Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.21 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara Katakana 0 4416 707537 705721 2026-03-28T15:00:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{combi}} |{{Infobox WS |name=Katakana |type=[[Syllabary]] |languages=[[Basa Jepang]] and [[Ainu language|Ainu]] |time=~800 A.D. to the present |fam1=[[Kana]] |fam2=[[Manyogana]] |sisters=[[Hiragana]], [[Hentaigana]] |sample=Japanese_Katakana_ZA.svg |image_size=100px }} |{{Japanese writing}} |} '''Katakana''' (片仮名) nyaéta [[syllabary]] [[Basa Jepang]], salah sahiji tina opat [[Japanese writing system|sistim nulis Basa Jepang]]. Nu séjénna nyaéta [[hiragana]], [[kanji]] jeung [[romaji|rōmaji]]. Kecap ''katakana'' hartina "[[kana]] sejen," asalan tina turunan katerangan gramatikal Basa Jepang, dina Basa Cina disebut "kambun" (漢文).　Kana ieu ditulis salian ti karakter Basa CIna sarta nerangkeun frase dina Basa Jepang. Katakana dicirikeun ku ''garis lurus'' jeung ''sudut tajam'', sarta skrip sederhana dina Basa Jepang. Dua sistim utama dina [[Kana#Collation|susunan katakana]], susunan heubeul [[iroha]], jeung susunan nu leuwih anyar [[gojūon]]. == Tabel katakana == Tabel di handap ieu nunjukkeun hiragana jeung [[Hepburn romanization|tulisan romajina]]. Anu warna <font color=red>beureum</font> kana nu jarang dipaké. {| border="0" cellspacing="2px" cellpadding="2px" width="100%" |- |bgcolor="#BECFEB" valign=top align="center" colspan = 5 | vowels |bgcolor="#D4D4D4" colspan = 3 align="center"|[[yōon]] |-bgcolor="#BECFEB" valign=top align="center" ![[ア]] ''a'' ![[イ]] ''i'' ![[ウ]] ''u'' ![[エ]] ''e'' ![[オ]] ''o'' !bgcolor="#D4D4D4" | ャ ''ya'' !bgcolor="#D4D4D4" | ュ ''yu'' !bgcolor="#D4D4D4" | ョ ''yo'' |- |colspan="8"| |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |[[カ]] ''ka'' |[[キ]] ''ki'' |[[ク]] ''ku'' |[[ケ]] ''ke'' |[[コ]] ''ko'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|キャ ''kya'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|キュ ''kyu'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|キョ ''kyo'' |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |[[サ]] ''sa'' |[[シ]] ''shi'' |[[ス]] ''su'' |[[セ]] ''se'' |[[ソ]] ''so'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|シャ ''sha'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|シュ ''shu'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ショ ''sho'' |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |[[タ]] ''ta'' |[[チ]] ''chi'' |[[ツ]] ''tsu'' |[[テ]] ''te'' |[[ト]] ''to'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|チャ ''cha'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|チュ ''chu'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|チョ ''cho'' |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |[[ナ]] ''na'' |[[ニ]] ''ni'' |[[ヌ]] ''nu'' |[[ネ]] ''ne'' |[[ノ]] ''no'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ニャ ''nya'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ニュ ''nyu'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ニョ ''nyo'' |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |[[ハ]] ''ha'' |[[ヒ]] ''hi'' |[[フ]] ''fu'' |[[ヘ]] ''he'' |[[ホ]] ''ho'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ヒャ ''hya'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ヒュ ''hyu'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ヒョ ''hyo'' |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |[[マ]] ''ma'' |[[ミ]] ''mi'' |[[ム]] ''mu'' |[[メ]] ''me'' |[[モ]] ''mo'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ミャ ''mya'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ミュ ''myu'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ミョ ''myo'' |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |[[ヤ]] ''ya'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |[[ユ]] ''yu'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |[[ヨ]] ''yo'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |[[ラ]] ''ra'' |[[リ]] ''ri'' |[[ル]] ''ru'' |[[レ]] ''re'' |[[ロ]] ''ro'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|リャ ''rya'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|リュ ''ryu'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|リョ ''ryo'' |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |[[ワ]] ''wa'' |<font color=red>(ヰ) ''wi''</font> |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |<font color=red>(ヱ) ''we''</font> |[[ヲ]] ''wo'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |[[ン]] ''n'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |[[ガ]] ''ga'' |[[ギ]] ''gi'' |[[グ]] ''gu'' |[[ゲ]] ''ge'' |[[ゴ]] ''go'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ギャ ''gya'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ギュ ''gyu'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ギョ ''gyo'' |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |[[ザ]] ''za'' |[[ジ]] ''ji'' |[[ズ]] ''zu'' |[[ゼ]] ''ze'' |[[ゾ]] ''zo'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ジャ ''ja'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ジュ ''ju'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ジョ ''jo'' |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |ダ ''da'' |ヂ (''ji'') |ヅ (''zu'') |デ ''de'' |ド ''do'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ヂャ (''ja'') |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ヂュ (''ju'') |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ヂョ (''jo'') |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |バ ''ba'' |ビ ''bi'' |ブ ''bu'' |ベ ''be'' |ボ ''bo'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ビャ ''bya'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ビュ ''byu'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ビョ ''byo'' |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |パ ''pa'' |ピ ''pi'' |プ ''pu'' |ペ ''pe'' |ポ ''po'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ピャ ''pya'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ピュ ''pyu'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ピョ ''pyo'' |- |bgcolor="#FFFFFF" colspan="8"| Di handap tambahan katakana anyar, keur ngagambarkeun sora nu asalna tina basa séjén. |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |イェ ''ye'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |ウィ ''wi'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |ウェ ''we'' |ウォ ''wo'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |<font color=red>(ヷ) ''va''</font> |<font color=red>(ヸ) ''vi''</font> |bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign="middle" rowspan="2"|ヴ ''vu'' |<font color=red>(ヹ) ''ve''</font> |<font color=red>(ヺ) ''vo''</font> |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |ヴァ ''va'' |ヴィ ''vi'' |ヴェ ''ve'' |ヴォ ''vo'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ヴャ ''vya'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ヴュ ''vyu'' |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|ヴョ ''vyo'' |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |シェ ''she'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |ジェ ''je'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |チェ ''che'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |ティ ''ti'' |トゥ ''tu'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|テュ ''tyu'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |ディ ''di'' |ドゥ ''du'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|デュ ''dyu'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |ツァ ''tsa'' |ツィ ''tsi'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |ツェ ''tse'' |ツォ ''tso'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |-bgcolor="#E7F5DE" valign=top align="center" |ファ ''fa'' |フィ ''fi'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |フェ ''fe'' |フォ ''fo'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |bgcolor="#F3F5DE"|フュ ''fyu'' |bgcolor="#E9E9E9"| |} == Pamakean == Dina basa Jepang modérn, leuwih remen dipaké keur [[Transcription (linguistics)|transkripsi]] kecap tina basa asing (disebut ''[[gairaigo]]''). Contona, "television" ditulis {{nihongo|''terebi''|テレビ|}}. Katakana ogé ilahar dipaké keur ngaran nagara, ngaran tempat ogé ngaran jalma asing. Contona [[Indonesia]] ditulis インドネシア jeung Budhi ditulisna ブディ (Budi). Katakana ogé dipaké keur ''[[onomatopoeia]]'', tulisan nu ngagambarkeun sora, contona {{nihongo|''chin''|チン|}}, hartina "Ding" ilaharna ditulis dina katakana. Watesan téhnik jeung ilmiah ogé ilaharna ditulis dina katakana, upamana keur ngaran [[species]] sasatoan jeung tutuwuhan sarta mineral. Katakana kadangkala dipaké ogé keur ''transcription'' ngaran parusahaan Jepang. Contona [[Suzuki]] ditulisna スズキ, jeung [[Toyota]] ditulisna トヨタ. Katakana dipaké ogé keur [[emphasis (typography)|kaperluan husus]], upamana rambu-rambu, iklan jeung ''hoardings''. Contona, nu ilahar kapanggih ココ ''koko'' (di dieu), ゴミ ''gomi'' (runtah) atawa メガネ ''megane'' (kacapanon), sarta dina kalimah-kalimah nu penting ditulisna dina katakana. Sanggeus Perang Dunya Kadua, dokumen resmi ditulis maké campuran katakana jeung kanji, sarta maké cara sarua maké hiragana jeung kanji dina Basa Jepang modérn, ayeuna katakana keur [[okurigana]] jeung [[Japanese particles|partikel]] saperti ''wa'' atawa ''o''. Katakana dipaké ogé keur telegram di Jepang saméméh taun 1988 sarta mimiti dipaké dina karakter komputer taun 1980-an. Loba komputer nu maké Katakana salian ti Kanji jeung/atawa Hiragana. Sanajan kecap injeuman nu asalna tina Basa Cina ilaharna ditulis maké kanji, kecap injeuman nu asalana tina Basa Cina modérn langsung dirobah kana Basa Jepang dumasar kana cara macana [[on'yomi]], sarta biasa ditulis maké katakana. Contona * マージャン (麻將/麻雀), mājan ([[mahjong]]), tina Basa Mandarin májiàng * ウーロン茶 (烏龍茶), ūroncha ([[Oolong]] téa), tina basa Mandarin Mandarin wūlóng * チャーハン (炒飯), chāhan, ([[fried rice|sangu goreng]]) * チャーシュー(叉焼), chāshū, tina Basa Kanton [[Char siu|cha siu]], babi panggang * シューマイ (焼売), shūmai, tina Basa Kanton siu maai, [[dim sum|siomay]]. kabéhanna ilahar ditulis maké katakana tinimbang kanji. Nu pangkawentarna tina Basa Cina nyaéta ラーメン ([[ramen|mie]]) jarang ditulis maké 拉麺. Aya sababaraha hal anu tibalik, nu mana kanji dijieun tina tulisan katakana. Contona, コーヒー (''kohi''), "kopi", nu alternatipna ditulis maké kanji 珈琲. Kanji ieu ilahar dipaké, sanajan jarang, ilaharna dipaké ku parusahaan kopi ngarah katempona anyar. Katakana kadangkala dipaké keur ngagantikeun [[hiragana]] dina [[furigana]] keur ngagamapeung maca dina kecap nu ditulis dina karakter Roman, atawa keur kecap-kecap asing, saperti nu ilahar dipaké dina kanji, sangkan macana sarua jeung aslina. Katakana kadangkala dipaké ogé keur nembongkeun kecap nu diucapkeun ku urang asing atawa logat nu teu ilahar, ku karakter asing, robot jeung salian ti eta. Contona, dina [[manga|komik]], obrolan karakter asing atawa robot dituliskeun コンニチワ (''konnichiwa'') keur ngagantikeun nu ilhara dina hiragana こんにちは (''konnichi wa''). Katakana dipaké ogé keur nembongkeun [[on'yomi]] (Chinese-derived) cara maca [[kanji]] dina [[kanji dictionary|kamus kanji]]. Kadangkala [[Japanese names|ngaran urang Jepang]] ditulis maké katakana. Hal ieu ku sabab baheula geus ilahar dipaké, utama nini-nini nu ngaranna ditulis ku katakana. Geus ilahar keur nuliskeun kecap nu hésé dibaca dina kanji maké katakana. Kajadian ieu leuwih sering kapanggih di widang kadokteran. Contona, kecap "[[dermatology|dokter kulit]]", 皮膚科, ''hifuka'', kanji kadua, 膚, dianggap hese, mangka kecap ''hifuka'' ilaharna ditulis 皮フ科 atawa ヒフ科 dina katakana. Ampir saru jeung kanji 癌 ''gan'', "kanker", leuwih remen ditulis dina katakana atawa hiragana. Katakana dipaké keur notasi musik tradisional,saperti [[Tozan]] [[ryu (school)|ryu]] [[shakuhachi]], sarta dina [[sankyoku]] disusun ku [[koto (musical instrument)|koto]], [[shamisen]] jeung ''shakuhachi''. == Orthografi == Frase asing kadangkala disalin ku nambahkeun [[Interpunct|titik di tengah]] disebut {{nihongo|''nakaguro''|中黒|}} atawa ditulis misah. Lamun nu maca dianggap ngarti kana kecap ''gairaigo'' dina éta frase, tanda titik di tengah teu dipaké. Contona, frase コンピュータゲーム (konpyūta gēmu)(game komputer), mibanda dua ''gairaigo'' nu geus ilahar dipaké, dina nulisna teu maké titik tengah. Ngeja katakana béda kacida jeung hiragana. Dina hiragana dieja [[long vowel|panjang]] nu maké tambahan dua ''vowel'' [[kana]], katakana ilaharna maké '''vowel extender mark''' disebut [[chōon]]. Tanda pondok ieu dituturkeun langsung dina teks, datar dina [[Yokogaki and tategaki|yokogaki]], atawa teks datar, sarta nangtung dina [[Yokogaki and tategaki|tategaki]], atawa teks nangtung. Katakana ilahar dipaké keur nulis kecap injeuman tina basa séjén; ''vowel'' panjang dina Basa Jepang nu ditulis dina katakna ilaharna ditulis dina hiragana. Aya sababaraha nu husus saperti ローソク(蝋燭)(''rōsoku'')(lilin) atawa ケータイ(携帯)(''kētai'')(telepon keupeul). Aksara ''tsu'' leutik ッ disebutna ''[[sokuon]]'' nunjukkeun [[Gemination|konsonan ''geminate'']], nu ditulis dina [[rōmaji]] ku dua konsonan. Contona, ''bed'' ditulis dina katakana ベッド (''beddo''). ''Sokuon'' ieu kadangkala dipaké keur nu teu sarua teu sora aslina. Contona, h-ganda dina ch nu ilahar dina ngaran urang Jerman. Bach, contona, jadi バッハ (Bahha); Mach is マッハ (Mahha). Ayana "h" ganda dina Bach jeung Mach (nu maké tsu leutik) mangrupa [[kana]] panghadéna keur ngaran urang Jerman. Kecap ti basa séjén kacida hesena ditulis dina Basa Jepang, Khruschev jadi フルシチョフ (Furushichofu). Ali Khamenei jadi アリー・ハーメネイー (Arī Hāmeneī). Dina Wikipedia Basa Jepang aya rujukan イツハク・パールマン (Itsuhaku Pāruman) jeung イツァーク・パールマン (Itsāku Pāruman), [[Itzhak Perlman]]. == Sajarah == [[Gambar:Katakana origine.png|thumb|300px|Kasaruan katakana dina man'yōgana (bagean man'yōgana nu dipake dina katakana ditulis beureum)]] Katakana mimiti dipaké dina [[Heian Period|Periode Heian]] bagéan tina karakter ''[[manyogana|man'yōgana]]'' nembongkeun cara maca ([[furigana]]) kanji dina [[kanbun]]. Contona, ''ka'' カ jadi beulah kénca ''ka'' 加 "nambahan". Ku cara ieu, loba runtuyan [[Radical (Chinese character)|radical]] katakana sarua jeung nu dibaca dina kanji. <!----Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Katakana_origin.png]]--------> == Kode Komputer == Katakana mibanda dua bentuk kode nyaéta, ''[[Half-width kana|halfwidth]]'' {{nihongo|''hankaku''|半角|}} sarta ''fullwidth'' {{nihongo|''zenkaku''|全角|}}. Bentuk ''halfwidth'' aslina ti [[JIS X 0201]]. Ieu kaasup ''halfwidth'' Katakana di beulah katuhu [[ASCII]]. Lolobana ''halfwidth Katakana'' merlukeun sa-bit keur unggal [[kana]]. Dina ahir taun 1970, runtuyan dua-bit karakter ampir sarua jeung dina [[JIS X 0208]] keur nembongkeun Hiragana tur Kanji jeung nu séjénna. Masalahna, JIS_X_0208 nu dina Katakana karakter bébasna ngan hiji-bit saperti dina JIS_X_0201. Konflik ieu ngajadikeun loba kontroversi. Katakana dina JIS_X_0208 nyokot dua-bit byte (minimalna), mangka loba (hususna nu heubeul) dina output Katakana jadi legana-dua-bit. Ieu ku sabab kitu katakana dina JIS_X_0201 disebut ''halfwidth'' sarta JIS_X_0208, ''fullwidth''. Sanajan kitu, loba enconfing nu teu ''halfwidth'' tina Hiragana. Sanajan jarang dipaké, dina kanyataana ''halfwidth'' katakana masih remen dipaké dina sistim jeung kode. Contona, judul [[mini disc]] ngan bisa asup dina ASCII atawa ''halfwidth'' katakana, sarta ''halfwidth'' katakana ilahar dipaké dina komputerisasi mesin hitung, mesin kasa di toko, sarta judul tipi digital jeung DVD dina Basa Jepang. Sababaraha kode Basa Jepang nu ilahar saperti [[Extended Unix Code|EUC-JP]], [[Unicode]] jeung [[Shift-JIS]] maké ''halfwidth'' Katakana sarua jeung ''fullwidth''. béda jeung, [[ISO/IEC 2022|ISO-2022-JP]] nu teu mibanda ''halfwidth'' Katakana, ilahar dipaké dina [[SMTP]] jeung [[NNTP]]. ''Halfwidth'' katakana ilahar dipaké dina layar atawa memori. === Unicode === Dina [[Unicode]], ''fullwidth'' katakana maké titik kode U+30A0 ka U+30FF [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U30A0.pdf]: {| |- align="center" |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |- align="center" ||30A||&nbsp;||゠||ァ||ア||ィ||イ||ゥ||ウ||ェ||エ||ォ||オ||カ||ガ||キ||ギ||ク |- align="center" ||30B||&nbsp;||グ||ケ||ゲ||コ||ゴ||サ||ザ||シ||ジ||ス||ズ||セ||ゼ||ソ||ゾ||タ |- align="center" ||30C||&nbsp;||ダ||チ||ヂ||ッ||ツ||ヅ||テ||デ||ト||ド||ナ||ニ||ヌ||ネ||ノ||ハ |- align="center" ||30D||&nbsp;||バ||パ||ヒ||ビ||ピ||フ||ブ||プ||ヘ||ベ||ペ||ホ||ボ||ポ||マ||ミ |- align="center" ||30E||&nbsp;||ム||メ||モ||ャ||ヤ||ュ||ユ||ョ||ヨ||ラ||リ||ル||レ||ロ||ヮ||ワ |- align="center" ||30F||&nbsp;||ヰ||ヱ||ヲ||ン||ヴ||ヵ||ヶ||ヷ||ヸ||ヹ||ヺ||・||ー||ヽ||ヾ||ヿ |} ''Halfwidth'' sarua jeung ''fullwidth'' katakana ogé aya. Kode ieu aya dina Bentuk blok ''Halfwidth'' jeung ''Fullwidth'' (U+FF00–U+FFEF) [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFF00.pdf], mimiti ti U+FF65 nepi ka U+FF9F (karakter U+FF61–U+FF64 nyaéta fungsi tanda baca ''halfwidth''): {| |- align="center" |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |- align="center" ||FF6||&nbsp;||｠||｡||｢||｣||､||･||ｦ||ｧ||ｨ||ｩ||ｪ||ｫ||ｬ||ｭ||ｮ||ｯ |- align="center" ||FF7||&nbsp;||ｰ||ｱ||ｲ||ｳ||ｴ||ｵ||ｶ||ｷ||ｸ||ｹ||ｺ||ｻ||ｼ||ｽ||ｾ||ｿ |- align="center" ||FF8||&nbsp;||ﾀ||ﾁ||ﾂ||ﾃ||ﾄ||ﾅ||ﾆ||ﾇ||ﾈ||ﾉ||ﾊ||ﾋ||ﾌ||ﾍ||ﾎ||ﾏ |- align="center" ||FF9||&nbsp;||ﾐ||ﾑ||ﾒ||ﾓ||ﾔ||ﾕ||ﾖ||ﾗ||ﾘ||ﾙ||ﾚ||ﾛ||ﾜ||ﾝ||ﾞ||ﾟ |} Titik kode 32D0 nepi ka 32FE nyaéta rundayan ''Circled Katakana''. Catetan: ''circled'' ン euweuh {| |- align="center" |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |- align="center" ||32D||&nbsp;|| ㋐ || ㋑ || ㋒ || ㋓ || ㋔ || ㋕ || ㋖ || ㋗ || ㋘ || ㋙ || ㋚ || ㋛ || ㋜ || ㋝ || ㋞ || ㋟ |- align="center" ||32E||&nbsp;||㋠ || ㋡ || ㋢ || ㋣ || ㋤ || ㋥ || ㋦ || ㋧ || ㋨ || ㋩ || ㋪ || ㋫ || ㋬ || ㋭ || ㋮ || ㋯ |- align="center" ||32F||&nbsp;||㋰ || ㋱ || ㋲ || ㋳ || ㋴ || ㋵ || ㋶ || ㋷ || ㋸ || ㋹ || ㋺ || ㋻ || ㋼ || ㋽ || ㋾ || |} == Katakana keur Basa Ainu == Katakana kadangkala dipaké keur [[Ainu language|Basa Ainu]]. Unikna Basa Ainu maké katakana, konsonan ayana di suku kata panungtung keur ditembongkeun ku katakana versi leutik nu pakait jeung konsonan panungtung jeung ''vowel'' nu teu ''teratur''. Contona "up" diulis maké ウㇷ゚ (''u'' dituturkeun ''pu'' leutik). Dina Unicode, blok ''Phonetic Extensions'' Katakana (U+31F0–U+31FF) [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U31F0.pdf] keur basa Ainu. Karakter nu remen dipaké dina Basa Ainu ngan: {| style="text-align:center" |- |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |- ||31F||&nbsp;||ㇰ||ㇱ||ㇲ||ㇳ||ㇴ||ㇵ||ㇶ||ㇷ||ㇸ||ㇹ||ㇺ||ㇻ||ㇼ||ㇽ||ㇾ||ㇿ |} == Tempo ogé == * [[Japanese phonology]] for pronunciation. * [[Romaji|Rōmaji]] for a comparison of [[romanization]] systems. * [[Historical kana usage]] for a discussion of pre-war kana spelling * [[Transcribing English to Japanese]] * [[Wikipedia:Technical assistance for katakana]] == Rujukan == [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana, Wikipedia Basa Inggris], Juli 2006. == Tumbu kaluar == {{commons}} * [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U30A0.pdf Katakana code chart at Unicode.org] * [http://www.theiling.de/schrift/#katakana Katakana Online Trainer] * [http://www.realkana.com/ Practice katakana using different typefaces] * [http://japanese.about.com/blkatakana.htm Katakana Lessons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211202454/http://japanese.about.com/blkatakana.htm |date=2007-02-11 }} * [http://www.easyjapanese.org/kataquiz.html Test your Katakana knowledge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301152517/http://www.easyjapanese.org/kataquiz.html |date=2007-03-01 }} {{Jenis aksara|state=show|state7=show}} [[Kategori:Istilah basa Jepang]] [[Kategori:Kana]] [[sv:Kana (skriftsystem)#Katakana]] 0xy9jhi2p06ikpg0ff9ssomis47qx2q Kalénder panonpoé Thai 0 27773 707535 652711 2026-03-28T13:25:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{calendars}}'''Kalénder panonpoé Thai''', '''Suriyakati''' ([[Basa Thai]]: สุริยคติ), mangrupa [[kalénder]] resmi tur ilahar di [[Thailand]] ti saprak dipaké ku Raja [[Chulalongkorn]] taun [[1888]], sok sanajan ari keur bisnis jeung perbankan mah kadang-kadang maké kalénder ti Kulon ogé. [[Image:August2004rs.png|left|thumb|August 2004/2547BE]][[Image:Thai August 2004 0.png|right|thumb|Label]]Kalénder Thai nunjukkeun '''Jaman Buda''' ('''Buddhist Era, BE''', {{lang-th|พุทธศักราช}} ''Phuttasakarat''), nu disingget ''Pho So'' ({{lang-th|พ.ศ.}}); tur [[Common Era|Christian Era]] ({{lang-th|คริสต์ศักราช}}, ''kritsakarat'') , nu disingget ''Kho So'' ({{lang-th|ค.ศ.}}). Kalénder ieu ogé nuduhkeun panomeran Cina keur Common éra jeung [[kalémder Cina|tanggalan Bulan Cina]]. Alatan tanggal bulan nangtukeun [[Uposatha|Buddhist Sabbath]] ({{lang-th|วันพระ}} ''Wan Phra''), kawas lolobana [[Festival#Chinese Traditional Festivals|festival tradisional Cina]], boh [[kalénder bulan Thai|kalénder bulan]] atawa tanggal [[kalénder Cina|bulan Cina]] ditunjukkeun oge.[[Image:August2004 15-16.jpg|right|thumb| Poé peré Thai (kénca) jeung Cina (katuhu).]] {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} *''Wan Pra'' ditandaan maké gambar Buda, sedengkeun poé peré Cina ditandaan ku [[karakter Cina]] kelir beureum. *Scrawled blue figures (in this example ''078'' on the 15th and, above left, ''538'' on the 19th and ''2576'' on the 31st) mark dates national lottery numbers were drawn. *Lunar dates and the yéar's [[Chinese astrology#The twelve animals|Animal]] are recorded on Thai birth certificates after the official date. The Thai reckon their ages by the Twelve-Animal sequence, though the official calendar determines age at law; as, for instance, the [[Sirikit|Queen's]] Birthday, [[August 12]], a public holiday also celebrated as Thai Mothers' Day. The months and days of the week are the same as those used in the western [[Gregorian calendar]]. Names of the [[month]]s derive from [[Zodiac#Hindu astrology and the Zodiac|Hindu names]] of the signs of the zodiac. [[Days of the week]] are named after the Sun and Moon, and translations of the names of the [[Naked-eye planet|five classical planets]]. The yéar is counted from the [[Buddhist calendar|Buddhist Era (B.E.)]], which is 543 yéars éarlier than the Christian éra ([[Common Era|A.D.]]). For example, A.D. 2007 is equivalent to 2550 B.E. The éra is based on the passing away (Parinibbana) of [[Gautama Buddha]], which is dated to 543 BC by the Thai (although some sources state that Buddha died in 483 BC). It is important to remember that only from [[January 1]], [[1941]] onwards does this 543 addition/subtraction rule work perfectly — see below. The calendar, decreed by King [[Chulalongkorn]] (Rama V), was called ''Ratana Kosindra Sok'' ({{lang-th|รัตนโกสินทรศก}}), and was néarly identical with the western [[Gregorian calendar]]. Yéar counting, however, was in reference of the date of the founding of [[Bangkok]] (Ratana Kosindra), [[April 6]] [[1782]] (the first day of Yéar 1 Ratana Kosindra éra ({{lang-th|รัตนโกสินทร์ศักราช}}), abbr. ({{lang-th|ร.ศ.}}) ro so). King [[Vajiravudh]] (Rama VI) changed the yéar counting to [[Buddhist calendar|Buddhist Era]] in 1912 and fixed the start of a yéar to [[April 1]]. In 1941 (2484 B.E.) as [[World War II]] loomed on the horizon, [[Prime Minister]] [[Luang Phibunsongkhram|Plaek Phibunsongkhram]] per decree made [[January 1]] the official start of a new yéar (so yéar 2483 B.E. had only nine months). When converting a date prior to that yéar, check whether it falls between [[January 1]] and [[March 31]]: if so the number to add or subtract is 542, not 543. [[Image:Ad Be.png|center|This chart shows changed Thai new year day in 2484 BE comparing with AD.]] Today, both the [[Common Era]] [[New Year's Day]] ([[January 1]]) and the traditional [[Thai New Year|''Songkran'']] ({{lang-th|สงกรานต์}}) celebrations ([[April 13]]-[[April 15]]) are public holidays on the official calendar. Public holidays on the official calendar for Buddhist and Chinese [[Festival|feasts]], including [[Chinese New Year]], are still calculated according to the lunar calendar, so their dates change with respect to the solar calendar every yéar. Thirty-day-month names end with {{lang-th|-อายน}} -ayon, which is from the Sanskrit root -āyana, méaning ''the arrival of''; 31-day-month names with {{lang-th|-อาคม}} -akhom, which is from Sanskrit -''āgama'' which also méans ''the arrival of''. February's name ends with {{lang-th|-พันธ์}} -''phan'', from Sanskrit ''bandha'' ''fettered'' or ''bound''. The day added to February in a solar [[leap year]] is called ''Athikasuratin'' {{lang-th|อธิกสุรทิน}}; respelled to aid pronunciation {{lang-th|อะทิกะสุระทิน}}.[http://www.thai2english.com/dictionary/27807.html] ==Sasaruaan== ===Bulan=== {|class="wikitable" |- |+''Bulan'' !Basa Inggris !! Basa Thai !!Singgetan!! Transkripsi !! Basa Sangsakerta !! [[Zodiak]] Tanda |- |[[Januari]] || มกราคม ||ม.ค.|| makarakhom || makara "monster sagara" || [[Capricorn (astrologi)|Capricorn]] |- |[[Pebruari]] || กุมภาพันธ์ ||ก.พ.|| kumphaphan || kumbha "pot kembang" || [[Aquarius (astrologi)|Aquarius]] |- |[[Maret]] || มีนาคม ||มี.ค.|| minakhom || mīna "(sabangsaning) lauk" || [[Pisces (astrologi)|Pisces]] |- |[[April]] || เมษายน ||เม.ย.|| mesayon || meṣa "domba" || [[Aries (astrologi)|Aries]] |- |[[Méi]] || พฤษภาคม ||พ.ค.|| pruetsaphakhom || vṛṣabha "sapi" || [[Taurus (astrologi)|Taurus]] |- |[[Juni]] || มิถุนายน ||มี.ย.|| mithunayon || mithuna "sapasang" || [[Gemini (astrologi)|Gemini]] |- |[[Juli]] || กรกฎาคม ||ก.ค.|| karakadakhom || karkaṭa "keuyeup" || [[Cancer (astrologi)|Cancer]] |- |[[Agustus]] || สิงหาคม ||ส.ค.|| singhakhom || siṃha "singa" || [[Leo (astrologi)|Leo]] |- |[[Séptémber]] || กันยายน ||ก.ย.||kanyayon || kanyā "wanoja" || [[Virgo (astrologi)|Virgo]] |- |[[Oktober]] || ตุลาคม ||ต.ค.|| tulakhom || tulā "timbangan" || [[Libra (astrologi)|Libra]] |- |[[Nopémber]] || พฤศจิกายน ||พ.ย.|| pruetsachikayon || vṛścika "kala" || [[Scorpio (astrologi)|Scorpio]] |- |[[Désémber]] || ธันวาคม ||ธ.ค.|| thanwakhom || dhanu "gondéwa" || [[Sagittarius (astrologi)|Sagittarius]] |} ===Poé dina saminggu=== {|class="wikitable" |+''Poé dina saminggu'' ! Basa Sunda !! Basa Tailan !! Transkripsi !! [[Basa Sangsakerta]] !! Planét |- | [[Minggu]] || bgcolor="red"|วันอาทิตย์ || wan athit || [[Surya|Aditya]] || [[Panonpoé]] |- | [[Senén]] || bgcolor="yellow"|วันจันทร์ || wan chan|| [[Chandra]] || [[Bulan]] |- | [[Salasa]] || bgcolor="#ffccff"|วันอังคาร || wan angkhan || [[Mangala|Angaraka]] || [[Mars (planet)|Mars]] |- | [[Rebo]] || bgcolor="#7fff7f"|วันพุธ || wan phut || [[Budha]] || [[Merkurius (planet)|Merkurius]] |- | [[Kemis]] || bgcolor="#ff9900"|วันพฤหัสบดี || wan pharuehat(sabodi) || [[Bṛhaspati|Brihaspati]] || [[Yupiter (planet)|Yupiter]] |- | [[Jumaah]] || bgcolor="#33ccff"|วันศุกร์ || wan suk || [[Shukra]] || [[Venus (planet)|Venus]] |- | [[Saptu]] || bgcolor="#993399"|<font color="white">วันเสาร์</font> || wan sao || [[Shani]] || [[Saturnus (planet)|Saturnus]] |} Catetan: Kelir mangrupa kelir poé lahir tradisional nu patali jeung [[poé dina saminggu]]: [[beureum]], [[konéng]], [[pink]], [[green]], [[orange (colour)|orange]], [[blue]] and [[purple]]. ==Tempo ogé== * [[Kalénder Buda]] * [[Poé peré publik di Thailand]] ==Rujukan== * นายเปลื้อง ณ นคร ผู้รวบรวม ปทานุกรมนักเรียน ไทยวัฒนาพานิช กทม. Mr. Bleung na Nakorn, Compiler, Student's Handbook, Thai Wattana Panit, Bangkok 2514 * Thai calendar for August 2004 * Sethaputra, So. ''New Model English - Thai Dictionary'', ISBN 974-08-3253-9 * [http://www.thai2english.com/ Web dictionary Thai-English English-Thai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418190546/http://www.thai2english.com/ |date=2010-04-18 }} * J.C. éade. ''The calendrical systems of mainland south-east Asia''. ISBN 90-04-10437-2 ==Tumbu luar== * [http://www.ecarddesignanimation.com/home/free_calendar_thai.php Thai calendar every year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705054106/http://ecarddesignanimation.com/home/free_calendar_thai.php |date=2008-07-05 }} * [http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41890/3/thai_time.html Thai Time by Anthony Diller] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325134509/https://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41890/3/thai_time.html |date=2015-03-25 }} [[Kategori:Kalénder husus]] [[Kategori:Budaya Thai]] r1lzn00mdg0chprl9nnwawfogymaygd Kérsen 0 28796 707541 662564 2026-03-28T16:39:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Kérsen | status = | image = Munting calab 070609 214 ipb.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Tangkal kérsen | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Malvales]] | familia = [[Muntingiaceae]] | genus = '''''Muntingia''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | species = '''''M. calabura''''' | binomial = ''Muntingia calabura'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Kérsen''' (''Muntingia calabura'') nyaéta ngaran sarupaning tatangkalan sarta buahna anu leutik jeung amis. Di sawatara wewengkon, kawas di [[Jakarta]], buah ieu ogé dingaranan '''céri''' (pikeun buah séjénna nu ngaranna ''ceri'', tempo dina: [[céri]]). Ngaran-ngaran séjénna pikeun buah ieu di sawatara nagara nyaéta: ''datiles'', ''aratiles'', ''manzanitas'' ([[Filipina]]), ''mât sâm'' ([[Viétnam]]); ''khoom sômz'', ''takhôb'' ([[Laos]]); ''takhop farang'' ([[Thailand]]); ''krâkhôb barang'' ([[Kamboja]]); sarta ''kerukup siam'' ([[Malaysia]]). Kérsen ogé dipikawanoh minangka ''capulin blanco'', ''cacaniqua'', ''nigua'', ''niguito'' ([[basa Spanyol]]); ''Jamaican cherry'', ''Panama berry'', ''Singapore cherry'' ([[basa Inggris|Inggris]]) sarta ngaran anu henteu méré nah, ''Japanse kers'' ([[Walanda]]), anu tuluyna dicokot jadi ''kersen'' dina [[basa Indonésia]]. Ngaran ilmiahna kérsen nyaéta ''Muntingia calabura'' [[Linnaeus|L.]] [[Gambar:Muntingia_calabura_Blanco2.425.jpg|jmpl|ki|220px|Lukisan kérsen nurutkeun F.M. Blanco, ''Flora de Filipinas'']] [[Gambar:Munting calab 070224 076 tdp.jpg|jmpl|ki|220px|Kembang kérsen, muncul di antara dangdaunan]] [[Gambar:Munting calab 070601 015 ipb.jpg|jmpl|ki|220px|''Petétan'' kérsen tuwuh dina beulahan lanté trotoar]] <!-- ==Gambaran== [[Perdu]] atawa tangkal leutik, luhur nepi ka 12 [[méter|m]], sanajan umumna ngan kira-kira 3-6 m waé. Sok héjo sarta terus-terusan kembangan sarta buahan sapanjang taun. Dahan-dahan datar, ngagantung dina tungtungna; ngajadikeun pangiuhan anu leubeut. Régang-régang nu rambutna lemes pagalo jeung rambut kelenjar; kitu ogé daunna. Daun-daun cicingna datar, sulang-seling; lambaran daun henteu [[simétris]], bunder endog ''lanset'', sisina rérégéan sarta boga tungtung nu seukeut, 1-4 × 4-14 [[séntiméter|cm]], sisi handap boga rambut [[kulawu]] nu rapet; boga gagang pondok. Daun penumpu anu palebah meruncing wangun benang, lk. 0,5 cm, rada lila tuluy jadi garing sarta murudul, samentara palebah deui [[rudimenter]]. Kembang dina berkas, eusina 1-3(-5) kuntum, perenahna di kélék rada di palebah luhur tumuwuhna daun; bertangkai panjang; berkelamin dua sarta berbilangan 5; kelopak babagi dina, taju meruncing wangun benang, rambutan lemes; makuta bertepi rata, bundar endog terbalik, bodas ipis, gundul, lk. 1 cm. Benangsari berjumlah réa, 10 nepi ka leuwih ti 100 helai. Kembang anu mekar menonjol kaluar, ka luhur helai-helai daun; tapi sanggeus jadi buah menggantung ka handap, di handapeun daun. Umumna ngan satu-dua kembang anu jadi buah dina unggal berkasna. Buah buni bertangkai panjang, buleud ampir sampurna, [[diameter]] 1-1,5 cm, héjo konéng sarta ahirna beureum lamun masak, bermahkota sésa tangkai putik anu henteu murudul sarupa béntang hideung bersudut lima. Eusina sawatara rébu siki anu leutik-leutik, lemes, bodas kakuningan; surup dina daging sarta sari buah anu amis pisan. --> == Hasil, ékologi sarta sumebarna == Buah kérsen dipikaresep utamana ku barudak, [[manuk]] sarta [[cocodot]]. Barudak sakola mindeng naékkan tangkalna, ninggalkeun tapak mangrupa régang anu parotong sarta kulit tangkal anu ''terkelupas''. Buah ieu ogé bisa dijadikeun [[selé]]. Di [[Méksiko]], buah kérsen dijual di pasar. Kai kérsen beyé sarta gampang garing, pohara kapaké pikeun suluh. Kulit kaina anu gampang dipesék dipaké jadi bahan tali sarta lawon pamuntel. Daunna bisa dijadikeun sarupaning [[entéh]]. Manuk-manuk nu ngahakan buah, kawas kumpulan [[merbah]] jeung manuk [[cabé]], mindeng ngadatangan tangkal ieu dina wanci beurang pikeun ngadahar buah atawa sari buahna anu amis. Dina waktu poék, giliran rupa-rupa kalaong buah anu datang kalayan tujuan anu sarua. Siki kérsen henteu ''tercerna'' ku manuk sarta cocodot, alatan éta dua golongan sato ieu sakaligus boga guna jadi penyebar siki kérsen. Tangkal kérsen hususna kapaké pikeun tangkal pangiuh di sisi jalan. Tangkal nu leutik ieu mimitina mindeng tumuwuh jadi patétan liar di sisi jalan, kamalir, atawa mecenghul di tengah beulahan témbok lanté atawa pager, sarta tungtungna tumuwuh kalawan gancang. Ku sabab éta pisan tangkal kérsen sakapeung kapanggih di wewengkon pakotaan anu ramé sarta padet, di sisi trotoar sarta lahan parkir, di sisi walungan anu henteu kaurus atawa di tempat-tempat anu biasana garing dina waktu nu lila. Alatan sipat-sipat sarta daya tahanana éta, kérsen jadi salah sahiji tutuwuhan [[panaratas]] anu pangréana kapanggih di wewengkon padumukan manusa di wewengkon tropis. Asalna ti [[Amérika]] tropis (Méksiko kidul, [[Karibia]], [[Amérika Tengah]] nepi ka [[Peru]] sarta [[Bolivia]]), kérsen dibawa asup ka Filipina dina ahir abad-19, sarta tuluy kalawan gancang nyebar di sakumna wewengkon tropis [[Asia Tenggara]]. == Bahan bacaan == * [[Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis|Steenis, CGGJ van]]. 1981. ''Flora, pikeun sakola di Indonésia''. Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta. * Verheij, E.W.M. sarta R.E. Coronel (eds.). 1997. ''Asal Daya Nabati Asia Tenggara 2: Buah-buahan anu bisa dimakan''. PROSéa – Gramedia. Jakarta. ISBN 979-511-672-2. == Tumbu ka luar == * {{en}} [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24697 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Muntingia calabura''] * {{en}} [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MUCA4 USDA Plants Profile: ''Muntingia calabura'']{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{en}} [http://www.stuartxchange.org/Aratiles.html Aratiles] * {{en}} [http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/cherry_tree.htm Jamaican Cherry Tree] * {{en}} [http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/muntingia_calabura.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems: ''Muntingia calabura''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227180837/http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/muntingia_calabura.htm |date=2014-12-27 }} [[Kategori:Bungbuahan]] [[Kategori:Muntingiaceae]] 4xojj0ticg17w84eue2b59rkisbsg50 Kornét 0 41768 707539 498627 2026-03-28T15:50:25Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Corned-beef-1.jpg|thumb|210px|Kornét nu karék dipesék]] '''Kornét''' nyaéta bahan olaheun tina [[daging]] [[sapi]] anu diawétkeun.<ref name="hiji">Ir. Hj. Komariah, M.Si, dkk. 2013. ''Aneka Olah Daging Sapi''. Jakarta: Agro Media Pustaka.</ref> Jinis kadaharan ieu geus kasohor di [[:id:masyarakat|masarakat]], sanajan teu alabatan kasohorna siga [[:id:bakso|baso]].<ref name= "hiji" /> Kiwari kornét geus jadi salah sahiji jinis produk olaheun tina [[daging]] [[sapi]] anu loba dipaké dina papasakan [[Indonésia]]. Kornét [[daging]] [[sapi]] diolah ku cara diawétkeun dina ci uyah ([[:en:brine|''brine'']]), nyaéta cai anu dicampuran ku uyah. Satuluyna diasakan ku cara [[:en:simmering|''simmering'']], nyaéta dikulub ku seuneu leutik pikeun nyegah ancurna si [[daging]] [[sapi]] téa.<ref name= "dua">http://www.<!--ok-->duniasapi.<!--ok-->com. 2011. '' Kornét Pada Awalnya Dibuat Dari Daging Sapi Perah Yang Tidak Lagi Menghasilkan Susu''. Indonesia: [http://www.duniasapi.com Dunia Sapi]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> == Tujuan Dijeunna Kornét == Tujuan dijieunna kornét [[daging]] [[sapi]] nyaéta supaya tetep bisa ngonsumsi produk [[daging]] [[sapi]] anu warna [[euceuy]], awét jeung prahtis.<ref name= "dua"/> Ku diprosés jadi kornét, perkara nyimpen [[daging]] [[sapi]] seger teu pikahariwangeun (''sieun buruk''). Supaya awét, [[daging]] [[sapi]] seger émang kudu diteundeun dina hawa nu nyelecep atawa hawa beku, alatanna jadi teu prahtis mun rék diolahkeun.<ref name= "dua"/> Sedengkeun [[daging]] [[sapi]] seger anu geus diprosés jadi kornét saterusna dikaléngan, bisa diteundeun dina hawa rohangan kira-kira dua taun.<ref name= "dua"/> == Sajarah Dijeunna Kornét == Ngaran kornét asalna tina [[basa Inggris]] ''“corned”'', tina kecap ''“corn”'' nu maksudna rates, nyaéta alatan tina partikel [[uyah]] kasar anu dipaké pikeun ngolah éta kornét.