soeharto.co/presiden-gubernur-jabar-jangan-sampai-tergoda-tahta-harta-wanita/ PRESIDEN KEPADA GUBERNUR JABAR : JANGAN SAMPAI TERGODA TAHTA, HARTA, WANITA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609185448/https://soeharto.co/presiden-gubernur-jabar-jangan-sampai-tergoda-tahta-harta-wanita/ |date=2020-06-09 }} Soeharto.co (22/5/1985). Diakses tanggal 28 Mei 2020</ref> |- align="center" |19 Mei 1990 |''29 Mei 1993''{{efn|Tanggal 27 Maret 1993 diangkat menjadi [[Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia|Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia]]}} |15<br />(1990) |<ref>[https://majalah.tempo.co/read/album/18598/pelantikan Pelantikan]</ref><ref>[https://majalah.tempo.co/read/album/8997/pelantikan Pelantikan Wakil Gubernur] Tempo.co (07/11/1992)</ref> |- align="center" | rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{Golongan Karya/meta/color}}" |'''11''' | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:Governor of West Java R. Nuriana.jpg|100px]] | rowspan="2" |[[R. Nuriana|'''Raden Nana Nuriana''']] |29 Mei 1993 |13 Juni 1998 |[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | colspan="2" |• [[Ukman Sutaryan]] <br /> {{small|(1994–1999)}} <br /> • Mas Achmad Sampurna <br /> {{small|(1992–1999)}} |16 <br /> (1993) |<ref>[https://majalah.tempo.co/read/album/4891/pelantikan Pelantikan] Tempo.co (29/05/1993). Diakses tanggal 18 Juni 2020</ref> |- align="center" |13 Juni 1998 |13 Juni 2003 |[[Partai Golongan Karya]] | colspan="2" |• [[Dedem Ruchlia]] <br /> {{small|(1999–2003)}} <br /> • Husein Jachjasaputra <br /> {{small|(1999–2003)}} <br /> • Soedarna T. M. <br /> {{small|(1999–2003)}} |17 <br /> (1998) |{{refn|group=ket.|Pada masa pemerintahannya, [[Banten]] dimekarkan dari [[Jawa Barat]] dan terbentuk provinsi baru}} |- align="center" | bgcolor="{{Partai Golongan Karya/meta/color}}" |'''12''' |[[Gambar:Governor of West Java Danny Setiawan.jpg|100px]] |[[Danny Setiawan|'''Danny Setiawan''']] |13 Juni 2003 |13 Juni 2008 |[[Partai Golongan Karya]] | bgcolor="{{Partai Persatuan Pembangunan/meta/color}}" | |[[Nu'man Abdul Hakim]] |18 <br /> <small> ([[Pemilihan Gubernur Jawa Barat 2003|2003]]) </small> |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/55065/dani-setiawan-numan-abdul-gubernur-dan-wagub-jabar|title=Dani Setiawan-Nu`man Abdul, Gubernur dan Wagub Jabar|date=22 Mei 2003|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=Liputan6.com|first=|last=ORS|first2=Patria|last2=Hidayat|editor-first=|editor-last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/18286/honda-resmikan-pabrik-transmisi-otomatis|title=Honda Resmikan Pabrik Transmisi Otomatis|date=25 September 2003|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=Tempo.co|first=Poernomo Gontha|last=Ridho|editor-first=|editor-last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/lontar/file?file=digital/160139-[_Konten_]-Mochamad_Ade_Afriandi.pdf|title=Thesis UGM: Konformitas Kebijakan Pemerintah Kota Bandung Terhadap Karakteristik Sp Asial Pedagang Kaki Lima|date=4 September 2003|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=Universitas Gadjah Mada & Badan Pembangunan Nasional|first=Mochamad|last=Ade Afriandi|editor-first=|editor-last=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306133257/https://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/lontar/file?file=digital%2F160139-%5B_Konten_%5D-Mochamad_Ade_Afriandi.pdf |date=6 March 2021 }}</ref> |- align="center" | rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{Partai Keadilan Sejahtera/meta/color}}" |{{white|'''13'''}} | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:Governor of West Java Ahmad Heryawan.jpg|100px]] | rowspan="2" |[[Ahmad Heryawan|'''Ahmad Heryawan''']] |13 Juni 2008 |13 Juni 2013 | rowspan="2" |[[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera]] | bgcolor="{{Partai Amanat Nasional/meta/color}}" | |[[Dede Yusuf]] |19<br /><small>([[Pemilihan umum Gubernur Jawa Barat 2008|2008]])</small> |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2008/06/13/1/118421/inilah-janji-hade-saat-kampanye|title=Inilah Janji Hade Saat Kampanye|date=13 Juni 2008|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=Okezone.com|first=TB Ardi|last=Januar|editor-first=|editor-last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.merdeka.com/politik/hade-resmi-jadi-gubernur-dan-wagub-jabar-terpilih-2hh3euk.html|title=Hade Resmi Jadi Gubernur dan Wagub Jabar Terpilih|date=22 April 2008|access-date=3 Juni 2018|newspaper=Merdeka.com|first=|last=|editor-first=|editor-last=KPL|editor-last2=RIF}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613084628/https://www.merdeka.com/politik/hade-resmi-jadi-gubernur-dan-wagub-jabar-terpilih-2hh3euk.html |date=13 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2008/04/23/01474559/heryawan.terpilih.sebagai.gubernur.jawa.barat|title=Heryawan Terpilih sebagai Gubernur Jawa Barat|date=23 April 2008|access-date=3 Juni 2018|newspaper=Kompas.com|first=|last=A15|last2=MHF|last3=BAY|editor-first=|editor-last=}}</ref> |- align="center" |13 Juni 2013 |13 Juni 2018 | bgcolor="{{Partai Demokrat/meta/color}}" | |[[Deddy Mizwar]] |20<br /><small>([[Pemilihan umum Gubernur Jawa Barat 2013|2013]])</small> |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2013/06/13/14034115/Heryawan.Resmi.Dilantik.sebagai.Gubernur.Jabar|title=Heryawan Resmi Dilantik sebagai Gubernur Jabar|date=13 Juni 2013|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=Kompas.com|first=Rio|last=Kuswandi|editor-first=|editor-last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.depok.go.id/13/06/2013/berita-foto/ahmad-heryawan-dan-deddy-mizwar-resmi-dilantik-sebagai-gubernur-dan-wakil-gubernur-jawa-barat|title=Ahmad Heryawan dan Deddy Mizwar Resmi Dilantik Sebagai Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur Jawa Barat|date=13 Juni 2013|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=Berita Depok, Pemerintah Kota Depok|first=|last=Pemkot Depok|editor-first=|editor-last=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613040859/https://www.depok.go.id/13/06/2013/berita-foto/ahmad-heryawan-dan-deddy-mizwar-resmi-dilantik-sebagai-gubernur-dan-wakil-gubernur-jawa-barat |date=2018-06-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/2272392/ahmad-heryawan-deddy-mizwar-resmi-jadi-gubernur-dan-wagub-jabar|title=Ahmad Heryawan-Deddy Mizwar Resmi