<ref name= "dua"/> Cara ngolah [[daging]] [[sapi]] sangkan jadi kornét, parkiraan mimiti medalna dina [[abad ka-12]] di [[Irlandia]].<ref name= "dua"/> Data ieu dumasar kana padalisan puisi [[:en:Aislinge Meic Con Glinne|Aislinge Meic Con Glinne]] atawa [[:en:The Vision of MacConglinne|The Vision of MacConglinne]], anu nyebut daging olahan ngeunah sajinis kornét.<ref name= "dua"/> Di [[:en: Ireland|Irlandia]], dina [[abad ka-12]], kagiatan meuncit [[sapi]] dilakonan nalika sapi peres geus teu ngahasilkeun susu deui, atawa mun sapi daging teu bisa deui digawé.<ref name="dua" /> Jadi kornét anu asalna tina [[daging]] [[sapi]] nyaéta susuguh nu jarang jeung kacida mibanda harga.<ref name="dua" /> Dina taun [[1740]] kajadian musibah mangrupa robahna iklim anu ekstrim anu nimpah wewengkon [[:en: Ireland|Irlandia]], nu pas harita mah dijajah [[Inggris]].<ref name="dua" /> Ampir sakabéh lahan tani gé gararing jeung pangeusi [[:en: Ireland|Irlandia]] kaancam kalaparan, kaasup piaraan samodél sapi nu dipiboga ku maranéhanana.<ref name="dua" /> Pipiaraan [[sapi]] daging (sapi potongeun ) jeung [[sapi]] peres anu dipiboga ku warga [[:id:Irlandia|Irlandia]] saterusna disalametkeun ka [[Inggris]].<ref name="dua" /> Namung ku sabab kabutuhan kana [[daging]] [[sapi]] di [[Inggris]] téh terus baé ngaronjat, pamaréntah [[Inggris]] harita lainna ngabantuan nyalametkeun warga [[Irlandia]] tina kalaparan ieuh, éta urang [[Inggris]] téh kalakah maksa warga [[:id:Irlandia|Irlandia]] pikeun ngarobah lahan tani jadi pangangonan [[sapi]] [[daging]] (sapi potongeun), anu hasilna diolah jadi kornét pikeun di eskpor ka [[Inggris]].<ref name="dua" /> [[File:Corned beef selection (2510356627).jpg|thumb|250px|Kornét nu dijualan jeung didahar ku urang deungeun]] Pangeusi [[:id:Irlandia|Irlandia]] anu lain tukang ngingu [[sapi]] ngan ukur dibéré lahan kawates pikeun melak kentang pikeun kaperluan maranéhanana urang [[Inggris]] téa.<ref name="dua" /> Kaayaan ieu sacara teu langsung ngarobah pola dahar pangeusi [[Irlandia]], jeung teu ngasupkeun deui [[daging]] [[sapi]] kana menu dahar maranéhanana.<ref name="dua" /> Kaayaan ieu mingkinan joré wé, alatanna dina [[abad ka-18]] aya goromolan pangungsi [[Irlandia]] ka [[Amérika Sarikat]].<ref name="dua" /> Di wewengkon anyar ieu, warga [[Irlandia]] bisa deui ngadahar [[daging]] [[sapi]] anu saterusna diolah jadi kornét.<ref name="dua" /> Warga Irlandia emang leuwih akrab jeung kornét, dibandingkeun jeung olahan [[daging]] [[sapi]] di Amérika nyaéta [[:en:bacon|''bacon'']].<ref name="dua" /> == Kornét nu Ayeuna == Kiwari, najan asalna ti [[Irlandia]], kornét geus teu dianggep deui minangka susuguh [[nasional]] [[Irlandia]].<ref name= "dua"/> Ogé ayeuna mah nu ngadahar kornét téh sok dikaitkeun kana budaya [[Irlandia]]-[[:id:Amerika|Amérika]] saperti raraméan [[en=Saint Patrick’s Day|Saint Patrick’s Day]], ping [[17 Maret]], nyaéta salah sahiji poé peré kaageman ([[katolik]]) di [[Irlandia]].<ref name= "dua"/> Di [[Amérika Sarikat]] jeung [[Kanada]], kornét biasana dipasarkeun di [[:en:delicatessens|delicatessens]] (warung kadaharan) dina 2 wangun nyaéta: sempalan [[daging]] [[sapi]] (biasana jinis sandung lamur, kadang-kadang mah jinis [[:en:round|''round'']] atawa [[:en:silverside|'silverside'']]) anu diawétkeun, atawa [[daging]] [[sapi]] anu dikeueum dina ci uyah jeung dikekeb dina kaléng (satengah asak).<ref name= "dua"/> Kornét ieu béda jeung kornét anu diimpor ti [[Amérika Kidul]], nu mana [[daging]] [[sapi]]na téh dicacag heula saméméhna.<ref name= "dua"/> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] 82x21g15xzqhyy0d6silv5omtqzibg3 Zaitun 0 47832 707554 675099 2026-03-29T02:36:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Zaitun | image = Olivesfromjordan.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''Olea europaea'', [[Laut Mati]], [[Yordania]] | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Lamiales]] | familia = [[Oleaceae]] | genus = ''[[Olea]]'' | species = '''''O. europaea''''' | binomial = ''Olea europaea'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Zaitun''' (''Olea europaea'') nyaéta anggota [[kulawarga]] ''[[Oleaceae]]'' mangrupa hiji [[tangkal]] nu kawilang leutik, hirupna nahun/ umurna bisa rébuan [[taun]]. Daunna henteu ngarandapan ngarangrangan. Buahna laleutik rasana seger bisa langsung didahar atahna atawa bisa ogé diawétkeun heula. Buah anu kolotna diolah ku jalan diperes pikeun diékstrak minyakna. Hasil tina ngaékstrak ieu minyak katelah [[minyak zaitun]] anu loba pisan mangpaatna dina nyumponan kabutuhan kahirupan sapopoé. == Ciri-ciri == [[Image:Olea europaea - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-229.jpg|thumb|left|Ilustrasi "Zaitun" ti abad ka-19]] Tangkal zaitun mibanda ciri-ciri mandiri nyaéta : * Tangkalna ngarungkun atawa ([[perdu]]) kembangna jiga [[locéng]], daunna [[héjo]] tur henteu ngarangrangan. * Pendék jeung gendut, jangkungna tara ngaleuwihan ti 8 méter kajaba variétas ''Pisciottana'' bisa gagedéan jeung ngajangkungan * [[daun]] tunggal pasanghareup sanghareup, euweuh daun tutumbu kelirna héjau kapérakan, wujudna lonjong panjangna kurang leuwih 4&nbsp;cm lébar 1&nbsp;cm nepikeun ka 3&nbsp;cm * Dahan jeung tangkalna karijeut tur murilit jiga meunang marieuskeun * Kembangna laleutik kelirna [[bodas]] jeung rada buluan palapahna. * Buahna laleutik jeung teuas panjangna kurang leuwih 2.5&nbsp;cm. Zaitun mimiti aya buahan waktu umurna nincak lima taun sedengkeun umur tangkal zaitun sorangan bisa nepi ka rébuan taun, anu matak tadina ngan tangkal anu ngarungkun lila kalilaan robah jadi hiji tangkal ngarumpuyuk tur pohara gedéna. Tangkal zaitun hirup nepikeun ka umur rebuan taun pernah kapanggih di [[Paléstina]] anu umurna geus nyorang kana 2000 taun. Buah Zaitun dipanén dina mangsa kelir buahna masih kénéh héjo nepikeun ka buah anu warna ganola. Aya ogé buah zaitun anu dijual geus diawétkeun dibungkus maké kaléng kelirna buahna rada hideung, éta ku lantaran pangaruh bahan kimia anu dikandungna saperti [[sulfat]]. <gallery> Image:Old olive tree in Karystos, Euboia, Greece.jpg|Tangkal zaitun di deukeutt ''Karystos'' di [[Yunani]] Image:Olive tree.jpg|Hiji tangkal Zaitun Image:Olive-tree-fruit-august-0.jpg|Buah Zaitun tina tangkal Zaitun Image:Olives au marche de Toulon p1040238.jpg| Asinan buah zaitun dipasar (''[[Toulon]]''), [[Perancis]] </gallery> == Distribusi == Distribusi/sumebarna ieu tangkal ngalimpudan ka daérah-daérah anu mibanda [[iklim]] panas nepikeun [[iklim]] sedeng. Panglobana kapanggih di [[Asia]], [[Afrika]] jeung daérah [[Laut Tengah]]. ''Varietas'' ''Pisciottana'', lobana kana 40.000 tangkal ngan kapanggih di daérah sabudeureun [[:en:Pisciotta|Pisciotta]], [[Campania]], [[Italia]] beulah kidul, jangkungna ngaleuwihan rata-rata tangkal zaitun ditempat séjén, sarta tangkalna leuwih gedé ogé. Ieu tangkal masih aya sékésélér jeung tangkal [[malati]] (''Jasminum sambac''). ==Taksonomi== Aya genep ''subspesies'' alami ''Olea europaea'' nyebar di mana-mana:<ref name=j2/><ref name=j3/> *''Olea europaea'' subsp. ''europaea'' ([[Laut Tengah|Mediterranean Basin]]) ti [[Afrika]] kalér neupi ka Afrika wétan, [[Arabia]] nepika [[Tiongkok]] beulah kulon. *''Olea europaea'' subsp. ''guanchica'' ([[Canaries]]) *''Olea europaea'' subsp. ''cerasiformis'' ([[Madeira]]) *''Olea europaea'' subsp. ''maroccana'' ([[Maroko]]) *''Olea europaea'' subsp. ''laperrinei'' ([[Aljazair]], [[Sudan]], [[Niger]]) Subspecies ''maroccana'' nyaéta [[:en:hexaploid|heksaploid]] sedengkeun ''cerasiformis'' [[:en:tetraploid|tetraploid]].<ref name=j5/> Saperti tatangkalan liar anu matak mindeng dianggap ''spesies'' nyorangan ngaran ilmiahna ''[[:en:Olea oleaster|Olea oleaster]]''. == Mangpaat == Tangkal zaitun jeung daunna mindeng dipaké pikeun perlambang runtut raut sauyunan/(perdamaian) jeung geus jadi bagéan kabudayaan urang kulon (Barat) dina waktu anu geus lila (kolot). Di Kulon dahan Zaitun ngalambangkeun hiji kadamaian ogé geus dipelak di ditu dina waktu anu geus kacida lilana aya kana ratusan taun anu geus kaliwat, Tina [[filosofi]] bisa di cokot pieunteungen [[intisari]] yén ku tangkal Zaitun ieu bisa mawa kadamaian/ perdamaian. Sagigireun buah zaitun mibanda rasa anu ngeunah, ogé [[kai]]na kuat alus jeung éndah katempona. Buah zaitun dipaké ogé pikeun seuseungitan kadaharan olahan. Buah zaitun anu geus kolot diolah ku jalan diperes pikeun dicokot minyakna anu loba mangpaatna pikeu campuran seuseungitan kadaharan olahan ogé bahan dasar pikeun kosmetik. Ieu minyak zaitun dipercaya pikeun miara kulit sangkan awét ngora jeung henteu gampang péot. Pondok pasantrén Az Zaytun di [[Indramayu]] mibanda jalan gedé/([[adimarga]]) anu mana unggal sisina dipelakan tangkal zaitun. == Tutumbu Kaluar == {{wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|zaitun}} * {{id}} [http://www.akuremaja.com/2014/11/manfaat-minyak-zaitun-untuk-wajah.html Mangpaat minyak Zaitu pikeun kosmétik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109134408/http://www.akuremaja.com/2014/11/manfaat-minyak-zaitun-untuk-wajah.html |date=2015-01-09 }} * [http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/olive_tree.htm Blue planet biomes: Olive trees — ''Olea europaea''] — ''cultivation history + horticulture''. * [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25555 Agricultural Research Service (ARS); Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN): ''Olea europaea''] — ''species treatment, native range, + links''. * [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=OLEUE USDA Plants Profile for ''Olea europaea'' ssp. ''europaea'' (European olive)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502115852/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=OLEUE |date=2013-05-02 }} * [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=OLEUC USDA Plants Profile for ''Olea europaea'' ssp. ''cuspidata'' (African olive)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502170430/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=OLEUC |date=2013-05-02 }} * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Olea+europaea Olive trees (''Olea europaea'') — U.C. Photo gallery] * {{dmoz|Science/Agriculture/Horticulture/Fruits/Olive|Olives}} ==Dicutat Tina== {{Reflist|35em|refs= <!--<ref name=r1>{{cite book|author1=Oliver Rackham|author2=Jennifer Alice Moody|title=The making of the Cretan landscape|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=k4dHmA9jq4wC|accessdate=7 December 2011|year=1996|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-3647-7}} cited in {{cite journal|author=F. R. Riley |year=2002|title=Olive Oil Production on Bronze Age Crete: Nutritional properties, Processing methods, and Storage life of Minoan olive oil|doi=10.1111/1468-0092.00149|journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology|volume=21|page=63}}</ref> <ref name=j1>{{cite journal|author=Janse, J. D. |year=1982|title=Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi (ex Smith) subsp. nov., nom. rev., the bacterium causing excrescences on Oleaceae and Nerium oleander L |journal=Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. |volume=32|pages=166–169|doi=10.1099/00207713-32-2-166|issue=2 }}</ref> --> <ref name=j2>{{cite journal|author=Green PS |year=2002|title=A revision of Olea L. (Oleaceae) |journal=Kew Bulletin |volume=57|pages=91–140|jstor=4110824|doi=10.2307/4110824|issue=1}}</ref> <ref name=j3>{{cite journal|author=Besnard G, Rubio de Casas R, Christin PA, Vargas P |title=Phylogenetics of Olea (Oleaceae) based on plastid and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences: Tertiary climatic shifts and lineage differentiation times|doi=10.1093/aob/mcp105|year=2009|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=104|pages=143–60|pmid=19465750|issue=1|pmc=2706730}}</ref> <ref name=j5>{{cite journal|author=Besnard G, Garcia-Verdugo C, Rubio de Casas R, Treier UA, Galland N, Vargas P |title=Polyploidy in the Olive Complex (Olea europaea): Evidence from Flow Cytometry and Nuclear Microsatellite Analyses|doi=10.1093/aob/mcm275|year=2007|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=101|pages=25–30|pmid=18024415|issue=1|pmc=2701839}}</ref> <!-- <ref name=j6>{{cite journal|title=Ancient wild olives in Mediterranean forests|doi=10.1038/35099680|year=2001|last1=Lumaret|first1=Roselyne|last2=Ouazzani|first2=Noureddine|journal=Nature|volume=413|issue=6857|page=700|pmid=11607022}}</ref> <ref name=j7>{{cite journal|title=Feral olives (''Olea europaea'') as future woody weeds in Australia: a review|journal=Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture|volume=40|pages= 889–901|doi=10.1071/EA98141|year=2000|last1=Spennemann|first1=D. H. R.|last2=Allen|first2=L. R.|issue=6 }}</ref> <ref name=Pelion>{{cite web | last = Koutoudis | first =Dennis | title = The Pelion Estates | url = http://www.thepelionestates.com | accessdate = 2012-11-10}}</ref>--> }} [[Kategori:Oleaceae]] [[Kategori:Bungbuahan]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan industri]] [[Kategori :Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori :Tutuwuhan ubar]] nddqtu9zkxup1mini1hxocm2rvtjrxj Poaceae 0 49091 707544 655275 2026-03-28T20:56:09Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = ''Poaceae'' | image = Starr 080220-3052 Unknown poaceae.jpg | image_width = 240px | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Poales]] | familia = [[CPoaceae]] }} '''Poacéae''', asalna mah disebut '''Graminae''', nyaéta salah sahiji kulawarga tina [[tutuwuhan kembangan]] [[monokotil]] (Monocotyledonéae), nu mangrupa hiji sumber divisi tina urutan [[poales]].<ref name="hiji">{{en}}[http://www.britannica.com/plant/Poaceae Poaceae] (diakses 3 Pebruari 2016)</ref><ref name="dua">{{en}}[http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet? Clacification of poaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318041757/http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet |date=2016-03-18 }} (diakses 3 Pebruari 2016)</ref> Tutuwuhan ieu sok disebut ogé salaku '''jujukutan'''.<ref name="hiji"/> Ieu mangrupa salah sahiji di antara lima kulawarga tutuwuhan kembangan nu pangluhurna dina hal jumlah spésés, ngan ieu jelas kulawarga [[flora]] pang lobana jeung pohara pentingna di [[bumi]].{{fact}} Diwangun ku leuwih ti 10.000 spésiés.<ref name="tilu">{{en}}[http://eol.org/pages/8223/overview Overview] (diakses 3 Pebruari 2016)</ref> ==Habitat== Poacéae tumuwuh di sakabéh [[benua]], di padang pasir boh habitat [[cai]] tawar atawa [[laut]], nepi ka dina tempat pangluhurna.<ref name="hiji"/> Komunitas tutuwuhan nu didominasi ku jujukutan nyumbang antara 24 persén tina vegetasi bumi.<ref name="hiji"/> Poacéae sumebar di sakabéh dunya, iwal ti [[Greenland]] jeung [[antartika]].<ref name="hiji"/> ==Poaceae dina Kahirupan Manusa== Poacéae ogé mangrupa sumber nu pangpentingna dina dunia dahareun.<ref name="dua"/> Jeung mangrupa kelompok pangpentingna sacara ekonomi, nu penting téh kaasup [[serealia]], [[jukut]], tiwu, jeung tutuwuhan bumbu.<ref name="dua"/> Spésiés tina ieu tutuwuhan nepi ka geus diolah pikeun jadi tutuwuhan [[pangan]] pokok (seréalia jeung gula misalna), pakan pikeun [[sato ingon]], [[biofuel]], nepi ka bahan wangunan, [[kertas]] jeung [[lansekap]] hias.<ref name="dua"/> ==Babagian Genus== #Genus Achnatherum P. Béauv. – needlegrass P #Genus ×Achnella Barkworth – ricegrass P #Genus Acrachne Chiov. – goosegrass P #Genus Acroceras Stapf – acroceras P #Genus Aegilops L. – goatgrass P #Genus Aegopogon Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. – relaxgrass P #Genus Aeluropus Trin. – Indian walnut P #Genus ×Agroelymus E.G. Camus ex A. Camus – agroelymus P #Genus ×Agropogon Fourn. – agropogon P #Genus Agropyron Gaertn. – whéatgrass P #Genus Agrostis L. – bentgrass P #Genus Aira L. – hairgrass P #Genus Allolepis Söderst. & Decker – Texas salt P #Genus Alloteropsis J. Presl – summergrass P #Genus Alopecurus L. – foxtail P #Genus Amblyopyrum Eig – amblyopyrum P #Genus ×Ammocalamagrostis P. Fourn. P #Genus Ammophila Host – béachgrass P #Genus Ampelodesmos Link – Mauritanian grass P #Genus Amphibromus Nees – wallaby grass P #Genus Amphicarpum Kunth – maidencane P #Genus Ancistrachne S.T. Blake P #Genus Andropogon L. – bluestem P #Genus Anthaenantia P. Béauv. – silkyscale P #Genus Anthephora Schreb. – oldfield grass P #Genus Anthoxanthum L. – hornwort P #Genus Apera Adans. – silkybent P #Genus Apluda L. – Mauritian grass P #Genus Arctagrostis Griseb. – polargrass P #Genus ×Arctodupontia Tzvelev – arctodupontia P #Genus Arctophila Rupr. ex Andersson – pendantgrass P #Genus Aristida L. – threéawn P #Genus Arrhenatherum P. Béauv. – oatgrass P #Genus Arthraxon P. Béauv. – carpetgrass P #Genus Arthrostylidium Rupr. – climbing bamboo P #Genus Arundinaria Michx. – cane P #Genus Arundinella Raddi – rabo de gato P #Genus Arundo L. – giant reed P #Genus Astrebla F. Muell. ex Benth. P #Genus Austrostipa S.W.L. Jacobs & J. Everett P #Genus Avellinia Parl. P #Genus Avena L. – oat P #Genus Avenula (Dumort.) Dumort. – oatgrass P #Genus Axonopus P. Béauv. – carpetgrass P #Genus Bambusa Schreb. – bamboo P #Genus Beckmannia Host – sloughgrass P #Genus Blepharidachne Hack. – desertgrass P #Genus Blepharoneuron Nash – dropseed P #Genus Borinda Stapleton – borinda P #Genus Bothriochloa Kuntze – béardgrass P #Genus Bouteloua Lag. – grama P #Genus Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. – signalgrass P #Genus Brachyachne Stapf P #Genus Brachyelytrum P. Béauv. – shorthusk P #Genus Brachypodium P. Béauv. – false brome P #Genus Briza L. – quakinggrass P #Genus Bromidium Nees & Meyen – tropical bent P #Genus Bromus L. – brome P #Genus Calamagrostis Adans. – reedgrass P #Genus ×Calammophila Brand – calammophila P #Genus Calamovilfa (A. Gray) Hack. ex Scribn. & Southworth – sandreed P #Genus Calyptochloa C.E. Hubb. P #Genus Castellia Tinéo P #Genus Catabrosa P. Béauv. – whorlgrass P #Genus Catapodium Link – ferngrass P #Genus Cathestecum J. Presl – false grama P #Genus Celtica F.M. Vázquez & Barkworth P #Genus Cenchrus L. – sandbur P #Genus Cent#theca Desv. P #Genus Centr#p#dia (R. Br.) Rchb. P #Genus Chasmanthium Link – w##d#ats P #Genus Chl#ris Sw. – windmill grass P #Genus Chrys#p#g#n Trin. – false béardgrass P #Genus Chusquéa Kunth – chusquéa bamb## P #Genus Cinna L. – w##dreed P #Genus Clad#raphis Franch. – bristly l#vegrass P #Genus Cleistachne Benth. P #Genus Cleist#genes Keng P #Genus C#el#rachis Br#ngn. – j#inttail grass P #Genus C#ix L. – J#b's téars P #Genus C#léanthus Seidel – m#ssgrass P #Genus C#rtaderia Stapf – pampas grass P #Genus C#ryneph#rus P. Béauv. – clubawn grass P #Genus C#ttéa Kunth – c#tta grass P #Genus Crypsis Ait#n – pricklegrass P #Genus Ctenium Panzer – t##thache grass P #Genus Cutandia Willk. – Memphisgrass P #Genus Cymb#p#g#n Spreng. – lem#n grass P #Genus Cyn#d#n Rich. – Bermudagrass P #Genus Cyn#surus L. – d#gstail grass P #Genus Cyrt#c#ccum Stapf P #Genus Dactylis L. – #rchardgrass P #Genus Dactyl#ctenium Willd. – cr#wf##t grass P #Genus Danth#nia DC. – #atgrass P #Genus Danth#ni#psis Stapf P #Genus Dasy#chl#a Willd. ex Rydb. – w##llygrass P #Genus Dasypyrum (C#ss. & Durieu) T. Dur. – m#squit#grass P #Genus Dendr#calamus Nees P #Genus Deschampsia P. Béauv. – hairgrass P #Genus Desm#stachya (Stapf) Stapf P #Genus Diarrhena P. Béauv. – béakgrain P #Genus Dichanthelium (Hitchc. & Chase) G#uld – r#sette grass P #Genus Dichanthium Willem. – bluestem P #Genus Dichelachne Endl. – plumegrass P #Genus Diect#mis Kunth – f#ldedléaf grass P #Genus Digitaria Haller – crabgrass P #Genus Dimeria R. Br. P #Genus Dinebra Jacq. – viper grass P #Genus Dissanthelium Trin. – Catalina grass P #Genus Diss#ch#ndrus (Hillebr.) Kuntze – false brittlegrass P #Genus Distichlis Raf. – saltgrass P #Genus ×Dup#a J. Cay. & S.J. Darbyshire – dup#a P #Genus Dup#ntia R. Br. – tundragrass P #Genus Echin#chl#a P. Béauv. – c#ckspur grass P #Genus Echin#p#g#n P. Béauv. P #Genus Ectr#sia R. Br. – ectr#sia P #Genus Ehrharta Thunb. – veldtgrass P #Genus Eleusine Gaertn. – g##segrass P #Genus Eli#nurus Humb. & B#npl. ex Willd. – balsamscale grass P #Genus ×Elyh#rdeum Mansf. ex Zizin & Petr#wa – barley P #Genus ×Elyleymus Baum – wildrye P #Genus Elymus L. – wildrye P #Genus Elytrigia Desv. P #Genus Ennéap#g#n Desv. ex P. Béauv. – féather pappusgrass P #Genus Enter#p#g#n Nees – umbrellagrass P #Genus Ent#lasia Stapf – ent#lasia P #Genus Eragr#stis v#n W#lf – l#vegrass P #Genus Erem#chl#a Büse – centipede grass P #Genus Erem#pyrum (Ledeb.) Jaubert & Spach – false whéatgrass P #Genus Eriachne R. Br. P #Genus Eri#chl#a Kunth – cupgrass P #Genus Eri#chrysis P. Béauv. – m#c# de pav# P #Genus Eri#neur#n Nash – w##llygrass P #Genus Euclasta Franch. – m#ck bluestem P #Genus Eulalia Trin. P #Genus Eulali#psis H#nda – sabaigrass P #Genus Eustachys Desv. – fingergrass P #Genus Festuca L. – fescue P #Genus ×Festul#lium Asch. & Graebn. – festul#lium P #Genus Fingerhuthia Nees – Zulu fescue P #Genus Garn#tia Br#ngn. – lawngrass P #Genus Gastridium P. Béauv. – nit grass P #Genus Gaudinia P. Béauv. – fragile #at P #Genus Gigant#chl#a Kurz ex Munr# – gigant#chl#a P #Genus Glyceria R. Br. – mannagrass P #Genus Gymn#p#g#n P. Béauv. – skelet#ngrass P #Genus Gynerium Willd. ex P. Béauv. – wildcane P #Genus Hackel#chl#a Kuntze – pitscale grass P #Genus Hainardia Greuter – barbgrass P #Genus Hak#nechl#a Makin# ex H#nda – Hak#ne grass P #Genus Helict#trich#n Besser ex Schult. & Schult. f. – alpine #atgrass P #Genus Hemarthria R. Br. – j#intgrass P #Genus Hesper#stipa (Elias) Barkw#rth – needle and thréad P #Genus Heteranthelium H#chst. ex Jaub. & Spach P #Genus Heter#p#g#n Pers. – tanglehéad P #Genus Hier#chl#e R. Br. – sweetgrass P #Genus Hilaria Kunth – curly-mesquite P #Genus H#lcus L. – velvetgrass P # Genus H#m#lepis Chase – panicgrass P # Genus H#m#ph#lis C.E. Hubb. P # Genus H#rdelymus (Jess.) Harz P # Genus H#rdeum L. – barley P # Genus Hygr#ryza Nees – watergrass P # Genus Hymenachne P. Béauv. – marsh grass P # Genus Hyparrhenia Anderss#n ex F#urn. – thatching grass P # Genus Hyp#gynium Nees – West Indian bluestem P # Genus Ichnanthus P. Béauv. – bedgrass P # Genus Imperata Cirill# – satintail P # Genus Isachne R. Br. – bl##dgrass P # Genus Ischaemum L. – murainagrass P # Genus Iseilema Anderss#n P # Genus Ix#ph#rus Schltdl. – Central America grass P # Genus Jarava Ruiz & Pav. – rice grass P # Genus Kalinia H.L. Bell & C#lumbus – kalinia grass P # Genus Karr##chl#a C#nert & Türpe – S#uth African #atgrass P # Genus K#eleria Pers. – Junegrass P # Genus Lagurus L. – harestail grass P # Genus Lamarckia M#ench – g#ldent#p grass P # Genus Lasiacis (Griseb.) Hitchc. – smallcane P # Genus Lasiurus B#iss. P # Genus Leersia Sw. – cutgrass P # Genus Lept#chl#a P. Béauv. – spranglet#p P # Genus Lept#chl##psis Yates – limest#ne grass P # Genus Lept#c#ryphium Nees – lanilla P # Genus Lepturus R. Br. – thintail P # Genus Leuc#p#a Griseb. – spike fescue P # Genus ×Leydeum Barkw#rth – hybrid ryegrass P # Genus Leymus H#chst. – wildrye P # Genus Limn#déa L.H. Dewey – #zark grass P # Genus Lithachne P. Béauv. – diente de perr# P # Genus L#li#lum Krecz. & B#br. P # Genus L#lium L. – ryegrass P # Genus L#phatherum Br#ngn. – l#phatherum P # Genus L#udetia H#chst. P # Genus Luzi#la Juss. – watergrass P # Genus Lycurus Kunth – w#lfstail P # Genus Lygeum L#efl. ex L. – lygeum P # Genus Melica L. – melicgrass P # Genus Melinis P. Béauv. – stinkgrass P # Genus Merxmuellera C#nert P # Genus Mib#ra Adans. – sandgrass P # Genus Micr#chl#a R. Br. – smallgrass P # Genus Micr#laena R. Br. – weeping grass P # Genus Micr#pyrum Link P # Genus Micr#stegium Nees – br#wnt#p P # Genus Milium L. – milletgrass P # Genus Miscanthus Anderss#n – silvergrass P # Genus Mnesithéa Kunth – j#inttail grass P # Genus M#linia Schrank – m##rgrass P # Genus M#nanth#chl#e Engelm. – sh#regrass P # Genus Muhlenbergia Schreb. – muhly P # Genus Munr#a T#rr., #rth. c#ns. – false buffal#grass P # Genus Nardus L. – matgrass P # Genus Nassella (Trin.) Desv. – needlegrass P # Genus Neeragr#stis Bush – creeping l#vegrass P # Genus Ne#l#leba Widjaja – ne#l#leba P # Genus Ne#stapfia Burtt Davy – C#lusagrass P # Genus Neyraudia H##k. f. – neyraudia P # Genus #chth#chl#a Edgew. P # Genus #lyra L. – carrycill# P # Genus #phiur#s C.F. Gaertn. P # Genus #plismenus P. Béauv. – basketgrass P # Genus #rcuttia Vasey – #rcutt grass P # Genus #ryza L. – rice P # Genus #ryz#psis Michx. – ricegrass P # Genus #tt#chl#a Dandy P # Genus #xychl#ris M. Lazarides P # Genus #xytenanthera Munr# – #xytenanthera P # Genus Panicum L. – panicgrass P # Genus Papp#ph#rum Schreb. – pappusgrass P # Genus Paraph#lis C.E. Hubbard – sicklegrass P # Genus Pasc#pyrum Á. Löve – whéatgrass P # Genus Paspalidium Stapf – watercr#wn grass P # Genus Paspalum L. – cr#wngrass P # Genus Patis #hwi – ricegrass P # Genus Pennisetum Rich. ex Pers. – f#untaingrass P # Genus Per#tis Ait#n P # Genus Phalaris L. – canarygrass P # Genus Phan#pyrum (Raf.) Nash – savannah-panicgrass P # Genus Pharus L. – stalkgrass P # Genus Phippsia (Trin.) R. Br. – icegrass P # Genus Phleum L. – tim#thy P # Genus Phragmites Adans. – reed P # Genus Phyll#stachys Sieb#ld & Zucc. – bamb## P # Genus Piptather#psis R#masch., P.M. Peters#n & R. J. S#reng – ricegrass P # Genus Piptatherum P. Béauv. – ricegrass P # Genus Pipt#chaetium J. Presl – spéargrass P # Genus Plectrachne Henrard P # Genus Plei#blastus Nakai – dwarf bamb## P # Genus Pleuraphis T#rr. – galleta grass P # Genus Pleur#p#g#n R. Br. – semaph#regrass P # Genus P#a L. – bluegrass P # Genus P#g#natherum P. Béauv. P # Genus P#lyp#g#n Desf. – rabbitsf##t grass P # Genus P#lyt#ca R. Br. P # Genus P#lytrias Hack. – Java grass P # Genus Psathyr#stachys Nevski – wildrye P # Genus ×Pseudelymus Barkw#rth & D.R. Dewey – f#xtail whéatgrass P # Genus Pseud#r#egneria (Nevski) Á. Löve – whéatgrass P # Genus Pseud#sasa Makin# ex Nakai – arr#w bamb## P # Genus Psilurus Trin. P # Genus Ptilagr#stis Griseb. – false needlegrass P # Genus Puccinellia Parl. – alkaligrass P # Genus ×Pucciphippsia Tzvelev – pucciphippsia P # Genus Redfieldia Vasey – bl#w#ut grass P # Genus Reimar#chl#a Hitchc. – reimar grass P # Genus R#straria Trin. – hairgrass P # Genus R#ttb#ellia L. f. – itchgrass P # Genus Rytid#sperma Steud. – wallaby grass P # Genus Saccharum L. – sugarcane P # Genus Sacci#lepis Nash – cupscale grass P # Genus Sasa Makin# & Shib. – br#adléaf bamb## P # Genus ×Sched#lium H#lub – fescue ryegrass P # Genus Sched#nnardus Steud. – tumblegrass P # Genus Sched#n#rus P. Béauv. – fescue P # Genus Schismus P. Béauv. – Mediterranéan grass P # Genus Schizachne Hack. – false melic P # Genus Schizachyrium Nees – little bluestem P # Genus Schiz#stachyum Nees – P#lynesian '#he P # Genus Schmidtia M#ench P # Genus Scler#chl#a P. Béauv. – hardgrass P # Genus Scler#p#g#n Phil. – burr#grass P # Genus Scler#stachya A. Camus P # Genus Sc#l#chl#a Link – rivergrass P # Genus Scribneria Hack. – Scribner's grass P # Genus Secale L. – rye P # Genus Sehima F#rssk. P # Genus Semiarundinaria Makin# P # Genus Sesleria Sc#p. P # Genus Setaria P. Béauv. – bristlegrass P # Genus Setari#psis Scribn. ex Millsp. – setari#psis P # Genus Shibataéa Makin# ex Nakai P # Genus Sin#calamus McClure – wideléaf bamb## P # Genus Sn#wdenia C.E. Hubb. P # Genus S#rghastrum Nash – Indiangrass P # Genus S#rghum M#ench – s#rghum P # Genus Spartina Schreb. – c#rdgrass P # Genus Sphen#ph#lis Scribn. – wedgescale P # Genus Spinifex L. P # Genus Sp#di#p#g#n Trin. P # Genus Sp#r#b#lus R. Br. – dr#pseed P # Genus Steinchisma Raf. – gaping grass P # Genus Sten#taphrum Trin. – St. Augustine grass P # Genus Stipa L. P # Genus Stipagr#stis Nees P # Genus Swallenia Söderst. & Decker – dunegrass P # Genus Taeniatherum Nevski – medusahéad P # Genus Tetrachne Nees P # Genus Tetrap#g#n Desf. P # Genus Thaumast#chl#a C.E. Hubb. P # Genus Themeda F#rssk. – kangar## grass P # Genus Thin#pyrum Á. Löve – whéatgrass P # Genus Thuaréa Pers. – Kur#iwa grass P # Genus Thyrid#lepis S.T. Blake P # Genus Thysan#laena Nees – tiger grass P # Genus T#rrey#chl#a Church – false mannagrass P # Genus Trachyp#g#n Nees – crinkléawn grass P # Genus Tragus Haller – bur grass P # Genus Trib#lium Desv. – trib#lium P # Genus Trichl#ris F#urn. ex Benth. – false Rh#des grass P # Genus Trich#laena Schrad. P # Genus Trich#neura Anderss#n – Silveus' grass P # Genus Tridens R#em. & Schult. – tridens P # Genus Tri#dia R. Br. P # Genus Triplasis P. Béauv. – sandgrass P # Genus Trip#g#n R#em. & Schult. – fiveminute grass P # Genus Tripsacum L. – gamagrass P # Genus Triraphis R. Br. – needlegrass P # Genus Trisetum Pers. – #atgrass P # Genus ×Tritic#secale Wittm. ex A. Camus – triticale P # Genus Triticum L. – whéat P # Genus Tuct#ria J. Reeder – spiralgrass P # Genus Uni#la L. – séa#ats P # Genus Ur#chl#a P. Béauv. – signalgrass P # Genus Vahl#déa Fr. – hairgrass P # Genus Vasey#chl#a Hitchc. – Texasgrass P # Genus Ventenata K#eler – N#rth Africa grass P # Genus Vetiveria B#ry – vetivergrass P # Genus V#ssia Wall. & Griffith – hipp# grass P # Genus Vulpia C.C. Gmel. – fescue P # Genus White#chl#a C.E. Hubb. P # Genus Willk#mmia Hack. – willk#mmia P # Genus Zéa L. – c#rn P # Genus Zingeria P.A. Smirn. P # Genus Zizania L. – wildrice P # Genus Zizani#psis Döll & Asch. – cutgrass P # Genus Z#ysia Willd. – lawngrass P {{Div col end}} ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Poales]] fsox2j5ixtjjmm2uewyglg6xfrciegq Teki 0 50164 707550 706470 2026-03-29T01:10:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{taxobox |name = ''Teki'' |image = Nutgrass Cyperus rotundus02.jpg |regnum = [[Plant]]ae |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Monocots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] |ordo = [[Poales]] |familia = [[Cyperaceae]] |genus = ''[[Cyperus]]'' |species = '''''C. rotundus''''' |binomial = ''Cyperus rotundus'' |binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] }} [[File:Cyperus rotundus by kadavoor.JPG|thumb|Kembang teki]] '''Teki''' nyaéta [[jukut]] (''Cyperaceae'') asalna ti wewengkon [[Afrika Kidul|Afrika]] kidul jeung tengah, [[Eropa]] (kalér nepi ka [[Perancis]] jeung [[Austria]]), ogé Asia kidul. Teki kagolong jukut liar anu gampil pisan ngarekahan, akarna panjang bisa nyeceb kana jero [[taneuh]] nepika saméter, ku lantaran éta pikeun patani jukut teki mangrupa [[gulma]] anu hésé dibasmi .<ref>[http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plant=442 Ngeunaan ''Informasi spesies'']</ref> Teki dina basa [[Latin]] disebut ''Cyperus rotundus'' kecap ''Cyperus'' tina basa [[Yunani]] ''κύπερος, kyperos'', jeung kecap ''rotundus'' nyaéta tina [[basa Latin]], hartina " puteran". ==Ciri mandiri== Teki bisa hirup kalawan subur di tempat anu cukup cahaya [[panonpoé]] jeung [[taneuh]] anu henteu pati garing, gancang ngarekahan jeung hésé dibasmina, akar barijil tina [[puhu]] [[tangkal]] nyebar ka gigir jeung ka handap (''radix adventica''), ieu akar bakal nga[[beuti]] lamun umurna geus cukup déwasa. [[Tangkal]]na kagolong hipu, wujudna pasagi tilu panjang 10–20&nbsp;cm, puhu tangkalna bakal jadi beuti kurang leuwih sagedé kacang [[suuk]] tuluy kaluar akar jeung sirung nga jadi tangkal teki anyar. Daun teki méncos laleutik lebar kurang leuwih dua mili, guguratan, kelir luhurna héjo kolot sedengkeun bagian handapna héjo ngora.<ref name=“Ubar”>{{Cite book | title =Ramuan Lengkap Herbal Taklukkan Penyakit| first =Prof H. | last =Hembing W.| publisher =Niaga Swadaya| location =Jakarta| year =2008| pages =271|ISBN=9789791481526|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=MPZrWtgMZ98C&pg=PT280&dq=jukut+SUNDA&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-taP1xMjpAhUVA3IKHejnBfoQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=jukut%20SUNDA&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 23 Méi 2020)}}</ref> [[Kembang]] ngaranggeuy bijil tina tungtung tangkal, dina satangkal aya dua nepi ka opat ranggeuy. Buahna mangrupa [[siki]] laleutik pisan, gepéng, dilimpudan ku cangkang (huut) warna [[coklat]]. di mana geus kolot sikina bakal marurag sorangan.<ref>[http://catatananaktani.blogspot.co.id/2014/11/rumput-teki-cyperus-rotundus-l.html Morfologi tangkal teki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910174541/http://catatananaktani.blogspot.co.id/2014/11/rumput-teki-cyperus-rotundus-l.html |date=2016-09-10 }}</ref> ==Mangpaat== [[File:Nutgrass Cyperus rotundus stem cross section and flower head.jpg|thumb|right|Tangkalna segi tilu]] [[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - L.1378255 - Cyperus rotundus L. subsp. rotundus - Cyperaceae - Plant type specimen.jpeg|thumb|''Cyperus rotundus L. subsp. rotundus'' , Herbarium, 1839]] Teki mangrupa ubar mujarab pikeun ngajaga kaséhatan utamana pikeun ngubaran nyeri dada, nyeri [[huntu]], nyeri beuteung, nyeri dina mangsa datang [[bulan]], ubar sariawan jeung bisa nyuburkeun kandungan, ogé beuti tangkal teki bisa ngabantu ngaronjatkeun ingetan.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 15013181 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.042 | volume=90 | issue=2-3 | title=Effect of polyherbal formulation on experimental models of inflammatory bowel diseases |date=February 2004 | journal=J Ethnopharmacol | pages=195–204}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Effects of Ayurvedic treatment on forty-three patients of ulcerative colitis|author=Manish V. Patel|journal=Ayu.|date=October 2010|volume=31|issue=4|pages=478–481|pmc=3202252|pmid=22048543|doi=10.4103/0974-8520.82046|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Bangsa [[Arab]] baheula ngabebek [[beuti]] akar teki saméméhna meunang ngabubuy pikeun ngubaran raheut, bisul, bareuh jeung sajabana kitu ogé tabib urang Barat jeung [[Islam]] kasup ''Dioscorides'' , ''Galen'' , ''Serapion'' , ''Paulus Aegineta , Avicenna , Rhazes , jeung Charles Alstongeus'' mertélakeun mangpaat beuti jukut teki pikeun ubar nyeri beuteung , ''emmenagogue , deobstruent'' .<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gYo-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA205|title=The seven books of Paulus Aegineta: Translated from the Greek|author=Aegineta Paulus (translation and commentary by Francis Adams)|year=1847}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t6m8VvAy8f4C&pg=PA431|title=Lectures on the materia medica: containing the natural history of drugs|author=Charles Alston|year=1770}}</ref><ref name=“Ubar”/> Tayalian sipatna anu nolak kana [[baktéri]], beuti jukut teki geus dimangpaatkeun bangsa [[Sudan]] malahan 2000 taun geus kaliwat pikeun ngajaga kasehatan huntu ngarah henteu koropok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140716-sudan-sedge-toothbrush-teeth-archaeology-science/|publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|title= Ancient People Achieved Remarkably Clean Teeth With Noxious Weed <!-- |authorlink=Traci Watson --> |first=Traci |last=Watson |date=July 16, 2014 |accessdate=2014-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=July 17, 2014 |page=A3 |title=Pesky weed may have helped prehistoric humans fight cavities, report says <!-- |authorlink=Rachel Feltman --> |first= Rachel |last=Feltman |accessdate=2014-07-19}} from journal PLOS One</ref> == Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|2}} == Tutumbu kaluar == {{Commons category|Cyperus rotundus}} * [http://193.62.154.38/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Cyperus&SPECIES_XREF=rotundus&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Cyperus rotundus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704024443/http://193.62.154.38/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Cyperus&SPECIES_XREF=rotundus&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= |date=2011-07-04 }} * [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CYRO USDA Plants Profile: ''Cyperus rotundus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013230620/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CYRO |date=2010-10-13 }} * [http://plants.nrcs.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_cyro.pdf USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service: ''Cyperus rotundus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060401033450/http://plants.nrcs.