Jadi Gubernur dan Wagub Jabar|date=13 Juni 2013|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=detikNews|first=|last=TYA|last2=AVI|editor-first=|editor-last=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613050834/https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/2272392/ahmad-heryawan-deddy-mizwar-resmi-jadi-gubernur-dan-wagub-jabar |date=2018-06-13 }}</ref> |- align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" |'''14''' |[[Gambar:Governor of West Java Ridwan Kamil.png|100px]] |[[Ridwan Kamil|'''Ridwan Kamil''']] <br /> [[Gambar:Sign Ridwan Kamil.png|90px|pra=Special:FilePath/Sign_Ridwan_Kamil.png]] |5 September 2018 |''Petahana'' |'''''Nonpartisan''''' | bgcolor="{{Partai Persatuan Pembangunan/meta/color}}" | |[[Uu Ruzhanul Ulum]] |21<br /><small>([[Pemilihan umum Gubernur Jawa Barat 2018|2018]])</small> |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.merdeka.com/politik/ridwan-kamil-jadi-gubernur-jabar-besok-oded-pimpin-kota-bandung.html|title=Ridwan Kamil jadi gubernur Jabar besok, Oded pimpin Kota Bandung {{!}} merdeka.com|last=Bebey|first=Aksara|newspaper=merdeka.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref> |- |} </onlyinclude> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3; text-align:left; padding:0.2em;"> {{legend|{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}|Non-partisan / Penugasan Pemerintah|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#a5682a|[[Partai Indonesia Raya]] (PIR)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#660000|[[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] (PNI)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|maroon|[[Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia]] (IPKI)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#7B8738|[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#ff6666|[[Partai Komunis Indonesia]] (PKI)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{Nahdlatul Ulama/meta/color}}|[[Nahdlatul Ulama]] (NU)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{Partai Golongan Karya/meta/color}}|[[Partai Golongan Karya]] (Golkar)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{Partai Persatuan Pembangunan/meta/color}}|[[Partai Persatuan Pembangunan]] (PPP)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{Partai Amanat Nasional/meta/color}}|[[Partai Amanat Nasional]] (PAN)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{Partai Demokrat/meta/color}}|[[Partai Demokrat]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{Partai Keadilan Sejahtera/meta/color}}|[[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera]] (PKS)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} </div> === Pelaksana tugas Gubernur === Ieu mangrupa daftar Penjabat dan Pelaksana Tugas Gubernur anu ngagantikeun Gubernur anu cuti kampanye atawa dina masa transisi {| class="wikitable" | align="center" |'''Potret''' | colspan="2" align="center" |'''Pelaksana tugas Gubernur''' | align="center" |'''Mulai Ngajabat''' | align="center" |'''Akhir jabatan''' | align="center" |'''Masa''' | align="center" |'''Ket.''' | style="background-color:#258B18; color:yellow;" align="center" |'''Gubernur Definitif''' |- |[[Gambar:Raden Oekar Bratakoesoemah Konstituante PNI.jpg|100px]] | bgcolor="#660000" | |[[Ukar Bratakusumah]]<br /><small>(Komisaris Republik Indonesia di Jawa Barat)</small> |22 Desember 1948 |1 September 1950 |04 |{{refn|group=ket.|Menjadi Gubernur pada masa [[Pemerintahan Darurat Republik Indonesia]]}} |[[R. Mas Sewaka|Raden Mas Sewaka]] |- |[[Gambar:Lek Laksamana.jpg|100px|pra=Special:FilePath/Lek_Laksamana.jpg]] | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" | |[[Lex Laksamana]]<br /><small>(Pelaksana Harian)</small> |27 Maret 2008 |9 April 2008 |17 <br /> (2003) |{{refn|group=ket.|[[Danny Setiawan]] dan [[Nu'man Abdul Hakim]] mengajukan cuti untuk kampanye dalam [[Pemilihan umum Gubernur Jawa Barat 2008]]}}<ref>[https://m.detik.com/news/berita-jawa-barat/d-913734/danny-setiawan-cuti-dari-gubernur-jabar Danny setiawan Cuti dari Gubernur Jabar]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Detik.com (26/3/2008). Diakses tanggal 29 Mei 2020</ref> |[[Danny Setiawan]] |- |[[Gambar:The acting Regent of Bandung Perry Suparman.jpg|100px]] | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" | |Perry Suparman<br /><small>(Pelaksana Harian)</small> |7 Februari 2013 |20 Februari 2013 |18 <br /> ([[Pemilihan umum Gubernur Jawa Barat 2008|2008]]) |{{refn|group=ket.|[[Ahmad Heryawan]] dan [[Dede Yusuf]] mengajukan cuti untuk kampanye dalam [[Pemilihan umum Gubernur Jawa Barat 2013]]}}<ref>[https://amp.kompas.com/money/read/2013/02/04/14164148/gubernur.jabar.dapat.cuti Gubernur Jabar Dapat Cuti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329222226/https://amp.kompas.com/money/read/2013/02/04/14164148/gubernur.jabar.dapat.cuti |date=2021-03-29 }} Kompas.com (4/2/2013). Diakses tanggal 29 Mei 2020</ref> | rowspan="4" |[[Ahmad Heryawan]] |- | rowspan="3" |[[Gambar:Wagub Dedy Mizwar.jpg|100px|pra=Special:FilePath/Wagub_Dedy_Mizwar.jpg]] | rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{Partai Demokrat/meta/color}}" | | rowspan="3" |[[Deddy Mizwar]]<br /><small>(Pelaksana Harian)</small> |16 Maret 2014 |26 Maret 2014 | rowspan="3" |19 <br /> ([[Pemilihan umum Gubernur Jawa Barat 2013|2013]]) |{{refn|group=ket.|[[Ahmad Heryawan]] mengajukan cuti untuk menjadi Juru Kampanye [[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera|PKS]] dalam [[Pemilihan umum legislatif Indonesia 2014]]}}<ref>[https://republika.co.id/berita/n2d4n2/jadi-juru-kampanye-ahmad-heryawan-cuti-10-hari Jadi Juru Kampanye Ahmad Heryawan Cuti 10 Hari] Republika.co.id (13/3/2014). Diakses tanggal 29 Mei 2020</ref> |- |4 April 2014 |24 April 2014 |<ref>[https://m.detik.com/news/berita-jawa-barat/d-2515004/jadi-jurkam-aher-cuti-jadi-gubernur-selama-20-hari Jadi Jurkam, Aher Cuti Jadi Gubernur Selama 20 Hari]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Detik.com (4/4/2014). Diakses tanggal 29 Mei 2020</ref> |- | colspan="2" |13, 20, 25 Juni dan 1 Juli 2014 |<ref>[https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/06/12/0902586/Heryawan.Cuti.Saya.Tidak.Ganggu.Pemerintahan. Heryawan: Cuti Saya Tidak Ganggu Pemerintahan] Kompas.com (12/6/2014)</ref> |- |[[Gambar:Iwa Karniwa.jpg|100px|pra=Special:FilePath/Iwa_Karniwa.jpg]] | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" | |[[Iwa Karniwa]]<br /><small>(Pelaksana Harian)</small> |13 Juni 2018 |18 Juni 2018 |— |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.merdeka.com/politik/tugas-aher-selesai-iwa-karniwa-jadi-plh-gubernur-jawa-barat.html|title=Tugas Aher selesai, Iwa Karniwa jadi Plh Gubernur Jawa Barat|date=11 Juni 2018|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=Merdeka.com|first=Aksara|last=Bebey|editor-first=|editor-last=}}</ref> |''Transisi'' |- |[[Gambar:Acting Governor of West Java Moch. Irawan.png|100px]] | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" | |[[Mochamad Iriawan]]<br /><small>(Penjabat)</small> |18 Juni 2018 |5 September 2018 |— |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/pemprov-jabar/18/06/18/pai3op428-m-iriawan-resmi-jadi-pj-gubernur-jabar|title=M Iriawan Resmi Jadi Pj Gubernur Jabar {{!