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_cyro.pdf |date=2006-04-01 }} (pdf file) * [http://www.itmonline.org/arts/cyperus.htm Use in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine] * [http://www.campusteva.tau.ac.il/index.php?knowlage=186 A Tel-Aviv University study mentioning its nutritional importance for migrating birds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526144143/http://www.campusteva.tau.ac.il/index.php?knowlage=186 |date=2011-05-26 }} (in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]) * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=0-7234-3410-7 }} Contains a detailed monograph on ''Cyperus rotundus'' (Musta; Mustaka) as well as a discussion of héalth benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/310-musta {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616192931/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/310-musta |date=2011-06-16 }} {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Cyperus|rotundus]] [[Kategori:Poaceae]] [[Kategori:Jukut]] [[Kategori:Gulma]] [[Kategori:Beubeutian]] 9781ks22c1nar4y1np696ke4cpprpyp Écéng 0 50253 707555 675973 2026-03-29T02:39:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Écéng |image = Monochoria vaginalis at Kadavoor.jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Monokotil]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] |ordo = [[Commelinales]] |familia = [[Pontederiaceae]] |genus = Monochoria |species ='' M. vaginalis'' |binomial = Monochoria vaginalis |binomial_authority = [[Nicolaas Laurens Burman|Burm.f.]]) [[Carl Borivoj Presl|C.Presl]]<ref>{{aut|[[Carl Borivoj Presl|Presl, C.]]}} 1827. ''Reliquiae Haenkeanae, seu, Descriptiones et icones plantarum...'' [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10047#page/144/mode/1up Tome '''1''': 128]. Pragae :Apud J.G. Calve, 1830-35 [i.e. 1825-1835]</ref> |synonyms = *''Pontederia vaginalis'' {{small|Burm.f.}}<ref>{{aut|[[Nicolaas Laurens Burman|Burman, N.L.]]}} 1768. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/123275#page/198/mode/1up ''Flora Indica : cui accedit series zoophytorum Indicorum, nec non prodromus florae Capensis.'': 80]. Amstelaedami :Apud Cornelium Haek ;1768.</ref> {{small|sinonim selengkapnya: ''The Plant List''}}<ref>The Plant List: [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-254566 ''Monochoria vaginalis'' (Burm.f.) C.Presl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804144247/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-254566 |date=2020-08-04 }}</ref> }} '''Écéng''', '''''Monochoria vaginalis''''' nyaéta tangkal (''herba'') anu hirupna di [[cai]] mangrupa hama/gulma pikeun [[paré]] di pasawahan. Écéng mibanda ngaran béda di unggal wewengkon, Urang [[Batak]] nyebut kana tangkal écéng ''Ikau lada'' atawa ''si korpuk'' ; urang [[Batawi]] menyebutna ''écéng padi''; urang [[Sunda]] nyebutna “écéng “ atawa ''écéng lembut''; urang [[Jawa]] nyebutna ''wéwéhan, wéwéyan, bĕngok''; urang [[Bali]] menyebutnya ''wéwéhan, biah-biah''; urang [[Lombok]] nyebutna ''mĕmadéng, mĕmaréng'', urang [[Makassar]] nyebutna ''balang-balang'' jeung urang [[Bugis]] nyebutna ''balĕmpalĕng''. Di [[Minahasa]] ngarana ''tumpĕng''.<ref name=heyne515>{{aut|[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, K.]]}} 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''I''': 515. Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Jakarta. (versi berbahasa [[Belanda]] [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten1922heyn#page/466/mode/2up -1922- '''I''': 464]</ref><ref name="Depkes">{{cite web|url=http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku5/5-065.pdf|title=''Monochoria vaginalis'' (Burm.f.) Presl|accessdate=10 April 2014|publisher=Departemen Kesehatan}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207054018/http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku5/5-065.pdf |date=7 December 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Heyne">{{Cite book | title =DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË| first =K.| last =Heyne| publisher =RUYGROK & Co BATAVIA| location =Library New York Botanical Garden| year =1913| pages =170|url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/170/mode/2up?view=theater&q=bolang|accessdate=(disungsi) 11 Mei 2021}}</ref> ==Pedaran== Écéng mimiti ditaluntik di ''Sakrameto'' dina taun [[1948]].<ref name="ucdavis">{{citeweb|url=http://wric.ucdavis.edu/events/archived_events/poster_Ducksalad_2012.pdf|title=Traits for field identification of Monochoria vaginalis and species of Heteranthera at different growth stages|accessdate=19 April 2014 |publisher=UCdavis.com}}</ref> Tangkal écéng anu mimiti kapanggih kembangna bodas.<ref name="ucdavis" /> ieu pamanggih, tuluy di laporkeun ka ''Glend Country'' dina [[taun]] [[1954]], conto pepelakan anu dikumpulkeun di RES dina taun 1966. Taun 1970-an conto tangkal écéng di awétkeun (''Herbarium''). Tangkal écéng anu séjéna mibanda kembang ganola kapanggih dina taun [[1983]] ogé satuluyna dikumpulkeun di RES.<ref name="ucdavis" /> mimitinamah écéng kembang biru di golongkeun kana ''Heteranthera limosa''.<ref name="ucdavis" /> Dina taun [[1991]] écéng kembang ganola séjén kapanggih deui di Kabupatén ''Butte'', ogé satuluyna dikumpulkeun deui di RES anu engkena dikatagorikeun kana ''Heteranthera rotundifolia''.<ref name="ucdavis" /> Écéng di golongkeun kana ''Monochoria'' dina taun 2000an saméméhna geus kapanggih deui tangkal écéng di ''Sakrameto''. ==Ciri mandiri== [[File:Monochoria vaginalis Blanco2.466.jpg|left|thumb|180px|Tangkal Écéng numutkeun gambaran Blanco]] Tangkal/[[Herba]] jangkungna kurang leuwih 5-50 [[sentimeter|cm]], hirupna nahun sakapeung ngan sausum, tangkalna ngalingkung mangrupa dapuran <ref name="soerjani"/>. Écéng mibanda beuti [[''rimpang'']] ukurana pondok tina tangkal (''batang semu''); sedengkeun bagéan anu katempo panjang sabenerna éta lain tangkalna tapi palapah dauna jeung gagang daun<ref name="Depkes"/>. Akarna kasebut akar ''serabut'', kelir akarna bodas jeung gampang pisan dirabut <ref name="Depkes"/>. [[Daun]] ngan hiji, tungtung rata, gagang daun leuir, ngéntép dina [[''roset'']]; wujud dauna aya nu lonyod, semu buleud, buleud [[endog]] malahan sakapeung aya anu méh buleud, ukuran daun kurang leuwih, 2-12,5 × 0,2–10&nbsp;cm; tungtung daun méncos, ari puhuna rada buleud jiga meunang neukteuk, daun anu déwasa wujudna jiga [[jantung]], beulah sisina rada buleud<ref name="soerjani"/>. Kelirna héjo ngagurilap jeung tulang daun semu bengkung.<ref name="Depkes"/>. [[File:Vaginalis.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Kembang écéng]] [[kembang]] mangrupa ranggeuyan [[''bunga tandan'']] dina saranggeuy aya 3-25 kembang napel dina gagang kembang/cupat, tuluy ngeluk ka handap di mana geus mangkak ligar. Kembangna mibanda kelir ganaria semu paul, panjangna kurang leuwih 11-15 [[milimeter|mm]], di mana geus ligar tungtung kembangna lingkup deui tuluy muringkel, henteu murag. [[Benang sari]] aya 6, panjangna béda-béda, anu lima pendék jeung pendul kemabang kelirna konéng, ari anu hijina deui leuwih gedé jeung pendulna semu biru. [[Buah]] wujudna lonyod, cangkang buah aya tilu bagéan dina mangsana geus kolot ieu cangkang buah bakal meleték beulah kusorangan anu antukna siki anu aya di jero ngaracleng kaluar murag ka cai tuluy ngerelep kana luhureun leutak atawa palid kabawa ku [[cai]]. Siki Écéng anu murag ku lantaran kakeueum, nya lila kalilaan bakan melentis bijil akar tur sirungan, ka dituna mangrupa tangkal Écéng anayar. kitu saterusna Écéng bisa ngarekahan. [[siki]] gedéna 1&nbsp;mm.<ref name="soerjani">{{aut|[[Mohamad Soerjani|Soerjani, M.]], [[AJGH Kostermans]] dan [[Gembong Tjitrosoepomo|G. Tjitrosoepomo]]}} (Eds.). 1987. ''Weeds of Rice in Indonesia''. [[Balai Pustaka]], Jakarta. p. 488-9 (illust.)</ref> ==Tempat hirup== [[File:Monochoria vaginalis 03.JPG|thumb|150px|left|Écéng keur kembangan]] Écéng utamana mindeng kapanggih dina taneuh leutak saperti [[rawa]] jeung [[sawah]] anu caian <ref name="Depkes"/>.<ref name="PerlindunganTanaman">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=eFP8j0K66fsC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=tanaman+wewehan&source=bl&ots=2Gtm9Hs9aH&sig=kYymwf8L1-jg3VJGpyvZ7Dmhj4I&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HDhFU_PPEYuikwWUooC4Bg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=tanaman%20wewehan&f=false|title=Perlindungan Tanaman|accessdate=19 April 2014 |publisher=Kanisius}}</ref>.Sakapeung ogé kapanggih dina kamalir, sisi balong, leutak, sisi susukan anu taneuha baseuh<ref name="Cabi"/>.Écéng teubisa hirup dina taneuh garing, mangsa datang usum halodo anu ngabalukarkeun sawah jeung rawa gararing, écéng henteu bisa hirup. engké tempona datang usum hujan dinamangsa taneuh geus jemlek deui eceng jaradi deui tina siki anu marurag ka cai saméméhna. Tuluy éta siki bijil akar jeung sirungan, tuluy hirup neupika jadi écéng déwasa. Di [[Jawa]], écéng hirup dina dataran 0-1.550 m dpl.<ref name="soerjani"/> ==Asalmuasal== Écéng asalna ti wewengkon [[Asia]], di [[Indonésia]] mah méh di sakabéh tempat bisa manggihan tangkal écéng.<ref name="soerjani"/> Écéng ogé bisa kapanggih di nagara saperti [[Iran]], [[Vietnam]], [[Taiwan]], [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Jepang]], [[Filipina]], [[Malaysia]] jeung [[Australia]] kalér <ref name="RedList">{{cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/168872/0|title=Monochoria vaginalis|accessdate=19 April 2014 |publisher=IUCN Red List}}</ref>. Di unggal nagara ngaran écéng mibanda ngaran séwang-séwangan, urang [[Bangladesh]] nyebut tangkal écéng ''Panee kachu''; [[Kamboja]]: ''Chrach''; [[Jepang]]: ''Konagi'', [[Koréa Kidul|Korea]]: ''Mooldalgebi'', [[Nepal]]: ''Piralay'', [[Malaysia]]: ''Chacha layar, keladi agas, kelayar''; [[Filipina]]: ''Biga-bigaan, gabi-gabi''; [[Taiwan]]: ''Ya-she-tsau'', [[Thailand]]: ''Ka-kiad, Phak-khait''; [[Vietnam]]: ''Rac mác lá thon''.<ref name="Cabi">{{cite web|url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/34807|title=Monochoria vaginalis|accessdate=19 April 2014 |publisher=Invasive Species Compendium}}</ref> ==Hama== Dina jumlah anu kawilang loba, écéng bisa waé ngaganggu kana bebenangan panén tatanén patani [[paré]]<ref name="Cabi"/>. Lantaran écéng bisa jadi [[''gulma'']] ieu kaayaan sakapeung disanghareupan ku patani di nagara [[Filipina]], [[Malaysia]] jeung [[Koréa Kidul|Korea]]<ref name="Cabi"/>. Écéng anu hirup disawah bisa ngaruksak kasuburan paré alatan parébut ''nutrisi'' anu aya dina taneuh <ref name="Cabi"/> Sagigireun ti éta akar écéng bisa waé ngaganggu kana akar paré henteu bisa nyeceb kana leutak anu leuwih jero tangtu ieu bakal ngabarobahkeun kana akar paré pikeun nyokot ''nutrisi'' tina taneuh <ref name="Cabi"/> Panalungtikan di [[Filipina]] geus meré kacindekan, umpamana aya 366 tangkal dina 1 [[méter]] pasagi bisa ngurangan hasil panén paré nepi ka 35%. Nyinglarkeun tangkal écéng bisa maké cara dirabutan anu katelah [[ngarambét]] atawa maké (''ubarkimia'') pikeun ngabasami / ([[''herbisida'']]).<ref name="soerjani"/> ==Manfaat== Sagigireun écéng ngaganggu kana tatanén ku lantaran jadi hama/gulma, écéng bisa waé dimangpaatkeun pikeun nyubadanan kabutuh sapopoé<ref name="Cabi"/>. Nyaéta daun écéng bisa waé diolah pikeun nyieun [[urab]], [[lalab]], jeung parab ingon-ingon utamana [[éntog]] jeung [[kalkum]]<ref name="Cabi"/><ref>{{aut|[[Rumphius|Rumpf, G.E.]]}} 1750. ''Herbarium Amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10356#page/255/mode/1up Pars '''VI''': 178], [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10356#page/256/mode/1up Tab. 75 Fig. 1]. Amstelaedami :apud Franciscum Changuion, Hermannum Uttwerf. MDCCL.</ref>) di [[Makassar]] jaman baheula écéng dimangpaatkeun pikeun sayur jeung lalab, di [[Bogor]] mah ''écéng leutik'' dimangpaatkeun pikeu kadaharan téh lamun geus di seupan heula saméméhna<ref name=heyne515/>. Daun écéng mibanda kandungan serat anu alus pikeun padaharan<ref name="Cabi"/>. Mangpaat séjéna nyaéta akarna bisa dipaké pikeun ngubaran nyeuri mag [[''lambung'']], [[ati]], eungap jeung nyeuri [[huntu]]; dauna ogé bisa dipaké pikeun ubar galingging/ [[''demam'']]<ref name=heyne515/><ref name="oswaldasia">{{citeweb|url=http://www.oswaldasia.org/species/m/monva/monva_en.html|title= ''Monochoria vaginalis'' (Burm.f.) C.Presl - PONTEDERIACEAE - Monocotyledon|accessdate=19 April 2014 |publisher=Oswaldasia}}</ref>. Ekstrak ''écéng-écéng'' geus ditalungtik anu hasilnya dipikanyaho bisa ngalawan hama [[keong mas]] (''Pomaceae canaliculata'' L.) anu mindeng ngaruksak kana pepelakan [[paré]] di [[sawah]]<ref name="Academia">{{aut|Andrian, K.B.}} 2014. [https://www.academia.edu/3887395/UJI_TOKSISITAS_EKSTRAK_ECENG_ECENG_Monochoria_vaginalis_SEBAGAI_MOLUSKISIDA_NABATI_TERHADAP_MORTALITAS_KEONG_MAS_Pomaceae_canaliculata_L._PROPOSAL_SKRIPSI_Oleh ''Uji toksisitas ekstrak eceng-eceng (<u>Monochoria</u> <u>vaginalis</u>) sebagai moluskisida nabati terhadap mortalitas keong mas (<u>Pomaceae</u> <u>canaliculata</u> L.)''] Skripsi pada Program Studi Pertanian Universitas Negeri Jember. (tidak diterbitkan)</ref>. Batang wewehan yang dikeringkan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk membuat berbagai macam kerajinan tangan<ref name="Cabi"/>. <gallery> File:Monochoria_vaginalis_%3F_01250.jpg|Tangkal écéng hirup di cai. File:Monochoria_vaginalis_(Burm.f)Presl._-_Flickr_-_lalithamba.jpg|Écéng kembangan. File:Monochoria_vaginalis_at_Kadavoor.jpg|Tangkal écéng . File:Monochoria_vaginalis_01.JPG|Écéng Rawa. File:Emergency_food_plants_and_poisonous_plants_of_the_islands_of_the_Pacific_(1943)_(21101684049).jpg|Gambar tangkal écéng. </Gallery> == Dicutat tina== {{reflist|3}} {{commonscat|Monochoria vaginalis}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== * ITIS: [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42628 ''Monochoria vaginalis'' (Burm.f.) C.Presl] * USDA Plants Profile: [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MOVA ''Monochoria vaginalis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111094019/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MOVA |date=2012-11-11 }} * Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: [http://www.hear.org/Pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Cmonochoria_vaginalis.htm ''Monochoria vaginalis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195245/http://www.hear.org/Pier/scientificnames/..%5Cspecies%5Cmonochoria_vaginalis.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} * FAO: [http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/biodiversity/weeds/listweeds/mon-vag/en/ ''Monochoria vaginalis''] * Flora of North America: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200027397 ''Monochoria vaginalis''] * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?9345,9351,9352 Jepson Manual Treatment] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Monochoria+vaginalis Photo gallery] {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Gulma]] [[Kategori:Sayuran]] [[Kategori:Ubar]] [[Kategori:Pontederiaceae]] [[Kategori:Lalab]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Cai]] 9xs2mzwz0fqdel9yc2t6oboedk8h6tt Sadagori 0 50279 707548 675174 2026-03-28T23:01:38Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{taxobox |image = Arya.wild_Indonesian_sidaguri.2019.jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |ordo = [[Malvales]] |familia = [[Malvaceae]] |genus = ''[[Sida (plant)|Sida]]'' |species = '''''S. rhombifolia''''' |binomial = ''Sida rhombifolia'' |binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Sadagori''' (''Sida rhombifolia''), ([[Basa Sangsekerta|Sangsakerta]] : ''atibalā'' अतिबला<ref>[http://iu.ff.cuni.cz/pandanus/database/details.php?id=1049&enc=utf&sort=ka&display=20&lat=&skt=on&pkt=&hin=&ben=&tam=&mal=&eng=&start=0 Pandanus database of Indian plants]</ref> ) nyaéta tangkal liar anu hirupna nahun tina kulawarga ''Malvaceae'', mindeng kapanggih di sisi [[jalan]], tegalan, [[leuweung]], sisi kebon, galengan sawah, jeung tempat séjén anu cukup kasorot cahaya [[panonpoé]]. Urang [[Jawa tengah]] nyebut kana sadagori: sidaguri, otok-otok, urang [[Madura]] nyebutna taghuri, kahiindu di [[Sumba]], hutu gamo sebutan urang [[Halmahera]], jeung digo; bitimu; sosapu sebutan ceuk urang [[ternate]].<ref>[http://www.tanobat.com/sidaguri-ciri-ciri-tanaman-serta-khasiat-dan-manfaatnya.html Ngaran sadagori disababaraha wewengkon]</ref><ref name="Atlas">[[Setiawan Dalimartha|Dalimartha, Setiawan]] (2007) [2003]. ''Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia''. '''3''':140{{spaced ndash}}145. [[Jakarta]]:Puspa Swara. ISBN 979-3235-73-X.</ref> ==Pedaran== [[File:Sida_rhombifolia_plant9_(16143411095).jpg|thumb|130px|left|Tangkal sandagori di tegalan]] Tangkal sadagori geus loba dimangpaatkeun pikeun ubar luar jeung jeroeun [[awak]]. ku lantaran kandungan kimia anu dipibanda ku ieu tangkal.<ref name=vlsm>{{cite web |date=15 November 2001 |title=''Sida rhombifolia'' L. |publisher=[[Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia|Departemen Kesehatan]] |url=http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku1/1-263.pdf |accessdate=20 Juni 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207074210/http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku1/1-263.pdf |date=7 December 2008 }}</ref> [[Daun]]a mibanda kimia ''Alkaloid'', ''kalsium oksalat, tannin, saponin, fenol, asam amino'' jeung [[minyak]] ''astiri''.Tangkalna miband kandungan ''kalsium oksalat'' jeung ''tannin'', [[Akar]]na mibanda ''alkaloid, steroid'' jeung kandungan ''ephedrine''. Akarna ''serabut'' nanceb kana taneuh kurang leuwih nepika 30 centi, hésé di cabutna. Ku lantaran ieu tangkal sadagori anu aya dina tegalan paragi ngangon [[domba]] sok dipaké pikeun nyangcang domba, ku jalan nyangreudkeun talina dina tangkal sadagori <ref>[http://www.tanobat.com/sidaguri-ciri-ciri-tanaman-serta-khasiat-dan-manfaatnya.html Ciri mandiri tangkal sadagori]</ref> [[File:Sida rhombifolia at Kadavoor.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Kembang sadagori]] ==Ciri mandiri== [[Tangkal]]na ngarungkun jangkungna kurang leuwih nepika 2 [[méter]], kelirna beureum ati, nyagak, jeung mibanda bulu-bulu anu lemes kelirna héjo ngora. Daunna salambar kelirna héjo kolot daun ngorana kelirna héjo ngora, pahareup-hareup, lonyod méncos ka tungtungnakeun sisi daun rérégéan tur buluan lemes kelirna semu hawuk, daunna anu beulah luhur henteu rata ngangambar keun [[tulang]] daun anu aya beulah handapna.<ref name="A.P.">Dharma, A.P. (1987). ''Indonesian Medicinal Plants [Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia]''. hal.185{{spaced ndash}}186. [[Jakarta]]:[[Balai Pustaka]]. ISBN 979-407-032-7.</ref> [[Kembang]]na hiji mibanda lima palapah kembang anu kelirna semu konéng nepikeun ka konéng. Beulah tengah kembang kelirna konéng tur mibanda lima bagéan mahkota kembang anu mangrupa pibuaheun. [[Buah]]na mibanda cangkang anu di jerona aya siki kurang leuwih 8-10, ngentép kalawan tiluarna ngawujud segi lima kelirna héjo, tuluy robah kelir jadi semu [[coklat]] dina mangsa geus kolot.<ref name=Atlas/><ref name=vlsm/><ref name="Ramuan">Hidayat, Syamsul (2005). ''Ramuan Tradisional ala 12 Etnis Indonesia''. hal.325. [[Jakarta]]:Penebar Swadaya. ISBN 978-489-944-5.</ref> ==Mangpaat== Sadagori dimangpaatkeun pikeun ngubaran [[reumatik]], gering konéng, cacingeun, ku jalan ngagodog tangkal jeung akar sadagori anu geus dibérésihan saméméhna, kurang lewih ku saleter [[cai]]. Digodong nepikeun ka nyesa satengahna. Saenggeus tiis tuluy diinum. Ngubaran kasakit di saluareun awak, ku jalan ngarieus daun sadagori nepikeun ka lembut, bisa ngubaran raheut, arateul, nyeuri huntu, diseureud nyiruan, bisul, jeung sajabana. Ku jalan dioléskeun atawa di popokeun kana bagéan awak anu raheut/nyeri.<ref>[http://www.tanobat.com/sidaguri-ciri-ciri-tanaman-serta-khasiat-dan-manfaatnya.html Sadagori mangrupa tangkal ubar]</ref> <Gallery> File:Sida_sp_Blanco2.248.png|Gambar Tangkal Sandagori meunang Blanco File:Sida rhombifolia in Kadavoor.jpg|Kembang Sandagori meujeuhna ligar File:Sida_rhombifolia_fruit2_(15957653047).jpg|Buah sandagori File:Sida_rhombifolia_plant8_(15957328909).jpg|Tangkal sandagori ngora kénéh File:Starr_090121-1015_Sida_rhombifolia.jpg|buah sandagori di mana geus kolot File:Sida_Rhombifolia_-_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF_02.JPG|Akar tangkal sandagori </gallery> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} ==Tutumbu Kaluar== * [http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plant=1158 Sidaguri] dina Plantamor. * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?5042,5093,5094 Jepson Manual Treatment] * [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SIRH USDA Plants Profile]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/sidrh.htm Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826074854/http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/sidrh.htm |date=2012-08-26 }} * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Sida+rhombifolia Photo gallery] {{Pondok}} {{Commonscat|Sida rhombifolia}} [[Kategori:Ubar]] [[Kategori:Jukut]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan dumasar mangpaatna]] [[Kategori:Gulma]] [[Kategori :Malvaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] 5dlty2619426reuyeq3jgr4b6pn9cvw Manuk onta 0 72888 707542 703726 2026-03-28T17:44:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707542 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Struthio camelus 23zz.jpg|jmpl|Manuk Onta|211x211px]] Manuk Onta (''Struthio camelus'') mangrupa jenis [[manuk]] nu pangbadagna nu masih hirup nepi ka kiwari.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://portal-ilmu.com/burung-unta/|title=Burung Unta – Deskripsi Lengkap Burung Pelari {{!}} Portal-Ilmu.com|date=2016-06-10|newspaper=Portal-Ilmu.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref> Ieu manuk kaasup kana keluarga nu sarua jeung manuk kasuari, rhéa, emu, jeung kiwi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.habaloen.com/2017/01/ciri-ciri-burung-unta-dan-jenis-jenis.html|title=ciri-ciri burung unta dan jenis-jenis burung unta serta Cara beternak burung unta|website=www.habaloen.com|accessdate=2018-01-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311122738/http://www.habaloen.com/2017/01/ciri-ciri-burung-unta-dan-jenis-jenis.html |date=2018-03-11 }}</ref> Lantaran awakna badag, manuk onta teu bisa ngapung siga manuk sejénna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jualayamhias.com/15-hal-unik-yang-perlu-kita-ketahui-tentang-burung-unta/|title=15 Hal Unik yang Perlu Kita Ketahui Tentang Burung Unta - Jual Ayam Hias|date=2016-05-13|newspaper=Jual Ayam Hias|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref> Manuk onta jangkungna bisa nepika 2.5 meter.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.kopi-ireng.com/2016/03/20-fakta-menarik-tentang-burung-unta.html|title=20 Fakta Menarik Tentang Burung Unta, Burung Pelari Tercepat di Dunia|last=FB|first=PROFIL|newspaper=Kopi-ireng.com|access-date=2018-01-19}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208135211/http://www.kopi-ireng.com/2016/03/20-fakta-menarik-tentang-burung-unta.html |date=2017-12-08 }}</ref> Beuratna bisa nepika 140&nbsp;kg.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://satujam.com/fakta-burung-unta/|title=Ciri-Ciri dan Fakta Menarik Burung Unta - Satu Jam|date=2016-03-04|newspaper=Satu Jam|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-01-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506050026/http://www.satujam.com/fakta-burung-unta |date=2017-05-06 }}</ref> Ciri hasna nyaéta beuheungna nu panjang pikeun nempo posisi musuh aya di mana.<ref name=":0" /> Dingaranan manuk onta lantaran beuheungna nu panjang siga [[onta]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jalaksuren.net/karakteristik-burung-unta/|title=Karakteristik Burung Unta dan Keunikan yang Dimilikinya|date=2017-09-25|newspaper=UD. Jalak Suren|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-01-31}}</ref> == Habitat == Manuk onta lain manuk asli [[Indonesia]], tapi manuk nu asalna ti [[Afrika]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://animals.mom.me/habitat-food-sources-ostrich-2284.html|title=The Habitat & Food Sources of the Ostrich|language=en|access-date=2018-01-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124213251/http://animals.mom.me/habitat-food-sources-ostrich-2284.html |date=2018-01-24 }}</ref> Sacara husus, aya di belah wetan atawa kidul [[Afrika]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/stauder_abig/habitat.htm|title=Ostrich (Struthio camelus)|website=bioweb.uwlax.edu|language=en-us|accessdate=2018-01-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003190411/http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/stauder_abig/habitat.htm |date=2017-10-03 }}</ref> Tapi sok aya ogé di [[Sagara sahara|sagara Sahara]].<ref name=":1" /> Manuk onta resep hirup di [[tegal]] nu garing, [[sagara]], jeung [[havana]].<ref name=":1" /> Epidermis, awakna, jeung karakteristikna ngamungkinkeun manuk onta hirup di habitat nu ékstrim.<ref name=":1" /> Lamun di ekosistem [[tropis]] nu leuweungna loba ku [[tatangkalan]], manuk onta moal bisa hirup lila lantaran teu bisa ngapung jeung teu boga ruang bebas pikeun lumpat nalika aya bahaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sciencing.com/ostrichs-natural-habitat-6391764.html|title=Ostrich's Natural Habitat|website=Sciencing|language=en|accessdate=2018-01-31}}</ref> == Perilaku == Manuk onta kaasup jenis sato sosial.<ref name=":2" /> Manéhna bisa babarengan nyimpen [[endog]] di tempat nu sarua.<ref name=":2" /> Tapi bisa ogé ngabedakeun [[Endog asin|endog]] nu mana nu rék dihasilkeun.<ref name=":2" /> Tempat keur endogna ukuranna kurang leuwih 3 meter.<ref name=":2" /> [[Gambar:Ostrich egg.jpg|jmpl|Endog manuk onta]] Endog manuk onta nyaéta nu pangbadagna di antara manuk nu sején.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/345784-nutritional-facts-on-ostrich-eggs/|title=Nutritional Facts on Ostrich Eggs|last=Bird|first=Beverly|newspaper=LIVESTRONG.COM|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-31}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ukuran diameterna bisa nepi ka 12–18&nbsp;cm, lamun panjangna kurang leuwih 46&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> Cangkang endogna lumayan teuas.<ref name=":2" /> Endogna bakal megar sanggeus 45 poé direkem.<ref name=":2" /> Nalika kaayaan bahaya atawa kaancam, manuk onta bakal gogoleran di taneuh atawa lumpat kabur.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://bobo.grid.id/Sains/Flora-Dan-Fauna/Inilah-4-Jenis-Burung-Yang-Tidak-Bisa-Terbang|title=Inilah 4 Jenis Burung yang Tidak Bisa Terbang|newspaper=Bobo.Grid.ID|access-date=2018-02-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129091009/http://bobo.grid.id/Sains/Flora-Dan-Fauna/Inilah-4-Jenis-Burung-Yang-Tidak-Bisa-Terbang |date=2018-01-29 }}</ref> Manuk onta bisa lumpat nepi ka gancangna 70&nbsp;km/jam.<ref name=":4" /> Dina sakali ngaléngkah bisa nepika 5 meter.<ref name=":4" /> Lamun kaayaana geus kaserang, manuk onta bakal najong maké sukuna nu kuat.<ref name=":5" /> Saking kuatna, bisa nepi ka nyieun jalma atawa sato predator siga [[singa]] maot.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/o/ostrich/|title=Ostrich {{!}} National Geographic|date=2010-11-11|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref> == Kadaharan == Manuk onta kaasup kana sato [[omnivora]] nyaéta sato nu sagala dihakan boh éta tutuwuhan atawa daging.<ref name=":6" /> Manéhna butuh kadaharan nu miboga kandungan gizi jeung vitamin nu loba.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=http://www.roysfarm.com/food-of-ostrich/|title=Food Of Ostrich {{!}} Modern Farming Methods|date=2012-04-27|newspaper=Modern Farming Methods|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref> Jenis kadaharan mantuan pikeun ngaoptimalkeun produksina jeung kaséhatannana.<ref name=":7" /> Umumna mah sok ngadahar dadaunan,akar-akaran,siki-sikian,sato gegemetan, kadal nepi ka sato leutik nu aya di sakurilingna.<ref name=":2" /> == Mangpaaat == Manuk onta miboga sababaraha mangpaat boh éta tanagana,endogna, jeung bagéan tina awakna siga kulit,bulu, jeung dagingna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agrobisnisinfo.com/2015/04/burung-unta.html|title=Fakta-Fakta Tentang Burung Unta {{!}} AGROBISNISINFO.Com|website=www.agrobisnisinfo.com|accessdate=2018-02-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210213051/http://www.agrobisnisinfo.com/2015/04/burung-unta.html |date=2018-02-10 }}</ref> Tanagana biasana sok dipaké pikeun transportasi atawa balap.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Storypedia: Binatang Paling|last=Setiafitri|first=Pipit|publisher=Buah Hati|year=2013|isbn=|location=Tangerang|pages=}}</ref> Hususna daerah [[Afrika Utara]] jeung [[Arab]].<ref name=":9" /> Kulitna biasana sok dipaké pikeun bahan nyieun kantong.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mediamuda.com/bahan-baku-tas-tas-mahal-ternyata-kulit-hewan/|title=Kulit Burung Unta Menjadi Bahan Baku Tas-Tas Termahal - Media Muda|date=2016-05-10|newspaper=Media Muda|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619085100/https://www.mediamuda.com/bahan-baku-tas-tas-mahal-ternyata-kulit-hewan/ |date=2021-06-19 }}</ref> Buluna mah dipaké pikeun industri pembersih.<ref name=":8" /> Endog jeung dagingna biasana sok dikonsumsi manusa.<ref name=":8" /> Daging onta rasana mirip pisan jeung daging [[sapi]] umumna, ngan kaleuwihanna kadar lemak jeung kolesterol nu saeutik, sarta kadar kalsium, protein, jeung zat beusi nu loba.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.aryanto.id/artikel/id/1700/manfaat-dan-kebaikan-daging-burung-unta-bagi-tubuh|title=Manfaat dan Kebaikan Daging Burung Unta Bagi Tubuh|last=Maryati|first=Sri|newspaper=Aryantoid Informasi Kesehatan dan Pengobatan Herbal|access-date=2018-02-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922082436/https://www.aryanto.id/artikel/id/1700/manfaat-dan-kebaikan-daging-burung-unta-bagi-tubuh |date=2020-09-22 }}</ref> Dagigna miboga sababaraha mangpaat kaséhatan pikeun awak di antarana jang kekebalan,stamina, nyegah panyakit saraf jeung otak.<ref name=":10" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Sato omnivora]] [[Kategori:Manuk]] lfzwea1tff2659kmokwaiw0k6a1x38b Ki hujan 0 98455 707538 675117 2026-03-28T15:17:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Ki hujan |image = Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) leaves & flowers in Kolkata W IMG 8008.jpg |image_caption = Kembang jeung daun ki hujan |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asteridae]] |ordo = [[Gentianales]] |familia = [[Apocynaceae]] |genus = ''[[Thevetia]]'' |species = '''''T. peruviana''''' |binomial = ''Thevetia peruviana'' |binomial_authority = (Pers.) K. Schum. |synonyms= * ''T. neriifolia'' <small>juss. ex studd.</small> * ''Cerbera peruviana'' <small>Pers.</small> * ''C. thevetia'' <small>Lin.</small> |}} '''Ki hujan''' (''Thevetia peruviana'') nyaéta hiji [[tangkal]] nu asalna tina kulawarga ''Apocynaceae''.<ref name=“Setiawan”/> Asalna ti [[nagara]] [[Meksiko]] kidul jeung [[Amerika Tengah]], loba kapanggih hirup di sisi [[jalan]] atawa dijieun pager hirup.<ref name=“Setiawan”/> Ki hujan kagolongkeun tangkal nu mibanda racun ''glikosida'', bisa ngabalukarkeun digitalis (obat pikeun nguatkeut jantung).<ref name=“Setiawan”>{{Cite book | title =Atlas tumbuhan obat Indonesia: menguak kekayaan tumbuhan obat Indonesia, Volume 5| first =Setiawan| last = Dalimartha| publisher =Niaga Swadaya| location =Jakarta1999|ISBN=9789791480185|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=fMbggKgmphMC&pg=PA70&dq=munding&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIx4WU74HmAhXmzzgGHfSaC2wQ6AEIVjAF#v=onepage&q=munding&f=false|accessdate=23 Nopember 2019}}</ref><ref name="Buku1">{{Cite book|title =Buku Pintar Tanaman Obat: 431 jenis tanaman penggempur aneka penyakit| last= Damayanti| first= Dewi| coauthors =dr Prapti utami, Novi Widianti, Nina Wulandari, Agung Sugiarto, Tinton Dwi Putra| year= 2008|page=63|location=Jakarta| publisher=AgroMedia| isbn=9789790061941|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=iO0ldwKoXvQC&pg=PA21&dq=bawang+batak+khasiat&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwinj4f98pXvAhVYAXIKHSO8B40Q6AEwAXoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=bawang%20batak%20khasiat&f=false}}</ref> ==Ciri mandiri== Tangkal ki hujan hirup [[rungkun|ngarungkun]], jangkung bisa nepika 5 méter.<ref name=“Setiawan”/> Dahan dina tangkalna loba ngarangkadak, mibanda [[geutah]] nu racunan kelirna bodas kawas [[susu]].<ref name=“Setiawan”/> Dauna ''lanset'' panjang méncos katungtungnakeun 8 - 15 cm, rubakna ngan 0,6 - 1,8 cm. Cupat daunna pondok, kelirna héjo kolot sedengkeun beulah handapna leuwih ngora.<ref name=“Setiawan”/> Tangkalna buleud kelirna [[héjo]] kolot semu hawuk, ngajarendil urut [[régang]] daun jeung dahan nu geus lésot.<ref name=“Setiawan”/> Kembangna konéng kawas tarompét, bijil tina tungtung dahan atawa handapeun cupat daun.<ref name=“Setiawan”/> Buahna teuas wanguna kawas segi tilu, kelirna héjo ngagurilap, mun geus kolot atawa asak kelirna robah jadi hideung, geutahan, ukuranna kurang leuwih 5 cm, sikina ngan hiji gedé kelirna abu-abu.<ref name=“Setiawan”/> ==Racun jeung kimia== Dina [[daun]], [[kembang]], jeung [[Siki|sikina]] mibanda kimia nu disebut ''cardiac'' ''glycosides''.<ref name=“Setiawan”/> Sikina mibanda 7 ''cardiac'' ''glycosides'', tayalian ''thevetin (neriperdise) A, thevetin B, pruveside, neriifolin, ruvoside (theveneriine), perusitin'' jeung ''cerberin''.<ref name=“Setiawan”/> Kulitna mibanda kimia nu disebut ''peruvoside'', ''neriifolin'', ''lupeol acetate'', jeung ''theviridoside''.<ref name=“Setiawan”/> Dina dahan jeung daun ngora mibanda [[kimia]] L - (+) ''bornesetol''.<ref name=“Setiawan”/> [[Akar|Akarna]] mibanda kimia ''neriifolon'', ''thevelene'', jeung ''neriperside''.<ref name=“Setiawan”/> Ieu tangkal mibandi kimia nu disebut ''glikosida'', bisa ngabalukarkeun ''digitalis'' (obat nguatkeun [[jantung]]).<ref name=“Setiawan”/> Numutkeun catetan nu aya, di pulo Oahu ieu tangkal nu mindeng ngabalukarkeun karacunan parna pikeun [[manusa]].<ref name=“Setiawan”/> ==Kagunaan séjén== Tangkal ki hujan bisa di mangpaatkeun pikeun ngubaran [[hileudeun]], atawa ngubaran [[kulit]] nu keuna ku koréngan. <ref name=“Setiawan”/> Geutahna bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun ngaracun [[lauk]], tangkal na dibebek nepika ancur tuluy diabruskeun ka [[cai]] nu aya laukna.<ref name="kemper">http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A551 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209235844/http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A551 |date=2004-12-09 }} Kemper Center: Plant's Culture and Characteristics</ref> <gallery> File:Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) leaves & flower buds in Kolkata W IMG 8010.jpg|Kembang ki hujan File:Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) trunk in Kolkata W IMG 8009.jpg|[[Tangkal]] ki hujan File:Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) leaves & flowers in Kolkata W IMG 8007.jpg|Daun Ki hujan File:Thevetia peruviana MHNT.BOT.2007.27.24.jpg|''Thevetia peruviana'' </gallery> == Referensi == {{reflist|2}} == Tempo ogé == {{Commons category|Thevetia peruviana}} * [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=THPE3 USDA Plants - ''Thevetia peruviana''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016055806/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=THPE3 |date=2010-10-16 }} * [http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/thevetia.htm Inchem.org: Thevetia peruviana] * [http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A551 Kemper Center for Home Gardening.org - ''Thevetia peruviana'' horticultural info and photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209235844/http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A551 |date=2004-12-09 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Apocynaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Ubar]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Tropis]] 9ngi61lecqzbc9jq1fn9ggyyvgv604r Rain Chudori 0 98570 707545 681027 2026-03-28T21:49:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Rain Chudori | image = Rain Chudori Photo.JPG | caption = Rain Chudori dina taun 2018 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|11|10}} | birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]]}} | occupation = Panulis, kurator, aktris | nationality = Indonésia | alma_mater = | period = 2009–kiwari | parents = [[Leila Chudori|Leila S. Chudori]] (indung), Yudhi Soerjoatmodjo (bapa) | relatives = [[Muhammad Chudori]] (aki) | website = {{Official website|http://www.rainchudori.net}} }} '''Rain Chudori Soerjoatmodjo''' ({{lahirmati|[[Jakarta]]|10|11|1994}}) nyaéta saurang [[panulis]], [[kurator]], jeung [[aktris]] [[Indonésia]]. Manéhna babar ti pasangan panulis jeung jurnalis, [[Leila Chudori|Leila S. Chudori]] jeung Yudhi Soerjoatmodjo.