}} Republika Online|newspaper=Republika Online|access-date=2018-06-18}}</ref> |''Transisi'' |- |} <references> {{pondok}} == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Gubernur Jawa Kulon| ]] <references /> <references group="ket." /> ti5ld328ixw6exlh1kvka01p86pog1z 0 48550 679931 474175 2025-06-16T03:24:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 679931 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Drymaeus strigatus habitat.png|thumb|Salah sahiji conto Habitat Cai Tawar]] '''Habitat''' mangrupa hiji [[kawasan]] nu diwangun tina komponén [[fisik]] atawa abiotik nu mangrupa hiji kasatuan nu dipaké minangka tempat [[hirup]] sarta ngalikeun mahluk hirup.<ref name="hiji">{{id}}Alikodra. 1990. ''Pengelolaan Satwa Liar''. Jilid 1. IPB Press, Bogor</ref> Habitat atawa bioma mangrupa jenis [[lingkungan]] di mana [[tutuwuhan]] jeung [[sasatoan]] hirup.<ref name="dua">{{en}}[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats Habitats] (diakses 18 Desember 2015)</ref> Habitat ditangtukeun ku jenis [[tutuwuhan]] naon nu hirup di dinya, iklim atawa géografina.<ref name="dua"/> Leuweung hujan, [[terumbu karang]] jeung [[tundra]] mangrupa sagala habitat di mana jenis tutuwuhan atawa sato nu tangtu bisa kapanggihan.<ref name="dua"/> ==Babagian Habitat== Habitat kabagi jadi tilu jenis, di antarana: #Habitat darat (''terrestrial habitats''). Organisme nu aya dina habitat ieu sapinuhna [[hirup]] di [[darat]].{{fact}} Conto mahluk nu aya dina habitat ieu nyaéta [[sireum]], [[laleur]], bangsa [[artrophoda]], jeung tutuwuhan darat.<ref name="tilu">{{en}}[http://www.icoachmath.com/biology/definition-of-habitat.html Definition of habitat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112055158/http://www.icoachmath.com/biology/definition-of-habitat.html |date=2016-01-12 }} (diakses 23 Desember 2015)</ref> #Habitat cai tawar (''freshwater habitats'') #Habitat laut (''marine habitats'') ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Ékologi]] ho5wd3slxutzdcp190h1owz35z4rxuh 0 85585 679929 674487 2025-06-15T23:45:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 679929 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Badud''' nyaéta kasenian tradisional anu asalna ti Dusun Margajaya, Désa Margacinta, [[Cijulang, Pangandaran|Kecamatan Cijulang]], [[Kabupaten Pangandaran|Kabupatén Pangandaran]]. Lokasi utamana aya di sisi ngarai, di gigireun pangkal [[rawayan]] gantung anu manjang luhureun [[walungan]]. Éta wewengkon dijadikeun [[Kampung]] [[Budaya]] atawa mindeng disebut Kampung Badud.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swarapangandaran.com/seni-badud-menolak-punah/|title=Ficer: Seni Badud Menolak Punah|last=Andi Nurroni|date=2016-08-08|website=Swarapangandaran.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424024131/https://swarapangandaran.com/seni-badud-menolak-punah/ |date=2019-04-24 }}</ref> Seni Badud mimiti diciptakeun taun 1868 anu didadasaran kasieun [[masarakat]] jeung ku [[sasatoan]] [[leuweung]] waktu rék ngala [[paré]] atawa [[panén]]. Ku kituna, dijieun alat anu ngaranna [[dogdog]], dijieun tina [[awi]] anu dijadikeun alat musik pamirig kasenian badud. Dina taun 2013, seni badud ngalaman tumpur jeung kakara ahir taun 2014 mimiti dimekarkeun deui kalayan alpukah ti padepokan seni badud. Sanggeus kitu, pamarintah Désa Margacinta mimiti museurkeun paniténna kana ieu kasenian buhun ku cara dijadikan [[kagiatan]] [[ekstrakurikuler]] di [[sakola]] di sabudeureun Désa Margacinta.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nurohmah|first=Ulfah|date=2018-08-20|title=Sejarah dan pelestarian Seni Badud sebagai upaya meningkatkan kesadaran budaya Desa Margacinta Kabupaten Pangandaran Tahun 2013-2017|url=http://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/13587/|language=id|publisher=UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506003832/http://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/13587/ |date=2021-05-06 }}</ref> [[Pargelaran]] [[seni]] Badud dijieun pikeun ngareuah-reuah [[ritual]] panén di [[sawah]]. Konsép peran anu ditampilkeun nyaéta pamaén maké atribut [[kedok]] sasatoan anu wujudna [[monyet]], [[lutung]], jeung [[maung]] anu dijieun tina bahan basajan luyu jeung kamampuh [[patani]]. Para pamaén ngalakukeun gerakan luyu jeung karakter kedok anu dipakéna, rombongan pamaén seni badud leumpang ngareuah-reuah rombongan patani anu mawa hasil panén anu bakal diasupkeun kana [[lumbung]] di désa. Salian ti éta, seni badud ogé mangrupa salah sahiji cara ngusir [[hama]] anu bakal ngarusak paré. Ieu hal dilakukeun waktu usum nuar tatangkalan jeung melak binih paré anu dimimitian ku bacaan du'a, [[mantra]] jeung rupa-rupa [[sasajén]].<ref name=":1">https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/dashboard/media/Buku%20Penetapan%20WBTb%202018.pdf</ref> == Pintonan == Pagelaran kasenian Badud lumangsung sapoé sapeuting. Saacan ieu seni dimimitian, dijieun heula sasajén keur ngahargaan para [[karuhun]] anu geus tilar dunya atawa rupa-rupa kakuatan anu nangtayungan masarakat sabudeureun Margacinta. Sasajénna ngawengku parupuyan atawa [[menyan]], [[rujak]] [[kembang]] ros, [[endog]], rujak [[cau]], [[daging]] atah, [[gula batu]], [[roko]] bangjo, roko surutu, jeung roko warna [[coklat]] dua batang. Waktu lakon pagelaran rék dimimitian isuk, sasajén anu geus kakumpul diteundeun di tengah-tengah tempat pagelaran. Lamun aya pamaén anu kaancikan jeung hayang wanda dahareun tinggal nyokot dina tempat éta sasajén. Sakabéh pamaén anu geus kaancikan bakal mikahayang kadaharan anu béda-béda. Contona maung anu geus kaancikan bakal milih daging atah, lamun [[barongsay]] atawa [[ébég]] bakal milih rupa-rupa wanda rujak. Kabéh pamaén ngalakukeun kabéh gerakan di luar kadalina sabab geus kaancikan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbjabar/badud-margacinta/|title=Badud Margacinta|last=irvansetiawan|date=2018-01-08|website=Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Jawa Barat|language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223231418/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbjabar/badud-margacinta/ |date=2023-02-23 }}</ref> == Kasenian == Kasenian Badud dina wangun kasenian koléktif kawangun din seni [[musik]], seni [[tari]], jeung seni maén peran atawa [[drama]].<ref name=":0">http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPBS/JUR._PEND._BAHASA_DAERAH/195901011986011-RUSWENDI_PERMANA/Pertunjukan_Kesenian_Tardisional_Badud_Di_Kecamatan_Cijulang.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426161601/http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPBS/JUR._PEND._BAHASA_DAERAH/195901011986011-RUSWENDI_PERMANA/Pertunjukan_Kesenian_Tardisional_Badud_Di_Kecamatan_Cijulang.pdf |date=2019-04-26 }}</ref> === seni musik === Alat musik anu digunakeun nyaéta dalapan [[angklung]] laras [[saléndro]] ti mimiti panghandapna nepi ka [[nada]] pangluhurna. Ieu angklung dipaénkeun kalayan cara dicekel hiji éwang ku nu maénna.<ref name=":1" /> Wanda angklung anu dipaké ngawengku angklung roel hiji, roel dua, aclik, sorolok, ambruk satu, ambruk dua, penerus, jeung jenglong. Alat musik angklung miboga peran salaku [[melodi]] [[rumpaka]] [[lagu]] anu dipaénkeun. Salian ti éta, aya genep dogdog anu dipaénkeun ku genep urang kalayan nada anu pangluhurna nepi ka anu panghandapna. Anapon wincikan.<ref name=":0" /> * Endol, nyaéta dogdog pangleutikna dipaké keur ketukan bubuka ku [[dalang]]. * Dogdog sedeng atawa dungdung, nyaéta dogdog anu leuwih gedé tibatan dogdog endol kajaba cara nabeuhna dibédakeun. * Dogdog bondol atawa kentrung hiji, miboga peran méré ketukan tetap atawa ketukan tesis, * Dalang atawa kentrung dua (ambruk), bajidor hiji (badublag), bajidor dua (badublag), nyaéta dogdog anu panggedéna di antara dogdog bajidot hiji jeung dua, miboga peran méré [[warna]] tepakan [[kendang]], biasana dogdog badublag méré tanda bakal aya gong atawa méré sora ahir lamun aya goongan. Ieu dogdog miboga sora jiga kendang, sabab [[sora]] anu dimunculkeunna ampir sarua jeung tepak kendang. Ngan alat musik dogdog bakal méré nada anu leuwih variatif.<ref name=":0" /> === Seni tari === Dina kasenian Badud, kurang némbongkeun gerak atawa tari sabab harita pertunjukan kasenian Badud masih dipintonkeun dina bentuk kasenian helaran ataw iring-iringan masarakat minangka salah sahiji prosesi neundeun paré kana lumbung désa. Para pamaén nari dina kaayaan kancikan, nepi ka anu katempo ku nu nongton mah gerakan-gerakan sasatoan atawa gerak [[imitasi]] kalakuan sasatoan anu luyu jeung kostum anu dipakéna. Lolobana desain gerak tari anu digunakeun nyaéta kalincahan gerak-gerak langkah suku jeung gerak leungeun salaku panyaimbang. Dina pertunjukan nu nari nurutan gerak sasatoan anu diselang ku gerak [[atraksi]] ngajleng jeung gugugulingab nepi ka nu nonton kataji jeung resep.<ref name=":0" /> === Seni drama === Seni drama anu aya dina badud tujuanana nyaéta sangkan nu nongton bisa seuri jeung kahibur, saperti waktu nu merankeun [[aki]] dan [[nini]] muncul keur muka acara ku bobodoran anu khas. Lian ti éta, aya operan jeung ''bloking'' waktu muncul pamaén anu ngagunakeun kostum sasatoan diaping ku aki jeung nini. Adegan tadi bisa jadi [[plot]] atawa galur [[cerita]]. Sanajan ieu hal teu kapikiraj ku [[seniman]] nu nyiptakeunana. Peran-peran dina pertunjukan, saperti peran [[monyét]], [[bagong]] [[leuweung]], maung, [[kuda lumping]], barongsay, aki-aki, jeung nini minangka peran anu luyu jeung [[téma]] carita nundipintonkeun. Ayana peran sasatoan anu dianggap ngarusak pepelakan paré di sawah jeung peran aki jeung nini salaku nu boga pakayana.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] [[Kategori:Seni]] [[Kategori:Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Ibing topéng]] ==Tumbu ka luar== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bep_W5rr-OE Pertunjukan seni badud.] *[https://m.jabarnews.com/read/50690/ Kasenian badud dihirup-huripkeun deui.]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ej0cng0wyg5dubu5lp1oqld382rvj2w 0 104314 679930 673612 2025-06-16T01:12:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 679930 wikitext text/x-wiki Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) nya éta hiji wangun atikan formal anu ngayakeun atikan vokasional di jenjang pendidikan menengah, minangka lajuningan ti tingkat SMP atawa Madrasah Tsanawiyah. Di Kota Bandung aya 16 SMK Negeri dina naungan Pamaréntah Propinsi Jawa Barat. Sakola ieu digolongkeun kana sakola umum, dingaranan dumasar jumlah di hareupeun kecap SMK Negeri, SMK Negeri, atawa SMK N 1 nepi ka 15, dituturkeun ku kecap Bandung, salaku ciri tina tempat sakola. lokasina, iwal ti SMK PU Negeri Bandung. . Sebaran lokasi sakola panglobana aya di Kacamatan Lengkong jeung Buahbatu, masing-masing aya 4 sakola, sarta sakola-sakola séjénna sumebar di rupa-rupa kacamatan di kota Bandung séjénna. Kaanekaragaman program studi atawa jurusan anu diayakeun ku SMK negeri di Bandung, diantarana jurusan-jurusan dina widang kaparigelan dina widang téhnologi jeung rékayasa, téknologi informasi jeung komunikasi, bisnis jeung manajemen, pariwisata, kaséhatan jeung karya sosial komo dina widang seni jeung industri kreatif. . Sacara rinci, dina taun 2022 bakal aya 9 urut Sakola Téknik Menengah (STM), 3 sakola ex-SMEA (SMEA), 1 urut SMA Seni Rupa (SMSR), 1 urut Sakola Pariwisata, 1 ex- Sakola Pariwisata.Sekolah Menengah Pekerjaan Sosial (SMP), ogé 1 sakola tilas Sakola Menengah Karawitan Indonésia (SMKI). == Daptar == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" !Ngaran sakola !Lokasi !Tipe !Program / Jurusan ! data-sort-type="jumlah" |Taun Ngadegna !Ngaran Sakola saméméhna |- |[[SMK Negeri 1 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smkn1bandung.sch.id/|title=SMK Negeri 1 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 1 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921065322/http://smkn1bandung.sch.id/|archive-date=2020-09-21|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921065322/http://smkn1bandung.sch.id/ |date=2020-09-21 }}</ref> |Jl. Wastukencana No 3, [[Babakanciamis, Sumurbandung, Bandung|Babakan Ciamis, Sumurbandung, Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219178|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230813/http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219178|archive-date=2018-12-20|dead-url=no|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=16 Januari 2016}}</ref> |Negeri | * Akuntansi dan Keuangan Lembaga * Otomatisasi dan Tata Kelola Perkantoran * Bisnis Daring dan Pemasaran * Usaha Perjalanan Wisata |1943 |''Sekolah Menengah Ekonomi Atas (SMEA) Negeri 1 Bandung'' |- |[[SMK Negeri 2 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smkn2bandung.sch.id/|title=SMK Negeri 2 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 2 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230854/http://smkn2bandung.sch.id/|archive-date=2018-12-20|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230854/http://smkn2bandung.sch.id/ |date=2018-12-20 }}</ref> |Jl. Ciliwung No. 4, [[Cihapit, Bandung Wetan, Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219146|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826150139/http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219146|archive-date=2018-08-26|dead-url=no|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=16 Januari 2016}}</ref> |Negeri | * Teknik Permesinan * Teknik Gambar Mesin * Teknik Pengelasan * Teknik Fabrikasi Logam * Teknik Komputer dan Jaringan * Multimedia * Animasi |1950 |''Sekolah Teknik Menengah (STM) Negeri 1 Bandung'' |- |[[SMK Negeri 3 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smkn3bandung.sch.id/|title=SMK Negeri 3 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 3 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118220525/http://www.smkn3bandung.sch.id/|archive-date=2018-11-18|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}}</ref> |Jl. Solontongan No. 10, [[Turangga, Lengkong, Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219145|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114192332/http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219145|archive-date=2017-01-14|dead-url=no|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=16 Januari 2016}}</ref> |Negeri | * Akuntansi dan Keuangan Lembaga * Otomatisasi dan Tata Kelola Perkantoran * Manajemen Logistik * Bisnis Daring dan Pemasaran * Ritel * Usaha Perjalanan Wisata * Multimedia |1960 |''Sekolah Menengah Ekonomi Atas (SMEA) Negeri 2 Bandung'' |- |[[SMK Negeri 4 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smkn4bdg.sch.id/|title=SMK Negeri 4 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 4 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007151903/https://smkn4bdg.sch.id/|archive-date=2022-10-07|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007151903/https://smkn4bdg.sch.id/ |date=2022-10-07 }}</ref> |Jl. Kliningan No. 6, [[Turangga, Lengkong, Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219144|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230949/http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219144|archive-date=2018-12-20|dead-url=no|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=16 Januari 2016}}</ref> |Negeri | * Teknik Komputer Jaringan * Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak * Multimedia * Teknik Otomasi Industri * Teknik Instalasi Tenaga Listrik * Teknik Audio-Video |1962 |''Sekolah Teknik Menengah (STM) Negeri 2 Bandung'' |- |[[SMK Negeri 5 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smkn5bandung.sch.id/|title=SMK Negeri 5 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 5 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527041601/http://smkn5bandung.sch.id/|archive-date=2018-05-27|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527041601/http://smkn5bandung.sch.id/ |date=2018-05-27 }}</ref> |Jl. Bojong Koneng No. 37A, [[Sukapada, Cibeunying Kidul, Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219143|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830062723/http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219143|archive-date=2017-08-30|dead-url=no|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=16 Januari 2016}}</ref> |Negeri | * Desain Pemodelan dan Informasi Bangunan * Konstruksi Gedung, Sanitasi dan Perawatan * Teknik Geomatika * Kimia Analisis * Teknik Komputer Jaringan * Produksi Film dan Televisi |1965 |''Sekolah Teknik Menengah (STM) Negeri 3 Bandung'' |- |[[SMK Negeri 6 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smkn6bandung.sch.id/|title=SMK Negeri 6 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 6 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020005230/http://www.smkn6bandung.sch.id/|archive-date=2018-10-20|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020005230/http://www.smkn6bandung.sch.id/ |date=2018-10-20 }}</ref> |Jl. Ranca Mekar, Kompleks. Riung Bandung, Soekarno-Hatta, [[Cisaranten Kidul, Gedebage, Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219142|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823215620/http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219142|archive-date=2017-08-23|dead-url=no|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=16 Januari 2016}}</ref> |Negeri | * Desain Pemodelan dan Informasi Bangunan * Teknik Instalasi Tenaga Listrik * Teknik Pemesinan * Teknik Kendaraan Ringan * Teknik Pengelasan * Teknik Audio-Video |1965 |''Sekolah Teknik Menengah (STM) Negeri 5 Bandung'' |- |[[SMK Negeri 7 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smkn7bandung.sch.id/|title=SMK Negeri 7 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 7 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230917/http://smkn7bandung.sch.id/|archive-date=2018-12-20|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230917/http://smkn7bandung.sch.id/ |date=2018-12-20 }}</ref> |Jl. Soekarno-Hatta No. 596, [[Sekejati, Buahbatu, Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219141|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230533/http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219141|archive-date=2018-12-20|dead-url=no|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=16 Januari 2016}}</ref> |Negeri | * Kimia Tekstil * Analisis Pengujian