<ref name="Kompas"/> Ti umur 14 taun, manéhna tos loba nulis carpon dina [[basa Inggris]] nu dipedalkan di sababaraha media jeung majalah.<ref name="Jakarta Globe"/> Karya manéhna nu tos dipedalkeun di antarana ''Monsoon Tiger and Other Stories'' (2015),<ref name="CNN"/> ''Imaginary City'' (2017),<ref name="Tempo"/> jeung ''Biru dan Kisah-Kisah Lainnya'' (2018).<ref name="TheJakartaPost"/> Salian éta, manéhna maén di sababaraha filem, nyaéta ''Rocket Rain'' (2013),<ref name="Cinema Poetica"/> ''Sleep Tight Maria'' (2014),<ref name="Los Angeles"/> jeung ''[[Galih dan Ratna (filem)|Galih dan Ratna]]'' (2017).<ref name="Tempo2"/> == Kasang tukang == Rain Chudori gedé dina kulawarga nu boga kasang tukang kapanulisan sarta jurnalisme. Leila S. Chudori, indungna, mangrupa panulis jeung jurnalis ''[[Tempo (majalah)|Tempo]]''. Bapana, Yudhi Soerjoatmodjo, nyaéta saurang potografer sarta panulis ésai. Akina ogé, [[Muhammad Chudori]], pernah jadi pamingpin rédaksi di [[Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara|Kantor Berita Antara]] sarta salah sahiji pangadeg ''[[The Jakarta Post]]''.<ref name="Kompas">{{Cite web |editor-first=Tri |editor-last=Wahono |title=Antologi Cinta Perempuan dalam "Monsoon Tiger and Other Stories" |url=https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2015/12/22/074833020/Antologi.Cinta.Perempuan.dalam.Monsoon.Tiger.and.Other.Stories. |date=22 Désémber 2015 |website=Kompas |accessdate=13 Désémber 2019}}</ref><ref name="TheJakartaPost">{{Cite web |last=Heriyanto |first=Devina |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/12/15/rain-chudori-rattling-cages-with-comma-books.html |title=Rain Chudori: Rattling cages with Comma Books |date=16 Désémber 2018 |website=[[The Jakarta Post]] |accessdate=13 Désémber 2019}}</ref> Ku sabab dilingkupan ku kulawarga nu boga kasang tukang kapanulisan, karesepan manéhna ka dunya sastra dipangaruhan pisan ku buku nu dibaca kolotna, saperti karya [[Raymond Carver]], [[Patrick Modiano]], jeung [[Anton Chekhov]] nu diresepan ku bapana sarta karya [[James Joyce]] jeung [[J.D. Salinger]] nu diresepan ku indungna. Sanajan kitu, karya sastra nu nyababkan manéhna beuki resep kana dunya sastra nyaéta ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' karya [[Leo Tolstoy]] kusabab eusina nu "beurat", ku kitu manéhna boga pamikiran yén panulis bisa nyieun dunya sorangan dina pikiranna.<ref name="WhiteboardJournal">{{Cite web |first=Ken |last=Jenie |title=Wanita dan Sastra bersama Rain Chudori |url=https://www.whiteboardjournal.com/interview/ideas/wanita-dan-satra-bersama-rain-chudori/ |date=16 Désémber 2015 |website=Whiteboard Journal |accessdate=13 Désémber 2019}}</ref> == Karier kapanulisan == [[File:RainChudori.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Rain Chudori dina taun 2015]] Rain Chudori mimiti nulis dina umur 14 taun, atawa, ti taun 2009. Ti dinya, manéhna tos nulis leuwih ti 40 carpon [[basa Inggris]] nu dipedalkeun dina sababaraha média jeung majalah, saperti ''[[Jakarta Globe]]'', ''the Jakarta Post'', ''Tempo English'', jeung ''Whiteboard Journal'', sarta nepi ka majalah luar, ''[[Nylon (majalah)|Nylon magazine]]''.<ref name="Jakarta Globe">{{Cite web |first=Lisa |last=Siregar |title=A Minute With: Rain Chudori on Being a Female Writer |url=https://jakartaglobe.id/lifestyle/minute-rain-chudori-female-writer/ |date=21 Désémber 2015 |website=[[Jakarta Globe]] |accessdate=13 Désémber 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=A. Kurniawan |last=Ulung |title=Monsoon tiger and other Stories: From woman for women |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/01/04/monsoon-tiger-and-other-stories-from-woman-women.html |date=4 Januari 2016 |website=[[The Jakarta Post]] |accessdate=13 Désémber 2019}}</ref><ref name="TheJakartaPost2"/> Salah sahiji carpon nu dibuat manéhna nyaéta "Smoking with God" jeung "Taman Gajah"; ieu carpon jeung genep carpon lianna salajengna dibukukeun dina hiji antologi carpon, ''Monsoon Tiger and Other Stories'', nu dipedalkan dina taun 2015 di handap pamedal Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia (KPG).<ref name="Kompas"/><ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |first=Endro |last=Priherdityo |title='Monsoon Tiger and Other Stories,' Kedewasaan Gadis 14 Tahun |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20151221192600-241-99708/monsoon-tiger-and-other-stories-kedewasaan-gadis-14-tahun |date=21 Désémber 2015 |website=[[CNN Indonesia]] |accessdate=13 Désémber 2019}}</ref> Ieu antologi dipamérkeun di Frankfurt Book Fair 2015.<ref name="Antara">{{Cite web |editor=Maryati |title=Bincang-bincang dengan Rain Chudori |url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/658635/bincang-bincang-dengan-rain-chudori |date=15 Oktober 2017 |website=Antara News |accessdate=13 Désémber 2019}}</ref> Dua taun salajengna, tepatna dina Oktober 2017, Rain medalkeun novél mimitina nu boga jejer ''Imaginary City'' di handap pamedal nu sarua jeung karya mimitina. Ieu novél dijieun ku manéhna salila tilu bulan dina basa Inggris.<ref name="Tempo">{{Cite web |first=Aisha |last=Shaidra |title=Imaginary City, Novel Pertama Rain Chudori |url=https://seleb.tempo.co/read/1025888/imaginary-city-novel-pertama-rain-chudori |date=18 Oktober 2018 |website=Tempo |accessdate=13 Désémber 2019}}</ref> Ieu novél dipamérkeun ogé dina ajang Frankfurt Book Fair 2017.<ref name="Antara"/> Dina taun 2018, manéhhna medalkeun ''Biru dan Kisah-Kisah Lainnya'' nu mangrupa tarjamahan basa Indonésia ti ''Monsoon Tiger and Other Stories''. Proses panarjamahannan teu dilakukeun sorangan, tapi dibantuan ku indungna jeung Abi Dharmoyo.<ref name="TheJakartaPost"/> Dina taun 2017, manéhna ngadegkeun Comma Books, pamedal bagéan ti Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Ros |last=Aruna |title=A Little Pause Before Comma Books' Next Big Step |url=https://idwriters.com/a-little-pause-before-comma-books-next-big-step/ |date=20 Désémber 2018 |website=idwriters |accessdate=123 Désémber 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Di jero Comma Books, manéhna jadi kurator, éditor, sarta panarjamah, salah sahijina kalibat dina panarjamahan karya [[Raka Ibrahim]], ''Bagaimana Tuhan Menciptakan Cahaya''.<ref name="TheJakartaPost"/> Sateuacanna, dina taun 2015, manéhna jeung baturna, Syarafina Vidyadhana, ngadegkeun Murmur House. Murmur House nyaéta komunitas literasi keur panulis pikeun ngabantu ngembangkeun kabisaan dina nulis sacara babarengan. Ieu komunitas medalkeun ''Murmur Journal'' nu eusina carpon, puisi, jeung ésai dina basa Inggris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Murmuring of Young Writers |url=https://jakartaglobe.id/culture/murmuring-young-writers/ |date=16 Pébruari 2015 |website=[[Jakarta Globe]] |accessdate=13 Désémber 2019}}</ref> == Filmografi == Salian aktip nulis, Rain Chudori ogé pernah jadi pamaén dina sababaraha filem. Filem mimiti nu dimaénkeun ku manéhna nyaéta ''Rocket Rain'' nu disutradaraan ku [[Anggun Priambodo]] jeung dipedalkeun dina taun 2013. Dina ieu filem, manéhna merankeun tokoh nu boga ngaran nu sama, Rain.<ref name="Cinema Poetica">{{Cite web |first=Adrian Jonathan |last=Pasaribu |title=Anggun Priambodo, Rocket Rain, dan Keluarga |url=https://cinemapoetica.com/anggun-priambodo-rocket-rain-dan-keluarga/ |date=4 Maret 2014 |website=Cinema Poetica |accessdate=14 Désémber 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214091939/https://cinemapoetica.com/anggun-priambodo-rocket-rain-dan-keluarga/ |date=2019-12-14 }}</ref> Ti filem ieu, manéhna meunang nominasi Aktris Anyar Pangalusna dina Piala Maya 2014.<ref name="TheJakartaPost2">{{Cite web |first=Yuliasri |last=Perdani |title=BookWORM: Rain Chudori-Soerjoatmodjo - On women, love & endurance |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/02/29/bookworm-rain-chudori-soerjoatmodjo-on-women-love-endurance.html |date=29 Pébruari 2016 |website=[[The Jakarta Post]] |accessdate=14 Désémber 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ini Nominasi Piala Maya 2014 |url=https://hot.detik.com/movie/d-2766573/ini-nominasi-piala-maya-2014 |date=3 Désémber 2014 |website=Detik News |accessdate=14 Désémber 2019}}</ref> Salanjutna, filem kadua nu dimaénkeun ku manéhna nyaéta ''Sleep Tight Maria''; ieu filem disutradaraan ku Monica Vanesa Tedja jeung dipedalkeun dina taun 2014.<ref name="Los Angeles">{{Cite web |title=Sleep Tight Maria |url=http://festival.vconline.org/2017/films/sleep-tight-maria/ |year=2017 |publisher=Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival 2017 |accessdate=14 Désémber 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424132143/http://festival.vconline.org/2017/films/sleep-tight-maria/ |date=2017-04-24 }}</ref> Filem ieu meunang dina kompetisi filem pondok Féstival Sinema Prancis 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rizkiono Unggul |last=Wibisono |title=Ini Pemenang Kompetisi Film Pendek Festival Sinema Prancis 2015 |url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/2384058/ini-pemenang-kompetisi-film-pendek-festival-sinema-prancis-2015 |date=7 Désémber 2015 |website=Liputan 6 |accessdate=14 Désémber 2019}}</ref> Dina taun 2017, manéhna merankeun tokoh Mimi dina filem nu disutradaraan ku Lucky Kuswandian, ''[[Galih dan Ratna (filem)|Galih dan Ratna]]''.<ref name="Tempo2">{{Cite web |first=Amandra M. |last=Megarani |title=Galih dan Ratna Generasi Milenial |date=6 Maret 2017 |url=https://majalah.tempo.co/read/152666/galih-dan-ratna-generasi-milenial |website=[[Tempo (majalah)|Majalah Tempo]] |accessdate=14 Désémber 2019}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Leila Chudori]] == Referensi == {{reflist}} == Tutumbu luar == * {{Goodreads author |id=6574677.Rain_Chudori |name=Rain Chudori}} * {{IMDb name |id=nm6334188 |name=Rain Chudori }} [[Kategori:Sastrawan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Aktris Indonésia]] qg0nu93ykr1a1lmk62hmydxebi0hdjv Seri Balas 0 99393 707540 707463 2026-03-28T16:31:52Z ~2026-19424-18 36396 707540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Album | Name = Seri Balas | Type = Studio | Artist = [[Siti Nurhaliza]] & Noraniza Idris | Cover = | Released = [[11 Januari]] [[1999]] | Recorded = [[1998]]-[[1999]] | Genre = [[Melayu]] | Length = 48:40 | Label = Suria Records | Producer = [[Pak Ngah]] | Last album = ''[[Adiwarna]]''<br>(1998) | This album = '''''Seri Balas'''''<br>(1999) | Next album = ''[[Pancawarna]]''<br>(1999) }} '''''Seri Balas''''' nyaéta album duet [[Siti Nurhaliza]] & Noraniza Idris. Albeum ieu dirilis dina taun [[1999]]. Albeum dibébaskeun tanggal [[11 Januari]] [[1999]], dina ulang taun ka-20 [[Siti Nurhaliza]]. ==Daptar lagu== # ''Hati Kama'' ([[Siti Nurhaliza]] & Noraniza Idris)<br>Senilagu: [[Pak Ngah]]<br>Senikata: Hairul Anuar Harun # ''Ya Allah Ya Saidi'' (Noraniza Idris)<br>Senilagu: Fadzil Ahmad<br>Senikata: Megamutiara # ''Ketawa Lagi'' ([[Siti Nurhaliza]] & Noraniza Idris)<br>Senilagu & Senikata: Copyright Control # ''Walinong Sari'' ([[Siti Nurhaliza]])<br>Senilagu & Senikata: Copyright Control # ''Merak Disangkar'' (Noraniza Idris)<br>Senilagu: Copyright Control<br>Senikata: Nur Afdhal # ''Musalmah Manis'' ([[Siti Nurhaliza]])<br>Senilagu: Copyright Control<br>Senikata: Rahim Jantan # ''Pasir Salak'' (Noraniza Idris)<br>Senilagu: Ku Zahir Ku Ahmad<br>Senikata: Nur Afdhal / J. Jamal # ''Lenggang Lenggok'' ([[Siti Nurhaliza]] & Noraniza Idris)<br>Senilagu: Fadzil Ahmad<br>Senikata: Hairul Anuar Harun / [[Siti Nurhaliza]] # ''Pulau Pisang'' ([[Siti Nurhaliza]])<br>Senilagu & Senikata: Copyright Control # ''Dondang Dendang'' ([[Siti Nurhaliza]] & Noraniza Idris)<br>Senilagu: Pak Ngah<br>Senikata: Hairul Anuar Harun {{Authority control}} 07u6z1blku0u2uvrs92l870hv34f7ge Juniper beri 0 99650 707534 704076 2026-03-28T12:03:50Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Jeneverbes.jpg | image_caption = ''Juniperus communis'' subspésiés ''communis''<br> di [[Walanda]] | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |last1=Farjon |first1=A. |title=''Juniperus communis'' |page=e.T42229A2963096 |year=2013 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42229/2963096 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42229A2963096.en |access-date=16 December 2019 }}</ref> | display_parents = 2 | genus = Juniperus | parent = Juniperus subsect. Juniperus | species = communis | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | range_map = Juniperus_communis_range_map.png | range_map_caption = Sumebar sabudeureun dunya | range_map2 = Juniperus communis North American range map 1.png | range_map2_caption = Sebaran alami di Amérika Kalér }} '''Juniper béri''' nyaéta siki buah [[Pines|pinus]] bikangna tina tutuwuhan juniper. Juniper béri wangunna buleud semu sisitan. Sisitna pinuh pisan nepi ka sarupa kulit buah.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indigo-herbs.co.uk/natural-health-guide/benefits/juniper-berry|title=Juniper Berry Benefits & Information|website=Indigo Herbs|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614181922/https://www.indigo-herbs.co.uk/natural-health-guide/benefits/juniper-berry |date=2023-06-14 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://urbol.com/juniper-berry/|title=Juniper Berry: Top Health Benefits [2020 List]|website=urbol.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606083001/https://urbol.com/juniper-berry/ |date=2020-06-06 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lowlander-beer.com/juniper-berry/|title=Piney & Pungent Juniper Berries|website=Lowlander Botanical Beers|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209093642/https://www.lowlander-beer.com/juniper-berry/ |date=2022-12-09 }}</ref> Juniper béri dipaké minangka rempah kalawan rasa anu semu pait.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.verywellhealth.com/juniper-berry-benefits-4589326|title=The Health Benefits of Juniper Berries|website=Verywell Health|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730004140/https://www.verywellhealth.com/juniper-berry-benefits-4589326 |date=2021-07-30 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://draxe.com/nutrition/juniper-berries/|title=Juniper Berries Benefits, Uses, Side Effects and Interactions|website=Dr. Axe|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> Juniper béri (''Juniperu communis L''.) nyaéta salah sahiji tutuwuhan tina génus nu boga spésiés nu jumlahna 60-70 rupa. Jinis juniper béri anu pangmindengna dipaké nyaéta nu asalna tina varietas ''Juniperus communis'' L. Ilaharna mah ieu téh ndisebut juniperus, ogé dipikawanoh minangka buah juniperi, jujiper, jeung "catang supernatural".<ref name=":1" /> Juniper béri nu ngora kénéh warnana semu héjo, sarta dina umumna varietas warnana bakal robah jadi ungu lamun geus asak sanggeus leuwih kurang dua atawa tilu taun.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.herbco.com/c-328-juniper-berry.aspx|title=Juniper berry|website=Monterey Bay Spice Company|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wildrosecollege.com/encyclopaedia_entry/juniper-berries/|title=Juniper Berries - Wild Rose College of Natural Healing|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606083137/https://wildrosecollege.com/encyclopaedia_entry/juniper-berries/ |date=2020-06-06 }}</ref> Ieu spésiés mimiti muncul kira-kira 250 juta taun ka tukang, kalawan geus aya di bumi anu bagian daratanna masih ngahiji dina hiji buana anu disebut [[Pangaéa|Pangaea]], sarta ieu ngajelaskeun spésiés tunggal Junperus cmmunis  asalna bisa ti [[Éropa|Eropa]], [[Asia]], jeung [[Amérika Kalér]].<ref name=":3" /> == Sajarah == [[Gambar:Juniperus communis fruits - Keila.jpg|jmpl|kiri]] Catetan mimiti anu nuliskeun dipakéna juniper béri nyaéta aya dina naskah [[papirus]] [[Mesir]] taun 1.500 saméméh maséhi sarta digunkeun pikeun ngubaran inféksi [[cacing pita]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mountainroseherbs.com/products/juniper-berry/profile|title=Mountain Rose Herbs: Juniper Berries|website=www.mountainroseherbs.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ginfoundry.com/botanicals/juniper/|title=Juniper defines Gin. An indepth look at the spirit's core botanical|website=Gin Foundry|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718112002/https://www.ginfoundry.com/botanicals/juniper/ |date=2020-07-18 }}</ref> Buah juniper béri kapanggih dina makam [[Tutankhamun]], ti jaman mesir kuno. Ieu buah dipaké pikeun ramuan jajamu dina prosés ngabalsem mayit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> Juniper nyaéta simbul kasuburan Déwi Ashera pikeun bangsa Kanaan. Urang [[Éropa|Eropa kulon]] melak ieu tangka di deukeur panto imahna pikeun nyinglar sihir. Haseupna dipaké ku urang [[Skotlandia]] pikeun nyinglar iblis, cara anu dipaké ku urang Tibét.<ref name=":4" /> Urang Romawi ngagunakeun ieu juniper béri pikeun ngaberesian beuteung tina kasakit. Ahli hérbal abad pertengahan, Culpeper, maké ieu tutuwuhan pikeun ngubaran beuteung kembung.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Menjaga kesuburan|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/298480442|publisher=Prestasi|date=2006|location=Jakarta|isbn=9799799959552|oclc=298480442|last=Ana, Soumy.}}</ref> Dina abad pertengahan, juniper béri dianggap minangka jajamu pikeun jimat panyalindung sarta dipaké pikeun nyinglar werejit atawa sihir. Haseup beungbeuleumanana anu seungit dipaké pikeun ritual meresihan jeung mantuan dina ngaramal. Dina waktu perayaan féstival Samhain pikeun bangsa Celtic, juniper béri dibeuleum pikeun ngamimitian hubungan jeung dunia séjén.<ref name=":2" /> Pikeun bangsa asli [[Amérika Kalér]], juniper béri dipaké minangka ubar tuberkulosis jeung inféksi kandung kemih. Urang Yunani maké ieu tutuwuhan dina upacara pikeun nyucikeun jeung ningkatkeun stamina atlet.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> Urang Romawi ngagunakeun juniper béri pikeun ngaganti pedes hideung anu mahal lantaran kudu diimpor ti [[India]].<ref name=":1" /> Dina ilmu tatamba (pengobatan) tradisional [[Cina]], juniper béri geus mangabad-abad dipaké mianngka stimulan pikeun ginjal jeung kandung kemih, dipaké minangka antibiotak pikeun inféksi jeung ubar pikeun masalah pencernaan dina lambung, usus, jeung limpa.<ref name=":1" /> Ari urang Indian Zuni maké ieu buah pikeun mantuan prosés ngalahirkeun. Ahli hérbal di Inggris ngagunakeunna pikeun ngubaran gagal jantung kongestif jeung pikeun stimulasi [[Kareseban|menstruasi]]. Ku ahli hérbal Amérika abad kasalapan belas, juniper béri digunakeun minangka ubar gagal jantung kongestif, gonore jeung inféksi saluran kemih.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.winchesterhospital.org/health-library/article?id=21780|title=Juniper Berry {{!}} Winchester Hospital|website=www.winchesterhospital.org|accessdate=2020-06-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606083821/https://www.winchesterhospital.org/health-library/article?id=21780 |date=2020-06-06 }}</ref> ==Déskripsi== Juniper béri nyaéta [[Tutuwuhan|pepelakan]] jenis gymnospermae anu wangun tangkalna leutik kalawan warna kulit tangkalna coklat semu beureum. Wangun tunas leutikna segi tilu. Kalakayna wangun silinder, ipis, lemes jeung ngareuy. Pucukna kira-kira 3&nbsp;mm sisitan. Daunna nu ngora kénéh wangunna saperti jarum, panjangna 5–12&nbsp;mm, tungtung daunna seukeut, bukuan di bagian handapna jeung cucukan. Daunna tilu umpak jeung tetep saperti kitu salila 3 taun. Juniper béri mangrupa jinis tutuwuhan anu tumuwuh langsung tina kalakayma kalawan stoma tunggal anu gedé jeung gedé di lebah luhurna, kadang-kadang dibagi ku garis héjo nepi ka puhuna jeung mindengna mah boga kelenjar anu ngaluarkeun [[geutah]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=The encyclopedia of herbs and spices.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032316294|location=Boston, Massachusetts|isbn=978-1-78684-754-6|oclc=1032316294|last=Ravindran, P. N., 1942-}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/juniperus/communis/|title=Juniperus communis (common juniper): Go Botany|website=gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/detail.php?pid=227|title=Plant Database|website=www.hort.uconn.edu|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://science.jrank.org/pages/3729/Juniper.html|title=Juniper|website=science.jrank.org|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> Ieu tutuwuhan biasana boga sifat dioseus. Ukuran buah pinus jaluna (strobili) kira-kira 8&nbsp;mm, tunggal asak jeung ligar unggal taunna kalawan 3-6 benang sari; serbuk saruna teu jangjangan. BUah pinus nu bikangna muncul tina puhu daun, ukuranna 5–10&nbsp;mm kalawan wangunna buleud sampurna atawa jeung variasi wangun oval. Di bagian handapna dikurilingan sisit saeutuk anu fungsina saperi daun, terus seperti kitu nepi ka asak, tuluy ngagabung jari hiji jeung wangunna saperti beri, lamun geus asak warnana biru. Ieu buah pinus bikangna téh manjang, semu buleud saperti [[endog]] kalawan wangun juru tilu. Hiji buah pinus bikangna ngahasilkeun 1-3 siki binih, masing-masing panjangna 4–5&nbsp;mm, nancep kana dagung buah amis nu geutahan, jeung tuluy kasimpen di jero buah pinus dina waktu megar. Buah pinus bikangna asak dina waktu sataun nepi ka tilu taun.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> ''Juniperus communis'' nyaéta spésiés juniper anu sumebarna panglegana, hirupna babarengan jeung spésiés nu sarupa séjénna. Para panalungtik ngabédakeun jenis nu hiji jeung jinis nu séjénna dumasar kualitas [[taneuh]], karaktersitik [[organismeu]] unsur hara jeung faktor iklim. Sahenteuna aya 10 varietas ''Juniperus communis'' nu geus kapanggih.<ref name=":7" /> ==Budidaya== ''Juniperus communis'' dibudidayakeun dina perdagangan hortikultura jeung dipaké minangka tutuwuhan hias di taman. Sababaraha varietas anu dibudidayakeun meunang pangajén Awar of Garden Merit ti Royal Horticultural Society dina taun 1993,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals-(1)|title=RHS AGM Listing January 2015 (Ornamentals)|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> nyaéta: *''Juniperus communis'' 'Compressa'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97581/i-Juniperus-communis-i-Compressa/Details|title=Juniperus communis 'Compressa' {{!}} juniper 'Compressa'/RHS Gardening|website=www.rhs.org.uk|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''Juniperus communis'' 'Green Carpet'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/60301/i-Juniperus-communis-i-Green-Carpet/Details|title=Juniperus communis 'Green Carpet' {{!}} juniper 'Green Carpet'/RHS Gardening|website=www.rhs.org.uk|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''Juniperus communis'' 'Hibernica'<ref name="rhs.org.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95006/i-Juniperus-communis-i-Hibernica/Details|title=Juniperus communis 'Hibernica' {{!}} Irish juniper/RHS Gardening|website=www.rhs.org.uk|accessdate=2020-06-06}}</ref> *''Juniperus communis'' 'Repanda'<ref name="rhs.org.uk"/> ==Rujukan== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Bungbu]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Hias]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Asia]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Amérika]] mojd4lsm6g9vswvxwwgp869twhhrv52 Pandémi koronavirus di Kanada 0 100046 707543 675643 2026-03-28T20:08:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pandemic | name = Pandémi koronavirus 2020 di Kanada | disease = [[COVID-19]] | location = [[Kanada]] | first_case = Rumah Sakit Sunnybrook<br>[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] | arrival_date = 25 Januari 2020 | origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], Tiongkok | confirmed_cases = <!--THIS COUNT SHOULD BE UPDATED TO ONLY INCLUDE CONFIRMED CASES, NOT PRESUMPTIVE CASES-->106,167<ref name="govt-tracker">{{cite news |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html?topic=tilelink |title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update |work=Government of Canada |access-date=June 23, 2020 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623024826/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html?topic=tilelink |date=June 23, 2020 }}</ref><!-- Please edit the access date if you update numbers from the page. --> | active_cases = 27,572<ref name="ctv-tracker">{{cite news |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/health/coronavirus/tracking-every-case-of-covid-19-in-canada-1.4852102 |title=Tracking every case of COVID-19 in Canada |work=CTV News |access-date=June 23, 2020 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406170723/https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/health/coronavirus/tracking-every-case-of-covid-19-in-canada-1.4852102 |date=April 6, 2020 }}</ref><!-- Please edit the access date if you update numbers from the page. --> | recovery_cases = 69,570<ref name="govt-tracker"/> | deaths = 8,711<ref name="govt-tracker"/> | suspected_cases = | total_ili = | website = {{URL|canada.ca/coronavirus}} | map1 = COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in Canada (Pop Density).svg | map2 = COVID-19 outbreak Canada per capita cases map.svg | legend1 = {{center|Kasus per juta ku propinsi / wilayah}} | legend2 = {{center|Pupusna per juta dumasar propinsi / wilayah}} }} '''Pandémi koronavirus 2020 di Kanada''' mangrupa bagian tina [[Pandémi koronavirus 2019–2020|pandemi seluruh dunia]] panganyarna tina [[COVID-19|penyakit koronavirus 2019]] ({{nowrap|COVID-19}}) disababkeun ku sindrom pernapasan akut koronavirus 2 ({{nowrap|SARS-CoV-2}}). Kasakit mimiti sumping ka [[Kanada]] dina tanggal 25 Januari 2020, saatos saurang lalaki parantos balik ka [[Toronto]] tina perjalanan ka China, kalebet [[Wuhan]]; kasus dikonfirmasi dina 27 Januari. {{As of|2020|04|18|df=US}} Aya 35,045 kasus dikonfirmasi di Kanada, 11,843 pulih, 1.587 maotna, sareng langkung ti 540,000 urang dites dilaksanakeun. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} * [https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update] Health Canada * [https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/health-professionals/public-health-measures-mitigate-covid-19.html Community-based measures to mitigate the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Canada] * [https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases] and [https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 historical data] by [[Johns Hopkins University]] * [https://drive.google.com/open?id=1cWm99ZSIeceKzu97rk50ik32cSvvX4pa Map of COVID-19 cases in Canada at a regional level and related closures] * [https://c19.ca Map of Coronavirus COVID-19 Confirmed Cases in Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405211919/https://c19.ca/ |date=2021-04-05 }} by Empower Health (empower.ca / iamsick.ca) *[https://coronavirus-global.com/canada Coronavirus Canada updates and news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514105408/https://coronavirus-global.com/canada/ |date=2020-05-14 }}. Canada in Coronavirus Global international portal. Available in English, French, and more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200304094209/http://coronamapper.com/ CoronaMapper] – Map with several updated statistics * [http://covidcanada.ca Covid Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407071940/http://covidcanada.ca/ |date=2022-04-07 }} – Bar graph of per province stats and live news feed * [https://ssrn.com/abstract=3567474 Outline of Government Programs Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada] {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] [[Kategori:Kanada]] 5esl41c1nujim1snulj75mlpgpkyd71 Rory Kinnear 0 100262 707546 680994 2026-03-28T22:19:04Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Rory Kinnear |image = Rory Kinnear 2012 (cropped).jpg |imagesize = |caption = Kinnear, 2012 |birth_name = |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|2|17|df=y}} |birth_place = [[London]], England |death_date = |occupation = [[Aktor]] |website = |alma_mater = [[St Paul's School, London]]<br>[[Balliol College, Oxford]] |yearsactive = 2000–ayeuna |parents = [[Roy Kinnear]] (1934–1988) <br/>[[Carmel Cryan]] (gumelar 1949) |partner = Pandora Colin |spouse = |children= 2 }} '''Rory Kinnear''' ({{lahirmati|[[London]], [[Inggris]]|17|2|1978}}) nyaéta [[aktor]] kabarganegaraan [[Inggris]] anu parantos damel di [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] sareng [[Royal National Theater]]. Ngaranna mimiti ti mimiti dikenal saprak maénkeun peran [[Bill Tanner]] dina [[sekuel]] [[pilem]] [[James Bond]], ''[[Quantum of Solace]]'', ''[[Skyfall]]'', jeung ''[[Spectre (pilem 2015)|Spectre]]''. Salaku tambahan anjeunna ogé kalibet dina sababaraha proyék James Bond dina kaulinan vidéo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/arts/theatre/rory-kinnear-good-show-sweet-prince-6541358.html |title=Rory Kinnear: Good show, sweet prince |date=November 29, 2010 |publisher=[[London Evening Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1215978/BAZ-BAMIGBOYE-Gemma-Arterton-takes-bow.html|location=London|work=Daily Mail|first=Baz|last=Bamigboye|title=Gemma Arterton takes her bow in West End debut|date=26 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/133098-National_Theatre_s_2010%2010_Season_to_Feature_Grandage_Debut_and_Kinnear_s_Hamlet |title=National Theatre's 2010 Ł10 Season to Feature Grandage Debut and Kinnear's Hamlet |publisher=Playbill.com |date=2009-09-22 |accessdate=2012-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kinnear and Carroll land top theatre awards|last=Brown|first=Mark|date=29 November 2010|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/69914/productions/the-last-of-the-haussmans.html |title=The Last of the Haussmans |publisher=National Theatre |date=2012-10-11 |accessdate=2012-10-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605043848/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/69914/productions/the-last-of-the-haussmans.html |date=2012-06-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kennedy|first=Maev|title=Othello and Iago share best actor prize in London Evening Standard awards|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/nov/17/othello-iago-best-actor-evening-standard-awards-adrian-lester-rory-kinnear|accessdate=18 November 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=17 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Billington|first1=Michael|title=The Herd|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/sep/19/the-herd-review|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>http://www.bushtheatre.co.uk</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Steppenwolf Theatre|url=http://www.steppenwolf.org/Plays-Events/productions/index.aspx?id=625&gclid=CKabne_GxsQCFdgQgQodYFIArw&gclsrc=aw.ds|accessdate=26 March 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144005/http://www.steppenwolf.org/Plays-Events/productions/index.aspx?id=625&gclid=CKabne_GxsQCFdgQgQodYFIArw&gclsrc=aw.ds |date=2 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/whats-on/2011/august-12/43 |title=Proms - Proms 2011 |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2012-10-18}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/dec/01/charlie-brooker-dark-side-gadget-addiction-black-mirror |title=Charlie Brooker: the dark side of our gadget addiction |date=2011-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atvtoday.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1237;bbc-two-to-air-shakespeare-works-richard-ii-henry-iv-parts-i-and-ii-and-henry-v|title=BBC Two to air Shakespeare works Richard II, Henry IV Parts I and II and Henry V|author=Mike Watkins|publisher=''ATV Guide''|date=May 2011|accessdate=20 June 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904163008/http://www.atvtoday.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1237%3Bbbc-two-to-air-shakespeare-works-richard-ii-henry-iv-parts-i-and-ii-and-henry-v |date=4 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2014/01/penny-dreadful-nurse-jackie-and-californication-get-premiere-dates.html|title='Penny Dreadful,' 'Nurse Jackie' and 'Californication' get premiere dates|work=Zap2It|last=Reiher|first=Andrea|date=January 16, 2014|accessdate=May 16, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117224450/http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2014/01/penny-dreadful-nurse-jackie-and-californication-get-premiere-dates.html |date=January 17, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rory Kinnear: why he made the headlines in 2010|url=http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2010/dec/19/faces-2010-rory-kinnear|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rory Kinnear on writing his first play|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/rory-kinnear-on-writing-his-first-play-8797289.html|website=London Evening Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Olivier Awards 2014: Rory Kinnear beats Jude Law and Tom Hiddleston to Best Actor for Othello|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/olivier-awards-2014-rory-kinnear-crowned-best-actor-for-othello-9257677.html|website=The Independent}}</ref> ==Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Biografi-pondok}} {{Commons category|Rory Kinnear}} * {{IMDb name|1239499}} * [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/focus/story/0,,2010497,00.html Interview with ''The Observer''] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/filmnetwork/films/p00bjp8d Wish 143 - short film starring Rory Kinnear] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00vfgcw The First Men in the Moon] {{DEFAULTSORT:Kinnear, Rory}} [[Kategori:Aktor Inggris]] e7yuitznvj1w83w2egm0yjb83ze22zk Sundal malam 0 102177 707549 707212 2026-03-29T00:45:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | image = Polianthes tuberosa clean.jpg | name = Sundal malam | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Asparagales]] | familia = [[Agavaceae]] | genus = [[Polianthes]] | species = '''''P. tuberosa''''' | binomial = ''Polianthes tuberosa'' [[L.]] }} [[File:Sedap malam.jpg|jmpl|Bunga sedap malam]] '''Sundal malam''' (''Polianthes tuberosa'', [[basa Indonesia]]: ''sedap malam'' nyaéta tutuwuhan anu asalna tina kulawarga ''agavaceae''. Ieu tutuwuhan kembangna kawas ''lily'' baheula remen dipelak di sakuriling buruan [[imah]] kusabab seungitna, kembangna anu bodas sok ngahaja diselapkeun dina buuk sangkan kaangseu seungit.<ref name=“Justus”>{{Cite book | title =Aanteekeningen over het nut, door de bewoners van Java aan eenige planten van dat eiland toegeschreven| first =Justus| last =Karl Hasskarl| publisher = J. Müller| location =Universitas Oxford| year =1845| pages =63|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=zBUEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=leucoxylon+Buxifolium&source=bl&ots=hGPU38nyTo&sig=ACfU3U08H3qADX0Dg9OEZ_FyHzO2Ir26pQ&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-0vPGvNPmAhXPXSsKHe72AhwQ6AEwD3oECAQQAQ#v=snippet&q=nagassari&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 1 Mei 2021)}}</ref> Ieu kembang ligar tur baris ngaluarkeun bau seungit di mana panon poé geus surup, ieu tutuwuhan kembang téh pituin ti nagara Cina.<ref name=“Heyne”>{{Cite book | title =DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË| first =K.| last =Heyne| publisher =RUYGROK & Co BATAVIA| location =Library New York Botanical Garden| year =1913| pages =181|url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater|accessdate=(disungsi) 1 Mei 2021}}</ref> Ngaran ''tuberosa'' ngajentrekeun di mana ieu tutuwuhan mibanda [[beuti]] (''tuber''), kiwari dipikawanoh sahenteuna aya 12 [[spésiés]] tina [[genus]] ''Polianthes''.