Laboratorium * Kimia Industri * Farmasi Industri * Farmasi Klinis dan Komunitas |1965 |''Sekolah Teknik Menengah (STM) Negeri Kimia Bandung'' |- |[[SMK Negeri 8 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smkn8bdg.sch.id/|title=SMK Negeri 8 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 8 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219062822/https://smkn8bdg.sch.id/|archive-date=2022-12-19|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}}</ref> |Jl. Kliningan No 31, [[Turangga, Lengkong, Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219140|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230717/http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219140|archive-date=2018-12-20|dead-url=no|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=16 Januari 2016}}</ref> |Negeri | * Teknik Kendaraan Ringan Otomotif * Teknik Bisnis dan Sepeda Motor * Teknik Perbaikan Bodi Otomotif * Teknik Pendingan dan Tata Udara * Teknik Elektronika Industri |1965 |''Sekolah Teknik Menengah (STM) Negeri 4 Bandung'' |- |[[SMK Negeri 9 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smkn9bandung.sch.id/|title=SMK Negeri 9 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 9 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131102816/http://smkn9bandung.sch.id/|archive-date=2019-01-31|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}}</ref> |Jl. Soekarno Hatta KM. 10, [[Jatisari, Buahbatu, Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219139|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220133956/http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219139|archive-date=2017-12-20|dead-url=no|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=16 Januari 2016}}</ref> |Negeri | * Usaha Perjalanan Wisata * Akomodasi Perhotelan * Tata Boga * Tata Busana * Tata Kecantikan Kulit dan Rambut * Desain Komunikasi Visual |1958 |''Sekolah Menengah Kesejahteraan Keluarga (SMKK) Negeri Bandung'' |- |[[SMK Negeri 10 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smkn10bandung.sch.id/|title=SMK Negeri 10 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 10 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229100256/http://www.smkn10bandung.sch.id/|archive-date=2018-12-29|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229100256/http://www.smkn10bandung.sch.id/ |date=2018-12-29 }}</ref> |Jl. Cijawura Hilir No. 339, [[Cijawura, Buahbatu, Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219176|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726165951/http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219176|archive-date=2018-07-26|dead-url=no|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=16 Januari 2016}}</ref> |Negeri | ; Seni Pertunjukan * Seni Karawitan * Seni Tari * Seni Teater * Seni Musik Populer ; Broadcasting dan Perfilman * Siaran dan Produksi Program Televisi * Produksi Film * Produksi Film dan Program Televisi |1958 |''Sekolah Menengah Karawitan Indonesia (SMKI) Negeri Bandung'' |- |[[SMK Negeri 11 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smkn11bdg.sch.id/|title=SMK Negeri 11 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 11 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219062806/https://www.smkn11bdg.sch.id/|archive-date=2022-12-19|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219062806/https://www.smkn11bdg.sch.id/ |date=2022-12-19 }}</ref> |Jl. Budi Cilember, [[Sukaraja, Cicendo, Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219175|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230419/http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219175|archive-date=2018-12-20|dead-url=no|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=16 Januari 2016}}</ref> |Negeri | * Otomatisasi dan Tata Kelola Perkantoran * Akuntansi dan Keuangan Lembaga * Bisnis Daring dan Pemasaran * Manajemen Logistik * Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak * Multimedia * Teknik Komputer Jaringan |1968 |''Sekolah Menengah Ekonomi Atas (SMEA) Negeri Cimahi'' |- |[[SMK Negeri 12 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smkn12bandung.sch.id/|title=SMK Negeri 12 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 12 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524002315/https://smkn12bandung.sch.id/|archive-date=2022-05-24|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524002315/https://smkn12bandung.sch.id/ |date=2022-05-24 }}</ref> |Jl. Pajajaran No. 92, [[Pamoyanan, Cicendo, Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219174|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230556/http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219174|archive-date=2018-12-20|dead-url=no|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=16 Januari 2016}}</ref> |Negeri | * ''Airframe and Powerplant'' (Teknik Perawatan Power Plant dan Rangka-Badan Pesawat Udara) * ''Aircraft Machining'' (Teknik Pemesinan Pesawat Udara) * ''Aircraft Sheet Metal Forming'' (Teknik Produksi Badan Pesawat Udara) * ''Airframe Mechanic'' (Teknik Produksi Rangka Pesawat) * ''Aircraft Electricity'' (Teknik Produksi Instalasi Kelistrikan Pesawat Udara) * ''Aviation Electronics'' (Teknik Produksi Instalasi Elektronika Pesawat Udara) * ''Electrical Avionics'' (Teknik Perawatan Instalasi Kelistrikan dan Elektronika Pesawat Udara) |1986 |''Sekolah Teknik Menengah (STM) Penerbangan Negeri Bandung'' |- |[[SMK Negeri 13 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hubin13.web.id/|title=SMK Negeri 13 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 13 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219064303/https://hubin13.web.id/|archive-date=2022-12-19|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219064303/https://hubin13.web.id/ |date=2022-12-19 }}</ref> |Jl. Soekarno Hatta KM. 10, [[Jatisari, Buahbatu, Bandung]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/20219161|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219063316/https://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/20219161|archive-date=2022-12-19|dead-url=no|accessdate=16-01-2016|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan}}</ref> |Negeri | * Kimia Analisis * Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak * Teknik Komputer Jaringan |1938 |''Sekolah Menengah Teknik (SMT) Kimia Negeri Bandung'' |- |[[SMK Negeri 14 