<ref name=sumber1/> ==Ngaran séjén== Sundal malam disababaraha daérah dipiwanoh, saperti di: [[India]] wétan disebutna ''ratkirani'', anu pihartieunna "ratu malam". Di [[Singapura]] ieu kembang disebutna ''xinxiao'', anu hartina "tempat wereng eunteup". Di [[Persia]], ieu kembang disebutna ''maryam'', anu mangrupa ngaran ilahar pikeun awéwé. Di [[Hawaii]] ieu kembang dimangpaatkeun pikeun mapaés pangantén, baheula dina mangsa / [[zaman Viktoria]] ieu kembang dimangpaatkeun pikeun kembang di pajaratan. Seungit kembang ieu bisa disebut ''kompleks, eksotis, manis'', jeung has bau kembang.<ref name=sumber1/> Ieu tutuwuhan jangkung nepi ka 45&nbsp;cm kalayan kembangna anu mibanda kelir bodas susu semu konéng pias. Daunna panjang kelirna héjo ngora ngumpul dina puhu tangkalna. Genus tutuwuhan ieu masih kénéh baraya deukeut jeung ''[[manfreda]]''.<ref name=sumber1/> == Kagunaan == Kembang sundal malam geus ti abad ka 17 kénéh dimangpaatkeun pikeun bahan nyieun minyak seungit, ieu mangsa mimiti di piwanoh di [[Eropa]]. Di [[Indonésia]], sagigireun jadi kembang hiasan ogé kembang ieu dijieun salahsahiji bahan sayureun, saperti sop kembang sundul malam, kimlo atawa [[tekwan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masakapahariini.com/resep/resep-sup-bunga-sedap-malam/|title=Resep Sup Bunga Sedap Malam|website=Masak Apa Hari Ini?|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-04-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604075236/https://www.masakapahariini.com/resep/resep-sup-bunga-sedap-malam/ |date=2023-06-04 }}</ref><ref name=sumber1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royco.co.id/royco-artikel/keterampilan-memasak/mengenal-sedap-malam.html|title=How to Clean Mussels|website=knorrv2 US|language=in|access-date=2020-04-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604100507/https://www.royco.co.id/royco-artikel/keterampilan-memasak/mengenal-sedap-malam.html |date=2023-06-04 }}</ref> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Agavaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori:Kekembangan]] bt2suaf9myl7i8af4sfec7ji6vdfhtl ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮘᮊᮥ 0 102216 707556 703631 2026-03-29T02:51:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Haikal FK 1705/2|Aksara Sunda Baku}}{{Infobox Writing system |name=ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮘᮊᮥ |type=Abugida |time=ᮞᮊᮤᮒᮁ ᮃᮘᮓ᮪ ᮊ-|᮱᮷| ᮔᮨᮕᮤᮊ ᮃᮚᮩᮔ |fam1=[[ᮃᮘ᮪ᮏᮓ᮪ ᮕᮢᮧᮒᮧ-ᮞᮤᮔᮄᮒᮤᮊ᮪]] |fam2=[[ᮃᮘ᮪ᮏᮓ᮪ ᮖᮦᮔᮤᮞᮤᮃ]] |fam3=[[ᮃᮘ᮪ᮏᮓ᮪ ᮃᮛᮙᮦᮃ]] |fam4=[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮘᮢᮂᮙᮤ]] |fam5=[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮕᮜᮣᮝ]] |fam6=[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮊᮝᮤ]] |fam7=[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮥᮔ]] |sisters=[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮘᮜᮤ|ᮘᮜᮤ]]<br />[[ᮞᮥᮛᮒ᮪ ᮘᮒᮊ᮪|ᮘᮒᮊ᮪]]<br />[[ᮘᮚ᮪ᮘᮚᮤᮔ᮪]]<br />[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮘᮥᮠᮤᮓ᮪|ᮘᮥᮠᮤᮓ᮪]]<br />[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮠᮔᮥᮔᮧ'ᮇ|ᮠᮔᮥᮔᮧ'ᮇ]]<br />[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮜᮧᮔ᮪ᮒᮛ|ᮜᮧᮔ᮪ᮒᮛ]]<br />[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮥᮔ|ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮥᮔ]]<br />[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮛᮦᮔ᮪ᮎᮧᮀ|ᮛᮦᮔ᮪ᮎᮧᮀ]]<br />[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮛᮨᮏᮀ|ᮛᮨᮏᮀ]]<br />[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮒᮌ᮪ᮘᮔ᮪ᮝ|ᮒᮌ᮪ᮘᮔ᮪ᮝ]]<br /> |languages=[[ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ|ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ]] |unicode=[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B80.pdf U+1B80–U+1BBF] |iso15924=Sund |sample=Aksara Sunda dasar.svg |sample_desc= ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮊᮧᮔ᮪ᮞᮧᮔᮔ᮪ ᮓᮞᮁ ᮓᮤᮔ ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ. ᮊᮧᮔ᮪ᮞᮧᮔᮔ᮪ ᮃᮑᮁ ᮒᮩ ᮓᮤᮃᮞᮥᮕ᮪ᮊᮩᮔ᮪. |altname=Aksara Sunda Baku}} {{Basa Sunda}} [[Gambar:Aksarasunda-itenas.jpg|thumb|ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮕᮤᮊᮩᮔ᮪ ᮔᮥᮜᮤᮞ᮪ᮊᮩᮔ᮪ ᮍᮛᮔ᮪ ᮘᮍᮥᮔᮔ᮪ ᮓᮤ ᮞᮜᮂ ᮞᮠᮤᮏᮤ ᮕᮌᮥᮛᮧᮔ᮪ ᮜᮥᮠᮥᮁ ᮓᮤ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ.]] <big>'''{{sund|ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ}}'''</big> == <big>ᮞᮏᮛᮂ</big> == <big>ᮞᮜᮤᮃᮔ᮪ ᮒᮤ ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ [[ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ]] ᮊᮥᮔ, ᮊᮃᮓᮘᮔ᮪ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮇᮌᮦ ᮊᮥᮀᮞᮤ ᮝᮔᮧᮂ ᮏᮩᮀ ᮞᮘᮘᮛᮠ ᮞᮤᮞ᮪ᮒᮤᮙ᮪ ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮜᮤᮃᮔ᮪ᮔ, ᮓᮤ ᮃᮔ᮪ᮒᮛᮔ:</big> {{ᮊᮔ᮪ᮏᮒ᮪}} * <big>[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮕᮜᮣᮝ]] ᮃᮒᮝ ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮕᮢ-ᮔᮌᮛᮤ ᮃᮔᮥ ᮓᮤᮕᮊᮦ ᮕᮤᮊᮩᮔ᮪ ᮔᮥᮜᮤᮞ᮪ᮊᮩᮔ᮪ [[ᮘᮞ ᮞᮀᮞᮊᮨᮁᮒ]], ᮓᮤᮕᮊᮦ ᮔᮨᮕᮤ ᮊ [[ᮃᮘᮓ᮪ ᮊ-||᮷|]],</big> * <big>ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮥᮔ ᮃᮔᮥ ᮓᮤᮒᮥᮛᮥᮔ᮪ᮊᮩᮔ᮪ ᮒᮤᮔ ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮕᮜᮣᮝ.</big> * <big>[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮎᮎᮛᮊᮔ᮪]] ᮃᮒᮝ ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮏᮝ, ᮞᮎᮛ ᮅᮙᮥᮙ᮪ ᮙᮛᮨᮍᮔ᮪ ᮃᮞᮥᮕ᮪ᮔ [[ᮄᮞᮣᮙ᮪]] ᮏᮩᮀ ᮊᮃᮓᮘᮔ᮪ ᮏᮝ ᮊ [[ᮎᮤᮛᮨᮘᮧᮔ᮪]] ([[ᮃᮘᮓ᮪ ᮊ-||᮱᮶|]]) ᮏᮩᮀ [[ᮕᮢᮤᮃᮍᮔ᮪]] (|[[ᮃᮘᮓ᮪ ᮊ-|᮱᮷|]]),</big> * <big>[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮕᮨᮌᮧᮔ᮪]], ᮅᮒᮙᮔ ᮓᮤ ᮜᮤᮀᮊᮥᮍᮔ᮪ ᮕᮞᮔ᮪ᮒᮢᮦᮔ᮪, ᮊᮥ ᮃᮞᮥᮕ᮪ᮔ ᮃᮏᮛᮔ᮪ [[ᮄᮞᮣᮙ᮪]] ᮒᮤ ᮒᮒᮁ ᮃᮛᮘ᮪,</big> * <big>[[ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮜᮒᮤᮔ᮪]], ᮙᮤᮙᮤᮒᮤ ᮓᮤᮕᮊᮦ ᮃᮠᮤᮁ |[[ᮃᮘᮓ᮪ ᮊ-|᮱᮹|]], ᮓᮤᮝᮔᮧᮂᮊᮩᮔ᮪ ᮊᮥ ᮕᮀᮏᮏᮂ ᮝᮜᮔ᮪ᮓ.</big> <big>ᮞᮎᮛ ''ᮛᮨᮞ᮪ᮙᮤ'', ᮕᮙᮛᮦᮔ᮪ᮒᮂ ᮏᮝ ᮊᮥᮜᮧᮔ᮪ ᮍᮜᮤᮝᮒᮔ᮪ ᮕᮨᮁᮓ ᮒᮅᮔ᮪ |᮲᮰᮰᮳| ᮌᮩᮞ᮪ ᮍᮛᮧᮏᮧᮀ ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮕᮤᮊᮩᮔ᮪ ᮕᮊᮦᮅᮔ᮪ ᮞᮕᮧᮕᮧᮆ.<ref>[http://www.sundanet.com/?p=233 Dangiang Aksara Sunda], teuleuman [[filsafat]] [[Hidayat Suryalaga|Abah Surya]] ngeunaan aksara Sunda di Sundanét.com</ref></big> == <big>ᮊᮧᮙ᮪ᮕᮥᮒᮨᮛᮤᮞᮞᮤ</big> == <big>[[ᮊᮧᮙ᮪ᮕᮥᮒᮨᮛᮤᮞᮞᮤ]] ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮔᮜᮤᮊ ᮙᮨᮓᮁᮔ ᮕᮥᮘᮣᮤᮊᮞᮤ ᮛᮨᮞ᮪ᮙᮤ ᮍᮩᮔᮃᮔ᮪ ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮒᮤ ᮕᮙᮛᮦᮔ᮪ᮒᮂ [[ᮏᮝ ᮊᮥᮜᮧᮔ᮪]]. ᮎᮧᮔ᮪ᮒᮧ ᮙᮤᮙᮤᮒᮤ ᮑᮆᮒ "ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮕᮊᮥᮃᮔ᮪" ᮓᮤᮔ ᮝᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮇᮒ᮪ᮖ᮪.</big> <big>ᮞᮜᮤᮃᮔ᮪ ᮒᮤ ᮆᮒ, ᮓᮤᮔ ᮒᮅᮔ᮪ |᮲᮰᮰᮸| ᮌᮩᮞ᮪ ᮙᮨᮓᮜ᮪ ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮅᮔᮤᮎᮧᮓᮨ ᮙᮩᮔᮀ ᮑᮙ᮪ᮕᮥᮁᮔᮊᮩᮔ᮪ ᮒᮤᮔ ᮅᮔᮤᮎᮧᮓᮨ |᮲᮰᮰᮸| ᮃᮔᮥ ᮓᮤᮞᮥᮞᮥᮔ᮪ ᮊᮥ ᮓᮤᮃᮔ᮪ ᮒᮢᮨᮞ᮪ᮔ ᮔᮥᮌᮢᮠ ᮏᮩᮀ ᮊᮥᮞ᮪ᮔᮨᮒ᮪ (|᮲᮰᮰᮵|). ᮅᮔᮤᮎᮧᮓᮨ ᮒᮦᮂ ᮕᮢᮧᮞᮨᮞ᮪ ᮓᮤᮌᮤᮒᮜᮤᮞᮞᮤ ᮃᮔᮥ ᮘᮤᮞ ᮙᮔ᮪ᮒᮥᮃᮔ᮪ ᮊ ᮕᮙᮊᮦ ᮍᮨᮒᮤᮊ᮪ ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮓᮤᮔ ᮊᮧᮙ᮪ᮕᮥᮒᮨᮁ, ᮞᮔᮏᮔ᮪ ᮎᮔ᮪ ᮘᮤᮞ ᮙᮎ ᮔᮞ᮪ᮊᮂ ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮞᮎᮛ ᮇᮒᮧᮙᮒᮤᮞ᮪<ref name="ref">Ruhaliah (2012).''Transliterasi, Edisi, dan Terjemahan:Aksara Sunda Kuna, Buda, Cacarakan, dan Pegon''. Bandung: Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa Daerah UPI Bandung</ref>.</big> == <big>ᮞᮥᮞᮥᮔᮔ᮪ ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ</big> == <big>ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮓᮤᮝᮍᮥᮔ᮪ ᮊᮥ ᮞᮘᮘᮛᮠ ᮊᮧᮙ᮪ᮕᮧᮔᮦᮔ᮪, ᮓᮤ ᮃᮔ᮪ᮒᮛᮔ:</big> * <big>ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮍᮜᮌᮨᮔ</big> * <big>ᮗᮧᮊᮜ᮪ ᮙᮔ᮪ᮓᮤᮛᮤ</big> * <big>ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞ᮪ᮝᮛ</big> * <big>ᮒᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮘᮎ</big> * <big>ᮃᮀᮊ</big> === <big>ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞ᮪ᮝᮛ</big> === [[Gambar:sundanese-vocals.svg|thumb|Répréséntasi grafis]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" border="1" | <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮃ}}</span> = a</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮆ}}</span> = é</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮄ}}</span> = i</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮇ}}</span> = o</big> |- | <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮅ}}</span> = u</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮈ}}</span> = e</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮉ}}</span> = eu</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮻ}}</span> = reu</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮼ}}</span> = leu</big> |} === <big>ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮍᮜᮌᮨᮔ</big> === [[File:sundanese-consonants.svg|thumb|Répréséntasi grafis]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" border="1" | <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮊ}}</span> = ka</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮌ}}</span> = ga</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮍ}}</span> = nga</big>||<big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮎ}}</span> = ca</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮏ}}</span> = ja</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮑ}}</span> = nya</big> |- | <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮒ}}</span> = ta</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮓ}}</span> = da</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮔ}}</span> = na</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮕ}}</span> = pa</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮘ}}</span> = ba</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮙ}}</span> = ma</big> |- | <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮚ}}</span> = ya</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮛ}}</span> = ra</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮜ}}</span> = la</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮝ}}</span> = wa</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮞ}}</span> = sa</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮠ}}</span> = ha</big> |- | <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮖ}}</span> = fa</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮋ}}</span> = qa</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮗ}}</span> = va</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮟ}}</span> = xa</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮐ}}</span> = za</big> |- | <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮮ}}</span> = kha</big>|| <big><span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">{{sund|ᮯ}}</span> = sya</big>|| || |} === <big>ᮛᮛᮀᮊᮦᮔ᮪</big> === <big>ᮓᮥᮙᮞᮁ ᮊᮔ ᮕᮒᮨᮙ᮪ᮕᮒᮔᮔ, |᮱᮴| ᮛᮛᮀᮊᮦᮔ᮪ ᮓᮤᮘᮌᮤ ᮏᮓᮤ:</big> * <big>ᮛᮛᮀᮊᮦᮔ᮪ ᮜᮥᮠᮥᮁ = |᮵| ᮛᮥᮕ</big> * <big>ᮛᮛᮀᮊᮦᮔ᮪ ᮠᮔ᮪ᮓᮕ᮪ = |᮲| ᮛᮥᮕ</big> * <big>ᮛᮛᮀᮊᮦᮔ᮪ ᮞᮏᮏᮁ = |᮶| ᮛᮥᮕ</big> '''<big>ᮃ. ᮛᮛᮀᮊᮦᮔ᮪ ᮜᮥᮠᮥᮁ</big>''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" | [[gambar:Sundanese sign panghulu.png|50px|link=]] || ''panghulu'', ngarobah vokal aksara ''Ngalagena'' tina {{IPA|[a]}} jadi {{IPA|[i]}}. conto: [[gambar:Sunda Ka.png|30px|link=]] = <big>ka</big> → [[gambar:Sundanese sign panghulu.png|50px|link=]] = <big>ki</big>. |- | [[gambar:Sundanese sign pamepet.png|50px|link=]] || ''pamepet'', ngarobah vokal aksara ''Ngalagena'' tina {{IPA|[a]}} jadi {{IPA|[ə]}}. conto: [[gambar:Sunda Ka.png|30px|link=]] = <big>ka</big> → [[gambar:Sundanese sign pamepet.png|50px|link=]] = <big>ke</big>. |- | [[gambar:Sundanese sign paneuleung.png|50px|link=]] || ''paneuleung'', ngarobah vokal aksara ''Ngalagena'' tina {{IPA|[a]}} jadi {{IPA|[ɤ]}}. conto: [[gambar:Sunda Ka.png|30px|link=]] = <big>ka</big> → [[gambar:Sundanese sign paneuleung.png|50px|link=]] = <big>keu</big>. |- | [[gambar:Sundanese sign panglayar.png|50px|link=]] || ''panglayar'', nambahan konsonan {{IPA|[r]}} dina tungtung engang. conto: [[gambar:Sunda Ka.png|30px|link=]] = <big>ka</big> → [[gambar:Sundanese sign panglayar.png|50px|link=]] = <big>kar</big>. |- | [[gambar:Sundanese sign panyecek.png|50px|link=]] || ''panyecek'', nambahan konsonan {{IPA|[ŋ]}} dina tungtung engang. conto: [[gambar:Sunda Ka.png|30px|link=]] = <big>ka</big> → [[gambar:Sundanese sign panyecek.png|50px|link=]] = <big>kang</big>. |} '''<big>ᮘ᮪. ᮛᮛᮀᮊᮦᮔ᮪ ᮠᮔ᮪ᮓᮕ᮪</big>''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" | <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">°ᮥ</span> || ''panyuku'', ngarobah sora aksara Ngalagena /a/ jadi /u/. Conto: <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊ</span> = ka → <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊᮥ</span> = ku. |- | <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">°ᮢ</span> || ''panyakra'', nyalusupkeun sora /+r/ kana sora asalna. Sora panungtung bisa dirobah ku rarangkén séjénna. Conto: <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊ</span> = ka → <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊᮢ</span> = kra. |- | <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">°ᮣ</span> || ''panyiku'', nyalusupkeun sora /+l/ kana sora asalna. Sora panungtung bisa dirobah ku rarangkén séjénna. Conto: <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊ</span> = ka → <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊᮣ</span> = kla. |- <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">᮰ᮬ</span> || ''pamintel'', nyalusupkeun sora {{IPA|[m]}} kana sora asalna. Sora panungtung bisa dirobah ku rarangkén séjénna. Conto :<span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊ</span> = ka → <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊᮬ</span> = kma. |- <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">᮰ᮭ</span> || ''papasangan'', nyalusupkeun sora {{IPA|[w]}} kana sora asalna. Sora panungtung bisa dirobah ku rarangkén séjénna. Conto :<span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊ</span> = ka → <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊᮭ</span> = kwa. |} '''<big>ᮎ᮪. ᮛᮛᮀᮊᮦᮔ᮪ ᮞᮏᮏᮁ</big>''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" | <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮦ°</span> || ''panéléng'', modifies ''Ngalagena'' vowel /a/ jadi /é/. Conto: <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊ</span> = ka → <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊᮦ</span> = ké. |- | <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">°ᮧ</span> || ''panolong'', ngarobah sora aksara Ngalagena /a/ jadi /o/. Conto: <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊ</span> = ka → <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊᮧ</span> = ko. |- | <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">°ᮡ</span> || ''pamingkal'', nyalusupkeun sora /+y/ kana sora asalna. Sora panungtung bisa dirobah ku rarangkén séjénna. Conto: <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊ</span> = ka → <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊᮡ </span> = kya. |- | <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">°ᮂ</span> || ''pangwisad'', nambahan sora /+h/ kana sora asalna. Conto: <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊ</span> = ka → <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊᮂ</span> = kah. |- | <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">°᮪</span> || ''patén'' atawa ''pamaéh'', ngaleungitkeun sora /a/ aksara Ngalagena. Conto: <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊ</span> = ka → <span style="font-size:2em;font-family:'Sundanese Unicode';">ᮊ᮪</span> = k. |} === <big>ᮃᮀᮊ</big> === [[File:Sundanese-numbers.svg|thumb|Répréséntasi grafis]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" border="1" | <big>{{sund|᮱}} = 1</big> | <big>{{sund|᮲}} = 2</big> | <big>{{sund|᮳}} = 3</big> | <big>{{sund|᮴}} = 4</big> | <big>{{sund|᮵}} = 5</big> |- | <big>{{sund|᮶}} = 6</big> | <big>{{sund|᮷}} = 7</big> | <big>{{sund|᮸}} = 8</big> | <big>{{sund|᮹}} = 9</big> | <big>{{sund|᮰}} = 0</big> |} <big>ᮓᮤᮔ ᮒᮥᮜᮤᮞᮔ᮪, ᮃᮀᮊ ᮓᮤᮝᮒᮨᮞᮔ᮪ ᮊᮥ ᮒᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮕᮤᮕ ᮃᮏᮨᮌ᮪ | ... |.<br /> ᮎᮧᮔ᮪ᮒᮧ: {{sund|<nowiki>|᮲᮰᮲᮳|</nowiki>}} = 2023</big> [[ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ]] ==<big>ᮎᮧᮔ᮪ᮒᮧ ᮓᮤᮕᮊᮦᮔ ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ</big>== <div style="float:left"> [[Gambar:Ladrang-sunda.png]] </div> <big>ᮜᮓᮢᮀ<br /> ᮃᮚ ᮠᮤᮏᮤ ᮛᮥᮕ ᮞᮒᮧ ᮼᮒᮤᮊ᮪,<br /> ᮆᮀᮊᮀ-ᮆᮀᮊᮀ,ᮆᮀᮊᮀ-ᮆᮀᮊᮀ,<br /> ᮞᮧᮊ᮪ ᮜᮥᮜᮥᮙ᮪ᮕᮒᮔ᮪ ᮓᮤ ᮎᮄ,<br /> ᮃᮛᮤ ᮘᮍᮥᮔ᮪ ᮃᮛᮦᮊ᮪ ᮞᮛᮥᮕ ᮕᮤᮊᮦᮔ᮪ ᮜᮔ᮪ᮎᮂ.<br /></big> <div style="clear:both;"></div> == <big>ᮛᮦᮖᮦᮛᮦᮔ᮪ᮞᮤ</big> == <references/> == <big>ᮒᮥᮙ᮪ᮘᮥ ᮜᮥᮃᮁ</big> == * [http://aksara.sabilulungan.org/ Konvérsi Aksara Latin - Aksara Sunda, reujeung font aksara Sunda.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028175631/http://aksara.sabilulungan.org/ |date=2011-10-28 }} * [http://sarwasunda.blogspot.com/2010/12/masangkeun-aksara-sunda-otomatis.html Masangkeun Otomatis (font installer) Aksara Sunda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508092135/http://sarwasunda.blogspot.com/2010/12/masangkeun-aksara-sunda-otomatis.html |date=2021-05-08 }} * [http://www.kairaga.com/naskah-sunda/aksara Aksara Sunda Kuno]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Jenis aksara|state=show|state2=show}} {{Sunda-pondok}} [[Kategori:Unak-anik budaya Sunda]] [[Kategori:ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ]] dxg7um2swmazvt3bikefwnr1xhqhl2i Rétinol 0 106398 707547 678419 2026-03-28T22:46:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{chembox | ImageFile =All-trans-Retinol2.svg | ImageSize = 250px | ImageName = Retinol | ImageFile2 = Retinol 3D balls.png | ImageSize2 = 200px | ImageName2 = Stick model of retinol | ImageFile3 = Retinol 3D ball.png | ImageSize3 = 200px | ImageName3 = Ball model of retinol | IUPACName =(2''E'',4''E'',6''E'',8''E'')-3,7-dimetil-9-(2,6,6-trimetilsikloheks-1-enil)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol | OtherNames = | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo = 68-26-8 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}} | PubChem = 1071 | SMILES = CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)/C=C/C(=C/C=C/C(=C/CO)/C)/C | MeSHName = }} | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | C=20|H=30|O=1 | Appearance = | Density = | MeltingPt = | BoilingPt = }} | Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards | Solubility = | MainHazards = | FlashPt = | Autoignition = }} }} '''Rétinol''', kasohor ogé minangka [[vitamin A1]], nyaéta mangrupa [[vitamin]] dina kulawarga [[vitamin A]] anu kapanggih dina kadaharan jeung digunakeun salaku ''[[suplemen]]'' dahareun.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212224704/https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/|title=Vitamin A — Health Professional Fact Sheet|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2025-03-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lidén|first=Martin|last2=Eriksson|first2=Ulf|date=2006-05-12|title=Understanding Retinol Metabolism: Structure and Function of Retinol Dehydrogenases *|url=https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(19)74831-5/fulltext|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry|language=English|volume=281|issue=19|pages=13001–13004|doi=10.1074/jbc.R500027200|issn=0021-9258|pmid=16428379}}</ref>Rétinol sarta wangun séjénna tina vitamin A diperlukeun pikeun paningali, kamekaran sél, ngarumat [[kulit]], jeung sistem selaput lendir, sistem [[imun]], sarta kamekaran réproduksi.<ref name=":0" /> Rétinol bisa kapanggih dina kadaharan, upamana [[lauk]], produksi [[susu]], atawa [[daging]].<ref name=":0" /> Rétinol dina dosis anu normal bisa ngadatangkeun rupa-rupa mangpaat, tapi upama digunakeun sacara kaleuleuwihi, bisa nimbulkeun rupa-rupa épék samping, upamana kulit jadi garing, p''embengkakan hati'', jeung ''hipervitaminosis.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vitamin-a.html|title=Vitamin A Monograph for Professionals|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2025-03-22}}</ref> == Kauntungan Rétinol Pikeun Pameunteu == === Ngahambat tanda-tanda kolot === Kulit téh ngabutuhkeun kolagén sangkan tetep kenyal, jeung padet. Hanjakal, nalika umur nambahan, produksi [[kolagén]] bakal beuki ngurangan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bellemère|first=G.|last2=Stamatas|first2=G.N.|last3=Bruère|first3=V.|last4=Bertin|first4=C.|last5=Issachar|first5=N.|last6=Oddos|first6=T.|date=2009-07-31|title=Antiaging Action of Retinol: From Molecular to Clinical|url=https://karger.com/spp/article-abstract/22/4/200/295495/Antiaging-Action-of-Retinol-From-Molecular-to|journal=Skin Pharmacology and Physiology|volume=22|issue=4|pages=200–209|doi=10.1159/000231525|issn=1660-5527}}</ref> Dina ieu hal, rétinol miboga pungsi pikeun ngaronjatkeun produksi kolagén, ku kituna rétinol téh bisa ngahambat timbulna tanda-tanda kolot.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.siloamhospitals.com/informasi-siloam/artikel/apa-itu-retinol|title=Rumah sakit dengan pelayanan berkualitas - Siloam Hospitals|website=www.siloamhospitals.com|accessdate=2025-03-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fahum.umsu.ac.id/blog/manfaat-dan-efek-samping-penggunaan-retinol/|title=Manfaat dan Efek Samping Penggunaan Retinol|website=Blog Info dan Berita|language=id|accessdate=2025-03-22}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>  Sajaba ti éta, retinol ogé mantuan ngajaga kulit tina cahaya panonpoé anu kaleuleuwihi, ku kituna dipercaya bisa nyamarkeun plék hideung dina beungeut alatan kolot, sarta ngurangan ''actinic keratosis'', nyaéta bintik kulit anu bisa jadi nyababkeun kangker.<ref name=":1" />   === Ngubaran Éwateun  === Mangpaat rétinol satuluyna nyaéta bisa ngabantu ngungkulan éwateun ti mimiti nu hampang nepi ka nu parna. Bahan aktip ieu sanggup meresihan [[minyak]], [[késang]], sésa mék'ap, jeung kotoran anu mindeng mepetan [[pori-pori]], anu bisa nyababkeun timbulna [[éwateun]].<ref name=":1" />   Lamun dipaké sacara rutin dina perawatan kulit sapopoé, rétinol bisa ngajaga pori-pori tetep bersih sarta ngontrol produksi minyak anu kaleuleuwihi, ku kituna éwateun téh bisa kacegah.<ref name=":1" /> === Ngurangan ''Hiperpigmentasi''   === Kauntungan séjén tina retinol nyaéta bisa ngurangan ''hiperpigmentasi'' anu nyababkeun warna kulit teu rata. ''[[Hiperpigmentasi]]'' ieu biasana alatan cahaya [[panonpoé]] anu lila teuing atawa tapak éwateun anu hésé leungitna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diricare.com/artikel/manfaat-retinol-untuk-wajah|title=6 Manfaat Retinol untuk Wajah, Ketahui Cara Pakai dan Efek Sampingnya Ya!|website=diricare.com|language=id|accessdate=2025-03-22}}</ref> Upama kulit ngabogaan masalah sarupa kitu, ngagunakeun produk anu ngandung rétinol bisa jadi salah sahiji solusina. Rétinol bisa mantuan dina ngaganti kulit ku nu leuwih séhat sarta ngahambat produksi [[mélanin]]. Ku kituna, warna kulit bakal rata deui, kalayan urang bisa leuwih percaya diri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/gaya-hidup/7-manfaat-retinol-untuk-kulit-wajah-meratakan-warna-kulit-sekaligus-antiaging--92369|title=7 Manfaat Retinol untuk Kulit Wajah: Meratakan Warna Kulit sekaligus Antiaging|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2025-03-22}}</ref>  === Mantuan Kulit Leuwih lembab jeung Lemes === Siklus gantina kulit sacara alami biasana merlukeun waktu 3–4 minggu, tapi nalika umur beuki kolot, prosés ieu bakal beuki lila. Akibatna, kulit leuwih karasa garing jeung kasar. Tapi ku cara ngagunakeun rétinol, bisa mantuan nyepetkeun ngagantina kulit. Ku kituna kulit katingali leuwih cerah jeung séhat. Sajaba ti éta, retinol ogé bisa ngaronjatkeun kadar cai dina kulit, nepi ka kulit karasa leuwih lemes jeung lembab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malanginspirasi.com/lifestyle/kecantikan/1761/cara-menjaga-kelembaban-kulit-saat-menggunakan-retinol/|title=Cara Menjaga Kelembaban Kulit saat Menggunakan Retinol|last=Halizah|first=Rizkha Nur|website=Malang Inspirasi|language=en-US|accessdate=2025-03-22}}</ref>   == Rujukan == 81k7qgd3clcvxh1giapy7x0t2jtij3f William Henry Harrison 0 107817 707553 705928 2026-03-29T02:28:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = William Henry Harrison | image = William Henry Harrison.jpg | caption = Portrait, 1840 | order = 9th | office = President of the United States | vicepresident = John Tyler | term_start = March 4, 1841 | term_end = April 4, 1841 | predecessor = [[Martin Van Buren]] | successor = [[John Tyler]] | office1 = [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Colombia|United States Minister to Gran&nbsp;Colombia]] | president1 = {{ubl|[[John Quincy Adams]]|[[Andrew Jackson]]}} | term_start1 = February 5, 1829 | term_end1 = September 26, 1829 | predecessor1 = [[Beaufort Taylor Watts]] | successor1 = [[Thomas Patrick Moore]] | jr/sr2 = United States Senator | state2 = [[Ohio]] | term_start2 = March 4, 1825 | term_end2 = May 20, 1828 | predecessor2 = [[Ethan Allen Brown]] | successor2 = [[Jacob Burnet]] | state_senate3 = Ohio | district3 = [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]] | term_start3 = December 5, 1819 | term_end3 = December 2, 1821 | predecessor3 = Ephraim Brown | successor3 = Ephraim Brown | state4 = Ohio | district4 = {{ushr|OH|1|1st}} | term_start4 = October 8, 1816 | term_end4 = March 3, 1819 | predecessor4 = [[John McLean]] | successor4 = [[Thomas R. Ross]] | office5 = 1st [[Governor of Indiana|Governor of the Indiana Territory]] | appointer5 = [[John Adams]] | term_start5 = January 10, 1801 | term_end5 = December 28, 1812 | predecessor5 = Office established | successor5 = [[Thomas Posey]] | office6 = {{br entries|Delegate to the|[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]|from the [[Northwest Territory]]'s|[[Northwest Territory's at-large congressional district|at-large]] district}} | term_start6 = October 3, 1799 | term_end6 = May 14, 1800 | predecessor6 = Constituency established | successor6 = [[William McMillan (congressman)|William McMillan]] | office7 = 2nd Secretary of the [[Northwest Territory]] | governor7 = [[Arthur St. Clair]] | term_start7 = June 28, 1798 | term_end7 = October 1, 1799 | predecessor7 = [[Winthrop Sargent]] | successor7 = [[Charles Willing Byrd]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1773|2|9}} | birth_place = [[Charles City County, Virginia]], British America | death_date = {{death date and age|1841|4|4|1773|2|9}} | death_place = Washington, D.C., U.S. | death_cause = [[Enteric fever]] | restingplace = [[William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial|Harrison Tomb State Memorial]] | party = {{ubl|[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] (before 1828)|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (from 1836)}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Anna Harrison|Anna Symmes]]|November 22, 1795}} | children = 10 with Anna, including [[John Scott Harrison|John]], 2 alleged with Dilsia, including [[Marie Harrison]] | relatives = [[Harrison family of Virginia]] | father = [[Benjamin Harrison V]] | education = {{ubl|[[Hampden–Sydney College]]|[[University of Pennsylvania]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Soldier|politician}} | awards = {{ubl|[[Congressional Gold Medal]]|[[Thanks of Congress]]}} | signature = William Henry Harrison Signature-full.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | branch = {{flatlist|*[[United States Army]] **[[Indiana Territory]] militia}} | serviceyears = {{ubl|1791–1798|1811|1812–1814}} | rank = [[Major general (United States)|Major general]] | unit = [[Legion of the United States]] | commands = [[Army of the Northwest (United States)|Army of the Northwest]] | battles = {{tree list}} *[[Northwest Indian War]] **[[Siege of Fort Recovery]] **[[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] *[[Tecumseh's War]] **[[Battle of Tippecanoe]] *[[War of 1812]] **[[Siege of Fort Wayne]] **[[Battle of the Thames]] {{Tree list/end}} }} '''William Henry Harrison''' (9 Pébruari 1773{{spnd}}4 April 1841) nyaéta [[présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-9, anu ngajabat ti 4 Maret dugi ka 4 April 1841, masa jabatan pangpondokna dina sajarah Amérika Sarikat. Anjeunna ogé janten présidén munggaran anu pupus nalika nuju ngajabat, anu ngabalukarkeun krisis [[konstitusi]] samentara, jalaran [[suksési présidén Amérika Sarikat|suksési présidén]] harita tacan diatur sacara jéntré dina [[Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat|Konstitusi AS]]. Harrison mangrupa présidén terakhir anu lahir salaku subjek nagara [[Inggris]] di wilayah [[Tilu Belas Koloni]]. Anjeunna mangrupa anggota ti [[kulawarga Harrison ti Virginia]] [[Benjamin Harrison V]], anu mangrupa salah saurang [[Founding Fathers Amérika Sarikat|Founding Father AS]]. Putrana sorangan, [[John Scott Harrison]], nyaéta ramana [[Benjamin Harrison]], présidén AS anu ka-23. Harrison lahir di [[Charles City County, Virginia]]. Dina taun 1794, anjeunna milu ancrub dina [[Perang Fallen Timbers|Battle of Fallen Timbers]], hiji kameunangan militer Amérika anu mungkas [[Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér|Northwest Indian War]]. Dina taun 1811, anjeunna mingpin kakuatan militer ngalawan [[Konpédérasi Tecumseh|Tecumseh's confederacy]] dina [[Perang Tippecanoe|Battle of Tippecanoe]], anu matak anjeunna meunang julukan "'''Old Tippecanoe'''". Anjeunna ditaékkeun pangkatna janten mayor jenderal dina Angkatan Darat salami [[Perang 1812|War of 1812]], sarta mingpin pasukan infanteri jeung kavaleri Amérika kana kameunangan dina [[Perang Thames|Battle of the Thames]] di [[Kanada Luhur|Upper Canada]]. Karier pulitik Harrison dimimitian dina taun 1798, kalayan pangangkatan salaku sekretaris [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]]. Dina taun 1799, anjeunna kapilih salaku delegasi non-voting wilayah éta dina [[DPR Amérika Sarikat|U.S. House of Representatives]]. Anjeunna janten gubernur [[Téritori Indiana|Indiana Territory]] anu nembé dibentuk dina taun 1801 sarta, ngaliwatan sababaraha pajangjian jeung suku-suku pribumi Amérika, anjeunna meunangkeun jutaan héktar lahan pikeun nagara. Saatos Perang 1812, anjeunna pindah ka Ohio di mana, [[Pamilihan DPR Amérika Sarikat 1816 jeung 1817 di Ohio|dina taun 1816]], anjeunna kapilih pikeun ngawakilan distrik ka-1 nagara bagian éta di DPR. [[Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat 1824–25|Dina taun 1824]], anjeunna kapilih janten anggota [[Sénat Amérika Sarikat|U.S. Senate]], sanajan mangsa jabatan Sénatna kapeugat ku pangangkatanana salaku [[mentri plenipotentiary]] ka [[Gran Colombia]] dina taun 1828. Harrison mulang deui kana kahirupan pribadi di Ohio dugi ka anjeunna janten salah saurang tina opat calon [[Partéy Whig Amérika Sarikat|Whig Party]] dina [[Pamilihan présidén AS 1836|pamilihan présidén AS 1836]], anu harita anjeunna éléh ku urang Démokrat [[Martin Van Buren]]. Dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840|pamilihan présidén 1840]], partéy nyalonkeun deui anjeunna, kalayan [[John Tyler]] salaku pasanganana, dina handapeun slogan kampanye "[[Tippecanoe and Tyler Too]]", sarta Harrison hasil ngéléhkeun Van Buren. Ngan tilu minggu saatos pelantikanana, Harrison kaserang panyakit sarta pupus sababaraha dinten saatosna. Saatos réngséna kateujelasan dina konstitusi ngeunaan suksési, Tyler janten présidén. Harrison émut ku sabab pajangjian-pajangjianana sareng pribumi Amérika, sarta ogé taktik kampanye pamilihanana anu kréatif. Anjeunna sering dileungitkeun dina [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat]] alatan pondokna mangsa jabatan anjeunna. ==Masa leutik sarta atikan== William Henry Harrison mangrupa anak katujuh sarta pangbungsuna ti [[Benjamin Harrison V]] jeung Elizabeth (Bassett) Harrison. Lahir dina 9 Pébruari 1773, di [[Berkeley Plantation]], bumi [[kulawarga Harrison ti Virginia]] di sisi [[Walungan James]] di [[Charles City County, Virginia|Charles City County]],{{sfn|Dowdey|1957|pp=291–315}} anjeunna janten [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] terakhir anu henteu lahir salaku warga nagara Amérika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://touringohio.com/profiles/harrison.html|title=William Henry Harrison|publisher=Touring Ohio, Heart of America|access-date=November 18, 2021}}</ref> Kulawarga Harrison nyaéta kulawarga pulitik nonjol katurunan Inggris anu karuhunna parantos aya di [[Virginia]] saprak taun 1630-an.<ref name= "Smith">{{cite book|editor-last1=Smith|editor-first1=Howard|editor-last2=Riley|editor-first2=Edward M.|title=Benjamin Harrison and the American Revolution|publisher=Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission|series=Virginia in the Revolution|year=1978|location=Williamsburg, VA|pages=59–65|oclc=4781472}}</ref> Ramana mangrupa saurang juragan kebon "planter" di Virginia, anu ngabdi salaku delegasi dina [[Kongrés Kontinental]] sarta nandatanganan [[Déklarasi Kamerdikaan Amérika Sarikat|Déklarasi Kamerdikaan]].<ref name= "Smith"/> Ramana ogé ngabdi dina législatur Virginia sarta janten gubernur Virginia kalima (1781–1784) salami sarta saatos mangsa [[Perang Révolusi Amérika]].<ref name= "Smith"/> Lanceuk Harrison, [[Carter Bassett Harrison]], ngawakilan Virginia dina DPR (1793–1799).<ref>{{cite web|title=Carter Bassett Harrison|work=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|publisher=U.S. Congress|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000266|access-date=September 14, 2016}}</ref> William Henry mindeng nyebut dirina salaku "anak révolusi", jalaran anjeunna memang digedékeun di bumi anu jarakna ngan {{convert|30|mi|abbr=on}} ti tempat Washington meunangkeun perang ngalawan Inggris dina [[Perang Yorktown|Battle of Yorktown]].<ref name="Freehling">{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Life Before the Presidency| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/life-before-the-presidency| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 8, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Harrison dididik di bumi "tutored" dugi ka yuswa 14 taun nalika anjeunna sakola di [[Hampden–Sydney College]], hiji paguron luhur [[Présbitérianisme|Presbyterian]] di [[Hampden Sydney, Virginia]].<ref name= "Smith"/><ref name=Perrysburg>{{cite web|url=https://www.historicperrysburg.org/wh-harrison|title=W. H. Harrison biography|publisher=Perrysburg, Ohio|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> Anjeunna diajar di dinya salami tilu taun, nampi atikan klasik anu ngawengku basa Latin, Yunani, Perancis, logika, sarta debat.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=18}}{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=45}} Ramana anu nganut [[Épiskopalian]] mindahkeun anjeunna ti paguron luhur éta, kamungkinan kusabab alesan kaagamaan, sarta saatos cicing samentara di hiji akademi di [[Southampton County, Virginia]], sarta sareng lanceukna [[Benjamin Harrison VI]] di [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], anjeunna angkat ka [[Philadelphia]] dina taun 1790.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=14}} Ramana pupus dina ''musim semi'' taun 1791, sarta anjeunna diasuh ku [[Robert Morris (bankir)|Robert Morris]], saurang sobat dalit kulawargana di Philadelphia.<ref name= "Rabin">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedp.com/article/2017/01/william-henry-harrison-history|title=A Penn graduate in the Oval Office|last=Rabin|first=Alex|date=January 25, 2017|work=[[The Daily Pennsylvanian]]|access-date=April 3, 2019}}</ref> Anjeunna diajar kedokteran di [[Universitas Pennsylvania]]. Nalika di Penn, anjeunna diajar sareng [[Benjamin Rush]], salah saurang "founding father" Amérika Sarikat anu ogé profesor [[kimia]] sareng kedokteran di Penn, sarta [[William Shippen Sr.]]<ref name= "Rabin"/> Lanceukna William Harrison mewariskeun sadaya kabeungharan ramana, sahingga William kakirangan waragad pikeun neraskeun sakola kedokteranana, anu tétéla anjeunna ogé henteu pati mikaresep widang éta.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna kaluar ti Penn, sanajan arsip sakola nyatet anjeunna salaku "alumnus non-lulusan ti kelas sakola kedokteran Penn taun 1793".<ref name= "Rabin"/> Ku ayana pangaruh ti sobat ramana, Gubernur [[Henry Lee III]], anjeunna ngamimitian karier militerna.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=16}} ===Karier militer awal=== Dina tanggal 16 Agustus 1791, dina jero waktu 24 jam saatos pendak sareng Lee, William Harrison anu yuswana 18 taun diangkat janten [[Ensign (pangkat)#Amérika Sarikat|ensign]] dina [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Sarikat]] sarta ditugaskeun ka [[Rézimén Kahiji Amérika|First American Regiment]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Anjeunna mimitina ditugaskeun di [[Bénténg Washington (Ohio)|Fort Washington]], [[Cincinnati]] di [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]] di mana angkatan darat harita nuju kalibet dina [[Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér|Northwest Indian War]] anu nuju lumangsung.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=14, 16, 22}} Penulis biografi [[William W. Freehling]] nyebutkeun yén Harrison ngora, dina tindakan militer munggaranana, ngumpulkeun sakitar dalapan puluh urang nu sok néangan hiburan sarta nu sok nyieun kaributan ti jalanan Philadelphia, ngolo maranéhna sangkan nandatanganan surat pendaptaran militer, sarta mawa maranéhna ka Fort Washington.