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smkn14bdg.sch.id/|title=SMK Negeri 14 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 14 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221013656/http://smkn14bdg.sch.id/|archive-date=2022-12-21|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221013656/http://smkn14bdg.sch.id/ |date=2022-12-21 }}</ref> |Jl. Cijawura Hilir No. 341, [[Cijawura, Buahbatu, Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219160|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210231812/http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219160|archive-date=2017-12-10|dead-url=no|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=16 Januari 2016}}</ref> |Negeri | * Teknik Perbaikan Bodi Otomotif * Multimedia * Animasi * Desain Komunikasi Visual * Desain dan Produksi Kria, Batik dan Tekstil * Desain dan Produksi Kria Kulit * Desain dan Produksi Kria Keramik * Desain dan Produksi Kria Logam * Desain dan Produksi Kria Kayu |1987 |''Sekolah Menengah Seni Rupa (SMSR) Negeri Bandung'' |- |[[SMK Negeri 15 Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smkn15bandung.sch.id/|title=SMK Negeri 15 Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK Negeri 15 Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230709/http://smkn15bandung.sch.id/|archive-date=2018-12-20|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230709/http://smkn15bandung.sch.id/ |date=2018-12-20 }}</ref> |Jl. Gatot Subroto No. 4, [[Burangrang, Lengkong, Bandung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219159|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230741/http://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20219159|archive-date=2018-12-20|dead-url=no|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=16 Januari 2016}}</ref> |Negeri | * Keperawatan Sosial * Tata Boga * Akomodasi Perhotelan * Multimedia |1919 |''Sekolah Menengah Pekerjaan Sosial (SMPS) Negeri Bandung'' |- |[[SMK PU Negeri Bandung]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.smkpunegerijabar.sch.id/|title=SMK PU Negeri Bandung|publisher=Situs Resmi SMK PU Negeri Bandung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207162826/http://web.smkpunegerijabar.sch.id/|archive-date=2021-12-07|dead-url=no|access-date=10 Mei 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207162826/http://web.smkpunegerijabar.sch.id/ |date=2021-12-07 }}</ref> |Jl. Garut No. 10, [[Kacapiring, Batununggal, Bandung]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/20219231|title=Referensi Data Sekolah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218112003/https://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/20219231|archive-date=2022-12-18|dead-url=no|accessdate=16-01-2016|author=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan}}</ref> |Negeri, sejak 2012 | * Desain Pemodelan dan Informasi Bangunan * Teknik Geomatika * Teknik Komputer Jaringan * Teknik Kendaraan RIngan Otomotif * Teknik Pemesinan * Teknik Instalasi Tenaga Listrik |1961 |''Sekolah Teknologi Menengah (STM) Pekerjaan Umum (PU) Provinsi Jawa Barat'' |} == Referensi == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:SMK di Kota Bandung|*]] [[Kategori:SMK di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:SMK di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Taratas sakola di Indonesia]] hrn19nzn74tmt32qxb0ebr3m8c9qw53 0 104739 679932 677771 2025-06-16T07:23:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 679932 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kurikulum Merdéka''' nyaéta kmurikulum pangajaran intrakulikuler anu miboga rupa-rupa kontén leuwih optimal sangkan siswa miboga cukup waktu pikeun neuleuman konsép jeung ngaronjatkeun pangabisa (kompeténsi). Guru dibébaskeun pikeun milih pakakas bahan ajar anu disaluyukeun jeung kabutuhan diajar sarta minat siswa. Udaganana nyaéta bisa ngawujudkeun pangajaran anu ''berbasis'' projek sarta bisa ngahontal ''Profil Pelajar Pancasila'' anu keur dimekarkeun ku pamaréntah. Ieu projek teu diarahkeun pikeun ngahontal capaian hiji pangajaran hungkul, ku kitu ieu projek teu kawatesanan ku kontén hiji mata pelajaran hungkul.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://merdekabelajar.kemdikbud.go.id/upload/file/172_1645510734.pdf|title=Buku Saku Tanya Jawab Kurikulum Merdeka|last=Saluran Informasi dan Pengaduan seputar Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|publisher=Kemdikbud RI}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912122009/https://merdekabelajar.kemdikbud.go.id/upload/file/172_1645510734.pdf |date=2023-09-12 }}</ref> == Karakteristik == Kurikulum Merdéka miboga karakteristik<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pusatinformasi.guru.kemdikbud.go.id/hc/en-us/articles/6824331505561-Latar-Belakang-Kurikulum-Merdeka|title=Latar Belakang Kurikulum Merdeka|last=Pusat Informasi Guru Kemdikbud}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>: # Fokus kana matéri ésénsial, tujuanana sangkan kagiatan pangajaran leuwih nyosok jero. # Waktu pikeun mekarkeun kompeténsi jeung karakter ngaliwatan sistem kerja kelompok kontéks nyata (Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila). # ''Capaian Pembelajaran'' diunggal fase sarta jam pangajaran fléksibel. Hal ieu disaluyukeun jeung kabutuhan para siswa jueng kaayaan sakola. # Guru dibébaskeun pikeun milih bahan ajar sarta matéri pelatihan. Ieu hal miboga udagan sangkan guru bisa mekarkeun kurikulum di sakola sarta ngalaksanakeun kagiatan diajar anu optimal. # Sistem gotong royong sakabéh pihak anu aya di sakola ngarojong pikeun ngawujudkeun implementasi Kurikulum Merdéka. == Prinsip == ===== Pangajaran Intrakulikulér ===== Pangajaran intrakulikulér hartina pangajaran dilaksanakeun sacara ''terdiferensiasi,'' ku kituna siswa miboga cukup waktu pikeun neuleuman konsép jeung nguatkeun kompeténsi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/sekolah/d-6818335/apa-itu-kurikulum-merdeka-ini-pengertian--prinsip-pembelajarannya|title=Apa Itu Kurikulum Merdeka? Ini Pengertian & Prinsip Pembelajarannya|last=Rosa|first=Nikita|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-10-21}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===== Pangajaran Kokurikulér ===== Pangajaran kokurikuler mangrupa ''Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila''.