<ref name="Freehling"/> ===Karier militer awal=== Dina tanggal 16 Agustus 1791, dina jero waktu 24 jam saatos pendak sareng Lee, William Harrison anu yuswana 18 taun diangkat janten [[Ensign (pangkat)#Amérika Sarikat|ensign]] dina [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Sarikat]] sarta ditugaskeun ka [[Rézimén Kahiji Amérika|First American Regiment]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Anjeunna mimitina ditugaskeun di [[Bénténg Washington (Ohio)|Fort Washington]], [[Cincinnati]] di [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]] di mana angkatan darat harita nuju kalibet dina [[Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér|Northwest Indian War]] anu nuju lumangsung.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=14, 16, 22}} Penulis biografi [[William W. Freehling]] nyebutkeun yén Harrison ngora, dina tindakan militer munggaranana, ngumpulkeun sakitar dalapan puluh urang nu sok néangan hiburan sarta nu sok nyieun kaributan ti jalanan Philadelphia, ngolo maranéhna sangkan nandatanganan surat pendaptaran militer, sarta mawa maranéhna ka Fort Washington.<ref name="Freehling"/> Harrison ditaékkeun pangkatna janten [[Létnan hiji (Amérika Sarikat)|lieutenant]] saatos Mayor Jenderal [[Anthony Wayne|"Mad Anthony" Wayne]] nyepeng paréntah pasukan bagian kulon dina taun 1792, saatos kéléhan anu kacida parahna di handapeun [[Arthur St. Clair]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Dina taun 1793, anjeunna janten [[aide-de-camp]] Wayne sarta meunangkeun kaparigelan pikeun mingpin hiji pasukan di wilayah wates ("frontier");<ref name=Perrysburg/> anjeunna milu ancrub dina kameunangan Wayne anu nangtukeun dina [[Perang Fallen Timbers|Battle of Fallen Timbers]] tanggal 20 Agustus 1794, anu mungkas Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=23–26}} Anjeunna nampi pangajén kieu ti Wayne pikeun kalungguhanana dina éta perang: "Kuring kudu nambahkeun ngaran Aide-de-camp kuring anu satia tur gagah... Létnan Harrison, anu... méré palayanan anu pangpentingna ku cara nepikeun paréntah kuring ka unggal madhab... sikep sarta kawani anu ngahudangkeun sumanget pasukan pikeun ngahontal kameunangan."<ref name="Freehling"/> Harrison mangrupa salah saurang anu nandatanganan [[Pajangjian Greenville]] (1795), salaku saksi pikeun Wayne, negosiator utama pikeun AS.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Dina katangtuan éta pajangjian, koalisi urang Indindia nyerahkeun sabagian tina lahan maranéhna ka pamaréntah féderal, anu muka dua per tilu wilayah [[Ohio]] pikeun padumukan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Paul David |year=1985 |title=Anthony Wayne, Soldier of the Early Republic |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0253307511 |url=https://archive.org/details/anthonywaynesold00nels/page/282 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anthonywaynesold00nels/page/282 282] }}</ref>{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=21, 28–30}} Nalika ibuna pupus dina taun 1793, Harrison mewariskeun sabagian ti harta kulawargana di Virginia, kalebet sakitar {{convert|3000|acre|km2}} lahan sarta sababaraha urang budak beulian ("slaves"). Anjeunna nuju ngabdi dina Angkatan Darat harita sarta ngical lahan éta ka lanceukna.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=39}} Harrison ditaékkeun pangkatna janten [[Kaptén (Amérika Sarikat O-3)|captain]] dina bulan Méi 1797 sarta ngundurkeun diri tina Angkatan Darat dina ping 1 Juni 1798.{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=67–69}} ===Pernikahan sarta kulawarga=== Harrison patepang sareng [[Anna Harrison|Anna Tuthill Symmes]] ti [[North Bend, Ohio]] dina taun 1795 nalika anjeunna yuswa 22 taun. Anna téh putri ti Anna Tuthill sareng Hakim [[John Cleves Symmes]], anu kantos ngabdi salaku kolonél dina Perang Révolusi sarta salaku wawakil dina [[Kongrés Konfédérasi]].{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=46}} Harrison nyuhunkeun idin ka hakim kanggo nikah ka Anna nanging ditolak, sahingga ieu pasangan téh ngantosan dugi ka Symmes angkat kanggé urusan bisnis. Maranéhna tuluy kawin lari sarta nikah dina ping 25 Nopémber 1795, di bumi Stephen Wood di North Bend, bendahara Téritori Kulon Kalér.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=38–39}} Maranéhna bulan madu di [[Bénténg Washington (Cincinnati, Ohio)|Fort Washington]], jalaran Harrison harita masih kénéh ngalaksanakeun tugas militer.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=40}} Hakim Symmes nyanghareupan anjeunna dua minggu saatosna dina jamuan perpisahan kanggé Jenderal Wayne, kalayan teugeug nanyakeun kumaha anjeunna bakal nganapkahan kulawarga. Harrison ngajawab, "ku pedang kuring, sarta ku leungeun katuhu kuring sorangan, Juragan".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/greatpresidentia00dole |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatpresidentia00dole/page/222 222] |title=Great Presidential Wit: – I Wish I was in this Book |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-0392-0 |last1=Dole |first1=Bob |author-link=Bob Dole|year=2001 }}</ref> Ieu pernikahan téh méré kauntungan kanggé Harrison, sabab ahirna anjeunna bisa ngamangpaatkeun hubungan mertuana sareng para spékulan tanah, anu ngagampangkeun anjeunna kanggé kaluar tina angkatan darat. Karagu-raguan Hakim Symmes ka anjeunna tetep aya, sakumaha anu ditulis ku anjeunna ka hiji sobatna, "Anjeunna teu bisa ngubaran (dokter), teu bisa méré pambélaan (pengacara), teu bisa ogé hutbah, sarta upami anjeunna bisa nguluku mah kuring bakal sugema."<ref name="Freehling"/> Hubunganana ahirna janten saé sareng mertuana, anu saatosna ngajual lahan saluareun {{convert|160|acres|ha}} di [[North Bend, Ohio|North Bend]] ka kulawarga Harrison, anu ngamungkinkeun Harrison kanggé ngawangun bumi sarta ngamimitian tatanén.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=40}} Anna mindeng gering salami pernikahan maranéhna, utamana alatan mindengna kakandungan, nanging anjeunna hirup 23 taun langkung lami batan William, sarta pupus dina ping 25 Pébruari 1864, dina yuswa 88 taun.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=18}}{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=56}} Kulawarga Harrison gaduh sapuluh putra: *Elizabeth Bassett (1796–1846) *John Cleves Symmes (1798–1830), anu nikah ka hiji-hijina putri [[Zebulon Pike]] anu salamet *Lucy Singleton (1800–1826) *William Henry Jr. (1802–1838) *[[John Scott Harrison|John Scott]] (1804–1878), ramana calon présidén AS [[Benjamin Harrison]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/H000272|title=John Scott Harrison|publisher=U. S. Congress|access-date=January 26, 2022}}</ref> *Benjamin (1806–1840) *Mary Symmes (1809–1842) *Carter Bassett (1811–1839) *Anna Tuthill (1813–1865) *James Findlay (1814–1817)<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Henry Harrison: Fast Facts| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=September 26, 2016}}</ref> Profesor Kenneth R. Janken, dina biografi [[Walter Francis White]], ngaku yén Harrison gaduh genep putra ti saurang awéwé Amérika-Afrika anu diperbudak kasebat [[Dilsia (budak)|Dilsia]] sarta, sateuacan nyalonkeun janten présidén, mikeun opat di antarana ka lanceukna kanggé nyingkahan skandal. Ieu pernyataan téh dumasar kana sajarah lisan kulawarga White.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kenneth Robert|last=Janken|title=White: The Biography of Walter White: Mr. NAACP|location=New York|publisher=The New York Press|year=2003|page=3|isbn=978-1-5658-4773-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Amber |title=Warren Harding and 5 other presidents who have faced 'love child' questions |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/13/warren-harding-and-the-5-other-presidents-who-have-faced-love-child-questions/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 13, 2015}}</ref> Dina biografi Harrison taun 2012, panulis [[Gail Collins]] ngajelaskeun yén ieu téh carita anu sigana moal leres, sanajan White percaya yén éta téh bener.{{sfn|Collins|2012|p=103}} ==Karier pulitik== Harrison ngamimitian karier pulitikna nalika anjeunna ngundurkeun diri samentara tina militer dina ping 1 Juni 1798, sarta ngayakeun kampanye di kalangan babaturan katut kulawargana pikeun meunangkeun kalungguhan dina pamaréntahan Téritori Kulon Kalér.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Sobat dalitna, [[Timothy Pickering]], harita nuju ngajabat salaku Sekretaris Nagara, sarta dibarengan ku pangaruh ti Hakim Symmes, anjeunna dirékoméndasikeun pikeun ngagentos [[Winthrop Sargent]], sekretaris téritori anu nuju lungsur jabatan.<ref name="Freehling"/> Présidén [[John Adams]] ngangkat Harrison kana éta jabatan dina bulan Juli 1798.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Pagawéan nyatet sagala kagiatan téritori téh karasana kacida ngabosankeunana, sarta teu lami anjeunna janten bosen, tuluy nyiar kasempetan pikeun nempatan posisi dina Kongrés AS.{{sfn|Greene|2007|p=44}} ===Kongrés AS=== [[File:W.H. Harrison ca. 1800.jpg|thumb|left|Hiji citakan potrét ukiran Harrison dina yuswa 27 taun, salaku anggota delegasi [[DPR Amérika Sarikat|U.S. House of Representatives]] ti [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]], ku [[Charles Balthazar Julien Févret de Saint-Mémin]], {{Circa|1800}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2007676954/|title=William Henry Harrison, 9th Pres. of United States|last=de Saint-Mémin|first= Charles Balthazar Julien Fevret|date=January 1800 |publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=August 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/bio9.htm|title=Biographical Sketch–William Henry Harrison|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=August 5, 2016}}</ref>]] Harrison gaduh seueur réngréngan sobat di kalangan aristokrat Wétan sarta gancang meunangkeun reputasi di antara maranéhna salaku pamingpin wilayah wates ("frontier"). Anjeunna ngajalankeun usaha tatanén sarta panyatuaan kuda anu suksés, anu matak anjeunna meunangkeun pangaku-ngaku di sakuliah [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Kongrés parantos netepkeun kawijakan téritori anu ngabalukarkeun luhurna harga lahan, hiji pasualan utama pikeun para padumuk di Téritori éta; Harrison janten jawara maranéhna pikeun nurunkeun éta harga. Populasi Téritori Kulon Kalér ngahontal jumlah anu cukup pikeun gaduh delegasi kongrés dina Oktober 1799, sarta Harrison maju dina pamilihan.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Anjeunna ngayakeun kampanye pikeun ngarojong migrasi salajengna ka éta téritori, anu ahirna ngabalukarkeun parobahan status janten nagara bagian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/history/files/interritory.pdf|title=Indiana Territory|publisher=The Indiana Historian|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> Harrison ngéléhkeun Arthur St. Clair Jr. pikeun janten delegasi kongrés munggaran Téritori Kulon Kalér dina taun 1798 dina yuswa 26 taun, sarta ngabdi dina [[Kongrés ka-genep Amérika Sarikat]] ti 4 Maret 1799 dugi ka 14 Méi 1800.<ref name="wh">{{cite web|title=William Henry Harrison Biography |work=About The White House: Presidents |publisher=The White House |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/presidents/williamhenryharrison |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233458/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhenryharrison/ |archive-date=January 22, 2009|access-date=November 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="cb">{{cite web|title=William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) Biography|publisher=United States Congress|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=h000279|access-date=February 4, 2009}}</ref> Anjeunna teu gaduh wewenang pikeun méré sora (voting) dina rancangan undang-undang, nanging diidinan pikeun ngabdi dina komite, ngajukeun panerapan, sarta aub dina debat.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=45–48}} Anjeunna janten pupuhu Komite Lahan Publik sarta ngamajukeun "Land Act of 1800", anu ngagampangkeun pameseran lahan Téritori Kulon Kalér dina kapling anu langkung alit kalayan harga anu langkung mirah.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Para nu gaduh lahan diidinan meuli kapling leutik kalayan artos panjer (DP) ngan lima persén, sarta ieu janten faktor penting dina kamekaran populasi Téritori anu gancang.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=161}} Harrison ogé boga peran penting dina ngatur babagian Téritori janten dua bagian.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Bagian wétan tetep kawanoh salaku Téritori Kulon Kalér sarta ngawengku wilayah anu ayeuna janten [[Ohio]] sareng bagian wétan [[Michigan]]; bagian kulon dingaranan [[Téritori Indiana|Indiana Territory]] sarta ngawengku wilayah anu ayeuna janten [[Indiana]], [[Illinois]], [[Wisconsin]], sabagian kulon [[Michigan]], sarta sabagian wétan [[Minnesota]]. Dua téritori anyar ieu sacara resmi diadegkeun dumasar hukum dina taun 1800.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=47–48}} Dina ping 13 Méi 1800, Présidén [[John Adams]] ngangkat Harrison salaku gubernur Téritori Indiana, dumasar kana hubunganana sareng wilayah kulon sarta sikep pulitikna anu katingalna nétral.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=50–51}} Anjeunna ngabdi dina jabatan ieu salami dua belas taun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/governors-portraits/list-of-governors/indiana-territorial-governor-william-henry-harrison-1773-1841|title=Indiana Territorial Governor|date=December 15, 2020|publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref> Jabatan gubernurna dikonfirmasi ku Sénat sarta anjeunna ngundurkeun diri ti Kongrés pikeun janten gubernur téritori Indiana munggaran dina taun 1801.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}}{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=50–53}} ===Gubernur téritori Indiana=== {{see also|Sajarah perbudakan di Indiana|Téritori Indiana}} Harrison ngamimitian tugasna dina ping 10 Januari 1801, di [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]], puseur dayeuh Téritori Indiana.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=53}} Présidén [[Thomas Jefferson]] sareng [[James Madison]] mangrupa anggota Partéy Démokratik-Républik, sarta maranéhna ngangkat deui anjeunna janten gubernur dina taun 1803, 1806, sarta 1809.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Dina taun 1804, Harrison ditugaskeun pikeun ngokolakeun pamaréntahan sipil di [[Distrik Louisiana]]. Anjeunna ngajalankeun urusan distrik éta salami lima minggu dugi ka Téritori Louisiana sacara resmi diadegkeun dina ping 4 Juli 1805, sarta Brigadir Jenderal [[James Wilkinson]] nyepeng tugas salaku gubernur.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=21}} Dina taun 1805, Harrison ngawangun bumi gaya perkebunan caket Vincennes anu dingaranan [[Grouseland]], salaku panghormat kana manuk-manuk anu aya di éta lahan.{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=46}} Bumi anu gaduh 26 kamar éta mangrupa salah sahiji wangunan bata munggaran di téritori kasebat;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000018_text|title=Grouseland|publisher=National Register of Historic Places|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> sarta janten puseur kahirupan sosial katut pulitik di téritori salami anjeunna ngajabat gubernur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visitvincennes.org/attractions/grouseland-president-william-henry-harrison-mansion/|title=Grouseland|publisher=Historic Vincennes|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> Harrison ngadegkeun hiji universitas di Vincennes dina taun 1801, anu diresmikeun janten [[Universitas Vincennes]] dina ping 29 Nopémber 1806.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vinu.edu/web/guest/about-us |title=History – Vincennes University |publisher=Vincennes University |access-date=November 8, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816120836/http://www.vinu.edu/web/guest/about-us |archive-date=August 16, 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816120836/http://www.vinu.edu/web/guest/about-us |date=August 16, 2016 }}</ref> Puseur dayeuh téritori ahirna dipindahkeun ka [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]] dina taun 1813, sarta Harrison ngawangun bumi kadua di deukeut [[Harrison Spring|Harrison Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|url =https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/25b93/N/Corydon_HD_Harrison_CO_Nom.pdf|title =National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Corydon Historic District|access-date=November 30, 2021|last=Griffin|first=Frederick Porter| date=1972}}</ref> Tanggung jawab utama Harrison nyaéta kanggé kéngingkeun hak milik atas lahan Indindia anu bakal ngamungkinkeun padumukan di mangsa hareup sarta ningkatkeun populasi téritori, anu janten sarat kanggé janten nagara bagian. Anjeunna ogé sumanget kanggé ngalegaan téritori kusabab alesan pribadi, jalaran nasib pulitikna kabeungkeut kana robahna status [[Indiana]] janten nagara bagian.<ref name="Freehling"/> Salami anjeunna kéngingkeun kauntungan tina spékulasi tanah kanggé kapentingan pribadina, sarta miboga dua usaha panggilingan, anjeunna diaku salaku administrator anu saé, kalayan ayana perbaikan anu signifikan dina jalan sarta infrastruktur sanésna.<ref name="Freehling"/> Nalika Harrison diangkat deui janten gubernur téritori Indiana dina ping 8 Pébruari 1803, anjeunna dipasihan wewenang anu langkung lega kanggé ngayakeun rundayan sarta mutuskeun pajangjian sareng urang Indindia.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} [[Pajangjian St. Louis (1804)]] sareng [[Quashquame]] meryogikeun suku [[Suku Sauk|Sauk]] sareng [[Meskwaki]] kanggé nyerahkeun sabagian ageung wilayah kulon Illinois sarta sabagian [[Missouri]]. Seueur urang Sauk anu teu rido kana leungitna éta lahan, utamana pamingpin maranéhna, [[Black Hawk (pamingpin Sauk)|Black Hawk]].{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=87–89}} Harrison mikir yén [[Pajangjian Grouseland]] (1805) parantos ngademkeun sabagian urang Indindia, nanging kaayaan tetep panas di wilayah wates. [[Pajangjian Fort Wayne (1809)]] nimbulkeun katéngtréman anyar nalika Harrison mésér langkung ti {{convert|2.5|e6acre|km2|abbr=unit}} ti suku Potawatomi, Delaware, Miami, sareng Eel River. Sababaraha urang Indindia mangmang kana wewenang suku-suku anu milu dina éta pajangjian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/national-museum-american-indian/2017/09/29/treaty-fort-wayne-1809/|title=Treaty of Fort Wayne, 1809|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> Harrison ogé tiasa ngajalankeun rupa-rupa urusan tanpa ditaros deui ku pamaréntah, jalaran administrasi pindah tangan ti Jefferson ka Madison.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna ngalaksanakeun prosés pajangjian sacara agrésif, nawarkeun subsidi ageung ka suku-suku sarta pamingpin maranéhna, supados kéngingkeun dukungan pulitik ti Jefferson sateuacan anjeunna lungsur jabatan.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/william-henry-harrison-shady-treaty-maker-and-indian-land-taker|title=William Henry Harrison: Shady Treaty Maker (quoting Owens)|publisher=Indian Country Today|last=Landry|first=Alysa|date=September 13, 2018 |access-date=November 14, 2021}}</ref> Panulis biografi Freehling negeskeun yén urang Indindia nganggap kapamilikan tanah téh milik babarengan, sapertos hawa anu diseuseup. Dina taun 1805, Harrison hasil kéngingkeun dugi ka 51.000.000 héktar lahan kanggé nagara ti urang Indindia, saatos nyuguhan lima kapala sukuna ku inuman keras, kalayan harga teu langkung ti sadolar per 20.000 héktar {{USDCY|1|1805}}, anu ngawengku dua per tilu wilayah [[Illinois]] sarta sabagian ageung Wisconsin jeung Missouri.<ref name="Freehling"/> Salian ti nimbulkeun katéngtréman sareng urang Indindia, sikep Harrison anu ngarojong perbudakan ngajantenkeun anjeunna teu dipikaresep ku para [[Abolisionisme di Amérika Sarikat|abolisionis]] di Téritori Indiana, jalaran anjeunna nyobian pisan ngamajukeun perbudakan di éta téritori. Dina taun 1803, anjeunna ngalobi Kongrés kanggé nunda samentara salami sapuluh taun Pasal VI tina [[Ordonansi Kulon Kalér]] anu ngalarang perbudakan di Téritori Indiana.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=68–69}} Sanajan Harrison negeskeun yén panundaan éta diperyogikeun kanggé ngadorong padumukan sarta ngajantenkeun téritori mandiri sacara ékonomi sarta siap janten nagara bagian, usul éta gagal.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=69–72}} Alatan gagalna panundaan Pasal VI, dina taun 1807 législatur téritori, kalayan dukungan Harrison, ngesahkeun undang-undang anu ngawenangkeun "indentured servitude" (pagawé beulian kontrak) sarta masihan wewenang ka dunungan kanggé nangtukeun lami waktos damelna.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/iht519802.html|title=Freedom's Early Ring|publisher=Illinois Periodicals Online|access-date=December 1, 2021|archive-date=November 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108185052/https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/iht519802.html|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108185052/https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/iht519802.html |date=November 8, 2021 }}</ref> Présidén Jefferson, nu nulis utama Ordonansi Kulon Kalér, ngayakeun pajangjian rasiah sareng [[James Lemen]] kanggé ngéléhkeun gerakan pro-perbudakan anu dirojong ku Harrison.<ref name="Peck">{{cite book|last=Peck|first=J. M.|publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=1915|title=The Jefferson-Lemen Compact|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNASAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA32 |access-date=March 28, 2010}}</ref> Anjeunna nyumbang $100 kanggé ngadorong Lemen dina gerakan abolisi sareng padamelan saé sanésna, sarta saatosna (dina taun 1808) nyumbang deui $20 {{USDCY|20|1808}} kanggé ngabantosan waragad garéja anu kawanoh salaku Bethel Baptist Church.<ref name="Peck"/> Di [[Indiana]], diadegkeunana garéja anti-perbudakan ngadorong warga kanggé nandatanganan pétisi sarta ngayakeun gerakan pulitik kanggé ngéléhkeun usaha Harrison dina ngalégalkeun perbudakan di téritori.<ref name="Peck"/> [[Téritori Indiana]] ngayakeun pamilihan kanggé majelis luhur sareng handap législatur kanggé munggaranana dina taun 1809. Harrison mendakan dirina teu sapamadegan sareng législatur saatos golongan abolisionis nyepeng kakawasaan, sarta bagian wétan Téritori Indiana tumuwuh janten wilayah anu seueur populasi anti-perbudakanana.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=21}} Majelis umum Téritori ngayakeun sidang dina taun 1810, sarta faksi anti-perbudakan langsung ngabatalkeun undang-undang "indentured servitude" anu sateuacanana disahkeun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.capitolandwashington.com/blog/2021/02/25/a-brief-history-of-race-and-politics-in-indiana|title= A Brief History of Race and Politics in Indiana|date= February 25, 2021|publisher=Capitol & Washington|access-date=December 1, 2021}}</ref> Saatos taun 1809, législatur Indiana nyepeng wewenang anu langkung ageung sarta téritori éta maju nuju status nagara bagian.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} ==Jenderal Angkatan Darat== ===Tecumseh sareng Tippecanoe=== {{main|Perang Tecumseh|Perang Tippecanoe}} Lalawanan urang Indindia kana ékspansi Amérika ngahontal puncatna di handapeun lulugu dua sadulur suku Shawnee, [[Tecumseh]] sareng [[Tenskwatawa]] ("Sang Nabi"), dina konflik anu kawanoh salaku [[Perang Tecumseh]].{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=158–160}} Tenskwatawa ngayakinkeun suku-suku yén maranéhna bakal dijaga ku [[Roh Agung]] sarta moal aya bahaya anu ninggang upami maranéhna ngalawan para padumuk. Anjeunna ngadorong lalawanan ku cara nitah suku-suku sangkan mayar padagang bule ngan satengah tina hutangna sarta miceun sagala cara hirup jalma bule, kalebet pakéan, sanjata musket, sarta utamana inuman keras (whiskey).{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=158–160}} Harrison nampi béja ngeunaan ieu lalawanan ti mata-mata anu diteundeun di jero suku-suku éta, sarta ménta Madison kanggé ngawaragadan persiapan militer. Madison lila mutuskeunana, sarta Harrison nyobian ngayakeun rundayan ku cara ngintunkeun serat ka Tecumseh anu unina, "Blue Coats (prajurit AD AS) kami leuwih loba ti batan nu bisa kairit ku anjeun, sarta baju moro kami (milisi sukaréla) loba lir ibarat dangdaunan di leuweung atawa keusik di sisi walungan Wabash."<ref name="Freehling"/> [[File:Tecumseh02.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambaran [[Tecumseh]] taun 1915, anu dipercaya mangrupa turunan tina sketsa taun 1808]] Dina Agustus 1810, Tecumseh mingpin 400 prajurit nyorang [[Walungan Wabash]] kanggé papendak sareng Harrison di Vincennes. Maranéhna dangdos make cet perang, sarta jolna anu ujug-ujug téh mimitina mah nyieun miris para prajurit di Vincennes.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=164}} Para pamingpin éta kelompok dianteur ka [[Grouseland]], tempat maranéhna panggih jeung Harrison. Tecumseh nyarékan Harrison anu dianggapna sok nganggap réntéh, sarta keukeuh yén Pajangjian Fort Wayne téh teu sah, kalayan alesan yén hiji suku teu bisa ngajual tanah tanpa aya kasatujuan ti suku-suku séjénna. Anjeunna ménta Harrison kanggé ngabatalkeunana sarta ngingetkeun yén urang Amérika ulah nyoba nempatan lahan anu dijual dina éta pajangjian.<ref name="Freehling"/> Tecumseh ogé ngabéjaan Harrison yén anjeunna parantos ngancam bakal maéhan kapala-kapala suku anu nandatanganan pajangjian upami maranéhna ngajalankeun eusina, sarta nyebutkeun yén konpédérasi sukuna nuju tumuwuh gancang.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Harrison ngajawab yén unggal suku téh nu boga lahan masing-masing sarta bébas ngajualna sakahayangna. Anjeunna nolak klaim Tecumseh yén sakabéh urang Indindia téh hiji bangsa sarta nyebutkeun yén unggal suku bisa boga hubungan misah jeung Amérika Sarikat. Harrison boga pamadegan yén lamun enya Indindia téh hiji bangsa, tangtu Roh Agung bakal nyieun sakabéh suku nyarita dina hiji basa anu sarua.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Tecumseh ngaluarkeun "bantahan anu kacida sumangetna", dumasar kana basa saurang sejarawan, nanging Harrison teu ngalarti kana basana.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Tecumseh tuluy ngagorowok ka Harrison sarta nyebutna tukang bohong.<ref name="Freehling"/> Saurang urang Shawnee anu mihak ka Harrison nyiapkeun pistulna ti sisi kanggé méré tanda ka Harrison yén pidato Tecumseh bakal mawa kaributan, sarta sababaraha saksi ngalaporkeun yén Tecumseh nuju ngahudangkeun sumanget para prajuritna kanggé maéhan Harrison. Seueur di antarana mimiti ngaluarkeun sanjata, anu janten ancaman nyata kanggé Harrison sarta éta kota anu pangeusina ngan 1.000 urang. Harrison nyabut pedangna, sarta para prajurit Tecumseh mundur nalika para perwira militer ogé nyiapkeun sanjata kanggé ngabéla Harrison.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Kapala Suku [[Winamac]] anu bageur ka Harrison males argumén Tecumseh, mépéndé para prajurit sangkan baralik kalayan tengtrem sakumaha maranéhna datang kalayan tengtrem. Sateuacan angkat, Tecumseh ngabéjaan Harrison yén anjeunna bakal nyiar aliansi jeung Inggris upami Pajangjian Fort Wayne teu dibatalkeun.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=166}} Saatos éta pasamoan, Tecumseh indit nepungan loba suku di wilayah éta kalayan harepan bisa nyieun hiji [[Konpédérasi Tecumseh|konpédérasi]] kanggé merangan Amérika Sarikat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Tecumseh|title=Tecumseh|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=November 21, 2021}}</ref> Harrison hariwang yén peta Tecumseh bakal ngancam status nagara bagian Indiana, sarta ogé masa depan pulitikna, ku cara ngantepkeun éta wilayah janten "pancicingan sababaraha urang biadab anu sangsara".<ref name="Freehling"/> Nalika Tecumseh nuju iinditan dina taun 1811, anjeunna masrahkeun kakuatan Indindia ka Tenskwatawa. Harrison ningali ieu salaku kasempetan, sarta méré saran ka Sekretaris Perang [[William Eustis]] kanggé mintonkeun kakuatan ka konpédérasi Indindia.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=167}} Sanajan parantos 13 taun teu turun ka médan perang, Harrison hasil ngayakinkeun Madison jeung Eustis kanggé méré wewenang paréntah ka anjeunna.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna mingpin pasukan ka kalér kalayan 950 urang prajurit kanggé nyingsieunan suku Shawnee sangkan daék damai, nanging suku-suku éta kalah ngalakukeun serangan dadakan dina wanci subuh ping 7 Nopémber dina [[Perang Tippecanoe|Battle of Tippecanoe]].{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=168}} Harrison bales narajang sarta hasil ngéléhkeun kakuatan suku-suku éta di [[Prophetstown State Park|Prophetstown]] di sisi walungan Wabash jeung [[Walungan Tippecanoe]]; ieu perang janten kasohor sarta anjeunna dipuji salaku pahlawan nasional. Sanajan pasukanna kaleungitan 62 urang anu palastra sarta 126 tatu, sarta urang Shawnee ngan 150 urang anu jadi korban, nanging visi "sang nabi" ngeunaan panangtayungan gaib téh geus runtag. Tenskwatawa sarta pasukanna kabur ka Kanada, sarta gerakan maranéhna kanggé ngahijikeun suku-suku di wilayah éta dina nolak asimilasi téh gagal.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=169}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Pirtle|first=Alfred|publisher=John P. Morton & Co.|year=1900|location=Louisville|title=The Battle of Tippecanoe| page=158 |isbn=978-0-7222-6509-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvA7AAAAMAAJ&q=Pirtle,+Alfred.+(1900).+The+Battle+of+Tippecanoe&pg=PR1}}</ref> Nalika ngalaporkeun ka Sekretaris Eustis, Harrison ngabéjaan yén aya perang deukeut Walungan Tippecanoe sarta anjeunna memang parantos ngantisipasi serangan éta. Laporan munggaran tacan écés pihak mana anu meunang, sahingga sekretaris nyangka éta téh hiji kéléhan, dugi ka aya laporan susulan anu ngajéntrékeun kaayaanana.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=219–220}} Nalika taya serangan kadua, kéléhan [[Suku Shawnee|Shawnee]] téh janten beuki pasti. Eustis nanyakeun naha Harrison teu ngayakeun persiapan anu cukup kanggé ngabénténgan kémahna tina serangan awal, sarta Harrison ngajawab yén anjeunna nganggap posisi harita geus cukup kuat. Ieu pacogrégan téh janten bibit masalah antara Harrison sareng Departemén Perang anu nuluy dugi ka mangsa Perang 1812.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Indiana|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryindiana00dillgoog|last=Dillon|first=John Brown|publisher=Bingham & Doughty|year=1859|isbn=978-0-253-20305-2|pages=466–471}}</ref> Freehling nyebutkeun yén kaparigelan Harrison anu tos "karahaan" ngabalukarkeun pasukanna nyieun hawu (api unggun) dina peuting sateuacan perang, anu matak posisi maranéhna katingali ku musuh sarta ngabalukarkeun serangan dadakan katut lobana korban.<ref name="Freehling"/> Mimitina mah média massa teu pati ngaliput ieu perang, dugi ka aya hiji koran di Ohio anu salah nafsirkeun laporan munggaran Harrison anu dikira éléh.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=220}} Nanging dina bulan Désémber, lolobana koran utama di Amérika parantos midangkeun carita ngeunaan kameunangan éta, sarta amarah publik ka urang Shawnee beuki ningkat.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=220–222}} Urang Amérika nyalahkeun Inggris anu dianggap ngangsonan suku-suku Indindia kanggé ngalakukeun kekerasan sarta nyadiakeun sanjata api, sarta Kongrés ngaluarkeun résolusi anu nyawad Inggris alatan pipilueun kana urusan jero nagara Amérika. Kongrés [[Déklarasi perang Amérika Sarikat ka Britania Raya|nyatakeun perang dina ping 18 Juni 1812]], sarta Harrison ninggalkeun Vincennes kanggé nyiar kalungguhan militer deui.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} ===Perang 1812=== [[File:Rembrandt Peale - William Henry Harrison - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Ieu potrét Harrison mimitina némbongkeun anjeunna nganggo papakéan sipil salaku delegasi kongrés dina taun 1800; seragamna nembé ditambahkeun saatos anjeunna ngabdi dina Perang 1812.|329x329px]] Pecahna perang sareng Inggris dina taun 1812 ngabalukarkeun konflik anu nuluy sareng urang Indindia di wilayah Kulon Kalér. Harrison kungsi ngabdi sakeudeung salaku mayor jenderal dina milisi [[Kentucky]] dugi ka pamaréntah ngangkat anjeunna dina ping 17 Séptémber pikeun mingpin [[Angkatan Darat Kulon Kalér (Amérika Sarikat)|Army of the Northwest]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Anjeunna nampi bayaran militer féderal pikeun jasana, sarta anjeunna ogé tetep nampi gaji gubernur téritori ti Séptémber dugi ka 28 Désémber, nalika anjeunna sacara resmi ngundurkeun diri tina jabatan gubernur sarta neraskeun pangabdian militerna. Panulis Gugin sarta St. Clair nyebutkeun yén éta pangunduran diri téh dipaksakeun ka anjeunna.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Harrison digantikeun ku John Gibson salaku palaksana tugas gubernur téritori.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Urang Amérika nandang kéléhan dina [[pangepungan Detroit]]. Jenderal [[James Winchester (jenderal)|James Winchester]] nawarkeun pangkat brigadir jenderal ka Harrison, nanging Harrison hoyong nyepeng kakawasaan pinuh atas angkatan darat éta. Présidén [[James Madison]] ngalungsurkeun Winchester tina jabatanana dina bulan Séptémber, sarta Harrison janten komandan pikeun para prajurit anu nembé ditarima.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Anjeunna nampi paréntah pikeun ngarebut deui Detroit sarta ngahudangkeun sumanget pasukan, nanging mimitina anjeunna nahan diri, jalaran teu kersa rurusuhan mawa perang ka arah kalér.<ref name="Freehling"/> Pasukan Inggris sareng sekutu Indindiana jauh langkung seueur jumlahna dibandingkeun pasukan Harrison, sahingga Harrison ngawangun posisi pertahanan salami usum tiris di sapanjang [[Walungan Maumee]] di kalér-kulon Ohio. Anjeunna dingaranan [[Bénténg Meigs|Fort Meigs]] kanggé ngahormat gubernur Ohio [[Return J. Meigs Jr.]] Anjeunna tuluy nampi pasukan bantuan dina taun 1813, mimiti narajang, sarta mingpin angkatan darat ka kalér pikeun perang. Anjeunna kéngingkeun kameunangan di Téritori Indiana sarta Ohio, sarta hasil ngarebut deui Detroit sateuacan nyerang ka [[Kanada]] Luhur ([[Ontario]]). Pasukanna ngéléhkeun Inggris, sarta Tecumseh palastra, dina ping 5 Oktober 1813, dina [[Perang Thames|Battle of the Thames]]. Ieu dianggap salaku salah sahiji kameunangan gedé Amérika dina perang éta, kadua saatos [[Perang New Orleans|Battle of New Orleans]], sarta ngukuhkeun reputasi nasional pikeun Harrison.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=257–70}}<ref name="Freehling"/> Dina taun 1814, Sekretaris Perang [[John Armstrong Jr.]] ngabagi komando angkatan darat, nempatkeun Harrison di hiji pos anu jauh sarta mikeun kadali garis hareup ka salah saurang bawahan Harrison.{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=232–244}} Armstrong sareng Harrison teu sapamadegan ngeunaan kurangna koordinasi sarta éféktivitas dina invasi ka Kanada, sahingga Harrison ngundurkeun diri tina angkatan darat dina bulan Méi.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=290–291}}{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=24}} Saatos perang réngsé, Kongrés ngayakeun pamariksaan kana pangunduran diri Harrison sarta nangtukeun yén Armstrong parantos nindak sacara sawenang-wenang ka Harrison salami kampanye militerna sarta pangunduran dirina téh mémang boga alesan anu kuat. Kongrés nganugrahkeun medali emas ka Harrison pikeun jasa-jasana salami perang.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Presidential Series – William H. Harrison|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Presidential-Series/William-H-Harrison/|access-date=June 18, 2020|publisher=National Guard}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918175742/https://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Presidential-Series/William-H-Harrison/ |date=September 18, 2020 }}</ref> Harrison sareng Gubernur [[Téritori Michigan]] [[Lewis Cass]] tanggung jawab pikeun ngayakeun rundayan [[Pajangjian Greenville (1814)|pajangjian damai]] sareng urang Indindia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Treaty_with_the_Wyandots,_Delawares,_Shawnees,_Senecas,_and_Miamis_(1814)|title=Treaty with the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Senecas, and Miamis (1814)|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=December 1, 2021}}</ref> Présidén Madison ngangkat Harrison dina bulan Juni 1815 pikeun mantuan rundayan pajangjian kadua sareng urang Indindia anu kawanoh salaku [[Pajangjian Springwells]], di mana suku-suku éta nyerahkeun lahan anu lega di wilayah kulon, nyadiakeun lahan tambahan pikeun pameseran sarta padumukan Amérika.<ref name="cb"/> ==Kahirupan saatos perang== ===Politikus Ohio sarta diplomat=== [[File:WmHHarrison-poster.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.95|Postér anu muji kana sagala prestasi Harrison]] Harrison ngundurkeun diri tina angkatan darat dina taun 1814, teu lami sateuacan réngséna Perang 1812, sarta mulang deui ka kulawarga katut tegalanana di [[North Bend, Ohio]].<ref name="Freehling"/> Freehling nyebatkeun yén pengeluaranana harita jauh langkung ageung batan panghasilanana sahingga anjeunna kabeulit hutang, yén Harrison langkung milih "popularitas batan kawajiban" ku cara milarian pujian dina pésta-pésta di New York, Washington, sarta Philadelphia, sarta janten jalma anu moro jabatan.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna kapilih dina taun 1816 pikeun ngaréngsékeun masa jabatan [[John McLean]] di DPR AS, ngawakilan [[distrik kongrés ka-1 Ohio]] dugi ka taun 1819. Anjeunna nyobian kéngingkeun jabatan Sekretaris Perang di handapeun Présidén Monroe dina taun 1817 nanging éléh ku [[John C. Calhoun]]. Anjeunna ogé teu kabagéan jabatan diplomatik ka Rusia.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna kapilih janten anggota [[Sénat Ohio]] dina taun 1819 sarta ngabdi dugi ka taun 1821, saatos éléh dina pamilihan gubernur Ohio taun 1820.<ref name="cb" /> Anjeunna maju dina [[Pamilihan DPR Amérika Sarikat di Ohio 1822|pamilihan 1822]] pikeun DPR Amérika Sarikat, nanging éléh ku [[James W. Gazlay]].<ref name="Freehling"/><ref>{{cite web |title=A New Nation Votes |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/pg15bf880 |website=Tufts Digital Collections and Archives |access-date=March 5, 2022 |date=January 11, 2012}}</ref> Anjeunna kapilih janten anggota Sénat AS dina taun 1824, sarta janten pamilih présidén (elector) Ohio dina taun 1820 pikeun [[James Monroe]]{{sfn|Taylor|Taylor|1899|p=102}} sarta pikeun [[Henry Clay]] dina taun 1824.{{sfn|Taylor|Taylor|1899|p=145}} Harrison diangkat dina taun 1828 salaku [[menteri plenipotentiary]] (utusan pinuh) ka [[Gran Kolombia]], sahingga anjeunna ngundurkeun diri ti Kongrés sarta ngabdi dina jabatan anyarna dugi ka ping 8 Maret 1829.{{sfn|Bolívar|1951|p=732}} Anjeunna dugi ka [[Bogotá]] dina ping 22 Désémber 1828, sarta mendakan kaayaan Kolombia anu matak sedih. Anjeunna ngalaporkeun ka Sekretaris Nagara yén éta nagara nuju aya dina bangbaluh anarki, sarta [[Simón Bolívar]] badé janten diktator militer.{{sfn|Bolívar|1951|p=732}} Anjeunna nyerat serat teguran anu sopan ka Bolívar, nyatakeun yén "pamaréntahan anu pangkuatna nyaéta anu paling bébas" sarta ngajurung Bolívar pikeun ngarojong kamekaran démokrasi. Salaku jawabanana, Bolívar nyerat yén Amérika Sarikat "sigana parantos ditakdirkeun ku Gusti pikeun nyusahkeun Amérika (Latin) kalayan sagala kasangsaraan dina nami kabébasan", hiji ungkapan anu janten kacida kasohorna di Amérika Latin.{{sfn|Bolívar|1951|p=732}} Freehling nunjukkeun yén léngkah Harrison di Kolombia téh "goréng sarta mindeng salah", yén anjeunna gagal ngajaga posisi nétral dina urusan Kolombia ku cara sacara kabuka nentang Bolivar, sahingga Kolombia ménta sangkan anjeunna diganti. [[Andrew Jackson]] mimiti ngajabat dina Maret 1829, sarta narik deui Harrison supados tiasa nempatkeun jalma pilihanana sorangan dina éta jabatan.<ref name="Freehling"/> Penulis biografi James Hall ngaklaim yén Harrison mendakan ayana despotisme militer di Kolombia sarta yén "pamandangan liberalna, integritas républikna anu teguh, sarta saderhanana papakéan katut paripolahna, kacida kontrasna sareng pamandangan sawenang-wenang sarta paripolah méwah para pajabat publik, sahingga moal mungkin anjeunna janten paporit pikeun maranéhna anu tos ngarebut kakawasaan éta pamaréntahan. Maranéhna sieun yén rahayat bakal ningali bédana antara patriot sajati sareng patriot anu ngan saukur pura-pura, sarta ngamimitian runtuyan intimidasi ka menteri urang, anu ngajantenkeun situasina kacida teu genahna."{{sfn|Hall|1836|p=301}} Pamadegan anu sarupa ngeunaan kaayaan ieu ogé ditepikeun ku panulis biografi Samuel Burr. Harrison, saatos ninggalkeun jabatanana nanging masih kénéh aya di [[Gran Kolombia|nagara éta]], nyerat serat sakitar sapuluh kaca ka Bolivar, anu dimuat sacara lengkep dina biografi Hall sarta Burr. Éta serat matak ngahéman Hall alatan "prinsip kabébasan anu jero" ti Harrison. Burr ngajelaskeun éta serat salaku "pinuh ku kawijaksanaan, kahadéan, sarta patriotisme... sarta prinsip anu pangmurnina".{{sfn|Hall|1836|p=301}}{{sfn|Burr|1840|p=256}} ===Rahayat biasa=== Harrison mulang ka Amérika Sarikat sarta ka tegalanana di North Bend, hirup dina katenangan saatos ampir opat dasawarsa ngabdi ka pamaréntah. Anjeunna henteu ngumpulkeun kabeungharan anu loba salami hirupna, sarta hirup tina tabungan, mancén anu teu sabaraha, sarta panghasilan tina tegalanana. Burr nyutat M. Chavalier, anu pendak sareng Harrison di [[Cincinnati]] harita, sarta ngagambarkeun Harrison salaku jalma anu "miskin, gaduh kulawarga anu seueur jumlahna, ditingalkeun ku pamaréntah féderal, nanging jagjag kalayan pamikiran anu merdéka".{{sfn|Burr|1840|p=Appendix}} Dina bulan Méi 1817, Harrison janten salah saurang anggota pangadeg [[vestry]] jemaah [[Garéja Épiskopal (Amérika Sarikat)|Episcopal]], [[Katedral Christ Church (Cincinnati)|Christ Church]] di puseur kota [[Cincinnati]] (ayeuna [[Katedral Christ Church (Cincinnati)|Christ Church Cathedral]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=J. W. |title=Christ Church Cincinnati, 1817–1967 |publisher=Cincinnati Lithographing Ohio Press |year=1969}}</ref> Anjeunna terus ngabdi salaku anggota vestry dugi ka taun 1819, sarta deui dina taun 1824.<ref name=":0" /> Para pangrojong lokal datang mantuan Harrison ku cara ngangkat anjeunna janten [[Panitera Pangadilan]] pikeun [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]], di mana anjeunna damel ti taun 1836 dugi ka 1840.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Clerk of Courts Office|publisher=Hamilton County Clerk of Courts|url=http://www.courtclerk.org/history_clerk_of_courts.asp|access-date=December 6, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614052246/http://www.courtclerk.org/history_clerk_of_courts.asp|archive-date=June 14, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614052246/http://www.courtclerk.org/history_clerk_of_courts.asp |date=June 14, 2007 }}</ref> Chevalier nyarios, "Rencanganana di bagian wétan nyarioskeun badé ngajantenkeun anjeunna Présidén, sedengkeun di dieu urang ngajantenkeun anjeunna panitera di pangadilan handap."{{sfn|Burr|1840|p=Appendix}} Anjeunna ogé melak jagong sarta ngadegkeun panyatuaan (distillery) pikeun ngahasilkeun wiski, nanging anjeunna nutup éta usaha saatos anjeunna ngaraos kaganggu ku pangaruh buruk alkohol ka para palangganna. Dina biantara payuneun Déwan Pertanian [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]] dina taun 1831, anjeunna nyebatkeun yén anjeunna parantos dosa margi ngadamel wiski sarta miharep batur tiasa diajar tina kasalahanana sarta ngeureunkeun produksi inuman keras.{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=257–258}} Sakitar waktos ieu, anjeunna pendak sareng tokoh abolisionis sarta konduktor [[Underground Railroad]] [[George DeBaptiste]] anu linggih di deukeut [[Madison, Indiana|Madison]], sarta duanana janten sobat. Harrison nyerat harita, "urang tiasa ngarep-ngarep datangna hiji poé nalika panonpoé Amérika Kalér moal ningali deui ayana budak beulian."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Patriot's History of the United States|first1=Larry|last1=Schweikart|first2=Michael|last2=Allen|publisher=Easton Press|location=Norwalk, Conn.|year=2004|page=233|isbn=1-59523-001-7}}</ref> DeBaptiste janten palayan pribadina, sarta saatosna janten pangurus (steward) di Gedong Bodas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tobin|first=Jacqueline L.|title=From Midnight to Dawn: The Last Tracks of the Underground Railroad|publisher=Anchor|location=Detroit|year=2008|pages=200–209|isbn=978-1-4001-0354-6}}</ref> Sanajan dibantah ku sababaraha réngréngan Harrison, Burr nutup catetanana ngeunaan Harrison ku cara ngagambarkeun hiji kajadian, nyaéta resepsi kanggé jenderal éta di Philadelphia dina taun 1836, anu nunjukkeun kumaha populérna Harrison harita. Numutkeun Burr, "Rébuan jalma minuhan darmaga jalan Chesnut nalika anjeunna sumping, sarta ngabagéakeun anjeunna ku surak anu terus-terusan nalika anjeunna mendarat. Anjeunna naék kana [[barouche]] (keréta kuda) nanging jalma-jalma maresek ka hareup kalayan kacida sumangetna, sahingga kuda-kudana janten sarieuneun. Aya gerakan pikeun ngaleupaskeun tali kuda nalika Jenderal nyarios ka sababaraha urang sarta nyobian nyegahna; nanging kuda-kuda éta gancang pisan teu kaurus, sahingga kedah dileupaskeun. Aya tali anu dibawa, sarta ditalikeun kana karéta, anu tuluy ditarik ku jalma-jalma ka Marshall House. Ieu tindakan mangrupikeun cetusan spontan ti sapuluh rébu haté anu nganuhunkeun. Urang Pennsylvania kantos perang di handapeun éta pahlawan, sarta maranéhna micinta anjeunna. Urang nyarioskeun hal ieu sacara husus, margi urang janten saksi mata kana sagala anu lumangsung."{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=264–265}} ===Kampanye présidén 1836=== {{main|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836}} Harrison mangrupa calon présidén Whig ti bagian kulon dina taun 1836, salah sahiji ti opat calon régional partéy Whig. Calon sanésna nyaéta [[Daniel Webster]], [[Hugh Lawson White]], sareng [[Willie P. Mangum]]. Munculna leuwih ti hiji calon Whig téh mangrupikeun upaya pikeun ngéléhkeun Wakil Présidén petahana, [[Martin Van Buren]], anu mangrupa calon Démokrat populér pilihan Jackson.<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections">{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Campaigns and Elections|url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/campaigns-and-elections| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=January 20, 2022| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Urang Démokrat nuduh yén ku cara majukeun sababaraha calon, Whig sabenerna hayang nyegah kameunangan Van Buren dina "electoral college", sarta maksa pamilihan sangkan diputuskeun ku DPR.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1836|title=U.S. Presidential Election of 1836|publisher=Britannica|access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref> Upami enya aya rencana kitu, nanging éta rencana téh gagal. Harrison nempatan urutan kadua, sarta unggul di salapan ti dua puluh genep nagara bagian dina Uni.<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections"/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="shp">{{cite web|title=How Close Were The Presidential Elections?|last=Shepperd|first=Michael|publisher=Michigan State University|url=https://www.msu.edu/~sheppa28/elections.html#1836|access-date=February 11, 2009}}</ref> Harrison maju di sakabéh nagara bagian non-perbudakan iwal ti Massachusetts, sarta di nagara bagian perbudakan sapertos Delaware, Maryland, sarta Kentucky. White maju di sésa nagara bagian perbudakan lianna iwal ti South Carolina. [[Daniel Webster]] maju di Massachusetts, sarta Mangum di South Carolina.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ershkowitz|first=Herbert B.|title=American Presidential Campaigns and Elections|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2020|isbn=978-1-3154-9713-6}}</ref> Van Buren meunangkeun pamilihan kalayan 170 sora éléktoral.<ref name="Britannica"/> Parobahan ngan sakitar 4.000 sora di Pennsylvania sabenerna bisa mikeun 30 sora éléktoral nagara bagian éta ka Harrison, sarta pamilihan téh bakal diputuskeun ku DPR.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=42&year=1836&f=0&off=0&elect=0 |title=USA Election Polls-Pennsylvania 1836 |publisher=Pennsylvania Election Results Home |access-date=January 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117062058/http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=42&year=1836&f=0&off=0&elect=0 |archive-date=November 17, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="shp"/> ===Kampanye présidén 1840=== {{main|Kampanye présidén William Henry Harrison 1840}} [[File:ElectoralCollege1840.svg|thumb|upright=0.85|right|Peta Sora Éléktoral 1840]] Harrison nyanghareupan petahana Van Buren salaku calon tunggal ti Whig dina pamilihan taun 1840. Partéy Whig ningali Harrison salaku urang kidul pituin sarta pahlawan perang, anu bakal kontras pisan sareng Van Buren anu katingalna angkuh, teu paduli, sarta aristokratik.<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections"/> Anjeunna dipilih ngéléhkeun anggota partéy séjén anu langkung kontroversial, sapertos Clay sareng Webster; kampanyéna nonjolkeun catetan militérna sarta museur kana lemahna ékonomi AS anu diakibatkeun ku [[Panik 1837]].{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=39}} Urang Whig nyalahkeun Van Buren atas masalah ékonomi sarta néléhkeunana "Van Ruin" (Van Tukang Ruksak).{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=39}} Sabalikna, urang Démokrat ngaléléwé Harrison anu tos sepuh ku sebutan "Granny Harrison, the petticoat general" (Nini Harrison, jenderal samping), jalaran anjeunna ngundurkeun diri tina angkatan darat sateuacan Perang 1812 réngsé. Maranéhna ogé nunjukkeun ka para pamilih yén upami nami Harrison diéjah tibalik bakal janten: "No Sirrah" (Moal, Dunungan). Maranéhna ngagambarkeun anjeunna salaku lalaki sepuh ti kampung anu tinggaleun jaman, anu langkung milih "[[Kampanye gubug kai|calik di gubug kaina bari nginum sari apel (hard cider)]]" batan ngurus pamaréntahan nagara. Ieu strategi téh kalah malik janten pakarang makan tuan nalika Harrison sareng pasanganana, [[John Tyler]], ngajantenkeun gubug kai (log cabin) sarta sari apel (hard cider) salaku simbol kampanye. Kampanyéna ngagunakeun éta simbol dina spanduk sarta postér, malah nyieun botol sari apel anu bentukna sapertos gubug kai, sadayana kanggé ngaitkeun éta calon sareng "rahayat biasa".{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|pp=39–40}} Freehling nyerat yén, "Hiji koran pro-Van Buren anu kuciwa nyerat saatos kéléhanana, 'Urang parantos ditalukkeun ku nyanyian, ditalukkeun ku kabohongan, sarta ditalukkeun ku inuman.' Dina hiji kalimah, ieu ngagambarkeun prosés pulitik Amérika anu anyar."<ref name= "WHH - American Franchise">{{cite web|url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/the-american-franchise|first=William|last=Freehling|title=William Harrison: The American Franchise|publisher=University of Virginia Miller Center|location=Charlottesville, Virginia|date=October 4, 2016|access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref> Harrison sabenerna asalna ti kulawarga jegud di Virginia anu miboga budak beulian, nanging kampanyéna mintonkeun anjeunna salaku urang wates leuweung anu saderhana dumasar kana gaya anu dipopulérkeun ku [[Andrew Jackson]], bari ngagambarkeun Van Buren salaku elitist jegud.{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|pp=39–40}} Conto anu paling diinget nyaéta [[Biantara Séndok Emas]] (Gold Spoon Oration) anu ditepikeun ku wawakil Whig ti Pennsylvania, [[Charles Ogle (politikus)|Charles Ogle]], di DPR, anu ngaléléwé gaya hirup méwah Van Buren di Gedong Bodas sarta pengeluaranana anu hambur.<ref name=Bradley-70-71>{{cite book|author=Bradley, Elizabeth L.|title=Knickerbocker: The Myth behind New York|url=https://archive.org/details/knickerbockermyt0000brad |url-access=registration|location=New Brunswick, NJ|publisher=Rivergate|pages=[https://archive.org/details/knickerbockermyt0000brad/page/70 70]–71|isbn=978-0-8135-4516-5|year=2009|access-date=November 9, 2021}}</ref> Urang Whig ogé nyiptakeun hiji yel-yel di mana jalma-jalma bakal nyiduhkeun ciduh bako bari ngagorowok "wirt-wirt", sarta hal ieu ogé nunjukkeun bédana antara para calon dina mangsa pamilihan harita:<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections"/> {{poemquote| Si Tip maké baju tinun saderhana, teu maké kaméja rumbai: wirt-wirt, Tapi si Matt boga piring emas, manéhna mah budak leutik bau kénéh jéngkol: wirt-wirt!}} Urang Whig ngagulkeun catetan militer Harrison sarta reputasina salaku pahlawan dina Perang Tippecanoe. Slogan kampanye "[[Tippecanoe and Tyler too|Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too]]" janten salah sahiji anu pangterahna dina sajarah pulitik Amérika.{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=41}} Nalika Van Buren kampanye ti jero Gedong Bodas, Harrison mah turun langsung ka lapangan, ngahibur rahayat ku cara nirukeun gorowok perang Indindia, sarta hasil ngalihkeun perhatian masarakat tina kasisitan ékonomi nagara. Dina Juni 1840, rapat akbar Harrison di lokasi urut perang Tippecanoe dihadiran ku 60.000 urang.<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections"/> Désa North Bend, Ohio, sarta para alumni [[Universitas Negeri Ohio]] (OSU) ngaklaim yén landihan nagara bagian "Buckeyes" asalna tina pesen kampanye Harrison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northbendohio.org/Buckeyes.html|title=Buckeyes?|publisher=Village of North Bend}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102175457/https://www.northbendohio.org/Buckeyes.html |date=2025-11-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osu.edu/alumni/news/ohio-state-alumni-magazine/issues/september-october-2016/tippecanoe-and-buckeyes-too|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528074916/https://www.osu.edu/alumni/news/ohio-state-alumni-magazine/issues/september-october-2016/tippecanoe-and-buckeyes-too/|archive-date=May 28, 2022|url-status=dead|title=Tippecanoe and Buckeyes Too|date=August 29, 2016|publisher=Ohio State University|access-date=January 21, 2022}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528074916/https://www.osu.edu/alumni/news/ohio-state-alumni-magazine/issues/september-october-2016/tippecanoe-and-buckeyes-too/ |date=May 28, 2022 }}</ref> Kampanye Harrison ogé janten korban tina naon anu disebut salaku "[[Kejutan Oktober]]" munggaran di éta nagara. Sababaraha poé sateuacan pamilihan, Departemén Kaadilan Van Buren nuduh yén pajabat Partéy Whig parantos ngalakukeun "penipuan anu kacida gedéna sarta jahat," nyaéta ku cara mayar urang Pennsylvania sangkan indit ka New York pikeun milih calon ti Whig dua taun sateuacanana.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://jonathanturley.org/2024/10/07/jack-smiths-october-surprise-was-not-that-surprising-and-that-is-the-problem/#more-224035|title=Jack Smith's October Surprise|last=Turley|first=Jonathan|date=October 7, 2024|website=Res Ipsa Loquitur|publisher=Jonathan Turley|access-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref> [[Tingkat partisipasi pamilih]] naék drastis ka angka 80%, 20 poin langkung luhur batan pamilihan sateuacanana.<ref name= "WHH - American Franchise"/> Harrison meunang mutlak dina Electoral College, 234 sora éléktoral ngalawan 60 sora pikeun Van Buren. Selisih sora rahayat (popular vote) mah langkung heureut, nyaéta kirang ti 150.000 sora, sanajan anjeunna unggul di salapan belas ti dua puluh genep nagara bagian.{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=41}}{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=25}} ==Jabatan Présidén (1841)== ===Pelantikan=== {{Infobox administration | name = Mangsa Jabatan Présidén William Henry Harrison | term_start = 4 Maret 1841 | term_end = 4 April 1841 | vicepresident = [[John Tyler]] | cabinet = ''[[#Tekanan_patronase|Tingali daptar]]'' | party = [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]] | seat = [[Gedong Bodas]] | predecessor = [[Mangsa Jabatan Présidén Martin Van Buren|Martin Van Buren]] | successor = [[Mangsa Jabatan Présidén John Tyler|John Tyler]] | seal = 1840s US presidential seal.png | seal_caption = Segel présidén<br />(1840–1850) }} [[File:Harrison inauguration.jpg|thumb|Pelantikan taun 1841]] Nalika Harrison sumping ka Washington, anjeunna hoyong némbongkeun yén anjeunna masih kénéh pahlawan Tippecanoe anu tangguh sarta mangrupa lalaki anu langkung terdidik sarta wijaksana batan karikatur urang kampung anu digambarkeun salami kampanye. Anjeunna [[Pelantikan William Henry Harrison|ngucapkeun sumpah jabatan]] dina ping 4 Maret 1841, hiji poé anu tiris sarta baseuh.<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration">{{cite web |title= American Treasures–Harrison's Inauguration|date=August 2007|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr22a.html#obj14|publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=September 21, 2009}}</ref> Anjeunna nahan hawa tiris sarta milih kanggé henteu nganggo japo (overcoat) atanapi topi, naék kuda nuju ka upacara agung, sarta tuluy nepikeun biantara pelantikan pangpanjangna dina sajarah Amérika<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> kalayan jumlah 8.445 kecap. Anjeunna meryogikeun waktos ampir dua jam kanggé macakeunana, sanajan sobatna anu sasama urang Whig, [[Daniel Webster]], parantos ngédit éta téks sangkan henteu panjang teuing.<ref name = iap/> Freehling boga pamadegan yén biantara sapertos kieu téh sabenerna mah lumrah harita, sarta ironina téh kacida jero, margi Harrison, "saurang nu saumur hirup moro jabatan, kapilih ku pulitik anu kacida partisan, nanging malah nyawad kadua prakték éta sacara pedes".<ref name= "WHH - Domestic Affairs"/> Éta biantara pelantikan mangrupa pernyataan lengkep ngeunaan agénda Partéy [[Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]], panolakan kana kawijakan Jackson sarta Van Buren, sarta hiji-hijina artikulasi formal ti Harrison ngeunaan pendekatanna kana jabatan présidén.<ref name= "WHH - Domestic Affairs">{{cite web|url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/domestic-affairs|last=Freehling|first=William|title=William Harrison: Domestic Affairs|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia|location=Charlottesville, Virginia|access-date=January 22, 2022|date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Éta biantara dimimitian ku rasa hormat Harrison kana kapercayaan anu dipasrahkeun ka anjeunna: {{blockquote|Sakiyeu kuatna maksad sim kuring ayeuna kanggé ngawujudkeun harepan rahayat anu luhur budina sarta pinuh kapercayaan, sim kuring terang pisan kana gogoda anu picilakaeun tina ageungna kakuasaan anu parantos dipasrahkeun ku rahayat ka panangan sim kuring... nanging sim kuring masrahkeun kapercayaan utama sim kuring kana pitulung Pangawasa Nu Maha Kawasa anu salami ieu parantos ngajaga sim kuring.<ref name="WHH - Inaugural"/>}} Harrison jangji bakal ngadegkeun deui [[Bank Kadua Amérika Sarikat]] sarta ngalegaan kapasitas kiréditna ku cara ngaluarkeun mata uang kertas dina [[Sistem Amérika (rencana ékonomi)|Sistem Amérika]] tatanan [[Henry Clay]].<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> Anjeunna boga maksud kanggé gumantung kana tinimbangan Kongrés dina urusan législatif, sarta ngan bakal ngagunakeun hak véto upami hiji undang-undang dianggap inkonstitusional, sarta bakal ngarobah [[sistem spoils]] (pembagian jabatan) gaya Jackson.<ref name= "WHH - Domestic Affairs"/> Anjeunna jangji bakal ngagunakeun kakawasaan kanggé milih staf anu mumpuni, sanés kanggé nguatkeun posisina di pamaréntahan, sarta dina kaayaan naon waé ogé anjeunna moal maju kanggé masa jabatan kadua. Anjeunna nyawad pemborosan kauangan ti pamaréntahan sateuacanana sarta jangji moal pipilueun kana kawijakan kauangan Kongrés. Sacara umum, Harrison jangji kanggé janten présidén anu "lemah", masrahkeun kaputusan ka Kongrés salaku "Cabang Utama", saluyu sareng prinsip Whig.<ref name= "WHH - Domestic Affairs"/><ref name = iap>{{cite web|title=William Henry Harrison Inaugural Address|work=Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States|publisher=Bartleby|url=http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres26.html|access-date=February 11, 2009}}</ref> Anjeunna ogé nyabit ngeunaan masalah [[Perbudakan di Amérika Sarikat|perbudakan]] anu nuju panas. Salaku jalma anu miboga budak beulian, Harrison satuju yén nagara bagian gaduh hak kanggé ngatur éta urusan sorangan: {{blockquote|Garis anu misahkeun kakawasaan warga nagara hiji nagara bagian sareng nagara bagian sanésna katingalina parantos ditarik sacara écés... Upaya warga hiji nagara bagian kanggé ngatur lembaga domestik nagara bagian sanésna ngan bakal ngakibatkeun rasa teu percaya sarta timburu, anu janten tanda bakal ayana perpecahan, kekerasan, sarta perang sadulur.<ref name="WHH - Inaugural"/>}} Nalika badé mungkas biantarana, anjeunna nyelapkeun kapercayaanana kana [[kabébasan beragama]] bari nyobian mintonkeun dirina salaku bagian tina aliran kaagamaan utama sanés panyimpang atanapi anggota minoritas: {{blockquote|Sim kuring nganggap kasempetan ieu cukup penting sarta suci kanggé nganyatakeun ka sasama warga nagara ngeunaan rasa hormat anu jero kana agama Kristen sarta kapercayaan anu kuat yén moral anu saé, kabébasan beragama, sarta rasa tanggung jawab kaagamaan anu adil téh kacida raketna sareng kabagjaan anu sajati.<ref name="WHH - Inaugural"/>}} Biantara Harrison anu panjang éta méré gambaran anu rada samar ngeunaan naon anu bakal ditawarkeun ku pamaréntahanana ka rahayat Amérika Sarikat. Anjeunna nyatakeun ngan bakal ngajabat hiji périodeu sarta moal nyalahgunakeun hak véto. Harrison nolak nyiptakeun skéma kauangan sorangan kanggé nagara; sabalikna, anjeunna masrahkeun éta sapinuhna ka Kongrés. Anjeunna nolak ngaganggu wilayah [[Amérika Sarikat Bagian Kidul]] dina urusan perbudakan. Anjeunna henteu ngabahas ngeunaan tarif sarta distribusi. Anjeunna sakedik pisan nyabit ngeunaan bank nasional, iwal ti nyatakeun yén anjeunna kabuka kana mata uang kertas batan koin logam. Konsép Harrison ngeunaan jabatan présidén téh kacida kawatesna, saluyu sareng idéologi pulitik Whig.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=140}} Saatos biantara, anjeunna milu dina parade pelantikan nyorang jalanan,<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> nangtung salami tilu jam kanggé sasalaman di Gedong Bodas, sarta ngahadiran tilu pésta dansa (ball) pelantikan dina peuting éta,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/days-event/inaugural-ball |title=Inaugural Ball |publisher=Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies |date=June 10, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225184825/http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/days-event/inaugural-ball |archive-date=February 25, 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225184825/http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/days-event/inaugural-ball |date=February 25, 2016 }}</ref> kalebet pésta di [[Carusi's Saloon]] anu dingaranan pésta "Tippecanoe" kalayan 1.000 tamu anu mayar $10 per urang (sarua sareng $371 dina taun 2025).<ref>{{cite web |title=Current Value of $10 from 1841 |url=https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1841?amount=10 |access-date=September 16, 2025 |publisher=CPI Inflation Calculator}}</ref> ===Tekanan patronase=== Clay mangrupa pamingpin urang Whig sarta législator anu kawasa, ogé saurang calon présidén anu gagal, sahingga anjeunna miharep boga pangaruh anu ageung dina pamaréntahan Harrison. Anjeunna poho kana jangji partéyna sorangan kanggé ngaleungitkeun sistem "spoils" sarta nyobian mangaruhan tindakan Harrison sateuacan sarta salami jabatanana anu sakedap, utamana dina nyorong jalma-jalma pilihanna kanggé nempatan posisi Kabinét sarta jabatan présidén lianna. Harrison nolak éta tekanan bari nyarios, "Pa Clay, anjeun poho yén ''sim kuring'' anu janten Présidén."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXFIAAAAYAAJ&q=%22%20%22Mr.%20Clay,%20you%20forget%20%22|page=379|journal=Magazine of American History|volume=VIII|issue=6|date=June 1882|title=The annexation of Texas}}</ref> Ieu pacogrégan beuki panas nalika Harrison milih [[Daniel Webster]] salaku Sekretaris Nagara, saingan utama Clay dina ngawasa Partéy Whig. Harrison ogé katingalina masihan sababaraha posisi penting ka para pangrojong Webster. Hiji-hijina konsési kanggé Clay nyaéta milih anak didiuna, [[John J. Crittenden]], kanggé posisi Jaksa Agung. Sanajan kitu, ieu guntreng téh terus nuluy dugi ka pupusna sang présidén.{{sfn|Remini|1997|pp=511–515}} {{Infobox U.S. Cabinet | align = right | Name = Harrison | President = William Henry Harrison | President date = 1841 | Vice President = [[John Tyler]] | Vice President date = 1841 | State = [[Daniel Webster]] | State date = 1841 | War = [[John Bell (politikus Tennessee)|John Bell]] | War date = 1841 | Treasury = [[Thomas Ewing]] | Treasury date = 1841 | Justice = [[John J. Crittenden]] | Justice date = 1841 | Post = [[Francis Granger]] | Post date = 1841 | Navy = [[George Edmund Badger]] | Navy date = 1841 }} Clay sanés hiji-hijina jalma anu miharep kauntungan tina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840|kapilihna Harrison]]. Réwu jalma anu moro jabatan daratang ka Gedong Bodas, anu harita kabuka kanggé saha waé anu hoyong pendak sareng présidén. Sabagéan ageung padamelan Harrison salami sabulan janten présidén téh nyaéta kawajiban sosial sarta nampi tamu di Gedong Bodas. Anjeunna parantos dibilayan kanggé nyusun administrasi sateuacan pelantikan, nanging anjeunna nolak margi hoyong fokus kana acara perayaan. Hasilna, para panyiar damel ngantosan anjeunna unggal waktos sarta minuhan Gedong Eksekutif, bari teu aya prosés kanggé ngatur sarta milih maranéhna.<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> Dina serat anu kaping 10 Maret, Harrison nyerat, "Sim kuring kacida diganggu ku lobana jalma anu sumping ka sim kuring sahingga sim kuring teu tiasa masihan perhatian anu merenah kana urusan sim kuring sorangan."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?175070|title=Letter from Harrison to R. Buchanan, Esq., March 10, 1841|publisher=Shapell Manuscript Foundation|access-date=November 9, 2021|archive-date=June 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618235507/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?175070|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Layanan Marshal Amérika Sarikat|Marshal AS]] pikeun [[Washington, D.C.|Distrik Columbia]], Alexander Hunter, nginget hiji kajadian nalika Harrison dikepung ku para pamuru jabatan anu ngahalangan anjeunna nuju ka rapat kabinét; nalika pamentana sangkan maranéhna méré jalan teu dipaliré, Harrison ahirna "nampi petisi maranéhna, anu minuhan leungeun sarta saku bajuna".<ref name="Whitcomb">{{cite book |last=Whitcomb |first=John & Claire|title=Real Life at the White House: 200 Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence|publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2002|page=81|isbn=978-0-415-93951-5}}</ref> Carita séjénna nyebutkeun yén lorong-lorong harita kacida pinuhna sahingga kanggé pindah ti hiji rohangan ka rohangan sanésna, Harrison kedah dibantuan kaluar tina jandéla, leumpang di luar gedong, tuluy diasupkeun deui tina jandéla sanésna.<ref name="Whitcomb"/> Harrison daria pisan kana jangjina kanggé ngoméan sistem pangangkatan éksekutif, nganjang ka unggal genep departemén kabinét kanggé ningali operasina sarta ngaluarkeun paréntah ngaliwatan Webster yén [[kampanye]] ku pagawé bakal dianggap salaku alesan kanggé pamecatanna.<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> Anjeunna nahan tekanan ti sasama urang Whig ngeunaan patronase partisan. Sakelompok jalma sumping ka kantorna dina 16 Maret kanggé nungtut pamecatan sakabéh urang Démokrat tina jabatan anu diangkat, sarta Harrison nyatakeun, "Demi Allah, sim kuring langkung milih ngundurkeun diri tina jabatan batan kedah ngalakukeun kajahatan sapertos kitu!"<ref>{{cite book |last=Woollen |first=William Wesley|title=Biographical and historical sketches of early Indiana|publisher=Ayer Publishing |year=1975|location=New York|page=51|isbn=978-0-405-06896-6}}</ref> Kabinétna sorangan nyobian ngabolaykeun pangangkatan [[John Chambers (politikus)|John Chambers]] salaku Gubernur Téritori Iowa demi sobat Webster, [[James Wilson II (politikus New Hampshire)|James Wilson]]. Webster nyobian nahan éta kaputusan dina rapat kabinét 25 Maret, sarta Harrison ménta anjeunna macakeun tarik hiji catetan tulis leungeun anu unina saukur "William Henry Harrison, Présidén Amérika Sarikat". Harrison tuluy nangtung sarta nyatakeun: "William Henry Harrison, Présidén Amérika Sarikat, ngawartosan ka aranjeun, para jandral, yén demi Allah, John Chambers bakal janten gubernur Iowa!"{{sfn|Remini|1997|pp=520–521}} Hiji-hijina kaputusan resmi Harrison sanésna anu penting nyaéta naha kedah ngayakeun sidang istiméwa Kongrés. Anjeunna sareng Clay teu sapamadegan ngeunaan perluna éta sidang, sarta kabinét Harrison kabagi dua, sahingga mimitina présidén nolak éta ide. Clay neken deui dina 13 Maret, nanging Harrison nolak sarta ngawartosan anjeunna sangkan ulah nganjang ka Gedong Bodas deui, sarta kedah ngahubungi anjeunna ngan ngaliwatan tulisan.<ref>{{cite web|title=American History Series: The Brief Presidency of William Henry Harrison|publisher=Voice of America News|url=http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/2009-01-28-voa3.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131082639/http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/2009-01-28-voa3.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 31, 2009|access-date=June 21, 2009}}</ref> Nanging, sababaraha poé saatosna, Sekretaris Perbendaharaan [[Thomas Ewing]] ngalaporkeun yén dana féderal nuju dina kaayaan sesah sahingga pamaréntah moal tiasa beroperasi dugi ka sidang rutin Kongrés dina bulan Désémber; Harrison ahirna satuju, sarta ngumumkeun sidang istiméwa dina 17 Maret. Éta sidang sabenerna dijadwalkeun dimimitian ping 31 Méi upami Harrison masih kénéh hirup.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brinkley|first1=Alan|last2=Dyer|first2=Davis|year=2004|title=The American Presidency|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-618-38273-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3djEYV3R7oIC&pg=PA120 |access-date=June 21, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-45b-convening-extra-session-the-congress|title=Pres. W.H. Harrison, Proclamation 45B–Convening an Extra Session of the Congress|publisher=American Presidency Project|access-date=November 9, 2021}}</ref> ==Pupusna sarta panguburan== [[File:Death of Harrison, April 4 A.D. 1841 LCCN91794698.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ilustrasi anu ngagambarkeun pupusna Harrison, 4 April 1841]] Harrison ngarasa lungse sacara fisik alatan lobana pamuru jabatan sarta jadwal sosial anu padet.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=140}} Anjeunna ogé sering teu maliré kana hawa tiris tungtung usum tiris, mindeng kaluar tanpa nganggo papakéan anu merenah. Saatos nepikeun biantara pelantikan dua jam dina hujan ping 4 Maret tanpa topi atanapi japo, Harrison terus negrakeun dirina kana hawa tiris. Tilu minggu saatosna, dina 24 Maret 1841, Harrison jalan-jalan isuk-isuk ka pasar lokal, deui-deui tanpa japo atanapi topi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Henry Harrison |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/william-henry-harrison#:~:text=The%20president-elect,%20however,,just%2031%20days%20in%20office. |access-date=March 8, 2025 |publisher=American Battlefield Trust}}</ref> Sanajan katarajang hujan dadakan, anjeunna henteu ganti baju nalika mulang ka Gedong Bodas.<ref name = Shafer>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/10/06/william-henry-harrison-pneumonia-death-trump-coronavirus|title=In 1841 pneumonia killed the president|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 6, 2020|access-date=December 13, 2021|last=Shafer|first=Ronald G.