<ref name=":0" /> ===== Pangajaran Ekstrakurikuler ===== Pangajaran ékstrakurikuler mangrupa pangajran anu dilaksanakeun saluyu jeung minat siswa jeung disaluyukeun jeung kaayaan sakola.<ref name=":0" /> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Atikan di Indonésia]] ep6x5bcur2m9a5gxe81whj07ym1ubjw 0 106529 679934 679796 2025-06-16T09:50:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 679934 wikitext text/x-wiki = Musieum Pémbela Tanah Air = '''Musieum Pémbela Tanah Air''' aya dijalan Jend Sudirman No 35, Bogor, Jawa Barat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/5915675/museum-peta-di-bogor-wisata-sejarah-yang-menyimpan-bukti-bukti-perjuangan-kemerdekaan|title=Museum PETA di Bogor, Wisata Sejarah yang Menyimpan Bukti-Bukti Perjuangan Kemerdekaan|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2025-06-09}}</ref>, nyaeta musieum nu diwangun kanggo ngahéngkeun panghargaan urut prajurit PETA kanggo kontribusina dina ngadegna bangsa jeung nagara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=398&lang=id|title=Museum Pembela Tanah Air-Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=2025-06-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704230730/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=398&lang=id |date=2017-07-04 }}</ref>Salian ti éta, musieum anu aya di Bogor ieu ogé diadegkeun pikeun méré gambaran ngeunaan perjuangan Indonesia pikeun kamerdékaan jeung persiapan pikeun ngeusiaan kamerdékaan. == Sajarah == Wangunan anu boga fungsi minangka musieum ieu diwangun taun 1745 ku tentara KNIL kalawan gaya arsitektur [[Éropa]] ([[Inggris]]).Taun 1943 gedong ieu dijadikeun puseur palatihan pasukan NKRI (sanajan masih aya dina kakawasaan [[Jepang]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kotabogor.go.id/component/content/article/134-objek-wisata/4166-museum-peta|title=Museum PETA|last=Kominfo|first=Admin|website=kotabogor.go.id|language=id-id|accessdate=2025-06-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702152309/http://kotabogor.go.id/component/content/article/134-objek-wisata/4166-museum-peta |date=2014-07-02 }}</ref> Pangwangunan Musieum PETA dimimitian dina tanggal 14 Nopémber 1993 kalayan peletakan batu munggaran ku Wakil Présidén RI anu ogé sesepuh YAPETA, [[Umar Wirahadikusumah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/rumah-para-pembela-tanah-air/|title=Mengenang Perjuangan para Pembela Tanah Air di Museum PETA|website=Indonesia Kaya|accessdate=2025-06-09}}</ref> == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Musieum di Indonésia]] 2ql8n9k2nzz1bmnwurzq0hi8ba71l2b 0 106551 679928 679895 2025-06-15T14:06:47Z انا خرج 32532 Ndandani paramasastra 679928 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wormhole-demo.png|ki|jmpl|Visualisasi liang rejang dina grafik komputer. Rute nganggo garis beureum nyaéta jalur aslina tanpa ngelebetkeun liang; rute nganggo garis héjo nyaéta jalur anu ngelebetkeun liang.]] '''Liang rêjang''' atawa '''liang cacing''' ([[Basa Sunda|Sunda]]: ᮜᮤᮃᮀ ᮛᮨᮏᮀ) mangrupakeun hiji struktur hipotétis dina bentuk [[liang]] anu sacara rejang<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/rejang%20(4)|title=Rejang (4) - KBBI VI Daring|website=kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=2025-06-09}}</ref> ngahubungkeun sababaraha tempat dina [[Rohang|rohangan]] sareng [[Waktu|waktos]] anu babéda. Téori ieu diusulkeun ku dua urang élmuwan [[fisika]], nyaéta [[Albert Einstein]] sareng [[:id:Nathan Rosen|Nathan Rosen]], tina hipotésis ngeunaan iinditan jauh di [[Jagat|jagitada]], tapi langkung gancang, ku ngadamel misal tina [[kertas]] anu dilipetkeun.<ref name="NYT-20221010">{{Cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|author-link=Dennis Overbye|title=Black Holes May Hide a Mind-Bending Secret About Our Universe – Take gravity, add quantum mechanics, stir. What do you get? Just maybe, a holographic cosmos.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/10/science/black-holes-cosmology-hologram.html|date=10 October 2022|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref> Konsep liang rejang éta sajajar sareng konsep [[:id:teori relativitas umum|téori rélativitas umum]], tapi kusabab kurangna bukti anu tiasa nunjukkeun wujudna, liang éta teu dipikanyaho persis dimana sareng iraha kaayaanna, bahkan sababaraha élmuwan parantos nyatakeun yén éta henteu aya. Tina hal éta, loba élmuwan anu sanés nyatakeun yén liang rejang éta téh sahiji ukur proyéksi tina diménsi rohangan kaopat, salaku barang dua diménsi tiasa diletakkeun dina sagala rupa wilayah tilu diménsi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/spooky-physics-phenomenon-may-link-universes-wormholes-f2D11690659|title=Spooky physics phenomenon may link universe's wormholes|last=Choi|first=Charles Q.|publisher=NBC News|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-30|date=2013-12-03}}</ref> Dina taun 1995 anu silam, Matt Visser ngusulkeun pendapatna lamun meureun aya loba liang éta di jagitada lamun [[:id:benang kosmik|benang kosmik]] jeung massa négatip dihasilkeun dina semesta anu mimiti.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cramer|first=John|last2=Forward|first2=Robert|last3=Morris|first3=Michael|last4=Visser|first4=Matt|last5=Benford|first5=Gregory|last6=Landis|first6=Geoffrey|year=1995|title=Natural wormholes as gravitational lenses|journal=Physical Review D|volume=51|issue=6|pages=3117–3120|arxiv=astro-ph/9409051|bibcode=1995PhRvD..51.3117C|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.51.3117|pmid=10018782}}</ref> Di sisi séjén, sababaraha élmuwan kayaning [[:id:Kip Thorne|Kip Thorne]] sareng anu sanésna geus ngusulkeun sababaraha laba cara keur nyieun [[:id:miniatur|lagucitra]] ti liang rejang éta sacara sintétis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thorne|first=Kip S.|title=Black holes and time warps : Einstein's outrageous legacy|date=1994|location=New York|isbn=978-0393312768|page=493}}</ref> {{fisika-stub}} ==Sumber== gix5jpauhm37n1d3ki6jpystfuvujju 3 106561 679935 2025-06-16T10:21:49Z KiranBOT 33962 soft redirect to [[:en:user talk:sernamekiran]] 679935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{soft redirect|en:User talk:Usernamekiran}} qr0mf2vw16c27hfhur0f0o18ckxriwd 3 106562 679936 2025-06-16T10:21:53Z KiranBOT 33962 soft redirect to [[:en:user talk:sernamekiran]] 679936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{soft redirect|en:User talk:Usernamekiran}} qr0mf2vw16c27hfhur0f0o18ckxriwd