}}</ref> Dina 26 Maret, Harrison mimiti gering muriang sarta manggil dokterna, Thomas Miller, sanajan anjeunna nyarios ka dokter yén anjeunna ngaraos langkung saé saatos nginum ubar kanggé "kacapéan sarta kahariwang méntal".<ref name = Shafer/> Isukna, dinten Saptu, dokter dipanggil deui sarta mendakan Harrison di ranjang kalayan "muriang parna", saatos jalan-jalan isuk-isuk deui. Miller nerapkeun [[param mustar]] kana beuteungna sarta masihan ubar [[pancahar]] hampang, sarta anjeunna ngaraos langkung saé soréna.<ref name = Shafer/> Jam 4:00 isuk-isuk ping 28 Maret, Harrison ngarasa nyeri parna dina lambungna sarta dokter ngalakukeun [[bekam]] (bloodletting); prosésna dieureunkeun nalika denyut nadina turun. Miller ogé nerapkeun gelas panas (cop) kana kulit présidén kanggé ningkatkeun aliran getih.<ref name = Shafer/> Dokter tuluy masihan [[minyak jarak]] sarta ubar kanggé utah, sarta ngadiagnosis anjeunna katarajang pneumonia dina paru-paru katuhu.<ref name = Shafer/> Tim dokter dipanggil dinten Senén, 29 Maret, sarta mastikeun ayana [[pneumonia]] lobus handap katuhu.<ref name=WHHDOTP>{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Death of the President| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/death-of-the-president| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Harrison tuluy dipasihan [[laudanum]], [[opium]], sarta [[kamper]], bareng jeung anggur sarta brendi.{{sfn|Collins|2012|p=123}} Teu aya béwara resmi ngeunaan panyakit Harrison, anu nyababkeun spekulasi masarakat. Masarakat Washington mimiti sadar nalika anjeunna henteu katingal angkat ka garéja dinten Minggu.<ref name=Whitcomb /> Laporan koran anu tumpang tindih dumasar kana bocoran ti jalma-jalma di Gedong Bodas.<ref name = Shafer/> Hiji koran Washington ngalaporkeun dina 1 April yén kaséhatan Harrison parantos saé. Padahal sabenerna, kaayaan Harrison beuki parna, sarta anggota Kabinét katut kulawarga dipanggil ka Gedong Bodas—pamajidanna, Anna, masih kénéh aya di Ohio alatan gering.<ref name = Shafer/> Numutkeun koran di Washington dinten Jumaah, Harrison parantos rada jagjag, sanajan laporan ti ''Baltimore Sun'' nyebutkeun kaayaanana "langkung bahaya".<ref name = Shafer/> Saurang wartawan ''New York Commercial'' nyebutkeun yén "rahayat nagara kacida sedihna sarta loba anu ceurik."<ref name = Shafer/> Dina wengi 3 April, Harrison katarajang diaré parna sarta mimiti igir-igiran, sarta jam 8:30 peuting anjeunna ngucapkeun kekecapan terakhirna ka dokterna, anu dianggap ditujukeun kanggé Wakil Présidén John Tyler:<ref name = Shafer/> "Pa, sim kuring hoyong anjeun ngartos kana prinsip sajati pamaréntahan ieu. Sim kuring hoyong éta dilaksanakeun. Sim kuring teu ménta nanaon deui."<ref>{{Cite web| title=William Henry Harrison: Key Events| url=https://millercenter.org/president/william-harrison/key-events| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=October 7, 2016}}</ref> Harrison pupus dina jam 12:30 isuk-isuk ping 4 April 1841, salapan poé saatos gering sarta pas sabulan saatos sumpah jabatan;<ref name = Shafer/> anjeunna janten présidén munggaran anu pupus nalika nuju ngajabat.<ref name=WHHDOTP/> Pamajidanna, Anna, masih di Ohio nuju mereskeun barang kanggé indit ka Washington nalika nampi béwara salakina pupus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/anna-tuthill-symmes-harrison/|title=Anna T. S. Harrison|publisher=The White House|access-date=December 13, 2021}}</ref> Anjeunna henteu kantos pindah ka Gedong Bodas. Minantuna, Jane Irwin Harrison, janten inang (hostess) Gedong Bodas ngagentos Anna salami Harrison janten présidén.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Téori anu kuat harita nyaéta panyakitna disababkeun ku hawa tiris nalika pelantikan tilu minggu sateuacanana.{{sfn|Cleaves|1939|p=152}} Nanging, Jane McHugh sarta Philip A. Mackowiak ngalakukeun analisis dina ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'' (2014), marios catetan Miller anu nunjukkeun yén pasokan cai Gedong Bodas aya di hilireun pembuangan limbah umum, sarta maranéhna nyimpulkeun yén anjeunna kamungkinan ageung pupus alatan [[syok séptik]] lantaran "demam enterik" ([[tipus]] atanapi [[paratipus]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/what-really-killed-william-henry-harrison.html|title=What Really Killed William Henry Harrison?|newspaper=The New York Times|first1=Jane|last1=McHugh|first2=Philip A.|last2=Mackowiak|date=March 31, 2014|access-date=August 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Death in the White House: President William Henry Harrison's Atypical Pneumonia|first1=Jane|last1=McHugh|first2=Philip A.|last2=Mackowiak|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|pmid=24962997|date=June 23, 2014|doi=10.1093/cid/ciu470|volume=59|issue=7|pages=990–995|doi-access=free |issn=1058-4838 }}</ref> Mangsa sungkawa salami 30 poé dimimitian saatos pupusna présidén. Gedong Bodas ngayakeun rupa-rupa upacara publik. Upacara panguburan husus undangan ogé dilaksanakeun dina 7 April di [[East Room]] Gedong Bodas, saatosna peti Harrison dibawa ka [[Makam Kongrés]] di Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web| title=William Henry Harrison Funeral: April 7, 1841| url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/william-henry-harrison-funeral| publisher=White House Historical Association| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=March 9, 2019}}</ref> [[Solomon Northup]] nyaritakeun éta prosési dina buku ''[[Twelve Years a Slave]]'': {{blockquote|Isukna aya parade ageung di Washington. Sora mariem sarta dentang loncéng minuhan hawa, sedengkeun imah-imah ditutup ku lawon hideung, sarta jalanan hideung ku jalma-jalma. Prosési katingal lalaunan ngalangkungan jalan Avenue, karéta demi karéta, bari rébuan jalma nuturkeun ku suku—sadayana gerak dibarengan ku musik anu sedih. Maranéhna mawa jasad Harrison ka kuburan.... Sim kuring inget pisan kumaha kaca jandéla oyag sarta peupeus ka taneuh saatos unggal sora mariem anu ditémbakkeun di tempat pamakaman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/northup/northup.html|title=Twelve Years a Slave: Narrative of Solomon Northup|publisher=Library, UNC-Chapel Hill|year=1997|access-date=November 10, 2021}}</ref>}} Dina bulan Juni éta, jasad Harrison dibawa ku karéta api sarta tongkang walungan ka [[North Bend, Ohio]], sarta dikurebkeun dina 7 Juli di puncak Gunung Nebo, anu ayeuna janten [[William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial]].<ref>{{cite web| title=William Henry Harrison Memorial| url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/museum-and-site-locator/william-henry-harrison-tomb| publisher= Ohio History Connection| location=Columbus Ohio| access-date=March 9, 2019}}</ref> ===Tyler naék jabatan=== Dina ping 5 April, [[Fletcher Webster]], putra ti Sekretaris Nagara [[Daniel Webster]], méré nyaho ka Tyler yén Harrison parantos pupus nalika nuju ngajabat. Tyler nuju nganjang ka kulawargana di [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]] sarta mulang ka Washington dina isuk-isuk ping 6 April.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession|Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession]]</ref> Dina dinten anu sami, Tyler [[Sumpah jabatan présidén Amérika Sarikat|disumpah kanggé ngajabat]] di payuneun kabinét Harrison, anu sacara resmi ngamimitian [[Mangsa jabatan présidén John Tyler|masa jabatan présidénna]]. Dina ping 9 April, Tyler nepikeun biantara pelantikan anu singget. Dina biantara kanggé éta nagara, Tyler henteu masihan ucapan béla sungkawa sacara pribadi ka randa Harrison, Anna, atanapi ka anggota kulawargana. Tyler kalah muji Harrison ku cara nyebatkeun yén Harrison parantos kapilih kanggé "tugas anu agung" nyaéta meresihan pamaréntah féderal tina korupsi.<ref name="John Tyler 1841">[[#John Tyler (April 9, 1841) Upon Assuming the Office of President of the United States|John Tyler (April 9, 1841) Upon Assuming the Office of President of the United States]]</ref> Tyler sareng kulawargana pindah ka Gedong Bodas saminggu saatos pamakaman Harrison, sateuacan mangsa sungkawa 30 poé kanggé Harrison réngsé. Rohangan utama Gedong Bodas harita masih kénéh dipinuhan ku lawon [[Crêpe (tekstil)|hideung]] tanda sungkawa.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{sfn|McCormick|2002|pp=141–142}}<ref name="ReferenceB">[[#The White House, Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison|The White House, Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison]]</ref> ===Dampak tina pupusna Harrison=== [[File:William Henry Harrison Memorial.jpg|thumb|Monumén William Henry Harrison di [[North Bend, Ohio]]]] Pupusna Harrison narik perhatian kana ayana kerancuan (ambiguitas) dina [[Pasal Dua Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat#Bagian 1, Ayat 6|Pasal II, Bagian 1, Ayat 6]] tina [[Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]] ngeunaan [[Garis suksési présidén Amérika Sarikat|suksési jabatan présidén]]. Konstitusi sacara spésifik nangtukeun yén wakil présidén bakal nyokot alih "Wewenang sarta Tugas ti éta Jabatan" upami présidén ditéwak, pupus, ngundurkeun diri, atanapi teu sanggup ngajabat, nanging henteu écés naha wakil présidén sacara resmi janten présidén Amérika Sarikat, atanapi saukur samentara ngajalankeun wewenang sarta tugas éta jabatan dina kasus suksési.<ref>{{cite web| last=Feerick| first=John| title=Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession| work=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution| url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession| url-status=unfit| archive-date=April 21, 2012| publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]| access-date=June 12, 2018}}</ref> Kabinét Harrison negeskeun yén Tyler téh "Wakil Présidén anu ngalakukeun tugas salaku Présidén". Tyler tetep pengkuh dina klaimna kana gelar Présidén sarta tekadna kanggé ngagunakeun kakawasaan pinuh tina jabatan présidén.<ref name=ConstitutionDailyNCC>{{cite web|author=|title=A controversial President who established presidential succession|url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/john-tyler-americas-most-unusual-president|date=March 29, 2017|work=Constitution Daily|publisher=National Constitution Center|access-date=March 11, 2019}}</ref> Kabinét ngayakeun konsultasi sareng Ketua Mahkamah Agung [[Roger Taney]] sarta mutuskeun yén, upami Tyler ngucapkeun sumpah jabatan présidén, anjeunna bakal janten présidén. Tyler nurut sarta disumpah dina ping 6 April 1841. Kongrés ngayakeun sidang, sarta dina ping 31 Méi 1841, saatos debat singget di kadua kamar (DPR sarta Sénat), ngaluarkeun résolusi gabungan anu mastikeun Tyler salaku présidén kanggé sésa masa jabatan Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rankin |first=Robert S. |title=Presidential Succession in the United States |journal=The Journal of Politics |date=Feb 1946 |volume=8 |issue=1 |jstor=2125607 |pages=44–56 |doi=10.2307/2125607|s2cid=153441210 }}</ref> Ieu suksési janten [[Preséden Tyler]], anu diturutan dina tujuh kajadian nalika présidén petahana pupus sateuacan ahirna diasupkeun kana Konstitusi dina taun 1967 ngaliwatan Bagian Hiji tina [[Amandemen ka-25 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00269.x |last=Abbott |first=Philip |title=Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |date=Dec 2005 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=627–645 |jstor=27552721}}</ref> ==Warisan== ===Reputasi sajarah=== [[File:Tecumseh in Lafayette IN.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Harrison (kénca) di [[Gedong Pangadilan Tippecanoe County]], Lafayette, Indiana]] Salah sahiji warisan Harrison anu paling langgeng nyaéta rangkuyan perjangjian anu dirundingkeun sarta ditarandatangan ku anjeunna sareng para pamingpin Indindia salami janten [[Gubernur Indiana|gubernur téritorial Indiana]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=18}} Salaku bagian tina rundingan éta, suku-suku asli masrahkeun lahan anu lega di bagian kulon anu nyadiakeun lahan tambahan kanggé dipésér sarta dicicingan ku warga nagara.<ref name="cb"/>{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=47}} Dampak jangka panjang Harrison dina [[Pulitik Amérika Sarikat|pulitik Amérika]] kalebet metode kampanyéna, anu neundeun pondasi kanggé taktik kampanye présidén modéren.{{sfn|Greene|2007|p=100}} Harrison pupus dina kaayaan ampir teu boga harta, sahingga Kongrés méré sora kanggé masihan mancén randa présidén ka pamajidanna, Anna, gedéna $25.000,<ref name="Damon 1974-06">{{cite journal |last=Damon |first=Allan L. |title=Presidential Expenses |journal=American Heritage |date=June 1974 |volume=25 |issue=4 |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1974/4/1974_4_64.shtml |access-date=February 10, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107145645/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1974/4/1974_4_64.shtml |archive-date=January 7, 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107145645/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1974/4/1974_4_64.shtml |date=January 7, 2009 }}</ref> nyaéta sagedé gajih sataun Harrison (sarua sareng sakitar $936.000 dina taun 2025). Anjeunna ogé nampi hak kanggé ngintunkeun serat sacara haratis.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Lady Biography: Anna Harrison|year=2009|publisher=National First Ladies Library|url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9|access-date=February 11, 2009|archive-date=October 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009221313/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009221313/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |date=October 9, 2018 }}</ref> Freehling nyebut Harrison salaku "tokoh anu paling dominan dina évolusi téritori Northwest janten wilayah Upper Midwest ayeuna".<ref>{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Impact and Legacy| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/impact-and-legacy| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Harrison, anu yuswana 68 taun nalika [[Pelantikan William Henry Harrison|dilantik]], mangrupa jalma pangsepuhna anu ngajabat présidén AS harita, hiji catetan anu dicepeng ku anjeunna dugi ka taun 1981, nalika [[Pelantikan munggaran Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan]] dilantik dina yuswa 69 taun.<ref>{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Life In Brief| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/life-in-brief| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 8, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Putra Harrison, [[John Scott Harrison]], ngawakilan Ohio di DPR AS antara taun 1853 sarta 1857.<ref name="bioguide.congress">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Harrison, John Scott, (1804–1878)|dictionary=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000272|access-date=June 18, 2008}}</ref> Putu Harrison, Benjamin Harrison ti Indiana, ngajabat salaku présidén ka-23 ti taun 1889 dugi ka 1893, anu ngajantenkeun William sareng Benjamin Harrison hiji-hijina pasangan aki sareng putu anu janten présidén.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=43–49}} ===Pangajén sarta pangéling-ngéling=== {{main|Daptar pangéling-ngéling kanggé William Henry Harrison}} Rupa-rupa monumén sarta patung pangéling-ngéling parantos diadegkeun salaku pangajén kanggé Harrison. Aya patung publik anjeunna di puseur kota [[Indianapolis]],{{sfn|Greiff|2005|pp=12, 164}} [[Taman Piatt]] di [[Cincinnati]],<ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 1896|title=The Harrison Monument, Cincinnati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Mc7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA422|journal=The Monumental News|volume=8|issue=7}}</ref> [[Gedong Pangadilan Tippecanoe County]],{{sfn|Greiff|2005|p=243}} [[Harrison County, Indiana]],{{sfn|Greiff|2005|p=131}} sarta [[Owen County, Indiana]].{{sfn|Greiff|2005|p=206}} Seueur ogé distrik (county) sarta kota anu nganggo namina. Désa [[North Bend, Ohio]], masihan pangajén ka Harrison unggal taun ku ngayakeun [[parade]] kanggé ngarayakeun dinten ambal warsihna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northbendohio.org/HarrisonBirthday08.html|title=William Henry Harrison Birthday Tribute|publisher=Village of North Bend, Ohio|access-date=November 10, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624071523/https://www.northbendohio.org/HarrisonBirthday08.html |date=June 24, 2025 }}</ref> Markas Besar Jenderal William Henry Harrison di [[Franklinton (Columbus, Ohio)|Franklinton, Ohio]], ogé diadegkeun kanggé nginget anjeunna. Éta imah téh mangrupa markas militer anjeunna ti taun 1813 dugi ka 1814.<ref name="nrhpdoc">{{cite book|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/71988611|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form|series=File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: Ohio, 1964 – 2013|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=May 17, 2020|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030545/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/71988611|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dina ping 19 Pébruari 2009, [[United States Mint]] ngaluarkeun koin kasalapan dina [[Program Koin $1 Présidén]], anu mintonkeun gambar Harrison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/index.cfm?action=WHHarrison|title=The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program|publisher=United States Mint|access-date=July 28, 2016|archive-date=August 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808050850/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/index.cfm?action=WHHarrison|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808050850/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/index.cfm?action=WHHarrison |date=August 8, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/index.cfm?action=productionFigures&presYear=2009&reportSelected#starthere&CFID=122577291&CFTOKEN=56436795|title=Circulating Coins Production Figures|publisher=U.S. Mint|access-date=July 28, 2016}}</ref> {| style="margin:auto" | [[File:Cincinnati-harrison-statue, cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Patung kuda William Henry Harrison|Patung kuda Harrison di Cincinnati, karya [[Louis Rebisso]] ]] | [[File:William Henry Harrison Presidential $1 Coin obverse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Koin [[dollar présidén]] taun 2009]] | [[File:William Henry Harrison. Indiana statehood stamp, 1950 issue.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Perangko taun 1950 kanggé pangéling-ngéling ngadegna nagara bagian Indiana]] |} ==Tingali ogé== * [[Supata Tippecanoe]] * [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat]] * [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat dumasar pangalaman sateuacanana]] * [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat anu pupus nalika ngajabat]] * [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat anu miboga budak beulian]] ==Rujukan== ===Sitiran=== {{reflist}} ===Bibliografi=== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book|last=Calhoun|first=Charles William|title=Benjamin Harrison: The 23rd President 1889–1893|series=The American Presidents|volume=23|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8050-6952-5}} *{{cite book|last1=Carnes|first1=Mark C.|last2=Mieczkowski|first2=Yanek|title=The Routledge Historical Atlas of Presidential Campaigns|series=Routledge Atlases of American History|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2001|isbn=978-0-415-92139-8}} *{{cite book|last=Cleaves|first=Freeman|title=Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York|year=1939|isbn= 978-0-9457-0701-1}} *{{cite book|first=Gail|last=Collins|title=William Henry Harrison: The 9th President, 1841|publisher=Henry Holt and Co.|year=2012|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8050-9118-2}} *{{cite book|last=Greene|first=Meg|title=William H. Harrison|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|location=Breckenridge, CO|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8225-1511-1}} *{{cite book|last=Greiff|first=Glory-June|title=Remembrance, Faith and Fancy: Outdoor Public Sculpture in Indiana|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press|year=2005|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-87195-180-9}} *{{cite book|editor-last1=Gugin|editor-first1=Linda C.|editor-last2=St. Clair|editor-first2=James E.|title=The Governors of Indiana|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press and the Indiana Historical Bureau|year=2006|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-87195-196-0}} *{{cite book |last=McCormick |first=Richard P. |chapter=William Henry Harrison and John Tyler |editor-last=Graff |editor-first=Henry |title=The Presidents: A Reference History |edition=7th |year=2002 |pages=139–151 |publisher=Macmillan Library Reference USA |isbn=978-0-684-80551-1}} *{{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |date=1997 |title=Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-04552-8}} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat|Harrison, William Henry]] [[Kategori:Inohong dunya]] [[Kategori:Inohong militer Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Gubernur Indiana]] obthpef8xdyc4hcnmnmdb38xuwz5z1b Kamp Plantungan 0 107975 707536 706381 2026-03-28T13:33:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kamp Plantungan''' nyaéta hiji kamp interniran pikeun tahanan pulitik awéwé dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Orde Baru]] di [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Budiardjo|first=Carmel|date=1974-08|title=Political imprisonment in Indonesia|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14672715.1974.10410744|journal=Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=20–23|doi=10.1080/14672715.1974.10410744|issn=0007-4810}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Women, sexual violence and the Indonesian killings of 1965-66|last=Pohlman|first=Annie|publisher=Taylor & Franci|year=2014|isbn=9781317817949.|location=New York}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Gerwani: kisah tapol wanita di Kamp Plantungan|last=Lestariningsih|first=Amurwani Dwi|publisher=Kompas|isbn=9789797096021.|location=Jakarta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-58381288|title=G30S: Cerita penyintas 1965 yang 'diasingkan' di kamp khusus tapol perempuan Plantungan, ironi 'hidup di alam bebas tapi terkungkung kawat berduri'|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-10}}</ref> Jumlah tahanan di tempat ieu kira-kira aya sakitar 500 urang. Kalolobaanana mangrupakeun anggota [[Partéy Komunis Indonésia]] (PKI) anu geus dilarang, ogé anggota organisasi anu aya patalina jeung éta partéy, saperti Lekra, [[Gerakan Wanita Indonésia|Gerwani]], jeung sababaraha organisasi kénca lianna. Sabagian gedé tina maranéhna kaasup kana golongan tahanan Kategori B, nyaéta jalma-jalma anu nurutkeun katerangan resmi sabenerna teu miboga bukti atawa dakwaan anu jelas ngalawan maranéhna.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Kamp ieu ayana di Kabupatén Kendal, deukeut Semarang, [[Jawa Tengah]], sarta dioperasikeun antara taun 1971 nepi ka 1979.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Suharto's grievous human right: The case of Buru Islands abuses". Dalam Wieringa, Saskia E.; Pohlman, Annie; Melvin, Jess (ed.). The International People's Tribunal for 1965 and the Indonesian genocide|last=Adam|first=Asmi Warman|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780429764950|location=Abingdon, Oxon}}</ref> Sababaraha tokoh anu kungsi jadi tahanan di Kamp Plantungan di antarana [[Umi Sardjono]], Ketua Gerwani; [[Salawati Daud]]; [[Mia Bustam]], saurang seniman anu ogé pamajikan ti pelukis [[Sindoedarsono Soedjojono]]; [[dr. Sumiyarsi Siwirini]], saurang aktivis kénca; sarta [[Siti Suratih]], pamajikan ti salah sahiji pamingpin PKI, [[Oloan Hutapea]]. == Ti Rumah Sakit Lepra jadi Kamp Konsentrasi == Plantungan nyaéta salah sahiji désa anu ayana di wates antara [[Kabupatén Kendal]] jeung [[Kabupatén Batang]], Jawa Tengah. Dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Hindia-Walanda|kolonial Walanda]], tempat ieu dipaké minangka lokasi pikeun nampung penderita [[lépra]]. Salila ampir saratus taun sanggeus diadegkeun dina taun 1870, jalma-jalma anu kaserang panyakit lépra diasingkeun jeung diisolasi di désa ieu. Dina dasawarsa 1970-an, Plantungan robah fungsi jadi tempat pangasingan pikeun kira-kira 500 awéwé anu dihukum atawa dianggap aya patalina jeung Partéy Komunis Indonésia (PKI). Ngaran Plantungan mémang teu sakitu kawentar dibandingkeun jeung Pulau Buru, anu dipaké minangka tempat pangasingan pikeun tahanan pulitik anu patalina jeung gerakan PKI, boh kader boh simpatisanna. Sanajan kitu, désa Plantungan jadi saksi tina carita hirup para awéwé anu kungsi aya patalina jeung gerakan komunis. Boh anggota PKI boh anggota organisasi anu aya patalina jeung éta partéy, maranéhna diasingkeun di urut rumah sakit husus penderita lépra éta. Di dinya, kira-kira aya 500 awéwé anu ditahan salila sababaraha taun lantaran dianggap aya hubungan jeung gerakan komunis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.rnw.nl/bahasa-indonesia/node/79802|title=Kamp Tapol Perempuan G30S/PKI di Plantungan - Kendal}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602174115/http://m.rnw.nl/bahasa-indonesia/node/79802 |date=2014-06-02 }}</ref> Sabagian aktivis [[hak asasi manusa]] nyebutkeun yén perlakuan ka para tahanan pulitik di tempat éta mindeng dianggap teu manusiawi. Para tahanan awéwé disebut-sebut meunang panyiksaan, boh sacara fisik boh sacara mental, salila mangtaun-taun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elsam.or.id/downloads/1306465498_Suara_Korban_yang_tak_Tertahankan_Rini_1804_edit-zainal.pdf|title=Suara Korban yang tak Tertahankan}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602202829/http://www.elsam.or.id/downloads/1306465498_Suara_Korban_yang_tak_Tertahankan_Rini_1804_edit-zainal.pdf |date=2011-06-02 }}</ref> Para tahanan pulitik awéwé ieu henteu ngan ukur ngalaman sangsara lantaran ditangkep, ditahan, dipenjara, atawa diasingkeun, tapi ogé aya anu ngalaman rupa-rupa perlakuan kasar anu ngarendahkeun martabat manusa sarta mangaruhan kahirupan pribadina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/kejamnya-penjara-dan-pelecehan-seks-untuk-mereka-yang-dicap-pki.html|title=Kejamnya penjara dan pelecehan seks untuk mereka yang dicap PKI|website=merdeka.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-10}}</ref> Padahal, para awéwé éta asalna tina rupa-rupa latar tukang, aya anu ti kalangan inteléktual, pendidik, aktivis buruh, nepi ka aktivis tani. Sabagian di antarana mangrupakeun anggota organisasi awéwé anu dingaranan Gerakan Wanita Indonesia (Gerwani), anu dina sajarahna dipikawanoh minangka salah sahiji organisasi anu boga hubungan jeung PKI.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2011/10/01/340/509376/ini-kisah-ketua-gerwani-kabupaten-blitar|title=Ini Kisah Ketua Gerwani Kabupaten Blitar : Okezone News|last=Okezone|website=https://news.okezone.com/|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-10}}</ref> Dina mangsa Orde Baru, Gerwani sering disebut minangka salah sahiji gerakan awéwé anu kungsi cukup progresif. Organisasi ieu resmi diadegkeun dina taun 1954, sanajan cikal bakalna geus aya ti taun 1950. Dina kagiatanana, Gerwani cukup aktip di kalangan rahayat leutik, boh di kota boh di désa. Salah sahiji agenda anu diperjuangkeun ku Gerwani nyaéta ngahimpun awéwé pikeun merjuangkeun kasetaraan gender, nolak prak-prakan poligami, sarta nyorong supaya awéwé bisa ilubiung dina kahirupan pulitik. Organisasi ieu ogé dipikawanoh lantang dina ngalawan rupa-rupa bentuk diskriminasi gender anu harita masih kénéh kuat di masarakat. Maranéhna ogé mindeng nyuarakeun kritik kana sistem sosial patriarki anu mangaruhan hubungan sosial dina rupa-rupa widang kahirupan. Gerakan anu progresif ieu kungsi jadi bagian tina dinamika pulitik di Indonésia dina mangsa pamaréntahan Présidén Soekarno.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiependen.com/para-aktivis-wanita-dibui-tanpa-proses-pengadilan/|title=Para Aktivis Wanita Dibui, Tanpa Proses Pengadilan}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601003124/http://indiependen.com/para-aktivis-wanita-dibui-tanpa-proses-pengadilan/ |date=2014-06-01 }}</ref> == Sanggeus Kajadian Gerakan 30 Séptémber == Kajadian Gerakan 30 Séptémber 1965 jadi salah sahiji peristiwa penting dina sajarah pulitik Indonésia anu boga pangaruh gedé kana nasib organisasi Gerakan Wanita Indonesia (Gerwani). Sanggeus kajadian éta, rupa-rupa béja jeung isu sumebar di masarakat anu nyababkeun Gerwani tungtungna dibubarkeun sarta dibungkam, sarua jeung nasib Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI). Dina mangsa saterusna, gambaran ngeunaan peran Gerwani dina kajadian éta ogé mucunghul dina film ''[[Penumpasan Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI]]'', anu nembongkeun sababaraha adegan panyiksaan ka para [[Pahlawan Révolusi]]. Sanajan kitu, hasil otopsi resmi henteu nunjukkeun ayana tanda-tanda panyiksaan dina awak para korban, sanajan aya tatu anu disababkeun ku tembakan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://indoprogress.com/2012/10/memecah-pembisuan-membongkar-tabu-mendengar-suara-korban-tragedi-1965/|title=Memecah Pembisuan, Membongkar Tabu: Mendengar Suara Korban Tragedi 1965|website=IndoPROGRESS|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-10}}</ref> Sabagian panalungtik jeung pihak séjén nganggap yén gambaran dina film karya [[Arifin C. Noer]] jeung [[Amoroso Katamsi]] éta henteu sakabéhna saluyu jeung fakta sajarah. Dina prosés nyieun film éta, Arifin C. Noer disebut-sebut kungsi ngalakukeun panalungtikan sarta wawancara jeung [[Sjam Kamaruzaman]], anu mangrupa urut pejabat biro husus PKI, kira-kira dina taun 1982–1983. Adegan-adegan anu nyaritakeun kajadian di wewengkon Lubang Buaya dina film éta tuluy jadi salah sahiji rujukan dina narasi resmi pamaréntah ngeunaan kajadian G30S. Dina mangsa pamaréntahan Orde Baru, organisasi anu aya patalina jeung PKI, kaasup Gerwani, dibubarkeun ngaliwatan Ketetapan MPRS No. 25 Tahun 1966, anu engké dipertegas deui ku Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 2003. Kaputusan éta ogé teu leupas tina tekenan jeung réaksi masarakat anu geus muncul ti awal taun 1966 sarta terus nyambung kana sababaraha kajadian pulitik saterusna, kaasup peristiwa di [[Blitar, Madukara, Banjarnegara|Blitar]] taun 1968.<ref name=":2" /> Dina film éta ogé digambarkeun hiji adegan anu dikenal minangka “tarian harum bunga”, anu diiringan ku lagu “Genjer-Genjer”. Dina gambaran éta disebutkeun yén lagu éta dinyanyikeun ku sababaraha anggota [[Resimen Tjakrabirawa]], Gerwani, jeung Pemuda Rakyat.<ref name=":2" /> Samentara éta, prosés [[otopsi]] ka para Pahlawan Révolusi dilakukeun ku tim dokter anu di antarana diwangun ku [[dr. Brigjen. Roebiono Kartopati]], [[dr. Kol. Frans Pattiasina]], [[Prof. dr. Sutomo Tjokronegoro]], [[dr. Liau Yan Siang]], jeung [[dr. Lim Joe Thay]]. Tina hasil pamariksaan éta, henteu kapanggih tanda-tanda panyiksaan dina awak para jénderal, sanajan aya tatu tembakan dina sababaraha bagian awakna.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Creeping Coup D'etat: Kesaksian Hari-Hari Terakhir Bersama Bapak|last=Soekarnoputri|first=Sukmawati|publisher=MedPress - Yayasan Bung Karno|location=Jakarta}}</ref> Aya ogé sumber séjén anu nyebutkeun yén sababaraha anggota Gerwani memang kungsi aya di wewengkon [[Lubang Buaya, Cipayung, Jakarta Wétan|Lubang Buaya]] dina awal taun 1965. Numutkeun wawancara anu dilakukeun ku [[Prof. Saskia Eleonora Wieringa]] ka salah sahiji anggota Gerwani, ayana maranéhna di dinya patalina jeung latihan anu diiluan ku sababaraha organisasi séjén, saperti Ansor, Perwari, Wanita Marhaen, Muslimat, jeung Fatayat. Latihan éta disebut-sebut patalina jeung persiapan program Dwikora, nyaéta konfrontasi Indonésia jeung Malaysia dina mangsa éta. Malah, numutkeun Sukmawati Soekarnoputri, sababaraha Pahlawan Revolusi ogé sabenerna ditugaskeun dina rangka persiapan Dwikora éta.<ref name=":3" /> == Baca ogé == * [[Gerakan Wanita Indonésia|Gerakan Wanita Indonesia]] == Référénsi == {{reflist}} 6b9x0opi0asefj23px66lfmnl0v0gyb Wawacan Jaka Mursada 0 108023 707551 706967 2026-03-29T02:18:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Book | name = Wawacan Jaka Mursada | image = | author = Anonim (Tradisi Lisan/Tulis Sunda) | country = Indonesia | language = Basa Sunda | genre = Wawacan, Epik, Didaktis | medium = Naskah (Pupuh), Beluk }} == Bubuka == '''Wawacan Jaka Mursada''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya [[sastra Sunda]] klasik anu ditulis dina wangun [[pupuh]]. Ieu wawacan téh kawéntar pisan di lingkungan pasantrén jeung masarakat padésaan di tatar Sunda, utamana dina tradisi seni [[Beluk]]. Caritana museur kana tokoh Jaka Mursada, saurang pamuda anu ngalaman rupa-rupa dodoja jeung cocoba dina hirupna, tapi tetep pengkuh nyekel [[deleg]] kana ajaran agama sarta miboga sipat sabar anu luar biasa. == Cutatan == Sempalan tina pupuh anu sering muncul (Asmarandana): <blockquote> ''Éling-éling mangka éling,''<br> ''Rumingkang di bumi alam,''<br> ''Darma wawayangan baé,''<br> ''Raga taya panyaraman,''<br> ''Mun kasasar lampah,''<br> ''Napsu nu matak kaduhung,''<br> ''Badan anu katempuhan.'' </blockquote> == Wikisource == Eusi lengkep naskah ieu tiasa dipaluruh di: * {{Wikisource|Wawacan Jaka Mursada}} == Tutumbu Kaluar == * [https://www.perpusnas.go.id Perpustakaan Nasional RI - Koléksi Naskah Sunda] * [http://pusatsunda.org Pusat Studi Sunda]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Kategori:Wawacan]] [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda Klasik]] [[Kategori:Tradisi Lisan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Naskah Sunda]] ke88eiil77osoc13zwqojn2o42m7m3f Wawacan Pandita Sawang 0 108025 707552 706974 2026-03-29T02:20:03Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 707552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Wawacan Pandita Sawang | image = | caption = Naskah piwulang filosofis Sunda-Islam | header1 = Idéntitas Naskah | label2 = Judul Alternatif | data2 = Wawacan Jaka Mursada (Bagian Awal) | label3 = Tokoh Puseur | data3 = Pandita Sawang, Ki Mur'at | label4 = Asal Nagri | data4 = Atas Angin | header5 = Eusi Paélmuan | label6 = Jejer Utama | data6 = Ma'rifat Kajadian Manusa | label7 = Simbolis | data7 = Aksara Alif sareng Ba (Bibit Manusa) | label8 = Itungan Waktu | data8 = Bulan Jejeg & Bulan Kurang (Konsep Gabug) | header9 = Metadata | label10 = Basa | data10 = Sunda (Pupuh Asmarandana) | label11 = Sipat | data11 = Piwulang (Didaktis/Mistis) }} '''Wawacan Pandita Sawang''' nyaéta salah sahiji naskah sastra Sunda klasik anu miboga ajén filosofis jeung religius anu jero. Ieu wawacan téh mangrupakeun bagian awal tina siklus carita '''[[Wawacan Jaka Mursada]]'''. Caritana museur kana sosok Pandita Sawang ti nagri Atas Angin anu masihan piwulang pamungkas (weweling) ka putrana, '''Ki Mur'at''', ngeunaan asal-usul manusa sateuacan anjeunna ngumbara. == Eusi Piwulang == Dina naskah ieu, Pandita Sawang ngajelaskeun proses embriyologi spiritual anu ngawengku: * '''Siloka Aksara:''' Ngagunakeun aksara ''Alif'' (zat/lalaki) jeung ''Ba'' (sipat/awéwé) salaku asal-muasal kajadian fisik. * '''Proses Konsepsi:''' Pedaran ngeunaan turunna "bibit" tina niat (ésir), napas, jajantung, nepi ka kumpul dina cai mani. * '''Dualitas Jinis Kelamin:''' Pangaruh hamperu kénca jeung katuhu sarta itungan tanggal (bulan jejeg jeung kurang) kana jinis kelamin orok sarta nasibna (kaasup konsép ''gabug''). == Wikisource (Sempalan Pupuh) == <blockquote> ''// pupuh asmaran //''<br> ''Iyeu simkuring ngagurit,''<br> ''nyiyeun tembang pangangguran,''<br> ''tamba saré soré-soré,''<br> ''ngabubungah pipikiran,''<br> ''suganna leungit kasusah,''<br> ''ngalilipur, hawa napsu,''<br> ''megatan hawa di dunya //'' </blockquote> == Tutumbu Kaluar == * [https://www.perpusnas.go.id Katalog Perpustakaan Nasional RI] * [https://sunda.wikisource.org Proyék Wikisource Basa Sunda]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Wikisource|Wawacan Pandita Sawang}} [[Kategori:Wawacan]] [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] [[Kategori:Naskah Kuno Sunda]] [[Kategori:Filosofi Sunda]] [[Kategori:Naskah Sunda]] iy100w49xmfcg1ooq0fnprjxbl5hrr2